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sa’ayayaw pising no tyin-naw O pinaro no tamdaw i cecayay no kasaniyaro’ I ngataay nipifalic away ko pitooran a felih o pakafana’ micidekay a felih pahofi misanga’ to cang-haw micomod pahofi misanga’ to cang-haw micomod Sa’ayayaw pising no tyin-naw sa’ayayaw pising no tyin-naw malalicay miasip 檢視原始碼 misongila’ a minengneng to likisi miasip 檢視原始碼 misongila’ a minengneng to likisi militingay tonian a felih pakayniay i pifalic mipaefer to tang^an tomerepay tongod o lihaf no felih Micaliw micokaymas tonini a felih 取得短網址 下載QR碼 切換成舊版解析器 misanga’ to codad Pala- PDF a mi’anang Manga’ayay a lyi-inen a rorong 維基共享資源 維基媒體基金會 MediaWiki 元維基 維基媒體拓展 多語言維基文庫 維基物種 維基數據 Wikifunctions 維基媒體國際會議 維基數據 kamok Wikipitiya Iraay to ko 1,146 a nitilidan no mita malacafay kita mitilid to Wikipitiya kitakit niyaro’ ato sakowan kawakawasan ratoh ngasaw dafong pinaloma tamdaw ponka ’orip no ’Amis a’adopen pakariyar Ostorariya O ngangan nona kitakit ’i, Ostorariya (Ikiris sowal: Commonwealth of Australia) ano ca. Australia; Holam a sowal: 澳洲. I satimolan riyar ko aro’ nona kitakit, adihayay ko kanatanatal a misakapotay patireng to kitakit, o ’icel no mikowanay o kinpo ko pido’edoan. O Tatapangan a niyaro’ o Kyanpira, o satata’angay a niyaro’ o Sitoni, Sieli hananay no kaping a sowal. Ona kitakit toniniam ’i, caayay ka laliting to roma a karoapw (陸地), o taliyok sahetoay o riyar, sa caay ko recep no pinangan no roma a kitakit, caay ka siwar no roma a finacadan ko nika’orip, yo sa’aloman sa to ko tata’angay a tamina nani Yoropa a tayni ta sa ’aloman sato ko mafana’ay to kairay nona palapalaan no Yincumin. I sa’ayaw ’i, o pipasonolan to ciraraway tamdaw, iikor ira ko pakaheraay to tada ’ekim, sano riri’ sato a masafelengaw a tayni ko kohecalay tamdaw a mili’ekim, ititi to a ma’eco ko kamaro’an no itinitiniay aca a maro’ a Yincumin. Ostorariya Maysang Kalimud I 1933 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Maysang Kalimud Maysang Kalimud (kuwaping a sowal: 楊傳廣, 1933 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad - 2007 miheca 1 folad 28 romi’ad) kananaman no niya a mitilid to ngangan Misun saan ko pangangan. Masofoc i no Dipong pikowan Taywan Posong kofa, niyaro’ no Falangaw a ’Amis a tamdaw. Na o dayhiw maocor no kitakit (ROC) mikihatiya to Olimpiko mo^etepay a kalalifet, pakaala 1960 mihecaan Loma Olimpiko saka tosa a kompay, o sakacecay no Taywan pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko, ato i likisi sakacecay pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko Taywan a tamdaw, onini haw i o sakacecay a kompay no kitakit (ROC) Olimpiko a kompay. Maysang, i mo^etepay a kalalifet pakata’elifay mirocokay to 9000 tinso, mapangangan to “Asiya a ’ekeng fainayan” (Asian Iron Man). Itiya ci ’Atongol (Ciong-kay-sik) a contong kina 7 matahidang, o sakacecay no Taywan a ontoing. Nanoya, ikor pakaala cingra to kompay no Olimpiko, Faladaw a niyaro’ fa^elohay selal a kapah panganganen to “Latingko” a han, oni a selal i 2005 miheca mapacakat i kalas no niyaro’ o “Isefi’ay” a han. I 2000 mihecaan ci Maysang mapatireng no kakalas no niyaro’ to Tomok no Falangaw niyaro’. Codad O sowal no Sawaliay ’Amis a Finacadan to codad , o ohong hananay. O citodotodongay iparo no kadopak, o citiliday ato sasing, o pitilidan to masamaamaanay a taneng, matiyaay o citing. Itini i pasawalian no Taywan a ’Amis a tamdaw i, o tilid hananay nangra ko ohong, mahecaday ko imi nona tosa a tilid. O tanengnengan no tamdamdaw a ohong, o pitongalan to taneng no tamdaw. O ohong hananay i, adihay ko kasaromaroma no tilid. Ira ko kongkoan a ohong, ira ko tanengnengan no ka’emangay a ohong, Cilamlamay to masamaamaanay tilid a Cace (雜誌). Saheto sa o kaolahan no tamdamdaw a ohong. O pipahacean to ohong i, o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay (書店) hananay. O ’ariri no ohong (圖書館) i, opicaliwan to ohong. 2010 a mihecaan mikisang ko Kuko (谷歌) a kosi i, mi insaco kingkiw tangasa tahanini. o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay. La’eno Ｏ kimad itiya ho, o sa’ayaway a tayni ko Ciporan a ngasawan. pakayni i Sanasay milacal to riyar tangasa i posong. saikor, tangasa to i La’eno (大港口部落) no cepo’ ato Makotaay paloma’ ko Ciporan ngasaw. Nikawria ikarira, yo kasakapingan ho i, ira ko Karawrawan a demak no Cepo’ hananay, misalalan ko kaping no kasakapingan, mari'angay ko kaping to finawlan. sa linahen ngara ko kamaro’an tayra i katimol no sa’etip a (sowal no holam) Cekongsan (赤公山) tokos a makotaay ’alo. kirami i (1924-1925), sąadihaysa to ko tamdaw i Makotaay a niyaro’. linah saan to ko finawlan tayra i la’eno no Makotaay, sa La’eno a niyaro’ han ngara. U Suwal nu i Amisay (南勢阿美語) Siwkulang 'Amis (秀姑巒阿美語) Pasawalian 'Amis (海岸阿美語) Farangaw 'Amis (馬蘭阿美語) Palidaw 'Amis (恆春阿美語) Wikipitiya Iraay to ko 1,146 a nitilidan no mita malacafay kita mitilid to Wikipitiya kitakit niyaro’ ato sakowan kawakawasan ratoh ngasaw dafong pinaloma tamdaw ponka ’orip no ’Amis a’adopen pakariyar Ostorariya O ngangan nona kitakit ’i, Ostorariya (Ikiris sowal: Commonwealth of Australia) ano ca. Australia; Holam a sowal: 澳洲. I satimolan riyar ko aro’ nona kitakit, adihayay ko kanatanatal a misakapotay patireng to kitakit, o ’icel no mikowanay o kinpo ko pido’edoan. O Tatapangan a niyaro’ o Kyanpira, o satata’angay a niyaro’ o Sitoni, Sieli hananay no kaping a sowal. Ona kitakit toniniam ’i, caayay ka laliting to roma a karoapw (陸地), o taliyok sahetoay o riyar, sa caay ko recep no pinangan no roma a kitakit, caay ka siwar no roma a finacadan ko nika’orip, yo sa’aloman sa to ko tata’angay a tamina nani Yoropa a tayni ta sa ’aloman sato ko mafana’ay to kairay nona palapalaan no Yincumin. I sa’ayaw ’i, o pipasonolan to ciraraway tamdaw, iikor ira ko pakaheraay to tada ’ekim, sano riri’ sato a masafelengaw a tayni ko kohecalay tamdaw a mili’ekim, ititi to a ma’eco ko kamaro’an no itinitiniay aca a maro’ a Yincumin. Ostorariya Ostorariya Ostorariya Ostorariya O ngangan nona kitakit ’i, Ostorariya (Ikiris sowal: Commonwealth of Australia) ano ca. Australia; Holam a sowal: 澳洲. I satimolan riyar ko aro’ nona kitakit, adihayay ko kanatanatal a misakapotay patireng to kitakit, o ’icel no mikowanay o kinpo ko pido’edoan. O Tatapangan a niyaro’ o Kyanpira, o satata’angay a niyaro’ o Sitoni, Sieli hananay no kaping a sowal. Ona kitakit toniniam ’i, caayay ka laliting to roma a karoapw (陸地), o taliyok sahetoay o riyar, sa caay ko recep no pinangan no roma a kitakit, caay ka siwar no roma a finacadan ko nika’orip, yo sa’aloman sa to ko tata’angay a tamina nani Yoropa a tayni ta sa ’aloman sato ko mafana’ay to kairay nona palapalaan no Yincumin. I sa’ayaw ’i, o pipasonolan to ciraraway tamdaw, iikor ira ko pakaheraay to tada ’ekim, sano riri’ sato a masafelengaw a tayni ko kohecalay tamdaw a mili’ekim, ititi to a ma’eco ko kamaro’an no itinitiniay aca a maro’ a Yincumin. Ostorariya O ngangan nona kitakit ’i, Ostorariya (Ikiris sowal: Commonwealth of Australia) ano ca. Australia; Holam a sowal: 澳洲. I satimolan riyar ko aro’ nona kitakit, adihayay ko kanatanatal a misakapotay patireng to kitakit, o ’icel no mikowanay o kinpo ko pido’edoan. O Tatapangan a niyaro’ o Kyanpira, o satata’angay a niyaro’ o Sitoni, Sieli hananay no kaping a sowal. Ona kitakit toniniam ’i, caayay ka laliting to roma a karoapw (陸地), o taliyok sahetoay o riyar, sa caay ko recep no pinangan no roma a kitakit, caay ka siwar no roma a finacadan ko nika’orip, yo sa’aloman sa to ko tata’angay a tamina nani Yoropa a tayni ta sa ’aloman sato ko mafana’ay to kairay nona palapalaan no Yincumin. I sa’ayaw ’i, o pipasonolan to ciraraway tamdaw, iikor ira ko pakaheraay to tada ’ekim, sano riri’ sato a masafelengaw a tayni ko kohecalay tamdaw a mili’ekim, ititi to a ma’eco ko kamaro’an no itinitiniay aca a maro’ a Yincumin. Ostorariya Maysang Kalimud I 1933 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Maysang Kalimud Maysang Kalimud (kuwaping a sowal: 楊傳廣, 1933 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad - 2007 miheca 1 folad 28 romi’ad) kananaman no niya a mitilid to ngangan Misun saan ko pangangan. Masofoc i no Dipong pikowan Taywan Posong kofa, niyaro’ no Falangaw a ’Amis a tamdaw. Na o dayhiw maocor no kitakit (ROC) mikihatiya to Olimpiko mo^etepay a kalalifet, pakaala 1960 mihecaan Loma Olimpiko saka tosa a kompay, o sakacecay no Taywan pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko, ato i likisi sakacecay pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko Taywan a tamdaw, onini haw i o sakacecay a kompay no kitakit (ROC) Olimpiko a kompay. Maysang, i mo^etepay a kalalifet pakata’elifay mirocokay to 9000 tinso, mapangangan to “Asiya a ’ekeng fainayan” (Asian Iron Man). Itiya ci ’Atongol (Ciong-kay-sik) a contong kina 7 matahidang, o sakacecay no Taywan a ontoing. Nanoya, ikor pakaala cingra to kompay no Olimpiko, Faladaw a niyaro’ fa^elohay selal a kapah panganganen to “Latingko” a han, oni a selal i 2005 miheca mapacakat i kalas no niyaro’ o “Isefi’ay” a han. I 2000 mihecaan ci Maysang mapatireng no kakalas no niyaro’ to Tomok no Falangaw niyaro’. Maysang Kalimud Maysang Kalimud Maysang Kalimud I 1933 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Maysang Kalimud Maysang Kalimud (kuwaping a sowal: 楊傳廣, 1933 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad - 2007 miheca 1 folad 28 romi’ad) kananaman no niya a mitilid to ngangan Misun saan ko pangangan. Masofoc i no Dipong pikowan Taywan Posong kofa, niyaro’ no Falangaw a ’Amis a tamdaw. Na o dayhiw maocor no kitakit (ROC) mikihatiya to Olimpiko mo^etepay a kalalifet, pakaala 1960 mihecaan Loma Olimpiko saka tosa a kompay, o sakacecay no Taywan pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko, ato i likisi sakacecay pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko Taywan a tamdaw, onini haw i o sakacecay a kompay no kitakit (ROC) Olimpiko a kompay. Maysang, i mo^etepay a kalalifet pakata’elifay mirocokay to 9000 tinso, mapangangan to “Asiya a ’ekeng fainayan” (Asian Iron Man). Itiya ci ’Atongol (Ciong-kay-sik) a contong kina 7 matahidang, o sakacecay no Taywan a ontoing. Nanoya, ikor pakaala cingra to kompay no Olimpiko, Faladaw a niyaro’ fa^elohay selal a kapah panganganen to “Latingko” a han, oni a selal i 2005 miheca mapacakat i kalas no niyaro’ o “Isefi’ay” a han. I 2000 mihecaan ci Maysang mapatireng no kakalas no niyaro’ to Tomok no Falangaw niyaro’. I 1933 a miheca(年) saka 7 folad saka 10 a romi’ad masofoc(出生) ci Maysang Kalimud Maysang Kalimud (kuwaping a sowal: 楊傳廣, 1933 miheca 7 folad 10 romi’ad - 2007 miheca 1 folad 28 romi’ad) kananaman no niya a mitilid to ngangan Misun saan ko pangangan. Masofoc i no Dipong pikowan Taywan Posong kofa, niyaro’ no Falangaw a ’Amis a tamdaw. Na o dayhiw maocor no kitakit (ROC) mikihatiya to Olimpiko mo^etepay a kalalifet, pakaala 1960 mihecaan Loma Olimpiko saka tosa a kompay, o sakacecay no Taywan pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko, ato i likisi sakacecay pakaalaay to kompay no Olimpiko Taywan a tamdaw, onini haw i o sakacecay a kompay no kitakit (ROC) Olimpiko a kompay. Maysang, i mo^etepay a kalalifet pakata’elifay mirocokay to 9000 tinso, mapangangan to “Asiya a ’ekeng fainayan” (Asian Iron Man). Itiya ci ’Atongol (Ciong-kay-sik) a contong kina 7 matahidang, o sakacecay no Taywan a ontoing. Nanoya, ikor pakaala cingra to kompay no Olimpiko, Faladaw a niyaro’ fa^elohay selal a kapah panganganen to “Latingko” a han, oni a selal i 2005 miheca mapacakat i kalas no niyaro’ o “Isefi’ay” a han. I 2000 mihecaan ci Maysang mapatireng no kakalas no niyaro’ to Tomok no Falangaw niyaro’. Codad O sowal no Sawaliay ’Amis a Finacadan to codad , o ohong hananay. O citodotodongay iparo no kadopak, o citiliday ato sasing, o pitilidan to masamaamaanay a taneng, matiyaay o citing. Itini i pasawalian no Taywan a ’Amis a tamdaw i, o tilid hananay nangra ko ohong, mahecaday ko imi nona tosa a tilid. O tanengnengan no tamdamdaw a ohong, o pitongalan to taneng no tamdaw. O ohong hananay i, adihay ko kasaromaroma no tilid. Ira ko kongkoan a ohong, ira ko tanengnengan no ka’emangay a ohong, Cilamlamay to masamaamaanay tilid a Cace (雜誌). Saheto sa o kaolahan no tamdamdaw a ohong. O pipahacean to ohong i, o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay (書店) hananay. O ’ariri no ohong (圖書館) i, opicaliwan to ohong. 2010 a mihecaan mikisang ko Kuko (谷歌) a kosi i, mi insaco kingkiw tangasa tahanini. o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay. Codad Codad Codad O sowal no Sawaliay ’Amis a Finacadan to codad , o ohong hananay. O citodotodongay iparo no kadopak, o citiliday ato sasing, o pitilidan to masamaamaanay a taneng, matiyaay o citing. Itini i pasawalian no Taywan a ’Amis a tamdaw i, o tilid hananay nangra ko ohong, mahecaday ko imi nona tosa a tilid. O tanengnengan no tamdamdaw a ohong, o pitongalan to taneng no tamdaw. O ohong hananay i, adihay ko kasaromaroma no tilid. Ira ko kongkoan a ohong, ira ko tanengnengan no ka’emangay a ohong, Cilamlamay to masamaamaanay tilid a Cace (雜誌). Saheto sa o kaolahan no tamdamdaw a ohong. O pipahacean to ohong i, o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay (書店) hananay. O ’ariri no ohong (圖書館) i, opicaliwan to ohong. 2010 a mihecaan mikisang ko Kuko (谷歌) a kosi i, mi insaco kingkiw tangasa tahanini. o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay. O sowal no Sawaliay ’Amis a Finacadan to codad , o ohong hananay. O citodotodongay iparo no kadopak, o citiliday ato sasing, o pitilidan to masamaamaanay a taneng, matiyaay o citing. Itini i pasawalian no Taywan a ’Amis a tamdaw i, o tilid hananay nangra ko ohong, mahecaday ko imi nona tosa a tilid. O tanengnengan no tamdamdaw a ohong, o pitongalan to taneng no tamdaw. O ohong hananay i, adihay ko kasaromaroma no tilid. Ira ko kongkoan a ohong, ira ko tanengnengan no ka’emangay a ohong, Cilamlamay to masamaamaanay tilid a Cace (雜誌). Saheto sa o kaolahan no tamdamdaw a ohong. O pipahacean to ohong i, o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay (書店) hananay. O ’ariri no ohong (圖書館) i, opicaliwan to ohong. 2010 a mihecaan mikisang ko Kuko (谷歌) a kosi i, mi insaco kingkiw tangasa tahanini. o pa’acaay to ohong a patiyamay. La’eno Ｏ kimad itiya ho, o sa’ayaway a tayni ko Ciporan a ngasawan. pakayni i Sanasay milacal to riyar tangasa i posong. saikor, tangasa to i La’eno (大港口部落) no cepo’ ato Makotaay paloma’ ko Ciporan ngasaw. Nikawria ikarira, yo kasakapingan ho i, ira ko Karawrawan a demak no Cepo’ hananay, misalalan ko kaping no kasakapingan, mari'angay ko kaping to finawlan. sa linahen ngara ko kamaro’an tayra i katimol no sa’etip a (sowal no holam) Cekongsan (赤公山) tokos a makotaay ’alo. kirami i (1924-1925), sąadihaysa to ko tamdaw i Makotaay a niyaro’. linah saan to ko finawlan tayra i la’eno no Makotaay, sa La’eno a niyaro’ han ngara. La’eno La’eno La’eno Ｏ kimad itiya ho, o sa’ayaway a tayni ko Ciporan a ngasawan. pakayni i Sanasay milacal to riyar tangasa i posong. saikor, tangasa to i La’eno (大港口部落) no cepo’ ato Makotaay paloma’ ko Ciporan ngasaw. Nikawria ikarira, yo kasakapingan ho i, ira ko Karawrawan a demak no Cepo’ hananay, misalalan ko kaping no kasakapingan, mari'angay ko kaping to finawlan. sa linahen ngara ko kamaro’an tayra i katimol no sa’etip a (sowal no holam) Cekongsan (赤公山) tokos a makotaay ’alo. kirami i (1924-1925), sąadihaysa to ko tamdaw i Makotaay a niyaro’. linah saan to ko finawlan tayra i la’eno no Makotaay, sa La’eno a niyaro’ han ngara. U Suwal nu i Amisay (南勢阿美語) Siwkulang 'Amis (秀姑巒阿美語) Pasawalian 'Amis (海岸阿美語) Farangaw 'Amis (馬蘭阿美語) Palidaw 'Amis (恆春阿美語) U Suwal nu i Amisay (南勢阿美語) Siwkulang 'Amis (秀姑巒阿美語) Pasawalian 'Amis (海岸阿美語) Farangaw 'Amis (馬蘭阿美語) Palidaw 'Amis (恆春阿美語) Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Inian a felih i, o sarikoray a mikawitan i 2025年3月10日 (tinocay) 11:24。 頁面使用 Parsoid 呈現。 O po:long no sorit, itini i salaloma’ no misatapang misanga’ CC sakacipinang a ngangan- malecaday pidemak a palada’ to sapipatorod a rikec mi’adipel, o roma sato, alatek manga’ay i romaay satongalo a sapipatorod a sarikec. ’Araw hato koya sapicokaymas a sarikec sakafana’ to rayray no demak. o dapongan a nisahalakaan ora Wikipedia o king-li to sakacaaw ka toro’ i ka’ayaw no holic 行為準則 mitekaay a tamdaw misa’osi Cookie聲明 Misongila’ a minengneng to no hahakiwidan
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https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E2%80%99ayayaw_pising_no_tyin-naw
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Haadside Wikipedy-mienskip Koartlyn feroare Samar in side Help Bysûndere siden Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Donaasjes Akkount meitsje Oanmelde Ynhâld Begjin 1 Oarsprong 2 Skaaimerken fan it projekt 3 Mear ynformaasje oer Wikipedia 4 Sjoch ek Wikipedy : Wat is Wikipedia Аԥсшәа Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил Aragonés अंगिका العربية الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Boarisch Bikol Central Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български भोजपुरी Banjar বাংলা བོད་ཡིག Català Нохчийн Cebuano Cymraeg کوردی Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Dansk Deutsch Zazaki ދިވެހިބަސް Ελληνικά English Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Føroyskt Français Nordfriisk 贛語 Galego Avañe'ẽ Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 ગુજરાતી עברית हिन्दी Հայերեն Magyar Interlingua Bahasa Indonesia ꆇꉙ ייִדיש Ilokano Yorùbá ГӀалгӀай Íslenska Italiano 日本語 Jawa Qaraqalpaqsha Tyap Кыргызча Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ 한국어 کٲشُر Kurdî Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Latviešu Māori မြန်မာဘာသာ Македонски Монгол Bahasa Melayu Malti مازِرونی नेपाली Chi-Chewa Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Diné bizaad ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Kapampangan Polski Português Runa Simi Română Русский Саха тыла Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sunda Svenska Kiswahili தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ ไทย Türkmençe Tagalog Türkçe Татарча / tatarça Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 მარგალური 中文 粵語 ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Projekt Oerlis Lêze Boarne besjen Skiednis besjen Lêze Boarne besjen Skiednis besjen Hjirmei keppele Keppelings folgje Fêste keppeling Sidegegevens Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Boek meitsje Ynlade as PDF Ofdrukferzje Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata-item Wikipedia is de namme fan in iepen, rjochtefrije Wiki-ensyklopedy en fan it dêr oan ferbûne, aktive bouprojekt. De namme fan it programma dêr't de measte ferzjes fan dit projekt op draaie is MediaWiki . Wikipedia is de namme fan in iepen, rjochtefrije Wiki-ensyklopedy en fan it dêr oan ferbûne, aktive bouprojekt. De namme fan it programma dêr't de measte ferzjes fan dit projekt op draaie is MediaWiki . Oarsprong Het Wikipedia-projekt hat dielprojekten yn ferskate talen, de wikipedyen . De oarsprong fan it projekt, en fierwei de grutste Wikipedy, is de Ingelstalige wikipedy. Sûnt de simmer fan 2001 binne der wikipedyen yn oare talen útein setten. Oarsprong Het Wikipedia-projekt hat dielprojekten yn ferskate talen, de wikipedyen . De oarsprong fan it projekt, en fierwei de grutste Wikipedy, is de Ingelstalige wikipedy. Sûnt de simmer fan 2001 binne der wikipedyen yn oare talen útein setten. Skaaimerken fan it projekt Der binne trije skaaimerken dy't it bestean fan dit projekt rjochtfeardigje: Wikipedia is in ensyklopedy (dus gjin wurdboek, diskusjefoarum as webporteal ). It is in echte Wiki . Eltse besiker kin (hast) eltse side bewurkje. De ynhâld fan it projekt is rjochtefrij. Skaaimerken fan it projekt Der binne trije skaaimerken dy't it bestean fan dit projekt rjochtfeardigje: Wikipedia is in ensyklopedy (dus gjin wurdboek, diskusjefoarum as webporteal ). It is in echte Wiki . Eltse besiker kin (hast) eltse side bewurkje. De ynhâld fan it projekt is rjochtefrij. Mear ynformaasje oer Wikipedia Skiednis fan Wikipedia Informaasje oer it Wikipediaprojekt op de Nederlandsktalige Wikipedy . Mear ynformaasje oer Wikipedia Skiednis fan Wikipedia Informaasje oer it Wikipediaprojekt op de Nederlandsktalige Wikipedy . Sjoch ek Wikipedy:FAQ - Antwurden op geregeld foarkommende fragen Wêrom soe ik meidwaan? - oer it unyke fan Wikipedia, wêrom jo help sa wichtich wêze kin en wat jo dwaan kinne. Sjoch ek Wikipedy:FAQ - Antwurden op geregeld foarkommende fragen Wêrom soe ik meidwaan? - oer it unyke fan Wikipedia, wêrom jo help sa wichtich wêze kin en wat jo dwaan kinne. Wikipedy Dizze side is it lêst bewurke op 5 jul 2021 om 16.53. Page was rendered with Parsoid . De tekst is beskikber ûnder de lisinsje Creative Commons Nammefermelding-Lyk diele ; der kinne oanfoljende betingsten fan tapassing wêze. Sjoch de Gebrûksbetingsten foar mear ynformaasje. Privacybelied Oer Wikipedy Foarbehâld Gedrachskoade Untwikkelders Statistiken Taljochting koekjes Mobile ferzje
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https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedy:Wat_is_Wikipedia
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Weda tangan Nọtẹn intẹnẹt lẹdo mẹ tọn Diọdo agọe tọn lẹ Weda he yin dide gbọn kosọ dali Alọgọ Weda vonọtaun lẹ Mì na nunina Hùn adà yọyọ Hùn adà towe Mì na nunina Hùn adà yọyọ Hùn adà towe Weda Tangan Weda Tangan Hodọdopọ Hia pọ́n asisa Pọ́n kandai Hia pọ́n asisa Pọ́n kandai Tẹnmẹ intẹnẹt tọn tẹwẹ tofi Diọdo he di yedelẹ Má wepo Nọtẹn he ma nọ diọ Nudọnamẹ weda tọn Dlẹnalọdo weda ehe Sán URL dogli Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Dá owe Mọyi taidi PDF Dehe sọgan yin zinzinjẹgbonu Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikinews Wikiquote Wiktionary Onú Wikidata Mì Kuavọ do Gungbe Wikipedia Alunlunsun 10, 2026 – Hosọ 1,564 to Gungbe mẹ Wehọmẹ lẹ Lẹnunnuyọnẹn Aṣa Ogbẹ́ Otàn Gbẹzan tọn Otò Whenuho .mw-parser-output .wikifrontpage_row{display:flex;flex-direction:row;flex-flow:row wrap;justify-content:space-between;padding:0;margin:0 -5px 0 -5px}.mw-parser-output .wikifrontpage_box{flex:1;margin:5px;min-width:240px;border:1px solid #CCC;padding:0 10px 10px 10px;box-shadow:0 2px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)} Hosọ osẹ lọ mẹ tọn Video to Gungbe mẹ nado dohia bosọ yidogọna nukọ̀nyiyi Wikipedia Gungbe tọn Gungbe (kavi Gun ) yin ogbè de he tin to todowhinnu ogbè he nọ yin "Gbe" lẹ tọn mẹ. Gunnu lẹ wẹ nọ dó gungbe to Benẹ podọ to Naijilia mẹ ga. Ogbè ehe sẹpọ Fọngbe he Agbomẹnu lẹ nọ dó, Kpase, Maxi, po Wemẹgbe (Ouémé) po... Hia dogọ ... Babatunde Hunpe (he yin jiji to azán awetọ Avivọsun 1963) yin tonudọtọ dé to otò Naijilia tọn mẹ. E yin tòvi Gbagli tọn to Ayimatẹn Awọnlin tọn mẹ to tògbo Naijilia tọn mẹ. Ewọ wẹ yin nukunmọnu na Gbagli to Wedegbẹ́ Tonudidọ Naijilia tọn pẹvi ṣiẹnẹtọ mẹ.... Hia dogọ .... Be hiẹ yọnẹn ya? Ahọlu Samuel Wheto * Ahọlu Samuel Olusegun Wheto (he yin jiji to azán fọtọ̀ntọ Zósun 1960) yin tovi Dalẹ tọn, Dalẹ yin gbétatò de he tin to otò Gbagli tọn mẹ to aṣẹpipa Ayimatẹn Awọnlin tọn glọ to tògbo Naijilia tọn mẹ.... Hia dogọ .... * Dèhoumon Adjagnon he mẹlẹpo yọnẹn di Baba Yabo yin jiji to azán wiatọ̀ntọ Whejisun 1925. E yin mẹhe diyin to Benẹ yigbaji na ayihun nuwhinwhẹn didọ etọn lẹ tọn podọ gbọn wadohia bibasi etọn lẹ dali.... Hia dogọ ... * Satọ hun yin ohúnjọhún dé to otò Gbagli tọn he gbẹtọ lẹ yọnẹn taidi Gbagli to Ayimatẹn Awọnlin tọn to tògbo Naijilia tọn mẹ... Hia dogọ ... Hosọ egbé he tọn Zangbetọ Zangbetọ yin vodún de he yè nọ yí do ṣọ́zán to Gunnu-gbeji lẹ to Benẹ , Togo po Naijilia po de. Zangbetọ lẹ taidi ponọ he nọ penukundo jijọhomẹ-ninọ po hihọ́ gbetato dopodopo tọn po go. Ye nọ to dindanpe to okle po ozán po nado mọ dọ hihọ tin na gbẹtọ lẹpo titengbe to zánmẹ.... Hia dogọ ... Yẹdide egbé tọn Ahọlu Aganọ Toniyọn I Nado yawu hùn Wikisource Wiktionary Wikiquote Wikinews Wikidata Wikibooks Wikispecies Wikiversity Wikivoyage MediaWiki Commons Meta-Wiki Mì Kuavọ do Gungbe Wikipedia Alunlunsun 10, 2026 – Hosọ 1,564 to Gungbe mẹ Wehọmẹ lẹ Lẹnunnuyọnẹn Aṣa Ogbẹ́ Otàn Gbẹzan tọn Otò Whenuho Mì Kuavọ do Gungbe Wikipedia Alunlunsun 10, 2026 – Hosọ 1,564 to Gungbe mẹ Mì Kuavọ do Gungbe Wikipedia Alunlunsun 10, 2026 – Hosọ 1,564 to Gungbe mẹ Mì Kuavọ do Gungbe Wikipedia Wehọmẹ lẹ Lẹnunnuyọnẹn Aṣa Ogbẹ́ Otàn Gbẹzan tọn Otò Whenuho Wehọmẹ lẹ Lẹnunnuyọnẹn Aṣa Ogbẹ́ Otàn Gbẹzan tọn Otò Whenuho Hosọ osẹ lọ mẹ tọn Hosọ osẹ lọ mẹ tọn Gungbe (kavi Gun ) yin ogbè de he tin to todowhinnu ogbè he nọ yin "Gbe" lẹ tọn mẹ. Gunnu lẹ wẹ nọ dó gungbe to Benẹ podọ to Naijilia mẹ ga. Ogbè ehe sẹpọ Fọngbe he Agbomẹnu lẹ nọ dó, Kpase, Maxi, po Wemẹgbe (Ouémé) po... Hia dogọ ... Be hiẹ yọnẹn ya? Be hiẹ yọnẹn ya? * Ahọlu Samuel Olusegun Wheto (he yin jiji to azán fọtọ̀ntọ Zósun 1960) yin tovi Dalẹ tọn, Dalẹ yin gbétatò de he tin to otò Gbagli tọn mẹ to aṣẹpipa Ayimatẹn Awọnlin tọn glọ to tògbo Naijilia tọn mẹ.... Hia dogọ .... * Dèhoumon Adjagnon he mẹlẹpo yọnẹn di Baba Yabo yin jiji to azán wiatọ̀ntọ Whejisun 1925. E yin mẹhe diyin to Benẹ yigbaji na ayihun nuwhinwhẹn didọ etọn lẹ tọn podọ gbọn wadohia bibasi etọn lẹ dali.... Hia dogọ ... 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography Toggle Filmography subsection 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 2.1 Film 2.2 Television 3 References 4 External links Marian Diamond (actress) Español Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Marian Diamond Born Marion Diamond ( 1936-12-17 ) 17 December 1936 London , England Died 5 January 2026 (2026-01-05) (aged 89) London, England Occupation Actress Relatives Gillian Diamond (sister) Marion Diamond (17 December 1936 – 5 January 2026), better known by the stage name Marian Diamond , was an English actress. Known primarily for her voice roles, she worked for the BBC for many years. Diamond narrated several episodes of Jackanory , dealing mostly with C. S. Lewis books. She voiced the part of Galadriel in 1981 radio series The Lord of the Rings . Life and career Diamond was born in London on 17 December 1936. [ 1 ] She was the younger of the two daughters of George Diamond, a Polish Jew, and his wife Rosemary (née Reed) of Irish extraction. Gillian Diamond, her sister, was a casting director. [ 2 ] She attended RADA , graduating in 1956. [ 3 ] She appeared in a number of films, including 80,000 Suspects (1963), Subterfuge (1968), and Goodbye Gemini (1970). On television she appeared in such series as Dixon of Dock Green , Danger Man , Brookside and The Armando Iannucci Shows . She also played in the drama Madame Bovary (2000), which was broadcast in two parts on 6 and 13 February in the United States on WGBH-TV , and on 10 and 11 April in the United Kingdom on BBC Two . Diamond died at University College Hospital in London, on 5 January 2026, aged 89. [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 1963 80,000 Suspects Sister Durrell Uncredited role 1968 Subterfuge Schoolteacher 1970 Goodbye Gemini Denise Pryce-Fletcher 1992 Tale of a Vampire Denise Television Year Title Role Notes 1958 Armchair Theatre Teenage Girl Episode: "Paid in Full" 1959 The Young Lady from London (unknown) Mini-series; episode 2 1960 Dixon of Dock Green Jean Taylor Episode: "The Guilty Party" Noah Ada Television film Scotland Yard (unknown) Episode: "Special Duty" Danger Man Telephone Operator Episode: "The Girl in Pink Pajamas". Uncredited role 1961 A Life of Bliss Janet Markham Episode: #2.2 ITV Television Playhouse Renate Episode: "Marking Time" 1963 Emergency Ward 10 Pauline Roberts 3 episodes First Night Simone de Mateos Episode: "The Dawn" 1964 The Avengers Jessy Episode: "Build a Better Mousetrap" Dig This Rhubarb (unknown) 5 episodes Detective Julia Stoner Episode: " The Speckled Band ". Pilot for the series Sherlock Holmes Love Story Angela Episode: "I Love, You Love, We Love" 1964–1967 Play School Herself - Presenter 60 episodes 1965 Jackanory Dancer Episode: "Cap of Rushes" Front Page Story Dina Episode: "Runaways" Z-Cars Ava Ludd Episode: "Give a Dog a Name" ITV Sunday Night Drama Ann Fleming Episode: "Lot 171" The Sullavan Brothers Julie Roman Episode: "The Corrupters" Fothergale Co. Ltd. Sylvia Masters 2 episodes: "Raw Material Prices" and "Advertising" Londoners Gillian Episode: "Kill Three" ITV Play of the Week Jean Sansome Episode: "Their Obedient Servants" The Mask of Janus Tina Verrill Episode: "The Cold Equation" 1966 The Idiot Alexandra Mini-series; 5 episodes Mystery and Imagination Alice Simpson Episode: "The Tractate Middoth" The Troubleshooters Anna Kenny Episode: "The Fires of Hell" Play of the Month Jean Bell Episode: "The Devil's Eggshell" 1967 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle Miss Mary Bradshaw Episode: "The New Catacomb" The Paradise Makers Jean 3 episodes 1967, 1968 Jackanory Herself - Storyteller 10 episodes: "The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe" and "Prince Caspian" 1968 ITV Playhouse Mary Ann Episode: "Rogue's Gallery: The Curious Adventures of Miss Jane Rawley" Maggie Brown Episode: "A Matter of Diamonds" Detective Ethel Le Neve Episode: "Crime of Passion" Market in Honey Lane Ann Markham Episode: #3.14 1969 Canterbury Tales Prioress 5 episodes 1970 The Main Chance Henrietta Carson Episode: "The Best Legal System in the World" 1971 Crime of Passion Roberta Episode: "Olivier" Kate Beth Randall 2 episodes: "Call Her Sensitive" and "Call Her Serious" Owen, M.D. Elaine Norton 2 episodes: "The Town Mouse: Parts 1 & 2" 1972 Tightrope Miss Jane Walker 12 episodes A Place in the Sun Pamela Lenton Mini-series; episode: "Achilles Heel" Spy Trap Helen Foster 4 episodes: "The Executioner: Parts 1–4" 1974 Thriller Jennifer Peel Episode: "The Next Scream You Hear" The Little Mermaid First Sister Television film 1976 Warship Surgeon Lt. Sue Herrick 3 episodes 1977 Rough Justice Frances Penrose Mini-series; 4 episodes 1979 Bothwell Anna Throndsen Television film 1980 Company and Co. Furrier's Assistant Episode: "The First Touch" The Swish of the Curtain Mrs. Halford 4 episodes 1982 Jackanory Playhouse Running Deer Episode: "Hawkwing" 1985 The Secret Diary of Adrian Mole, Aged 13¾ Mrs. Claricoates Episode: #1.2 1987 The Growing Pains of Adrian Mole 2 episodes 1992–1995 Brookside Mrs. Shackleton 14 episodes 1993 Between the Lines Secretary Episode: "Some Must Watch" 1996 The Ruth Rendell Mysteries Dr. Jamieson Episode: "Heartstones: Part Two" 2000 Madame Bovary Sister Marie Paul 2-part television film 2001 The Armando Iannucci Shows Various 5 episodes 2006 Doctors Jean Franks Episode: "One Day, Maybe" References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Noble, Peter (1975). British Film and Television Year Book. Volume 30 . Cinema TV Today. p. 106. ^ "Gillian Diamond obituary" . theguardian.com . Retrieved 29 August 2025 . ^ "RADA Student & graduate profiles Marian Diamond" . rada.ac.uk . Retrieved 29 August 2025 . ^ Carrick, Heather (14 January 2026). "Marian Diamond: Miriam Margolyes pays tribute to 'dear friend' after Jackanory star's death aged 89" . National World . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . ^ "Brookside star Marian Diamond dies, aged 89 – Miriam Margolyes shares emotional tribute" . Radio Times. 14 January 2026 . Retrieved 14 January 2026 . External links Marian Diamond at IMDb Marian Diamond at BFI 1936 births 2026 deaths 20th-century English actresses Actresses from London Alumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art English film actresses English television actresses English people of Irish descent English people of Polish-Jewish descent Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hCards This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 16:14 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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WP:- WP:- WP:DBD WP:DBD Guideline for LLM-assisted communications Guideline for using LLM-assisted machine translation tools Admin recall petition signature threshold & length view edit history watch archive talk purge Editorial noticeboards AI Cleanup noticeboard (53 threads) Most recent: Hmlarson Jībanmṛta and Esyms RfC of possible interest to this project Hmlarson Jībanmṛta and Esyms RfC of possible interest to this project Suspected LLM use in articles created by MisawaSakura Edits from User:OrlovskyAtlas Camoz87 User making only LLM-generated contributions, unresponsive to talk page warnings & messages More LLM translations, more issues Preye douglas User:CZmarlin and promotional edits Communitylover Proposed deletion of History of U.S. involvement in Venezuela's petroleum industry Likely AI translations by User:Leeanah with some issues Sascho Jovanoski 70329 Flemza Hallucinating sources User:Pritik Wiki Bank Pages using LLM Lehrling18 creating AI-generated pages AuroraGlyph 92 Talk:Arthur Katalayi User:UrusHyby Phage therapy Lots of WP:NEWLLM by ServiceAT Rock Candy Mtn Regarding the Automatic Model Router for ChatGPT User:Feizan Possibly AI-generated page User:MaynardClark User:~2025-31172-04 Three years of bad AI copyedits by User:Kofi Meija Multinational Force – Ukraine Ekabhishek Quickdrew and possible AI hoax edits to contentious US politics topics Student who used LLM to write drafts on articles that already exist Edits at Pop music DJ Sturm at Estonia User:Adamsecretxx Probable LLM usage by User:OmeletteRice User:Bruteforce7700 - probable AI-generated text causing verification issues Owais Al Qarni Relevant discussion at Wikipedia:Village pump (idea lab)#Mass-reverting AI serial abusers Gyða1981 Potential LLM generations by Bechamel more serial AI rewrites A number of insertions from Follynomics LLM edits by User:Scewing multiple financial companies with LLM use (Ironically) Chatbot psychosis Leehsiao creating series of most likely AI articles Hintha and likely long-term LLM issues today in large swaths of maybe-AI edits: world politics it's the AI pumpkin, Charlie Brown Suspected LLM use in articles created by MisawaSakura Edits from User:OrlovskyAtlas Camoz87 User making only LLM-generated contributions, unresponsive to talk page warnings & messages More LLM translations, more issues Preye douglas User:CZmarlin and promotional edits Communitylover Proposed deletion of History of U.S. involvement in Venezuela's petroleum industry Likely AI translations by User:Leeanah with some issues Sascho Jovanoski 70329 Flemza Hallucinating sources User:Pritik Wiki Bank Pages using LLM Lehrling18 creating AI-generated pages AuroraGlyph 92 Talk:Arthur Katalayi User:UrusHyby Phage therapy Lots of WP:NEWLLM by ServiceAT Rock Candy Mtn Regarding the Automatic Model Router for ChatGPT User:Feizan Possibly AI-generated page User:MaynardClark User:~2025-31172-04 Three years of bad AI copyedits by User:Kofi Meija Multinational Force – Ukraine Ekabhishek Quickdrew and possible AI hoax edits to contentious US politics topics Student who used LLM to write drafts on articles that already exist Edits at Pop music DJ Sturm at Estonia User:Adamsecretxx Probable LLM usage by User:OmeletteRice User:Bruteforce7700 - probable AI-generated text causing verification issues Owais Al Qarni Relevant discussion at Wikipedia:Village pump (idea lab)#Mass-reverting AI serial abusers Gyða1981 Potential LLM generations by Bechamel more serial AI rewrites A number of insertions from Follynomics LLM edits by User:Scewing multiple financial companies with LLM use (Ironically) Chatbot psychosis Leehsiao creating series of most likely AI articles Hintha and likely long-term LLM issues today in large swaths of maybe-AI edits: world politics it's the AI pumpkin, Charlie Brown BLP noticeboard (25 threads) Most recent: Neil Seeman - unsourced "typosquatting" characterization (BLP/OR concern) TG Mohandas - Report on Editorial Concerns Regarding Inappropriate and Misleading Content Additions Patrick Woodcock Neil Seeman - unsourced "typosquatting" characterization (BLP/OR concern) TG Mohandas - Report on Editorial Concerns Regarding Inappropriate and Misleading Content Additions Patrick Woodcock Birth Date Error Request for courtesy speedy deletion of Josh Hasty Nick Shirley Rammzuss Solares Names of minor and non-notable children in Adam P. Symson Rasa von Werder Tziporah Malkah Article Rejected Draft: Tim Tipene :Dananeer Mobeen Bob Lazar The Inter Faith Network BLP concern involving repeated addition of “Controversies” sections across multiple biographies Voice of Europe - list of involved persons John Herdman request for comment Nikki Martin Killing of Renée Good Cea Weaver Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard/Incidents#Edit_warring_to_restore_sources_that_failed_verification_on_J._K._Rowling Murder of Dee Dee Blanchard Sophie Rain Field Ruwe Don Troiani Birth Date Error Request for courtesy speedy deletion of Josh Hasty Nick Shirley Rammzuss Solares Names of minor and non-notable children in Adam P. Symson Rasa von Werder Tziporah Malkah Article Rejected Draft: Tim Tipene :Dananeer Mobeen Bob Lazar The Inter Faith Network BLP concern involving repeated addition of “Controversies” sections across multiple biographies Voice of Europe - list of involved persons John Herdman request for comment Nikki Martin Killing of Renée Good Cea Weaver Wikipedia:Administrators'_noticeboard/Incidents#Edit_warring_to_restore_sources_that_failed_verification_on_J._K._Rowling Murder of Dee Dee Blanchard Sophie Rain Field Ruwe Don Troiani Conflict of interest noticeboard (18 threads) Most recent: Martine Syms Maia_Sandu Assistive Technology Acts Martine Syms Maia_Sandu Assistive Technology Acts Arbitrary Rhapsody Railsware (software company) Farida Fassi Draft:Kyle Diamantas User:AST24 – Tenaris – suspected conflict of interest and possible undisclosed paid advocacy Tarrant County College SF Express Paid editing dispute involving Wiki Crafter and threats to revert content Norland College Academic WP:REFSPAM relating to Audrey Alejandro authored sources UPE by XekZih-hexku5-jotjig Athel Cornish-Bowden Hriday Nath Wanchoo paid editing email How to proceed? Arbitrary Rhapsody Railsware (software company) Farida Fassi Draft:Kyle Diamantas User:AST24 – Tenaris – suspected conflict of interest and possible undisclosed paid advocacy Tarrant County College SF Express Paid editing dispute involving Wiki Crafter and threats to revert content Norland College Academic WP:REFSPAM relating to Audrey Alejandro authored sources UPE by XekZih-hexku5-jotjig Athel Cornish-Bowden Hriday Nath Wanchoo paid editing email How to proceed? Dispute resolution noticeboard (9 threads) Most recent: Act III:_This_City_Made_Us Demographics of_Singapore Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah Act III:_This_City_Made_Us Demographics of_Singapore Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah Battle of Villeré's Plantation List of video games considered the best 2026 Aragonese regional election Mauryan Empire Military–industrial complex Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim Battle of Villeré's Plantation List of video games considered the best 2026 Aragonese regional election Mauryan Empire Military–industrial complex Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim External links noticeboard (6 threads) Most recent: theparisianguide.com John Mearsheimer Talk:Barbara_O%27Neill#WP:ELOFFICIAL theparisianguide.com John Mearsheimer Talk:Barbara_O%27Neill#WP:ELOFFICIAL Links to official pages for Norwegian companies will expire Multinational Force – Ukraine Replace hijacked site Readability of Wikipedia Links to official pages for Norwegian companies will expire Multinational Force – Ukraine Replace hijacked site Readability of Wikipedia Fringe theories noticeboard (9 threads) Most recent: Notice of authoring a new Wikipedia policy page proposal Cow urine and COVID Bob Lazar Notice of authoring a new Wikipedia policy page proposal Cow urine and COVID Bob Lazar CESNUR DHS claims in Killing of Renée Good Pro-fringe editing on neo-Templarism Gomphotheres (extinct elephant relatives), in the Indian Ramayana epic? The Secret Doctrine Trump’s ‘Gold Standard’ for Science Manufactures Doubt CESNUR DHS claims in Killing of Renée Good Pro-fringe editing on neo-Templarism Gomphotheres (extinct elephant relatives), in the Indian Ramayana epic? The Secret Doctrine Trump’s ‘Gold Standard’ for Science Manufactures Doubt Neutral point of view noticeboard (14 threads) Most recent: Muslim conquest of Spain (or not) The cat vs The dog DUE weight in ADL intro paragraph Muslim conquest of Spain (or not) The cat vs The dog DUE weight in ADL intro paragraph COVID-19 lab leak theory Mariupol theatre American hybrid warfare against Greenland during the second Trump administration Academic articles that source almost entirely to references where the subject co-authored them WP:AND Move discussions LaMarmora1854 Inside CECOT Undue weight question :Denis Kapustin (militant) has an RfC Edits about human trafficking from 2020 Al Jazeera Media Network COVID-19 lab leak theory Mariupol theatre American hybrid warfare against Greenland during the second Trump administration Academic articles that source almost entirely to references where the subject co-authored them WP:AND Move discussions LaMarmora1854 Inside CECOT Undue weight question :Denis Kapustin (militant) has an RfC Edits about human trafficking from 2020 Al Jazeera Media Network Original research noticeboard (13 threads) Most recent: Talk:Yahweh Primary sources used for home address Hebrew Roots Talk:Yahweh Primary sources used for home address Hebrew Roots WP:OR/WP:SYNTH dispute at "Early life of Joseph Stalin" Weaponization of antisemitism Trying to learn more about original research, need some perspective Talk:Kilgore, Texas#Etymology of Kilgore, Texas Matthias_Sention_Sr. biography Mark Aldridge page additions "Indian hegemony" Acts of the Apostles (genre) Nick Fuentes "Assassination" Attempt Template:Empires WP:OR/WP:SYNTH dispute at "Early life of Joseph Stalin" Weaponization of antisemitism Trying to learn more about original research, need some perspective Talk:Kilgore, Texas#Etymology of Kilgore, Texas Matthias_Sention_Sr. biography Mark Aldridge page additions "Indian hegemony" Acts of the Apostles (genre) Nick Fuentes "Assassination" Attempt Template:Empires Reliable sources noticeboard (20 threads) Most recent: Yahoo News Japan Expert Supercar Blondie RFC: Sources on a JKR footnote Yahoo News Japan Expert Supercar Blondie RFC: Sources on a JKR footnote Suissa and Sullivan and Pedersen as sources in J. K. Rowling Steamlocomotive.com Youtube reviews for video games Are these five sources reliable? Is Iran International a reliable source? Human Rights Watch Tool for detecting AI writing? scienceinsights.org Looking to cite an Instagram post by a reliable news source Is there a consensus on whether Global Network on Extremism & Technology is reliable? Daily Telegraph Primary Source quote AI programs as sources DHS claims in reliable sources Alkarama description of airstrike Revisiting CESNUR as reliable source Music-News, Euphoria and Riff magazines RFC on reliability of behindthename.com Suissa and Sullivan and Pedersen as sources in J. K. Rowling Steamlocomotive.com Youtube reviews for video games Are these five sources reliable? Is Iran International a reliable source? Human Rights Watch Tool for detecting AI writing? scienceinsights.org Looking to cite an Instagram post by a reliable news source Is there a consensus on whether Global Network on Extremism & Technology is reliable? Daily Telegraph Primary Source quote AI programs as sources DHS claims in reliable sources Alkarama description of airstrike Revisiting CESNUR as reliable source Music-News, Euphoria and Riff magazines RFC on reliability of behindthename.com Help noticeboards Articles for creation Help desk (48 threads) Most recent: 10:58, 16 January 2026 review of submission by SomnambulantFish 07:38, 16 January 2026 review of submission by Naazmi ahmad 04:49, 16 January 2026 review of submission by Samfedo 10:58, 16 January 2026 review of submission by SomnambulantFish 07:38, 16 January 2026 review of submission by Naazmi ahmad 04:49, 16 January 2026 review of submission by Samfedo 01:17, 16 January 2026 review of submission by LaurPower86 22:07, 15 January 2026 review of submission by AMarthaS 16:31, 15 January 2026 review of submission by GATO1257 10:00, 15 January 2026 review of submission by WikiMedTech 07:28, 15 January 2026 review of submission by SomnambulantFish 04:44, 15 January 2026 review 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of submission by Samfedo 10:57, 14 January 2026 review of submission by Kmreykjavik 10:31, 14 January 2026 review of submission by Petersean96 05:26, 14 January 2026 review of submission by Evgeniia Kaplan 04:13, 14 January 2026 review of submission by Ma researcher 02:04, 14 January 2026 review of submission by Waterdrinker4life 00:34, 14 January 2026 review of submission by Minnoweu 19:00, 13 January 2026 review of submission by Dayanariel123 18:09, 13 January 2026 review of submission by Matt morphy 14:42, 13 January 2026 review of submission by Quietarchival-cinema-enthusiast 11:46, 13 January 2026 review of submission by Kellycoppler 02:40, 13 January 2026 review of submission by Acelalover 02:35, 13 January 2026 review of submission by Ajax151 23:38, 12 January 2026 review of submission by Natalie52 23:08, 12 January 2026 review of submission by HermanWanggai 20:19, 12 January 2026 review of submission by ~2026-25902-0 20:18, 12 January 2026 review of submission by Editchecker1 18:15, 12 January 2026 review of submission by 36Flames 17:21, 12 January 2026 review of submission by Kabul Draft:Christine Montanti 16:05, 12 January 2026 review of submission by KriemEzzat 16:00, 12 January 2026 review of submission by ~2026-24843-8 13:02, 12 January 2026 review of submission by ~2026-16002 12:18, 12 January 2026 review of submission by Ishikatiwari2775 11:07, 12 January 2026 review of submission by Samman24 06:09, 12 January 2026 review of submission by Subhash.sp 02:58, 12 January 2026 review of submission by Tysav70 01:41, 12 January 2026 review of submission by Ethannielhoward 15:07, 11 January 2026 review of submission by AlyC19 09:13, 11 January 2026 review of submission by Mattedia Help I wanna request 22:14, 10 January 2026 review of submission by ~2026-20587-2 Help desk (75 threads) Most recent: External guide WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members Bruno fernandes External guide WP:SEAOFBLUE and introductory sentences to clergy members 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Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? Shenandoah Presbyterian Church Police#Israel HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA Message on new articles changing email login A disruptive user How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. Historical Artwork owned by Gallery Help on creating a new article Question about source wikipedia25.org Contacting non-English article editors Edit "not been published" How to translate? Create a wikepedia page How do I use Twinkle to warn? Non-free image url Content Translation Tool Error Translations Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels What if? Question i can’t add message Tool for LLM detection? Referencing errors on Freibahn returning image to entry. Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English Articles png thumbnail issue Iraq Page Shady users ISBN Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival Page never underwent review and was published without? Curly quotes Creating Art for Wikipedia Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes I can’t create an account!? Editing page on John Campbell UK Drafts URL for a physical book Deprecated source and automatic filter Review Remove deceptive link How do you add a person to Wikipedia? Copy-pasting a sentence added references How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? Edit removed My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. Hijacking of The Morning Leader Reference desk Referencing errors on John Herdman Writ petition Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor on involvement I need urgent help. How do I ask for a move request to be closed? Am I being bullied? Page arbitration Assistance for new editors unable to post here Referencing errors on Mahendra Singh Dhoni Mobile watchlist "Incle Vanyan" Opening a request for un-protection MEDAL AWARD DEVICE IS INCORRECT COLOR Legend for map in sidebar I need Help Other language Wikipedia as an authoritative source? Variety of English used in articles about an author's works? Shenandoah Presbyterian Church Police#Israel HOW TO ENTER AN ARTIST IN WIKIPEDIA Message on new articles changing email login A disruptive user How to change what wikiproject messages are recieved on. Historical Artwork owned by Gallery Help on creating a new article Question about source wikipedia25.org Contacting non-English article editors Edit "not been published" How to translate? Create a wikepedia page How do I use Twinkle to warn? Non-free image url Content Translation Tool Error Translations Referencing errors on Lemon Tree Hotels What if? Question i can’t add message Tool for LLM detection? Referencing errors on Freibahn returning image to entry. Translation of the article "Pharmazimuseum Brixen" into English Articles png thumbnail issue Iraq Page Shady users ISBN Referencing errors on Capital Fringe Festival Page never underwent review and was published without? Curly quotes Creating Art for Wikipedia Referencing errors on Spatial epidemiology Query regarding Draft:Candlelight Homes I can’t create an account!? Editing page on John Campbell UK Drafts URL for a physical book Deprecated source and automatic filter Review Remove deceptive link How do you add a person to Wikipedia? Copy-pasting a sentence added references How do non-talk pages have the talk page format? Edit removed My page has disappeared and I do not know what to do. Hijacking of The Morning Leader Reference desk Referencing errors on John Herdman Writ petition Question about replacing a non‑free image in Murder of Michaela McAreavey Referencing errors on List of rulers of Timor on involvement I need urgent help. How do I ask for a move request to be closed? Am I being bullied? Page arbitration Assistance for new editors unable to post here Media copyright questions (10 threads) Most recent: Trying to upload Public Domain files :File:Good Intentions (1930 film).jpg and :File:Scotland Yard poster.jpg to Commons, but the hidden files need to be unhidden Bearfoot (American band) album image removal Would product renders pass the non-free content criteria? Trying to upload Public Domain files :File:Good Intentions (1930 film).jpg and :File:Scotland Yard poster.jpg to Commons, but the hidden files need to be unhidden Bearfoot (American band) album image removal Would product renders pass the non-free content criteria? Incorrect deletion of Enrique_Marquez_(born_ 1963).jpg Funbag logo image adding File:General Sir John Anderson.jpg Non-free file reuploaded for compliance Luxembourg Team Crest Public domain image with hidden revisions can't be exported to Commons Can I add a signature of Bella Ramsey to their page? Incorrect deletion of Enrique_Marquez_(born_ 1963).jpg Funbag logo image adding File:General Sir John Anderson.jpg Non-free file reuploaded for compliance Luxembourg Team Crest Public domain image with hidden revisions can't be exported to Commons Can I add a signature of Bella Ramsey to their page? Teahouse (91 threads) Most recent: Editing carefully on Wikipedia Promotional draft creator, may be NOTHERE Teahouse Unanswered Questions Editing carefully on Wikipedia Promotional draft creator, may be NOTHERE Teahouse Unanswered Questions How to get a real-time preview window when editing in source-mode? Video of Jeju Air Flight 2216 skidding on runway at Muan airport and crashing into barrier Inflation tag How do I create a coloured map such as the one at File:Visa_Requirements_for_United_States_citizens.svg? I want to delete a image How to find the appropiate tone template? School Recognition Radqueer and TransID I found this message on the talk page of "LGBTQ (term)" titled "There is no "LGB". It never existed. The reference in the first line is wrong." written by 2601:600:9280:D3B0:69DE:F93:4DC0:A2D8 don’t ban me Readable prose size Source charged for fraud Lost Kids Animation – Help Identify Draft in process About Creating an Article Mandruss removed my message on Talk:Donald Trump (Possibly final) Help with my draft No.8 Why does the introductory statement in the "Earthquake" article say 1556 Shaanxi Earthquake instead of 1976 Tangshan Earthquake? HAPPY BIRTHDAY my rejection Article draft declined Your opinions Photo Rights Help with my draft No.7 How do I know if a source is considered reliable for Wikipedia? Make Edits to an Article Verizon outage the cause How am I vandalizing wikipedia Updating maps There are concerns Moving an article from my sandbox to the mainspace What's wrong with the top left Wikipedia logo? Help with creating a wikipedia page for a company citation source Broken link on home page Mystery of the lack of japanese coverage of Sogen Kato's case When inserting a new #1 citation in a current article . . . AntWeb Images Warning system Copyrighted Images Primary topic Would i be blocked for spamming if all of my drafted pages get accepted all at once? Help with my draft No.3 Single use profiles Saving useful pages The Devil and the Daylong Brothers What should I do if someone is advertising using their username? Nils Molin De facto.wav How can I be able to make an article about "waterdrinker4life" Not receiving email notifications for Watch List Draft of a new article, trying to make it completely neutral AI pages Repeated Vandalism Jimbo Wales talk page Help, there is a problem with a link in "south korean humidifier disnifectant case" WP:DO How to a add a qualification bit on the final rankings table Rob Reiner Delete a page on Wikipedia English Good evening, I am thinking about creating an article :) I'm finish How can Wikipedia help? Footnotes referencing album liner notes help me Why is social media unreliable? Editing articles Bhutia request to protection from IP Edits AFC Draft How to create a new article, I have the draft I'm just trying to Ctrl+c Ctrl+v it Article for my upcoming projects Too many tabs! Should there be a page for all of SZNZ by Weezer? Talk:Draft:Openly, Inc. redwarnRules.json Can COI editors participate in consensus? Question about when its appropriate to send WikiLove. Question about AI on user pages. Terry Yorath How long for edits to appear? Multiple accounts not being allowed to edit the same article unless disclosed Using AI My first article Lemon water Remove Tag? New Year's happy birthday world 🌎 you 2026 How to get a real-time preview window when editing in source-mode? Video of Jeju Air Flight 2216 skidding on runway at Muan airport and crashing into barrier Inflation tag How do I create a coloured map such as the one at File:Visa_Requirements_for_United_States_citizens.svg? I want to delete a image How to find the appropiate tone template? School Recognition Radqueer and TransID I found this message on the talk page of "LGBTQ (term)" titled "There is no "LGB". It never existed. The reference in the first line is wrong." written by 2601:600:9280:D3B0:69DE:F93:4DC0:A2D8 don’t ban me Readable prose size Source charged for fraud Lost Kids Animation – Help Identify Draft in process About Creating an Article Mandruss removed my message on Talk:Donald Trump (Possibly final) Help with my draft No.8 Why does the introductory statement in the "Earthquake" article say 1556 Shaanxi Earthquake instead of 1976 Tangshan Earthquake? HAPPY BIRTHDAY my rejection Article draft declined Your opinions Photo Rights Help with my draft No.7 How do I know if a source is considered reliable for Wikipedia? Make Edits to an Article Verizon outage the cause How am I vandalizing wikipedia Updating maps There are concerns Moving an article from my sandbox to the mainspace What's wrong with the top left Wikipedia logo? Help with creating a wikipedia page for a company citation source Broken link on home page Mystery of the lack of japanese coverage of Sogen Kato's case When inserting a new #1 citation in a current article . . . AntWeb Images Warning system Copyrighted Images Primary topic Would i be blocked for spamming if all of my drafted pages get accepted all at once? Help with my draft No.3 Single use profiles Saving useful pages The Devil and the Daylong Brothers What should I do if someone is advertising using their username? Nils Molin De facto.wav How can I be able to make an article about "waterdrinker4life" Not receiving email notifications for Watch List Draft of a new article, trying to make it completely neutral AI pages Repeated Vandalism Jimbo Wales talk page Help, there is a problem with a link in "south korean humidifier disnifectant case" WP:DO How to a add a qualification bit on the final rankings table Rob Reiner Delete a page on Wikipedia English Good evening, I am thinking about creating an article :) I'm finish How can Wikipedia help? Footnotes referencing album liner notes help me Why is social media unreliable? Editing articles Bhutia request to protection from IP Edits AFC Draft How to create a new article, I have the draft I'm just trying to Ctrl+c Ctrl+v it Article for my upcoming projects Too many tabs! Should there be a page for all of SZNZ by Weezer? Talk:Draft:Openly, Inc. redwarnRules.json Can COI editors participate in consensus? Question about when its appropriate to send WikiLove. Question about AI on user pages. Terry Yorath How long for edits to appear? Multiple accounts not being allowed to edit the same article unless disclosed Using AI My first article Lemon water Remove Tag? New Year's happy birthday world 🌎 you 2026 Village pump Village Pump (policy) (8 threads) Most recent: Notability guidelines for magazines How my students can help Wikipedia against AI Independent sources Notability guidelines for magazines How my students can help Wikipedia against AI Independent sources Try avoiding objectionable expressions in Chinese-related MoS Policy for serious requests made on April 1 Sockpuppetry notifications COI disclosures with too many COIs Seeking clarification on WP:NEWLLM regarding human-reviewed translations Try avoiding objectionable expressions in Chinese-related MoS Policy for serious requests made on April 1 Sockpuppetry notifications COI disclosures with too many COIs Seeking clarification on WP:NEWLLM regarding human-reviewed translations Village Pump (technical) (34 threads) Most recent: Split converter functions from module:clade to a new module What is Aaron Frazer doing? Geohack down? Split converter functions from module:clade to a new module What is Aaron Frazer doing? Geohack down? Wrong line wrapping on the main page Redirect/s needed What's wrong with my script? Wierd Symbol next to page title Template field not displaying in infobox Talk page displaying weirdly banner Page curation failing to add deletion tags template css :has() pseudo-class is incorrectly parsed by validator Wayback Machine issues? undocumented parameters on {{infobox play}} Modules vs. DRAFTNOCAT/USERNOCAT Tech News: 2026-03 Template help AfD Statistics for User:Maile66 How to create a table of content based on a bunch of magazine pdfs? Best way to spot inline cleanup tags on a page? 429 (Too many requests) Moving (sandbox > Draft: space) Template needed with a very specific age averaging functionality Template code for OR operator X-tools, signing in requirement The AO3 website says my session has expired and it was not possible to authenticate my request. Is logged-out editing now disallowed? Discussion at Help talk:Citation Style 1 § module suite update 17–18 January 2026 Navbox titlebar inquiry Module-created and template-smuggled redlinked categories, again Sortable table - not How do I invoke IABot? Last item in list in a template is detached Early Explorations Into Semantic Search: Phase 0 Wrong line wrapping on the main page Redirect/s needed What's wrong with my script? Wierd Symbol next to page title Template field not displaying in infobox Talk page displaying weirdly banner Page curation failing to add deletion tags template css :has() pseudo-class is incorrectly parsed by validator Wayback Machine issues? undocumented parameters on {{infobox play}} Modules vs. DRAFTNOCAT/USERNOCAT Tech News: 2026-03 Template help AfD Statistics for User:Maile66 How to create a table of content based on a bunch of magazine pdfs? Best way to spot inline cleanup tags on a page? 429 (Too many requests) Moving (sandbox > Draft: space) Template needed with a very specific age averaging functionality Template code for OR operator X-tools, signing in requirement The AO3 website says my session has expired and it was not possible to authenticate my request. Is logged-out editing now disallowed? Discussion at Help talk:Citation Style 1 § module suite update 17–18 January 2026 Navbox titlebar inquiry Module-created and template-smuggled redlinked categories, again Sortable table - not How do I invoke IABot? Last item in list in a template is detached Early Explorations Into Semantic Search: Phase 0 Village Pump (proposals) (5 threads) Most recent: Prioritize current towns over former municipalities in infoboxes and leads RfC: Turning LLMCOMM into a guideline The Wikipedia sign up page disclaimer idea Prioritize current towns over former municipalities in infoboxes and leads RfC: Turning LLMCOMM into a guideline The Wikipedia sign up page disclaimer idea RfC: Logo change for 25th anniversary Improving wording of temp account throttle notice RfC: Logo change for 25th anniversary Improving wording of temp account throttle notice Village Pump (idea lab) (10 threads) Most recent: Optional script to detect ChatGPT UTM parameters Commentary ability for Good Article reviewers Make a new "Simple" button Optional script to detect ChatGPT UTM parameters Commentary ability for Good Article reviewers Make a new "Simple" button Copy page Merge {{English variant templates}} into one or maybe two templates with parameters, add automatic talk page banner Standardization of English Spelling Variants Setting Reactions to comments? Set minimum mandated requirements for talk page accessibility/archiving (all pages intended for talking; pre-RfC) Replace current six disclaimers with one page containing all disclaimers Adding "successful subject-requested deletion" as valid reason to SALT an article Copy page Merge {{English variant templates}} into one or maybe two templates with parameters, add automatic talk page banner Standardization of English Spelling Variants Setting Reactions to comments? Set minimum mandated requirements for talk page accessibility/archiving (all pages intended for talking; pre-RfC) Replace current six disclaimers with one page containing all disclaimers Adding "successful subject-requested deletion" as valid reason to SALT an article Village Pump (WMF) (10 threads) Most recent: WMF announces new AI partnerships with Amazon, Meta, Microsoft, Perplexity... Wikipedia’s 25th birthday party today! (15 January) Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 1 WMF announces new AI partnerships with Amazon, Meta, Microsoft, Perplexity... Wikipedia’s 25th birthday party today! (15 January) Wikimedia Foundation Bulletin 2026 Issue 1 The Chairman of Wikimedia Estonia commited a personal attack against me on national television WMF/Wikidata post Wikipedia text on new site without the necessary attribution... Reactions to comments? No disclaimers on mobile pages? Wikimedia Foundation Banner fundraising campaign finished Planned short test of mobile banners promoting the Wikipedia app Would you prefer banning anonymous edits instead of temporary accounts? The Chairman of Wikimedia Estonia commited a personal attack against me on national television WMF/Wikidata post Wikipedia text on new site without the necessary attribution... Reactions to comments? No disclaimers on mobile pages? Wikimedia Foundation Banner fundraising campaign finished Planned short test of mobile banners promoting the Wikipedia app Would you prefer banning anonymous edits instead of temporary accounts? Village Pump (miscellaneous) (19 threads) Most recent: Request for Advice After LLM Complaint RFC: Baltic bios infoboxes question First National Bank of Colorado, Texas Request for Advice After LLM Complaint RFC: Baltic bios infoboxes question First National Bank of Colorado, Texas "A special new friend is waiting inside the puzzle globe." It's been 25 years since Wikipedia started See RFC for Kaja Kallas's infobox Happy birthday, Wikipedia! Newcomers Survey Results Wikipedia_talk:Articles_for_deletion#Template_for_afd_talkpage UAA color change The true basis of Louis Jacolliot's novel The Robbers of the Seas User:AjDysonF1’s edits How to view edit user thanked me for? Verification request (The Times) Chaldeans Getting off to a blazing start Episode guide, etc embedding audio files in a wikipedia page Article quality - wake up call? "A special new friend is waiting inside the puzzle globe." It's been 25 years since Wikipedia started See RFC for Kaja Kallas's infobox Happy birthday, Wikipedia! Newcomers Survey Results Wikipedia_talk:Articles_for_deletion#Template_for_afd_talkpage UAA color change The true basis of Louis Jacolliot's novel The Robbers of the Seas User:AjDysonF1’s edits How to view edit user thanked me for? Verification request (The Times) Chaldeans Getting off to a blazing start Episode guide, etc embedding audio files in a wikipedia page Article quality - wake up call? Administrative noticeboards Administrators' noticeboard (31 threads) Most recent: AfD speedy closure request Ban appeal from AK0934 Requesing adminstrator(s) monitoring AfD speedy closure request Ban appeal from AK0934 Requesing adminstrator(s) monitoring WP:COIN backlog Reinstatement of ChimaFan12's topic ban Eyes on 2020s Minnesota fraud scandals would be appreciated Arbitration motion regarding Falun Gong Blocked from editing page Incivility from another editor Request review of informal COI topic ban on Johann Hari Aradicus77 topic ban appeal Unblock request: Shakib ul hassan Temporary accounts can create sub-pages within the user talk space of other users? Village pump wp:npa issue by user:Angoman4787 To request to show the actual map of india Account creation blocks Functionary appointment, January 2026 Harassment on my talk page Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#RfC: Logo change for 25th anniversary — WP:INVOLVED close made Can someone undelete template:medRxiv per its deletion review Appeal my partial block IP vandalising multiple articles Urgent: Legobot making circular loops Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#RfC: Logo change for 25th anniversary: Closure request Personal attack by MicBy67 Tendentious and aggressive editing on Modern Monetary Theory D.18th is requesting to lift their partial block from File: namespace Non-autoconfirmed user rapidly reverting edits Request review of informal COI topic ban Open tasks WP:COIN backlog Reinstatement of ChimaFan12's topic ban Eyes on 2020s Minnesota fraud scandals would be appreciated Arbitration motion regarding Falun Gong Blocked from editing page Incivility from another editor Request review of informal COI topic ban on Johann Hari Aradicus77 topic ban appeal Unblock request: Shakib ul hassan Temporary accounts can create sub-pages within the user talk space of other users? Village pump wp:npa issue by user:Angoman4787 To request to show the actual map of india Account creation blocks Functionary appointment, January 2026 Harassment on my talk page Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#RfC: Logo change for 25th anniversary — WP:INVOLVED close made Can someone undelete template:medRxiv per its deletion review Appeal my partial block IP vandalising multiple articles Urgent: Legobot making circular loops Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#RfC: Logo change for 25th anniversary: Closure request Personal attack by MicBy67 Tendentious and aggressive editing on Modern Monetary Theory D.18th is requesting to lift their partial block from File: namespace Non-autoconfirmed user rapidly reverting edits Request review of informal COI topic ban Open tasks Administrators' noticeboard: Incidents (30 threads) Most recent: User:CLW.Edward refusing to communicate despite countless warnings Gaming to edit caste Personal attack by 2026-32229-8 User:CLW.Edward refusing to communicate despite countless warnings Gaming to edit caste Personal attack by 2026-32229-8 User deleting comments Retaliation canvassing/harassment User:Ushift block evading as ~2026-27683-9 IP NOTHERE and making threats Apa1ni: citing Twitter/X and Wikipedia itself as well as LLM use on talk page Rape during the occupation of Germany More unhelpful editing on FA by Koo-1876 N.M.T812 NOTHERE Disruptive editing by Poopdecktheoverlord Milotss User:~2026-27495-3 personal attacks Crveni5 continually edit warring to add code that causes lint errors Block request for Ahmed2938039292? 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Churchstones using AI generated responses Peutro Disruptive editing by User:Tanbin20 Request for administrative guidance on repeated lead reversions during active dispute More constant pinging Camoz87: blocked from it.wiki for LLM misuse + more, needs the same here Hounding following a dispute OrlovskyAtlas: Constant use of AI despite warning. edit-warring SPA removing a single sourced sentence Mass creation of improper/bogus articles Continued POV-pushing, edit warring, and vandalism since July 2024 Constantly destroying of a wikiproject: Concern regarding Iruka13 Extensive sealioning by غوّاص العلم (ghawas) and some inter-editor attacks with Cinaroot Administrative action review (1 thread) Most recent: November 2022 block by Bbb23 November 2022 block by Bbb23 Arbitration Committee noticeboard (5 threads) Most recent: Arbitration motion regarding Falun Gong Functionary appointment, January 2026 Proposed motion for amendment to arbitration procedures: direct violation reports Arbitration motion regarding Falun Gong Functionary appointment, January 2026 Proposed motion for amendment to arbitration procedures: direct violation reports CU/OS rolling appointment application – January 2026 Outgoing 2025 Arbitration Committee CU/OS rolling appointment application – January 2026 Outgoing 2025 Arbitration Committee Arbitration Enforcement noticeboard (3 threads) Most recent: Tiamut TylerBurden Quick enforcement requests Tiamut TylerBurden Quick enforcement requests Bureaucrats' noticeboard (3 threads) Most recent: Desysop request Deepfriedokra Resysop request (Crisco 1492) 2025 Crat Activity Report Desysop request Deepfriedokra Resysop request (Crisco 1492) 2025 Crat Activity Report Bots noticeboard (8 threads) Most recent: running a bot approved for mainspace in user space Dw31415 - DwAlphaBot - SodiumBot conflict on RfCHistory ListeriaBot duplication issue running a bot approved for mainspace in user space Dw31415 - DwAlphaBot - SodiumBot conflict on RfCHistory ListeriaBot duplication issue Bypassing blacklisted links Retiring DannyS712 bots Discussion at Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous) § paywalled sources bot to clean up references Programming languages used by bots pie chart Bypassing blacklisted links Retiring DannyS712 bots Discussion at Wikipedia:Village pump (miscellaneous) § paywalled sources bot to clean up references Programming languages used by bots pie chart Edit warring noticeboard (9 threads) Most recent: User:Secarctangent reported by User:~2026-31862-4 (Result: Both blocked) User:DylanDaBaer reported by User:Pythoncoder (Result: Already blocked) User:~2025-33063-04 reported by User:Aaaas216& (Result: Page protected) User:Secarctangent reported by User:~2026-31862-4 (Result: Both blocked) User:DylanDaBaer reported by User:Pythoncoder (Result: Already blocked) User:~2025-33063-04 reported by User:Aaaas216& (Result: Page protected) User:~2026-29686-0 reported by User:Tbhotch (Result: Blocked 2 weeks) User:Milotss reported by User:DragonFederal (Result: Blocked 48 hours) User:N.M.T812 reported by User:Toohool (Result: Already blocked) User:Zavodn reported by User:Fightdisinformation2026 (Result: Zavodn blocked indefinitely) User:Lunarscarlet reported by User:TonySt (Result: Partially blocked 2 weeks) User:~2026-28102-1 reported by User:LordCollaboration (Result: Blocked indefinitely) User:~2026-29686-0 reported by User:Tbhotch (Result: Blocked 2 weeks) User:Milotss reported by User:DragonFederal (Result: Blocked 48 hours) User:N.M.T812 reported by User:Toohool (Result: Already blocked) User:Zavodn reported by User:Fightdisinformation2026 (Result: Zavodn blocked indefinitely) User:Lunarscarlet reported by User:TonySt (Result: Partially blocked 2 weeks) User:~2026-28102-1 reported by User:LordCollaboration (Result: Blocked indefinitely) Editors requesting help Wikipedians looking for help (0 requests) 0 page(s) currently transcluding the {{ Help me }} template. 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Requested edits Pending edits awaiting review (3 pages) > Very low pending changes backlog: 3 pages according to DatBot as of 12:00, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Pending Changes Currently, there are 3 changes pending Pending Changes Page Review Size Since Turkmens ( hist | edit ) Review −27 less than 1 hour ago List of characters in the Shrek franchise ( hist | edit ) Review +248 less than 1 hour ago John Logie Baird ( hist | edit ) Review +97 less than 1 hour ago Currently, there are 3 changes pending > Very low pending changes backlog: 3 pages according to DatBot as of 12:00, 16 January 2026 (UTC) [ reply ] Page Review Size Since Turkmens ( hist | edit ) Review −27 less than 1 hour ago List of characters in the Shrek franchise ( hist | edit ) Review +248 less than 1 hour ago John Logie Baird ( hist | edit ) Review +97 less than 1 hour ago Partial-block edit requests (8 pages) .mw-parser-output .protectededit-legend-error{background-color:#ffbfdc}.mw-parser-output .protectededit-legend-caution{background-color:#fff9bf}.mw-parser-output .protectededit-legend-attention{background-color:#e4ffcc}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .protectededit-legend-error{background-color:#330017}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .protectededit-legend-caution{background-color:#332e00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .protectededit-legend-attention{background-color:#183300}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .protectededit-legend-error{background-color:#330017}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .protectededit-legend-caution{background-color:#332e00}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .protectededit-legend-attention{background-color:#183300}} 8 partial block edit requests v h Page Tagged since Protection level Last protection log entry Effects of pornography on young people ( request ) 2025-11-08 17:18 Not protected ( log ) Pornography Act (Austria) ( request ) 2025-11-08 18:19 Not protected ( log ) Sex education ( request ) 2025-11-11 19:38 Not protected ( log ) Protected by Hu12 on 2008-05-19: "persistant anon vandalism [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed] (expires 00:03, 19 June 2008 (UTC) )" [ reply ] Pornographic film ( request ) 2025-11-15 12:42 Not protected ( log ) Protected by Deepfriedokra on 2021-05-04: "Persistent vandalism Long term low intensity" Pornography in Austria ( request ) 2025-11-25 07:59 Not protected ( log ) Pornography in Europe ( request ) 2025-12-05 12:11 Not protected ( log ) Pornography laws by region ( request ) 2025-12-05 12:18 Not protected ( log ) Modified by Ymblanter on 2021-09-17: "Persistent sock puppetry : socks trick the semiprotection" Pornography addiction ( request ) 2025-12-09 14:47 Not protected ( log ) Updated as needed. Last updated: 08:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) 8 partial block edit requests v h v h Page Tagged since Protection level Last protection log entry Effects of pornography on young people ( request ) 2025-11-08 17:18 Not protected ( log ) Pornography Act (Austria) ( request ) 2025-11-08 18:19 Not protected ( log ) Sex education ( request ) 2025-11-11 19:38 Not protected ( log ) Protected by Hu12 on 2008-05-19: "persistant anon vandalism [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed] (expires 00:03, 19 June 2008 (UTC) )" [ reply ] Pornographic film ( request ) 2025-11-15 12:42 Not protected ( log ) Protected by Deepfriedokra on 2021-05-04: "Persistent vandalism Long term low intensity" Pornography in Austria ( request ) 2025-11-25 07:59 Not protected ( log ) Pornography in Europe ( request ) 2025-12-05 12:11 Not protected ( log ) Pornography laws by region ( request ) 2025-12-05 12:18 Not protected ( log ) Modified by Ymblanter on 2021-09-17: "Persistent sock puppetry : socks trick the semiprotection" Pornography addiction ( request ) 2025-12-09 14:47 Not protected ( log ) Page Tagged since Protection level Last protection log entry Effects of pornography on young people ( request ) 2025-11-08 17:18 Not protected ( log ) Pornography Act (Austria) ( request ) 2025-11-08 18:19 Not protected ( log ) Sex education ( request ) 2025-11-11 19:38 Not protected ( log ) Protected by Hu12 on 2008-05-19: "persistant anon vandalism [edit=autoconfirmed:move=autoconfirmed] (expires 00:03, 19 June 2008 (UTC) )" [ reply ] Pornographic film ( request ) 2025-11-15 12:42 Not protected ( log ) Protected by Deepfriedokra on 2021-05-04: "Persistent vandalism Long term low intensity" Pornography in Austria ( request ) 2025-11-25 07:59 Not protected ( log ) Pornography in Europe ( request ) 2025-12-05 12:11 Not protected ( log ) Pornography laws by region ( request ) 2025-12-05 12:18 Not protected ( log ) Modified by Ymblanter on 2021-09-17: "Persistent sock puppetry : socks trick the semiprotection" Pornography addiction ( request ) 2025-12-09 14:47 Not protected ( log ) Updated as needed. Last updated: 08:39, 14 January 2026 (UTC) Conflict of interest edit requests (289 pages) 284 COI edit requests v h Page Tagged since Status Summary Protection level Last protection log entry Pacific Equity Partners ( request ) 2025-09-26 00:50 under_review Not protected ( log ) Google Brain ( request ) 2025-10-13 20:26 under_review Not protected ( log ) Humana ( request ) 2025-10-21 14:52 under_review Not protected ( log ) Modified by Tcncv on 2010-06-29: "Restore 1 year semi-protection after collision" Erik Palladino ( request ) 2025-10-28 00:45 new Not protected ( log ) ARC Ratings ( request ) 2025-10-28 08:44 new Not protected ( log ) Christian Kälin ( request ) 2025-10-28 09:47 new Not protected ( log ) Schott AG ( request ) 2025-10-28 13:55 new Not protected ( log ) Matthew Jukes ( request ) 2025-10-28 14:21 new Not protected ( log ) Skyline University College ( request ) 2025-10-29 06:15 new Not protected ( log ) Ryah Nixon ( request ) 2025-10-30 04:27 new Not protected ( log ) Yahoo! 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(2017–present) ( request ) 2025-11-03 16:33 new Not protected ( log ) From Yahoo (company) : Modified by El C on 2021-09-12: "Downgrading move protection to WP:ECP ( WP:RFPP/D ))" Robinhood Markets ( request ) 2025-11-03 18:39 new Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Robinhood (company) : Modified by Samsara on 2021-01-28: "per WP:GS/CRYPTO" Hearst Communications ( request ) 2025-11-04 02:10 new Not protected ( log ) Helen Danesh-Meyer ( request ) 2025-11-04 05:37 new Not protected ( log ) Trustpilot ( request ) 2025-11-04 11:33 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Widr on 2016-04-07: "Persistent addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content " ValueAct Capital ( request ) 2025-11-04 13:55 new Not protected ( log ) Garry Tan ( request ) 2025-11-04 20:14 new Not protected ( log ) Griogair Labhruidh ( request ) 2025-11-04 21:29 new Not protected ( log ) Australian Rail Track Corporation ( request ) 2025-11-05 05:53 new Not protected ( log ) Syngenta ( request ) 2025-11-05 08:37 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by EdJohnston on 2014-03-30: " Edit warring / content dispute : Per [[[Special:Permalink/601913321#User:Jtrevor99_reported_by_User:Binksternet_.28Result:_Protected.29|a complaint at WP:AN3]]" Mr. Cooper Group ( request ) 2025-11-05 11:51 new Not protected ( log ) Sweet Stash ( request ) 2025-11-05 12:06 new Not protected ( log ) Graylog ( request ) 2025-11-05 15:09 new Not protected ( log ) Walter De Brouwer ( request ) 2025-11-05 16:01 new Not protected ( log ) Priya Thomas ( request ) 2025-11-06 02:37 new Not protected ( log ) Daphne Lee ( request ) 2025-11-06 19:29 new Not protected ( log ) Springfree Trampoline ( request ) 2025-11-06 20:18 new Not protected ( log ) Endress+Hauser Optical Analysis ( request ) 2025-11-06 20:24 new Not protected ( log ) Zulily ( request ) 2025-11-06 20:37 new Not protected ( log ) Kirsten Cameron ( request ) 2025-11-07 12:00 new Not protected ( log ) Yahoo News ( request ) 2025-11-07 14:51 new Not protected ( log ) Nissan Rogue ( request ) 2025-11-07 19:55 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Bradv on 2023-12-03: "Persistent sock puppetry " Adrian Politowski ( request ) 2025-11-09 11:23 new Not protected ( log ) Jill M. Hooley ( request ) 2025-11-10 07:46 new Not protected ( log ) Hey Jane ( request ) 2025-11-10 18:00 new Not protected ( log ) David A. Gross ( request ) 2025-11-10 20:18 new Not protected ( log ) Caspio ( request ) 2025-11-10 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Free Law Project ( request ) 2025-11-11 00:27 new Not protected ( log ) Tipalti ( request ) 2025-11-11 04:49 new Not protected ( log ) Bashir Al-Hashimi ( request ) 2025-11-11 13:23 new Not protected ( log ) Brett Leatherman ( request ) 2025-11-11 15:42 new Not protected ( log ) Matthew Hoffman (TV host) ( request ) 2025-11-11 20:28 new Not protected ( log ) MongoDB ( request ) 2025-11-12 20:55 new Semiprotected, expires 2026-05-02 at 22:30:51 UTC ( log ) Protected by Rsjaffe on 2025-05-02: "Persistent vandalism ; requested at WP:RfPP " Thomas Grisso ( request ) 2025-11-12 21:04 new Not protected ( log ) Arc of the United States ( request ) 2025-11-12 22:16 new Not protected ( log ) The Weather Company ( request ) 2025-11-13 04:04 new Not protected ( log ) Andreessen Horowitz ( request ) 2025-11-13 12:53 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by El C on 2022-02-27: "Persistent spamming : weird WP:PROMO " Matthew Akers ( request ) 2025-11-13 13:15 new Not protected ( log ) Chor Boogie ( request ) 2025-11-15 07:32 new Not protected ( log ) Balyasny Asset Management ( request ) 2025-11-17 14:53 new Not protected ( log ) Vlad Tenev ( request ) 2025-11-17 17:41 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by SoWhy on 2021-05-10: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy " NXP Semiconductors ( request ) 2025-11-17 22:37 new Not protected ( log ) Rugby School Thailand ( request ) 2025-11-18 07:04 new Not protected ( log ) Lee H. Roberts ( request ) 2025-11-18 15:45 new Not protected ( log ) Dorian Haskard ( request ) 2025-11-19 08:49 new Not protected ( log ) Sixt ( request ) 2025-11-19 10:57 new Not protected ( log ) Christian M. Ringle ( request ) 2025-11-20 05:49 new Not protected ( log ) Ramendra Kumar (author) ( request ) 2025-11-20 08:33 new Not protected ( log ) Irene Ng (politician) ( request ) 2025-11-20 14:14 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by KrakatoaKatie on 2011-01-07: "Excessive vandalism " Muheeba Farida Dankaka ( request ) 2025-11-20 17:06 new Not protected ( log ) Splunk ( request ) 2025-11-20 18:50 new Not protected ( log ) Dog daycare ( request ) 2025-11-20 19:27 new Not protected ( log ) Mike Sullivan (offensive lineman) ( request ) 2025-11-21 01:30 new Not protected ( log ) Yvette Lee Bowser ( request ) 2025-11-22 17:20 new Not protected ( log ) Ahmad Nader Nadery ( request ) 2025-11-22 20:16 new Not protected ( log ) Sam Yates ( request ) 2025-11-23 19:13 new Not protected ( log ) Preply ( request ) 2025-11-24 17:18 new Not protected ( log ) Lux Capital ( request ) 2025-11-24 18:33 new Not protected ( log ) David Altshuler (physician) ( request ) 2025-11-25 04:04 new Not protected ( log ) Home care in the United States ( request ) 2025-11-25 15:26 new Not protected ( log ) Novo Nordisk ( request ) 2025-11-25 18:36 new Operational updates and specify Lars Fruergaard Jørgensen is past CEO Not protected ( log ) Aidan Gomez ( request ) 2025-11-26 15:02 new Not protected ( log ) They Marched into Sunlight ( request ) 2025-11-26 19:35 new Not protected ( log ) Ravi Kumar Singisetti ( request ) 2025-11-26 19:38 new Not protected ( log ) BTS Group ( request ) 2025-11-26 20:44 new Not protected ( log ) PTV Group ( request ) 2025-11-27 09:58 new Not protected ( log ) Michaela Staniford ( request ) 2025-11-28 03:32 new Not protected ( log ) Argus Media ( request ) 2025-11-28 13:37 new Not protected ( log ) Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( request ) 2025-11-28 14:55 new Not protected ( log ) Google DeepMind ( request ) 2025-11-29 09:49 new Not protected ( log ) Brookfield Corporation ( request ) 2025-11-29 15:42 new Not protected ( log ) Sanket Goel ( request ) 2025-12-01 06:42 new Not protected ( log ) Engel & Völkers ( request ) 2025-12-01 09:00 new Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Anachronist on 2019-02-19: "Persistent disruptive editing : Article is rife with COI edits. Propose changes on the talk page." Abdelmonem Bin Eisa Alserkal ( request ) 2025-12-01 16:42 new Not protected ( log ) Dan Ariely ( request ) 2025-12-01 18:08 new Not protected ( log ) Modified by Daniel Case on 2023-07-13: "fix time so it matches log" Marc Egnal ( request ) 2025-12-01 19:33 new Not protected ( log ) Fadlo R. Khuri ( request ) 2025-12-01 19:54 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Randykitty on 2025-02-05: " Edit warring / content dispute " TaxSlayer ( request ) 2025-12-01 20:05 new Not protected ( log ) Margaret Qualley ( request ) 2025-12-01 21:07 new Not protected ( log ) Sarah McLachlan ( request ) 2025-12-02 01:49 new Not protected ( log ) EF Education First ( request ) 2025-12-02 12:15 new Requesting updates to the "2016-present" section for accuracy and filling out governance details Not protected ( log ) Nissan Pathfinder ( request ) 2025-12-02 20:30 new Not protected ( log ) JBS N.V. ( request ) 2025-12-03 00:41 new Not protected ( log ) Aviva Canada ( request ) 2025-12-03 04:33 new CEO Information Update Not protected ( log ) Angama Mara ( request ) 2025-12-03 15:03 new Not protected ( log ) Love Island (American TV series) ( request ) 2025-12-03 17:44 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Yamla on 2019-08-20: "Persistent block evasion " Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts ( request ) 2025-12-03 19:03 new Not protected ( log ) Susan Ariel Aaronson ( request ) 2025-12-04 08:37 new Not protected ( log ) UNT Health Fort Worth ( request ) 2025-12-04 16:58 new Not protected ( log ) Peter R. Orszag ( request ) 2025-12-04 17:26 new Not protected ( log ) Unprotected by John Reaves on 2013-12-07: "thought that would happen" Backblaze ( request ) 2025-12-04 18:42 new Not protected ( log ) Bell Bank ( request ) 2025-12-05 16:05 new Not protected ( log ) Martin Uherek ( request ) 2025-12-05 21:30 new Not protected ( log ) Hugh Brunt ( request ) 2025-12-08 12:33 new Not protected ( log ) Margaret Mitchell (scientist) ( request ) 2025-12-08 21:54 new More references in case useful; more details on accomplishments Not protected ( log ) Ravi Iyengar ( request ) 2025-12-09 05:27 new Not protected ( log ) Metro AG ( request ) 2025-12-09 09:25 new Not protected ( log ) Edison Liu ( request ) 2025-12-09 22:44 new Not protected ( log ) Huagong Tech ( request ) 2025-12-10 01:41 new Not protected ( log ) SodaStream ( request ) 2025-12-10 11:17 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2015-12-31: "Persistent sock puppetry " Hyve Group ( request ) 2025-12-10 13:09 new Not protected ( log ) Gary Franks ( request ) 2025-12-10 17:55 new REPLACE THIS TEXT WITH YOUR SUMMARY Not protected ( log ) Protected by MelanieN on 2018-04-16: "Persistent vandalism " Shoshana Shendelman ( request ) 2025-12-10 20:10 new Not protected ( log ) Our Rescue ( request ) 2025-12-11 15:44 new Not protected ( log ) Freeletics ( request ) 2025-12-11 15:50 new Not protected ( log ) Sempra ( request ) 2025-12-11 17:15 new Not protected ( log ) Muscular Dystrophy Association ( request ) 2025-12-11 20:13 new Not protected ( log ) Tawanna Dillahunt ( request ) 2025-12-11 20:15 new Not protected ( log ) McGrath Foundation ( request ) 2025-12-12 01:42 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Ponyo on 2026-01-07: "Persistent vandalism " Mekong Capital ( request ) 2025-12-12 04:37 new Not protected ( log ) Timothy Williams (author) ( request ) 2025-12-12 08:42 new Not protected ( log ) Alisha Pradhan ( request ) 2025-12-12 11:47 new Not protected ( log ) Swisslog ( request ) 2025-12-12 13:36 new Not protected ( log ) Jscrambler ( request ) 2025-12-12 18:14 new Not protected ( log ) Craig Crawford ( request ) 2025-12-13 23:07 new Not protected ( log ) Alt National Park Service ( request ) 2025-12-14 19:41 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by ToBeFree on 2025-02-11: "Persistent disruptive editing " David Kogan (radio writer) ( request ) 2025-12-14 23:10 new Not protected ( log ) Blane De St. Croix ( request ) 2025-12-14 23:17 new Not protected ( log ) Metiria Turei ( request ) 2025-12-14 23:48 new Not protected ( log ) Phillipa Lepley ( request ) 2025-12-15 11:51 new Not protected ( log ) Daily Harvest ( request ) 2025-12-15 16:35 new Not protected ( log ) Minerals Council of Australia ( request ) 2025-12-15 21:42 new Not protected ( log ) Upwork ( request ) 2025-12-16 00:23 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Ad Orientem on 2017-07-28: "Persistent disruptive editing " Alston & Bird ( request ) 2025-12-16 14:51 new Not protected ( log ) MKS (Switzerland) ( request ) 2025-12-16 15:37 new Not protected ( log ) Cisco Talos ( request ) 2025-12-16 17:23 new Not protected ( log ) John D. Arnold ( request ) 2025-12-16 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Vicky Ward ( request ) 2025-12-16 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Curbon7 on 2025-08-20: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy ; requested at WP:RfPP " Daniela Amodei ( request ) 2025-12-16 21:12 new Add connection to effective altruism and update Time 100 ranking Not protected ( log ) Expedia ( request ) 2025-12-17 19:16 new Personnel update Not protected ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2025-06-29: "Persistent spamming : request at WP:RFPP " Mamdouh Salem Baajajah ( request ) 2025-12-18 13:35 new Not protected ( log ) HID Global ( request ) 2025-12-18 17:02 new Not protected ( log ) Moelis & Company ( request ) 2025-12-18 19:57 new Not protected ( log ) Lazard ( request ) 2025-12-18 22:50 new Not protected ( log ) Seung Bum Park ( request ) 2025-12-19 05:53 new Not protected ( log ) Henley & Partners ( request ) 2025-12-20 08:46 new Not protected ( log ) Yechiel Leiter ( request ) 2025-12-21 13:35 new Not protected ( log ) Tristram Chivers ( request ) 2025-12-21 21:04 new Not protected ( log ) Chris Jackson (oncologist) ( request ) 2025-12-22 03:57 new Not protected ( log ) HOK (firm) ( request ) 2025-12-22 16:51 new Not protected ( log ) Anantha P. Chandrakasan ( request ) 2025-12-22 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Cera Care ( request ) 2025-12-23 06:18 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by ScottishFinnishRadish on 2025-12-01: "Persistent sock puppetry " British Crystallographic Association ( request ) 2025-12-23 10:36 new Not protected ( log ) Meisam Amini ( request ) 2025-12-23 22:09 new Not protected ( log ) Vanessa Beecroft ( request ) 2025-12-26 06:38 new Not protected ( log ) Manuel Corpas (scientist) ( request ) 2025-12-26 13:39 new Not protected ( log ) Carlo Tenan ( request ) 2025-12-26 14:50 new Not protected ( log ) Northrop Grumman ( request ) 2025-12-26 19:55 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by The Bushranger on 2018-01-02: "Addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content " Luisa Estella Morales ( request ) 2025-12-27 23:49 new Not protected ( log ) Michelle A. Schultz ( request ) 2025-12-28 19:27 new Not protected ( log ) Underwood International College ( request ) 2025-12-29 06:14 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Mifter on 2017-04-30: " Edit warring / content dispute " Gigs ( request ) 2025-12-29 12:30 new Not protected ( log ) Steve Cohen (businessman) ( request ) 2025-12-29 14:52 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Malcolmxl5 on 2021-01-29: "Persistent vandalism : Requested at RfPP" Stephen Scherr ( request ) 2025-12-29 18:44 new Not protected ( log ) Uriah Duffy ( request ) 2025-12-29 22:01 new Not protected ( log ) Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman ( request ) 2025-12-30 05:46 new Not protected ( log ) E. Sally Ward ( request ) 2025-12-30 15:05 new Not protected ( log ) ThoughtSpot ( request ) 2025-12-30 16:43 new Not protected ( log ) Ian Skelly ( request ) 2026-01-01 18:41 under_review Not protected ( log ) Steven Spielberg ( request ) 2026-01-02 18:10 new Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Materialscientist on 2011-03-21: "Persistent vandalism " Rex Richardson ( request ) 2026-01-03 01:17 under_review Not protected ( log ) Lynn Rogoff ( request ) 2026-01-03 16:57 new Not protected ( log ) Alfred Spellman ( request ) 2026-01-03 21:14 new Not protected ( log ) Rakontur ( request ) 2026-01-03 21:14 new Not protected ( log ) Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa ( request ) 2026-01-04 08:46 new Not protected ( log ) Ajay Tyagi ( request ) 2026-01-04 16:19 new Not protected ( log ) Water tank ( request ) 2026-01-05 04:24 new Not protected ( log ) Unprotected by Will Beback on 2006-05-31: "time" Alsco Uniforms ( request ) 2026-01-05 17:45 new Update to article introduction Not protected ( log ) FIU College of Engineering and Computing ( request ) 2026-01-05 19:22 new Not protected ( log ) Mohammad Rasoulof ( request ) 2026-01-05 20:07 new Not protected ( log ) Eric Baker (businessman) ( request ) 2026-01-05 21:53 new simple intro tweak to reflect other changes Not protected ( log ) Better.com ( request ) 2026-01-05 22:09 new Not protected ( log ) Vishal Garg (businessman) ( request ) 2026-01-05 22:26 new Semiprotected, expires 2026-03-24 at 21:58:57 UTC ( log ) Protected by Curbon7 on 2025-09-24: "Persistent addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content , WP:CT/BLP action; requested at WP:RfPP " LGBTQ migration ( request ) 2026-01-06 15:32 new Not protected ( log ) LGBTQ people and Islam ( request ) 2026-01-06 15:33 new Not protected ( log ) Richard Taite (businessman) ( request ) 2026-01-06 15:47 new Not protected ( log ) Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics ( request ) 2026-01-06 16:06 new Not protected ( log ) Emplifi ( request ) 2026-01-06 16:06 new Not protected ( log ) Ethan Casson ( request ) 2026-01-06 16:31 new Not protected ( log ) Red Dog Blue Kat ( request ) 2026-01-06 17:06 new Not protected ( log ) RepresentUs ( request ) 2026-01-06 17:12 new Not protected ( log ) Black Box Diaries ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:16 new Not protected ( log ) Shiori Itō ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:19 new Not protected ( log ) Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:27 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Ymblanter on 2017-10-28: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy : rfpp request" Eternal You ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:34 new Not protected ( log ) Synaptics ( request ) 2026-01-06 23:29 new Not protected ( log ) Geto Boys ( request ) 2026-01-07 00:39 new Not protected ( log ) Archdiocese of New York ( request ) 2026-01-07 04:26 new Not protected ( log ) Carlos V. Grijalva ( request ) 2026-01-07 06:13 new Not protected ( log ) The Wine Society ( request ) 2026-01-07 11:23 new Not protected ( log ) Sent by Ravens ( request ) 2026-01-07 14:38 new Not protected ( log ) Norland College ( request ) 2026-01-07 15:11 new Not protected ( log ) Marketing Week ( request ) 2026-01-07 15:21 new Not protected ( log ) Proportional hazards model ( request ) 2026-01-07 15:23 new Not protected ( log ) Soundtrack to a Coup d'Etat ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:00 new Not protected ( log ) Johan Grimonprez ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:04 new Not protected ( log ) Bloomberg Philanthropies ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:19 new Not protected ( log ) Michael Bloomberg ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:21 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by K6ka on 2023-02-03: "Persistent vandalism " Lenin M. Sivam ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:38 new Not protected ( log ) Chicago ( request ) 2026-01-07 22:34 new Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Anarchyte on 2019-12-15: "Persistent vandalism " Markus Baer ( request ) 2026-01-08 05:14 new Not protected ( log ) Anthony Jerome Barbieri ( request ) 2026-01-08 05:18 new Not protected ( log ) CafePress ( request ) 2026-01-08 06:14 new Not protected ( log ) Emmanuel Roman ( request ) 2026-01-08 14:08 new Not protected ( log ) Paolo Petrocelli ( request ) 2026-01-08 17:22 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by ReaderofthePack on 2016-02-16: "Persistent sock puppetry " Rainforest Foundation US ( request ) 2026-01-08 19:26 new Not protected ( log ) National Philanthropic Trust ( request ) 2026-01-08 19:51 new Not protected ( log ) Enrique Anderson Imbert ( request ) 2026-01-08 20:03 new Not protected ( log ) Enrico Mini ( request ) 2026-01-09 06:19 new Not protected ( log ) Eric Mamajek ( request ) 2026-01-09 07:30 new Not protected ( log ) NetZero ( request ) 2026-01-09 13:45 new Not protected ( log ) Kewsong Lee ( request ) 2026-01-09 13:54 new Not protected ( log ) Content Guru ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:33 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by El C on 2024-01-12: "long term conflict of interest editing, including from WP:CONFIRMED accounts" 611 ( request ) 2026-01-09 17:29 new Not protected ( log ) Optum ( request ) 2026-01-09 17:57 new Seeking deletion of inaccurate, unsourced information Not protected ( log ) Dell Precision ( request ) 2026-01-09 18:37 new Not protected ( log ) Dell ( request ) 2026-01-09 20:38 new Not protected ( log ) Modified by JJMC89 on 2019-08-01: "Persistent disruptive editing " Rintu Thomas ( request ) 2026-01-09 21:34 new Not protected ( log ) Sushmit Ghosh ( request ) 2026-01-09 21:34 new Not protected ( log ) Writing With Fire Writing With Fire ( request Talk:Writing With Fire#requestedit ) 2026-01-09 21:34 new Not protected ( log ) David Bressoud ( request ) 2026-01-09 22:30 new Not protected ( log ) MSPL Limited ( request ) 2026-01-10 04:45 new Not protected ( log ) Tamoxifen ( request ) 2026-01-10 18:01 new Add a sourced sentence on PI3K pathway activation as a proposed mechanism for tamoxifen-associated uterine carcinogenesis. Not protected ( log ) Wilh. Wilhelmsen ( request ) 2026-01-10 19:50 new Not protected ( log ) WJCT (TV) ( request ) 2026-01-10 20:25 new Not protected ( log ) ProFlowers ( request ) 2026-01-10 21:37 new Not protected ( log ) Andrey Yakunin ( request ) 2026-01-11 15:57 new Not protected ( log ) Laurence D. Marks ( request ) 2026-01-11 16:14 new Semiprotected, expires 2026-01-18 at 17:04:30 UTC ( log ) Protected by Favonian on 2026-01-11: "Persistent disruptive editing : requested at WP:RFPP " Jim Gardiner (Chicago politician) ( request ) 2026-01-11 17:20 new Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Anachronist on 2023-02-24: "Reduced ECP to semi per WP:RFPP request" Jens Christian Refsgaard ( request ) 2026-01-12 05:08 new Not protected ( log ) Core Education & Technologies ( request ) 2026-01-12 13:32 new Not protected ( log ) Colourscape ( request ) 2026-01-12 15:26 new Not protected ( log ) Claudi L. H. Bockting ( request ) 2026-01-12 15:28 new Not protected ( log ) RSA Security ( request ) 2026-01-12 17:20 new Not protected ( log ) Modified by Discospinster on 2024-01-25: "Persistent disruptive editing " Namesco ( request ) 2026-01-12 17:48 new Not protected ( log ) UnitedHealth Group ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:00 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Case on 2025-01-13: "Persistent disruptive editing : per RFPP" CODA (2021 film) ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:12 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Stifle on 2022-03-28: "Persistent vandalism : Recent Academy Award winner, s-protect until things calm down" Sian Heder ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:17 new Not protected ( log ) Hudson River Trading ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:39 new Not protected ( log ) Flee (film) ( request ) 2026-01-12 19:06 new Not protected ( log ) Jonas Poher Rasmussen ( request ) 2026-01-12 19:10 new Not protected ( log ) Synopsys ( request ) 2026-01-12 22:45 under_review Remove 3 unsourced, recent changes. Not protected ( log ) Amarula ( request ) 2026-01-13 01:30 new Not protected ( log ) Julian Togelius ( request ) 2026-01-13 03:35 new Not protected ( log ) Chris Hohn ( request ) 2026-01-13 12:19 new Not protected ( log ) Kay Firth-Butterfield ( request ) 2026-01-13 12:20 new Not protected ( log ) MiRTarBase ( request ) 2026-01-13 13:00 new Not protected ( log ) Cedars-Sinai Medical Center ( request ) 2026-01-13 14:22 under_review Update History with new leadership Not protected ( log ) Octagon (sports agency) ( request ) 2026-01-13 14:54 new Not protected ( log ) California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo ( request ) 2026-01-13 16:28 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by EdJohnston on 2012-08-07: "Edit warring by IPs who don't wait for consensus on the talk page. Protection was requested at WP:RFPP" HubSpot ( request ) 2026-01-13 16:45 new Not protected ( log ) Thumbtack (company) ( request ) 2026-01-13 17:55 new Not protected ( log ) MikeWorldWide ( request ) 2026-01-13 20:04 new Not protected ( log ) AsureQuality ( request ) 2026-01-13 22:59 new Not protected ( log ) NJFX ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:15 new Not protected ( log ) Zelle ( request ) 2026-01-14 04:08 new Not protected ( log ) Digital India Corporation ( request ) 2026-01-14 09:37 new Not protected ( log ) Avangrid ( request ) 2026-01-14 14:50 new Not protected ( log ) GoGuardian/Archive 1 ( request ) 2026-01-14 15:16 new Not protected ( log ) Alt News ( request ) 2026-01-14 16:03 new Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Airplaneman on 2020-05-22: "Persistent disruptive editing " Samsung ( request ) 2026-01-14 17:33 new Semiprotected ( log ) From Samsung : Protected by Biblioworm on 2015-11-20: "Persistent vandalism " Tops Pizza ( request ) 2026-01-14 17:44 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Anachronist on 2025-01-02: "Addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content " Matthew Folan ( request ) 2026-01-14 18:31 new Not protected ( log ) Silvina Moschini ( request ) 2026-01-15 01:01 new Changing of infobox photograph Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Dennis Brown on 2025-12-29: "Persistent sock puppetry " LeapFrog Investments ( request ) 2026-01-15 06:07 new Not protected ( log ) Charles Darwin University ( request ) 2026-01-15 06:46 new Not protected ( log ) The Intern Group ( request ) 2026-01-15 09:17 new Not protected ( log ) Environmental testing ( request ) 2026-01-15 14:50 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2023-11-13: "Persistent vandalism " Central library, IIT Delhi ( request ) 2026-01-15 15:54 new Adding sources to the article Not protected ( log ) Elliott Investment Management ( request ) 2026-01-15 15:59 new Not protected ( log ) Ornge ( request ) 2026-01-15 19:48 new Not protected ( log ) Onboardly ( request ) 2026-01-15 21:06 new Not protected ( log ) Richard Travis (actor) ( request ) 2026-01-16 04:09 new Not protected ( log ) Yayoi Kusama ( request ) 2026-01-16 08:28 new Not protected ( log ) Updated as needed. Last updated: 08:32, 16 January 2026 (UTC) 284 COI edit requests v h v h Page Tagged since Status Summary Protection level Last protection log entry Pacific Equity Partners ( request ) 2025-09-26 00:50 under_review Not protected ( log ) Google Brain ( request ) 2025-10-13 20:26 under_review Not protected ( log ) Humana ( request ) 2025-10-21 14:52 under_review Not protected ( log ) Modified by Tcncv on 2010-06-29: "Restore 1 year semi-protection after collision" Erik Palladino ( request ) 2025-10-28 00:45 new Not protected ( log ) ARC Ratings ( request ) 2025-10-28 08:44 new Not protected ( log ) Christian Kälin ( request ) 2025-10-28 09:47 new Not protected ( log ) Schott AG ( request ) 2025-10-28 13:55 new Not protected ( log ) Matthew Jukes ( request ) 2025-10-28 14:21 new Not protected ( log ) Skyline University College ( request ) 2025-10-29 06:15 new Not protected ( log ) Ryah Nixon ( request ) 2025-10-30 04:27 new Not protected ( log ) Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present) ( request ) 2025-11-03 16:33 new Not protected ( log ) From Yahoo (company) : Modified by El C on 2021-09-12: "Downgrading move protection to WP:ECP ( WP:RFPP/D ))" Robinhood Markets ( request ) 2025-11-03 18:39 new Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Robinhood (company) : Modified by Samsara on 2021-01-28: "per WP:GS/CRYPTO" Hearst Communications ( request ) 2025-11-04 02:10 new Not protected ( log ) Helen Danesh-Meyer ( request ) 2025-11-04 05:37 new Not protected ( log ) Trustpilot ( request ) 2025-11-04 11:33 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Widr on 2016-04-07: "Persistent addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content " ValueAct Capital ( request ) 2025-11-04 13:55 new Not protected ( log ) Garry Tan ( request ) 2025-11-04 20:14 new Not protected ( log ) Griogair Labhruidh ( request ) 2025-11-04 21:29 new Not protected ( log ) Australian Rail Track Corporation ( request ) 2025-11-05 05:53 new Not protected ( log ) Syngenta ( request ) 2025-11-05 08:37 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by EdJohnston on 2014-03-30: " Edit warring / content dispute : Per [[[Special:Permalink/601913321#User:Jtrevor99_reported_by_User:Binksternet_.28Result:_Protected.29|a complaint at WP:AN3]]" Mr. Cooper Group ( request ) 2025-11-05 11:51 new Not protected ( log ) Sweet Stash ( request ) 2025-11-05 12:06 new Not protected ( log ) Graylog ( request ) 2025-11-05 15:09 new Not protected ( log ) Walter De Brouwer ( request ) 2025-11-05 16:01 new Not protected ( log ) Priya Thomas ( request ) 2025-11-06 02:37 new Not protected ( log ) Daphne Lee ( request ) 2025-11-06 19:29 new Not protected ( log ) Springfree Trampoline ( request ) 2025-11-06 20:18 new Not protected ( log ) Endress+Hauser Optical Analysis ( request ) 2025-11-06 20:24 new Not protected ( log ) Zulily ( request ) 2025-11-06 20:37 new Not protected ( log ) Kirsten Cameron ( request ) 2025-11-07 12:00 new Not protected ( log ) Yahoo News ( request ) 2025-11-07 14:51 new Not protected ( log ) Nissan Rogue ( request ) 2025-11-07 19:55 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Bradv on 2023-12-03: "Persistent sock puppetry " Adrian Politowski ( request ) 2025-11-09 11:23 new Not protected ( log ) Jill M. Hooley ( request ) 2025-11-10 07:46 new Not protected ( log ) Hey Jane ( request ) 2025-11-10 18:00 new Not protected ( log ) David A. Gross ( request ) 2025-11-10 20:18 new Not protected ( log ) Caspio ( request ) 2025-11-10 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Free Law Project ( request ) 2025-11-11 00:27 new Not protected ( log ) Tipalti ( request ) 2025-11-11 04:49 new Not protected ( log ) Bashir Al-Hashimi ( request ) 2025-11-11 13:23 new Not protected ( log ) Brett Leatherman ( request ) 2025-11-11 15:42 new Not protected ( log ) Matthew Hoffman (TV host) ( request ) 2025-11-11 20:28 new Not protected ( log ) MongoDB ( request ) 2025-11-12 20:55 new Semiprotected, expires 2026-05-02 at 22:30:51 UTC ( log ) Protected by Rsjaffe on 2025-05-02: "Persistent vandalism ; requested at WP:RfPP " Thomas Grisso ( request ) 2025-11-12 21:04 new Not protected ( log ) Arc of the United States ( request ) 2025-11-12 22:16 new Not protected ( log ) The Weather Company ( request ) 2025-11-13 04:04 new Not protected ( log ) Andreessen Horowitz ( request ) 2025-11-13 12:53 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by El C on 2022-02-27: "Persistent spamming : weird WP:PROMO " Matthew Akers ( request ) 2025-11-13 13:15 new Not protected ( log ) Chor Boogie ( request ) 2025-11-15 07:32 new Not protected ( log ) Balyasny Asset Management ( request ) 2025-11-17 14:53 new Not protected ( log ) Vlad Tenev ( request ) 2025-11-17 17:41 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by SoWhy on 2021-05-10: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy " NXP Semiconductors ( request ) 2025-11-17 22:37 new Not protected ( log ) Rugby School Thailand ( request ) 2025-11-18 07:04 new Not protected ( log ) Lee H. Roberts ( request ) 2025-11-18 15:45 new Not protected ( log ) Dorian Haskard ( request ) 2025-11-19 08:49 new Not protected ( log ) Sixt ( request ) 2025-11-19 10:57 new Not protected ( log ) Christian M. Ringle ( request ) 2025-11-20 05:49 new Not protected ( log ) Ramendra Kumar (author) ( request ) 2025-11-20 08:33 new Not protected ( log ) Irene Ng (politician) ( request ) 2025-11-20 14:14 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by KrakatoaKatie on 2011-01-07: "Excessive vandalism " Muheeba Farida Dankaka ( request ) 2025-11-20 17:06 new Not protected ( log ) Splunk ( request ) 2025-11-20 18:50 new Not protected ( log ) Dog daycare ( request ) 2025-11-20 19:27 new Not protected ( log ) Mike Sullivan (offensive lineman) ( request ) 2025-11-21 01:30 new Not protected ( log ) Yvette Lee Bowser ( request ) 2025-11-22 17:20 new Not protected ( log ) Ahmad Nader Nadery ( request ) 2025-11-22 20:16 new Not protected ( log ) Sam Yates ( request ) 2025-11-23 19:13 new Not protected ( log ) Preply ( request ) 2025-11-24 17:18 new Not protected ( log ) Lux Capital ( request ) 2025-11-24 18:33 new Not protected ( log ) David Altshuler (physician) ( request ) 2025-11-25 04:04 new Not protected ( log ) Home care in the United States ( request ) 2025-11-25 15:26 new Not protected ( log ) Novo Nordisk ( request ) 2025-11-25 18:36 new Operational updates and specify Lars Fruergaard Jørgensen is past CEO Not protected ( log ) Aidan Gomez ( request ) 2025-11-26 15:02 new Not protected ( log ) They Marched into Sunlight ( request ) 2025-11-26 19:35 new Not protected ( log ) Ravi Kumar Singisetti ( request ) 2025-11-26 19:38 new Not protected ( log ) BTS Group ( request ) 2025-11-26 20:44 new Not protected ( log ) PTV Group ( request ) 2025-11-27 09:58 new Not protected ( log ) Michaela Staniford ( request ) 2025-11-28 03:32 new Not protected ( log ) Argus Media ( request ) 2025-11-28 13:37 new Not protected ( log ) Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( request ) 2025-11-28 14:55 new Not protected ( log ) Google DeepMind ( request ) 2025-11-29 09:49 new Not protected ( log ) Brookfield Corporation ( request ) 2025-11-29 15:42 new Not protected ( log ) Sanket Goel ( request ) 2025-12-01 06:42 new Not protected ( log ) Engel & Völkers ( request ) 2025-12-01 09:00 new Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Anachronist on 2019-02-19: "Persistent disruptive editing : Article is rife with COI edits. Propose changes on the talk page." Abdelmonem Bin Eisa Alserkal ( request ) 2025-12-01 16:42 new Not protected ( log ) Dan Ariely ( request ) 2025-12-01 18:08 new Not protected ( log ) Modified by Daniel Case on 2023-07-13: "fix time so it matches log" Marc Egnal ( request ) 2025-12-01 19:33 new Not protected ( log ) Fadlo R. Khuri ( request ) 2025-12-01 19:54 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Randykitty on 2025-02-05: " Edit warring / content dispute " TaxSlayer ( request ) 2025-12-01 20:05 new Not protected ( log ) Margaret Qualley ( request ) 2025-12-01 21:07 new Not protected ( log ) Sarah McLachlan ( request ) 2025-12-02 01:49 new Not protected ( log ) EF Education First ( request ) 2025-12-02 12:15 new Requesting updates to the "2016-present" section for accuracy and filling out governance details Not protected ( log ) Nissan Pathfinder ( request ) 2025-12-02 20:30 new Not protected ( log ) JBS N.V. ( request ) 2025-12-03 00:41 new Not protected ( log ) Aviva Canada ( request ) 2025-12-03 04:33 new CEO Information Update Not protected ( log ) Angama Mara ( request ) 2025-12-03 15:03 new Not protected ( log ) Love Island (American TV series) ( request ) 2025-12-03 17:44 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Yamla on 2019-08-20: "Persistent block evasion " Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts ( request ) 2025-12-03 19:03 new Not protected ( log ) Susan Ariel Aaronson ( request ) 2025-12-04 08:37 new Not protected ( log ) UNT Health Fort Worth ( request ) 2025-12-04 16:58 new Not protected ( log ) Peter R. Orszag ( request ) 2025-12-04 17:26 new Not protected ( log ) Unprotected by John Reaves on 2013-12-07: "thought that would happen" Backblaze ( request ) 2025-12-04 18:42 new Not protected ( log ) Bell Bank ( request ) 2025-12-05 16:05 new Not protected ( log ) Martin Uherek ( request ) 2025-12-05 21:30 new Not protected ( log ) Hugh Brunt ( request ) 2025-12-08 12:33 new Not protected ( log ) Margaret Mitchell (scientist) ( request ) 2025-12-08 21:54 new More references in case useful; more details on accomplishments Not protected ( log ) Ravi Iyengar ( request ) 2025-12-09 05:27 new Not protected ( log ) Metro AG ( request ) 2025-12-09 09:25 new Not protected ( log ) Edison Liu ( request ) 2025-12-09 22:44 new Not protected ( log ) Huagong Tech ( request ) 2025-12-10 01:41 new Not protected ( log ) SodaStream ( request ) 2025-12-10 11:17 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2015-12-31: "Persistent sock puppetry " Hyve Group ( request ) 2025-12-10 13:09 new Not protected ( log ) Gary Franks ( request ) 2025-12-10 17:55 new REPLACE THIS TEXT WITH YOUR SUMMARY Not protected ( log ) Protected by MelanieN on 2018-04-16: "Persistent vandalism " Shoshana Shendelman ( request ) 2025-12-10 20:10 new Not protected ( log ) Our Rescue ( request ) 2025-12-11 15:44 new Not protected ( log ) Freeletics ( request ) 2025-12-11 15:50 new Not protected ( log ) Sempra ( request ) 2025-12-11 17:15 new Not protected ( log ) Muscular Dystrophy Association ( request ) 2025-12-11 20:13 new Not protected ( log ) Tawanna Dillahunt ( request ) 2025-12-11 20:15 new Not protected ( log ) McGrath Foundation ( request ) 2025-12-12 01:42 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Ponyo on 2026-01-07: "Persistent vandalism " Mekong Capital ( request ) 2025-12-12 04:37 new Not protected ( log ) Timothy Williams (author) ( request ) 2025-12-12 08:42 new Not protected ( log ) Alisha Pradhan ( request ) 2025-12-12 11:47 new Not protected ( log ) Swisslog ( request ) 2025-12-12 13:36 new Not protected ( log ) Jscrambler ( request ) 2025-12-12 18:14 new Not protected ( log ) Craig Crawford ( request ) 2025-12-13 23:07 new Not protected ( log ) Alt National Park Service ( request ) 2025-12-14 19:41 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by ToBeFree on 2025-02-11: "Persistent disruptive editing " David Kogan (radio writer) ( request ) 2025-12-14 23:10 new Not protected ( log ) Blane De St. Croix ( request ) 2025-12-14 23:17 new Not protected ( log ) Metiria Turei ( request ) 2025-12-14 23:48 new Not protected ( log ) Phillipa Lepley ( request ) 2025-12-15 11:51 new Not protected ( log ) Daily Harvest ( request ) 2025-12-15 16:35 new Not protected ( log ) Minerals Council of Australia ( request ) 2025-12-15 21:42 new Not protected ( log ) Upwork ( request ) 2025-12-16 00:23 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Ad Orientem on 2017-07-28: "Persistent disruptive editing " Alston & Bird ( request ) 2025-12-16 14:51 new Not protected ( log ) MKS (Switzerland) ( request ) 2025-12-16 15:37 new Not protected ( log ) Cisco Talos ( request ) 2025-12-16 17:23 new Not protected ( log ) John D. Arnold ( request ) 2025-12-16 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Vicky Ward ( request ) 2025-12-16 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Curbon7 on 2025-08-20: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy ; requested at WP:RfPP " Daniela Amodei ( request ) 2025-12-16 21:12 new Add connection to effective altruism and update Time 100 ranking Not protected ( log ) Expedia ( request ) 2025-12-17 19:16 new Personnel update Not protected ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2025-06-29: "Persistent spamming : request at WP:RFPP " Mamdouh Salem Baajajah ( request ) 2025-12-18 13:35 new Not protected ( log ) HID Global ( request ) 2025-12-18 17:02 new Not protected ( log ) Moelis & Company ( request ) 2025-12-18 19:57 new Not protected ( log ) Lazard ( request ) 2025-12-18 22:50 new Not protected ( log ) Seung Bum Park ( request ) 2025-12-19 05:53 new Not protected ( log ) Henley & Partners ( request ) 2025-12-20 08:46 new Not protected ( log ) Yechiel Leiter ( request ) 2025-12-21 13:35 new Not protected ( log ) Tristram Chivers ( request ) 2025-12-21 21:04 new Not protected ( log ) Chris Jackson (oncologist) ( request ) 2025-12-22 03:57 new Not protected ( log ) HOK (firm) ( request ) 2025-12-22 16:51 new Not protected ( log ) Anantha P. Chandrakasan ( request ) 2025-12-22 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Cera Care ( request ) 2025-12-23 06:18 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by ScottishFinnishRadish on 2025-12-01: "Persistent sock puppetry " British Crystallographic Association ( request ) 2025-12-23 10:36 new Not protected ( log ) Meisam Amini ( request ) 2025-12-23 22:09 new Not protected ( log ) Vanessa Beecroft ( request ) 2025-12-26 06:38 new Not protected ( log ) Manuel Corpas (scientist) ( request ) 2025-12-26 13:39 new Not protected ( log ) Carlo Tenan ( request ) 2025-12-26 14:50 new Not protected ( log ) Northrop Grumman ( request ) 2025-12-26 19:55 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by The Bushranger on 2018-01-02: "Addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content " Luisa Estella Morales ( request ) 2025-12-27 23:49 new Not protected ( log ) Michelle A. Schultz ( request ) 2025-12-28 19:27 new Not protected ( log ) Underwood International College ( request ) 2025-12-29 06:14 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Mifter on 2017-04-30: " Edit warring / content dispute " Gigs ( request ) 2025-12-29 12:30 new Not protected ( log ) Steve Cohen (businessman) ( request ) 2025-12-29 14:52 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Malcolmxl5 on 2021-01-29: "Persistent vandalism : Requested at RfPP" Stephen Scherr ( request ) 2025-12-29 18:44 new Not protected ( log ) Uriah Duffy ( request ) 2025-12-29 22:01 new Not protected ( log ) Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman ( request ) 2025-12-30 05:46 new Not protected ( log ) E. Sally Ward ( request ) 2025-12-30 15:05 new Not protected ( log ) ThoughtSpot ( request ) 2025-12-30 16:43 new Not protected ( log ) Ian Skelly ( request ) 2026-01-01 18:41 under_review Not protected ( log ) Steven Spielberg ( request ) 2026-01-02 18:10 new Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Materialscientist on 2011-03-21: "Persistent vandalism " Rex Richardson ( request ) 2026-01-03 01:17 under_review Not protected ( log ) Lynn Rogoff ( request ) 2026-01-03 16:57 new Not protected ( log ) Alfred Spellman ( request ) 2026-01-03 21:14 new Not protected ( log ) Rakontur ( request ) 2026-01-03 21:14 new Not protected ( log ) Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa ( request ) 2026-01-04 08:46 new Not protected ( log ) Ajay Tyagi ( request ) 2026-01-04 16:19 new Not protected ( log ) Water tank ( request ) 2026-01-05 04:24 new Not protected ( log ) Unprotected by Will Beback on 2006-05-31: "time" Alsco Uniforms ( request ) 2026-01-05 17:45 new Update to article introduction Not protected ( log ) FIU College of Engineering and Computing ( request ) 2026-01-05 19:22 new Not protected ( log ) Mohammad Rasoulof ( request ) 2026-01-05 20:07 new Not protected ( log ) Eric Baker (businessman) ( request ) 2026-01-05 21:53 new simple intro tweak to reflect other changes Not protected ( log ) Better.com ( request ) 2026-01-05 22:09 new Not protected ( log ) Vishal Garg (businessman) ( request ) 2026-01-05 22:26 new Semiprotected, expires 2026-03-24 at 21:58:57 UTC ( log ) Protected by Curbon7 on 2025-09-24: "Persistent addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content , WP:CT/BLP action; requested at WP:RfPP " LGBTQ migration ( request ) 2026-01-06 15:32 new Not protected ( log ) LGBTQ people and Islam ( request ) 2026-01-06 15:33 new Not protected ( log ) Richard Taite (businessman) ( request ) 2026-01-06 15:47 new Not protected ( log ) Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics ( request ) 2026-01-06 16:06 new Not protected ( log ) Emplifi ( request ) 2026-01-06 16:06 new Not protected ( log ) Ethan Casson ( request ) 2026-01-06 16:31 new Not protected ( log ) Red Dog Blue Kat ( request ) 2026-01-06 17:06 new Not protected ( log ) RepresentUs ( request ) 2026-01-06 17:12 new Not protected ( log ) Black Box Diaries ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:16 new Not protected ( log ) Shiori Itō ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:19 new Not protected ( log ) Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:27 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Ymblanter on 2017-10-28: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy : rfpp request" Eternal You ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:34 new Not protected ( log ) Synaptics ( request ) 2026-01-06 23:29 new Not protected ( log ) Geto Boys ( request ) 2026-01-07 00:39 new Not protected ( log ) Archdiocese of New York ( request ) 2026-01-07 04:26 new Not protected ( log ) Carlos V. Grijalva ( request ) 2026-01-07 06:13 new Not protected ( log ) The Wine Society ( request ) 2026-01-07 11:23 new Not protected ( log ) Sent by Ravens ( request ) 2026-01-07 14:38 new Not protected ( log ) Norland College ( request ) 2026-01-07 15:11 new Not protected ( log ) Marketing Week ( request ) 2026-01-07 15:21 new Not protected ( log ) Proportional hazards model ( request ) 2026-01-07 15:23 new Not protected ( log ) Soundtrack to a Coup d'Etat ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:00 new Not protected ( log ) Johan Grimonprez ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:04 new Not protected ( log ) Bloomberg Philanthropies ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:19 new Not protected ( log ) Michael Bloomberg ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:21 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by K6ka on 2023-02-03: "Persistent vandalism " Lenin M. Sivam ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:38 new Not protected ( log ) Chicago ( request ) 2026-01-07 22:34 new Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Anarchyte on 2019-12-15: "Persistent vandalism " Markus Baer ( request ) 2026-01-08 05:14 new Not protected ( log ) Anthony Jerome Barbieri ( request ) 2026-01-08 05:18 new Not protected ( log ) CafePress ( request ) 2026-01-08 06:14 new Not protected ( log ) Emmanuel Roman ( request ) 2026-01-08 14:08 new Not protected ( log ) Paolo Petrocelli ( request ) 2026-01-08 17:22 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by ReaderofthePack on 2016-02-16: "Persistent sock puppetry " Rainforest Foundation US ( request ) 2026-01-08 19:26 new Not protected ( log ) National Philanthropic Trust ( request ) 2026-01-08 19:51 new Not protected ( log ) Enrique Anderson Imbert ( request ) 2026-01-08 20:03 new Not protected ( log ) Enrico Mini ( request ) 2026-01-09 06:19 new Not protected ( log ) Eric Mamajek ( request ) 2026-01-09 07:30 new Not protected ( log ) NetZero ( request ) 2026-01-09 13:45 new Not protected ( log ) Kewsong Lee ( request ) 2026-01-09 13:54 new Not protected ( log ) Content Guru ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:33 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by El C on 2024-01-12: "long term conflict of interest editing, including from WP:CONFIRMED accounts" 611 ( request ) 2026-01-09 17:29 new Not protected ( log ) Optum ( request ) 2026-01-09 17:57 new Seeking deletion of inaccurate, unsourced information Not protected ( log ) Dell Precision ( request ) 2026-01-09 18:37 new Not protected ( log ) Dell ( request ) 2026-01-09 20:38 new Not protected ( log ) Modified by JJMC89 on 2019-08-01: "Persistent disruptive editing " Rintu Thomas ( request ) 2026-01-09 21:34 new Not protected ( log ) Sushmit Ghosh ( request ) 2026-01-09 21:34 new Not protected ( log ) Writing With Fire Writing With Fire ( request Talk:Writing With Fire#requestedit ) 2026-01-09 21:34 new Not protected ( log ) David Bressoud ( request ) 2026-01-09 22:30 new Not protected ( log ) MSPL Limited ( request ) 2026-01-10 04:45 new Not protected ( log ) Tamoxifen ( request ) 2026-01-10 18:01 new Add a sourced sentence on PI3K pathway activation as a proposed mechanism for tamoxifen-associated uterine carcinogenesis. Not protected ( log ) Wilh. Wilhelmsen ( request ) 2026-01-10 19:50 new Not protected ( log ) WJCT (TV) ( request ) 2026-01-10 20:25 new Not protected ( log ) ProFlowers ( request ) 2026-01-10 21:37 new Not protected ( log ) Andrey Yakunin ( request ) 2026-01-11 15:57 new Not protected ( log ) Laurence D. Marks ( request ) 2026-01-11 16:14 new Semiprotected, expires 2026-01-18 at 17:04:30 UTC ( log ) Protected by Favonian on 2026-01-11: "Persistent disruptive editing : requested at WP:RFPP " Jim Gardiner (Chicago politician) ( request ) 2026-01-11 17:20 new Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Anachronist on 2023-02-24: "Reduced ECP to semi per WP:RFPP request" Jens Christian Refsgaard ( request ) 2026-01-12 05:08 new Not protected ( log ) Core Education & Technologies ( request ) 2026-01-12 13:32 new Not protected ( log ) Colourscape ( request ) 2026-01-12 15:26 new Not protected ( log ) Claudi L. H. Bockting ( request ) 2026-01-12 15:28 new Not protected ( log ) RSA Security ( request ) 2026-01-12 17:20 new Not protected ( log ) Modified by Discospinster on 2024-01-25: "Persistent disruptive editing " Namesco ( request ) 2026-01-12 17:48 new Not protected ( log ) UnitedHealth Group ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:00 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Case on 2025-01-13: "Persistent disruptive editing : per RFPP" CODA (2021 film) ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:12 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Stifle on 2022-03-28: "Persistent vandalism : Recent Academy Award winner, s-protect until things calm down" Sian Heder ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:17 new Not protected ( log ) Hudson River Trading ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:39 new Not protected ( log ) Flee (film) ( request ) 2026-01-12 19:06 new Not protected ( log ) Jonas Poher Rasmussen ( request ) 2026-01-12 19:10 new Not protected ( log ) Synopsys ( request ) 2026-01-12 22:45 under_review Remove 3 unsourced, recent changes. Not protected ( log ) Amarula ( request ) 2026-01-13 01:30 new Not protected ( log ) Julian Togelius ( request ) 2026-01-13 03:35 new Not protected ( log ) Chris Hohn ( request ) 2026-01-13 12:19 new Not protected ( log ) Kay Firth-Butterfield ( request ) 2026-01-13 12:20 new Not protected ( log ) MiRTarBase ( request ) 2026-01-13 13:00 new Not protected ( log ) Cedars-Sinai Medical Center ( request ) 2026-01-13 14:22 under_review Update History with new leadership Not protected ( log ) Octagon (sports agency) ( request ) 2026-01-13 14:54 new Not protected ( log ) California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo ( request ) 2026-01-13 16:28 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by EdJohnston on 2012-08-07: "Edit warring by IPs who don't wait for consensus on the talk page. Protection was requested at WP:RFPP" HubSpot ( request ) 2026-01-13 16:45 new Not protected ( log ) Thumbtack (company) ( request ) 2026-01-13 17:55 new Not protected ( log ) MikeWorldWide ( request ) 2026-01-13 20:04 new Not protected ( log ) AsureQuality ( request ) 2026-01-13 22:59 new Not protected ( log ) NJFX ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:15 new Not protected ( log ) Zelle ( request ) 2026-01-14 04:08 new Not protected ( log ) Digital India Corporation ( request ) 2026-01-14 09:37 new Not protected ( log ) Avangrid ( request ) 2026-01-14 14:50 new Not protected ( log ) GoGuardian/Archive 1 ( request ) 2026-01-14 15:16 new Not protected ( log ) Alt News ( request ) 2026-01-14 16:03 new Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Airplaneman on 2020-05-22: "Persistent disruptive editing " Samsung ( request ) 2026-01-14 17:33 new Semiprotected ( log ) From Samsung : Protected by Biblioworm on 2015-11-20: "Persistent vandalism " Tops Pizza ( request ) 2026-01-14 17:44 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Anachronist on 2025-01-02: "Addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content " Matthew Folan ( request ) 2026-01-14 18:31 new Not protected ( log ) Silvina Moschini ( request ) 2026-01-15 01:01 new Changing of infobox photograph Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Dennis Brown on 2025-12-29: "Persistent sock puppetry " LeapFrog Investments ( request ) 2026-01-15 06:07 new Not protected ( log ) Charles Darwin University ( request ) 2026-01-15 06:46 new Not protected ( log ) The Intern Group ( request ) 2026-01-15 09:17 new Not protected ( log ) Environmental testing ( request ) 2026-01-15 14:50 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2023-11-13: "Persistent vandalism " Central library, IIT Delhi ( request ) 2026-01-15 15:54 new Adding sources to the article Not protected ( log ) Elliott Investment Management ( request ) 2026-01-15 15:59 new Not protected ( log ) Ornge ( request ) 2026-01-15 19:48 new Not protected ( log ) Onboardly ( request ) 2026-01-15 21:06 new Not protected ( log ) Richard Travis (actor) ( request ) 2026-01-16 04:09 new Not protected ( log ) Yayoi Kusama ( request ) 2026-01-16 08:28 new Not protected ( log ) Page Tagged since Status Summary Protection level Last protection log entry Pacific Equity Partners ( request ) 2025-09-26 00:50 under_review Not protected ( log ) Google Brain ( request ) 2025-10-13 20:26 under_review Not protected ( log ) Humana ( request ) 2025-10-21 14:52 under_review Not protected ( log ) Modified by Tcncv on 2010-06-29: "Restore 1 year semi-protection after collision" Erik Palladino ( request ) 2025-10-28 00:45 new Not protected ( log ) ARC Ratings ( request ) 2025-10-28 08:44 new Not protected ( log ) Christian Kälin ( request ) 2025-10-28 09:47 new Not protected ( log ) Schott AG ( request ) 2025-10-28 13:55 new Not protected ( log ) Matthew Jukes ( request ) 2025-10-28 14:21 new Not protected ( log ) Skyline University College ( request ) 2025-10-29 06:15 new Not protected ( log ) Ryah Nixon ( request ) 2025-10-30 04:27 new Not protected ( log ) Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present) ( request ) 2025-11-03 16:33 new Not protected ( log ) From Yahoo (company) : Modified by El C on 2021-09-12: "Downgrading move protection to WP:ECP ( WP:RFPP/D ))" Robinhood Markets ( request ) 2025-11-03 18:39 new Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Robinhood (company) : Modified by Samsara on 2021-01-28: "per WP:GS/CRYPTO" Hearst Communications ( request ) 2025-11-04 02:10 new Not protected ( log ) Helen Danesh-Meyer ( request ) 2025-11-04 05:37 new Not protected ( log ) Trustpilot ( request ) 2025-11-04 11:33 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Widr on 2016-04-07: "Persistent addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content " ValueAct Capital ( request ) 2025-11-04 13:55 new Not protected ( log ) Garry Tan ( request ) 2025-11-04 20:14 new Not protected ( log ) Griogair Labhruidh ( request ) 2025-11-04 21:29 new Not protected ( log ) Australian Rail Track Corporation ( request ) 2025-11-05 05:53 new Not protected ( log ) Syngenta ( request ) 2025-11-05 08:37 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by EdJohnston on 2014-03-30: " Edit warring / content dispute : Per [[[Special:Permalink/601913321#User:Jtrevor99_reported_by_User:Binksternet_.28Result:_Protected.29|a complaint at WP:AN3]]" Mr. Cooper Group ( request ) 2025-11-05 11:51 new Not protected ( log ) Sweet Stash ( request ) 2025-11-05 12:06 new Not protected ( log ) Graylog ( request ) 2025-11-05 15:09 new Not protected ( log ) Walter De Brouwer ( request ) 2025-11-05 16:01 new Not protected ( log ) Priya Thomas ( request ) 2025-11-06 02:37 new Not protected ( log ) Daphne Lee ( request ) 2025-11-06 19:29 new Not protected ( log ) Springfree Trampoline ( request ) 2025-11-06 20:18 new Not protected ( log ) Endress+Hauser Optical Analysis ( request ) 2025-11-06 20:24 new Not protected ( log ) Zulily ( request ) 2025-11-06 20:37 new Not protected ( log ) Kirsten Cameron ( request ) 2025-11-07 12:00 new Not protected ( log ) Yahoo News ( request ) 2025-11-07 14:51 new Not protected ( log ) Nissan Rogue ( request ) 2025-11-07 19:55 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Bradv on 2023-12-03: "Persistent sock puppetry " Adrian Politowski ( request ) 2025-11-09 11:23 new Not protected ( log ) Jill M. Hooley ( request ) 2025-11-10 07:46 new Not protected ( log ) Hey Jane ( request ) 2025-11-10 18:00 new Not protected ( log ) David A. Gross ( request ) 2025-11-10 20:18 new Not protected ( log ) Caspio ( request ) 2025-11-10 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Free Law Project ( request ) 2025-11-11 00:27 new Not protected ( log ) Tipalti ( request ) 2025-11-11 04:49 new Not protected ( log ) Bashir Al-Hashimi ( request ) 2025-11-11 13:23 new Not protected ( log ) Brett Leatherman ( request ) 2025-11-11 15:42 new Not protected ( log ) Matthew Hoffman (TV host) ( request ) 2025-11-11 20:28 new Not protected ( log ) MongoDB ( request ) 2025-11-12 20:55 new Semiprotected, expires 2026-05-02 at 22:30:51 UTC ( log ) Protected by Rsjaffe on 2025-05-02: "Persistent vandalism ; requested at WP:RfPP " Thomas Grisso ( request ) 2025-11-12 21:04 new Not protected ( log ) Arc of the United States ( request ) 2025-11-12 22:16 new Not protected ( log ) The Weather Company ( request ) 2025-11-13 04:04 new Not protected ( log ) Andreessen Horowitz ( request ) 2025-11-13 12:53 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by El C on 2022-02-27: "Persistent spamming : weird WP:PROMO " Matthew Akers ( request ) 2025-11-13 13:15 new Not protected ( log ) Chor Boogie ( request ) 2025-11-15 07:32 new Not protected ( log ) Balyasny Asset Management ( request ) 2025-11-17 14:53 new Not protected ( log ) Vlad Tenev ( request ) 2025-11-17 17:41 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by SoWhy on 2021-05-10: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy " NXP Semiconductors ( request ) 2025-11-17 22:37 new Not protected ( log ) Rugby School Thailand ( request ) 2025-11-18 07:04 new Not protected ( log ) Lee H. Roberts ( request ) 2025-11-18 15:45 new Not protected ( log ) Dorian Haskard ( request ) 2025-11-19 08:49 new Not protected ( log ) Sixt ( request ) 2025-11-19 10:57 new Not protected ( log ) Christian M. Ringle ( request ) 2025-11-20 05:49 new Not protected ( log ) Ramendra Kumar (author) ( request ) 2025-11-20 08:33 new Not protected ( log ) Irene Ng (politician) ( request ) 2025-11-20 14:14 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by KrakatoaKatie on 2011-01-07: "Excessive vandalism " Muheeba Farida Dankaka ( request ) 2025-11-20 17:06 new Not protected ( log ) Splunk ( request ) 2025-11-20 18:50 new Not protected ( log ) Dog daycare ( request ) 2025-11-20 19:27 new Not protected ( log ) Mike Sullivan (offensive lineman) ( request ) 2025-11-21 01:30 new Not protected ( log ) Yvette Lee Bowser ( request ) 2025-11-22 17:20 new Not protected ( log ) Ahmad Nader Nadery ( request ) 2025-11-22 20:16 new Not protected ( log ) Sam Yates ( request ) 2025-11-23 19:13 new Not protected ( log ) Preply ( request ) 2025-11-24 17:18 new Not protected ( log ) Lux Capital ( request ) 2025-11-24 18:33 new Not protected ( log ) David Altshuler (physician) ( request ) 2025-11-25 04:04 new Not protected ( log ) Home care in the United States ( request ) 2025-11-25 15:26 new Not protected ( log ) Novo Nordisk ( request ) 2025-11-25 18:36 new Operational updates and specify Lars Fruergaard Jørgensen is past CEO Not protected ( log ) Aidan Gomez ( request ) 2025-11-26 15:02 new Not protected ( log ) They Marched into Sunlight ( request ) 2025-11-26 19:35 new Not protected ( log ) Ravi Kumar Singisetti ( request ) 2025-11-26 19:38 new Not protected ( log ) BTS Group ( request ) 2025-11-26 20:44 new Not protected ( log ) PTV Group ( request ) 2025-11-27 09:58 new Not protected ( log ) Michaela Staniford ( request ) 2025-11-28 03:32 new Not protected ( log ) Argus Media ( request ) 2025-11-28 13:37 new Not protected ( log ) Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act ( request ) 2025-11-28 14:55 new Not protected ( log ) Google DeepMind ( request ) 2025-11-29 09:49 new Not protected ( log ) Brookfield Corporation ( request ) 2025-11-29 15:42 new Not protected ( log ) Sanket Goel ( request ) 2025-12-01 06:42 new Not protected ( log ) Engel & Völkers ( request ) 2025-12-01 09:00 new Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Anachronist on 2019-02-19: "Persistent disruptive editing : Article is rife with COI edits. Propose changes on the talk page." Abdelmonem Bin Eisa Alserkal ( request ) 2025-12-01 16:42 new Not protected ( log ) Dan Ariely ( request ) 2025-12-01 18:08 new Not protected ( log ) Modified by Daniel Case on 2023-07-13: "fix time so it matches log" Marc Egnal ( request ) 2025-12-01 19:33 new Not protected ( log ) Fadlo R. Khuri ( request ) 2025-12-01 19:54 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Randykitty on 2025-02-05: " Edit warring / content dispute " TaxSlayer ( request ) 2025-12-01 20:05 new Not protected ( log ) Margaret Qualley ( request ) 2025-12-01 21:07 new Not protected ( log ) Sarah McLachlan ( request ) 2025-12-02 01:49 new Not protected ( log ) EF Education First ( request ) 2025-12-02 12:15 new Requesting updates to the "2016-present" section for accuracy and filling out governance details Not protected ( log ) Nissan Pathfinder ( request ) 2025-12-02 20:30 new Not protected ( log ) JBS N.V. ( request ) 2025-12-03 00:41 new Not protected ( log ) Aviva Canada ( request ) 2025-12-03 04:33 new CEO Information Update Not protected ( log ) Angama Mara ( request ) 2025-12-03 15:03 new Not protected ( log ) Love Island (American TV series) ( request ) 2025-12-03 17:44 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Yamla on 2019-08-20: "Persistent block evasion " Auguste Escoffier School of Culinary Arts ( request ) 2025-12-03 19:03 new Not protected ( log ) Susan Ariel Aaronson ( request ) 2025-12-04 08:37 new Not protected ( log ) UNT Health Fort Worth ( request ) 2025-12-04 16:58 new Not protected ( log ) Peter R. Orszag ( request ) 2025-12-04 17:26 new Not protected ( log ) Unprotected by John Reaves on 2013-12-07: "thought that would happen" Backblaze ( request ) 2025-12-04 18:42 new Not protected ( log ) Bell Bank ( request ) 2025-12-05 16:05 new Not protected ( log ) Martin Uherek ( request ) 2025-12-05 21:30 new Not protected ( log ) Hugh Brunt ( request ) 2025-12-08 12:33 new Not protected ( log ) Margaret Mitchell (scientist) ( request ) 2025-12-08 21:54 new More references in case useful; more details on accomplishments Not protected ( log ) Ravi Iyengar ( request ) 2025-12-09 05:27 new Not protected ( log ) Metro AG ( request ) 2025-12-09 09:25 new Not protected ( log ) Edison Liu ( request ) 2025-12-09 22:44 new Not protected ( log ) Huagong Tech ( request ) 2025-12-10 01:41 new Not protected ( log ) SodaStream ( request ) 2025-12-10 11:17 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2015-12-31: "Persistent sock puppetry " Hyve Group ( request ) 2025-12-10 13:09 new Not protected ( log ) Gary Franks ( request ) 2025-12-10 17:55 new REPLACE THIS TEXT WITH YOUR SUMMARY Not protected ( log ) Protected by MelanieN on 2018-04-16: "Persistent vandalism " Shoshana Shendelman ( request ) 2025-12-10 20:10 new Not protected ( log ) Our Rescue ( request ) 2025-12-11 15:44 new Not protected ( log ) Freeletics ( request ) 2025-12-11 15:50 new Not protected ( log ) Sempra ( request ) 2025-12-11 17:15 new Not protected ( log ) Muscular Dystrophy Association ( request ) 2025-12-11 20:13 new Not protected ( log ) Tawanna Dillahunt ( request ) 2025-12-11 20:15 new Not protected ( log ) McGrath Foundation ( request ) 2025-12-12 01:42 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Ponyo on 2026-01-07: "Persistent vandalism " Mekong Capital ( request ) 2025-12-12 04:37 new Not protected ( log ) Timothy Williams (author) ( request ) 2025-12-12 08:42 new Not protected ( log ) Alisha Pradhan ( request ) 2025-12-12 11:47 new Not protected ( log ) Swisslog ( request ) 2025-12-12 13:36 new Not protected ( log ) Jscrambler ( request ) 2025-12-12 18:14 new Not protected ( log ) Craig Crawford ( request ) 2025-12-13 23:07 new Not protected ( log ) Alt National Park Service ( request ) 2025-12-14 19:41 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by ToBeFree on 2025-02-11: "Persistent disruptive editing " David Kogan (radio writer) ( request ) 2025-12-14 23:10 new Not protected ( log ) Blane De St. Croix ( request ) 2025-12-14 23:17 new Not protected ( log ) Metiria Turei ( request ) 2025-12-14 23:48 new Not protected ( log ) Phillipa Lepley ( request ) 2025-12-15 11:51 new Not protected ( log ) Daily Harvest ( request ) 2025-12-15 16:35 new Not protected ( log ) Minerals Council of Australia ( request ) 2025-12-15 21:42 new Not protected ( log ) Upwork ( request ) 2025-12-16 00:23 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Ad Orientem on 2017-07-28: "Persistent disruptive editing " Alston & Bird ( request ) 2025-12-16 14:51 new Not protected ( log ) MKS (Switzerland) ( request ) 2025-12-16 15:37 new Not protected ( log ) Cisco Talos ( request ) 2025-12-16 17:23 new Not protected ( log ) John D. Arnold ( request ) 2025-12-16 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Vicky Ward ( request ) 2025-12-16 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Curbon7 on 2025-08-20: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy ; requested at WP:RfPP " Daniela Amodei ( request ) 2025-12-16 21:12 new Add connection to effective altruism and update Time 100 ranking Not protected ( log ) Expedia ( request ) 2025-12-17 19:16 new Personnel update Not protected ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2025-06-29: "Persistent spamming : request at WP:RFPP " Mamdouh Salem Baajajah ( request ) 2025-12-18 13:35 new Not protected ( log ) HID Global ( request ) 2025-12-18 17:02 new Not protected ( log ) Moelis & Company ( request ) 2025-12-18 19:57 new Not protected ( log ) Lazard ( request ) 2025-12-18 22:50 new Not protected ( log ) Seung Bum Park ( request ) 2025-12-19 05:53 new Not protected ( log ) Henley & Partners ( request ) 2025-12-20 08:46 new Not protected ( log ) Yechiel Leiter ( request ) 2025-12-21 13:35 new Not protected ( log ) Tristram Chivers ( request ) 2025-12-21 21:04 new Not protected ( log ) Chris Jackson (oncologist) ( request ) 2025-12-22 03:57 new Not protected ( log ) HOK (firm) ( request ) 2025-12-22 16:51 new Not protected ( log ) Anantha P. Chandrakasan ( request ) 2025-12-22 20:29 new Not protected ( log ) Cera Care ( request ) 2025-12-23 06:18 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by ScottishFinnishRadish on 2025-12-01: "Persistent sock puppetry " British Crystallographic Association ( request ) 2025-12-23 10:36 new Not protected ( log ) Meisam Amini ( request ) 2025-12-23 22:09 new Not protected ( log ) Vanessa Beecroft ( request ) 2025-12-26 06:38 new Not protected ( log ) Manuel Corpas (scientist) ( request ) 2025-12-26 13:39 new Not protected ( log ) Carlo Tenan ( request ) 2025-12-26 14:50 new Not protected ( log ) Northrop Grumman ( request ) 2025-12-26 19:55 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by The Bushranger on 2018-01-02: "Addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content " Luisa Estella Morales ( request ) 2025-12-27 23:49 new Not protected ( log ) Michelle A. Schultz ( request ) 2025-12-28 19:27 new Not protected ( log ) Underwood International College ( request ) 2025-12-29 06:14 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Mifter on 2017-04-30: " Edit warring / content dispute " Gigs ( request ) 2025-12-29 12:30 new Not protected ( log ) Steve Cohen (businessman) ( request ) 2025-12-29 14:52 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Malcolmxl5 on 2021-01-29: "Persistent vandalism : Requested at RfPP" Stephen Scherr ( request ) 2025-12-29 18:44 new Not protected ( log ) Uriah Duffy ( request ) 2025-12-29 22:01 new Not protected ( log ) Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman ( request ) 2025-12-30 05:46 new Not protected ( log ) E. Sally Ward ( request ) 2025-12-30 15:05 new Not protected ( log ) ThoughtSpot ( request ) 2025-12-30 16:43 new Not protected ( log ) Ian Skelly ( request ) 2026-01-01 18:41 under_review Not protected ( log ) Steven Spielberg ( request ) 2026-01-02 18:10 new Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Materialscientist on 2011-03-21: "Persistent vandalism " Rex Richardson ( request ) 2026-01-03 01:17 under_review Not protected ( log ) Lynn Rogoff ( request ) 2026-01-03 16:57 new Not protected ( log ) Alfred Spellman ( request ) 2026-01-03 21:14 new Not protected ( log ) Rakontur ( request ) 2026-01-03 21:14 new Not protected ( log ) Nasser bin Hamad Al Khalifa ( request ) 2026-01-04 08:46 new Not protected ( log ) Ajay Tyagi ( request ) 2026-01-04 16:19 new Not protected ( log ) Water tank ( request ) 2026-01-05 04:24 new Not protected ( log ) Unprotected by Will Beback on 2006-05-31: "time" Alsco Uniforms ( request ) 2026-01-05 17:45 new Update to article introduction Not protected ( log ) FIU College of Engineering and Computing ( request ) 2026-01-05 19:22 new Not protected ( log ) Mohammad Rasoulof ( request ) 2026-01-05 20:07 new Not protected ( log ) Eric Baker (businessman) ( request ) 2026-01-05 21:53 new simple intro tweak to reflect other changes Not protected ( log ) Better.com ( request ) 2026-01-05 22:09 new Not protected ( log ) Vishal Garg (businessman) ( request ) 2026-01-05 22:26 new Semiprotected, expires 2026-03-24 at 21:58:57 UTC ( log ) Protected by Curbon7 on 2025-09-24: "Persistent addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content , WP:CT/BLP action; requested at WP:RfPP " LGBTQ migration ( request ) 2026-01-06 15:32 new Not protected ( log ) LGBTQ people and Islam ( request ) 2026-01-06 15:33 new Not protected ( log ) Richard Taite (businessman) ( request ) 2026-01-06 15:47 new Not protected ( log ) Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics ( request ) 2026-01-06 16:06 new Not protected ( log ) Emplifi ( request ) 2026-01-06 16:06 new Not protected ( log ) Ethan Casson ( request ) 2026-01-06 16:31 new Not protected ( log ) Red Dog Blue Kat ( request ) 2026-01-06 17:06 new Not protected ( log ) RepresentUs ( request ) 2026-01-06 17:12 new Not protected ( log ) Black Box Diaries ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:16 new Not protected ( log ) Shiori Itō ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:19 new Not protected ( log ) Sharmeen Obaid-Chinoy ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:27 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Ymblanter on 2017-10-28: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy : rfpp request" Eternal You ( request ) 2026-01-06 20:34 new Not protected ( log ) Synaptics ( request ) 2026-01-06 23:29 new Not protected ( log ) Geto Boys ( request ) 2026-01-07 00:39 new Not protected ( log ) Archdiocese of New York ( request ) 2026-01-07 04:26 new Not protected ( log ) Carlos V. Grijalva ( request ) 2026-01-07 06:13 new Not protected ( log ) The Wine Society ( request ) 2026-01-07 11:23 new Not protected ( log ) Sent by Ravens ( request ) 2026-01-07 14:38 new Not protected ( log ) Norland College ( request ) 2026-01-07 15:11 new Not protected ( log ) Marketing Week ( request ) 2026-01-07 15:21 new Not protected ( log ) Proportional hazards model ( request ) 2026-01-07 15:23 new Not protected ( log ) Soundtrack to a Coup d'Etat ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:00 new Not protected ( log ) Johan Grimonprez ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:04 new Not protected ( log ) Bloomberg Philanthropies ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:19 new Not protected ( log ) Michael Bloomberg ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:21 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by K6ka on 2023-02-03: "Persistent vandalism " Lenin M. Sivam ( request ) 2026-01-07 17:38 new Not protected ( log ) Chicago ( request ) 2026-01-07 22:34 new Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Anarchyte on 2019-12-15: "Persistent vandalism " Markus Baer ( request ) 2026-01-08 05:14 new Not protected ( log ) Anthony Jerome Barbieri ( request ) 2026-01-08 05:18 new Not protected ( log ) CafePress ( request ) 2026-01-08 06:14 new Not protected ( log ) Emmanuel Roman ( request ) 2026-01-08 14:08 new Not protected ( log ) Paolo Petrocelli ( request ) 2026-01-08 17:22 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by ReaderofthePack on 2016-02-16: "Persistent sock puppetry " Rainforest Foundation US ( request ) 2026-01-08 19:26 new Not protected ( log ) National Philanthropic Trust ( request ) 2026-01-08 19:51 new Not protected ( log ) Enrique Anderson Imbert ( request ) 2026-01-08 20:03 new Not protected ( log ) Enrico Mini ( request ) 2026-01-09 06:19 new Not protected ( log ) Eric Mamajek ( request ) 2026-01-09 07:30 new Not protected ( log ) NetZero ( request ) 2026-01-09 13:45 new Not protected ( log ) Kewsong Lee ( request ) 2026-01-09 13:54 new Not protected ( log ) Content Guru ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:33 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by El C on 2024-01-12: "long term conflict of interest editing, including from WP:CONFIRMED accounts" 611 ( request ) 2026-01-09 17:29 new Not protected ( log ) Optum ( request ) 2026-01-09 17:57 new Seeking deletion of inaccurate, unsourced information Not protected ( log ) Dell Precision ( request ) 2026-01-09 18:37 new Not protected ( log ) Dell ( request ) 2026-01-09 20:38 new Not protected ( log ) Modified by JJMC89 on 2019-08-01: "Persistent disruptive editing " Rintu Thomas ( request ) 2026-01-09 21:34 new Not protected ( log ) Sushmit Ghosh ( request ) 2026-01-09 21:34 new Not protected ( log ) Writing With Fire Writing With Fire ( request Talk:Writing With Fire#requestedit ) 2026-01-09 21:34 new Not protected ( log ) David Bressoud ( request ) 2026-01-09 22:30 new Not protected ( log ) MSPL Limited ( request ) 2026-01-10 04:45 new Not protected ( log ) Tamoxifen ( request ) 2026-01-10 18:01 new Add a sourced sentence on PI3K pathway activation as a proposed mechanism for tamoxifen-associated uterine carcinogenesis. Not protected ( log ) Wilh. Wilhelmsen ( request ) 2026-01-10 19:50 new Not protected ( log ) WJCT (TV) ( request ) 2026-01-10 20:25 new Not protected ( log ) ProFlowers ( request ) 2026-01-10 21:37 new Not protected ( log ) Andrey Yakunin ( request ) 2026-01-11 15:57 new Not protected ( log ) Laurence D. Marks ( request ) 2026-01-11 16:14 new Semiprotected, expires 2026-01-18 at 17:04:30 UTC ( log ) Protected by Favonian on 2026-01-11: "Persistent disruptive editing : requested at WP:RFPP " Jim Gardiner (Chicago politician) ( request ) 2026-01-11 17:20 new Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Anachronist on 2023-02-24: "Reduced ECP to semi per WP:RFPP request" Jens Christian Refsgaard ( request ) 2026-01-12 05:08 new Not protected ( log ) Core Education & Technologies ( request ) 2026-01-12 13:32 new Not protected ( log ) Colourscape ( request ) 2026-01-12 15:26 new Not protected ( log ) Claudi L. H. Bockting ( request ) 2026-01-12 15:28 new Not protected ( log ) RSA Security ( request ) 2026-01-12 17:20 new Not protected ( log ) Modified by Discospinster on 2024-01-25: "Persistent disruptive editing " Namesco ( request ) 2026-01-12 17:48 new Not protected ( log ) UnitedHealth Group ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:00 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Case on 2025-01-13: "Persistent disruptive editing : per RFPP" CODA (2021 film) ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:12 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Stifle on 2022-03-28: "Persistent vandalism : Recent Academy Award winner, s-protect until things calm down" Sian Heder ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:17 new Not protected ( log ) Hudson River Trading ( request ) 2026-01-12 18:39 new Not protected ( log ) Flee (film) ( request ) 2026-01-12 19:06 new Not protected ( log ) Jonas Poher Rasmussen ( request ) 2026-01-12 19:10 new Not protected ( log ) Synopsys ( request ) 2026-01-12 22:45 under_review Remove 3 unsourced, recent changes. Not protected ( log ) Amarula ( request ) 2026-01-13 01:30 new Not protected ( log ) Julian Togelius ( request ) 2026-01-13 03:35 new Not protected ( log ) Chris Hohn ( request ) 2026-01-13 12:19 new Not protected ( log ) Kay Firth-Butterfield ( request ) 2026-01-13 12:20 new Not protected ( log ) MiRTarBase ( request ) 2026-01-13 13:00 new Not protected ( log ) Cedars-Sinai Medical Center ( request ) 2026-01-13 14:22 under_review Update History with new leadership Not protected ( log ) Octagon (sports agency) ( request ) 2026-01-13 14:54 new Not protected ( log ) California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo ( request ) 2026-01-13 16:28 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by EdJohnston on 2012-08-07: "Edit warring by IPs who don't wait for consensus on the talk page. Protection was requested at WP:RFPP" HubSpot ( request ) 2026-01-13 16:45 new Not protected ( log ) Thumbtack (company) ( request ) 2026-01-13 17:55 new Not protected ( log ) MikeWorldWide ( request ) 2026-01-13 20:04 new Not protected ( log ) AsureQuality ( request ) 2026-01-13 22:59 new Not protected ( log ) NJFX ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:15 new Not protected ( log ) Zelle ( request ) 2026-01-14 04:08 new Not protected ( log ) Digital India Corporation ( request ) 2026-01-14 09:37 new Not protected ( log ) Avangrid ( request ) 2026-01-14 14:50 new Not protected ( log ) GoGuardian/Archive 1 ( request ) 2026-01-14 15:16 new Not protected ( log ) Alt News ( request ) 2026-01-14 16:03 new Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Airplaneman on 2020-05-22: "Persistent disruptive editing " Samsung ( request ) 2026-01-14 17:33 new Semiprotected ( log ) From Samsung : Protected by Biblioworm on 2015-11-20: "Persistent vandalism " Tops Pizza ( request ) 2026-01-14 17:44 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Anachronist on 2025-01-02: "Addition of unsourced or poorly sourced content " Matthew Folan ( request ) 2026-01-14 18:31 new Not protected ( log ) Silvina Moschini ( request ) 2026-01-15 01:01 new Changing of infobox photograph Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Dennis Brown on 2025-12-29: "Persistent sock puppetry " LeapFrog Investments ( request ) 2026-01-15 06:07 new Not protected ( log ) Charles Darwin University ( request ) 2026-01-15 06:46 new Not protected ( log ) The Intern Group ( request ) 2026-01-15 09:17 new Not protected ( log ) Environmental testing ( request ) 2026-01-15 14:50 new Not protected ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2023-11-13: "Persistent vandalism " Central library, IIT Delhi ( request ) 2026-01-15 15:54 new Adding sources to the article Not protected ( log ) Elliott Investment Management ( request ) 2026-01-15 15:59 new Not protected ( log ) Ornge ( request ) 2026-01-15 19:48 new Not protected ( log ) Onboardly ( request ) 2026-01-15 21:06 new Not protected ( log ) Richard Travis (actor) ( request ) 2026-01-16 04:09 new Not protected ( log ) Yayoi Kusama ( request ) 2026-01-16 08:28 new Not protected ( log ) Updated as needed. Last updated: 08:32, 16 January 2026 (UTC) Semi-protected edit requests (11 pages) 11 semi-protected edit requests v h Page Tagged since Protection level Last protection log entry Warren Buffett ( request ) 2026-01-14 10:38 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Courcelles on 2010-11-24: "Excessive violations of the biographies of living persons policy " Schizophrenia ( request ) 2026-01-14 10:41 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Casliber on 2010-09-02: "Rapid and frequent addition of material which should be on other pages. See talk" Printing press ( request ) 2026-01-14 19:54 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Keith D on 2015-03-05: "Persistent vandalism " Souliotes ( request ) 2026-01-16 01:27 Semiprotected, expires 2026-06-06 at 01:06:00 UTC ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2023-06-06: "Persistent disruptive editing " A (New York City Subway service) ( request ) 2026-01-16 02:03 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Courcelles on 2018-11-29: "Persistent sock puppetry " Che Guevara ( request ) 2026-01-16 05:06 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by King of Hearts on 2009-04-23: "let's try this" Randa Abdel-Fattah ( request ) 2026-01-16 08:35 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Ad Orientem on 2026-01-14: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy Will also log at WP:AEL. ; requested at WP:RfPP " Jeffrey Epstein ( request ) 2026-01-16 08:41 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Swarm on 2022-09-16: "Persistent vandalism (upgrade PC protection to semi protection per request at AN/I)" Pit bull ( request ) 2026-01-16 10:19 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by ToBeFree on 2024-10-25: "restoring the underlying indefinite semi-protection" Wikipedia:Unusual articles ( request ) 2026-01-16 11:49 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Liz on 2022-10-16: "Persistent vandalism " Frame-dragging ( request ) 2026-01-16 11:53 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Jehochman on 2016-05-03: "Persistent sock puppetry " Updated as needed. Last updated: 11:59, 16 January 2026 (UTC) 11 semi-protected edit requests v h v h Page Tagged since Protection level Last protection log entry Warren Buffett ( request ) 2026-01-14 10:38 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Courcelles on 2010-11-24: "Excessive violations of the biographies of living persons policy " Schizophrenia ( request ) 2026-01-14 10:41 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Casliber on 2010-09-02: "Rapid and frequent addition of material which should be on other pages. See talk" Printing press ( request ) 2026-01-14 19:54 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Keith D on 2015-03-05: "Persistent vandalism " Souliotes ( request ) 2026-01-16 01:27 Semiprotected, expires 2026-06-06 at 01:06:00 UTC ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2023-06-06: "Persistent disruptive editing " A (New York City Subway service) ( request ) 2026-01-16 02:03 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Courcelles on 2018-11-29: "Persistent sock puppetry " Che Guevara ( request ) 2026-01-16 05:06 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by King of Hearts on 2009-04-23: "let's try this" Randa Abdel-Fattah ( request ) 2026-01-16 08:35 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Ad Orientem on 2026-01-14: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy Will also log at WP:AEL. ; requested at WP:RfPP " Jeffrey Epstein ( request ) 2026-01-16 08:41 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Swarm on 2022-09-16: "Persistent vandalism (upgrade PC protection to semi protection per request at AN/I)" Pit bull ( request ) 2026-01-16 10:19 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by ToBeFree on 2024-10-25: "restoring the underlying indefinite semi-protection" Wikipedia:Unusual articles ( request ) 2026-01-16 11:49 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Liz on 2022-10-16: "Persistent vandalism " Frame-dragging ( request ) 2026-01-16 11:53 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Jehochman on 2016-05-03: "Persistent sock puppetry " Page Tagged since Protection level Last protection log entry Warren Buffett ( request ) 2026-01-14 10:38 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Courcelles on 2010-11-24: "Excessive violations of the biographies of living persons policy " Schizophrenia ( request ) 2026-01-14 10:41 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Casliber on 2010-09-02: "Rapid and frequent addition of material which should be on other pages. See talk" Printing press ( request ) 2026-01-14 19:54 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Keith D on 2015-03-05: "Persistent vandalism " Souliotes ( request ) 2026-01-16 01:27 Semiprotected, expires 2026-06-06 at 01:06:00 UTC ( log ) Protected by Materialscientist on 2023-06-06: "Persistent disruptive editing " A (New York City Subway service) ( request ) 2026-01-16 02:03 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Courcelles on 2018-11-29: "Persistent sock puppetry " Che Guevara ( request ) 2026-01-16 05:06 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by King of Hearts on 2009-04-23: "let's try this" Randa Abdel-Fattah ( request ) 2026-01-16 08:35 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Ad Orientem on 2026-01-14: "Violations of the biographies of living persons policy Will also log at WP:AEL. ; requested at WP:RfPP " Will also log at WP:AEL. ; requested at WP:RfPP " Jeffrey Epstein ( request ) 2026-01-16 08:41 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Swarm on 2022-09-16: "Persistent vandalism (upgrade PC protection to semi protection per request at AN/I)" Pit bull ( request ) 2026-01-16 10:19 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by ToBeFree on 2024-10-25: "restoring the underlying indefinite semi-protection" Wikipedia:Unusual articles ( request ) 2026-01-16 11:49 Semiprotected ( log ) Modified by Liz on 2022-10-16: "Persistent vandalism " Frame-dragging ( request ) 2026-01-16 11:53 Semiprotected ( log ) Protected by Jehochman on 2016-05-03: "Persistent sock puppetry " Updated as needed. Last updated: 11:59, 16 January 2026 (UTC) Extended-confirmed-protected edit requests (29 pages) 31 extended-confirmed-protected edit requests v h Page Tagged since Protection level Last protection log entry Jats ( request ) 2025-11-06 23:40 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Abecedare on 2022-07-05: "restore ECP lost due to recent full-protection ( WP:ARBIPA )" Kaimal ( request ) 2025-11-09 01:16 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Curbon7 on 2025-10-09: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:CT/SA " Caste system in India ( request ) 2025-11-18 15:30 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Firefangledfeathers on 2025-10-04: " Arbitration enforcement ( WP:CT/SA )" List of Telugu castes ( request ) 2025-12-18 15:28 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by RegentsPark on 2025-09-26: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:CT/SA " Hyderabad, Pakistan ( request ) 2025-12-21 04:08 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Yamaguchi先生 on 2025-10-31: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:CT/SA " Origins of the Six-Day War ( request ) 2025-12-21 13:02 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by El C on 2017-03-19: " New editors are prohibited from editing this Arab-Israeli conflict related page " 2006 Palestinian legislative election ( request ) 2025-12-24 15:29 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Case on 2025-02-10: " Arbitration enforcement : per RFPP" Rusich Group ( request ) 2025-12-24 18:50 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by ToBeFree on 2023-06-24: " WP:GS/RUSUKR " Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( request ) 2025-12-27 10:53 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War : Modified by Daniel Case on 2023-12-22: " Community sanctions enforcement : per RFPP and RUSUKR" Cave of the Patriarchs ( request ) 2026-01-01 19:25 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Maile66 on 2017-02-17: " New editors are prohibited from editing this Arab-Israeli conflict related page " Racism in Israel ( request ) 2026-01-05 14:37 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Samsara on 2016-12-27: " New editors are prohibited from editing this Arab-Israeli conflict related page : via RfPP" Ghassan Kanafani ( request ) 2026-01-06 03:57 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Renamed user mou89p43twvqcvm8ut9w3 on 2018-05-29: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:ARBPIA3#500/30 " Issa Amro ( request ) 2026-01-07 16:34 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Renamed user mou89p43twvqcvm8ut9w3 on 2016-10-23: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:ARBPIA3#500/30 " Coalition of the willing (Russo-Ukrainian war) ( request ) 2026-01-08 08:23 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Coalition of the willing (Russo-Ukrainian War) : Protected by Ad Orientem on 2025-07-21: " Arbitration enforcement ; requested at WP:RfPP " COVID-19 misinformation by China ( request ) 2026-01-08 18:19 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by ToBeFree on 2021-07-19: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:COVIDDS " Thalassery ( request ) 2026-01-08 21:30 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Yamaguchi先生 on 2025-12-30: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:CT/SA " Magen Dan ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:31 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by SilverLocust on 2025-08-07: " Arbitration enforcement : Arab-Israeli conflict " Bunt (community) ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:51 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Abecedare on 2024-07-15: "Persistent sock puppetry ; WP:GSCASTE " Sat-Sudra ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:54 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Toadspike on 2025-10-26: " Arbitration enforcement , WP:CT/SASG " Gregory Bovino ( request ) 2026-01-13 17:14 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Quinlan on 2025-11-03: " Contentious topics enforcement for WP:CT/AP ; requested at WP:RfPP " Philadelphi Corridor ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:28 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Case on 2024-09-25: " Contentious topic restriction: per RFPP and ARBPIA" Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:29 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Russian invasion of Ukraine : Protected by Protection Helper Bot on 2025-02-24: "Restoring protection by ToBeFree : WP:GS/RUSUKR " List of military occupations ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:54 Not protected ( log ) Protected by Johnuniq on 2020-01-12: "Persistent disruptive editing : repeated unsourced claims" Gilgit-Baltistan ( request ) 2026-01-15 13:21 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Yamaguchi先生 on 2020-04-06: "Persistent disruptive editing : Regular semi-protection ineffective, persistent block evasion and additions of unsourced material." List of Jat dynasties and states ( request ) 2026-01-15 17:50 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Tamzin on 2025-09-22: " Arbitration enforcement : extended confirmed restriction for Indian caste history " 2025–2026 Iranian protests ( request ) 2026-01-15 23:29 Extended-confirmed protected, expires 2026-04-10 at 08:21:08 UTC ( log ) Modified by ToBeFree on 2026-01-10: " Contentious topic restriction: WP:CT/IRP " Karak District ( request ) 2026-01-16 09:50 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Yamaguchi先生 on 2023-06-01: "Persistent disruptive editing : Regular semi-protection ineffective, persistent block evasion and additions of poorly sourced material." Operation Prosperity Guardian ( request ) 2026-01-16 09:53 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by ScottishFinnishRadish on 2024-01-28: " Arbitration enforcement restore previous protection" Rihanna ( request ) 2026-01-16 10:41 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Samsara on 2021-01-25: "LTA, via RfPP" IfNotNow ( request ) 2026-01-16 10:43 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Renamed user mou89p43twvqcvm8ut9w3 on 2018-05-29: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:ARBPIA3#500/30 " Donald Trump ( request ) 2026-01-16 11:00 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Daniel Quinlan on 2025-09-22: "" Updated as needed. Last updated: 11:02, 16 January 2026 (UTC) 31 extended-confirmed-protected edit requests v h v h Page Tagged since Protection level Last protection log entry Jats ( request ) 2025-11-06 23:40 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Abecedare on 2022-07-05: "restore ECP lost due to recent full-protection ( WP:ARBIPA )" Kaimal ( request ) 2025-11-09 01:16 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Curbon7 on 2025-10-09: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:CT/SA " Caste system in India ( request ) 2025-11-18 15:30 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Firefangledfeathers on 2025-10-04: " Arbitration enforcement ( WP:CT/SA )" List of Telugu castes ( request ) 2025-12-18 15:28 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by RegentsPark on 2025-09-26: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:CT/SA " Hyderabad, Pakistan ( request ) 2025-12-21 04:08 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Yamaguchi先生 on 2025-10-31: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:CT/SA " Origins of the Six-Day War ( request ) 2025-12-21 13:02 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by El C on 2017-03-19: " New editors are prohibited from editing this Arab-Israeli conflict related page " 2006 Palestinian legislative election ( request ) 2025-12-24 15:29 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Case on 2025-02-10: " Arbitration enforcement : per RFPP" Rusich Group ( request ) 2025-12-24 18:50 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by ToBeFree on 2023-06-24: " WP:GS/RUSUKR " Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( request ) 2025-12-27 10:53 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War : Modified by Daniel Case on 2023-12-22: " Community sanctions enforcement : per RFPP and RUSUKR" Cave of the Patriarchs ( request ) 2026-01-01 19:25 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Maile66 on 2017-02-17: " New editors are prohibited from editing this Arab-Israeli conflict related page " Racism in Israel ( request ) 2026-01-05 14:37 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Samsara on 2016-12-27: " New editors are prohibited from editing this Arab-Israeli conflict related page : via RfPP" Ghassan Kanafani ( request ) 2026-01-06 03:57 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Renamed user mou89p43twvqcvm8ut9w3 on 2018-05-29: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:ARBPIA3#500/30 " Issa Amro ( request ) 2026-01-07 16:34 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Renamed user mou89p43twvqcvm8ut9w3 on 2016-10-23: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:ARBPIA3#500/30 " Coalition of the willing (Russo-Ukrainian war) ( request ) 2026-01-08 08:23 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Coalition of the willing (Russo-Ukrainian War) : Protected by Ad Orientem on 2025-07-21: " Arbitration enforcement ; requested at WP:RfPP " COVID-19 misinformation by China ( request ) 2026-01-08 18:19 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by ToBeFree on 2021-07-19: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:COVIDDS " Thalassery ( request ) 2026-01-08 21:30 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Yamaguchi先生 on 2025-12-30: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:CT/SA " Magen Dan ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:31 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by SilverLocust on 2025-08-07: " Arbitration enforcement : Arab-Israeli conflict " Bunt (community) ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:51 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Abecedare on 2024-07-15: "Persistent sock puppetry ; WP:GSCASTE " Sat-Sudra ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:54 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Toadspike on 2025-10-26: " Arbitration enforcement , WP:CT/SASG " Gregory Bovino ( request ) 2026-01-13 17:14 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Quinlan on 2025-11-03: " Contentious topics enforcement for WP:CT/AP ; requested at WP:RfPP " Philadelphi Corridor ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:28 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Case on 2024-09-25: " Contentious topic restriction: per RFPP and ARBPIA" Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:29 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Russian invasion of Ukraine : Protected by Protection Helper Bot on 2025-02-24: "Restoring protection by ToBeFree : WP:GS/RUSUKR " List of military occupations ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:54 Not protected ( log ) Protected by Johnuniq on 2020-01-12: "Persistent disruptive editing : repeated unsourced claims" Gilgit-Baltistan ( request ) 2026-01-15 13:21 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Yamaguchi先生 on 2020-04-06: "Persistent disruptive editing : Regular semi-protection ineffective, persistent block evasion and additions of unsourced material." List of Jat dynasties and states ( request ) 2026-01-15 17:50 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Tamzin on 2025-09-22: " Arbitration enforcement : extended confirmed restriction for Indian caste history " 2025–2026 Iranian protests ( request ) 2026-01-15 23:29 Extended-confirmed protected, expires 2026-04-10 at 08:21:08 UTC ( log ) Modified by ToBeFree on 2026-01-10: " Contentious topic restriction: WP:CT/IRP " Karak District ( request ) 2026-01-16 09:50 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Yamaguchi先生 on 2023-06-01: "Persistent disruptive editing : Regular semi-protection ineffective, persistent block evasion and additions of poorly sourced material." Operation Prosperity Guardian ( request ) 2026-01-16 09:53 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by ScottishFinnishRadish on 2024-01-28: " Arbitration enforcement restore previous protection" Rihanna ( request ) 2026-01-16 10:41 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Samsara on 2021-01-25: "LTA, via RfPP" IfNotNow ( request ) 2026-01-16 10:43 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Renamed user mou89p43twvqcvm8ut9w3 on 2018-05-29: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:ARBPIA3#500/30 " Donald Trump ( request ) 2026-01-16 11:00 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Daniel Quinlan on 2025-09-22: "" Page Tagged since Protection level Last protection log entry Jats ( request ) 2025-11-06 23:40 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Abecedare on 2022-07-05: "restore ECP lost due to recent full-protection ( WP:ARBIPA )" Kaimal ( request ) 2025-11-09 01:16 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Curbon7 on 2025-10-09: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:CT/SA " Caste system in India ( request ) 2025-11-18 15:30 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Firefangledfeathers on 2025-10-04: " Arbitration enforcement ( WP:CT/SA )" List of Telugu castes ( request ) 2025-12-18 15:28 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by RegentsPark on 2025-09-26: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:CT/SA " Hyderabad, Pakistan ( request ) 2025-12-21 04:08 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Yamaguchi先生 on 2025-10-31: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:CT/SA " Origins of the Six-Day War ( request ) 2025-12-21 13:02 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by El C on 2017-03-19: " New editors are prohibited from editing this Arab-Israeli conflict related page " 2006 Palestinian legislative election ( request ) 2025-12-24 15:29 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Case on 2025-02-10: " Arbitration enforcement : per RFPP" Rusich Group ( request ) 2025-12-24 18:50 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by ToBeFree on 2023-06-24: " WP:GS/RUSUKR " Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian war ( request ) 2025-12-27 10:53 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Casualties of the Russo-Ukrainian War : Modified by Daniel Case on 2023-12-22: " Community sanctions enforcement : per RFPP and RUSUKR" Cave of the Patriarchs ( request ) 2026-01-01 19:25 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Maile66 on 2017-02-17: " New editors are prohibited from editing this Arab-Israeli conflict related page " Racism in Israel ( request ) 2026-01-05 14:37 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Samsara on 2016-12-27: " New editors are prohibited from editing this Arab-Israeli conflict related page : via RfPP" Ghassan Kanafani ( request ) 2026-01-06 03:57 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Renamed user mou89p43twvqcvm8ut9w3 on 2018-05-29: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:ARBPIA3#500/30 " Issa Amro ( request ) 2026-01-07 16:34 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Renamed user mou89p43twvqcvm8ut9w3 on 2016-10-23: " Arbitration enforcement ; WP:ARBPIA3#500/30 " Coalition of the willing (Russo-Ukrainian war) ( request ) 2026-01-08 08:23 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Coalition of the willing (Russo-Ukrainian War) : Protected by Ad Orientem on 2025-07-21: " Arbitration enforcement ; requested at WP:RfPP " COVID-19 misinformation by China ( request ) 2026-01-08 18:19 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by ToBeFree on 2021-07-19: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:COVIDDS " Thalassery ( request ) 2026-01-08 21:30 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Yamaguchi先生 on 2025-12-30: " Arbitration enforcement : WP:CT/SA " Magen Dan ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:31 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by SilverLocust on 2025-08-07: " Arbitration enforcement : Arab-Israeli conflict " Bunt (community) ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:51 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Abecedare on 2024-07-15: "Persistent sock puppetry ; WP:GSCASTE " Sat-Sudra ( request ) 2026-01-09 16:54 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Toadspike on 2025-10-26: " Arbitration enforcement , WP:CT/SASG " Gregory Bovino ( request ) 2026-01-13 17:14 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Quinlan on 2025-11-03: " Contentious topics enforcement for WP:CT/AP ; requested at WP:RfPP " Philadelphi Corridor ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:28 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Protected by Daniel Case on 2024-09-25: " Contentious topic restriction: per RFPP and ARBPIA" Russo-Ukrainian war (2022–present) ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:29 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) From Russian invasion of Ukraine : Protected by Protection Helper Bot on 2025-02-24: "Restoring protection by ToBeFree : WP:GS/RUSUKR " List of military occupations ( request ) 2026-01-14 01:54 Not protected ( log ) Protected by Johnuniq on 2020-01-12: "Persistent disruptive editing : repeated unsourced claims" Gilgit-Baltistan ( request ) 2026-01-15 13:21 Extended-confirmed protected ( log ) Modified by Yamaguchi先生 on 2020-04-06: "Persistent disruptive editing : Regular semi-protection ineffective, persistent block evasion and additions of unsourced material." 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It was fully protcted in 2008 for its legal concerns." Updated as needed. Last updated: 00:17, 16 January 2026 (UTC) Cleanup requests Articles transcluding a cleanup template . Click any linked number for that category's articles prioritized by their number of incoming links. .mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}} Backlog categories General Administrative Assessment Stub sorting Template parameter .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} Lacking references Needs references : 39,018 Needs references (BLP) : 29 Needs more references : 517,485 Needs more references (BLP) : 40,207 Needs in-text citations : 108,400 Needs reliable references : 96,716 Has unsourced quotes : 1,269 Has unsourced statements : 567,857 Fix one ! Accuracy Uses broken or outdated citations : 287 Needs factual verification : 12,012 Needs references list : 11 Needs references clean up : 5,141 Accuracy disputes : 15,654 Neutrality disputed : 2,717 Needs updating : 43,616 Has original research : 16,913 Self-contradictory : 858 Content Copied and pasted : 24 Needs context : 2,634 Needs coordinates : 79,218 Too technical : 3,425 Uses in-universe perspective : 1,060 Plot summary needs attention : 7,575 Of unclear notability : 57,099 Popular low quality articles (top 5000 by pageviews with low ORES class predictions ) Links Has dead external links : 342,201 Needs external links cleanup : 2,024 Layout Needs sections : 33 Needs expansion : 52,503 Needs to be merged : 806 Needs to be split : 857 Needs to be split (disambiguations) : 1 Style Needs clarification : 6,029 Has peacock terms : 706 Uses promotional tone : 22,875 Has weasel words : 19,191 With style issues : 19,914 File description Copy to Wikimedia Commons : 83,646 Needs author : 5,629 File quality Has inappropriate JPEG compression : 2,539 Logos that should be in SVG format : 2,740 Should be in PNG format : 224 Has watermarks : 132 Has borders : 15 Non-free file use Has red backlink : 65 File licensing Has disputed copyright information : 408 Meta Biographies without "listas" parameter : 1,299 Biographies without "blp" parameter : 1,679 Quality content Featured article candidates : 47 Featured article review : 18 Featured list candidates : 30 Good articles needing "oldid" : 12 Unreviewed good article nominations : 778 Other Needs cleanup : 34,173 Needs cleanup (disambiguations) : 10 Needs expert attention : 1,326 Needs infobox conversion : 235 Is orphaned : 56,122 Needs to be wikified : 20,494 New articles Articles for creation : 1,268 ( refresh ) Articles transcluding a cleanup template . Click any linked number for that category's articles prioritized by their number of incoming links. Backlog categories General Administrative Assessment Stub sorting Template parameter .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} Lacking references Needs references : 39,018 Needs references (BLP) : 29 Needs more references : 517,485 Needs more references (BLP) : 40,207 Needs in-text citations : 108,400 Needs reliable references : 96,716 Has unsourced quotes : 1,269 Has unsourced statements : 567,857 Fix one ! Accuracy Uses broken or outdated citations : 287 Needs factual verification : 12,012 Needs references list : 11 Needs references clean up : 5,141 Accuracy disputes : 15,654 Neutrality disputed : 2,717 Needs updating : 43,616 Has original research : 16,913 Self-contradictory : 858 Backlog categories General Administrative Assessment Stub sorting Template parameter .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} Lacking references Needs references : 39,018 Needs references (BLP) : 29 Needs more references : 517,485 Needs more references (BLP) : 40,207 Needs in-text citations : 108,400 Needs reliable references : 96,716 Has unsourced quotes : 1,269 Has unsourced statements : 567,857 Accuracy Uses broken or outdated citations : 287 Needs factual verification : 12,012 Needs references list : 11 Needs references clean up : 5,141 Accuracy disputes : 15,654 Neutrality disputed : 2,717 Needs updating : 43,616 Has original research : 16,913 Self-contradictory : 858 Content Copied and pasted : 24 Needs context : 2,634 Needs coordinates : 79,218 Too technical : 3,425 Uses in-universe perspective : 1,060 Plot summary needs attention : 7,575 Of unclear notability : 57,099 Popular low quality articles (top 5000 by pageviews with low ORES class predictions ) Links Has dead external links : 342,201 Needs external links cleanup : 2,024 Layout Needs sections : 33 Needs expansion : 52,503 Needs to be merged : 806 Needs to be split : 857 Needs to be split (disambiguations) : 1 Style Needs clarification : 6,029 Has peacock terms : 706 Uses promotional tone : 22,875 Has weasel words : 19,191 With style issues : 19,914 Content Copied and pasted : 24 Needs context : 2,634 Needs coordinates : 79,218 Too technical : 3,425 Uses in-universe perspective : 1,060 Plot summary needs attention : 7,575 Of unclear notability : 57,099 Popular low quality articles (top 5000 by pageviews with low ORES class predictions ) Links Has dead external links : 342,201 Needs external links cleanup : 2,024 Layout Needs sections : 33 Needs expansion : 52,503 Needs to be merged : 806 Needs to be split : 857 Needs to be split (disambiguations) : 1 Style Needs clarification : 6,029 Has peacock terms : 706 Uses promotional tone : 22,875 Has weasel words : 19,191 With style issues : 19,914 File description Copy to Wikimedia Commons : 83,646 Needs author : 5,629 File quality Has inappropriate JPEG compression : 2,539 Logos that should be in SVG format : 2,740 Should be in PNG format : 224 Has watermarks : 132 Has borders : 15 Non-free file use Has red backlink : 65 File licensing Has disputed copyright information : 408 File description Copy to Wikimedia Commons : 83,646 Needs author : 5,629 File quality Has inappropriate JPEG compression : 2,539 Logos that should be in SVG format : 2,740 Should be in PNG format : 224 Has watermarks : 132 Has borders : 15 Non-free file use Has red backlink : 65 File licensing Has disputed copyright information : 408 Meta Biographies without "listas" parameter : 1,299 Biographies without "blp" parameter : 1,679 Quality content Featured article candidates : 47 Featured article review : 18 Featured list candidates : 30 Good articles needing "oldid" : 12 Unreviewed good article nominations : 778 Other Needs cleanup : 34,173 Needs cleanup (disambiguations) : 10 Needs expert attention : 1,326 Needs infobox conversion : 235 Is orphaned : 56,122 Needs to be wikified : 20,494 New articles Articles for creation : 1,268 ( refresh ) Meta Biographies without "listas" parameter : 1,299 Biographies without "blp" parameter : 1,679 Quality content Featured article candidates : 47 Featured article review : 18 Featured list candidates : 30 Good articles needing "oldid" : 12 Unreviewed good article nominations : 778 Other Needs cleanup : 34,173 Needs cleanup (disambiguations) : 10 Needs expert attention : 1,326 Needs infobox conversion : 235 Is orphaned : 56,122 Needs to be wikified : 20,494 New articles Articles for creation : 1,268 ( refresh ) Deletion discussions Media and music 24th Lux Style Awards — 45th Young Artist Awards — Absence Makes the Heart Grow Fungus — Cartoonito (Spain) — Dramalove — Film Pilihan Tempo 2022 — Film Pilihan Tempo 2024 — Glitter Ball (RuPaul's Drag Race episode) — Leon (TV series) — Let's Pretend (TV series) — Lip Sync LaLaPaRuza Smackdown – Reunited — List of DTT channels in the United Kingdom — Live in Vienna (Böhse Onkelz album) — Lügenmarsch — Maior Arcana: The Words That Turn Flesh into Light — Milky Cotton — News Tribune (Jefferson City) — Performance Anxiety (film) — Private Line (band) — Random Encounters (2nd nomination) — Rock the World (Bubbles album) — Salliyargal — The Birdsongs (band) — The Mad 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TVRI South Kalimantan — TVRI West Kalimantan — TVyNovelas for Best Co-star Actor — Vaya Con Tioz — Voltor — Organisation, corporation, or product American Furniture Warehouse — ASO (non-profit) — Atba-e-Malak Badar — Baratza — Bloomfield-Mespo School District — Central Counties Air Operations Unit — Cera Care — CollegeNET — CRU Group — Harmon Discount — Helikon-Tex — Institute of Business Studies & Research — Kuma (software) — Laurel Networks — Leetonia Exempted Village School District — Liberal Party (Mandatory Palestine) — List of trademarks owned by the Church of Scientology and its affiliates — Maha Kali Mandir — Mass Media (company) — MKSK (2nd nomination) — Next Generation Action Network — Oriental College of Pharmacy — Priority Insurance Company Limited — Red Network — Samambwa Secondary School — Suppple Group — The Rosen Law Firm, P.A. — United Local School District — Vishwakarma Institute of Management — Vishwakarma Sahajeevan Institute of Management — WAVINCITY — World Dog 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Zooomr (4th nomination) — Biographical Adrian Maben — Adwoa Smart — Alan Rowe Kelly — Alex Meyer (political strategist) — Althea Lim — Amal Syam (activist) — Amos B. Tweh — Andrez Joseph — António de Almeida-Ribeiro — Balram (singer) — Bart Verhaeghe — Beth McKay — Brian Finlay — Claire Brosseau — Daniel Ross (actor) — Dave U. Hall — Delight Ushie — Dennis Lau (2nd nomination) — Dirk Maassen (2nd nomination) — Erik Walsh — Geoffrey Mbugua Wango — Glyn Lingard — Gokulam Gopalan (2nd nomination) — Gwen (Filipino singer) — Hatem Raslan — Heinz-Josef Große — Hilton Cowie (2nd nomination) — James Delaney (rugby league) — James Rowntree — Jessie Gooding — Joko Widodo (researcher) — Karen Travers (journalist) — Kit Culkin — Leonel Pérez — Liam Gerrard — List of United States politicians by generation — Lorenzo Gasparrini — Mihailo Jovanović (footballer, born 1975) — Mike Signorelli — Mimi Lieber — Mo Shaikh — Mulki Sunder Ram Shetty — Murtz Jaffer — Ndue Ukaj — Omguru — Park Jeong-koo — Per Erik Hedman (2nd nomination) — Perry Kivolowitz — Ricardo Chavez Ortiz — Richard Johnson (rugby) — Roshan Shanavas — Sadanand Dhume (3rd nomination) — Sebastien Silvestri — Shoshana Shendelman — Siwet Tomar — Solomon family (3rd nomination) — Speeches of Joe Biden — Steve Sheetz — Toby Longworth — Víctor Rosso — Zeine Abdulla Yameen — Zuber K. Khan — Adrian Maben — Adwoa Smart — Alan Rowe Kelly — Alex Meyer (political strategist) — Althea Lim — Amal Syam (activist) — Amos B. Tweh — Andrez Joseph — António de Almeida-Ribeiro — Balram (singer) — Bart Verhaeghe — Beth McKay — Brian Finlay — Claire Brosseau — Daniel Ross (actor) — Dave U. Hall — Delight Ushie — Dennis Lau (2nd nomination) — Dirk Maassen (2nd nomination) — Erik Walsh — Geoffrey Mbugua Wango — Glyn Lingard — Gokulam Gopalan (2nd nomination) — Gwen (Filipino singer) — Hatem Raslan — Heinz-Josef Große — Hilton Cowie (2nd nomination) — James Delaney (rugby league) — James Rowntree — Jessie Gooding — Joko Widodo (researcher) — Karen Travers (journalist) — Kit Culkin — Leonel Pérez — Liam Gerrard — List of United States politicians by generation — Lorenzo Gasparrini — Mihailo Jovanović (footballer, born 1975) — Mike Signorelli — Mimi Lieber — Mo Shaikh — Mulki Sunder Ram Shetty — Murtz Jaffer — Ndue Ukaj — Omguru — Park Jeong-koo — Per Erik Hedman (2nd nomination) — Perry Kivolowitz — Ricardo Chavez Ortiz — Richard Johnson (rugby) — Roshan Shanavas — Sadanand Dhume (3rd nomination) — Sebastien Silvestri — Shoshana Shendelman — Siwet Tomar — Solomon family (3rd nomination) — Speeches of Joe Biden — Steve Sheetz — Toby Longworth — Víctor Rosso — Zeine Abdulla Yameen — Zuber K. Khan — Society topics 2025 Iranian Bakers' Protests — Al-Qaeda Squad of Meme — Battle in Berlin order of battle — Battle of Korçë — Battle of Sabiñánigo — Child laundering — Civil registration and vital statistics — Death of Seyed Ali Mousavi — Guru (community) (2nd nomination) — Informal learning — Khant (caste) — Killing of Amir Hossam Khodayarifard — List of political disinformation website campaigns in the United States — List of symbols designated by the ADL as hate symbols — List of U.S. police officers killed in 2010 — List of U.S. police officers killed in 2011 — Mahdieh — Marginal propensity to import — Multinational Force – Ukraine — Operation Viper — Sack of Granada — Secretary General of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation — Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's cult of personality — Suicide of Goh Yong Le — Third oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi — 2025 Iranian Bakers' Protests — Al-Qaeda Squad of Meme — Battle in Berlin order of battle — Battle of Korçë — Battle of Sabiñánigo — Child laundering — Civil registration and vital statistics — Death of Seyed Ali Mousavi — Guru (community) (2nd nomination) — Informal learning — Khant (caste) — Killing of Amir Hossam Khodayarifard — List of political disinformation website campaigns in the United States — List of symbols designated by the ADL as hate symbols — List of U.S. police officers killed in 2010 — List of U.S. police officers killed in 2011 — Mahdieh — Marginal propensity to import — Multinational Force – Ukraine — Operation Viper — Sack of Granada — Secretary General of the D-8 Organization for Economic Cooperation — Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's cult of personality — Suicide of Goh Yong Le — Third oath of office ceremony of Narendra Modi — Web or Internet Samfoto — Samfoto — Games or sports 10th LG Cup — 1944–45 Pittsburgh Raiders season — 1996 BPR 4 Hours of Nogaro — 2006 Blue & Gold National Championships — 2016 ARCA Truck Series — 2018 Afghanistan Premier League — 2024–25 Khalid Bin Hamad Cup — Bangla Tigers t10 — Bangladesh–India cricket rivalry — Darkin (video game) — Edge of Twilight (series) (2nd nomination) — Feeding Time (video game) — List of Berkshire and Oldfield cricketers to 1795 — List of Suffolk first-class cricketers — List of Suwon Samsung Bluewings records and statistics — Poly Bridge — Reno Pro Soccer — Wario (series) — World Tree (role-playing game) — 10th LG Cup — 1944–45 Pittsburgh Raiders season — 1996 BPR 4 Hours of Nogaro — 2006 Blue & Gold National Championships — 2016 ARCA Truck Series — 2018 Afghanistan Premier League — 2024–25 Khalid Bin Hamad Cup — Bangla Tigers t10 — Bangladesh–India cricket rivalry — Darkin (video game) — Edge of Twilight (series) (2nd nomination) — Feeding Time (video game) — List of Berkshire and Oldfield cricketers to 1795 — List of Suffolk first-class cricketers — List of Suwon Samsung Bluewings records and statistics — Poly Bridge — Reno Pro Soccer — Wario (series) — World Tree (role-playing game) — Science and technology Command queue — Gezelligheid (2nd nomination) — Kaluza–Klein–Riemann curvature tensor — Miniature pioneering — QPNC-PAGE — Truncated triangular pyramid number — Command queue — Gezelligheid (2nd nomination) — Kaluza–Klein–Riemann curvature tensor — Miniature pioneering — QPNC-PAGE — Truncated triangular pyramid number — Fiction and the arts Perdita Durango (character) — Phoenix Film Critics Society (2nd nomination) — Perdita Durango (character) — Phoenix Film Critics Society (2nd nomination) — Places and transportation Black Lion Skatepark — Itä-Häme — List of Holden vehicles by series — Los Ángeles, Nuevo León — Los Cayuelos — Lubondai — M-110 (Michigan highway) — M-147 (Michigan highway) — M-205 (Michigan highway) — M-209 (Michigan highway) — Maléon — Mast Arboretum — Piva River (Bougainville) — Telosa — West Somerset Lagoon — Black Lion Skatepark — Itä-Häme — List of Holden vehicles by series — Los Ángeles, Nuevo León — Los Cayuelos — Lubondai — M-110 (Michigan highway) — M-147 (Michigan highway) — M-205 (Michigan highway) — M-209 (Michigan highway) — Maléon — Mast Arboretum — Piva River (Bougainville) — Telosa — West Somerset Lagoon — Indiscernible or unclassifiable topic Index of Vatican City–related articles — Index of Vatican City–related articles — Not yet sorted Deletion discussions v t e Deletion discussions All deletion discussions today Articles Today all table closing log Templates Today all closing holding Files Today all closing Categories Today all CFDALL closing speedy Redirects Today all closing log Miscellany Today all closing Speedy deletion Candidates Proposed deletion All BLPs Pages Guide Undeletion Deletion review Deletion log Request copy of deleted article Guidelines and policies Policy Process Administrator guidelines v t e Deletion discussions All deletion discussions today v t e Articles Today all table closing log Today all table closing log Templates Today all closing holding Today all closing holding Files Today all closing Today all closing Categories Today all CFDALL closing speedy Today all CFDALL closing speedy Redirects Today all closing log Today all closing log Miscellany Today all closing Today all closing Speedy deletion Candidates Candidates Proposed deletion All BLPs All BLPs Pages Guide Undeletion Deletion review Deletion log Request copy of deleted article Guide Undeletion Deletion review Deletion log Request copy of deleted article Guidelines and policies Policy Process Administrator guidelines Policy Process Administrator guidelines Requested moves January 16, 2026 Kingdom of Eastern Georgia → Georgia under Mongol rule – ( Discuss ) Trumpism → MAGA movement MAGA movement – ( Discuss ) Yehud Medinata → Yehud (Persian province) Yehud (Persian province) – ( Discuss ) The Grey → The Grey (disambiguation) The Grey (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Sydenstricker School → ? – ( Discuss ) International Socialist League → International Socialist League (South Africa) International Socialist League (South Africa) – ( Discuss ) The Strand Station → Auckland Strand railway station Auckland Strand railway station – ( Discuss ) Dust Bunny (film) → Dust Bunny Dust Bunny – ( Discuss ) Kingdom of Eastern Georgia → Georgia under Mongol rule – ( Discuss ) Trumpism → MAGA movement MAGA movement – ( Discuss ) Yehud Medinata → Yehud (Persian province) Yehud (Persian province) – ( Discuss ) The Grey → The Grey (disambiguation) The Grey (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Sydenstricker School → ? – ( Discuss ) International Socialist League → International Socialist League (South Africa) International Socialist League (South Africa) – ( Discuss ) The Strand Station → Auckland Strand railway station Auckland Strand railway station – ( Discuss ) Dust Bunny (film) → Dust Bunny Dust Bunny – ( Discuss ) January 15, 2026 Rhumba → Ballroom rumba Ballroom rumba – ( Discuss ) COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands → COVID-19 pandemic in Solomon Islands COVID-19 pandemic in Solomon Islands – ( Discuss ) Muslim conquest of the Maghreb → Arab conquest of North Africa Arab conquest of North Africa – ( Discuss ) Doug Davis (producer) → Doug Davis (music executive and producer) Doug Davis (music executive and producer) – ( Discuss ) Aiwo district → Aiwo – ( Discuss ) Zetaquirá → Zetaquira Zetaquira – ( Discuss ) U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state → History of tobacco minimum purchase age by U.S. jurisdiction – ( Discuss ) Template:Navbox currency symbols → Template:Currency symbols Template:Currency symbols – ( Discuss ) O mark → Circle mark Circle mark – ( Discuss ) Haddington → Haddington (disambiguation) Haddington (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Doona → Doona (plant) – ( Discuss ) Romana Jordan Cizelj → Romana Jordan – ( Discuss ) Tibber → Tibber (company) – ( Discuss ) Manchester Originals → Manchester Super Giants Manchester Super Giants – ( Discuss ) 2021–22 Israeli Basketball State Cup → 2022 Israeli Basketball State Cup – ( Discuss ) Tom Barlow (American soccer) → Tom Barlow (soccer, born 1995) – ( Discuss ) Tom Barlow (English footballer) → Tom Barlow (footballer, born 1874) – ( Discuss ) Thalapathy Thiruvizha – Jana Nayagan Audio Launch → Thalapathy Thiruvizha Thalapathy Thiruvizha – ( Discuss ) Yahweh → Yahweh (historical) – ( Discuss ) Pipipi → Pīpipi Pīpipi – ( Discuss ) Berri–UQAM station → Berri-UQAM station Berri-UQAM station – ( Discuss ) Highmark Stadium (New York) → Ralph Wilson Stadium Ralph Wilson Stadium – ( Discuss ) Lists of Interstate Highways → Lists of interstate highways – ( Discuss ) Radio → Radio technology Radio technology – ( Discuss ) Settlements in the East Riding of Yorkshire by population → List of settlements in the East Riding of Yorkshire by population List of settlements in the East Riding of Yorkshire by population – ( Discuss ) Miller Chapel → Princeton Seminary Chapel – ( Discuss ) Eclipse Special Award → Special Eclipse Award – ( Discuss ) List of historic United States Marines → List of historic United States marines – ( Discuss ) Rhumba → Ballroom rumba Ballroom rumba – ( Discuss ) COVID-19 pandemic in the Solomon Islands → COVID-19 pandemic in Solomon Islands COVID-19 pandemic in Solomon Islands – ( Discuss ) Muslim conquest of the Maghreb → Arab conquest of North Africa Arab conquest of North Africa – ( Discuss ) Doug Davis (producer) → Doug Davis (music executive and producer) Doug Davis (music executive and producer) – ( Discuss ) Aiwo district → Aiwo – ( Discuss ) Zetaquirá → Zetaquira Zetaquira – ( Discuss ) U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state → History of tobacco minimum purchase age by U.S. jurisdiction – ( Discuss ) Template:Navbox currency symbols → Template:Currency symbols Template:Currency symbols – ( Discuss ) O mark → Circle mark Circle mark – ( Discuss ) Haddington → Haddington (disambiguation) Haddington (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Doona → Doona (plant) – ( Discuss ) Romana Jordan Cizelj → Romana Jordan – ( Discuss ) Tibber → Tibber (company) – ( Discuss ) Manchester Originals → Manchester Super Giants Manchester Super Giants – ( Discuss ) 2021–22 Israeli Basketball State Cup → 2022 Israeli Basketball State Cup – ( Discuss ) Tom Barlow (American soccer) → Tom Barlow (soccer, born 1995) – ( Discuss ) Tom Barlow (English footballer) → Tom Barlow (footballer, born 1874) – ( Discuss ) Thalapathy Thiruvizha – Jana Nayagan Audio Launch → Thalapathy Thiruvizha Thalapathy Thiruvizha – ( Discuss ) Yahweh → Yahweh (historical) – ( Discuss ) Pipipi → Pīpipi Pīpipi – ( Discuss ) Berri–UQAM station → Berri-UQAM station Berri-UQAM station – ( Discuss ) Highmark Stadium (New York) → Ralph Wilson Stadium Ralph Wilson Stadium – ( Discuss ) Lists of Interstate Highways → Lists of interstate highways – ( Discuss ) Radio → Radio technology Radio technology – ( Discuss ) Settlements in the East Riding of Yorkshire by population → List of settlements in the East Riding of Yorkshire by population List of settlements in the East Riding of Yorkshire by population – ( Discuss ) Miller Chapel → Princeton Seminary Chapel – ( Discuss ) Eclipse Special Award → Special Eclipse Award – ( Discuss ) List of historic United States Marines → List of historic United States marines – ( Discuss ) January 14, 2026 Yankees–Red Sox rivalry → Red Sox–Yankees rivalry Red Sox–Yankees rivalry – ( Discuss ) Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) → First Congolese Republic First Congolese Republic – ( Discuss ) Proposed United States acquisition of Greenland → Proposals for the purchase of Greenland by the United States – ( Discuss ) Pacific Highway (Australia), major intersections → Major intersections of the Pacific Highway (Australia) – ( Discuss ) Newbold-on-Avon → Newbold on Avon Newbold on Avon – ( Discuss ) American hybrid warfare against Greenland during the second Trump administration → Greenland crisis Greenland crisis – ( Discuss ) ¡Democracia Real YA! → Real Democracy NOW! Real Democracy NOW! – ( Discuss ) New Jersey Route 495 → Route 495 (New Jersey-New York) – ( Discuss ) Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula → Muslim conquest of Spain Muslim conquest of Spain – ( Discuss ) Atrax christenseni → Newcastle big boy Newcastle big boy – ( Discuss ) 2026 Iran massacres → Massacres during the 2025–2026 Iranian protests Massacres during the 2025–2026 Iranian protests – ( Discuss ) House of Lies → House of Lies (US TV series) – ( Discuss ) Adam West (Family Guy) → Mayor Adam West Mayor Adam West – ( Discuss ) Lion and Sun → Shir o Khorshid Shir o Khorshid – ( Discuss ) Fall of Aden (2026) → Battle of Aden (2026) Battle of Aden (2026) – ( Discuss ) Time Viking → Time Viking!!!!!AndSpaceRaptor – ( Discuss ) Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition → Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 – ( Discuss ) Pitchfork (website) → Pitchfork (magazine) Pitchfork (magazine) – ( Discuss ) Im Yoon-ah → Lim Yoona Lim Yoona – ( Discuss ) South Punjab Province → Saraikistan Saraikistan – ( Discuss ) Medium-capacity rail system → Light rapid transit Light rapid transit – ( Discuss ) Ewa District, Nauru → Ewa district – ( Discuss ) Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Honduras → Embassy of Taiwan, Tegucigalpa Embassy of Taiwan, Tegucigalpa – ( Discuss ) Prasat Ta Krabey → Prasat Ta Khwai Prasat Ta Khwai – ( Discuss ) Palestinian genocide accusation → ? – ( Discuss ) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie → The Day the Earth Blew Up The Day the Earth Blew Up – ( Discuss ) Anthony Wong → Anthony Wong (disambiguation) Anthony Wong (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Kevin Aguilar → Kevin Aguilar (mixed martial artist) – ( Discuss ) History of ancient Israel and Judah → Ancient Israel and Judah Ancient Israel and Judah – ( Discuss ) Yankees–Red Sox rivalry → Red Sox–Yankees rivalry Red Sox–Yankees rivalry – ( Discuss ) Republic of the Congo (Léopoldville) → First Congolese Republic First Congolese Republic – ( Discuss ) Proposed United States acquisition of Greenland → Proposals for the purchase of Greenland by the United States – ( Discuss ) Pacific Highway (Australia), major intersections → Major intersections of the Pacific Highway (Australia) – ( Discuss ) Newbold-on-Avon → Newbold on Avon Newbold on Avon – ( Discuss ) American hybrid warfare against Greenland during the second Trump administration → Greenland crisis Greenland crisis – ( Discuss ) ¡Democracia Real YA! → Real Democracy NOW! Real Democracy NOW! – ( Discuss ) New Jersey Route 495 → Route 495 (New Jersey-New York) – ( Discuss ) Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula → Muslim conquest of Spain Muslim conquest of Spain – ( Discuss ) Atrax christenseni → Newcastle big boy Newcastle big boy – ( Discuss ) 2026 Iran massacres → Massacres during the 2025–2026 Iranian protests Massacres during the 2025–2026 Iranian protests – ( Discuss ) House of Lies → House of Lies (US TV series) – ( Discuss ) Adam West (Family Guy) → Mayor Adam West Mayor Adam West – ( Discuss ) Lion and Sun → Shir o Khorshid Shir o Khorshid – ( Discuss ) Fall of Aden (2026) → Battle of Aden (2026) Battle of Aden (2026) – ( Discuss ) Time Viking → Time Viking!!!!!AndSpaceRaptor – ( Discuss ) Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 Competition → Zimbabwe Domestic Twenty20 – ( Discuss ) Pitchfork (website) → Pitchfork (magazine) Pitchfork (magazine) – ( Discuss ) Im Yoon-ah → Lim Yoona Lim Yoona – ( Discuss ) South Punjab Province → Saraikistan Saraikistan – ( Discuss ) Medium-capacity rail system → Light rapid transit Light rapid transit – ( Discuss ) Ewa District, Nauru → Ewa district – ( Discuss ) Embassy of the Republic of China (Taiwan) in Honduras → Embassy of Taiwan, Tegucigalpa Embassy of Taiwan, Tegucigalpa – ( Discuss ) Prasat Ta Krabey → Prasat Ta Khwai Prasat Ta Khwai – ( Discuss ) Palestinian genocide accusation → ? – ( Discuss ) The Day the Earth Blew Up: A Looney Tunes Movie → The Day the Earth Blew Up The Day the Earth Blew Up – ( Discuss ) Anthony Wong → Anthony Wong (disambiguation) Anthony Wong (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Kevin Aguilar → Kevin Aguilar (mixed martial artist) – ( Discuss ) History of ancient Israel and Judah → Ancient Israel and Judah Ancient Israel and Judah – ( Discuss ) January 13, 2026 Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal → Bad St. Leonhard im Lavanttal Bad St. Leonhard im Lavanttal – ( Discuss ) Natalie and Nadiya Anderson → Natalie Anderson (Survivor contestant) Natalie Anderson (Survivor contestant) – ( Discuss ) Zhug → Sahawiq Sahawiq – ( Discuss ) Gaius Porcius Cato (consul 114 BC) → Gaius Porcius Cato Gaius Porcius Cato – ( Discuss ) Spencer Reid (American football) → Spencer Reid Spencer Reid – ( Discuss ) History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom → Socialism in the United Kingdom Socialism in the United Kingdom – ( Discuss ) Orbirail → Orbital railways in London – ( Discuss ) Czech Republic men's national ice hockey team → Czechia men's national ice hockey team Czechia men's national ice hockey team – ( Discuss ) Salford Red Devils → Salford RLFC Salford RLFC – ( Discuss ) Jacinta Nampijinpa Price → Jacinta Price Jacinta Price – ( Discuss ) Object sexuality → Objectum sexuality Objectum sexuality – ( Discuss ) NN Running Team → DSM-Firmenich Running Team – ( Discuss ) Tropical Storm Mindy → Tropical Storm Mindy (2021) Tropical Storm Mindy (2021) – ( Discuss ) PNY → PNY (disambiguation) PNY (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) EuroSpin → Eurospin Eurospin – ( Discuss ) Mistaken identity → Mistaken identity defense – ( Discuss ) Inside Out → Inside Out (disambiguation) Inside Out (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) DSA (radio telescope) → Deep Synoptic Array Deep Synoptic Array – ( Discuss ) Mageiricophobia → Mageirocophobia – ( Discuss ) Immigration of Latina women to the United States → Immigration of Latinas to the United States Immigration of Latinas to the United States – ( Discuss ) Pastoralia → Pastoralia (short story collection) Pastoralia (short story collection) – ( Discuss ) Collierville Kroger shooting → 2021 Collierville Kroger shooting 2021 Collierville Kroger shooting – ( Discuss ) Bad Sankt Leonhard im Lavanttal → Bad St. Leonhard im Lavanttal Bad St. Leonhard im Lavanttal – ( Discuss ) Natalie and Nadiya Anderson → Natalie Anderson (Survivor contestant) Natalie Anderson (Survivor contestant) – ( Discuss ) Zhug → Sahawiq Sahawiq – ( Discuss ) Gaius Porcius Cato (consul 114 BC) → Gaius Porcius Cato Gaius Porcius Cato – ( Discuss ) Spencer Reid (American football) → Spencer Reid Spencer Reid – ( Discuss ) History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom → Socialism in the United Kingdom Socialism in the United Kingdom – ( Discuss ) Orbirail → Orbital railways in London – ( Discuss ) Czech Republic men's national ice hockey team → Czechia men's national ice hockey team Czechia men's national ice hockey team – ( Discuss ) Salford Red Devils → Salford RLFC Salford RLFC – ( Discuss ) Jacinta Nampijinpa Price → Jacinta Price Jacinta Price – ( Discuss ) Object sexuality → Objectum sexuality Objectum sexuality – ( Discuss ) NN Running Team → DSM-Firmenich Running Team – ( Discuss ) Tropical Storm Mindy → Tropical Storm Mindy (2021) Tropical Storm Mindy (2021) – ( Discuss ) PNY → PNY (disambiguation) PNY (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) EuroSpin → Eurospin Eurospin – ( Discuss ) Mistaken identity → Mistaken identity defense – ( Discuss ) Inside Out → Inside Out (disambiguation) Inside Out (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) DSA (radio telescope) → Deep Synoptic Array Deep Synoptic Array – ( Discuss ) Mageiricophobia → Mageirocophobia – ( Discuss ) Immigration of Latina women to the United States → Immigration of Latinas to the United States Immigration of Latinas to the United States – ( Discuss ) Pastoralia → Pastoralia (short story collection) Pastoralia (short story collection) – ( Discuss ) Collierville Kroger shooting → 2021 Collierville Kroger shooting 2021 Collierville Kroger shooting – ( Discuss ) January 12, 2026 Belarusian opposition → Opposition to Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus – ( Discuss ) Anti-Erdoğanism → Opposition to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Turkey – ( Discuss ) List of mayors of Barisal → Mayor of Barisal Mayor of Barisal – ( Discuss ) West Freeway Church of Christ shooting → 2019 West Freeway Church of Christ shooting – ( Discuss ) Manshiya Zabda → Manshiyet Zabda Manshiyet Zabda – ( Discuss ) Tristan and Iseult → Tristan and Isolde Tristan and Isolde – ( Discuss ) Raviola di ricotta di Caltanissetta → Raviola di ricotta nissena Raviola di ricotta nissena – ( Discuss ) United States congressional delegations from Alabama → Alabama's congressional delegations – ( Discuss ) South Korea–Lithuania relations → Lithuania–South Korea relations – ( Discuss ) Guasteddra → Guastedda dolce nissena – ( Discuss ) Mongol invasions of the Levant → Mongol invasion of Syria Mongol invasion of Syria – ( Discuss ) Nrx → NRX (disambiguation) NRX (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Idiot Savants (game show) → Idiot Savants Idiot Savants – ( Discuss ) Namesco → names.co.uk – ( Discuss ) Iranian opposition → Iranian dissidents Iranian dissidents – ( Discuss ) Moenkhausia forestii → Bario forestii – ( Discuss ) Scott Herren → Prefuse 73 Prefuse 73 – ( Discuss ) Duarte de Menezes → Duarte de Meneses Duarte de Meneses – ( Discuss ) Lost Ark (video game) → Lost Ark – ( Discuss ) ABC1 (British and Irish TV channel) → ABC1 (UK) ABC1 (UK) – ( Discuss ) Online Safety Amendment → Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Act 2024 Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Act 2024 – ( Discuss ) 2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt → 2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt allegations – ( Discuss ) Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? (short story) → Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? – ( Discuss ) Die Happy (band) → Die Happy (American band) Die Happy (American band) – ( Discuss ) 2025 Lanka Premier League → 2026 Lanka Premier League 2026 Lanka Premier League – ( Discuss ) Artillery Gun Module → Donar artillery system – ( Discuss ) Pablo (footballer, born 2004) → Pablo Felipe Pablo Felipe – ( Discuss ) Abebaw Tadesse Asres → Abebaw Tadesse Abebaw Tadesse – ( Discuss ) Glenfiddich → Glenfiddich distillery Glenfiddich distillery – ( Discuss ) Licentiate (degree) → Licentiate – ( Discuss ) Mazda EZ-60 → Mazda CX-6e – ( Discuss ) Shivalinga (2016 film) → Shivalinga (film) Shivalinga (film) – ( Discuss ) Zonovan Knight → Bam Knight Bam Knight – ( Discuss ) Belarusian opposition → Opposition to Alexander Lukashenko in Belarus – ( Discuss ) Anti-Erdoğanism → Opposition to Recep Tayyip Erdoğan in Turkey – ( Discuss ) List of mayors of Barisal → Mayor of Barisal Mayor of Barisal – ( Discuss ) West Freeway Church of Christ shooting → 2019 West Freeway Church of Christ shooting – ( Discuss ) Manshiya Zabda → Manshiyet Zabda Manshiyet Zabda – ( Discuss ) Tristan and Iseult → Tristan and Isolde Tristan and Isolde – ( Discuss ) Raviola di ricotta di Caltanissetta → Raviola di ricotta nissena Raviola di ricotta nissena – ( Discuss ) United States congressional delegations from Alabama → Alabama's congressional delegations – ( Discuss ) South Korea–Lithuania relations → Lithuania–South Korea relations – ( Discuss ) Guasteddra → Guastedda dolce nissena – ( Discuss ) Mongol invasions of the Levant → Mongol invasion of Syria Mongol invasion of Syria – ( Discuss ) Nrx → NRX (disambiguation) NRX (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Idiot Savants (game show) → Idiot Savants Idiot Savants – ( Discuss ) Namesco → names.co.uk – ( Discuss ) Iranian opposition → Iranian dissidents Iranian dissidents – ( Discuss ) Moenkhausia forestii → Bario forestii – ( Discuss ) Scott Herren → Prefuse 73 Prefuse 73 – ( Discuss ) Duarte de Menezes → Duarte de Meneses Duarte de Meneses – ( Discuss ) Lost Ark (video game) → Lost Ark – ( Discuss ) ABC1 (British and Irish TV channel) → ABC1 (UK) ABC1 (UK) – ( Discuss ) Online Safety Amendment → Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Act 2024 Online Safety Amendment (Social Media Minimum Age) Act 2024 – ( Discuss ) 2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt → 2023 Guinea-Bissau coup attempt allegations – ( Discuss ) Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? (short story) → Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been? – ( Discuss ) Die Happy (band) → Die Happy (American band) Die Happy (American band) – ( Discuss ) 2025 Lanka Premier League → 2026 Lanka Premier League 2026 Lanka Premier League – ( Discuss ) Artillery Gun Module → Donar artillery system – ( Discuss ) Pablo (footballer, born 2004) → Pablo Felipe Pablo Felipe – ( Discuss ) Abebaw Tadesse Asres → Abebaw Tadesse Abebaw Tadesse – ( Discuss ) Glenfiddich → Glenfiddich distillery Glenfiddich distillery – ( Discuss ) Licentiate (degree) → Licentiate – ( Discuss ) Mazda EZ-60 → Mazda CX-6e – ( Discuss ) Shivalinga (2016 film) → Shivalinga (film) Shivalinga (film) – ( Discuss ) Zonovan Knight → Bam Knight Bam Knight – ( Discuss ) January 11, 2026 Southern Methodist University football scandal → SMU Mustangs football scandal – ( Discuss ) Coleshill, Warwickshire → Coleshill – ( Discuss ) A. Venkatesh (director) → A. Venkatesh – ( Discuss ) 2009 Lone Grove–Ardmore tornado → 2009 Lone Grove tornado 2009 Lone Grove tornado – ( Discuss ) Nothin' at All (Heart song) → Nothin' at All Nothin' at All – ( Discuss ) Furuichi Kofun Cluster → Furuichi Kofun Group – ( Discuss ) Junkers Ju 87 → Stuka Stuka – ( Discuss ) F3: Fun and Frustration → F3 (film) F3 (film) – ( Discuss ) Western Latin character sets (computing) → Western Latin character sets – ( Discuss ) Vijay (actor) → Vijay (politician) Vijay (politician) – ( Discuss ) Pú jiā yuè mó → Pú Jiā Yuè Mó – ( Discuss ) SG Mall → ? – ( Discuss ) Seleucid–Mauryan War → Seleucid–Mauryan confrontation – ( Discuss ) Iranian Revolution → 1979 Islamic Revolution 1979 Islamic Revolution – ( Discuss ) Mahón → Maó Maó – ( Discuss ) Mahón cheese → Maó cheese Maó cheese – ( Discuss ) Main North railway line, New South Wales → Main north railway line – ( Discuss ) Trolley Square shooting → 2007 Trolley Square shooting – ( Discuss ) Utah prisoner of war massacre → 1945 Utah prisoner of war massacre – ( Discuss ) Top Pop Catalog Albums → Catalog Albums Catalog Albums – ( Discuss ) TMSR → TMSR (disambiguation) TMSR (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) 2000 Ramallah lynching → Lynching of Yosef Avrahami and Vadim Nurzhitz – ( Discuss ) Operation Hawkeye Strike → 2026 United States strikes in Syria – ( Discuss ) Palestinian (disambiguation) → Palestinian Palestinian – ( Discuss ) The Rocks, New South Wales → The Rocks, Sydney The Rocks, Sydney – ( Discuss ) Killing of Renee Good → Killing of Renée Good Killing of Renée Good – ( Discuss ) Southern Methodist University football scandal → SMU Mustangs football scandal – ( Discuss ) Coleshill, Warwickshire → Coleshill – ( Discuss ) A. Venkatesh (director) → A. Venkatesh – ( Discuss ) 2009 Lone Grove–Ardmore tornado → 2009 Lone Grove tornado 2009 Lone Grove tornado – ( Discuss ) Nothin' at All (Heart song) → Nothin' at All Nothin' at All – ( Discuss ) Furuichi Kofun Cluster → Furuichi Kofun Group – ( Discuss ) Junkers Ju 87 → Stuka Stuka – ( Discuss ) F3: Fun and Frustration → F3 (film) F3 (film) – ( Discuss ) Western Latin character sets (computing) → Western Latin character sets – ( Discuss ) Vijay (actor) → Vijay (politician) Vijay (politician) – ( Discuss ) Pú jiā yuè mó → Pú Jiā Yuè Mó – ( Discuss ) SG Mall → ? – ( Discuss ) Seleucid–Mauryan War → Seleucid–Mauryan confrontation – ( Discuss ) Iranian Revolution → 1979 Islamic Revolution 1979 Islamic Revolution – ( Discuss ) Mahón → Maó Maó – ( Discuss ) Mahón cheese → Maó cheese Maó cheese – ( Discuss ) Main North railway line, New South Wales → Main north railway line – ( Discuss ) Trolley Square shooting → 2007 Trolley Square shooting – ( Discuss ) Utah prisoner of war massacre → 1945 Utah prisoner of war massacre – ( Discuss ) Top Pop Catalog Albums → Catalog Albums Catalog Albums – ( Discuss ) TMSR → TMSR (disambiguation) TMSR (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) 2000 Ramallah lynching → Lynching of Yosef Avrahami and Vadim Nurzhitz – ( Discuss ) Operation Hawkeye Strike → 2026 United States strikes in Syria – ( Discuss ) Palestinian (disambiguation) → Palestinian Palestinian – ( Discuss ) The Rocks, New South Wales → The Rocks, Sydney The Rocks, Sydney – ( Discuss ) Killing of Renee Good → Killing of Renée Good Killing of Renée Good – ( Discuss ) January 10, 2026 Twelve Angry Men (play) → Twelve Angry Men (stage play) Twelve Angry Men (stage play) – ( Discuss ) Universidad Católica del Ecuador → Club Deportivo Universidad Católica (Ecuador) Club Deportivo Universidad Católica (Ecuador) – ( Discuss ) Reddish → Reddish, Greater Manchester – ( Discuss ) Burlesque (stage musical) → Burlesque (musical) Burlesque (musical) – ( Discuss ) Xanadu → Xanadu (disambiguation) Xanadu (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Highway 55 (Israel) → Highway 55 (Israel–Palestine) – ( Discuss ) Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran → Reza Pahlavi – ( Discuss ) Lockheed Martin shooting → 2003 Lockheed Martin shooting – ( Discuss ) Theatre of War Project → Theater of War Productions Theater of War Productions – ( Discuss ) 2026 Portland shooting → 2026 Portland Border Patrol Shooting 2026 Portland Border Patrol Shooting – ( Discuss ) Political quietism in Islam → Political quietism Political quietism – ( Discuss ) Clix → Clix (disambiguation) Clix (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Murat Bisembin → Murat Bisenbin – ( Discuss ) Frank John William Goldsmith → Frank Goldsmith (''Titanic'' survivor) – ( Discuss ) William Shakespear (explorer) → William Shakespear William Shakespear – ( Discuss ) Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Airport destination lists → Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Archive 209 – ( Discuss ) Perfectly Imperfect → Perfectly Imperfect (Elle Varner album) – ( Discuss ) Racing game → Racing video game Racing video game – ( Discuss ) Queen Emma of Hawaii → Emma of Hawaii Emma of Hawaii – ( Discuss ) Finnish Swedish Heritage Day → Finland-Swedish Heritage Day – ( Discuss ) Erica Wheeler (basketball) → Erica Wheeler – ( Discuss ) Valery Martinov → Valery Martynov Valery Martynov – ( Discuss ) 2017 Valan International Cargo Charter Antonov An-26 crash → Valan International Cargo Charter Flight 26 – ( Discuss ) 2012 Mount Salak Sukhoi Superjet crash → Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Flight 36801 – ( Discuss ) Logorrhea (psychology) → Logorrhea – ( Discuss ) Endeavor (company) → WME Group – ( Discuss ) Oldest people → List of oldest people List of oldest people – ( Discuss ) Mandela United (football club) → Mandela United Football Club Mandela United Football Club – ( Discuss ) Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks) → Legion of Boom – ( Discuss ) All In: London (2023) → All In (2023) All In (2023) – ( Discuss ) Atang → Atang, Myanmar – ( Discuss ) Historical Medieval Battles → Armored combat (sport) – ( Discuss ) Anthony Greene (wrestler) → Anthony Greene Anthony Greene – ( Discuss ) Jan of Jenštejn → John of Jenstein John of Jenstein – ( Discuss ) Twelve Angry Men (play) → Twelve Angry Men (stage play) Twelve Angry Men (stage play) – ( Discuss ) Universidad Católica del Ecuador → Club Deportivo Universidad Católica (Ecuador) Club Deportivo Universidad Católica (Ecuador) – ( Discuss ) Reddish → Reddish, Greater Manchester – ( Discuss ) Burlesque (stage musical) → Burlesque (musical) Burlesque (musical) – ( Discuss ) Xanadu → Xanadu (disambiguation) Xanadu (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Highway 55 (Israel) → Highway 55 (Israel–Palestine) – ( Discuss ) Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran → Reza Pahlavi – ( Discuss ) Lockheed Martin shooting → 2003 Lockheed Martin shooting – ( Discuss ) Theatre of War Project → Theater of War Productions Theater of War Productions – ( Discuss ) 2026 Portland shooting → 2026 Portland Border Patrol Shooting 2026 Portland Border Patrol Shooting – ( Discuss ) Political quietism in Islam → Political quietism Political quietism – ( Discuss ) Clix → Clix (disambiguation) Clix (disambiguation) – ( Discuss ) Murat Bisembin → Murat Bisenbin – ( Discuss ) Frank John William Goldsmith → Frank Goldsmith (''Titanic'' survivor) – ( Discuss ) William Shakespear (explorer) → William Shakespear William Shakespear – ( Discuss ) Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Airport destination lists → Wikipedia:Village pump (policy)/Archive 209 – ( Discuss ) Perfectly Imperfect → Perfectly Imperfect (Elle Varner album) – ( Discuss ) Racing game → Racing video game Racing video game – ( Discuss ) Queen Emma of Hawaii → Emma of Hawaii Emma of Hawaii – ( Discuss ) Finnish Swedish Heritage Day → Finland-Swedish Heritage Day – ( Discuss ) Erica Wheeler (basketball) → Erica Wheeler – ( Discuss ) Valery Martinov → Valery Martynov Valery Martynov – ( Discuss ) 2017 Valan International Cargo Charter Antonov An-26 crash → Valan International Cargo Charter Flight 26 – ( Discuss ) 2012 Mount Salak Sukhoi Superjet crash → Sukhoi Civil Aircraft Flight 36801 – ( Discuss ) Logorrhea (psychology) → Logorrhea – ( Discuss ) Endeavor (company) → WME Group – ( Discuss ) Oldest people → List of oldest people List of oldest people – ( Discuss ) Mandela United (football club) → Mandela United Football Club Mandela United Football Club – ( Discuss ) Legion of Boom (Seattle Seahawks) → Legion of Boom – ( Discuss ) All In: London (2023) → All In (2023) All In (2023) – ( Discuss ) Atang → Atang, Myanmar – ( Discuss ) Historical Medieval Battles → Armored combat (sport) – ( Discuss ) Anthony Greene (wrestler) → Anthony Greene Anthony Greene – ( Discuss ) Jan of Jenštejn → John of Jenstein John of Jenstein – ( Discuss ) January 9, 2026 University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign → University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign – ( Discuss ) Joe Castro → Joe Castro (pianist) – ( Discuss ) Michelle Mone, Baroness Mone → Michelle Mone Michelle Mone – ( Discuss ) Greek Super Cup 2025 → 2026 Greek Super Cup 2026 Greek Super Cup – ( Discuss ) Sutton, London → Sutton – ( Discuss ) Sarah → Sarah (biblical figure) – ( Discuss ) Winning Entertainment Group → Natsume Atari Natsume Atari – ( Discuss ) Eliad, Israeli settlement → Eliad (Israeli settlement) – ( Discuss ) Altaic languages → Transeurasian languages Transeurasian languages – ( Discuss ) University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign → University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign University of Illinois Urbana–Champaign – ( Discuss ) Joe Castro → Joe Castro (pianist) – ( Discuss ) Michelle Mone, Baroness Mone → Michelle Mone Michelle Mone – ( Discuss ) Greek Super Cup 2025 → 2026 Greek Super Cup 2026 Greek Super Cup – ( Discuss ) Sutton, London → Sutton – ( Discuss ) Sarah → Sarah (biblical figure) – ( Discuss ) Winning Entertainment Group → Natsume Atari Natsume Atari – ( Discuss ) Eliad, Israeli settlement → Eliad (Israeli settlement) – ( Discuss ) 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Thèu-ya̍p Chui-khiûn kiên-kói Sùi-kî ya̍p-mien Sa-khî chú-ya̍p 廳下 Pông-sú 恁般讀客家話? 自家个測試 贊助𠊎兜維基媒體 Khôi fu-thèu Tên-ngi̍p 贊助𠊎兜維基媒體 Khôi fu-thèu Tên-ngi̍p Thèu-Ya̍p 頭頁/Thèu-Ya̍p 交流/Kâu-liù Thu̍k khon ngièn-sṳ́-mâ Khon li̍t-sṳ́ Thu̍k khon ngièn-sṳ́-mâ Khon li̍t-sṳ́ Nâi-têu lièn to liá-têu Siông-kôan kiên-kói Sông-chhòn tóng-on Ku-thin lièn-kiet Ya̍p-mien chṳ̂-sín Yín-yung liá-ya̍p 取得短網址 下載QR碼 切換成舊版解析器 Kien-li̍p sû-sit Hâ-chai vì PDF Cho-tet yin-chho ke pán-pún Wikimedia Commons 維基媒體基金會 MediaWiki Meta-Wiki 維基媒體拓展 Tô-ngî-ngièn Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata hong-muk .mw-parser-output .template-kai{background-color:#FFFDD0;font-family:標楷體,DFKai-SB,"AR PL UKai HK","AR PL UKai TW",全字庫正楷體,TW-Kai,"AR PL KaitiM Big5",楷体,KaiTi,楷体_GB2312,KaiTi_GB2312,BiauKai,FandolKai,华文楷体,STKaiti,Kai,"AR PL UKai CN","AR PL KaitiM GB",EUDCKAI,cursive}.mw-parser-output .mp-box-1{background-color:#F7CADA}.mw-parser-output .mp-box-2{background-color:#CEF2E8}.mw-parser-output .mp-box-3{background-color:#FFFDD0}.mw-parser-output .mp-box-4{background-color:#FFFACD}.mw-parser-output .mp-box-5{background-color:#DCF4CC}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night body.page-Main_Page .mw-parser-output table a{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os body.page-Main_Page .mw-parser-output table a{color:inherit!important}} Hak-kâ-ngî Wikipedia Chhè-kâ me cho-tet Phiên-siá liá-chak ngî-ngièn ke chhṳ-yù Pak-khô-chhiòn-sû . Hak-kâ-ngî ke pán-pún kîm-ha ki-kîn yû 10,388 -phiên vùn-chông e. 齊家乜做得 編寫 邇隻語言嘅自由 百科全書 。 客家語 嘅 版本 今下既經有 10,388 篇文章吔。 Khô-ho̍k Kî-su̍t Thi-lî Ngìn-vu̍t Li̍t-sṳ́ Sa-fi Sâng-vu̍t Chûng-kau Chet-ho̍k Kîn-chi Vùn-fa Thí-yuk Sṳ̍t-yung ke chhòng ya̍p-mien Sîn-pet-sṳ he Thòi-vân pet-phu ke yit-ke sṳ, chhai Thòi-vân tó-song chui pet-tôn, he ngìn-khiéu chui-tô ke hàng-chṳn-khî, fàn-tîn Thòi-pet-sṳ , tûng-pet lìn-sa he Kî-lùng-sṳ , tûng-nàm chiap-sông Ngì-làn-yen , sî-nàm lìn Thò-yèn-yen . Muk-chhièn ngìn-su chhêu-ko 350-van. Pún-sṳ fàn-lau Thòi-pet-sṳ si-chû khi̍p Kî-lùng-sṳ sâm-mien, sâm-chá khiung-thùng hìn-sàng Thòi-pet tû-fi khî , su̍k-yî khiung-thùng sên-fa̍t khiên-é, pin yáng-hióng to lìm-khiun ke Thò-yèn-yen khi̍p Ngì-làn-yen . Pún-yen su̍k-yî ngie̍t-tai kui-fûng hi-heu khî, chhiòn-ngièn yí-liòng tô yì phìn-kiûn, ngie̍t phìn-kiûn chui-tâi vûn he yit-ngie̍t fun ke ngiap-sṳ 12.4 thu, ngie̍t phìn-kiûn chui-kô vûn he chhit-ngie̍t fun ke ngiap-sṳ 33.6 thu. 爾做得將滑鼠移動到文字个面頂來顯示其个對應漢字內容。 實用个長頁面 貓熊 一般分安到 熊貓 、 大熊貓 或者 大貓熊 ，係一種 野生 嘅 哺乳動物 。其撈 熊 同 貓仔 一樣都係 食肉目 嘅。雖然講科學家當多將其分至 熊科 下背去，猶有人試著其毋係熊嘅一種。貓熊嘅身體肥固固， 頭 圓滾滾仔， 尾 當短，身體面頂烏撈白兩種顏色分當清楚，身體同尾係白色， 耳 、 目睭 、 手 腳 撈 肩頭 都係烏色嘅， 肚底 有嘅係 棕色 ，有嘅係烏色。貓熊嘅身體一般有120至180 公分 該樣長，尾差毋多有10至20公分恁長，膴身大體有60至150 公斤 恁重。一般來講 雄性 嘅比 雌性 嘅大頭一滴仔。貓熊原旦係生活在暗摸摸仔嘅 竹 林裏肚，故所目睭毋好使，毋過其在暗晡嘅時節一樣遽板。 ‹ › @media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important;padding:0!important}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output table.multicol{border:0;border-collapse:collapse;background-color:transparent;padding:0}.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tr>td,.mw-parser-output table.multicol>tbody>tr>td{vertical-align:top} Khái-su̍t Yá-têu mióng-ya̍p he Hak-kâ-ngî ke Wikipedia. Yi fôn-ngiàng kông-lìm lòi khiung-ha siá Hak-Ngî. Yû mun-thì hàn-he kien-ngi? Lòi-hi Hak-ngî Sṳ-tién , Hak-kâ-fa Fat-yîm Sṳ-tién , Thòi-vân Hak-ngî Chhṳ̀-lùi Chṳ̂-liau-khù lâu Thòi-vân Kau-yuk-pu Hak-kâ-ngî Sòng-yung-chhṳ̀ Chhṳ̀-tién chhâm-kháu! Na-he ngì m̀-hiáu-tet wiki ngî-fap, kien-ngi siên hi sâ-phàn kâi-vi yù-liau yit-hâ. 係唔會讀寫客語白話字 請看者片！ Mò Pha̍k-fa-sṳ ke sû-ngi̍p-fap? Mò-kôan-he, cho-tet hi FHL Hakka IME miên-fi hâ-chai ! Na-yû yi-kien chhiáng email: fhl_ime@googlegroups.com . Sṳ-mû Chhìm-cháu A B C CH CHH D E F G H I J K KH L M N NG O P PH Q R S T TH TS TSH U Ṳ V W X Y Z Yù-mî Thù-phién Sîn Thiên-ngò-sa̍k Sàng-páu he yit-chho Tet-koet Pâ-phat-li-â sî-nàm-fông ke Sàng páu, khî-lì Füssen-chṳ́n yok 4 kûng-lî, chhai Tet-koet lâu O-thi-li piên-kie. Khì-thâ hó thù – von yit chông Fûn-lui Sa-fi Chṳn-chṳ - Kiûn-sṳ - Kau-yuk - Kîn-chi - Fap-li̍t - Ngìn-vu̍t - Li̍t-sṳ́ - Thí-yuk - Tî-sṳt - Khô-ho̍k Thi-chṳt-ho̍k - Thi-lî-ho̍k - Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k - Fa-ho̍k - Hì-siong-ho̍k - Sâng-lî-ho̍k - Sâng-thai-ho̍k - Kî-su̍t - - Yî-ho̍k - Su-ho̍k - Thiên-vùn-ho̍k - Vu̍t-lí-ho̍k - Vùn-fa Chûng-kau - Chet-ho̍k - Mìn-siu̍k - Yîm-ngo̍k - Yím-sṳ̍t - Ngi-su̍t - Ngî-ngièn - Vùn-ho̍k - Sṳ-kie Â-chû - Pet-mî-chû - Thai-yòng-chû - Êu-chû - Fî-chû - Nàm-mî-chû - Chûng-koet - Thòi-vân - Hak-kâ Hak-kâ Vùn-fa - Hak-kâ chhoi - Hak-kâ-ngìn - Hak-kâ-ngî - 分類 社會 政治 - 軍事 - 教育 - 經濟 - 法律 - 人物 - 歷史 - 體育 - 知識 - 科學 地質學 - 地理學 - 生物學 - 化學 - 氣象學 - 生理學 - 生態學 - 技術 - - 醫學 - 數學 - 天文學 - 物理學 - 文化 宗教 - 哲學 - 美術 - 音樂 - 飲食 - 藝術 - 語言 - 文學 - 世界 亞洲 - 北美洲 - 大洋洲 - 歐洲 - 非洲 - 南美洲 - 中國 - 臺灣 - 客家 客家文化 - 客家菜 - 客家人 - 客家語 - ‹ › Khì-thâ Ngî-ngièn ke Wikipedia English ( Yîn-ngî ) - Français ( Fap-ngî ) - Русский ( Ngò-ngî ) - Español ( Sî-pân-ngà-ngî ) - 中文 ( Chûng-vùn ) - Bân-lâm-gú ( Mên-nàm-ngî ) - Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ ( Mên-tûng-ngî ) - 贛語 ( Kam-ngî ) - 吴语 ( Ng̀-ngî ) - 文言 ( Vùn-ngièn ) - 粵語 ( Ye̍t-ngî ) - 日本語 ( Ngit-pún-ngî ) - 한국어 ( Hòn-koet-ngî ) - Tiếng Việt ( Ye̍t-nàm-ngî ) - Vahcuengh ( Tsong-ngî ) - Монгол хэл ( Mùng-kú-ngî ) - العربية ( Â-lâ-pak-ngî ) - Bahasa Melayu ( Mâ-lòi-ngî ) - Bahasa Indonesia ( Yin-nì-ngî ) - ภาษาไทย ( Thai-ngî ) ... Chhâm-siòng Khì-thâ Ngî-ngièn ke Wikipedia pán-pún. Chí-moi Kie-va̍k Wikimedia Commons chhṳ-yù ke mòi-thí chṳ̂-liau-khu Wiktionary chhṳ-yù ke chhṳ̀-tién Meta-Wiki hia̍p-thiàu só-yû wiki kie-va̍k Wikispecies chhṳ-yù ke vu̍t-chúng chṳ̂-liau-khu. Wikisource chhṳ-yù ke thù-sû-kón MediaWiki chhṳ-yù ke ngiôn-thí khôi-fat 其他語言嘅維基百科 English ( 英語 ) - Français ( 法語 ) - Русский ( 俄語 ) - Español ( 西班牙語 ) - 中文 ( 國語/華語/普通話 ) - Bân-lâm-gú ( 閩南語 ) - Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ ( 閩東語 ) - 贛語 ( 贛語 ) - 吴语 ( 吳語 ) - 文言 ( 文言/古文 ) - 粵語 ( 粵語 ) - 日本語 ( 日本語 ) - 한국어 ( 韓國語 ) - Tiếng Việt ( 越南語 ) - Vahcuengh ( 壯語 ) - Монгол хэл ( 蒙古語 ) - العربية ( 阿拉伯語 ) - Bahasa Melayu ( 馬來語 ) - Bahasa Indonesia ( 印尼語 ) - ภาษาไทย ( 泰語 ) ... 參詳 其他語言 嘅維基百科版本。 維基姊妹計劃 維基共用 自由嘅媒體資料庫 維基詞典 自由嘅詞典 元維基 協調所有維基計劃 維基物種 自由嘅物種資料庫 維基圖書館 自由嘅圖書館 Mediawiki 自由嘅軟體開發 參詳 其他姊妹計劃 。 ‹ › Chhâm-siòng Khì-thâ Chí-moi Kie-va̍k . You don't speak Hakka ? View this Hakka Phrasebook . Otherwise, please proceed here for general enquiries or visit our Embassy . Hak-kâ-ngî Wikipedia Chhè-kâ me cho-tet Phiên-siá liá-chak ngî-ngièn ke chhṳ-yù Pak-khô-chhiòn-sû . Hak-kâ-ngî ke pán-pún kîm-ha ki-kîn yû 10,388 -phiên vùn-chông e. 齊家乜做得 編寫 邇隻語言嘅自由 百科全書 。 客家語 嘅 版本 今下既經有 10,388 篇文章吔。 Khô-ho̍k Kî-su̍t Thi-lî Ngìn-vu̍t Li̍t-sṳ́ Sa-fi Sâng-vu̍t Chûng-kau Chet-ho̍k Kîn-chi Vùn-fa Thí-yuk Khô-ho̍k Kî-su̍t Thi-lî Khô-ho̍k Kî-su̍t Thi-lî Ngìn-vu̍t Li̍t-sṳ́ Sa-fi Ngìn-vu̍t Li̍t-sṳ́ Sa-fi Sâng-vu̍t Chûng-kau Chet-ho̍k Sâng-vu̍t Chûng-kau Chet-ho̍k Kîn-chi Vùn-fa Thí-yuk Kîn-chi Vùn-fa Thí-yuk Sṳ̍t-yung ke chhòng ya̍p-mien Sîn-pet-sṳ he Thòi-vân pet-phu ke yit-ke sṳ, chhai Thòi-vân tó-song chui pet-tôn, he ngìn-khiéu chui-tô ke hàng-chṳn-khî, fàn-tîn Thòi-pet-sṳ , tûng-pet lìn-sa he Kî-lùng-sṳ , tûng-nàm chiap-sông Ngì-làn-yen , sî-nàm lìn Thò-yèn-yen . Muk-chhièn ngìn-su chhêu-ko 350-van. Pún-sṳ fàn-lau Thòi-pet-sṳ si-chû khi̍p Kî-lùng-sṳ sâm-mien, sâm-chá khiung-thùng hìn-sàng Thòi-pet tû-fi khî , su̍k-yî khiung-thùng sên-fa̍t khiên-é, pin yáng-hióng to lìm-khiun ke Thò-yèn-yen khi̍p Ngì-làn-yen . Pún-yen su̍k-yî ngie̍t-tai kui-fûng hi-heu khî, chhiòn-ngièn yí-liòng tô yì phìn-kiûn, ngie̍t phìn-kiûn chui-tâi vûn he yit-ngie̍t fun ke ngiap-sṳ 12.4 thu, ngie̍t phìn-kiûn chui-kô vûn he chhit-ngie̍t fun ke ngiap-sṳ 33.6 thu. Sîn-pet-sṳ he Thòi-vân pet-phu ke yit-ke sṳ, chhai Thòi-vân tó-song chui pet-tôn, he ngìn-khiéu chui-tô ke hàng-chṳn-khî, fàn-tîn Thòi-pet-sṳ , tûng-pet lìn-sa he Kî-lùng-sṳ , tûng-nàm chiap-sông Ngì-làn-yen , sî-nàm lìn Thò-yèn-yen . Muk-chhièn ngìn-su chhêu-ko 350-van. Pún-sṳ fàn-lau Thòi-pet-sṳ si-chû khi̍p Kî-lùng-sṳ sâm-mien, sâm-chá khiung-thùng hìn-sàng Thòi-pet tû-fi khî , su̍k-yî khiung-thùng sên-fa̍t khiên-é, pin yáng-hióng to lìm-khiun ke Thò-yèn-yen khi̍p Ngì-làn-yen . Pún-yen su̍k-yî ngie̍t-tai kui-fûng hi-heu khî, chhiòn-ngièn yí-liòng tô yì phìn-kiûn, ngie̍t phìn-kiûn chui-tâi vûn he yit-ngie̍t fun ke ngiap-sṳ 12.4 thu, ngie̍t phìn-kiûn chui-kô vûn he chhit-ngie̍t fun ke ngiap-sṳ 33.6 thu. 爾做得將滑鼠移動到文字个面頂來顯示其个對應漢字內容。 實用个長頁面 貓熊 一般分安到 熊貓 、 大熊貓 或者 大貓熊 ，係一種 野生 嘅 哺乳動物 。其撈 熊 同 貓仔 一樣都係 食肉目 嘅。雖然講科學家當多將其分至 熊科 下背去，猶有人試著其毋係熊嘅一種。貓熊嘅身體肥固固， 頭 圓滾滾仔， 尾 當短，身體面頂烏撈白兩種顏色分當清楚，身體同尾係白色， 耳 、 目睭 、 手 腳 撈 肩頭 都係烏色嘅， 肚底 有嘅係 棕色 ，有嘅係烏色。貓熊嘅身體一般有120至180 公分 該樣長，尾差毋多有10至20公分恁長，膴身大體有60至150 公斤 恁重。一般來講 雄性 嘅比 雌性 嘅大頭一滴仔。貓熊原旦係生活在暗摸摸仔嘅 竹 林裏肚，故所目睭毋好使，毋過其在暗晡嘅時節一樣遽板。 貓熊 一般分安到 熊貓 、 大熊貓 或者 大貓熊 ，係一種 野生 嘅 哺乳動物 。其撈 熊 同 貓仔 一樣都係 食肉目 嘅。雖然講科學家當多將其分至 熊科 下背去，猶有人試著其毋係熊嘅一種。貓熊嘅身體肥固固， 頭 圓滾滾仔， 尾 當短，身體面頂烏撈白兩種顏色分當清楚，身體同尾係白色， 耳 、 目睭 、 手 腳 撈 肩頭 都係烏色嘅， 肚底 有嘅係 棕色 ，有嘅係烏色。貓熊嘅身體一般有120至180 公分 該樣長，尾差毋多有10至20公分恁長，膴身大體有60至150 公斤 恁重。一般來講 雄性 嘅比 雌性 嘅大頭一滴仔。貓熊原旦係生活在暗摸摸仔嘅 竹 林裏肚，故所目睭毋好使，毋過其在暗晡嘅時節一樣遽板。 ‹ › Khái-su̍t Yá-têu mióng-ya̍p he Hak-kâ-ngî ke Wikipedia. Yi fôn-ngiàng kông-lìm lòi khiung-ha siá Hak-Ngî. Yû mun-thì hàn-he kien-ngi? Lòi-hi Hak-ngî Sṳ-tién , Hak-kâ-fa Fat-yîm Sṳ-tién , Thòi-vân Hak-ngî Chhṳ̀-lùi Chṳ̂-liau-khù lâu Thòi-vân Kau-yuk-pu Hak-kâ-ngî Sòng-yung-chhṳ̀ Chhṳ̀-tién chhâm-kháu! Na-he ngì m̀-hiáu-tet wiki ngî-fap, kien-ngi siên hi sâ-phàn kâi-vi yù-liau yit-hâ. 係唔會讀寫客語白話字 請看者片！ Mò Pha̍k-fa-sṳ ke sû-ngi̍p-fap? Mò-kôan-he, cho-tet hi FHL Hakka IME miên-fi hâ-chai ! Na-yû yi-kien chhiáng email: fhl_ime@googlegroups.com . Sṳ-mû Chhìm-cháu A B C CH CHH D E F G H I J K KH L M N NG O P PH Q R S T TH TS TSH U Ṳ V W X Y Z Khái-su̍t Yá-têu mióng-ya̍p he Hak-kâ-ngî ke Wikipedia. Yi fôn-ngiàng kông-lìm lòi khiung-ha siá Hak-Ngî. Yû mun-thì hàn-he kien-ngi? Lòi-hi Hak-ngî Sṳ-tién , Hak-kâ-fa Fat-yîm Sṳ-tién , Thòi-vân Hak-ngî Chhṳ̀-lùi Chṳ̂-liau-khù lâu Thòi-vân Kau-yuk-pu Hak-kâ-ngî Sòng-yung-chhṳ̀ Chhṳ̀-tién chhâm-kháu! Na-he ngì m̀-hiáu-tet wiki ngî-fap, kien-ngi siên hi sâ-phàn kâi-vi yù-liau yit-hâ. 係唔會讀寫客語白話字 請看者片！ Mò Pha̍k-fa-sṳ ke sû-ngi̍p-fap? Mò-kôan-he, cho-tet hi FHL Hakka IME miên-fi hâ-chai ! Na-yû yi-kien chhiáng email: fhl_ime@googlegroups.com . Sṳ-mû Chhìm-cháu A B C CH CHH D E F G H I J K KH L M N NG O P PH Q R S T TH TS TSH U Ṳ V W X Y Z Yá-têu mióng-ya̍p he Hak-kâ-ngî ke Wikipedia. Yi fôn-ngiàng kông-lìm lòi khiung-ha siá Hak-Ngî. Yû mun-thì hàn-he kien-ngi? Lòi-hi Hak-ngî Sṳ-tién , Hak-kâ-fa Fat-yîm Sṳ-tién , Thòi-vân Hak-ngî Chhṳ̀-lùi Chṳ̂-liau-khù lâu Thòi-vân Kau-yuk-pu Hak-kâ-ngî Sòng-yung-chhṳ̀ Chhṳ̀-tién chhâm-kháu! Na-he ngì m̀-hiáu-tet wiki ngî-fap, kien-ngi siên hi sâ-phàn kâi-vi yù-liau yit-hâ. 係唔會讀寫客語白話字 請看者片！ Mò Pha̍k-fa-sṳ ke sû-ngi̍p-fap? Mò-kôan-he, cho-tet hi FHL Hakka IME miên-fi hâ-chai ! Na-yû yi-kien chhiáng email: fhl_ime@googlegroups.com . Sṳ-mû Chhìm-cháu A B C CH CHH D E F G H I J K KH L M N NG O P PH Q R S T TH TS TSH U Ṳ V W X Y Z Sṳ-mû Chhìm-cháu A B C CH CHH D E F G H I J K KH L M N NG O P PH Q R S T TH TS TSH U Ṳ V W X Y Z Sṳ-mû Chhìm-cháu A B C CH CHH D E F G H I J K KH L M N NG O P PH Q R S T TH TS TSH U Ṳ V W X Y Z Yù-mî Thù-phién Sîn Thiên-ngò-sa̍k Sàng-páu he yit-chho Tet-koet Pâ-phat-li-â sî-nàm-fông ke Sàng páu, khî-lì Füssen-chṳ́n yok 4 kûng-lî, chhai Tet-koet lâu O-thi-li piên-kie. Khì-thâ hó thù – von yit chông Yù-mî Thù-phién Sîn Thiên-ngò-sa̍k Sàng-páu he yit-chho Tet-koet Pâ-phat-li-â sî-nàm-fông ke Sàng páu, khî-lì Füssen-chṳ́n yok 4 kûng-lî, chhai Tet-koet lâu O-thi-li piên-kie. Khì-thâ hó thù – von yit chông Khì-thâ hó thù – von yit chông Fûn-lui Sa-fi Chṳn-chṳ - Kiûn-sṳ - Kau-yuk - Kîn-chi - Fap-li̍t - Ngìn-vu̍t - Li̍t-sṳ́ - Thí-yuk - Tî-sṳt - Khô-ho̍k Thi-chṳt-ho̍k - Thi-lî-ho̍k - Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k - Fa-ho̍k - Hì-siong-ho̍k - Sâng-lî-ho̍k - Sâng-thai-ho̍k - Kî-su̍t - - Yî-ho̍k - Su-ho̍k - Thiên-vùn-ho̍k - Vu̍t-lí-ho̍k - Vùn-fa Chûng-kau - Chet-ho̍k - Mìn-siu̍k - Yîm-ngo̍k - Yím-sṳ̍t - Ngi-su̍t - Ngî-ngièn - Vùn-ho̍k - Sṳ-kie Â-chû - Pet-mî-chû - Thai-yòng-chû - Êu-chû - Fî-chû - Nàm-mî-chû - Chûng-koet - Thòi-vân - Hak-kâ Hak-kâ Vùn-fa - Hak-kâ chhoi - Hak-kâ-ngìn - Hak-kâ-ngî - Sa-fi Chṳn-chṳ - Kiûn-sṳ - Kau-yuk - Kîn-chi - Fap-li̍t - Ngìn-vu̍t - Li̍t-sṳ́ - Thí-yuk - Tî-sṳt - Khô-ho̍k Thi-chṳt-ho̍k - Thi-lî-ho̍k - Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k - Fa-ho̍k - Hì-siong-ho̍k - Sâng-lî-ho̍k - Sâng-thai-ho̍k - Kî-su̍t - - Yî-ho̍k - Su-ho̍k - Thiên-vùn-ho̍k - Vu̍t-lí-ho̍k - Vùn-fa Chûng-kau - Chet-ho̍k - Mìn-siu̍k - Yîm-ngo̍k - Yím-sṳ̍t - Ngi-su̍t - Ngî-ngièn - Vùn-ho̍k - Sṳ-kie Â-chû - Pet-mî-chû - Thai-yòng-chû - Êu-chû - Fî-chû - Nàm-mî-chû - Chûng-koet - Thòi-vân - Hak-kâ Hak-kâ Vùn-fa - Hak-kâ chhoi - Hak-kâ-ngìn - Hak-kâ-ngî - Sa-fi Chṳn-chṳ - Kiûn-sṳ - Kau-yuk - Kîn-chi - Fap-li̍t - Ngìn-vu̍t - Li̍t-sṳ́ - Thí-yuk - Tî-sṳt - Chṳn-chṳ - Kiûn-sṳ - Kau-yuk - Kîn-chi - Fap-li̍t - Ngìn-vu̍t - Li̍t-sṳ́ - Thí-yuk - Tî-sṳt - Khô-ho̍k Thi-chṳt-ho̍k - Thi-lî-ho̍k - Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k - Fa-ho̍k - Hì-siong-ho̍k - Sâng-lî-ho̍k - Sâng-thai-ho̍k - Kî-su̍t - - Yî-ho̍k - Su-ho̍k - Thiên-vùn-ho̍k - Vu̍t-lí-ho̍k - Thi-chṳt-ho̍k - Thi-lî-ho̍k - Sâng-vu̍t-ho̍k - Fa-ho̍k - Hì-siong-ho̍k - Sâng-lî-ho̍k - Sâng-thai-ho̍k - Kî-su̍t - - Yî-ho̍k - Su-ho̍k - Thiên-vùn-ho̍k - Vu̍t-lí-ho̍k - Vùn-fa Chûng-kau - Chet-ho̍k - Mìn-siu̍k - Yîm-ngo̍k - Yím-sṳ̍t - Ngi-su̍t - Ngî-ngièn - Vùn-ho̍k - Chûng-kau - Chet-ho̍k - Mìn-siu̍k - Yîm-ngo̍k - Yím-sṳ̍t - Ngi-su̍t - Ngî-ngièn - Vùn-ho̍k - Sṳ-kie Â-chû - Pet-mî-chû - Thai-yòng-chû - Êu-chû - Fî-chû - Nàm-mî-chû - Chûng-koet - Thòi-vân - Â-chû - Pet-mî-chû - Thai-yòng-chû - Êu-chû - Fî-chû - Nàm-mî-chû - Chûng-koet - Thòi-vân - Hak-kâ Hak-kâ Vùn-fa - Hak-kâ chhoi - Hak-kâ-ngìn - Hak-kâ-ngî - Hak-kâ Vùn-fa - Hak-kâ chhoi - Hak-kâ-ngìn - Hak-kâ-ngî - 分類 社會 政治 - 軍事 - 教育 - 經濟 - 法律 - 人物 - 歷史 - 體育 - 知識 - 科學 地質學 - 地理學 - 生物學 - 化學 - 氣象學 - 生理學 - 生態學 - 技術 - - 醫學 - 數學 - 天文學 - 物理學 - 文化 宗教 - 哲學 - 美術 - 音樂 - 飲食 - 藝術 - 語言 - 文學 - 世界 亞洲 - 北美洲 - 大洋洲 - 歐洲 - 非洲 - 南美洲 - 中國 - 臺灣 - 客家 客家文化 - 客家菜 - 客家人 - 客家語 - 社會 政治 - 軍事 - 教育 - 經濟 - 法律 - 人物 - 歷史 - 體育 - 知識 - 科學 地質學 - 地理學 - 生物學 - 化學 - 氣象學 - 生理學 - 生態學 - 技術 - - 醫學 - 數學 - 天文學 - 物理學 - 文化 宗教 - 哲學 - 美術 - 音樂 - 飲食 - 藝術 - 語言 - 文學 - 世界 亞洲 - 北美洲 - 大洋洲 - 歐洲 - 非洲 - 南美洲 - 中國 - 臺灣 - 客家 客家文化 - 客家菜 - 客家人 - 客家語 - 社會 政治 - 軍事 - 教育 - 經濟 - 法律 - 人物 - 歷史 - 體育 - 知識 - 政治 - 軍事 - 教育 - 經濟 - 法律 - 人物 - 歷史 - 體育 - 知識 - 科學 地質學 - 地理學 - 生物學 - 化學 - 氣象學 - 生理學 - 生態學 - 技術 - - 醫學 - 數學 - 天文學 - 物理學 - 地質學 - 地理學 - 生物學 - 化學 - 氣象學 - 生理學 - 生態學 - 技術 - - 醫學 - 數學 - 天文學 - 物理學 - 文化 宗教 - 哲學 - 美術 - 音樂 - 飲食 - 藝術 - 語言 - 文學 - 宗教 - 哲學 - 美術 - 音樂 - 飲食 - 藝術 - 語言 - 文學 - 世界 亞洲 - 北美洲 - 大洋洲 - 歐洲 - 非洲 - 南美洲 - 中國 - 臺灣 - 亞洲 - 北美洲 - 大洋洲 - 歐洲 - 非洲 - 南美洲 - 中國 - 臺灣 - 客家 客家文化 - 客家菜 - 客家人 - 客家語 - 客家文化 - 客家菜 - 客家人 - 客家語 - ‹ › Khì-thâ Ngî-ngièn ke Wikipedia English ( Yîn-ngî ) - Français ( Fap-ngî ) - Русский ( Ngò-ngî ) - Español ( Sî-pân-ngà-ngî ) - 中文 ( Chûng-vùn ) - Bân-lâm-gú ( Mên-nàm-ngî ) - Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ ( Mên-tûng-ngî ) - 贛語 ( Kam-ngî ) - 吴语 ( Ng̀-ngî ) - 文言 ( Vùn-ngièn ) - 粵語 ( Ye̍t-ngî ) - 日本語 ( Ngit-pún-ngî ) - 한국어 ( Hòn-koet-ngî ) - Tiếng Việt ( Ye̍t-nàm-ngî ) - Vahcuengh ( Tsong-ngî ) - Монгол хэл ( Mùng-kú-ngî ) - العربية ( Â-lâ-pak-ngî ) - Bahasa Melayu ( Mâ-lòi-ngî ) - Bahasa Indonesia ( Yin-nì-ngî ) - ภาษาไทย ( Thai-ngî ) ... 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Bloomsbury US 3 Bloomsbury India 4 Acquisitions and imprints 5 References 6 External links Bloomsbury Publishing العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Status Active Traded as LSE : BMY Founded 26 September 1986 ; 39 years ago ( 1986-09-26 ) Country of origin United Kingdom Headquarters location London , England Distribution Macmillan Publishers Services (UK) United Book Distributors (Australia) Hachette Book Group (US) Key people .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sir Richard Lambert ( Non-executive Chairman ) [ 1 ] Nigel Newton ( Chief Executive ) Sir Richard Lambert ( Non-executive Chairman ) [ 1 ] Nigel Newton ( Chief Executive ) Publication types Books , digital content products, and online resources such as databases Imprints Bloomsbury Academic Bloomsbury Methuen Drama ( New York City ) .mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo .logo-nobg img{background-color:inherit;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline} Company Bloomsbury Academic Bloomsbury Methuen Drama ( New York City ) ISIN GB0033147751 Founder Nigel Newton Headquarters United Kingdom Revenue £342.7 million (2024) [ 2 ] Operating income £40.6 million (2024) [ 2 ] Net income £32.3 million (2024) [ 2 ] Official website www .bloomsbury .com Bloomsbury Publishing plc is a British worldwide publishing house of fiction and non-fiction. Bloomsbury's head office is located on Bedford Square [ 3 ] in Bloomsbury , an area of the London Borough of Camden . It has a US publishing office located in New York City , an India publishing office in New Delhi , an Australian sales office in Sydney CBD , and other publishing offices in the UK, including in Oxford . It is listed on the London Stock Exchange . History The company was founded in 1986 by Nigel Newton , who had previously been employed by other publishing companies. It was floated as a public registered company in 1994, raising £5.5 million, which was used to fund expansion of the company into paperback and children's books. For much of its existence, Bloomsbury was a minor player in the British publishing scene. In 1997, Bloomsbury took a chance on publishing the Harry Potter series after it had been rejected by multiple publishers. That decision catapulted the company’s fortunes, as Harry Potter would go on to become the best-selling book series in history. A rights issue of shares in 1998 further raised £6.1 million, which was used to expand the company, in particular to found a U.S. branch. In 1998, Bloomsbury USA was established. Bloomsbury USA Books for Young Readers was established in 2002, and in 2005, Bloomsbury acquired Walker & Co, a small company dedicated to publishing nonfiction. [ 4 ] The Walker brand was discontinued in 2015 and sold to Walker Publishing Company. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Bloomsbury US Bloomsbury US was established in 1998 in New York, New York, as a general interest publisher of both adult and children's books. It is known for its high-quality fiction and non-fiction as well as its extensive academic publishing branch. [ 7 ] Its notable titles have include Anthony Bourdain's global bestseller Kitchen Confidential , Jesmyn Ward's National Book Award winner Salvage the Bones , the works of 2021 Nobel Prize in Literature winner Abdulrazak Gurnah , Susanna Clark's Women's Prize for Fiction winner Piranesi , Renée Watson’s Newbery Honor Book Piecing Me Together , Martin W. Sandler's National Book Award winner 1919 , and titles by renowned authors Paul Beatty, Roz Chast, Edmund White, Elif Shafak, Carol Anderson, Mark Kurlansky, Miriam Toews, Samantha Shannon, and Deborah Levy. [ 7 ] In 2021, Bloomsbury US acquired ABC-CLIO LLC, the established academic publisher of both print and digital materials, for $22.9 million. [ 8 ] In 2024, Bloomsbury US finalized the asset purchase of Rowman & Littlefield, an independent academic publisher, for $83 million. [ 9 ] The sale included rights to the publisher's academic imprints and associated titles, doubling the size of Bloomsbury US's Academic & Professional divisions. [ 9 ] Bloomsbury India In December 2008, Bloomsbury opened a branch in Doha, Qatar in a joint-partnership with Qatar Foundation . [ 10 ] The partnership created a publishing house, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing ; it worked mainly with English and Arabic literature. [ 11 ] Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals (BQFJ), an open access and peer reviewed academic publisher, was created in December 2010 as a joint venture with Qatar Foundation. Journal research articles were published through BQFJ's website QScience.com . [ 12 ] The company's partnership with Qatar Foundation ended in December 2015 and all of Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing works were incorporated in Qatari-owned HBKU Press. At the time of BQFP's dissolution it had published over 200 books. BQFJ's works were also incorporated in HBKU Press. [ 13 ] In 2012, Bloomsbury established a publishing office in India . [ 14 ] In 2018, an article disclosed that much of the profit in the children's division was due to the Harry Potter series by J. K. Rowling . [ 15 ] In May 2023, an article in The Verge reported that the cover of the UK edition of House of Earth and Blood , published by Bloomsbury, uses an AI-generated image. [ 16 ] Acquisitions and imprints Among the companies, book lists and imprints that Bloomsbury has acquired are: [ 17 ] Bloomsbury Academic (1986) A & C Black (2000) Whitaker's Almanack (2002) T & AD Poyser (2002) Thomas Reed Publications (2002) Peter Collin Publishing (2002) Andrew Brodie Publications (2003) Adlard Coles Nautical (2003) Walker Publishing Company (2004) Methuen Drama (2006) Berg Publishers (2008) John Wisden & Co (2008) Arden Shakespeare (2008) Tottel Publishing (2009) Bristol Classical Press (2010) Continuum International Publishing Group (2011) Absolute Press (2011) [ 18 ] Fairchild Books (2012) Applied Visual Arts Publishing (2012) Hart Publishing (2013) Osprey Publishing (2014) I.B. Tauris (2018) Oberon Books (2019) Zed Books (2020) Red Globe Press (2021) Head of Zeus (2021) [ 19 ] ABC-CLIO (2021) [ 20 ] Libraries Unlimited (2022) [ 21 ] Rowman & Littlefield (2024) [ 22 ] Lexington Books (2024) [ 22 ] Applause Books (2024) [ 22 ] Backbeat Books (2024) [ 22 ] London portal Companies portal Books portal Children's literature portal References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Bloomsbury Publishing Board Appointment" . London Stock Exchange . 16 June 2017 . Retrieved 3 July 2018 . ^ a b c "Annual Report 2024" . Bloomsbury Publishing . Retrieved 9 February 2025 . ^ "Bloomsbury Offices" . Prestige Offices | Luxury Office Space in London . Retrieved 12 November 2024 . ^ "About Us" . Bloomsbury Publishing . Archived from the original on 31 January 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2016 . ^ Milliot, Jim (17 March 2014). "Bloomsbury Consolidates Children's Imprints; Easton Leaving" . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2 November 2019 . ^ Rosen, Judith (10 August 2017). "Candlewick to Publish Walker Books in U.S." PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 2 November 2019 . ^ a b "About Bloomsbury Publishing" . Bloomsbury. ^ Milliot, Jim. "Bloomsbury Buys ABC-CLIO for $22.9Million" . Publishers Weekly . ^ a b "Bloomsbury acquires Rowman & Littlefield Academic business and assets" . Bloomsbury . ^ Harding, Sue-Ann (2014). " 'But we don't read, Professor!' Translation, Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Publishing, and building a 'vibrant literary culture' ". Perspectives: Studies in Translatology . 22 (4): Abstract. doi : 10.1080/0907676X.2014.948891 . S2CID 60553880 . ^ Flood, Alison; Ian Black (15 October 2008). "Publishers seek new talent in Arab world" . The Guardian . London . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . ^ "<<Muasasat Qatara>> tutliq alminbar al'iilikturunia QScience.com linashr aldawriaat" «مؤسسة قطر» تطلق المنبر الإلكتروني QScience.com لنشر الدوريات ["Qatar Foundation" launches the electronic platform QScience.com to publish periodicals]. "Sahifat Alwasat Albahrayniat - Mamlakat Albahrayn" صحيفة الوسط البحرينية - مملكة البحرين [Bahrain Al Wasat Newspaper - Kingdom of Bahrain] (in Arabic). No. 3032. 25 December 2010 [corresponding to 19 Muharram 1432 AH]. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016 . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . ^ Eyre, Charlotte (22 December 2015). "Qatar's QF and Bloomsbury end partnership" . The Bookseller . Retrieved 18 February 2016 . ^ "Regulatory announcement" . Archived from the original on 24 July 2018 . Retrieved 24 July 2018 . ^ "JK Rowling's Harry Potter fuels Bloomsbury profit rise" . 23 October 2018 . Retrieved 5 February 2024 . ^ Weatherbed, Jess (15 May 2023). "Not even NYT bestsellers are safe from AI cover art" . The Verge . ^ "Corporate history – Corporate and Investor Relations – Bloomsbury.com" . Archived from the original on 22 July 2013 . Retrieved 19 January 2015 . ^ Neill, Graeme (1 September 2011). "Bloomsbury cooks up deal with Absolute Press" . The Bookseller . Retrieved 7 July 2018 . ^ Chandler, Mark; Wood, Heloise (2 June 2021). "Bloomsbury buys Head of Zeus in £8.5m deal" . The Bookseller . Retrieved 10 November 2021 . ^ Milliot, Jim (16 December 2021). "Bloomsbury Buys ABC-CLIO for $22.9Million" . Publishers Weekly . ^ "Bloomsbury Libraries Unlimited" . Bloomsbury . Retrieved 30 September 2025 . ^ a b c d Milliot, Jim. "Bloomsbury Buys Rowman & Littlefield Academic Division for $83 Million" . PublishersWeekly.com . Retrieved 29 May 2024 . External links Official website Corporate and Investor Relations Bloomsbury Online Library on Exact Editions (via Wayback Machine ) (in French) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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Sunday Telegraph The Sunday Times Compact The i Paper The Times The Guardian The Observer The i Paper The Times The Guardian The Observer Middle-market Daily Express Daily Mail The Mail on Sunday Daily Express Daily Mail The Mail on Sunday Tabloid Daily Mirror Sunday Mirror Morning Star The Sunday People Daily Star Daily Star Sunday The Sun Sunday Sport Weekend Sport Midweek Sport Daily Mirror Sunday Mirror Morning Star The Sunday People Daily Star Daily Star Sunday The Sun Sunday Sport Weekend Sport Midweek Sport Online 5Pillars The Independent 5Pillars The Independent Magazines and other periodicals List of magazines in the United Kingdom List of magazines by circulation List of magazines in the United Kingdom List of magazines by circulation Radio in the UK National stations BBC BBC Radio 1 BBC Radio 1Xtra BBC Radio 2 BBC Radio 3 BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 Extra BBC Radio 5 Live BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra BBC Radio 6 Music BBC Asian Network BBC World Service BBC National DAB (multiplex) 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National stations BBC BBC Radio 1 BBC Radio 1Xtra BBC Radio 2 BBC Radio 3 BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 Extra BBC Radio 5 Live BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra BBC Radio 6 Music BBC Asian Network BBC World Service BBC National DAB (multiplex) Independent / commercial Absolute Radio Network BFBS Radio Capital Capital Xtra Classic FM Digital One (multiplex) Gold Greatest Hits Radio Heart Hits Radio Jazz FM Kiss Network LBC LBC News Magic Magic Classical Premier Christian Radio RNIB Connect Radio Sound Digital (multiplex) Smooth Radio talkSPORT TalkRadio Times Radio UCB UK Virgin Radio UK Radio X Regional and local stations BBC List of BBC Local Radio stations BBC Radio Scotland BBC Radio nan Gàidheal BBC Radio Ulster BBC Radio Foyle BBC Radio Wales BBC Radio Cymru Cymru 2 Independent / commercial List of community radio stations List of local commercial radio stations List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations Other stations List of hospital radio stations Pirate radio Restricted Service Licence (RSL) List of RSL stations List of student radio stations Other Broadcasting House FM broadcasting Radio Academy Radio Academy Awards Radio Independents Group RAJAR Most listened to programmes National stations BBC BBC Radio 1 BBC Radio 1Xtra BBC Radio 2 BBC Radio 3 BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 Extra BBC Radio 5 Live BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra BBC Radio 6 Music BBC Asian Network BBC World Service BBC National DAB (multiplex) Independent / commercial Absolute Radio Network BFBS Radio Capital Capital Xtra Classic FM Digital One (multiplex) Gold Greatest Hits Radio Heart Hits Radio Jazz FM Kiss Network LBC LBC News Magic Magic Classical Premier Christian Radio RNIB Connect Radio Sound Digital (multiplex) Smooth Radio talkSPORT TalkRadio Times Radio UCB UK Virgin Radio UK Radio X BBC BBC Radio 1 BBC Radio 1Xtra BBC Radio 2 BBC Radio 3 BBC Radio 4 BBC Radio 4 Extra BBC Radio 5 Live BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra BBC Radio 6 Music BBC Asian Network BBC World Service BBC National DAB (multiplex) Independent / commercial Absolute Radio Network BFBS Radio Capital Capital Xtra Classic FM Digital One (multiplex) Gold Greatest Hits Radio Heart Hits Radio Jazz FM Kiss Network LBC LBC News Magic Magic Classical Premier Christian Radio RNIB Connect Radio Sound Digital (multiplex) Smooth Radio talkSPORT TalkRadio Times Radio UCB UK Virgin Radio UK Radio X Regional and local stations BBC List of BBC Local Radio stations BBC Radio Scotland BBC Radio nan Gàidheal BBC Radio Ulster BBC Radio Foyle BBC Radio Wales BBC Radio Cymru Cymru 2 Independent / commercial List of community radio stations List of local commercial radio stations List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations BBC List of BBC Local Radio stations BBC Radio Scotland BBC Radio nan Gàidheal BBC Radio Ulster BBC Radio Foyle BBC Radio Wales BBC Radio Cymru Cymru 2 Independent / commercial List of community radio stations List of local commercial radio stations List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations List of community radio stations List of local commercial radio stations List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations Other stations List of hospital radio stations Pirate radio Restricted Service Licence (RSL) List of RSL stations List of student radio stations List of hospital radio stations Pirate radio Restricted Service Licence (RSL) List of RSL stations List of RSL stations List of student radio stations Other Broadcasting House FM broadcasting Radio Academy Radio Academy Awards Radio Independents Group RAJAR Most listened to programmes Broadcasting House FM broadcasting Radio Academy Radio Academy Awards Radio Academy Awards Radio Independents Group RAJAR Most listened to programmes Television in the UK Principal channels ( list ) BBC / UKTV BBC One BBC Two BBC Three BBC Four BBC News BBC Parliament BBC Alba BBC Scotland CBBC CBeebies U&Alibi U&Dave U&Drama U&Eden U&Gold U&W U&Yesterday ITV ITV1 / STV / UTV ITV2 ITV3 ITV4 ITV Quiz Channel 4 / S4C Channel 4 S4C E4 E4 Extra Film4 More4 4seven Paramount 5 5Star 5USA 5Select 5Action Comedy Central Comedy Central Extra MTV Nickelodeon Nicktoons Nick Jr. Sky UK Challenge Sky Arts Sky Atlantic Sky Cinema Sky Comedy Sky Crime Sky Documentaries Sky History Sky History 2 Sky Kids Sky Max Sky Mix Sky Nature Sky News Sky Replay Sky Sci-Fi Sky Showcase Sky Sports Box Office Sky Sports F1 Sky Sports News Sky Sports Racing Sky Sports Sky Witness Warner Bros. Discovery Animal Planet Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN International Discovery Channel Discovery History Discovery Science Discovery Turbo DMAX Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Quest Quest Red Really TLC TNT Sports Narrative Entertainment UK Limited Great! Action Great! Movies Great! Romance Great! Real Great! TV Services and platforms Current Amazon Prime Video BBC iPlayer cable Channel 4 digital digital terrestrial List of channels Disney+ EE TV 5 Freely Freesat Freesat+ Freeview high-definition List of channels ITV ITVX STV Player local television Now Netflix Paramount+ Restricted Service Licence satellite Sky Group Sky Q Sky Glass Sky Stream TalkTalk TV TVPlayer U Virgin Media FilmFlex TiVo YouView Defunct analogue analogue terrestrial BBC Store Film4oD Pop Player Real Digital Sky Group Freesat from Sky On Demand Sky+ Sky+ HD TalkTalk TV Store Top Up TV Virgin Media V+ Studios Current 3 Mills Studios BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House BBC Elstree Centre BBC Pacific Quay The Bottle Yard Studios Broadcasting House Broadcasting House, Belfast Broadcasting House, Bristol Dock10 Elstree Studios (Shenley Road) Gas Street Studios The Leeds Studios The Maidstone Studios Mailbox Birmingham MediaCityUK Old Granada Studios Riverside Studios Roath Lock The Sharp Project Sky Campus Space Studios Manchester Television Centre, London Defunct Broadcasting House, Cardiff Dickenson Road Studios Fountain Studios The Hospital Club Lime Grove Studios Limehouse Studios The London Studios MGM-British Studios New Broadcasting House, Manchester Pebble Mill Studios Teddington Studios Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Television Centre, Southampton Upper Boat Studios Other Television in Northern Ireland in Scotland in Wales Defunct channels Edinburgh International Television Festival History List of years Viewing statistics Most-watched broadcasts Television in the UK Principal channels ( list ) BBC / UKTV BBC One BBC Two BBC Three BBC Four BBC News BBC Parliament BBC Alba BBC Scotland CBBC CBeebies U&Alibi U&Dave U&Drama U&Eden U&Gold U&W U&Yesterday ITV ITV1 / STV / UTV ITV2 ITV3 ITV4 ITV Quiz Channel 4 / S4C Channel 4 S4C E4 E4 Extra Film4 More4 4seven Paramount 5 5Star 5USA 5Select 5Action Comedy Central Comedy Central Extra MTV Nickelodeon Nicktoons Nick Jr. Sky UK Challenge Sky Arts Sky Atlantic Sky Cinema Sky Comedy Sky Crime Sky Documentaries Sky History Sky History 2 Sky Kids Sky Max Sky Mix Sky Nature Sky News Sky Replay Sky Sci-Fi Sky Showcase Sky Sports Box Office Sky Sports F1 Sky Sports News Sky Sports Racing Sky Sports Sky Witness Warner Bros. Discovery Animal Planet Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN International Discovery Channel Discovery History Discovery Science Discovery Turbo DMAX Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Quest Quest Red Really TLC TNT Sports Narrative Entertainment UK Limited Great! Action Great! Movies Great! Romance Great! Real Great! TV Services and platforms Current Amazon Prime Video BBC iPlayer cable Channel 4 digital digital terrestrial List of channels Disney+ EE TV 5 Freely Freesat Freesat+ Freeview high-definition List of channels ITV ITVX STV Player local television Now Netflix Paramount+ Restricted Service Licence satellite Sky Group Sky Q Sky Glass Sky Stream TalkTalk TV TVPlayer U Virgin Media FilmFlex TiVo YouView Defunct analogue analogue terrestrial BBC Store Film4oD Pop Player Real Digital Sky Group Freesat from Sky On Demand Sky+ Sky+ HD TalkTalk TV Store Top Up TV Virgin Media V+ Studios Current 3 Mills Studios BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House BBC Elstree Centre BBC Pacific Quay The Bottle Yard Studios Broadcasting House Broadcasting House, Belfast Broadcasting House, Bristol Dock10 Elstree Studios (Shenley Road) Gas Street Studios The Leeds Studios The Maidstone Studios Mailbox Birmingham MediaCityUK Old Granada Studios Riverside Studios Roath Lock The Sharp Project Sky Campus Space Studios Manchester Television Centre, London Defunct Broadcasting House, Cardiff Dickenson Road Studios Fountain Studios The Hospital Club Lime Grove Studios Limehouse Studios The London Studios MGM-British Studios New Broadcasting House, Manchester Pebble Mill Studios Teddington Studios Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Television Centre, Southampton Upper Boat Studios Other Television in Northern Ireland in Scotland in Wales Defunct channels Edinburgh International Television Festival History List of years Viewing statistics Most-watched broadcasts Principal channels ( list ) BBC / UKTV BBC One BBC Two BBC Three BBC Four BBC News BBC Parliament BBC Alba BBC Scotland CBBC CBeebies U&Alibi U&Dave U&Drama U&Eden U&Gold U&W U&Yesterday ITV ITV1 / STV / UTV ITV2 ITV3 ITV4 ITV Quiz Channel 4 / S4C Channel 4 S4C E4 E4 Extra Film4 More4 4seven Paramount 5 5Star 5USA 5Select 5Action Comedy Central Comedy Central Extra MTV Nickelodeon Nicktoons Nick Jr. Sky UK Challenge Sky Arts Sky Atlantic Sky Cinema Sky Comedy Sky Crime Sky Documentaries Sky History Sky History 2 Sky Kids Sky Max Sky Mix Sky Nature Sky News Sky Replay Sky Sci-Fi Sky Showcase Sky Sports Box Office Sky Sports F1 Sky Sports News Sky Sports Racing Sky Sports Sky Witness Warner Bros. Discovery Animal Planet Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN International Discovery Channel Discovery History Discovery Science Discovery Turbo DMAX Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Quest Quest Red Really TLC TNT Sports Narrative Entertainment UK Limited Great! Action Great! Movies Great! Romance Great! Real Great! TV BBC / UKTV BBC One BBC Two BBC Three BBC Four BBC News BBC Parliament BBC Alba BBC Scotland CBBC CBeebies U&Alibi U&Dave U&Drama U&Eden U&Gold U&W U&Yesterday ITV ITV1 / STV / UTV ITV2 ITV3 ITV4 ITV Quiz Channel 4 / S4C Channel 4 S4C E4 E4 Extra Film4 More4 4seven Paramount 5 5Star 5USA 5Select 5Action Comedy Central Comedy Central Extra MTV Nickelodeon Nicktoons Nick Jr. Sky UK Challenge Sky Arts Sky Atlantic Sky Cinema Sky Comedy Sky Crime Sky Documentaries Sky History Sky History 2 Sky Kids Sky Max Sky Mix Sky Nature Sky News Sky Replay Sky Sci-Fi Sky Showcase Sky Sports Box Office Sky Sports F1 Sky Sports News Sky Sports Racing Sky Sports Sky Witness Warner Bros. Discovery Animal Planet Boomerang Cartoon Network Cartoonito CNN International Discovery Channel Discovery History Discovery Science Discovery Turbo DMAX Food Network HGTV Investigation Discovery Quest Quest Red Really TLC TNT Sports Narrative Entertainment UK Limited Great! Action Great! Movies Great! Romance Great! Real Great! TV Services and platforms Current Amazon Prime Video BBC iPlayer cable Channel 4 digital digital terrestrial List of channels Disney+ EE TV 5 Freely Freesat Freesat+ Freeview high-definition List of channels ITV ITVX STV Player local television Now Netflix Paramount+ Restricted Service Licence satellite Sky Group Sky Q Sky Glass Sky Stream TalkTalk TV TVPlayer U Virgin Media FilmFlex TiVo YouView Defunct analogue analogue terrestrial BBC Store Film4oD Pop Player Real Digital Sky Group Freesat from Sky On Demand Sky+ Sky+ HD TalkTalk TV Store Top Up TV Virgin Media V+ Current Amazon Prime Video BBC iPlayer cable Channel 4 digital digital terrestrial List of channels Disney+ EE TV 5 Freely Freesat Freesat+ Freeview high-definition List of channels ITV ITVX STV Player local television Now Netflix Paramount+ Restricted Service Licence satellite Sky Group Sky Q Sky Glass Sky Stream TalkTalk TV TVPlayer U Virgin Media FilmFlex TiVo YouView Amazon Prime Video BBC iPlayer cable Channel 4 digital digital terrestrial List of channels digital terrestrial List of channels Disney+ EE TV 5 Freely Freesat Freesat+ Freesat+ Freeview high-definition List of channels List of channels ITV ITVX STV Player ITVX STV Player local television Now Netflix Paramount+ Restricted Service Licence satellite Sky Group Sky Q Sky Glass Sky Stream Sky Q Sky Glass Sky Stream TalkTalk TV TVPlayer U Virgin Media FilmFlex TiVo FilmFlex TiVo YouView Defunct analogue analogue terrestrial BBC Store Film4oD Pop Player Real Digital Sky Group Freesat from Sky On Demand Sky+ Sky+ HD TalkTalk TV Store Top Up TV Virgin Media V+ analogue analogue terrestrial analogue terrestrial BBC Store Film4oD Pop Player Real Digital Sky Group Freesat from Sky On Demand Sky+ Sky+ HD Freesat from Sky On Demand Sky+ Sky+ HD TalkTalk TV Store Top Up TV Virgin Media V+ V+ Studios Current 3 Mills Studios BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House BBC Elstree Centre BBC Pacific Quay The Bottle Yard Studios Broadcasting House Broadcasting House, Belfast Broadcasting House, Bristol Dock10 Elstree Studios (Shenley Road) Gas Street Studios The Leeds Studios The Maidstone Studios Mailbox Birmingham MediaCityUK Old Granada Studios Riverside Studios Roath Lock The Sharp Project Sky Campus Space Studios Manchester Television Centre, London Defunct Broadcasting House, Cardiff Dickenson Road Studios Fountain Studios The Hospital Club Lime Grove Studios Limehouse Studios The London Studios MGM-British Studios New Broadcasting House, Manchester Pebble Mill Studios Teddington Studios Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Television Centre, Southampton Upper Boat Studios Current 3 Mills Studios BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House BBC Elstree Centre BBC Pacific Quay The Bottle Yard Studios Broadcasting House Broadcasting House, Belfast Broadcasting House, Bristol Dock10 Elstree Studios (Shenley Road) Gas Street Studios The Leeds Studios The Maidstone Studios Mailbox Birmingham MediaCityUK Old Granada Studios Riverside Studios Roath Lock The Sharp Project Sky Campus Space Studios Manchester Television Centre, London 3 Mills Studios BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House BBC Elstree Centre BBC Pacific Quay The Bottle Yard Studios Broadcasting House Broadcasting House, Belfast Broadcasting House, Bristol Dock10 Elstree Studios (Shenley Road) Gas Street Studios The Leeds Studios The Maidstone Studios Mailbox Birmingham MediaCityUK Old Granada Studios Riverside Studios Roath Lock The Sharp Project Sky Campus Space Studios Manchester Television Centre, London Defunct Broadcasting House, Cardiff Dickenson Road Studios Fountain Studios The Hospital Club Lime Grove Studios Limehouse Studios The London Studios MGM-British Studios New Broadcasting House, Manchester Pebble Mill Studios Teddington Studios Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Television Centre, Southampton Upper Boat Studios Broadcasting House, Cardiff Dickenson Road Studios Fountain Studios The Hospital Club Lime Grove Studios Limehouse Studios The London Studios MGM-British Studios New Broadcasting House, Manchester Pebble Mill Studios Teddington Studios Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne Television Centre, Southampton Upper Boat Studios Other Television in Northern Ireland in Scotland in Wales Defunct channels Edinburgh International Television Festival History List of years Viewing statistics Most-watched broadcasts Television in Northern Ireland in Scotland in Wales Defunct channels Edinburgh International Television Festival History List of years List of years Viewing statistics Most-watched broadcasts Most-watched broadcasts Companies and organisations Major companies Banijay UK Productions Bauer Media Audio UK BBC Bloomsbury Publishing BT Group Channel Four Television Corporation Daily Mail and General Trust Dentsu International Economist Group EMI Music Publishing Future plc Global Media & Entertainment Guardian Media Group Haymarket Media Group Informa ITN ITV plc National World News Broadcasting News UK Newsquest Pearson plc Press Holdings Reach plc RELX Reuters Sky STV Group Syco TalkTalk Group Paramount Networks UK & Australia Virgin Media O2 The Walt Disney Company (UK) Ltd. Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA Resources Arqiva List of largest UK book publishers Government and regulatory bodies Advertising Standards Authority BBC Board (formerly: BBC Trust Board of Governors of the BBC ) British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute Culture, Media, and Sport Select Committee Department for Culture, Media and Sport Independent Press Standards Organisation Ofcom Press Recognition Panel S4C Authority Industry and trades bodies British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Phonographic Industry Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union Clearcast Digital TV Group Equity Everyone TV Federation Against Copyright Theft Independent Publishers Guild National Union of Journalists The Publishers Association Royal Television Society United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting Other BBC Academy National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum Companies and organisations Major companies Banijay UK Productions Bauer Media Audio UK BBC Bloomsbury Publishing BT Group Channel Four Television Corporation Daily Mail and General Trust Dentsu International Economist Group EMI Music Publishing Future plc Global Media & Entertainment Guardian Media Group Haymarket Media Group Informa ITN ITV plc National World News Broadcasting News UK Newsquest Pearson plc Press Holdings Reach plc RELX Reuters Sky STV Group Syco TalkTalk Group Paramount Networks UK & Australia Virgin Media O2 The Walt Disney Company (UK) Ltd. Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA Resources Arqiva List of largest UK book publishers Government and regulatory bodies Advertising Standards Authority BBC Board (formerly: BBC Trust Board of Governors of the BBC ) British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute Culture, Media, and Sport Select Committee Department for Culture, Media and Sport Independent Press Standards Organisation Ofcom Press Recognition Panel S4C Authority Industry and trades bodies British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Phonographic Industry Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union Clearcast Digital TV Group Equity Everyone TV Federation Against Copyright Theft Independent Publishers Guild National Union of Journalists The Publishers Association Royal Television Society United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting Other BBC Academy National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum Major companies Banijay UK Productions Bauer Media Audio UK BBC Bloomsbury Publishing BT Group Channel Four Television Corporation Daily Mail and General Trust Dentsu International Economist Group EMI Music Publishing Future plc Global Media & Entertainment Guardian Media Group Haymarket Media Group Informa ITN ITV plc National World News Broadcasting News UK Newsquest Pearson plc Press Holdings Reach plc RELX Reuters Sky STV Group Syco TalkTalk Group Paramount Networks UK & Australia Virgin Media O2 The Walt Disney Company (UK) Ltd. Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA Banijay UK Productions Bauer Media Audio UK BBC Bloomsbury Publishing BT Group Channel Four Television Corporation Daily Mail and General Trust Dentsu International Economist Group EMI Music Publishing Future plc Global Media & Entertainment Guardian Media Group Haymarket Media Group Informa ITN ITV plc National World News Broadcasting News UK Newsquest Pearson plc Press Holdings Reach plc RELX Reuters Sky STV Group Syco TalkTalk Group Paramount Networks UK & Australia Virgin Media O2 The Walt Disney Company (UK) Ltd. Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA Resources Arqiva List of largest UK book publishers Arqiva List of largest UK book publishers Government and regulatory bodies Advertising Standards Authority BBC Board (formerly: BBC Trust Board of Governors of the BBC ) British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute Culture, Media, and Sport Select Committee Department for Culture, Media and Sport Independent Press Standards Organisation Ofcom Press Recognition Panel S4C Authority Advertising Standards Authority BBC Board (formerly: BBC Trust Board of Governors of the BBC ) British Board of Film Classification British Film Institute Culture, Media, and Sport Select Committee Department for Culture, Media and Sport Independent Press Standards Organisation Ofcom Press Recognition Panel S4C Authority Industry and trades bodies British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Phonographic Industry Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union Clearcast Digital TV Group Equity Everyone TV Federation Against Copyright Theft Independent Publishers Guild National Union of Journalists The Publishers Association Royal Television Society United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting British Academy of Film and Television Arts British Phonographic Industry Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union Clearcast Digital TV Group Equity Everyone TV Federation Against Copyright Theft Independent Publishers Guild National Union of Journalists The Publishers Association Royal Television Society United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting Other BBC Academy National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum BBC Academy National Film and Television School National Science and Media Museum Regional, student and community media Regional media Media in England Birmingham London Manchester Media in Scotland Aberdeen Dundee Glasgow Media in Wales Cardiff Student media Student television Student press Community media Islam21c Regional, student and community media Regional media Media in England Birmingham London Manchester Media in Scotland Aberdeen Dundee Glasgow Media in Wales Cardiff Student media Student television Student press Community media Islam21c Regional media Media in England Birmingham London Manchester Media in Scotland Aberdeen Dundee Glasgow Media in Wales Cardiff Media in England Birmingham London Manchester Birmingham London Manchester Media in Scotland Aberdeen Dundee Glasgow Aberdeen Dundee Glasgow Media in Wales Cardiff Cardiff Student media Student television Student press Student television Student press Community media Islam21c Islam21c Category Category Authority control databases International ISNI 2 VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI 2 2 VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Poland Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Poland Israel Academics CiNii CiNii Other IdRef MusicBrainz label SNAC 2 Yale LUX IdRef MusicBrainz label SNAC 2 2 Yale LUX Bloomsbury Publishing books 1986 establishments in the United Kingdom Academic publishing companies Book publishing companies based in London Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange Multinational publishing companies Publishing companies established in 1986 CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2016 Pages using infobox company with a logo from wikidata Articles with French-language sources (fr) This page was last edited on 26 November 2025, at 20:03 (UTC) . 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Wearnung: Gewit þu heonan gif þu Ænglisc leornian wille, for þon þe þæt Englisc her on biþ oftost swiðe yfel. Swelce twegen menn cunnon Englisc wel and hie nyllaþ þas stowe gebetan. Please refer to the Grammar and Writing style guide and Old English self-correction checklist when contributing to the Old English Wikipedia. Gewritu be þæm Englum Wicinga ieldu • Hæðenscipe • Island • Winland Missenlicu gewritu Gewritu mid sweghordum Gecorene gemynddagas Gecorene gemynddagas 16. dæg þæs Æfterran Geola : 27 BC - Se Romanisca Senatus giefþ tō Gaius Octavius þone tītule Augustus . 1547 - Ivan se Gryrelic is sƿā Tsar ofer eallum Russlande gebēagod. 1605 - Se ǣrost bōc Don Quixote , El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha be Miguel de Cervantes , is on Madrid on Spēnum ābenþ. 1909 - Þæt færeld forlǣdede be Ernest H Shackleton Cniht fund þone stede þæs Sūþendes īserntēondes . 1991 - Gulfgūþ : Ƿestestorm Faru onginnþ. Nīwlice dagas: 15 Se Æfterra Gēola | 17 Se Æfterra Gēola , 18 Se Æfterra Gēola Frignunga Help Niwlicu word Hū secge ic...? Frignan frignunge Wikipediasweostor Wikipædia biþ geræded fram þæm unceapsecendan Wikimedia Foundation , þe rædeþ syndrigum oðerum manigspræclicum and freore understandunge weorcum: Wikiwordboc Wordboc and wordgestreon Wikibec Freo trahtbec and handbec Wikicwide Cwida Gaderung Wikifruma Freo frumgewritu Wikicynn Cynna Getalu Wikitidinga Freo tidunga innungfruma Commons Gedæled innungheddærn Meta-Wiki Wikimedian weorces drifung WILCUME! Þis is seo Englisce Wikipedia. Þeos Wikipædia hæfþ 5,107 gewrita Her man mæg findan cyþþe be manigum þingum geond middangeard, gewriten on ealdra Engla gereorde, þe Englisc hatte. Wearnung: Gewit þu heonan gif þu Ænglisc leornian wille, for þon þe þæt Englisc her on biþ oftost swiðe yfel. Swelce twegen menn cunnon Englisc wel and hie nyllaþ þas stowe gebetan. Please refer to the Grammar and Writing style guide and Old English self-correction checklist when contributing to the Old English Wikipedia. Gewritu be þæm Englum Wicinga ieldu • Hæðenscipe • Island • Winland Missenlicu gewritu Gewritu mid sweghordum Gecorene gemynddagas 16. dæg þæs Æfterran Geola : 27 BC - Se Romanisca Senatus giefþ tō Gaius Octavius þone tītule Augustus . 1547 - Ivan se Gryrelic is sƿā Tsar ofer eallum Russlande gebēagod. 1605 - Se ǣrost bōc Don Quixote , El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha be Miguel de Cervantes , is on Madrid on Spēnum ābenþ. 1909 - Þæt færeld forlǣdede be Ernest H Shackleton Cniht fund þone stede þæs Sūþendes īserntēondes . 1991 - Gulfgūþ : Ƿestestorm Faru onginnþ. Help Niwlicu word Hū secge ic...? 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Design and effects 3.6 Post-production 3.7 Music 4 Release Toggle Release subsection 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 4.1 Context 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Box office 5 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 5.1 Critical response 5.2 Accolades 6 After release Toggle After release subsection 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 6.1 Performance analysis and aftermath 6.2 Home media 6.3 Other media 7 Thematic analysis Toggle Thematic analysis subsection 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 7.1 Duality and fragmented identity 7.2 The carnivalesque and social critique 7.3 Sexuality and repression 7.4 Power, politics, and ideology 7.5 Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 8.1 Retrospective reception 8.2 Cultural influence 9 Sequels 10 Footnotes 11 Notes 12 References Toggle References subsection 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.1 Citations 12.2 Works cited 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 12.2.1 Books 12.2.2 Journals 12.2.3 Magazines 13 External links Batman Returns العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Returns Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by Daniel Waters Story by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Daniel Waters Sam Hamm Based on Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Batman characters created by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ i ] and published by DC Comics Produced by Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Denise Di Novi Tim Burton Starring Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Michael Keaton Danny DeVito Michelle Pfeiffer Christopher Walken Michael Gough Pat Hingle Michael Murphy Cinematography Stefan Czapsky Edited by Chris Lebenzon Music by Danny Elfman Production companies Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Warner Bros. PolyGram Pictures Distributed by Warner Bros. Release dates June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) June 16, 1992 ( 1992-06-16 ) (Hollywood, California) June 19, 1992 ( 1992-06-19 ) (United States) Running time 126 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $50–80 million Box office $266.8 million Batman Returns is a 1992 American superhero film directed by Tim Burton and written by Daniel Waters . Based on the DC Comics character Batman , it is the sequel to Batman (1989), also directed by Burton, and the second installment in the Batman film series (1989–1997). The cast includes Michael Keaton , Danny DeVito , Michelle Pfeiffer , Christopher Walken , Michael Gough , Pat Hingle , and Michael Murphy . Set during Christmas in Gotham City , the film follows Batman (Keaton) as he confronts corrupt businessman Max Shreck (Walken) and deformed crime boss Oswald Cobblepot / the Penguin (DeVito), whose bid for power threatens the city. Their schemes are further complicated by Shreck's former secretary Selina Kyle (Pfeiffer), who seeks revenge against him as Catwoman. Burton was initially uninterested in directing a sequel to Batman , feeling creatively constrained by Warner Bros. ' expectations. He agreed to return only after being granted greater creative control, which included replacing original writer Sam Hamm with Daniel Waters and reuniting with many of his previous collaborators. Waters's script emphasized characterization over plot, and Wesley Strick was later hired for an uncredited rewrite that added, among other elements, a master plan for the Penguin. Filming took place from September 1991 to February 1992 on a budget of $50–80 million, primarily on sets and soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios and the Universal Studios Lot in California. The film's special effects relied mainly on practical techniques and makeup, supplemented with animatronics, limited computer-generated imagery (CGI), and dozens of live penguins. The film's marketing campaign was extensive, featuring brand tie-ins and merchandise intended to replicate the financial success of Batman . Released on June 19, 1992, Batman Returns broke several box-office records and grossed $266.8 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992 , but fell short of Batman in overall success and longevity. The darker tone, along with violent and sexual content, was cited as alienating family audiences and prompted backlash against marketing partners for promoting the film to children. Critical reception was polarized, though most reviewers praised the principal cast. Following the mixed reception of Batman Returns , Burton was replaced as director for its sequel, Batman Forever (1995), which was developed with a more family-friendly tone. Keaton also declined to return. In the years since its release, Batman Returns has been reappraised as one of the strongest Batman films and a pivotal early example of auteur -driven superhero cinema that helped shape the genre's darker, more ambitious direction. The film is also recognized as an alternative Christmas classic due to its winter setting, festive imagery, and themes of loneliness and isolation. Its story was revisited in the comic series Batman '89 (2021), and Keaton later reprised his version of Batman in The Flash (2023). Plot In Gotham City , two wealthy socialites , horrified by the birth of their malformed and feral son Oswald , abandon him in the sewers, where he is taken in by a colony of penguins. Thirty-three years later, during the Christmas season, wealthy industrialist Max Shreck is abducted by the Red Triangle Gang—former circus performers implicated in child disappearances across the country—and taken to their hideout in the abandoned Arctic exhibit at Gotham Zoo. Their leader, Oswald, now known as the Penguin, blackmails Max with evidence of his corruption and murders, coercing him into helping Oswald re-enter Gotham's high society. Max stages the kidnapping of the mayor's infant child, allowing Oswald to "rescue" the child and become a public hero. In return, Oswald requests access to the city's birth records, claiming he seeks to uncover his true identity by investigating Gotham's first-born sons. Max attempts to kill his timid secretary, Selina Kyle , by pushing her out of a window after she discovers his plan to build a power plant that would secretly drain and store Gotham's electricity. Selina survives, returns home, crafts a costume, and adopts the persona of Catwoman . To Max's surprise, she reappears at work with newfound confidence and assertiveness, immediately attracting the attention of visiting billionaire Bruce Wayne . As the vigilante Batman , Bruce begins investigating Oswald, suspecting his ties to the Red Triangle Gang. Seeking to remove opposition to his power plant, Max convinces Oswald to run for mayor and discredit the incumbent by unleashing the gang on Gotham. Batman's efforts to quell the violence bring him into conflict with Catwoman, while in their civilian lives Selina and Bruce begin a romance. Meanwhile, Catwoman allies with Oswald to smear Batman's reputation. During Gotham's Christmas-tree lighting, Oswald and Catwoman kidnap Gotham's beauty queen, the Ice Princess, and lure Batman to a rooftop above the ceremony. Oswald pushes the Ice Princess to her death with a swarm of bats, effectively framing Batman. When Catwoman objects to the murder and rebuffs Oswald's sexual advances, he attacks her, sending her crashing through a glasshouse. Batman escapes in the Batmobile , unaware that the Red Triangle gang has sabotaged it, allowing Oswald to control the vehicle, causing what appears to be a case of road rage . Before regaining control, Batman records Oswald's insulting tirade against Gotham's citizens and later plays it during Oswald's mayoral rally, destroying his public image and forcing him to retreat to Gotham Zoo. There, Oswald renounces his humanity, fully embracing his identity as the Penguin, and sets his plan in motion to abduct and kill Gotham's first-born sons as revenge for his own abandonment and problems. Selina attempts to kill Max at his charity ball, but Bruce intervenes, and the two inadvertently discover each other's secret identities. Penguin crashes the event intending to kidnap Max's son, Chip, but Max offers himself instead. Batman disrupts the Red Triangle gang and halts the kidnappings, prompting the Penguin to unleash his missile-equipped penguin army to destroy Gotham. Batman's ally, Alfred Pennyworth , overrides the control signal, redirecting the penguins back to Gotham Zoo. As the missiles obliterate the zoo, Batman unleashes a swarm of bats, causing the Penguin to fall into the toxic waters of the Arctic exhibit. Catwoman confronts Max, rejecting Batman's plea to abandon her revenge and leave with him. Max shoots Batman, incapacitating him, and then shoots Catwoman multiple times, but she survives, claiming she has two of her nine lives left. Catwoman electrocutes Max with a live cable, causing a power surge that appears to kill them both; however, Batman finds only Max's remains. The Penguin emerges one last time but succumbs to his injuries, with his penguins carrying his body into the water. Sometime later, while traveling home, Bruce spots Selina's silhouette but finds only a cat, which he takes with him. The Bat-Signal shines above the city as Catwoman gazes up at it. Cast Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A billionaire businessman who operates as Gotham's vigilante protector [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Danny DeVito as Oswald Cobblepot / Penguin : A malformed crime boss [ 6 ] Michelle Pfeiffer as Selina Kyle / Catwoman : A meek assistant turned vengeful villainess [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Christopher Walken as Max Shreck: A ruthless industrialist [ 6 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : Wayne's butler and surrogate father [ 10 ] Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The Gotham City police commissioner and Batman's ally [ 11 ] Michael Murphy as the Mayor: The city's incumbent mayor [ 5 ] [ 12 ] The cast of Batman Returns includes Andrew Bryniarski as Max's son Charles "Chip" Schreck and Cristi Conaway as the Ice Princess, Gotham's beauty queen-elect. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Paul Reubens and Diane Salinger appear as Tucker and Esther Cobblepot, Oswald's wealthy, elite parents. [ 16 ] Sean Whalen appears as a paperboy; [ 15 ] Jan Hooks and Steve Witting play Jen and Josh, Oswald's mayoral image consultants . [ 17 ] [ 18 ] [ 19 ] The Red Triangle gang includes the monkey-toting Organ Grinder ( Vincent Schiavelli ), the Poodle Lady ( Anna Katarina ), the Tattooed Strongman ( Rick Zumwalt ), the Sword Swallower (John Strong), the Knifethrower Dame (Erika Andersch), the Acrobatic Thug (Gregory Scott Cummins), the Terrifying Clown ( Branscombe Richmond ), the Fat Clown (Travis Mckenna), and the Thin Clown ( Doug Jones ). [ 15 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Production Development Following the success of Batman (1989), which became the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time, a sequel was considered inevitable. Warner Bros. Pictures began discussing a follow-up by late 1989, with plans to start filming the next May. [ a ] The studio wanted Robin Williams and Danny DeVito to portray the Riddler and Penguin, respectively, [ 23 ] and invested $2 million in acquiring the Gotham City sets at Pinewood Studios in England, intending to reuse them for at least two sequels. The sets were placed under 24-hour surveillance, as maintaining them was more cost-effective than rebuilding. [ 23 ] Despite Warner Bros.' pressure to secure a script and begin production, director Tim Burton was hesitant to return. [ 23 ] [ 9 ] [ 25 ] He described the idea of a sequel as "dumbfounded", particularly before the first film's box-office performance could be assessed. [ 23 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Burton was skeptical of sequels in general, believing they were only worthwhile if they offered something new and different. [ 23 ] [ 26 ] Batman writer Sam Hamm 's initial story treatment expanded on district attorney Harvey Dent —played by Billy Dee Williams in Batman —and charted his transformation into the supervillain Two-Face . Warner Bros., however, pushed for the Penguin as the primary antagonist, whom Hamm believed the studio regarded as Batman's most recognizable foe after the Joker . Catwoman was also added because Burton and Hamm were interested in the character. [ 25 ] Hamm's drafts followed directly from Batman , continuing Bruce Wayne's relationship with Vicki Vale ( Kim Basinger ) and leading to their engagement. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] His Penguin was depicted as an avian-themed criminal who weaponized birds, while Catwoman was portrayed as more overtly sexual, clad in " bondage " attire, and casually murdering groups of men. [ 25 ] The story paired Penguin and Catwoman in a plot to frame Batman for the murders of Gotham's wealthiest citizens while pursuing a hidden treasure, which ultimately drew them to Wayne Manor and uncovered the Wayne family's secret past. Hamm also introduced the Christmastime setting and included Robin , Batman's sidekick, though his idea of assault rifle -wielding Santas was discarded. In Hamm's drafts, Batman avoided killing and concentrated on protecting Gotham's homeless. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Ultimately, his two scripts failed to reignite Burton's interest, [ 25 ] [ 26 ] and the director instead focused on Edward Scissorhands (1990) and co-writing The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993). [ 9 ] Burton was confirmed to direct the sequel in January 1991, with filming planned to begin later that year for a 1992 release. [ 27 ] His decision was influenced by the 1989 departure of Batman producers Peter Guber and Jon Peters to Columbia Pictures , as Burton had been frustrated by the level of creative control they exercised over the first film. [ 28 ] He agreed to return only after securing greater creative authority, later admitting that Batman was his least favorite of his films, describing it as "occasionally boring". [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 29 ] According to long-time collaborator Denise Di Novi , "Only about 50% of Batman was [Burton]", and Warner Bros. wanted Batman Returns to be "more of a Tim Burton movie ... [a] weirder movie but also more hip and fun". [ 29 ] Burton brought in several long-time collaborators to replace key members of the original Batman crew, including cinematographer Stefan Czapsky , production designer Bo Welch , creature-effects supervisor Stan Winston , makeup artist Ve Neill , and art directors Tom Duffield and Rick Henrichs. [ 30 ] He hired Daniel Waters to replace Hamm, preferring a writer with no emotional attachment to Batman . Burton admired Waters's script for the dark comedy Heathers (1988), which reflected the darker tone and creative direction he envisioned for the sequel. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 29 ] Burton reportedly clashed with Peters, demoting him to executive producer and largely excluding him from the set. [ 9 ] Warner Bros. served as the production company and distributor, with additional support from executive producer Guber and Peters's Polygram Pictures . [ 31 ] [ 32 ] Writing Waters began work on his first draft in mid-1990. [ 33 ] Burton's only guidance was that the script should avoid connections to the previous Batman , aside from a brief reference to Vale as Wayne's former partner, and that Catwoman should be developed with more depth than the typical sexy vixen archetype. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Waters, who disliked the 1989 film, ignored its narrative threads and comic-book history, focusing instead on artistic expression. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Unlike Hamm, Waters did not object to Batman killing , arguing that the character should reflect darker contemporary sensibilities and that relying on authorities to handle captured villains felt outdated. [ 25 ] Even so, he limited Batman's lethal actions to moments that served the story. He also expressed dissatisfaction with unscripted additions, such as the scene where Batman blows up a Red Triangle gang member. [ 8 ] Keaton had Waters remove jabs at the 1989 film's merchandising, including an opening on a merchandise store, saying, "[This] is very clever. Cut it". [ 36 ] Waters's dialogue for Batman, which he described as "bitter and cynical"—including lines suggesting Gotham City was unworthy of protection—was pared back because Keaton felt Batman should speak as little as possible in costume, and Burton preferred to portray the character as motivated by trauma rather than nihilism . [ 8 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] As a result, the script focused on the villains . Burton said he initially struggled to understand the appeal of the Penguin's comic-book counterpart; Batman, Catwoman, and the Joker had clear psychological profiles, but the Penguin was "just this guy with a cigarette and a top hat". [ 25 ] The initial draft portrayed him as a stereotypical DeVito character—an abrasive gangster—but Waters and Burton agreed to make him more "animalistic". [ 33 ] They decided to present the Penguin as a tragic figure, abandoned as an infant by his parents, mirroring Batman's childhood trauma of losing his own parents. [ 25 ] Political and social satire was incorporated, influenced by two episodes of the 1960s television series Batman ("Hizzoner the Penguin" and "Dizhonner the Penguin"), in which the Penguin runs for mayor. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] Waters reimagined Hamm's Catwoman, shifting her from a "fetishy sexual fantasy" femme fatale to a working-class, disenchanted secretary, writing her as an allegory of contemporary feminism. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Waters created Max Shreck—an original character named after actor Max Schreck —to replace Harvey Dent/Two-Face. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Shreck was written satirically, an evil industrialist who orchestrates the Penguin's mayoral campaign, to show that true villains do not always wear costumes. In one draft, he was depicted as the Penguin's favored brother. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] With four central characters to develop, Waters and Burton removed Robin, a garage mechanic who aids Batman after the Penguin crashes the Batmobile, describing the character as "worthless". [ 25 ] [ 30 ] The Red Triangle gang, initially conceived as a troupe of performance artists, was changed to circus clowns at Burton's request. [ 38 ] Waters said his 160-page first draft was too outlandish and would have cost $400 million to produce, prompting him to adopt a more restrained approach. [ 33 ] His fifth and final draft focused on characterization and interactions rather than plot. [ b ] Burton and Waters eventually fell out over disagreements about the script, particularly Waters's refusal to make requested changes. Burton hired Wesley Strick to streamline Waters's lengthy script, condense dialogue, and lighten the tone. [ 37 ] Warner Bros. executives required Strick to include a master plan for the Penguin, leading to the addition of a plot involving the kidnapping of Gotham's first-born sons and the threat of missile attacks. [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 40 ] Strick delivered his draft in August 1991. [ 28 ] Waters described the changes as relatively minor but expressed confusion over the Penguin's master plan. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 37 ] He made a final revision to Strick's shooting script, and although Strick was on set for months and involved in agreed-upon rewrites, Waters was the sole credited screenwriter. [ 22 ] [ 34 ] [ 41 ] Casting Michael Keaton reprised his role as Bruce Wayne / Batman for $10 million, double his salary for Batman . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 42 ] Burton initially wanted Marlon Brando to play the Penguin, but Warner Bros. preferred Dustin Hoffman . Christopher Lloyd and Robert De Niro were also considered, with Danny DeVito emerging as the frontrunner after Waters reimagined the character as a deformed human-bird hybrid. [ 22 ] [ 26 ] [ 43 ] DeVito was initially hesitant to accept the role until persuaded by his close friend Jack Nicholson , who had portrayed the Joker in Batman . [ 26 ] [ 43 ] To communicate his vision, Burton showed DeVito a painting he had created of a small character sitting on a red-and-white striped ball, captioned: "my name is Jimmy, but my friends call me the hideous penguin boy". [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Casting Selina Kyle / Catwoman proved challenging. [ 25 ] [ 40 ] Annette Bening was initially cast in the role but had to withdraw due to pregnancy. Other actresses considered included Ellen Barkin , Cher , Bridget Fonda , Jennifer Jason Leigh , Madonna , Julie Newmar , Lena Olin , Susan Sarandon , Raquel Welch , and Kim Basinger. The most notable contender was Sean Young , who had been cast as Vale in Batman before an injury prevented her from performing. [ c ] Young reportedly visited the Warner Bros. lot in a homemade Catwoman costume for an impromptu audition with Burton, who allegedly hid under his desk while Keaton and producer Mark Canton briefly met with her. She also showcased her costume on Entertainment Tonight and pitched it on The Joan Rivers Show . Warner Bros. ultimately decided that Young did not align with their vision for Catwoman. [ d ] The role went to Michelle Pfeiffer , who was regarded as a proven actress and someone who worked well with Burton, although some publications suggested the role would challenge her acting range. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] Pfeiffer had also been considered for the role of Vale in Batman , but Keaton vetoed her casting due to their previous romantic relationship, believing her presence could interfere with attempts to reconcile with his wife. [ 47 ] She received a $3 million salary—$2 million more than Bening—plus a share of the film's gross profits. [ e ] Pfeiffer trained for several months in kickboxing with her stunt double, Kathy Long , mastering the whip and becoming skilled enough to perform many of her own stunts with it. [ f ] Shreck's appearance was modeled on Vincent Price in an unspecified older film, while Walken based his performance on moguls such as Sol Hurok and Samuel Goldwyn . [ 5 ] [ 8 ] Walken said, "I tend to play mostly villains and twisted people. Unsavory guys. I think it's my face, the way I look". [ 51 ] Burgess Meredith , who portrayed the Penguin in the 1960s TV series, was originally scheduled to cameo as Penguin's father, Tucker Cobblepot, but became ill during filming. He was replaced by Paul Reubens, while Diane Salinger played Tucker's wife, Esther. Both had previously appeared in Burton's feature-film debut, Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985). [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 52 ] Although Robin was removed from the final screenplay, the character's development had progressed far enough that Marlon Wayans had already been cast (Burton had specifically wanted an African-American Robin), and costumes, sets, and action figures were created. In a 1998 interview, Wayans said that he continued to receive residual checks under the two-film contract he had signed. [ g ] Early reports suggested that Nicholson had been asked to return as the Joker, but he allegedly declined to film in England due to foreign salary taxes. Nicholson, however, denied being asked, believing that Warner Bros. would not want to replicate the generous compensation he had received for Batman . [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 3, 1991. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 57 ] Burton wanted to film in the United States with American actors, believing that Batman , which had been shot in the United Kingdom, had "suffered from a British subtext". [ h ] Changes in the economics of filming in the UK also made it more cost-effective to remain in the U.S. [ 30 ] This decision required abandoning the Pinewood Studios sets in favor of Burton's new designs. Batman Returns was filmed almost entirely on up to eight soundstages at Warner Bros. Studios, Burbank , California, including Stage 16, which housed the expansive Gotham Plaza set. [ i ] Stage 12 at the Universal Studios Lot was used for the Penguin's Arctic-exhibit lair. [ j ] Warner Bros. maintained a high level of security to avoid details leaking for Batman Returns . Cast and crew wore ID badges branded with the film's working title , Dictel , a word coined by Welch and Burton meaning "dictatorial", as they were unhappy with the studio's "ridiculous gestapo " measures. [ 59 ] Some sets were kept very cold for the live Emperor , black-footed , and King penguins. [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 26 ] The birds were transported in a refrigerated airplane for filming, and housed in a chilled waiting area with a swimming pool stocked daily with half a ton of ice and fresh fish. [ 8 ] [ 26 ] DeVito stated that, although he generally enjoyed being on set, he disliked the cold conditions and was the only cast member somewhat comfortable due to the heavy padding in his costume. [ 8 ] The penguin army was created using live penguins supplemented by puppets, forty Emperor-penguin suits worn by little people, and computer-generated imagery (CGI). [ 8 ] [ 22 ] People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) protested the use of real penguins, citing concerns over moving the birds from their natural environment. While the organization later acknowledged that the penguins were not mistreated, it criticized the lack of fresh drinking water, noting they were confined to a small chlorinated pool. [ 22 ] [ 60 ] PETA also objected to the penguins being fitted with prop weapons and gadgets, which Warner Bros. stated were lightweight plastic. [ 61 ] Burton himself expressed a reluctance to use live animals, emphasizing his care and concern for their treatment. [ 62 ] Walken described the filming process as highly collaborative, recalling that his suggestion to add a blueprint for Shreck's power plant led to a model being constructed within hours. [ 8 ] The scene in which Catwoman places a live bird in her mouth was performed live, with no CGI, and Pfeiffer later remarked that she would not perform the stunt again, given the potential risks of injury or disease. [ 8 ] For a sewer scene, handlers positioned above and below guided an organ-grinder monkey carrying a note for the Penguin. When the monkey saw DeVito in full costume and makeup, it lunged at him. DeVito recalled, "The monkey looked at me, froze, and then leapt right at my balls ... Thank god it was a padded costume". [ 63 ] A scene depicting the explosion of Shreck's superstore resulted in minor injuries to four stuntmen. [ 22 ] Principal photography concluded on February 20, 1992, after 170 days. [ 22 ] Design and effects Batman Returns ' production design and visual style were reimagined by Bo Welch, replacing the late Anton Furst and bringing a darker, expressionist aesthetic after collaborating with Burton on Beetlejuice (1988) and Edward Scissorhands . [ 5 ] [ 26 ] [ 35 ] Welch designed key props such as the Batskiboat and Penguin's umbrellas, introduced a "Batmissile" mode for the Batmobile, and oversaw large-scale sets including Gotham Plaza and Penguin's lair. [ 35 ] [ 64 ] Influenced by German Expressionism —a 1920s cinematic style characterized by harsh shadows, distorted architecture, and psychological intensity—Welch also drew from neo-fascist architecture (including Nazi Germany-era styles ), American Precisionist painting, and street-level imagery of homelessness amid affluence. He employed miniatures and exaggerated verticality to evoke a decaying, alienating Gotham. [ 22 ] [ 35 ] [ 65 ] Welch, a trained architect, structured the city on a grid of strong vertical lines, emphasizing huge skyscrapers that transform streets into dark canyons to evoke a sense of victimization and oppression. [ 35 ] [ 66 ] He researched the look by studying fascist architecture from the Third Reich and world's fairs , styles he felt were "evocative of oppressive bureaucracies and dictatorships", to design the monolithic Gotham Plaza. [ 66 ] [ 67 ] Welch further drew upon Precisionism, a movement known for using hard outlines, solid shadows, and slick, impersonal surfaces to lend industrial subjects an epic character, citing the work of Charles Sheeler and Georgia O'Keeffe as specific influences. [ 66 ] He also incorporated Burton's early sketch of Catwoman, with a "very S&M kind of look", by integrating steel and chain elements into the set, creating the impression of a city collapsing in on itself. [ 35 ] [ 22 ] Costume designers Bob Ringwood and Mary Vogt updated the Batsuit with a mechanical look and created a fragile latex Catwoman suit requiring numerous backups. [ 22 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] DeVito's Penguin relied on extensive prosthetics by Stan Winston Studio , including black saliva for grotesque effect, and the team built thirty animatronic penguins supplemented with actors and digital effects. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] [ 22 ] Post-production was intense, with some effects shots conceived just weeks before the June 19, 1992 release. [ 72 ] The visual effects workload ultimately encompassed around 115 shots, employing matte paintings, miniatures, CGI, makeup, puppets, and pyrotechnics, handled by six major effects houses including Stan Winston Studio, Boss Film Studios , and Matte World Digital . [ 72 ] [ 31 ] Post-production Chris Lebenzon edited the 126-minute theatrical cut of Batman Returns . [ 7 ] [ 17 ] [ 73 ] The post-production period was rushed, forcing Burton to present a cut to studio executives only four weeks after filming wrapped—far shorter than his typical editing timelines. [ 74 ] The final scene of Catwoman looking up at the Bat-Signal was filmed during post-production, just two weeks before release. Warner Bros. mandated the scene—showing that Catwoman survived—after test audiences responded positively to Pfeiffer's performance. Pfeiffer was unavailable, so a stand-in was used. [ k ] Although the character draws on feline mythology—such as cats having nine lives—Waters and Burton never intended the supernatural elements to be taken literally, and Catwoman was planned to definitively die alongside Shreck. [ 8 ] [ 78 ] A scene showing Penguin's gang destroying a store filled with Batman merchandise was also removed. [ 25 ] Warner Bros. provided a final budget of $55 million for Batman Returns , though other sources have cited estimates of $50 million, $65 million, $75 million, or $80 million. [ l ] [ ii ] Music Danny Elfman was initially reluctant to score Batman Returns because he was unhappy that his Batman score was supplemented with pop music by Prince . [ 8 ] Elfman built on many of his Batman themes, and said that he enjoyed working on the Penguin's themes the most because of the character's sympathetic aspects, such as his abandonment and death. [ 8 ] [ 83 ] Recorded with a studio orchestra on the Sony Scoring Stage in Los Angeles, Elfman's score includes vocals, harps, bells, xylophones, flutes, pianos, and chimes. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Burton and Elfman fell out during production due to the stress of finishing Batman Returns on time, but reconciled shortly afterward. [ 86 ] The song " Face to Face ", played during the costume-ball scene, was co-written and performed by the British rock band Siouxsie and the Banshees . [ 85 ] Release Context By the summer theatrical season of 1992 (starting the last week of May), the film industry faced low ticket sales, rising production costs, and several box-office failures from the previous year. [ 87 ] Eighty-nine films were scheduled for release, including A League of Their Own , Alien 3 , Encino Man , Far and Away , Patriot Games , and Sister Act . [ 24 ] [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Studios had to carefully plan releases to avoid competition from anticipated blockbusters, such as Lethal Weapon 3 , Batman Returns , and the 1992 Summer Olympics . [ 79 ] Batman Returns was predicted to be the summer's biggest hit, causing other studios to worry about scheduling films even a few weeks from its premiere. [ 79 ] [ 88 ] Paramount Pictures reportedly increased Patriot Games ' budget by $14 million to make it more competitive with Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 . [ 79 ] [ 87 ] Marketing Franchising had not been a major focus for Batman prior to its release, but after merchandise generated roughly $500 million of the film's $1.5 billion total earnings, it became a priority for Batman Returns . [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 89 ] A 12-minute promotional reel debuted at WorldCon in September 1991, alongside a black-and-white poster of a silhouetted Batman, which was deemed "mundane" and uninspiring by industry professionals. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] Warner Bros. delayed major promotion until February 1992 to avoid over-saturation and alienating audiences. [ 65 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] A trailer rolled out in 5,000 theaters that month, accompanied by a new poster showing a snow-swept Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 65 ] The campaign focused on the three central characters—Batman, Penguin, and Catwoman—which Warner Bros. believed would offset the absence of the popular Nicholson. [ 87 ] [ 90 ] Over two-thirds of the 300 public posters were stolen, prompting Warner Bros. to offer 200 limited-edition posters for $250, signed by Keaton, who donated his earnings to charity. [ 22 ] [ 90 ] [ 91 ] Marketing expenditures were expected to exceed $100 million, including $20 million by Warner Bros. for commercials and trailers and $60 million by merchandising partners. These partners—including McDonald's , Ralston Purina , Kmart , Target Corporation , Venture Stores , and Sears —planned roughly 300 in-store Batman shops. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] McDonald's converted 9,000 outlets into Gotham City restaurants, featuring Batman-themed packaging and a cup lid that doubled as a flying disc. [ 89 ] CBS aired the television special The Bat, The Cat, The Penguin ... Batman Returns , while Choice Hotels sponsored the hour-long The Making of Batman Returns . [ 22 ] [ 89 ] TV ads depicted Batman and Catwoman fighting over a can of Diet Coke , with the Penguin (and his penguins) promoting Choice Hotels, and additional advertisements ran on billboards and in print—sometimes across three consecutive newspaper pages—targeting older audiences. [ 90 ] Box office Batman Returns premiered on June 16, 1992, at Grauman's Chinese Theatre in Hollywood. Two blocks of Hollywood Boulevard were closed for more than 3,000 fans, 33 TV film crews, and 100 photographers. A party followed on the Stage 16 Gotham Plaza set, attended by the cast and crew, as well as Arnold Schwarzenegger , Faye Dunaway , James Caan , Mickey Rooney , Harvey Keitel , Christian Slater , and James Woods , among others. [ 58 ] The film had a limited preview release in the U.S. and Canada on Thursday, June 18, grossing $2 million. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 82 ] It expanded widely the following day, playing on an above-average 3,000 screens across 2,644 theaters. [ 8 ] [ 24 ] [ 92 ] Batman Returns grossed $45.7 million in its opening weekend, breaking the record set by Batman ($42.7 million), and debuted as the number-one film, topping Sister Act ($7.8 million in its fourth weekend) and Patriot Games ($7.7 million in its third). [ 24 ] [ 92 ] [ 93 ] Batman Returns was the first feature film released in Dolby Stereo Digital , in select theaters, marking a milestone in cinema audio technology that later became synonymous with surround sound in theaters. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Early analysis suggested Batman Returns could become one of the highest-grossing films of all time. Warner Bros. executive Robert Friedman noted, "We opened it the first real weekend when kids are out of school. The audience is everybody, but the engine that drives the charge are kids under 20". [ 24 ] Patriot Games producer Mace Neufeld observed that other films benefited from overflow audiences who avoided long lines or sold-out screenings of Batman Returns . [ 24 ] Batman Returns grossed $25.4 million in its second weekend—a 44.3 percent drop—yet remained the number-one film ahead of the debuting Unlawful Entry ($10.1 million) and Sister Act ($7.2 million). [ 96 ] [ 97 ] By its third weekend, it became the second-fastest film to reach $100 million (11 days), behind Batman (10 days). [ 98 ] It held the top spot with $13.8 million (a 45.6 percent drop), narrowly edging out the debuts of A League of Their Own ($13.7 million) and Boomerang ($13.6 million). [ 97 ] [ 99 ] The Washington Post described its steep week-to-week declines as concerning, and industry analysts suggested that Batman Returns would struggle to match the theatrical longevity of Batman . [ 97 ] [ 22 ] The film exited the top ten highest-grossing films by its seventh week and concluded its 18-week run in late October with a total U.S. and Canada gross of $162.8 million. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] This made it the third-highest-grossing film of 1992, behind Home Alone 2: Lost in New York ($173.6 million) and Aladdin ($217.3 million). [ 102 ] Outside the U.S. and Canada, Batman Returns grossed $104 million, [ 103 ] setting U.K. records for the highest-grossing opening weekend (£2.5 million) and single-day gross (£1.1 million). [ 97 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] Worldwide, Batman Returns grossed $266.8 million, [ iii ] making it the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1992, ahead of A Few Good Men ($243.2 million) and behind Lethal Weapon 3 ($321.7 million). [ 103 ] Reception Critical response Batman Returns drew a polarized response from critics and audiences, with its darker tone and mature content proving divisive. [ 5 ] [ 22 ] [ 106 ] CinemaScore polling reported an average grade from audiences of B on an A+-to-F scale. [ 107 ] Some reviewers, including Janet Maslin and Desson Howe , compared the sequel favorably to Batman , citing faster pacing, increased humor, and greater character depth, which avoided the original's "dourness" and "tedium". [ m ] Maslin and Dave Kehr emphasized that Burton's creative control made Batman Returns a more personal and "fearlessly" distinctive work. [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Critics such as Kenneth Turan commended the film's visuals but argued that the emphasis on spectacle sometimes made it feel cheerless and claustrophobic, occasionally at the expense of the plot. [ 7 ] [ 81 ] [ 111 ] Owen Gleiberman suggested that Burton's imaginative flourishes were undermined by a lack of grounding in normality. [ 7 ] The narrative received mixed reactions. Howe and Turan praised the film for adding emotional depth to its characters, particularly Catwoman and the Penguin, though Turan noted a lag in pacing midway. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] In contrast, Todd McCarthy found the story cluttered, with too many plotlines diminishing momentum. [ 110 ] Gleiberman similarly argued that the numerous storylines created a sense of disjointedness. [ 7 ] Critics generally agreed that the first two acts were more compelling than the finale, which they believed struggled to resolve multiple character arcs satisfactorily. [ 108 ] [ 81 ] [ 110 ] Others, including Jonathan Rosenbaum , believed the film lacked suspense and clever writing, overwhelmed by characters and near-constant banter. [ 12 ] [ 113 ] [ 114 ] Maslin observed that Burton prioritized visuals over plot. [ 109 ] Gene Siskel argued that the sympathetic villains diminished narrative satisfaction, leaving viewers wishing Batman might not prevail. [ 115 ] Critics noted that the film devoted more attention to its villains than to Batman himself. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 116 ] Gleiberman remarked that the villain sequences often overshadowed Keaton's performance. [ 7 ] McCarthy described Batman as a symbolic figure rather than a psychologically complex character, while Ebert viewed being Batman as a curse rather than a heroic fantasy. [ 12 ] [ 110 ] [ 116 ] Conversely, Peter Travers praised Keaton's "manic depressive hero" as a fully realized character. [ 117 ] DeVito was acclaimed by Gleiberman, McCarthy, and Maslin for his energetic and distinctive portrayal, effectively conveying pathos and complexity despite heavy prosthetics. [ 7 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] Howe highlighted Burton's focus on the character as indicative of directorial sympathy, [ 108 ] while Maslin and Caryn James praised DeVito's charm, making the Penguin a compelling and memorable presence. [ 109 ] [ 116 ] McCarthy and Travers described him as fascinating and humorously warped. [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Turan and Rosenbaum, however, felt he did not evoke the same fear or energy as Nicholson's Joker. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] [ 113 ] Turan, Kehr, and Maslin praised Pfeiffer for her passionate, intelligent, and fiercely independent performance, providing energy and levity amid the film's dark tone. [ 81 ] [ 109 ] [ 112 ] Rosenbaum felt she did not match Nicholson's villainy, [ 113 ] though Turan called the Batman–Catwoman scenes the most interesting. [ 81 ] Travers noted that when the characters remove their masks, they appear "lost and touchingly human," and Ty Burr described the ballroom scene as more emotionally resonant than anything in Batman . [ 117 ] [ 111 ] Ebert observed that their sexual tension seemed muted for a younger audience. [ 12 ] [ 81 ] Walken's performance was praised for its combination of charm, wit, and understated authority. Maslin emphasized Walken's debonair and engaging performance as one of the film's highlights, while McCarthy noted his understated, composed delivery. Travers also remarked on his clever and amusing take on the character, describing him as a "fiendishly funny" presence. [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 117 ] Bo Welch's production design received acclaim for creating a sleeker, brighter, and more authoritarian Gotham than Furst's "brooding" style. [ 81 ] [ 112 ] [ 118 ] McCarthy lauded Welch's realization of Burton's vision, though Siskel dismissed it as "toy shop window decorating" compared to Furst. [ 110 ] [ 115 ] Costume and makeup design were praised, with Maslin noting their lingering visual impact. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 119 ] Stefan Czapsky's cinematography was well received, lending a "lively" quality to the subterranean sets. [ 109 ] Accolades At the 46th British Academy Film Awards , Batman Returns was nominated for Best Makeup (Ve Neill and Stan Winston) and Best Special Visual Effects (Michael Fink, Craig Barron, John Bruno, and Dennis Skotak). [ 120 ] For the 65th Academy Awards , Batman Returns received two nomations: Best Makeup (Neill, Ronnie Specter, and Winston) and Best Visual Effects (Fink, Barron, Bruno, and Skotak). [ 121 ] Neill and Winston received the Best Make-up award at the 19th Saturn Awards . The film received four other Saturn Award nominations for Best Fantasy Film , Best Supporting Actor (DeVito), Best Director (Burton), and Best Costume Design (Bob Ringwood, Mary Vogt, and Vin Burnham ). [ 122 ] DeVito was nominated for Worst Supporting Actor at the 13th Golden Raspberry Awards , and Pfeiffer for Most Desirable Female at the 1993 MTV Movie Awards . [ 123 ] [ 124 ] Batman Returns was nominated for a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation. [ 125 ] After release Performance analysis and aftermath The U.S. and Canadian box office underperformed in 1992, with admissions down by up to five percent and about 290 million tickets sold (compared to over 300 million in each of the preceding four years). Industry professionals attributed the decline to a combination of uninspired films, rising ticket prices, competition from the Olympics, and an economic recession . Even financially successful films experienced steep week-to-week drops, particularly among younger audiences, who were vital to box office success. [ 126 ] Despite these challenges, Batman Returns and Lethal Weapon 3 gave Warner Bros. the most profitable first half-year in its history, with the studio expecting returns over $200 million . [ 98 ] However, Batman Returns fell $114.8 million short of Batman ' s $411.6 million gross, and was considered a disappointment as a sequel to the fifth-highest-grossing film of its time. [ 42 ] [ 127 ] [ 128 ] By July 1992, anonymous Warner Bros. executives reportedly said about the film, "It's too dark. It's not a lot of fun". [ 5 ] Although it carried a PG-13 rating —warning that it may contain content unsuitable for children—Warner Bros. received thousands of complaint letters from parents who objected to the film's violent and sexualized content. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 126 ] Waters recalled one screening where "It's like kids crying, people acting like they've been punched in the stomach and like they've been mugged". [ 5 ] He anticipated some backlash but admitted that certain elements may have gone too far. [ 129 ] Burton later said that he preferred Batman Returns to Batman and did not view it as darker. [ 130 ] Sam Hamm defended Burton and Waters, stating that, aside from merchandising, the film had never been intended as child-friendly. [ 129 ] McDonald's was also criticized for its child-centered promotion and toy tie-ins. [ n ] The company subsequently changed its practices, requiring extended previews of films before agreeing to promotional partnerships. [ 132 ] Warner Bros.' hopes that the film might mirror Batman ' s lucrative merchandising campaign were similarly undercut, as demand for licensed products proved far weaker than in 1989. A JCPenney representative reported that only about one-third of stock had sold, with the remainder discounted, while another store described sales as barely a tenth of Batman ' s. [ 132 ] In light of the backlash and merchandising decline, Warner Bros. chose to continue the series without Burton, whom they considered "too dark and odd for them", and hired Joel Schumacher to direct the next installment. [ 42 ] A rival studio executive remarked, "If you bring back Burton and Keaton, you're stuck with their vision. You can't expect Honey, I Shrunk the Batman ", referencing the family-friendly Honey, I Shrunk the Kids (1989). [ 131 ] Around the same time, executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael Uslan sued Warner Bros., alleging that the studio had denied them their share of profits from Batman and Batman Returns through Hollywood accounting practices—artificially inflating a film's production costs to make it appear unprofitable and limit payouts. A court ruled in Warner Bros.' favor, citing insufficient evidence. [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Home media Batman Returns was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 21, 1992. [ 22 ] [ 135 ] [ 136 ] The VHS carried a lower-than-average price to encourage sales and rentals. Although the film was expected to sell millions of copies and perform strongly as a rental, commentators suggested its darker tone would limit appeal among children, the demographic most responsible for driving home-video sales. [ 135 ] Danny Elfman's score was issued on compact disc in 1992, with an expanded edition released in 2010. [ 85 ] The film was first released on DVD in 1997, without additional features. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] In October 2005, Warner Bros. issued an anthology DVD box set containing all four films in the Burton–Schumacher Batman series. The Batman Returns disc included a commentary by Burton, the making-of featurette The Bat, The Cat, and The Penguin , the fourth part of the documentary Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight , featurettes on costumes, make-up, and special effects, and the music video for Face to Face . [ 139 ] The anthology set was reissued on Blu-ray in 2009, alongside a standalone Blu-ray edition of Batman Returns . [ 137 ] [ 140 ] A 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray edition, restored from the original 35mm negative, was released in 2019 with previously available special features. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] A 4K collector's edition followed in 2022, packaged in a SteelBook case with original cover art, character cards, a double-sided poster, and the earlier supplements. [ 143 ] Other media About 120 products were marketed with Batman Returns , including action figures and toys by Kenner Products , Catwoman-themed clothing, toothbrushes, roller skates, T-shirts, underwear, sunglasses, towels, beanbags, mugs, weightlifting gloves, throw pillows, cookie cutters, commemorative coins, playing cards, costume jewelry, cereal, a radio-controlled Batmobile, and even tortilla chips shaped like the Batman logo. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] Although a similar number of products had been marketed for Batman (1989), Warner Bros. used fewer licensees this time to allow greater oversight. To combat counterfeiting, holographic labels developed by American Bank Note Holographics were attached to licensed merchandise. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] The concurrent release of Batman: The Animated Series later in 1992 was expected to extend merchandising success beyond the film's theatrical run. [ 89 ] Other tie-ins included a novelization by Craig Shaw Gardner , published in July 1992, [ 144 ] [ 145 ] and the roller coaster Batman: The Ride at Six Flags Great America , built at a cost of $8 million and later replicated at additional Six Flags parks alongside a Batman stunt show. [ 22 ] [ 89 ] Several video-game adaptations titled Batman Returns were released across nearly all available platforms; [ 146 ] [ 147 ] [ 148 ] the Super Nintendo Entertainment System version was the most successful. [ 149 ] The film's legacy continued in later media. To celebrate the Penguin's 80th anniversary, DeVito wrote the 2021 comic story "Bird Cat Love", in which Penguin and Catwoman fall in love and end the COVID-19 pandemic . [ 150 ] [ 151 ] In 2022, DC Comics launched Batman '89 , a series written by Sam Hamm with art by Joe Quinones, which continues the Burton continuity, following up on Batman Returns by depicting Harvey Dent's transformation into Two-Face and introducing Robin. [ 152 ] The Red Triangle Gang made their first appearance outside the film in Robin #15 (2022). [ 153 ] [ 154 ] That same year, a holiday tie-in book was released, Batman Returns: One Dark Christmas Eve: The Illustrated Holiday Classic , by Ivan Cohen. [ 155 ] In 2023, LEGO released a near 4,000-piece Batcave set inspired by Batman Returns . [ 156 ] Thematic analysis Duality and fragmented identity Critic David Crow identifies duality as a central motif in Batman Returns , noting that Catwoman, Penguin, and Shreck each reflect warped aspects of Batman. [ 157 ] [ 25 ] [ 114 ] English and American studies professor Carol Siegel contends that the film is a neo-gothic fairy tale exploring bodily transformation and fragmented identity, often through the lens of rage against oppressive social structures. [ 158 ] Siegel argues that the film is unique within the Batman mythos because it is "more concerned with Bruce Wayne than his alter ego", resulting in an "almost complete abandonment of the action-adventure aspect of the comic tradition". [ 159 ] The divided selves of Bruce and Selina are central to the narrative, and themes of fractured identity are especially evident in Catwoman's transformation. [ 159 ] [ 160 ] According to author Simon Born, the dual identities constrain both characters, and their fleeting recognition at the masquerade ball is undermined by what he terms their "advanced schizophrenia". [ 161 ] Like Bruce, Selina is driven by trauma and inner conflict; unlike Batman, who seeks justice, she seeks vengeance. [ 6 ] [ 112 ] Although Catwoman acknowledges Batman's assertion that they are "the same, split right down the center", their differences prevent reconciliation. [ 25 ] Critics Darren Mooney and Betsy Sharkey argue that Penguin mirrors Batman's origin, as both lost their parents at an early age. Shreck even notes that, if not for his abandonment, Oswald Cobblepot and Bruce Wayne might have shared social circles. While Batman accepts his solitude, the Penguin craves acceptance, love, and respect, despite his destructive impulses. [ 5 ] [ 35 ] Mooney suggests Batman's conflicts with Penguin are personal rather than moral: Batman, quietly proud of being a "freak", resents the Penguin for mirroring his own abnormality. [ 5 ] Shreck, meanwhile, embodies Bruce's public persona taken to extremes—an industrialist whose greed and populism are masked by cheap gestures toward the public. [ 25 ] Born describes Batman Returns as a highly stylized neo-gothic work in which identity, social critique, and psychological trauma are externalized through an opulent design. [ 157 ] He refers to Gotham as an "insurrection of signs", where established symbols are inverted and notions of good and evil destabilized. [ 162 ] Born further argues that Batman has lost his personal identity to his alter ego: "Bruce Wayne is the mask of Batman". Batman uses this monstrous persona to shield himself from the world. Born notes that the hero's violence is depicted with a "casualness and malice" that is intended to unsettle the audience. [ 160 ] This portrayal implies that Batman is not far removed from the "relentless methods" of the fascistic powers he once opposed in earlier comics. [ 163 ] The carnivalesque and social critique Writer Catherine Mettler describes Batman Returns as a cinematic application of Mikhail Bakhtin 's theory of the carnivalesque , which posits that carnival can invert existing power hierarchies and enable popular renewal. Burton's work is characterized by elements that are "exuberantly colorful, gay, hallucinogenic, childlike, and chaotic", which he applies to films such as Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) and Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005). [ 164 ] The Penguin is a key embodiment of the carnivalesque, particularly through the concept of the grotesque body. [ 165 ] Mettler highlights his deformed physicality and excessive appetites as representations of the "unbounded" and "materially linked" body of the common people. [ 165 ] His sewer lair is described as a circus, further emphasizing the visual chaos of his character. [ 166 ] Living among the city's waste, the Penguin's existence underscores the stark divide between the elite and the masses he represents. [ 167 ] As the "least obvious carnivalesque character," Catwoman embodies the theme on a personal level. [ 168 ] Her transformation aligns with Bakhtin's notion of a carnival spirit that liberates a person from "conventions and established truths" and offers entry into "a completely new order of things". [ 168 ] Selina, a victim of a "sexist macho society", is pushed out a window by her boss. [ 169 ] Born argues that Selina empowers herself by adapting the 'symbol of her oppression—the cat—' and reframing it as a 'furious panther' in opposition to the chauvinistic business world. [ 160 ] Her rebellion reflects post-feminist theories linking sexuality, power, and identity. [ 160 ] However, Born argues that her struggle against masculine authority ultimately fails, as her autonomy is continually challenged by male characters, reflecting Hollywood's patriarchal system. [ 160 ] Sexuality and repression Batman Returns is noted for its exploration of sexuality, particularly the relationship between Batman and Catwoman, with critics often citing its S&M undertones and the use of leather fetish suits. [ 170 ] Siegel described the film as an "S&M art film" marketed as a children's summer blockbuster. [ 171 ] She argues that the film's exploration of fetishism, perversity, and eroticism is central to its neo-gothic themes. [ 158 ] According to Siegel, a central theme in Burton's work, including Batman Returns , is the "shared exhilaration and anxiety concerning bodily transformation". [ 172 ] This is most evident in Catwoman, whose transformation is marked by prominent stitches on her homemade patent-leather suit. [ 173 ] These stitches are both literal and symbolic, testifying to her reanimation after her death and revival by alley cats. [ 172 ] Siegel posits that the act of sewing her own suit functions as an ironic mimicry of the oppressive feminine social roles that had previously terrorized her. [ 174 ] Siegel suggests that their consensual S&M-coded relationship is mitigated by their heroic actions, which allow them to channel "both their rage and their perverse desires into their ongoing fight against destructive evil". [ 175 ] She contends this portrayal suggests that S&M can be regarded as "nearly wholesome so long as it is manifested with control and proper purpose". [ 175 ] Other critics interpret Batman and Catwoman's attraction less as sexual perversity and more as a "romance between two schizophrenics," rooted in shared anger and emotional wounds. [ 175 ] Critic Tom Breihan described Catwoman's vinyl catsuit as "pure BDSM ", complete with the whip she wields as a weapon. [ 25 ] [ 176 ] In the climax, she rejects Batman's offer of a happy ending and abandoning her revenge against Shreck; accepting Batman's will would mean allowing another man to control her. [ 25 ] Selina's arc from timid secretary to dominant Catwoman represents liberation from social conventions and established truths. [ 168 ] For Siegel, her stitched-together "Frankensteinean" catsuit is an artistic embodiment of her rage against patriarchal and repressive roles that once defined her. [ 177 ] Her story is one of personal empowerment against male hegemony, culminating in her showdown with Shreck. [ 178 ] Catwoman's overt embrace of sexuality contrasts with Batman's repression, presenting sexuality as dangerous, destabilizing, and incompatible with their vigilante roles. [ 179 ] Her sexuality functions both as empowerment and as a threat to patriarchal structures embodied by Shreck, Batman, and Penguin. [ 179 ] Alongside Catwoman's sexualized persona, Batman Returns continues a tradition in Batman media in which the hero's power stems from sublimating sexuality into violence. [ 179 ] Criminal justice scholar Graeme Newman said that, historically, Batman has been portrayed as asexual, reinforcing his obsessive focus on crime-fighting and echoing a moral stance that renounces "the medieval evil itself: sex". [ 180 ] His "tremendous force" of sexuality is redirected into "unrestrained lust: violence", presenting a distinctly male response to desire. [ 181 ] In Batman , his sexual encounter with Vicki Vale leaves him restless and disturbed, suggesting intimacy conflicts with his crime-fighting obsession. [ 182 ] The avoidance of homosexual themes—such as omitting Robin from the film or killing him in comics—was partly driven by fears that such portrayals would "contradict and divert attention away from the single-minded pursuit of justice". [ 182 ] The dynamic between Batman and Catwoman underscores this tension; both recognize that if they were to be together, they would no longer need to pursue their respective justice obsessions. [ 181 ] Mettler notes that while Catwoman achieves independence from social constraints and male control, she never achieves sexual liberation, observing that despite their attraction, she and Batman never consummate their relationship. [ 183 ] Film analyst Arthur Taussig argues that Catwoman's final decision in Batman Returns to reject the heroic Batman and choose "total freedom, total independence from all men" is a "revolutionary statement" and a "political breakthrough for popular cinema," as it subverts the traditional Hollywood formula of female characters finding fulfillment only through a male partner. [ 184 ] Power, politics, and ideology These tensions between sexuality and repression feed directly into the film's broader exploration of power and ideology, most clearly embodied in the Penguin's mayoral campaign, which Shreck masterminds. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Selina gains agency by donning the Catwoman costume and embracing her anger and sexuality. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By contrast, according to Newman, Batman sublimates sexuality into violence, aligning him with a conservative ideology: order requires the denial of personal desire, and strength must be expressed through "good violence" in service of justice. [ 185 ] The film's political themes are interwoven with the machinations of Shreck, a figure who wields wealth to secure influence, declaring, "There's no such thing as too much power; if my life has a meaning that's the meaning". [ 25 ] Born argues that Shreck is arguably the film's only purely evil character; he is more frightening than the "freaks and monsters" because he operates "behind a façade of normalcy" while manipulating, corrupting, and killing others. Born contends that Burton's work suggests the true source of fear is not "the Other" (the outsider) but the "ordinary". [ 186 ] He further explains that Burton portrays the film's "freaks and monsters" as victimized individuals: the Penguin, abandoned by wealthy parents, lashes out at the consumer society that rejected him; Catwoman emerges from a chauvinistic world; and even Batman is a "traumatized individual". [ 187 ] Born concludes that the film ultimately destabilizes the binaries of good and evil, framing them as subjective narrative constructs. [ 188 ] Shreck convinces Penguin to run for mayor to advance his own interests, while Penguin seeks the legitimacy and respect that recognition would bring, echoing Catwoman's struggle. [ 116 ] [ 189 ] Critic Caryn James observed that Batman Returns delivers "sharp political jabs", suggesting that money and image matter more than substance. [ 116 ] Whereas the Joker in Batman won support by throwing money into the crowd, Shreck and Penguin rely on spectacle, pandering, and corporate showmanship. Penguin notes that both he and Shreck are monsters, but only Shreck is "well-respected". James remarked that Penguin does not seek to become lovable, only accepted. [ 9 ] [ 25 ] [ 116 ] When voters turn on him, he retaliates with a plan to kill infants, symbols of the opportunities he never had. Critic John Crow argued that Burton shows greatest sympathy for Penguin, devoting more screen time to his development. [ 25 ] The narrative aligns with Newman's interpretation of the film as delivering a "deeply conservative message". [ 185 ] The ineffectual liberal mayor is outmaneuvered by Shreck, the "evil capitalist", while Gotham's "fickle masses" nearly elect Penguin. [ 185 ] In this reading, "the moral weakness of liberalism is eclipsed by the moral strength of evil", leaving Batman's "good violence" as the only force capable of restoring order. [ 185 ] The interplay of sexuality and politics completes this logic: Catwoman's sexuality threatens male control, Batman's repression channels desire into violence, and Gotham's citizens, manipulated by spectacle, require a morally certain, if brutal, hero to save them from themselves. [ 190 ] These artistic and political strands are closely tied to Burton's personal rebellious impulses. He admitted a desire to vent anger "on such a grand scale," claiming he was "pretty much against society from the beginning". [ 191 ] This resistance to class hierarchy and patriarchy recurs throughout his work. [ 191 ] Christmas, capitalism, and cultural critique Crow and Mooney saw Batman Returns as a critique of Batman's real-world cultural popularity and merchandising, particularly following the success of the previous film. Notably, a scene of a store filled with Batman merchandise being destroyed was removed from the final cut. [ 25 ] The film is "saturated with Christmas energy", but rejects conventional holiday norms to function as an anti- Christmas film that critiques commercialism and the absence of true goodwill. Shreck cynically exploits Christmas tropes, falsely portraying himself as selfless and benevolent, while the perversions of Penguin's Red Triangle gang represent a more overt rejection of the holiday. [ 5 ] [ 25 ] Born describes Christmas as a central motif in the film, but it is portrayed as a symbol of "commercial mass deception" and the "tyranny of department stores". [ 162 ] Both Penguin and Catwoman use the festive season to challenge Gotham's established power structures with carnivalesque traits. [ 192 ] Gotham City is dominated by Shreck. [ 193 ] Shreck embodies ruthless capitalism concealed behind the "friendly face of a cartoon animal", a subtle critique by Burton of his own experiences with corporate entities like The Walt Disney Company . [ 193 ] Batman Returns has been described as a neo-gothic fairy tale that is "more Burton than Batman". [ 194 ] Its content was deemed unsuitable for young children, prompting backlash from parents and critics. [ 132 ] An editorial in The New York Times warned that the film was "violent, sexually suggestive", featuring scenes where "kids are abandoned, kidnapped, and threatened with death". [ 132 ] The film includes racy dialogue, such as "just the pussy I've been looking for" and "I'd like to fill her void", which angered many parents. This controversy extended to merchandising, with McDonald's receiving numerous complaints about licensed toys and promotional items tied to the film. The resulting outcry over the film's tone and violence highlighted a clash between its dark themes and its marketing to a younger audience. [ 132 ] The film emphasizes loneliness and isolation during Christmastime: Bruce is first shown sitting alone in his vast mansion, inert until the Bat-Signal shines in the sky. While he forms a connection with Kyle, their differences remain insurmountable, and he ends the film as he began it; alone. [ 5 ] Critic Todd McCarthy noted that isolation is a recurring theme in much of Burton's work, emphasized in the film's three main characters. [ 110 ] Some contemporary critics argue that while the film is not explicitly antisemitic , it utilizes visual and thematic elements associated with historical Jewish stereotypes. [ 195 ] They suggest the Penguin embodies traits such as a "hooked nose, pale face and lust for herring" and is "unathletic and seemingly unthreatening but who, in fact, wants to murder every firstborn child of the gentile community". [ 195 ] The character teams with Shreck (a name the critics describe as 'Jewish-sounding') to disrupt Christmas and Christian traditions. [ 195 ] According to LAist , the Penguin's exaggerated caricature, assault on holiday customs, and overt biblical symbolism create a "perfect storm" of imagery evoking antisemitic tropes. [ 196 ] These critics contend that Burton, in drawing inspiration from the German Expressionist aesthetic, unintentionally referenced a problematic lineage, as some art critics view the Nosferatu (1922) character Count Orlok (portrayed by actor Max Shreck) as an example of a bizarre and monstrous characterization of Jews as the predatory, parasitic "other". [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 193 ] Conversely, Melvin Salberg and Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League argued that reading the film as antisemitic is a misinterpretation that overlooks the filmmakers' intent and distracts from real-world antisemitism. [ 197 ] Furthermore, Taussig noted the biblical resonance of the Penguin's infancy, with a baby carriage floating in a river recalling the story of Moses . [ 184 ] Visual effects supervisor Robert Skotak explained that the sequence was conceived as a visual descent into the underworld, portraying a sinister baptism, symbolically paralleling the biblical narrative. [ 198 ] Legacy Retrospective reception Despite a mixed initial reception from critics and audiences, Batman Returns has undergone a critical reappraisal in the years since its release and is now considered a classic of the superhero genre. Several publications, such as Variety and The Hollywood Reporter , now rank it among the best Batman and superhero films, with some calling it "the greatest Batman movie ever made". [ o ] The film is seen as "underrated" and a "series peaking early," with subsequent films failing to live up to its vision. [ 9 ] [ 201 ] Burton's artistic choices, which were criticized at the time, are now seen as prescient and ahead of their time. [ 9 ] The "darker" and more "bleak" aspects of the film have been re-evaluated in the wake of later, more serious superhero films. Burton noted the irony of the film being deemed 'too dark,' given that later films—including The Dark Knight trilogy (2005–2012) and The Batman (2022)—went even darker. [ p ] Burton said that while Batman Returns was seen by some as bleak, for him it was a mixture of gothic, playful, kinky, and experimental tones. [ 202 ] The Hollywood Reporter notes that the film was "truer to Tim Burton's dark vision than its predecessor". [ 205 ] [ 203 ] According to The Ringer , the very "fatalistic and noir elements" that Roger Ebert criticized in 1992 are now "the going currency of event movies". [ 9 ] Critic Brian Tallerico said that the elements which originally upset critics and audiences are what makes it still "revelatory... It's one of the best and strangest movies of its kind ever made". [ 141 ] Writer Daniel Waters recalled being told that Batman Returns was a "great movie for people who don't like Batman". [ 34 ] [ 206 ] While the film received criticism for its depiction of Batman killing, Waters defended the choice, arguing that in a film like The Dark Knight (2008), it was not practical for Batman to let the Joker live, knowing he could escape and cause more harm. [ 8 ] [ 25 ] He believed that the reception to Batman Returns was improving with time, especially after the release of The Batman . [ 34 ] Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes has an 82% approval rating from reviews by 93 critics, with an average score of 6.9/10. According to the website's critical consensus, "Director Tim Burton's dark, brooding atmosphere, Michael Keaton's work as the tormented hero, and the flawless casting of Danny DeVito as The Penguin and Christopher Walken as, well, Christopher Walken make the sequel better than the first". [ 207 ] The film has a score of 68 out of 100 on Metacritic (based on 23 critics), indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 208 ] Cultural influence The film is widely regarded as an exemplar of the superhero genre's potential for artistic expression. Variety credits the film with helping to legitimize the genre by pairing Keaton's Batman with Burton's distinct and vivid world-building. [ 199 ] The Burton Batman films are also credited with establishing the darker, more serious tone that would later define the modern superhero genre of the early 21st century. [ 94 ] Publications like Empire and Polygon describe the film as a deeply personal and "unmistakably Burton" work, infused with the same gothic and satirical sensibilities as his earlier films like Beetlejuice and Edward Scissorhands . [ 77 ] [ 202 ] This approach made the film a "bold, auteur-driven detour" in Batman's cinematic history, contrasting sharply with the camp of the 1960s and the later, more grounded style of The Dark Knight trilogy. [ 202 ] Author Jeff Bond called Batman Returns the "first auteur superhero movie" because it allowed Burton to make a film that was his "weird experiment" rather than a strict adaptation. [ 95 ] [ 202 ] This willingness to ignore traditional comic book elements and sequel hooks in favor of his unique vision helped pave the way for other creative directors, such as Christopher Nolan , Peter Jackson , and Sam Raimi , to helm major franchises. [ 9 ] [ 77 ] Director of The Batman Matt Reeves and that film's star Robert Pattinson both called Batman Returns their favorite Batman film. [ 209 ] [ 210 ] Additionally, director Robert Eggers said that it visually inspired his film Nosferatu (2024). [ 211 ] Pfeiffer's portrayal of Catwoman is widely regarded as a definitive big-screen interpretation of the character, praised not only for her iconic costume but for a performance that brought a unique blend of sexuality, danger, outrageousness, and pathos to the role. [ q ] Burton called it one of his favorite performances he has ever worked on. [ 212 ] While initially hailed as the film's "bright spot" amid a mixed critical reception, the performance is now considered one of the greatest in the superhero genre, credited with taking a comic book character and turning her into a complex, contradictory figure that served as a commentary on the portrayal of women in genre fiction. [ r ] The role is seen as a "career-making" one that helped audiences forget previous portrayals and cemented Pfeiffer's as the "definitive big-screen Catwoman". [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 205 ] Variety argued that Pfeiffer deserved an Academy Award nomination for her performance, and set a benchmark for future portrayals. [ s ] Burton recalled that by the time of Batman Returns , studios had begun to talk in terms of "franchises" and marketing, concepts that were still relatively new during production of the 1989 film. The Hollywood Reporter notes that while Batman launched the modern superhero movie, Batman Returns marked a more complex stage in that evolution. With its darker tone, bold characterizations, and extensive marketing tie-ins, the film helped pave the way for the genre's later dominance, even if Burton's approach made that progression a more uneven one. [ 8 ] The film's tone and clash with corporate partners like McDonald's, which objected to darker content, prompted Warner Bros. to pivot to the more lighthearted and "campy" style of the Joel Schumacher films. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] While this was an attempt to create films with more broad, family-friendly appeal, The Ringer wrote that the Schumacher films are now seen as "borderline unwatchable", while Batman Returns is seen as a superior and more enduring cinematic work. [ 9 ] [ 224 ] In January 2017, one of the iconic Batsuits worn by Keaton in the film sold at auction for $41,250. [ 225 ] Although a summer blockbuster upon its release, Batman Returns has become a holiday film staple due to its winter setting and Christmas iconography. Several publications have listed it among the best alternative Christmas films, noting its themes of loneliness and isolation. [ t ] It is also identified as the centerpiece of Burton's unofficial Christmas trilogy, bookended by Edward Scissorhands and The Nightmare Before Christmas . [ 5 ] [ 9 ] Sequels Following the reception of Batman Returns , Warner Bros. sought to continue the series without Burton. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Although Burton considered making a third film, the studio encouraged him to pursue other projects and he realized they did not want him to return. He was replaced with Joel Schumacher, who was seen as better suited to delivering a more family- and merchandise-friendly sequel. [ 8 ] [ 42 ] [ 129 ] Keaton initially supported the change but eventually left the role, later saying the proposed third film "just wasn't any good, man". [ 42 ] [ 131 ] [ 229 ] Industry reports suggested he also sought a $15 million salary and profit share, though his producing partner Harry Colomby denied money was the issue. [ 129 ] Schumacher's Batman Forever (1995) was financially successful but less well received critically than Batman Returns . [ 230 ] Its sequel, Batman & Robin (1997), was a critical and commercial disappointment, often cited as one of the worst blockbuster films ever made, [ 230 ] [ 231 ] and led to the franchise being placed on hiatus until the reboot Batman Begins (2005). [ 129 ] [ 231 ] [ 131 ] By the mid-1990s, Burton and Waters were attached to a planned Catwoman film starring Pfeiffer. [ 232 ] [ 233 ] Burton and Waters held competing visions for the project: Burton wanted to make an intimate black-and-white drama in homage to Cat People (1942), while Waters's script followed Catwoman, suffering from amnesia after the events of Batman Returns , in the Las Vegas -like Oasisburg, where she confronted corrupt male superheroes. [ 234 ] [ 235 ] The project stalled as Burton and Pfeiffer moved on to other work, and Warner Bros. eventually produced Catwoman (2004), starring Halle Berry , which was widely panned. [ 234 ] [ 236 ] Keaton later reprised his Batman in The Flash (2023), [ 231 ] [ 237 ] and had also filmed scenes for the cancelled Batgirl (2022). [ 238 ] [ 239 ] Footnotes ^ Although Bob Kane received sole credit for Batman and his associated characters in Batman Returns , it was established in 2015 that writer Bill Finger was jointly involved in the creation of Batman as well as The Penguin and Catwoman, among others. He received equal credit to Kane in future adaptations of the Batman comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] [ 4 ] ^ The 1992 budget of $50–$80 million is equivalent to $112 million–$202 million in 2024. ^ The 1992 theatrical box office gross of $266.8 million is equivalent to $598 million in 2024. Notes ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 34 ] [ 39 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 26 ] [ 44 ] [ 48 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 22 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 42 ] [ 53 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 25 ] [ 30 ] [ 58 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] [ 77 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 22 ] [ 24 ] [ 35 ] [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] [ 82 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 108 ] [ 109 ] [ 110 ] [ 111 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 9 ] [ 26 ] [ 131 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 8 ] [ 199 ] [ 200 ] [ 201 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 94 ] [ 202 ] [ 203 ] [ 204 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 9 ] [ 212 ] [ 213 ] [ 214 ] [ 215 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 212 ] [ 216 ] [ 217 ] [ 218 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 219 ] [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] [ 223 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references: [ 5 ] [ 226 ] [ 227 ] [ 228 ] References Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Meenan, Devin (January 24, 2022). 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Retrieved September 6, 2025 . ^ Bergeson, Samantha (July 19, 2024). "Halle Berry: Critics Have 'So Much Power' to Tank Films" . IndieWire . Archived from the original on July 25, 2024 . Retrieved September 7, 2025 . ^ Casey, Henry T. (January 7, 2022). " The Flash Movie Teaser And Everything We Know So Far" . Tom's Guide . Archived from the original on June 14, 2025 . Retrieved August 4, 2022 . ^ Melendez, Marcos (February 13, 2022). " Batgirl Set Photos Reveal First Look at Michael Keaton's Batman" . Collider . Archived from the original on May 8, 2022 . Retrieved July 17, 2022 . ^ Gonzalez, Umberto (August 2, 2022). " Batgirl Won't Fly: Warner Bros. Discovery Has No Plans To Release Nearly Finished $90 Million Film" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on August 2, 2022 . Retrieved August 2, 2022 . Works cited Books Proctor, William (2023). "The Darkest Knight: Archaeology of the Batman in Comics and Film". In Guignard, F. (ed.). Reboot Culture – Comics, Film, Transmedia . London : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 195– 258. doi : 10.1007/978-3-031-40912-7_6 . ISBN 978-3-031-40911-0 . Reinhart, Mark S. (2013). "10: Batman Returns ". The Batman Filmography - Second Edition . Jefferson, North Carolina : McFarland & Company . pp. 123– 138. ISBN 978-0-7864-6891-1 . Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2006). "Batman Returns". Burton on Burton . London : Faber and Faber . pp. 102– 114. ISBN 0-571-22926-3 . Siegel, Carol (2013). "Tim Burton's Popularization of Perversity: Edward Scissorhands , Batman Returns , Sleepy Hollow , and Corpse Bride ". In Weinstock, J.A. (ed.). The Works of Tim Burton - Margins to Mainstream . New York City : Palgrave Macmillan . pp. 197– 216. doi : 10.1057/9781137370839_12 . Journals Born, Simon Philipp (2017). "Shadows of the Bat: Constructions of Good and Evil in the Batman Movies of Tim Burton and Christopher Nolan" . Journal for Religion, Film, and Media . 3 (1). Marburg, Germany: Schüren Publishing House. doi : 10.25364/05.3:2017.1.5 . Retrieved August 12, 2025 . Mettler, Catarina (2012). "The Carnevalesque in Tim Burton's Batman and Batman Returns ". Werkstücke . 2 (2): 109– 133. doi : 10.60135/werkstuecke.02.2012.6 . Newman, Graeme (1993). "Batman and Justice: The True Story". Humanity & Society . 17 (3): 297– 320. doi : 10.1177/016059769301700304 . Magazines Cotta Vaz, Mark (August 1992). "A Knight At The Zoo". Cinefex . No. 51. United States. pp. 22– 69. Fennell, Tim (August 1992). "Schwing!". Empire . London . p. 40. Groves, Don (August 2, 1993). " Park Keeps Stomping On World B.O.". Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 18. Jones, Alan (November 1989). "Batman" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 20, no. 1– 2. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 48– 63 . Retrieved July 2, 2022 . McBride, Joseph (July 14, 1992). "Socko Batsequel Rolls To Record B.O. In U.K.". Daily Variety . Los Angeles , California. p. 20. Resner, Jeffrey (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham". Empire . London . pp. 39– 46. Shapiro, Marc (July 1992). "Darker Knights When Batman Returns". Fangoria . No. 114. Atlanta, Georgia : Fangoria Publishing, LLC. pp. 30– 33. White, Taylor L. (August 1992). "Batman Returns" . Cinefantastique . Vol. 23, no. 1. Forest Park, Illinois : Fourth Castle Micromedia. pp. 8– 11 . Retrieved July 3, 2022 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Returns at IMDb Batman Returns at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of 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Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Catwoman v t e Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Incarnations Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Selina Kyle Holly Robinson Eiko Hasigawa Supporting characters Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Batgirl Batman Slam Bradley Gotham City Sirens Dick Grayson Huntress Justice League Outsiders Alfred Pennyworth Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Madame Zodiac Leslie Thompkins Wildcat Antagonists Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Angle Man Bane Black Mask Clayface Film Freak Hush Joker Penguin Poison Ivy Harley Quinn Riddler Scarecrow Snowflame Hugo Strange Two-Face Zeiss Publications Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives Catwoman Catwoman: When in Rome Gotham City Sirens Nine Lives In other media Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Catwoman (film) Chase Me DC Showcase: Catwoman Catwoman (video game) Selina Kyle ( Gotham character) "Selina Kyle" ( Gotham episode) Selina Kyle ( Batman Returns ) " The Cat and the Fiddle " " The Cat and the Claw " Catwoman: Soulstealer Catwoman: Hunted Category Category 1990s Film United States Speculative fiction Media from Commons Data from Wikidata Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF Other MusicBrainz work Yale LUX MusicBrainz work Yale LUX 1992 films 1990s Christmas films 1990s political satire films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American Christmas films American films about revenge American neo-noir films American political satire films American sequel films American superhero films Catwoman in other media Films about elections Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Denise Di Novi Films produced by Tim Burton Films scored by Danny Elfman Films set in zoos Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Los Angeles Films with screenplays by Daniel Waters (screenwriter) Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Gothic films Penguin (character) in other media Saturn Award–winning films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films 1990s English-language films 1992 American films Rating controversies in film English-language action films English-language Christmas films Dolby Cinema films Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use list-defined references from July 2022 Use American English from July 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2021 Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:27 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Events Toggle Events subsection 1.1 January–March 1.2 April–June 1.3 July–September 1.4 October–December 1.5 Date unknown 1.6 Ongoing 1.1 January–March 1.2 April–June 1.3 July–September 1.4 October–December 1.5 Date unknown 1.6 Ongoing 2 Births 3 Deaths 4 References 1537 Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Аԥсшәа العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 贛語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Къарачай-малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kriyòl gwiyannen Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Lingua Franca Nova Lombard Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Napulitano Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Plattdüütsch Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Qırımtatarca Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла संस्कृतम् Sesotho sa Leboa Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Türkmençe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Years Millennium 2nd millennium Centuries 15th century 16th century 17th century 15th century 16th century 17th century Decades 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s 1510s 1520s 1530s 1540s 1550s Years 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 1534 1535 1536 1537 1538 1539 1540 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e 1537 by topic Arts and science Architecture Art Literature Music Science Architecture Art Literature Music Science Leaders Political entities State leaders Colonial governors Religious leaders Political entities State leaders Colonial governors Religious leaders Birth and death categories Births – Deaths Establishments and disestablishments categories Establishments – Disestablishments Works category Works Works v t e v t e Gregorian calendar 1537 MDXXXVII Ab urbe condita 2290 Armenian calendar 986 ԹՎ ՋՁԶ Assyrian calendar 6287 Balinese saka calendar 1458–1459 Bengali calendar 943–944 Berber calendar 2487 English Regnal year 28 Hen. 8 – 29 Hen. 8 Buddhist calendar 2081 Burmese calendar 899 Byzantine calendar 7045–7046 Chinese calendar 丙申 年 (Fire Monkey ) 4234 or 4027 — to — 丁酉年 (Fire Rooster ) 4235 or 4028 Coptic calendar 1253–1254 Discordian calendar 2703 Ethiopian calendar 1529–1530 Hebrew calendar 5297–5298 Hindu calendars - Vikram Samvat 1593–1594 - Shaka Samvat 1458–1459 - Kali Yuga 4637–4638 Holocene calendar 11537 Igbo calendar 537–538 Iranian calendar 915–916 Islamic calendar 943–944 Japanese calendar Tenbun 6 (天文６年) Javanese calendar 1455–1456 Julian calendar 1537 MDXXXVII Korean calendar 3870 Minguo calendar 375 before ROC 民前375年 Nanakshahi calendar 69 Thai solar calendar 2079–2080 Tibetan calendar མེ་ཕོ་སྤྲེ་ལོ་ (male Fire- Monkey ) 1663 or 1282 or 510 — to — མེ་མོ་བྱ་ལོ་ (female Fire- Bird ) 1664 or 1283 or 511 Year 1537 ( MDXXXVII ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar . Events January–March January 1 – Princess Madeleine of Valois , the 16-year-old daughter of François I , King of France, is married to King James V of Scotland in a ceremony at the cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris . Already in ill health at the time of the marriage, Madaleine lives only six more months before dying at the Holyrood Palace in Edinburgh on July 7. [ 1 ] January 6 – Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence is assassinated by Lorenzino de' Medici , a distant cousin, who claims that he wants to reintroduce republican rule but has to flee to Venice. Instead Cosimo I of the junior branch of the Medici becomes the new duke. January 16 – Bigod's Rebellion , an uprising by Roman Catholics, led by Francis Bigod against Henry VIII of England and Protestant Rebellion, begins with an unsuccessful attempt to seize Scarborough Castle in Yorkshire . [ 2 ] January 19 – Most of Bigod's forces are captured by the English Army at a dawn raid of their camp at Beverley, Yorkshire , but Bigod escapes to Mulgrave and then to what is then the County of Cumberland . [ 2 ] January – At the battle of Ollantaytambo , the Inca Emperor Manco Inca Yupanqui defeats the Spanish led by Hernando Pizarro and the Spaniards' Indian allies February 10 – Francis Bigod, leader of Bigod's rebellion is captured at Cumberland by the English Army and imprisoned at Carlisle Castle . He is hanged at Tyburn on June 2. [ 2 ] March 8 – Chipatá , now in the Santander Department of the Republic of Colombia , is founded by the Spanish conquistadors Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada and his brother Hernán Pérez de Quesada as the first settlement in what will become the Spanish colony of Nueva Granada , which will later be divided into the nations of Colombia and Venezuela . March 12 – Recife is founded by the Portuguese , in Brazil . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] April–June April 1 – The Archbishop of Norway , Olav Engelbrektsson , flees from Trondheim to Lier, Belgium . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] April 18 – Diego de Almagro successfully charges Manco Inca 's siege of Cuzco , thereby saving his antagonists, the Pizarro brothers . [ 7 ] April 20 – Spanish conquest of the Muisca : Bacatá , the main settlement of the Muisca Confederation , is conquered by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada , effectively ending the Confederation in the Colombian Eastern Andes. [ 8 ] May 17 – The siege by Norwegian and Danish Protestants of Steinvikholm Castle in Norway , the former residence of the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway, ended after a month when the Catholic defenders surrendered to the Danish commander, Tord Roed. [ 9 ] The Ottoman Empire invaded southern Italy, attacking the cities of Apulia , Otranto and Brindisi , in a campaign that would last until November 22. [ 10 ] The siege by Norwegian and Danish Protestants of Steinvikholm Castle in Norway , the former residence of the last Roman Catholic Archbishop of Norway, ended after a month when the Catholic defenders surrendered to the Danish commander, Tord Roed. [ 9 ] The Ottoman Empire invaded southern Italy, attacking the cities of Apulia , Otranto and Brindisi , in a campaign that would last until November 22. [ 10 ] June 2 – Pope Paul III publishes the encyclical Sublimis Deus , which declares the natives of the New World to be rational beings with souls, who must not be enslaved or robbed. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] June 23 – The Siege of Hamar ends with the arrest of Bishop Mogens Lauritssøn , and the Catholic rebellion is definitively ended in Norway. July–September July 12 – Rodrigo Orgóñez occupies and sacks the Inca center of Vitcos at the battle of Abancay , but Manco Inca Yupanqui escapes and establishes the independent Neo-Inca State elsewhere in Vilcabamba, Peru . [ 13 ] July 22 – Upon the death of his father, Bhim Singh , Ratan Singh becomes the new ruler of the Kingdom of Amber with a capital at Amber in what is now the Rajasthan state in India [ 14 ] July 23 – The third Ottoman–Venetian War begins as the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent leads an invasion of the Republic of Venice . The war will continue until October 2, 1540. [ 15 ] August 2 – The battle of Montemurlo , an attempt by residents of the former Republic of Florence to overthrow Cosimo I de' Medici , Duke of Florence and restore the republican government, ends in failure. The Medici family then takes revenge on the supporters of the Republic, including the Republic commander, General Piero Strozzi . August 12 – The coronation of Christian III as King of Denmark and King of Norway takes place at Copenhagen. [ 16 ] August 15 – The city of Asunción , now the capital of the South American nation of Paraguay , is founded by Juan de Salazar de Espinosa . [ 17 ] August 25 – The Honourable Artillery Company , the oldest surviving regiment in the British Army , and the second most senior, is formed. August 26 –The siege of the island of Corfu is started by the Ottoman Empire Navy, commanded by Suleiman the Magnificent. [ 18 ] Suleiman abandons the siege in September after an outbreak of plague, and the Ottoman troops return home. [ 19 ] [ 20 ] September 2 – King Christian III of Denmark and Norway appoints Gjeble Pederssøn as Norway's first Lutheran bishop for the Church of Norway . [ 21 ] September 12 – King Carlos I of Spain (who is also the Holy Roman Emperor) issues a royal decree providing for the first election in the New World, allowing he citizens of the Province of Rio de la Plata (now Paraguay ) to elect a replacement for the late Captain-General Pedro de Mendoza . [ 22 ] Domingo Martínez de Irala is elected the new Captain-General in 1538. [ 23 ] October–December October 15 – Following the baptism of her son, the future Edward VI of England , Jane Seymour begins suffering from puerperal fever . The Queen consort dies nine days later. [ 24 ] November 1 – In what is now the Central American nation of Honduras , the Spanish conquistadore Alonso de Cáceres arrives at the Peñol de Cerquín , the mountaintop fortress of King Lempira of the Lencas , the indigenous leader of the resistance against European rule. Cáceres sends envoys to request Lempira to surrender. In response, Lempira has the Spanish messengers executed. [ 25 ] November 27 – Alfonso d'Avalos , the Marquis of Vasto in Italy, enters into a three-month truce with the French Duke of Montmorency to negotiate a peace for which areas would be under French control. [ 26 ] December 9 – Petar Keglević takes office as the new Ottoman Governor of Croatia and of Slavonia. [ 27 ] December 28 – The Ordonnance de Montpellier , establishing the first system in Europe for all writers to submit copies of their printed work to the government for review and maintenance in a library, is signed into law by King François I of France. The law provides that a book cannot be legally sold until a copy has been deposited in the royal library. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Date unknown Spanish counquistadors in what are now Peru and Colombia become the first Europeans to discover the potato , one of the staple foods for the indigenous residents, while exploring the houses of who have fled from their homes. Pedro Cieza de León , part of the expedition to Colombia, mentions the potato in a book that he publishes 16 years later [ 30 ] while Don Juan Castellanos refers to the edible plant as part of a military report on raiding an Inca village in Peru. [ 31 ] The potato is introduced to Europe more than 30 years later, in 1570 . [ 32 ] Kashmiri sultan Muhammad Shah dies and he is succeeded by Shams al-Din Shah II as sultan of Kashmiri Shah Mir Sultanate in 1537. Kiritimati ( Acea or "Christmas Island") is probably sighted by the Spanish mutineers from Hernando de Grijalva's expedition. [ 33 ] The Indian city of Bangalore is first mentioned in print. . [ 34 ] The dissolution of the monasteries takes place in Norway, as religious organizations are dissolved by King Christian III ; these include Bakke Abbey , Munkeby Abbey , Tautra Abbey , Nidarholm Abbey , Gimsøy Abbey and Utstein Abbey . Publication is made of two complete Bible translations into English , both based on Tyndale's. Myles Coverdale 's 1535 text is the first to be printed in England (by James Nicholson in Southwark , London) [ 35 ] The Matthew Bible , edited by John Rogers under the pseudonym "Thomas Matthew" and printed in Antwerp . [ 35 ] Ongoing Dissolution of the monasteries in England: Religious organizations dissolved by Henry VIII of England include: Bisham Priory , [ 36 ] Castle Acre Priory , [ 37 ] Chertsey Abbey , [ 38 ] Furness Abbey , [ 39 ] London Charterhouse [ 40 ] [ 41 ] and Valle Crucis Abbey . Births January 16 – Albrecht VII, Count of Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt (d. 1605 ) [ 42 ] January 21 – Antonio Maria Salviati , Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1602 ) [ 43 ] February 26 – Christopher II, Margrave of Baden-Rodemachern (d. 1575 ) [ 44 ] March 4 or January 23 – Longqing Emperor , Emperor of China (d. 1572 ) [ 45 ] May 18 – Guido Luca Ferrero , Italian Catholic cardinal (d. 1585 ) [ 46 ] May 20 – Hieronymus Fabricius , Italian anatomist (d. 1619 ) [ 47 ] May 27 – Louis IV, Landgrave of Hesse-Marburg , son of Landgrave Philip I (d. 1604 ) [ 48 ] May 31 – Shah Ismail II of Persia (d. 1577 ) [ 49 ] [ 50 ] June 3 – João Manuel, Prince of Portugal , Portuguese prince (d. 1554 ) [ 51 ] [ 52 ] July 20 – Arnaud d'Ossat , French diplomat and writer (d. 1604 ) [ 53 ] July 29 – Pedro Téllez-Girón, 1st Duke of Osuna , Spanish duke (d. 1590 ) July 30 – Christopher, Duke of Mecklenburg and administrator of Ratzeburg (d. 1592 ) August 9 – Francesco Barozzi , Italian mathematician (d. 1604 ) [ 54 ] August 15 – Shimazu Toshihisa , Japanese samurai (d. 1592 ) October – Lady Jane Grey , claimant to the throne of England (d. 1554 ) [ 55 ] [ 56 ] October 12 – King Edward VI of England (d. 1553 ) [ 24 ] November 21 – Fadrique Álvarez de Toledo, 4th Duke of Alba , Spanish military leader (d. 1583 ) [ 57 ] December 5 – Ashikaga Yoshiaki , Japanese shōgun (d. 1597 ) December 20 – King John III of Sweden (d. 1592 ) [ 58 ] December 24 – Willem IV van den Bergh , Stadtholder of Guelders and Zutphen (d. 1586 ) [ 59 ] December 26 – Albert, Count of Nassau-Weilburg (d. 1593 ) [ 60 ] date unknown Jane Lumley , English translator (d. 1578 ) [ 61 ] Shimizu Muneharu , Japanese military commander (d. 1582 ) [ 62 ] John Almond , English Cistercian monk (d. 1585 ) Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski , Polish noble (d. 1567 ) [ 63 ] Toyotomi Hideyoshi , Japanese warlord (d. 1598 ) [ 64 ] Jane Lumley , English translator (d. 1578 ) [ 61 ] Shimizu Muneharu , Japanese military commander (d. 1582 ) [ 62 ] John Almond , English Cistercian monk (d. 1585 ) Jan Krzysztof Tarnowski , Polish noble (d. 1567 ) [ 63 ] Toyotomi Hideyoshi , Japanese warlord (d. 1598 ) [ 64 ] Deaths January 6 Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (b. 1510 ) [ 65 ] Baldassare Peruzzi , Italian architect and painter (b. 1481 ) [ 66 ] Alessandro de' Medici, Duke of Florence (b. 1510 ) [ 65 ] Baldassare Peruzzi , Italian architect and painter (b. 1481 ) [ 66 ] January 12 – Lorenzo di Credi , Florentine painter and sculptor (b. 1459 ) [ 67 ] February 2 – Johann Carion , German astrologer and chronicler (b. 1499 ) [ 68 ] February 3 – Thomas FitzGerald, 10th Earl of Kildare , Anglo-Irish noble, rebel (executed) (b. 1513 ) [ 69 ] February 8 Otto von Pack , German conspirator (b. c. 1480 ) [ 70 ] Saint Gerolamo Emiliani , Italian humanitarian (b. 1481 ) [ 71 ] Otto von Pack , German conspirator (b. c. 1480 ) [ 70 ] Saint Gerolamo Emiliani , Italian humanitarian (b. 1481 ) [ 71 ] January 11 – John, Hereditary Prince of Saxony , German prince (b. 1498 ) [ 72 ] March 25 – Charles, Duke of Vendôme , French noble (b. 1489 ) [ 73 ] March 28 – Francesco of Saluzzo , Marquess of Saluzzo (b. 1498 ) [ 74 ] May 10 – Andrzej Krzycki , Polish archbishop (b. 1482 ) [ 75 ] May 24 – Sophie of Brandenburg-Ansbach-Kulmbach , German princess (b. 1485 ) [ 76 ] June 2 Francis Bigod , English noble, rebel (b. 1507 ) [ 77 ] Thomas Percy , English rebel (b 1504 ) [ 77 ] Adam Sedbar , English abbot and rebel (b. 1502 ) [ 77 ] Francis Bigod , English noble, rebel (b. 1507 ) [ 77 ] Thomas Percy , English rebel (b 1504 ) [ 77 ] Adam Sedbar , English abbot and rebel (b. 1502 ) [ 77 ] June 23 – Pedro de Mendoza , Spanish conquistador (b. 1487 ) [ 78 ] June 29 – Henry Percy, 6th Earl of Northumberland , English noble (b. 1502 ) [ 79 ] July 7 – Madeleine of Valois , queen of James V of Scotland (b. 1520 ) [ 80 ] July 12 – Robert Aske , English lawyer, rebel (executed) (b. 1500 ) [ 81 ] September 4 – Johann Dietenberger , German theologian (b. c. 1475 ) [ 82 ] September 7 – Nikolaus von Schönberg , German Catholic cardinal (b. 1472 ) [ 83 ] September 20 – Pavle Bakić , last Serb Despot and medieval Serb monarch [ 84 ] September 25 – William Framyngham , English author [ 85 ] October 24 – Jane Seymour , 3rd queen consort of Henry VIII of England (complications of childbirth) (b. c. 1508 ) [ 24 ] October 29 – Elizabeth Lucar , English calligrapher (b. 1510 ) [ 86 ] December 10 or December 11 – Andrey of Staritsa , son of Ivan III of Russia the Great (b. 1490 ) [ 87 ] [ 88 ] date unknown – John Kite , Archbishop of Armagh and Bishop of Carlisle [ 89 ] probable – Thomas Murner , German satirist (b. 1475 ) [ 90 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Seward, Desmond (1973). 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Studia Musicologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae . 13 (1/4): 265– 273. doi : 10.2307/901761 . ISSN 0039-3266 . JSTOR 901761 . Retrieved August 26, 2023 . 1537 Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB Pages using cite ODNB with id parameter CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt) CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) Webarchive template wayback links CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1 Spanish-language sources (es) CS1 Latin-language sources (la) CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) CS1 Brazilian Portuguese-language sources (pt-br) CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 Dutch-language sources (nl) CS1 Japanese-language sources (ja) CS1 Polish-language sources (pl) CS1 Serbian-language sources (sr) CS1 Russian-language sources (ru) Use mdy dates from March 2011 Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata This page was last edited on 11 October 2025, at 18:42 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical 5 Awards nominations 6 See also 7 References 8 External links The Shootist Aragonés Български Català Cymraeg Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item The Shootist Theatrical release poster by Richard Amsel Directed by Don Siegel Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Miles Hood Swarthout Scott Hale Miles Hood Swarthout Scott Hale Based on The Shootist by Glendon Swarthout Produced by M. J. Frankovich William Self M. J. Frankovich William Self Starring John Wayne Lauren Bacall Ron Howard James Stewart Richard Boone John Carradine Scatman Crothers Richard Lenz Harry Morgan Sheree North Hugh O'Brian John Wayne Lauren Bacall Ron Howard James Stewart Richard Boone John Carradine Scatman Crothers Richard Lenz Harry Morgan Sheree North Hugh O'Brian Cinematography Bruce Surtees Edited by Douglas Stewart Music by Elmer Bernstein Distributed by Paramount Pictures (USA/UK) Dino De Laurentiis Company (International) Paramount Pictures (USA/UK) Dino De Laurentiis Company (International) Release date July 21, 1976 ( 1976-07-21 ) July 21, 1976 ( 1976-07-21 ) Running time 100 minutes Country United States Language English Box office $13.4 million [ 1 ] The Shootist is a 1976 American Western film directed by Don Siegel and based on Glendon Swarthout 's 1975 novel of the same name, [ 2 ] and written by Miles Hood Swarthout (the son of the author) and Scott Hale. The film stars John Wayne in his last film appearance before his death in 1979, Lauren Bacall , Ron Howard , James Stewart , Richard Boone , John Carradine , Scatman Crothers , Rick Lenz , Harry Morgan , Sheree North , and Hugh O'Brian . In 1977, The Shootist received an Oscar nomination for Best Art Direction (Robert F. Boyle, Arthur Jeph Parker), a BAFTA Film Award nomination for Best Actress (Lauren Bacall), and a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Supporting Actor (Ron Howard), as well as the National Board of Review Award as one of the Top Ten Films of 1976 . The film received widespread critical acclaim, garnering an 81% positive rating on Rotten Tomatoes . Plot Widely known Old West Sheriff -turned- gunfighter John Bernard "J. B." Books arrives in Carson City , Nevada , on January 22, 1901. Books visits Dr. E. W. Hostetler, a country physician who treated Books' gunshot wounds 15 years before. Hostetler confirms that Books has terminal cancer and has only weeks to live. Hostetler prescribes laudanum for the pain, but advises that his condition will eventually become unbearable, remarking that if he had Books's courage, the death he has just described is not one he would choose. Books lodges at a quiet boarding house owned by Bond Rogers, a widow who lives with her young adult son, Gillom. Wanting to be left alone, Books gives her a fake name. Gillom deduces his true identity and tells his mother. Upset that Books has lied, Bond summons Marshal Walter Thibido. Books assures him he will be dead soon. Sympathetic to his plight, Bond asks Books to accompany her to church. Books claims he has no need of repentance, saying he never harmed anyone who did not deserve it. Word spreads about Books' presence in town and the state of his health. Local journalist Dan Dobkins is chased off when he asks Books for an interview. Books' old flame, Serepta, arrives and admits that Dobkins approached her to write a "biography" of Books filled with exaggerated stories of his gunfights. Books orders a headstone, but rejects the undertaker's offer of a free funeral, suspecting he would charge admission to view his remains. The local barber sweeps up Books' hair following a haircut, intending to sell the remnants. Later, two criminals try to ambush Books as he sleeps, but he kills them. Gillom is impressed, but his mother is concerned that Gillom will try to follow in Books' footsteps as the two grow closer. Books asks Gillom to visit three men with violent reputations: Mike Sweeney, the aging outlaw brother of a man Books killed in self-defense; Jack Pulford, the faro dealer at the Metropole saloon, a deadly crack shot; and Jay Cobb, Gillom's boss. He is to tell each that Books will be at the Metropole at 11:00 am on January 29, his birthday. On the morning of that day, the headstone arrives. It includes Books' death year as 1901, but with no month or day. Books gives Gillom his beloved horse, Dollar, bids farewell to Bond, and then boards a trolley for the saloon. Books enters the saloon to find the three men at different tables. Books orders a drink, toasting his birthday and his three guests. Sweeney, Cobb, and Pulford, respectively, and separately each try to kill Books. Despite being shot in the arm, he kills them. A crowd gathers in the street, having heard the gunshots. Gillom arrives and warns Books too late, as the Metropole's bartender shoots Books in the back, mortally wounding him. Gillom takes up Books' gun and kills the bartender. Realizing what he has done, Gillom throws the gun away. Books smiles before dying, approving of Gillom choosing not to follow his ways. Dr. Hostetler arrives and views the scene as Gillom covers Books' body with his coat. Gillom walks silently past the doctor, and outside to his waiting mother. Cast John Wayne as J. B. Books Lauren Bacall as Bond Rogers Ron Howard as Gillom Rogers James Stewart as Dr. E. W. "Doc" Hostetler Richard Boone as Mike Sweeney, an aging outlaw Hugh O'Brian as Jack Pulford, faro dealer at the Metropol Saloon Bill McKinney as Jay Cobb, owner of a local creamery Harry Morgan as Town Marshal Walter Thibido John Carradine as Beckum (undertaker) Sheree North as Serepta, an old flame of Books' Rick Lenz as Dan Dobkins, reporter for the Carson Morning Appeal (credited as “Richard Lenz”) Scatman Crothers as Moses (blacksmith) Gregg Palmer as Burly Man Alfred Dennis as Barber Dick Winslow as Streetcar Driver Melody Thomas as Girl on Streetcar Kathleen O'Malley as School Teacher Charles G. Martin as Murray (bartender) Production Producer Mike Frankovich announced that he had purchased the movie rights to Glendon Swarthout's novel The Shootist , and Wayne expressed a strong desire to play the title role, reportedly because of similarities to the character Jimmy Ringo in The Gunfighter , a role that he had turned down 26 years earlier. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] He was not initially considered due to the health and stamina issues that he had experienced during filming of Rooster Cogburn . [ 5 ] Paul Newman passed on the role, as did George C. Scott , Charles Bronson , Gene Hackman , and Clint Eastwood , before it was finally offered to Wayne. His compromised lung capacity made breathing and mobility difficult at Carson City's 4,600 ft (1,400 m) altitude, and production had to be shut down for a week while he recovered from influenza, but Wayne completed the filming without further significant medical issues. [ 6 ] The Shootist was Wayne's final cinematic role, concluding a 50-year career that began during the silent film era in 1926. Wayne was not terminally ill when the film was made in 1976. He had been a heavy cigarette smoker for most of his life, and he was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1964. It is also believed that Wayne may have contracted cancer as a result of working on the 1956 film The Conqueror , which was filmed downwind of a nuclear testing site. He underwent surgical removal of his left lung and several ribs. He remained clinically cancer-free until early 1979, when metastases were discovered in his stomach, intestines, and spine; he died in June of that year. [ 7 ] Nonetheless, Wayne appeared in a televised public service announcement for the American Cancer Society that began with the scene in which his character is informed of his cancer. Wayne then added that he had enacted the same scene in real life 12 years earlier. [ 8 ] The film's outdoor scenes were filmed on location in Carson City. Bond Rogers' boarding house is the 1914 Krebs-Peterson House, located in Carson City's historic residential district. The buggy ride was shot at Washoe Lake State Park , in the Washoe Valley between Reno and Carson City. It was a Paramount production, yet the street scenes and most interior shots were filmed at the Warner Bros. backlot and sound stages in Burbank, California . [ 9 ] The horse-drawn trolley was once used as a shuttle between El Paso and Juarez, Mexico . [ 10 ] Wayne's contract gave him script approval, and he made a number of major and minor changes, including moving the location from El Paso to Carson City [ 11 ] and the ending. In the book and original screenplay, Books kills his last opponent by shooting him in the back, is fatally wounded by a bartender with a shotgun, and is finally put out of his misery by Gillom. Wayne maintained that over his entire film career, he had never shot an adversary in the back and would not do so now. He also objected to his character being killed by Gillom and suggested that the bartender do it, because "no one could ever take John Wayne in a fair fight". [ 12 ] Wayne was also responsible for many casting decisions. Several friends and past co-stars were cast at his request, including Bacall, Stewart, Boone, and Carradine. James Stewart had not worked in films for a number of years, due in part to a severe hearing impairment, but he accepted the role as a favor to Wayne. Stewart and Wayne had worked together in two previous Westerns: The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance and How the West Was Won , both released in 1962. While filming the sequence in the doctor's office, both Stewart and Wayne repeatedly muffed their lines over a long series of takes, until director Don Siegel finally pleaded with them to try harder. "If you want the scene done better," joked Wayne, "you'd better get yourself a couple of better actors." Later, Wayne commented in private that Stewart knew his lines, but apparently could not hear his cues. [ 13 ] Another casting stipulation was using the horse owned and given away by Wayne's character, a favorite sorrel Quarter Horse gelding named Dollar (or sometimes Dollor) that Wayne had ridden in Big Jake , The Cowboys , True Grit , Rooster Cogburn , Chisum , and The Train Robbers . Wayne had negotiated exclusive movie rights to Dollar with the horse's owner, Dick Webb Movie Productions, and he requested script changes enabling him to mention Dollor's name several times. [ 14 ] By one account, Wayne's numerous directorial suggestions and script alterations caused considerable friction between director and star, [ 11 ] but Siegel said that Wayne and he got along well. He had plenty of his own ideas ... some I liked, which gave me inspirations, and some I didn't like. But we didn't fight over any of it. We liked each other and respected each other. [ 15 ] He had plenty of his own ideas ... some I liked, which gave me inspirations, and some I didn't like. But we didn't fight over any of it. We liked each other and respected each other. [ 15 ] Reception Box office Upon its theatrical release, The Shootist was a modest success, grossing $13,406,138 domestically, [ 1 ] About $6 million were earned in American theatrical rentals . [ 16 ] Critical It was named one of the Ten Best Films of 1976 by the National Board of Review, along with Rocky , All the President's Men , and Network . Film critic Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times ranked The Shootist number 10 on his list of the 10 best films of 1976. [ 17 ] The film was nominated for an Oscar (for Best Art Direction, today called Best Production Design), a Golden Globe , a BAFTA film award , and a Writers Guild of America award. The film has an 81% rating on the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 26 reviews. [ 18 ] In 2008 the film was nominated by the American Film Institute as one of the best Western films. [ 19 ] In 2020, filmmaker Quentin Tarantino wrote: There’s nothing in The Shootist you haven’t seen done many times before and done better … but what you haven’t seen before is a dying John Wayne give his last performance. And it’s Wayne’s performance, and the performances of some of the surrounding characters (Howard, Richard Boone, Harry Morgan, and Sheree North) that make The Shootist not the classic it wants to be, but memorable nonetheless. [ 20 ] There’s nothing in The Shootist you haven’t seen done many times before and done better … but what you haven’t seen before is a dying John Wayne give his last performance. And it’s Wayne’s performance, and the performances of some of the surrounding characters (Howard, Richard Boone, Harry Morgan, and Sheree North) that make The Shootist not the classic it wants to be, but memorable nonetheless. [ 20 ] Awards nominations Year Award Category Subject Result 1977 Academy Awards [ 21 ] Best Art Direction - Set Decoration Robert F. Boyle and Arthur Jeph Parker Nominated BAFTA Best Leading Actress Lauren Bacall Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actor Ron Howard Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Scott Hale , Miles Hood Swarthout Nominated 1976 National Board of Review Awards Top Ten Films The Shootist Won Novel Western Writers of America , Spur Award winner - "Best Western Novel" - 1975 (as: "one of the best western novels ever written." and as: "one of the 10 greatest Western novels written in the 20th century.") Western Writers of America , Spur Award winner - "Best Western Novel" - 1975 (as: "one of the best western novels ever written." and as: "one of the 10 greatest Western novels written in the 20th century.") Also in 2008, the American Film Institute nominated this film for its Top 10 Western Films list . [ 22 ] See also John Wayne filmography References ^ a b Box Office Information for The Shootist . Archived March 14, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Worldwide Box Office. Retrieved September 18, 2013. ^ Swarthout, Glendon (1975). The Shootist , New York, New York: Doubleday. .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 0-385-06099-8 ^ Roberts, R. and Olson, S. John Wayne: American. New York: Free Press (1995), pp. 121-2. ISBN 978-0-02-923837-0 . ^ Hyams, J. The Life and Times of the Western Movie. Gallery Books (1984), pp. 109-12. ISBN 0831755458 ^ Shepherd, Slatzer, & Grayson (2002), p. 306. ^ Shepherd D, Slatzer R, Grayson D. Duke: The Life and Times of John Wayne . Citadel (2002), pp. 293-5. ISBN 0806523409 ^ Bacon, J. "John Wayne: The Last Cowboy" Archived May 12, 2015, at the Wayback Machine . Us Magazine , June 27, 1978, retrieved August 19, 2016. ^ YouTube : "John Wayne & Jimmy Stewart: American Cancer Society - Classic PSA (1970s)" Archived February 16, 2020, at the Wayback Machine . Uploaded Sept. 13, 2012; retrieved June 3, 2019. Note: uploader misidentifies the film as The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance . ^ The Shootist locations Archived August 19, 2016, at the Wayback Machine . movie-locations.com, retrieved August 30, 2016. ^ Shepherd, Slatzer, & Grayson (2002), pp. 300-1 ^ a b Shepherd, Slatzer, & Grayson (2002), p. 298 ^ Hyams, J. The Life and Times of the Western Movie . Gallery Books (1984), pp. 214-5. ISBN 0831755458 ^ Shepherd, Slatzer, & Grayson (2002), p. 301. ^ Texas Couple Tend John Wayne's Horse to See That Fans Get Dollar's Worth . Texas Morning News (January 13, 1985), retrieved August 19, 2016. ^ Munn, M. John Wayne: The Man Behind the Myth . NAL (2005), p. 333 ^ Box Office Information for The Shootist . Archived May 25, 2014, at the Wayback Machine The Numbers. Retrieved September 18, 2013. ^ Roger Ebert's 10 Best Lists: 1967 to present. Archived January 13, 2014, at the Wayback Machine Roger Ebert 's Journal. Retrieved September 18, 2013. ^ Movie Reviews for The Shootist . Archived May 19, 2008, at the Wayback Machine Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 1, 2024. ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF) . Archived from the original on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 19, 2016 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) ^ Tarantino, Quentin (December 24, 2019). "The Shootist" . New Beverly Cinema . Archived from the original on January 24, 2020 . Retrieved March 23, 2020 . ^ "NY Times: The Shootist" . Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times . 2012. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012 . Retrieved December 30, 2008 . ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Nominees" (PDF) . Archived from the original on July 16, 2011 . Retrieved August 20, 2016 . {{ cite web }} : CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( link ) External links The Shootist at IMDb The Shootist at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) The Shootist at Rotten Tomatoes Glendon Swarthout website .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Films directed by Don Siegel v t e Star in the Night (1945) Hitler Lives (1945) The Verdict (1946) Night Unto Night (1949) The Big Steal (1949) The Duel at Silver Creek (1952) No Time for Flowers (1952) Count the Hours (1953) China Venture (1953) Riot in Cell Block 11 (1954) Private Hell 36 (1954) The Blue and Gold (1955) Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) Crime in the Streets (1956) Spanish Affair (1957) Baby Face Nelson (1957) The Lineup (1958) The Gun Runners (1958) Edge of Eternity (1959) Hound-Dog Man (1959) Flaming Star (1960) Hell Is for Heroes (1962) The Killers (1964) The Hanged Man (1964) Stranger on the Run (1967) Madigan (1968) Coogan's Bluff (1968) Death of a Gunfighter (1969) Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970) The Beguiled (1971) Dirty Harry (1971) Charley Varrick (1973) The Black Windmill (1974) The Shootist (1976) Telefon (1977) Escape from Alcatraz (1979) Rough Cut (1980) Jinxed! (1982) Star in the Night (1945) Hitler Lives (1945) The Verdict (1946) Night Unto Night (1949) The Big Steal (1949) The Duel at Silver Creek (1952) No Time for Flowers (1952) Count the Hours (1953) China Venture (1953) Riot in Cell Block 11 (1954) Private Hell 36 (1954) The Blue and Gold (1955) Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) Crime in the Streets (1956) Spanish Affair (1957) Baby Face Nelson (1957) The Lineup (1958) The Gun Runners (1958) Edge of Eternity (1959) Hound-Dog Man (1959) Flaming Star (1960) Hell Is for Heroes (1962) The Killers (1964) The Hanged Man (1964) Stranger on the Run (1967) Madigan (1968) Coogan's Bluff (1968) Death of a Gunfighter (1969) Two Mules for Sister Sara (1970) The Beguiled (1971) Dirty Harry (1971) Charley Varrick (1973) The Black Windmill (1974) The Shootist (1976) Telefon (1977) Escape from Alcatraz (1979) Rough Cut (1980) Jinxed! (1982) 1976 films 1976 Western (genre) films American Western (genre) films Films scored by Elmer Bernstein Films about old age Films based on American Western (genre) novels Films directed by Don Siegel Films shot in Nevada Films set in Nevada Films set in 1901 Films set in the American frontier Paramount Pictures films Films produced by Dino De Laurentiis 1970s English-language films 1976 American films English-language Western (genre) films Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from September 2021 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from September 2021 Template film date with 1 release date This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 02:14 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Vital articles in Wikipedia 2 Purpose of Vital articles on Wikipedia 3 What makes an article "vital"? 4 Targets and quotas Toggle Targets and quotas subsection 4.1 Level 1–3 targets 4.2 Level 4–5 quotas 4.2.1 Quota changes 4.2.2 Additional level 5 guidelines 4.1 Level 1–3 targets 4.2 Level 4–5 quotas 4.2.1 Quota changes 4.2.2 Additional level 5 guidelines 4.2.1 Quota changes 4.2.2 Additional level 5 guidelines 5 Nominating or removing a vital article Toggle Nominating or removing a vital article subsection 5.1 Eligibility 5.2 Pre-checks 5.3 No skipping 5.4 Swapping 5.5 Relitigation 5.6 Batches 5.7 Other 5.1 Eligibility 5.2 Pre-checks 5.3 No skipping 5.4 Swapping 5.5 Relitigation 5.6 Batches 5.7 Other 6 Closing a proposal Toggle Closing a proposal subsection 6.1 Level 1–4 closes of addition, removal or swap proposals 6.2 Level 5 closes of addition, removal or swap proposals 6.3 Moves and other reorganization 6.4 Executing a close 6.1 Level 1–4 closes of addition, removal or swap proposals 6.2 Level 5 closes of addition, removal or swap proposals 6.3 Moves and other reorganization 6.4 Executing a close 7 Archiving proposals 8 Article improvement drives and awards 9 Maintenance of lists 10 See also 11 Userboxes Wikipedia : Vital articles Bikol Central Cebuano فارسی Lietuvių La .lojban. नेपाली Português Svenska Lea faka-Tonga اردو Project page Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology WP:VITAL WP:VITAL WP:VA WP:VA Vital articles in Wikipedia There are 7,122,764 articles on the English Wikipedia, and 50,000 (around 0.7%) have been selected as vital articles to the project. They are organized into five levels: Level 1 contains the ten most vital articles, Level 2 contains the one hundred most vital articles (and by definition, includes the articles of Level 1), and each further level expands on the selection of the previous level, as follows: Vital article level Target number of vital articles Current situation (January 14, 2026) Current number At or above -class (%) At or above class (%) 1 10 10 10 (100%) 6 (60%) 2 100 100 94 (94%) 30 (30%) 3 1,000 994 693 (70%) 218 (22%) 4 10,000 9,988 5,118 (51%) 1,238 (12%) 5 50,000 50,040 16,840 (34%) 3,697 (7%) Purpose of Vital articles on Wikipedia Unlike the list of articles every Wikipedia should have , the lists of vital articles are tailored to the English Wikipedia and are actively maintained by the dedicated WikiProject Vital Articles . The five nested vital article levels are meant to serve several functions to support Wikipedia overall: Give direction to the prioritization of improvements of English Wikipedia articles (e.g. which articles to bring to WP:GA and WP:FA status) Provide a measurement of quality of overall English Wikipedia (e.g. what proportion of the most important articles are at GA and FA status) To serve as a centralized watchlist of English Wikipedia's most important articles. What makes an article "vital"? WP:VITALCRITERIA WP:VITALCRITERIA WP:VACRIT WP:VACRIT The key criteria in determining whether an article is vital are: Coverage : Vital articles at higher levels tend to "cover" more topics and be broader in their scope. For example, Science 1 is a Vital-1 article, while Scientific method 3 is a lower level of vitality. Determining which articles are vital at lower levels often involves looking at the articles at higher levels. For example, since History 2 is of high vitality, World War II 3 is also a vital article, just at a lower level. Essential to Wikipedia's other articles : While Scientific method 3 may be less vital than Science 1 , since it is such a critical topic regarding science, covering many science-related topics in Wikipedia, it is undoubtedly a vital article. Notability : Individuals within the People section represent the pinnacles of their field with a material impact on the course of humanity, such as Albert Einstein 3 in "Inventors and scientists", William Shakespeare 3 in "Authors", and Genghis Khan 3 on "Leaders". No (Western) bias : While the vitals list is for English Wikipedia, the focus is on the world. For example, the current consensus for Level 3 is to list two cities in China ( Hong Kong , Beijing ) and India ( Delhi , Mumbai ), but only one in the United States . Page Statistics : Page statistics such as the number of views a page receives, the number of other languages with a similar page, the number of editors, the number of page watchers, etc. can be considered (i.e. it is a proxy on its importance to Wikipedia's structure). However, these values should be treated with caution as they can be driven by recentism, and other bias, which is a particular concern at Levels 1-4. Targets and quotas WP:VITALQUOTA WP:VITALQUOTA WP:VITALTARGET WP:VITALTARGET WP:VAQUOTA WP:VAQUOTA WP:VATARGET WP:VATARGET Each level of the vital articles list implements a target number of articles a.k.a. quota. These not only characterize the relative vitality levels, but also discipline the selection process. Level 1–3 targets At Levels 1 and 2, the lists are very stable and small, resulting in a rigid target for the level as a whole. The list size will likely never deviate from the target, and one should expect all proposals to effectively swap one article for another. However, the smaller list size also allows for comparing articles case-by-case, which means the article count for specific categories, while very stable, is mostly for reporting purposes. Targets at Level 3 work mostly the same, only the list is slightly more fluid. As a result, the list size may fluctuate around the overall target by a few articles. While swap candidates are always encouraged, they aren't absolutely required for Level 3 proposals either. Level 4–5 quotas Starting with Level 4, the vital articles list is subdivided into several pages by category. The sizes of Levels 4 and 5 also make direct comparison across fields impractical. As a result, the overall level target becomes largely a data-point and article counts by category are more influential. These category counts function more like quotas, with some variance in list size tolerated. For example, Level 5 considers a category "close to quota" with an article count anywhere between 98% and 102% of the formal target. This flexibility also means proposals can usually be split into separate additions or removals, even with a swap in mind, in order to minimize conflicted or partial votes. However, any tolerance in category size should not be considered an unofficial quota ; it only exists to add slack to change procedures at the larger levels. Once a category is above its quota by more than a few articles, please focus new proposals on removals, or at least balance each addition proposal with multiple removals. Quota changes The category quotas are also adjusted through distinct quota proposals. Proposers can have several reasons to reallocate slots between categories, but one accepted rule is that quota proposals should be considered independently of article proposals. Anyone that believes a category should be resized based on the articles it includes or lacks is encouraged to propose the relevant article changes first, then affirm the new sizes with a quota proposal. Additional level 5 guidelines At Level 5 specifically, the project has discussed and affirmed some additional guidelines: Every page quota shall be a multiple of 50, and all quota proposals shall reallocate slots in denominations of 50. Besides easing list maintenance, this is intended as a floor to encourage fewer yet more substantive quota proposals, and also to prevent salami slicing of less-active categories. Note that on some pages, individual section headers may show their own sub-quotas ( not to be confused with the automatic section counts ). These sub-quotas are deprecated for the foreseeable future and can be removed when updating a Level 5 list. Nominating or removing a vital article A number of guidelines/practices have been agreed regarding the proposal process: Eligibility WP:VANOM WP:VANOM All Wikipedia extended confirmed editors are welcome to propose an article that should be added, removed, or demoted from one of the Level 1-4 vital article lists (which are ECP-protected from here ), and/or !vote or comment on any existing proposal. Any editor can make a proposal at Level 5. Pre-checks When proposing to add or remove a particular topic from the vital articles list, we strongly recommend that the proposer review and compare the other articles in the same category to get a better sense of what is considered vital in that area and that they also check the talk page archives for that Level to see if the topic was previously proposed, and what was the resulting discussion. Use the 'VA link' template to allow editors to easily check its location (e.g. Internet 3 ). No skipping WP:VANOSKIP WP:VANOSKIP A proposed vital article must exist at a lower level before being nominated at a higher level, as agreed here . For example, a proposal to move the Level 5 vital article Twitter 5 to Level 3 could not happen until it had first been successfully proposed for Level 4. Only after it had been added to the Level 4 list, could it then be proposed to Level 3. Swapping WP:VASWAP WP:VASWAP Levels 1 to 4 are usually at their full quota, and any nomination to 'Add' a topic to one of these Levels is often accompanied by a proposal to 'Remove' an existing topic. For example, a Level 3 proposal could say: "Add Steve Jobs 4 " and Remove Henry Ford 3 ". While it is not obligatory to frame proposals as a swap (and not needed if the proposal is to 'Remove'), it is recommended, as some discussions may fail to progress (and be closed as 'no consensus'), as no agreement could be reached on a suitable swap candidate. Relitigation There is currently no hard limit to how soon a failed proposal can be retried, and articles can occasionally see major swings in coverage or notability. However, editors are strongly discouraged from knowingly repeating a recent proposal (active within the past 6 months is a good rule-of-thumb). If someone does happen to repeat a proposal, assume good faith in the absence of disruptive behavior and include a link to the previous discussion from the archives. Batches At Level 5, the size of the list sometimes makes comparing articles on a case-by-case basis impractical. Instead, proposers might suggest a rule or principle for their changes, then bundle several relevant articles together. Batch proposals have several advantages, such as conserving talk-page space and keeping similar discussions together, but they can also become unwieldy if too large or when discussions fragment. Editors are encouraged to use their best judgment when bundling proposals although 3-10 articles is often a good rule-of-thumb. Other A redlink (i.e. a Wikipedia article that has not yet been written) can be proposed as a vital article (from here ). A good article or featured article creator should be courtesy pinged where their article has been proposed at vital articles (from here ). Closing a proposal A number of guidelines/practices have been agreed regarding the closing of proposals: Level 1–4 closes of addition, removal or swap proposals Any Level 1–4 proposal for addition, removal or swap proposals can be closed by any editor, including editors who have already !voted in the proposal (i.e. the concept of WP:INVOLVED does not arise in vital article closures), provided it meets the following specific criteria: After 15 days it may be closed as PASSED if there are (a) 5 or more supports, AND (b) at least two-thirds are in support. After 30 days it may be closed as FAILED if there are (a) 3 or more opposes, AND (b) it failed to earn two-thirds support. After 30 days it may be closed as NO CONSENSUS if the proposal hasn't received any !votes for +30 days, regardless of tally. After 60 days it may be closed as NO CONSENSUS if the proposal has (a) less than 5 supports, AND (b) less than two-thirds support. Level 5 closes of addition, removal or swap proposals Any Level 5 proposal for addition, removal or swap proposals can also be closed by any editor, including editors who have already !voted in the proposal, provided it meets the following specific criteria (these are different from Level 4 due to the greater frequency of proposals at Level 5): Before being closed as passed, a Level 5 discussion must: Run for at least 14 days; AND It must have at least 4 support !votes of which at least 4 must be from at least 7 days ago; AND It must have over 60% support; AND It must have no oppose votes from the last 7 days. Run for at least 14 days; AND It must have at least 4 support !votes of which at least 4 must be from at least 7 days ago; AND It must have over 60% support; AND It must have no oppose votes from the last 7 days. Before being closed as failed, a Level 5 discussion must: Run for at least 14 days; AND It must have at least 2 oppose !votes of which at least 2 must be from at least 7 days ago; AND It must have less than 60% support. It must have no support votes from the last 7 days. Run for at least 14 days; AND It must have at least 2 oppose !votes of which at least 2 must be from at least 7 days ago; AND It must have less than 60% support. It must have no support votes from the last 7 days. Moves and other reorganization For moves and other reorganization within a single subpage, discussion is optional . Moves between subpages should preferably be announced on the talk page in advance. If a move between subpages involves enough entries to require a quota reallocation, they require as many votes as additions and removals. Executing a close The closer of any proposal, following the above rules for closing, must execute the resulting changes to the existing vital article lists (e.g. adding or removing an article from the relevant vital article lists); closers who are not able to do this should not close proposals . Once a Level 1-5 proposal is closed on the VA talk page, it should be left for auto-archiving and not be immediately archived by the closer. Cewbot will later update the VA-status on the talk page of the article in question (i.e. removing, adding, or updating the VA level per the latest VA article lists). The closer of a VA discussion does not need to edit the article's talk page. A useful script for automatically closing discussions is the User:DannyS712/DiscussionCloser tool, however, this tool only closes the discussion on the talk page, and does not make the physical changes to the VA lists that are needed as part of any close. Archiving proposals Auto-archival has been enabled on many discussion pages of the Vital Articles project. However, some areas (such as Level 5) have suspended it for now due to a wide spread in how quickly proposals are resolved. Even on pages where an archival bot is active, editors may want to archive closed discussions themselves in order to de-clutter the page. Here are some suggestions for anyone who wants to manually archive some closed proposals: In case of disagreements about how a proposal was closed, it's strongly encouraged to wait at least 72 hours (3 days) after a proposal is closed before moving it to the archives. If only portions of a large batch proposal are closed, it is OK to split the batch and partly archive it. Use your best judgment on when and how to split large batches; prefer keeping things together if you're unsure Feel free to add a note (such as "set N of M") to the batch header when splitting Use your best judgment on when and how to split large batches; prefer keeping things together if you're unsure Feel free to add a note (such as "set N of M") to the batch header when splitting Even if auto-archival is disabled, respect the max archive size and counter for a talk page. These values can be found in the archival bot configuration at the top of the talk-page in edit mode. Check the current archive page size after you move in your closed proposals. If it now exceeds the max archive size, be sure to create the next archive page and increment the counter on the talk page. These values can be found in the archival bot configuration at the top of the talk-page in edit mode. Check the current archive page size after you move in your closed proposals. If it now exceeds the max archive size, be sure to create the next archive page and increment the counter on the talk page. Consider using a one-click archiving tool to help partly automate the process. Article improvement drives and awards There have been many initiatives around improving vital article quality which are listed at Wikipedia:WikiProject Vital Articles , including: The Core Contest Team-B-Vital The 30 kB drive The Vital GA Drive Articles for improvement Rewards for improving vital articles include: {{ Good Article Barnstar }} : Awarded for improving a Level 1 article to Good Article status. Prize awarded by Sdkb with no expiry date. More details... . $100 reward for improving a level 3 or above vital article to Featured Article status. Prize awarded by Feminist until 10 August 2024. More details... Please contact the prize sponsors for additional information. Remember to adhere to Wikipedia:Conflict of interest , and to exercise common sense. Maintenance of lists Wikipedia:Database reports/Vital articles update report Some notes about our maintainer User:Cewbot : All attributes of articles are fetched from corresponding categories. The bot will automatically update the summary table if there are summary table marks. See also The historical landing page was at Wikipedia:WikiProject Vital Articles The forum for discussion with the vital articles community, and for making proposals on the topic, is at Wikipedia talk:Vital articles . Further analysis and statistics on vital articles can be found at Wikipedia:Vital articles/Statistics . A list of members who contribute to the vital article topic is at Wikipedia:Vital articles/Members . An explanation of how articles are graded in Wikipedia is at Wikipedia:Content assessment . A timeline of the level 3 figures . Sub-pages of Wikipedia:Vital articles Userboxes The following relevant userboxes are available: Template Appearance Purpose {{ User Vital }} .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox{margin:1px;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);width:238px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table{border-collapse:collapse;width:238px;margin-bottom:0;margin-top:0;background:#eee;color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox td{border:0;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-info{border:0;text-align:left;font-size:8pt;padding:0 4px 0 4px;height:45px;line-height:1.25em;color:inherit;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id,.mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id2{border:0;width:45px;height:45px;background:#ddd;text-align:center;font-size:14pt;font-weight:bold;color:inherit;padding:0 1px 0 0;line-height:1.25em;vertical-align:middle}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table{background:#202122;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id2{background:#27292d;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table[style*="background"] .userbox-info{color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table{background:#202122;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox .userbox-id2{background:#27292d;color:inherit}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .wikipediauserbox table[style*="background"] .userbox-info{color:#202122;color:inherit}} This user contributes to vital articles on Wikipedia. This user contributes to vital articles on Wikipedia. For members of vital articles. {{ Vital userbox }} This user has received a Vital barnstar . This user has received a Vital barnstar . Good old userbox , given to those that have done a good job. {{ Good Vital infobox }} This user has helped promote vital good articles on Wikipedia . This user has helped promote vital good articles on Wikipedia . Userbox for those that have successfully nominated a Vital good article. {{ Featured Vital infobox }} This user has helped promote vital featured articles on Wikipedia . This user has helped promote vital featured articles on Wikipedia . Userbox for those that have successfully nominated a Vital featured article. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vital article lists v t e Top 1,000 (Levels 1 to 3) Level 1 (10) Level 2 (100) Level 3 (1,000) Timeline Level 1 (10) Level 2 (100) Level 3 (1,000) Timeline Top 10,000 (Level 4) People History Geography Arts Philosophy and religion Everyday life Society and social sciences Biological and health sciences Physical sciences Technology Mathematics People History Geography Arts Philosophy and religion Everyday life Society and social sciences Biological and health sciences Physical sciences Technology Mathematics Top 50,000 (Level 5) People Writers/journalists Artists/musicians/composers Entertainers/directors/producers/screenwriters Philosophers/historians/social scientists Religious figures Politicians/leaders Military leaders/revolutionaries/activists Scientists/inventors/mathematicians Sports figures Miscellaneous Geography Physical geography Countries and subdivisions Cities Humanities Arts (audiovisual) Arts (narrative) History Philosophy and religion Society Social studies Politics and economics Culture Everyday life Sports, games and recreation Biological Biology, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology Animals Plants, fungi, and other organisms Health, medicine, and disease Sciences Basics and measurement Astronomy Chemistry Earth science Physics Technology Mathematics People Writers/journalists Artists/musicians/composers Entertainers/directors/producers/screenwriters Philosophers/historians/social scientists Religious figures Politicians/leaders Military leaders/revolutionaries/activists Scientists/inventors/mathematicians Sports figures Miscellaneous Writers/journalists Artists/musicians/composers Entertainers/directors/producers/screenwriters Philosophers/historians/social scientists Religious figures Politicians/leaders Military leaders/revolutionaries/activists Scientists/inventors/mathematicians Sports figures Miscellaneous Geography Physical geography Countries and subdivisions Cities Physical geography Countries and subdivisions Cities Humanities Arts (audiovisual) Arts (narrative) History Philosophy and religion Arts (audiovisual) Arts (narrative) History Philosophy and religion Society Social studies Politics and economics Culture Everyday life Sports, games and recreation Social studies Politics and economics Culture Everyday life Sports, games and recreation Biological Biology, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology Animals Plants, fungi, and other organisms Health, medicine, and disease Biology, biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology Animals Plants, fungi, and other organisms Health, medicine, and disease Sciences Basics and measurement Astronomy Chemistry Earth science Physics Technology Mathematics Basics and measurement Astronomy Chemistry Earth science Physics Technology Mathematics User-suggested SethAllen623's vital articles 20 200 2,000 20,000 100,000 SethAllen623's vital articles 20 200 2,000 20,000 100,000 20 200 2,000 20,000 100,000 Published lists Macropædia 2007 Other article lists Most referenced articles Articles every Wikipedia should have Top-rated importance articles Most referenced articles Articles every Wikipedia should have Top-rated importance articles See Documentation of this template for more lists. 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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: LatentRefusal: Latent-Signal Refusal for Unanswerable Text-to-SQL Queries Abstract: In LLM-based text-to-SQL systems, unanswerable and underspecified user queries may generate not only incorrect text but also executable programs that yield misleading results or violate safety constraints, posing a major barrier to safe deployment. Existing refusal strategies for such queries either rely on output-level instruction following, which is brittle due to model hallucinations, or estimate output uncertainty, which adds complexity and overhead. To address this challenge, we formalize safe refusal in text-to-SQL systems as an answerability-gating problem and propose LatentRefusal, a latent-signal refusal mechanism that predicts query answerability from intermediate hidden activations of a large language model. We introduce the Tri-Residual Gated Encoder, a lightweight probing architecture, to suppress schema noise and amplify sparse, localized cues of question-schema mismatch that indicate unanswerability. Extensive empirical evaluations across diverse ambiguous and unanswerable settings, together with ablation studies and interpretability analyses, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and show that LatentRefusal provides an attachable and efficient safety layer for text-to-SQL systems. Across four benchmarks, LatentRefusal improves average F1 to 88.5 percent on both backbones while adding approximately 2 milliseconds of probe overhead. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10398 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10398v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite (pending registration) Submission history Access Paper: View PDF HTML (experimental) TeX Source References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 French Revolution 1.2 Restoration 1.3 Modern times 1.1 French Revolution 1.2 Restoration 1.3 Modern times 2 Bishops and archbishops Toggle Bishops and archbishops subsection 2.1 To 1000 2.2 1000–1300 2.3 1300–1500 2.4 after 1500 2.1 To 1000 2.2 1000–1300 2.3 1300–1500 2.4 after 1500 3 See also 4 Notes 5 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 5.1 Reference works 5.2 Studies 5.1 Reference works 5.2 Studies Ancient Diocese of Narbonne Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Occitan Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The former Catholic diocese of Narbonne existed from early Christian times until the French Revolution . It was an archdiocese , with its see at Narbonne , from the year 445, [ 1 ] and its influence ran over much of south-western France and into Catalonia . At the beginning of the 18th century, the ecclesiastical province of Narbonne included the dioceses of: Agde, Alais, Béziers, Carcassonne, Alet, Lodève, Montpellier, Nimes, Elne, Saint-Pons, and Uzès. [ 2 ] History Bishop Selva (c. 633–638) subscribed as a metropolitan bishop at the Council of Toledo in 633. In a bull of 20 August 896, which confirmed the rights, privileges, and possessions of Narbonne, Pope Stephen VI granted the church of Narbonne the right to elect a bishop without outside interference, even from the king. [ 3 ] In 908, at the command of Charles the Simple , King of the Western Franks, Archbishop Arnustus of Narbonne consecrated, with the assistance of bishops Nantigius of Urgel and Teudericus of Barcelona, one of the members of the king's court, [ 4 ] Vigo (Guigui) to be bishop of Gerona. On 21 November 908, a meeting of the clergy, nobility, and people was held in the church of S. Felix in Gerona at the call of Count Wifred of Barcelona, Gerona, and Ausona (Osona), to acknowledge, elect, and install their new bishop. The consecrators were present. The proceedings demonstrate the power and influence of lay magnates over church appointments. [ 5 ] Archbishop Arnustus (893–912) was assassinated by his enemies while he was on his way to a council to be held in Barcelona. [ 6 ] In preparing for the election of a successor, the clergy and people of Narbonne invited each of the suffragan bishops of the archdiocese, and, following an old custom, the archbishop of Arles and his suffragans as well. Archbishop Rostagnus of Arles set out, but when he reached Agde, he and the bishops of Uzès and Maguelonne uncanonically elected and consecrated Gérard, who was the nephew of Bishop Amelius of Uzès. The bishops of the province of Narbonne and the clergy and people of the archdiocese immediately elected the abbot Agius, and sent a letter of protest to Pope Anastasius III , asking that the election of Gérard be voided, and that archbishop-elect Agius be dispensed from having to appear at the Roman court due to the danger of travel. Gérard, however, set off for Rome. Pope Anastasius died in October 913, and it was left to his successor Pope John X to deal with the case. Gérard did not wait, however, but forged some papal documents in his favor and returned to Narbonne, hoping to expel Archbishop Agius. The bishops of the province of Narbonne wrote to the pope again with additional particulars, and Pope John voided the election of Gérard. He sent the archbishop of Besançon to Narbonne to bestow the pallium on Archbishop Agius and to drive Gérard out of the diocese. [ 7 ] A provincial synod was held in Narbonne by Archbishop Aymeric on 27 March 1247. The principal business was a petition presented by the clergy and people of Elne for a new bishop. In discussion at the council, the representatives of Elne came to agree on Riculf, a choice which was approved by the council. Several months later, Archbishop Aymeric held a synod in the diocese of Elne, at a place called in Fontis , in which the bishops of Gerona and Urgel were deposed. in accordance with a decree of Pope Innocent IV , though they were restored by the council as an act of mercy. [ 8 ] French Revolution The National Constituent Assembly ordered the replacement of political subdivisions of the ancien régime with subdivisions called "departments" , to be characterized by a single administrative city in the center of a compact area. The decree was passed on 22 December 1789, and the boundaries fixed on 26 February 1790, with the effective date of 4 March 1790. [ 9 ] A new department was created, called "Aude", and its administrative center was fixed at Carcassonne, with Narbonne as one of its districts. [ 10 ] The National Constituent Assembly then, on 6 February 1790, instructed its ecclesiastical committee to prepare a plan for the reorganization of the clergy. At the end of May, its work was presented as a draft Civil Constitution of the Clergy , which, after vigorous debate, was approved on 12 July 1790. There was to be one diocese in each department, a policy later adhered to by Napoleon. [ 11 ] Under the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, the diocese of Narbonne was combined with the dioceses of Carcassonne, Alet, Saint-Papoul and Mirepoix into the new Diocese of the Aude, with its seat at Narbonne. [ 12 ] It included 565 parishes. It was a part of the Métropole du Sud, which included ten départements. [ 13 ] Restoration The French Directory fell in the coup engineered by Talleyrand and Napoleon on 10 November 1799. The coup resulted in the establishment of the French Consulate , with Napoleon as the First Consul. To advance his aggressive military foreign policy, he decided to make peace with the Catholic Church in France and with the Papacy. [ 14 ] In the concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII , and in the enabling papal bull, "Qui Christi Domini", the constitutional diocese of Aude and all the other dioceses in France, were suppressed. This removed all the institutional contaminations and novelties introduced by the Constitutional Church, and voided all of the episcopal appointments of both authentic and constitutional bishops. [ 15 ] In restoring the pre-revolutionary ecclesiastical structure, the template provided by the Constitutional Church was followed, in providing for only ten metropolitan archbishoprics. The ecclesiastical province of Narbonne was not restored, nor was the archdiocese of Narbonne. The dioceses of the ecclesiastical province were either transferred to other ecclesiastical provinces, or were not restored. The territory of the former diocese of Narbonne was merged under the Concordat of 1801 into the diocese of Carcassonne , [ 16 ] and the diocese of Carcassone was assigned to the ecclesiastical province of Toulouse. [ 17 ] After the Restoration of the Bourbons following Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo, new national boundaries were drawn by the Congress of Vienna and the Treaty of Paris (1815) . This required, on the part of the Papacy, the negotiation of new concordats with the various Powers, in the light of events of the previous quarter-century. This resulted in a treaty between Louis XVIII and Pope Pius VII , the Concordat of 11 June 1817 . The archdiocese of Narbonne was to be reestablished through the bull "Commissa divinitus", [ 18 ] The proposed concordat was submitted to the French National Assembly, but it was defeated by members who were still of liberal political persuasion and hostile to the reactionary policies of the Bourbon government. On 6 October 1822, a revised version of the bull of 1817, "Commissa divinitus", now called "Paternae charitatis", was signed, and on demand of the king was enacted into French law in 1823. [ 19 ] In paragraph 13 of that bull, the decision is taken not to restore the ecclesiastical province of Narbonne or the diocese. The archdiocese of Toulouse became the archdiocese of Toulouse-Narbonne. [ 20 ] Modern times After more than a century, a new metropolitan see was created for the Languedoc region, with the elevation of the bishopric of Montpellier to the rank of Metropolitan Archbishop on 8 December 2002. [ 21 ] The diocese of Carcassonne was transferred from the metropolitanate of Toulouse to that of Montpellier, and on 14 June 2006 the name of the diocese of Carcassonne was changed to the Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne. Toulouse no longer carries the title Toulouse-Narbonne. Bishops and archbishops To 1000 [ Paul of Narbonne ] [ 22 ] [ Saint Etienne (third century) ] [ 23 ] [ (359) : Gavidius ] [ 24 ] (417–422) : Hilarius [ 25 ] (427–461) : Rusticus (427, 461, c. 441–445) [ 26 ] [ (462) : Hermes ] [ 27 ] Caprarius ( c. 506) [ 28 ] (560) : Aquilinus [ 29 ] Athaloc (c. 589) (c. 589–597) : Migetius (Migecio) [ 30 ] (c. 610) : Sergius [ 31 ] Selva (c. 633–638) [ 32 ] Argebaud (c. 672) [ 33 ] Sunifred (c. 683–688) [ 34 ] [ Aribertus (c. 768) ] [ 35 ] Daniel (c. 769–c. 798) [ 36 ] ( c. 790–c. 825) :Nebridius (Nefridius) (c. 790–822 or c. 799–c. 825) [ 37 ] (c. 827–844) : Bartholomeus [ 38 ] (c. 842–c. 850) : Berarius [ 39 ] (c. 855–872) : Fredoldus [ 40 ] (873–885) : Sigebaud [ 41 ] (885–893) : Theodard [ 42 ] (893–912) : Arnustus [ 43 ] [ (912) : Gerard ] [ 44 ] (912–924) : Agio (926–977) : Aimery (977–1017/1019) : Ermengaud (Ermengol) 1000–1300 (1019–1079) : Guifred de Cerdagne [ 45 ] (1081–1097) : Dalmatius [ 47 ] (1097–1106) : Bertrand de Montredon (1106–1121) : Richard de Millau (Milhau) (1121–1149) : Arnaud de Lévezou [ 48 ] (1150–1156) : Pierre d'Anduze (1156–1162) : Berenger of Narbonne [ 49 ] (1162–1181) : Pons D'Arce (1182–1191) : Bernard Gaucelin [ 50 ] (1191–1212) : Berengar of Barcelona [ 51 ] (1212–1225) : Arnaldus Amalric , O.Cist. [ 52 ] (1226–1245) : Pierre Amiel (Petrus Amelii) [ 53 ] (1245–1257) : Guillaume de Broue [ 54 ] (1257–1259) : Jacques (1259–1261) : Guy de Foulques [ 55 ] (1263–1272) : Maurinus [ 56 ] (1272–1286) : Pierre de Montbrun (1287–1311) : Gilles I Aycelin de Montaigu 1300–1500 (1311–1341) : Bernard de Fargis [ 57 ] (1341–1346) : Gausbert du Val (Cardinal) (1347–1375) : Pierre de La Jugie [ 58 ] (1375–1391) : Jean Roger (1391–1432) : François de Conzié [ 59 ] (1433–1436) : Francesco Condulmer (Cardinal) in commendam [ 60 ] (1436–1451) : Jean D'Harcourt [ 61 ] (1451–1460) : Louis D'Harcourt (1460–1472) : Antoine du Bec-Crespin [ 62 ] (1473–1482) : Renaud de Bourbon [ 63 ] (1482–1484) : Georges d'Amboise (1484–1491) : François Ilallé (1492–1494) : Georges d'Amboise, second time [ 64 ] (1494–1502) : Pierre D'Abzac after 1500 (1502–1507) : François-Guillaume de Castelnau (1507–1514) : Cardinal Guillaume Briçonnet (1515–1523) : Cardinal Giulio de Medici (later Pope Clement VII) (1524–1550) : Jean, Cardinal of Lorraine (1550–1551) : Cardinal Ippolito d'Este , Cardinal of Ferrara (1551–1563) : Francesco Pisani (Cardinal) (1563–1572) : Cardinal Ippolito d'Este (1572–1575) : Simon Vigor (1581–1588) : Cardinal François de Joyeuse [ 65 ] (1588–1594) : Raymond Cavalésy, O.P. [ 66 ] (1600–1628) : Louis de Vervins , O.P. [ 67 ] (1628–1659) : Claude de Rebé [ 68 ] (1659–1673) : François Fouquet [ 69 ] (1673–1703) : Pierre de Bonzi [ 70 ] (1711–1715) : Charles Legoux de La Berchère [ 71 ] (1726–1738) : René-François de Beauvau du Rivau [ 72 ] (1739–1751) : Jean-Louis de Berton de Crillon [ 73 ] (1752–1762) : Charles-Antoine de La Roche-Aimon [ 74 ] (1763–1790) : Arthur Richard de Dillon (1806) [ 75 ] (1791–4 February 1801) : Guillaume Besaucèle (Constitutional Bishop of Aude) [ 76 ] See also Catholic Church in France List of Catholic dioceses in France Notes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Archdiocese of Narbonne" . Catholic-Hierarchy.org . David M. Cheney . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . [ self-published source ] ^ Jean, p. 250 . ^ Pierre Imbart de la Tour, Les élections épiscopales dans l'église de France du IXe au XIIe siècle: (étude sur la décadence du principe électif) (814-1150) , (in French) (Paris: Hachette, 1890), p. 201 . Gallia christiana VI, "Instrumenta", pp. 11-12. ^ a regia aula prolatum, et ejus jussione atque suorum episcoporum Gotiae electum... ^ Imbart de la Tour, Les élections épiscopales... , p. 267 . Antolin Merido, España Sagrada. Tomo XLIII. Tratado LXXXI: de la santa iglesia de Gerona (Madrid: Collado 1819), pp. 120-121; 393-395. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 24 . ^ Imbart de la Tour, Les élections épiscopales... , p. 205-206 . ^ J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima (in Latin) , Volume 18 (Venice: A. Zatta 1773), pp. 415-416. ^ Pisani, pp. 10-11 . ^ J. B. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, (in French) , Volume 1 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1834), p. 104 : "10. AUDE. L'assemblée de ce département se tiendra provisoirement à Carcassonne, et les électeurs délibéreront si elle doit alterner, et entre quelles villes cet alternat aura lieu. Ce département est divisé en six districts, dont les chefs-lieux sont: Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, la Grasse, Limoux, Narbonne , Quillan." ^ "Civil Constitution," Title I, "Article 1. Chaque département formera un seul diocèse, et chaque diocèse aura la même étendue et les mêmes limites que le département." ^ Duvergier, Vol. 1, p. 243 : "L'arrondissement de la métropole du sud comprendra les évêchés des départemens de la Haute-Garonne, du Gers, des Basses-Pyrénées, des Hautes-Pyrénées, de l'Ariége, des Pyrénées-Orientales, de l'Aude , de l'Aveyron, du Lot, du Tarn." ^ Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 361, 371. ^ Hippolyte Taine, The Origins of Contemporary France. The Modern Régime, Volume 1 (H. Holt, 1890), p. 153. ^ J.B. Duvergier (ed.), Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, (in French and Latin) , Volume 13 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1826), pp. 371-372, col. 2: "L'archevêché de Narbonne et ses suffragans, les évêchés de Beziers, Agde, Nimes, Carcassonne, Montpellier, Lodève, Uzès, Saint-Pons, Alet, Alais et Elne ou Perpignan." ^ David M. Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy: Diocese of Carcassonne et Narbonne . Retrieved: 27 July 2016. [ self-published source ] ^ Duvergier, Volume 13, p. 375 : "L'archevêché de Toulouse, et les nouveaux évêchés de Cahors, Ágen, Carcassonne, Montpellier et Baïonne, que nous lui assignōns pour suffragans." ^ Bullarii Romani continuatio, (in Latin) , Tomus septimus, pars 2 (Prati: Typographia Aldina 1852), pp. 1514 § 16 : "Metropolitana Narbonensis...ejusdem suffraganeae: Nemausensis... Carcassonensis... Montis-Pessulani... Elnensis: provincia Pyrenaeorum Orientalium." See also, p. 2297. ^ Bullarii Romani continuatio (in Latin) , Vol. 7 (Prato: Typographia Aldina 1852), pp. 2295-2304 . ^ "Paternae charitatis", § 13: "Ne vero trium archiepiscopalium sedium nimirum Arelatensis, Narbonensis, et Viennensis in Delphinatu, quarum erectio suo caret effectu, memoria pluribus nominibus commendanda intereat, earumdem titulos aliis archiepiscopalibus sedibus adjiciendos mandamus, atque episcopales ecclesias, quas eisdem suffraganeas dederamus aliis eccclesiasticis provinciis adjungimus." ^ David M. Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy: Archdiocese of Montpellier (-Lodève-Béziers-Agde-Saint-Pons-de-Thomières) . Retrieved: 27 July 2016 [ self-published source ] ^ Gregory of Tours, I. 53, placed Paul in the mid-third century. In the 9th century, however, he was considered a disciple sent by Saint Paul from Rome in the mid-first century. Gallia christiana VI, p. 5 . Duchesne, pp. 302–303 . There is no authentic evidence of his existence. ^ Étienne is ignored by Duchesne. Gallia christiana VI, p. 6 . Duchesne, p. 303, note 4 . ^ Gavidius is ignored by Duchesne. Duchesne, p. 303, note 4 . ^ Hilarius is mentioned in papal letters dated 417, 419 and 422: P. Jaffe, Regesta pontificum Romanorum I editio altera (1885) nos. 332, 349, and 362. ^ Rusticus attested 427, 461, c. 441–445. Duchesne, p. 303, no. 3. Rusticus' episcopate began on 9 October 427 and lasted some thirty years. ^ Bishop Rusticus attempted to arrange his own successor, and wrote to Pope Leo I recommending Hermes. On his death Hermes assumed the episcopal seat, but was denounced to the Pope by Frederick, the brother of the Visigothic King Theoderic, and by the people as intrusive. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 10–11 . Duchesne, pp. 303-304, no. 4 . ^ Caprarius did not attend the Council of Agde on 10 September 506 personally, but sent a representative. Gallia christiana VI, p. 11. Duchesne, p. 304, no. 5 . Charles Munier, Concilia Galliae, A. 314 - A. 506, (in Latin) , (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 214: "Auilius presbyter missus a domno meo Caprario episcopo Narbonense subscripsi." ^ Aquilinus is rejected as a Bishop of Narbonne by Duchesne, p. 304 note 2. ^ Bishop Migetius attended the council of Toledo in May 589, and the Council of Narbonne in November 589, and the council of Toledo in 597. Duchesne, p. 304, no. 6 . Charles de Clercq, Concilia Galliae, A. 511 - A. 695 , (in Latin) , (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), pp. 253, 257 ("Migetius in Xristi nomine ecclesie catholice Narbonensis episcopus, in as constitutiones, secundum quod nobiscum fratribus nostris Deo inspirante placuit, rel<eg>i et subscripsi." ^ Sergius: Gallia christiana VI, p. 12 . Duchesne, p. 304, no. 7 . ^ Bishop Selva (Sclua) attended the councils of Toledo in 633 and in 638. Gallia christiana VI, p. 12 . J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima, (in Latin) , Vol. 10 (Florence: A. Zatta 1764), p. 641 ("Ego Selva (Isclea) Narbonensis metropolitanus episcopus subscripsi."); p. 670 ("Ego Silva..."). Duchesne, p. 304, no. 8 . ^ Argebaudus: Gallia christiana VI, pp. 12-14 . Duchesne, p. 304, no. 9 . ^ Bishop Sunifredus was represented by proxies at the councils of Toledo in 683 and 684, and was present at the council of Toledo in 688. Duchesne, p. 304, no. 10 . ^ Aribert: Duchesne, p. 304, note 6 . ^ Daniel: Duchesne, p. 305, no. 11 . ^ Nebridius (c. 790–822 or c. 799–c. 825): Duchesne, p. 305, no. 12 . ^ (c. 827–840, or c. 822–844) According to Duchesne, 305, no. 13 , he was deposed by the Council of Thionville in 835. Pope Sergius II (844–847) was asked to restore him, but refused, and ordered that he take communion with the laity, not the clergy: L. Duchesne (ed.) Le Liber Pontificalis Tome II (Paris 1892), p. 90. ^ Berarius: Duchesne, p. 305, no. 14 . ^ Fredolus: Duchesne, p. 305, no. 15 . ^ Sigebaudus: Duchesne, p. 305-306, no. 16 . ^ Duchesne warns that his biography is filled with falsehoods. Duchesne, p. 306, no. 17 . ^ Archbishop Arnustus was assassinated in 912. Duchesne, p. 306, no. 18 . Gallia christiana VI, p. 24 . de Vic, Claude; Vaissete, Jean Joseph (1733). Histoire générale du Languedoc, avec des notes et les pièces justificatives... (in French). Vol. Tome second. Paris: Jacques Vincent. p. 47. ^ Gerard was illegally elected by the clergy and people of Narbonne, before the bishops of the province could assemble for a proper canonical election. Gerard was expelled. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 24–25. ^ Guifred (6 October 1019 – 1079). Son of Wilfred II of Cerdanya . His father bought the archbishopric for his son from Vicomte Raimond for the sum of 100,000 gold sols. Guifred was consecrated, although he was only twelve or thirteen years old. Devic and Vaissete, IV, p. 247. ^ Pierre Berengar was anathematized by the Papal Legate at the Council of Toulouse in 1179, and excommunicated by Pope Gregory VII in the Council of Rome in March of 1180. Gallia christiana VI, p. 39. Philipp Jaffé, Regesta Pontificum Romanorum I (Leipzig 1885), p. 634. ^ Dalmatius (Dalmace) was elected in September 1081. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 39–42. He was prevented from taking possession of his See, until Pope Gregory VII intervened. Cf. Jaffé, no. 5223 (4 December 1081) ^ Arnaud had previously been bishop of Béziers . ^ Berenger was the son of viscount Aimery I of Narbonne ^ Bernard had been bishop of Béziers (1167–1182), and Administrator of Béziers (1182–1184). Gallia christiana VI, pp. 319–322: bajulo Domini Bernardi Narbonensis archiepiscopi, qui tenet curam Biterrensis episcopatus ex indulgentia domini Papae. ^ Berengar was the son of Raimund Berengar IV . Pope Innocent III had ordered him removed on 29 May 1207. Eubel, Hierarchia catholica I, p. 392, note 2. ^ Arnaldus (or Arnaud Amaury ) became bishop on 12 March 1212, according to Pius Gams, p. 583. ^ Petrus died on 20 May 1245. Eubel I, p. 392. ^ Guillaume was elected on 28 May 1245. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 71-74 . Eubel I, p. 392. ^ Guy had previously been Bishop of Le Puy (1257–1259). He was elected Pope Clement IV on 5 February 1265. J.N.D. Kelly & M.J. Walsh, Oxford Dictionary of Popes , second edition (Oxford: OUP 2010), pp. 197-198. ^ Maurinus had been a canon of the cathedral of Narbonne, and a chaplain of Pope Urban IV. He was elected by the cathedral Chapter, and, on 24 April 1293, his election was confirmed by the pope. He was consecrated and given the pallium by the pope personally, who was living in exile in Orvieto. Jean Guiraud, Les registres d'Urbain IV , (in Latin) , Vol. 2, "Registre ordinaire" vol. 1 (Paris: Fontemoing 1901), pp. 96-97, no. 223 . Eubel I, p. 392. ^ Bernard had been archbishop of Rouen; he exchanged dioceses with Bishop Gilles Aycelin on 15 May 1311. He died in July 1341: Eubel I, p. 356. ^ Laurent, Paul (1886). Livre vert de l'archevêché de Narbonne (in French and Latin). Paris: Picard. pp. i– xii. ^ Conzié was also Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church, 1383–1431. He had attended Benedict XIII's Council of Perpignan in 1408, and also the Council of Pisa in 1409. He died on 31 December 1432. Leonce Celier (1906), "Sur quelques opuscules du camerlingue François de Conzié," Mélanges d'archéologie et d'histoire (in French). Vol. 26. École franca̧ise de Rome. 1906. , 91–108. Eubel I, p. 356; II, p. 199. ^ Condulmer: Eubel II, p. 199. ^ Jean was then Patriarch of Alexandria , 1451–?). Eubel, II, p. 85. There was a successor in the Patriarchate on 24 August 1453. ^ De Vic and Vaissete, IV, p. 255. ^ Reginaldus had been bishop of Laon (1468–1473). He was transferred to the archdiocese of Narbonne on 16 December 1472. He died on 7 June 1482. Eubel II, pp. 173, 199. ^ On 21 April 1494, Georges d'Amboise was transferred to the archdiocese of Rouen. Eubel II, pp. 199, 225. ^ Named Archbishop at the age of 19, and Cardinal at the age of 21 (12 December 1583): Eubel, III, p. 47. He resigned Narbonne upon his appointment as Archbishop of Toulouse, on 4 November 1588. Jean, p. 251, no. 66 . Eubel, III, p. 315. ^ Eubel, III, p. 253 and n. 15. Cf. Goiffin, Étienne Marthe (Abbe) (1877). "Catalogue analytique des évêques de Nîmes". Bulletin du Comité de l'art chrétien (Diocèse de Nîmes) . 1 : 304– 373, at p. 355–356. He continued to function as Bishop of Nîmes. Nomination to a bishopric in France came from the King, by virtue of the Concordat of 1516, but Henri III and Henri of Navarre had been excommunicated, and the War between the League and the two Henris was in progress. Paris fell to the League on 12 May, but the leaders of the League, the Duke of Guise and the Cardinal de Lorraine, were assassinated on 23 and 24 December 1588 on the King's orders. A cautious churchman would hesitate to accept any appointment in 1588. K. Cameron (1974) "Henri III – the anti-christian king," Journal of European Studies 4, 152–163. ^ De Vervins was consecrated a bishop on 8 December 1601. He died in Narbonne on 8 February 1628, at the age of 81. Jean, p. 251, no. 67 . ^ He had been Coadjutor of Archbishop Louis de Vervins and titular Archbishop of Heraclea, from 1622. Marguerite Sol (1891). Claude de Rebé: Archevêque de Narbonne, Président des Etats de Languedoc (in French). Paris: Champion. Laurent, Paul (1886). Livre vert de l'archevêché de Narbonne (in French and Latin). Paris: Picard. pp. xii– xiii. . Jean, p. 251, no. 68 . ^ After the death of Cardinal Mazarin (1661), the fall of François Fouquet's brother Nicolas , and the taking of personal power by Louis XIV, the Archbishop of Narbonne was sent into internal exile at Alençon in 1661, never to return. His brother Louis, Bishop of Agde, suffered a similar fate. Joseph Bergin (2004). Crown, Church, and Episcopate Under Louis XIV . New Haven CT USA: Yale University Press. pp. 198– 199. ISBN 978-0-300-10356-4 . . Jean, p. 251, no. 69 . ^ Bonzi became bishop of Béziers in 1660, and was royal ambassador in Poland. He became archbishop of Toulouse in 1670, and was appointed French ambassador in Spain. He was named a cardinal by Pope Clement X in 1672. He died in Narbonne on 11 July 1703, at the age of 73. Jean, p. 251-252, no. 70 . ^ La Berchère: Jean, p. 252, no. 71 . ^ Beauvau: Jean, p. 252, no. 72 . ^ Crillon: Jean, p. 252-253, no. 73 . ^ Roche-Aimon: Jean, p. 253, no. 74 . ^ In August 1801, Dillon refused the demand of Pope Pius VII for the resignation of all French bishops. He died in London on 5 July 1806. Jean, p. 252, no. 73 . ^ Besaucèle had been Dean of the Chapter of Carcassonne before the Revolution. He was consecrated at Toulouse by Archbishop Antoine-Pascal-Hyacinthe Sermet of the Haute-Garonne on 15 May 1791. He was 78 years old. Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 371–374 and 457. Bibliography Reference works Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo . Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. pp. 582–584. (Use with caution; obsolete) Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin) pp. 356. Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. (in Latin) p. 199. Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica, Tomus 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. p. 253. Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica IV (1592–1667) . Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . pp. 252. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi V (1667–1730) . Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . pp. 280. Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi VI (1730–1799) . Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . p. 301. Sainte-Marthe, Denis de; Hauréau, Barthélemy (1739). Gallia Christiana: In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa, De provincia Narbonensi (in Latin). Vol. Tomus sextus (VI). Paris: Typographia Regia. pp. 1– 222, Instrumenta , 1– 72. Studies De Vic, Cl.; Vaissete, J. (1876). Histoire generale de Languedoc (in French). Vol. Tome IV. Toulouse: Edouard Privat. pp. 243– 260. [Archbishops of Narbonne]. Duchesne, Louis (1907). Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: I. Provinces du Sud-Est (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: Fontemoing. pp. 300– 306. Jean, Armand (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. pp. 250– 254. Mortet, Victor (1899). Notes historiques et archéologiques sur la cathédrale: le cloitre et le palais archiépiscopal de Narbonne 13e-16e siècles (in French). Toulouse: E. Privat. .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 43°11′N 3°00′E / 43.18°N 3.00°E / 43.18; 3.00 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Catholic Church in France v t e Bishops' Conference of France Province of Besançon Archdiocese of Besançon Diocese of Belfort–Montbéliard Diocese of Nancy Diocese of Saint-Claude Diocese of Saint-Dié Diocese of Verdun Archdiocese of Besançon Diocese of Belfort–Montbéliard Diocese of Nancy Diocese of Saint-Claude Diocese of Saint-Dié Diocese of Verdun Province of Bordeaux Archdiocese of Bordeaux Diocese of Agen Diocese of Aire and Dax Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron Diocese of Périgueux Archdiocese of Bordeaux Diocese of Agen Diocese of Aire and Dax Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron Diocese of Périgueux Province of Clermont Archdiocese of Clermont Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay Diocese of Moulins Diocese of Saint-Flour Archdiocese of Clermont Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay Diocese of Moulins Diocese of Saint-Flour Province of Dijon Archdiocese of Dijon Archdiocese of Sens Diocese of Autun Diocese of Nevers Mission de France Archdiocese of Dijon Archdiocese of Sens Diocese of Autun Diocese of Nevers Mission de France Province of Lille Archdiocese of Lille Archdiocese of Cambrai Diocese of Arras Archdiocese of Lille Archdiocese of Cambrai Diocese of Arras Province of Lyon Archdiocese of Lyon Archdiocese of Chambéry Diocese of Annecy Diocese of Belley–Ars Diocese of Grenoble–Vienne-les-Allobroges Diocese of Saint-Étienne Diocese of Valence Diocese of Viviers Archdiocese of Lyon Archdiocese of Chambéry Diocese of Annecy Diocese of Belley–Ars Diocese of 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Diocese of Meaux Diocese of Nanterre Diocese of Pontoise Diocese of Saint-Denis Diocese of Versailles Province of Poitiers Archdiocese of Poitiers Diocese of Angoulême Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes Diocese of Limoges Diocese of Tulle Archdiocese of Poitiers Diocese of Angoulême Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes Diocese of Limoges Diocese of Tulle Province of Reims Archdiocese of Reims Diocese of Amiens Diocese of Beauvais Diocese of Châlons Diocese of Langres Diocese of Soissons Diocese of Troyes Archdiocese of Reims Diocese of Amiens Diocese of Beauvais Diocese of Châlons Diocese of Langres Diocese of Soissons Diocese of Troyes Province of Rennes Archdiocese of Rennes Diocese of Angers Diocese of Laval Diocese of Le Mans Diocese of Luçon Diocese of Nantes Diocese of Quimper Diocese of Saint-Brieuc Diocese of Vannes Archdiocese of Rennes Diocese of Angers Diocese of Laval Diocese of Le Mans Diocese of Luçon Diocese of Nantes Diocese of Quimper Diocese of Saint-Brieuc Diocese of Vannes Province of Rouen Archdiocese of Rouen Diocese of Bayeux Diocese of Coutances Diocese of Évreux Diocese of Le Havre Diocese of Séez Archdiocese of Rouen Diocese of Bayeux Diocese of Coutances Diocese of Évreux Diocese of Le Havre Diocese of Séez Province of Toulouse Archdiocese of Toulouse Archdiocese of Albi Archdiocese of Auch Diocese of Cahors Diocese of Montauban Diocese of Pamiers Diocese of Rodez Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes Archdiocese of Toulouse Archdiocese of Albi Archdiocese of Auch Diocese of Cahors Diocese of Montauban Diocese of Pamiers Diocese of Rodez Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes Province of Tours Archdiocese of Tours Archdiocese of Bourges Diocese of Blois Diocese of Chartres Diocese of Orléans Archdiocese of Tours Archdiocese of Bourges Diocese of Blois Diocese of Chartres Diocese of Orléans Province of Martinique Archdiocese of Fort-de-France Diocese of Basse-Terre Diocese of Cayenne Archdiocese of Fort-de-France Diocese of Basse-Terre Diocese of Cayenne Province of Papeete Archdiocese of Papeete Diocese of Taiohae Archdiocese of Papeete Diocese of Taiohae Province of Noumea Archdiocese of Nouméa Diocese of Wallis and Futuna Diocese of Port-Vila Archdiocese of Nouméa Diocese of Wallis and Futuna Diocese of Port-Vila Directly under Holy See Archdiocese of Strasbourg Diocese of Metz Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion Military Ordinariate of France Archdiocese of Strasbourg Diocese of Metz Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion Military Ordinariate of France Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris See also Cathedrals in France Apostolic Nuncio to France France–Holy See relations Former dioceses Cathedrals in France Apostolic Nuncio to France France–Holy See relations Former dioceses Catholicism Christianity France Authority control databases International VIAF FAST VIAF FAST National United States France BnF data Israel United States France BnF data Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Former Roman Catholic dioceses in France Archbishops of Narbonne 445 establishments 5th-century establishments in sub-Roman Gaul 1801 disestablishments in France History of Narbonne All accuracy disputes Accuracy disputes from March 2017 Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with Latin-language sources (la) CS1 French-language sources (fr) CS1: long volume value CS1 Latin-language sources (la) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from August 2021 Coordinates on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 June 2025, at 05:59 (UTC) . 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Pėrms poslapis Kuolektīvs Vielībė̄jė pakeitėmā Bikuoks poslapis Pagelba Puoslaugis Pasėdėrbtė paskīra Prėsėjongtė Puoslaugis Pasėdėrbtė paskīra Prėsėjongtė Pėrms poslapis Pėrms poslapis Aptarėms Skaitītė Peržiūrėti šaltinį Istuorėjė Skaitītė Peržiūrėti šaltinį Istuorėjė Sosėjė̄ straipsnē Sosėjė̄ pakeitėmā Ožkrautė abruozdieli Nūlatėnė nūruoda Poslapė infuormacėjė Cėtoutė ton poslapi Gauti sutrumpintą URL nuorodą Atsisiųsti QR kodą Dėrbtė kninga Siōstėis PDF skvarmuo Atmains spausdėnėmou Vikiteka Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Metaviki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Vikirūšys Vikiduomenys Wikifunctions Wikimania Vikiduomenys īrašos 08:20; sobata , sausė 10 , 2026 17 275 straipsniu · 109 puortegrapėju Svēkė atvīkė̄ i Vikipedėjė žemaitiu kalbuo , encikluopedėjė, katrou gal pildītė kuožnos nuorontis. Abėcėlėnis sārašos Vėsas straipsniu kateguorėjės Naujausė poslapē Trokštamiausė straipsnē Aptarėmā Žemaitėšks žuodīnielis Abėcėlėnis sārašos Vėsas straipsniu kateguorėjės Naujausė poslapē Trokštamiausė straipsnē Aptarėmā Žemaitėšks žuodīnielis Nedielės straipsnis Glycine max Suojė (muokslėškā Glycine max ) īr popėniu šeimīnas suoju gėntėis augalū rūšis. Augalā vėinmetē. Popas īr vertėnamas diel maistėngoma. Suojės īr nauduojamas žmuoniū jiediou , ale tonkiausē - gīvuoliū pašarou. Suojės popelės jiedamas jau do tūkstontiu metu - onkstiausē anū savībės pastebiejė ė tonkē nauduotė jiemė Kėnėjuo , Japuonėjuo . Vakarū šalīsė ėšplėta XX o. , Lietovuo ė Žemaitėjuo - jau XXI o. Suoju sieklas baguotas amėnorūgštėm , lōstelīna , baltīmās , gelžėm , mangano , fuosfuoro ė kai katrās B gropės vitaminās , nemaža magnė , cina ė kalė kėikībė. Daigūs kaupias vitamins C . truopniau ... Keistė Posmetė inicētīva Dabartėnė posmetė inicētīva - Žemaitėjės ėr svieta geuograpėjė Pruojekta poslapis čiuonās īr. Kvėitam rašītė pasiūlėmus paskesnėms čiuonās . Keistė arkīvs | pasiūlėmā Nedielės straipsnis Glycine max Suojė (muokslėškā Glycine max ) īr popėniu šeimīnas suoju gėntėis augalū rūšis. Augalā vėinmetē. Popas īr vertėnamas diel maistėngoma. Suojės īr nauduojamas žmuoniū jiediou , ale tonkiausē - gīvuoliū pašarou. Suojės popelės jiedamas jau do tūkstontiu metu - onkstiausē anū savībės pastebiejė ė tonkē nauduotė jiemė Kėnėjuo , Japuonėjuo . Vakarū šalīsė ėšplėta XX o. , Lietovuo ė Žemaitėjuo - jau XXI o. Suoju sieklas baguotas amėnorūgštėm , lōstelīna , baltīmās , gelžėm , mangano , fuosfuoro ė kai katrās B gropės vitaminās , nemaža magnė , cina ė kalė kėikībė. Daigūs kaupias vitamins C . truopniau ... Keistė Suojė (muokslėškā Glycine max ) īr popėniu šeimīnas suoju gėntėis augalū rūšis. Augalā vėinmetē. Popas īr vertėnamas diel maistėngoma. Suojės īr nauduojamas žmuoniū jiediou , ale tonkiausē - gīvuoliū pašarou. Suojės popelės jiedamas jau do tūkstontiu metu - onkstiausē anū savībės pastebiejė ė tonkē nauduotė jiemė Kėnėjuo , Japuonėjuo . Vakarū šalīsė ėšplėta XX o. , Lietovuo ė Žemaitėjuo - jau XXI o. Suoju sieklas baguotas amėnorūgštėm , lōstelīna , baltīmās , gelžėm , mangano , fuosfuoro ė kai katrās B gropės vitaminās , nemaža magnė , cina ė kalė kėikībė. Daigūs kaupias vitamins C . truopniau ... Keistė Posmetė inicētīva Dabartėnė posmetė inicētīva - Žemaitėjės ėr svieta geuograpėjė Pruojekta poslapis čiuonās īr. Kvėitam rašītė pasiūlėmus paskesnėms čiuonās . Keistė arkīvs | pasiūlėmā Dabartėnė posmetė inicētīva - Žemaitėjės ėr svieta geuograpėjė Pruojekta poslapis čiuonās īr. Kvėitam rašītė pasiūlėmus paskesnėms čiuonās . Keistė Dėinuos puortėgrapėjė Cėdabrėnė eglė , Kiedainē , Lietova arkīvs Kateguorėjės Žemaitėjė Koltūra Geuograpėjė Istuorėjė Viera Muokslos Teknuoluogėjės Žmuonis Dėinuos puortėgrapėjė Cėdabrėnė eglė , Kiedainē , Lietova arkīvs Kateguorėjės Žemaitėjė Koltūra Geuograpėjė Istuorėjė Viera Muokslos Teknuoluogėjės Žmuonis Žemaitėjė Koltūra Geuograpėjė Istuorėjė Viera Muokslos Teknuoluogėjės Žmuonis Mens, koltūra ė puoilsis Mens - Vaizdounamuojė dailė - Arkitektūra - Kinamatuograpėjė - Koltūra - Fuolkluors - Fuotuograpėjė - Mituoluogėjė - Viera - Literatūra - Media - Mozėka - Joukā - Tētros - Skolptūra - Spuorts - Huobis - Moltėplėkacėjė - Keliuonės Puolitėka ė vėsuomenė Švėitėms - Antruopuoluogėjė - Arkeuoluogėjė - Dipluomatėjė - Akuonuomėka - Fėluosuopėjė - Fėnansā - Geuograpėjė - Teisė - Kalbuotėra - Psikuoluogėjė - Puolitėka - Suocialuogėjė - Istuorėjė Viera ė mituologėjė Mituoluogėjė - Viera - Teuoluogėjė Tėkslė̅jė muokslā Astruonuomėjė - Biuoluogėjė - Kemėjė - Fizėka - Matematėka - Infuormatėka - Gomtuos muokslā - Statėstėka Mens, koltūra ė puoilsis Mens - Vaizdounamuojė dailė - Arkitektūra - Kinamatuograpėjė - Koltūra - Fuolkluors - Fuotuograpėjė - Mituoluogėjė - Viera - Literatūra - Media - Mozėka - Joukā - Tētros - Skolptūra - Spuorts - Huobis - Moltėplėkacėjė - Keliuonės Mens - Vaizdounamuojė dailė - Arkitektūra - Kinamatuograpėjė - Koltūra - Fuolkluors - Fuotuograpėjė - Mituoluogėjė - Viera - Literatūra - Media - Mozėka - Joukā - Tētros - Skolptūra - Spuorts - Huobis - Moltėplėkacėjė - Keliuonės Puolitėka ė vėsuomenė Švėitėms - Antruopuoluogėjė - Arkeuoluogėjė - Dipluomatėjė - Akuonuomėka - Fėluosuopėjė - Fėnansā - Geuograpėjė - Teisė - Kalbuotėra - Psikuoluogėjė - Puolitėka - Suocialuogėjė - Istuorėjė Švėitėms - Antruopuoluogėjė - Arkeuoluogėjė - Dipluomatėjė - Akuonuomėka - Fėluosuopėjė - Fėnansā - Geuograpėjė - Teisė - Kalbuotėra - Psikuoluogėjė - Puolitėka - Suocialuogėjė - Istuorėjė Viera ė mituologėjė Mituoluogėjė - Viera - Teuoluogėjė Mituoluogėjė - Viera - Teuoluogėjė Tėkslė̅jė muokslā Astruonuomėjė - Biuoluogėjė - Kemėjė - Fizėka - Matematėka - Infuormatėka - Gomtuos muokslā - Statėstėka Astruonuomėjė - Biuoluogėjė - Kemėjė - Fizėka - Matematėka - Infuormatėka - Gomtuos muokslā - Statėstėka Kėtė muokslā - Indostrėjė Žemės ūkis - elektruonika - Vėišāsis valdims - Arkėtektūra - Kuomonėkacėjės - Indostrėjė - Internets - Medėcėna - Inžėnerėjė - Teknuoluogėjės - Transpuorts Ivairė Žmuonis - Sārašā - Aple Žemaitėjė - Žemaitiu kalba - Kalenduorios - Ivairė tekstā Paėiška Vėsė straipsnē - Vėsas kateguorėjės Prisėdiejėms ė bėndruomenė Infuormacėjė tīms, katrėi pėrma karta īr čė - Vėita sosėrokoutė - Gramatėka - Klausėmā - Admėnėstratuorē Kėtė muokslā - Indostrėjė Žemės ūkis - elektruonika - Vėišāsis valdims - Arkėtektūra - Kuomonėkacėjės - Indostrėjė - Internets - Medėcėna - Inžėnerėjė - Teknuoluogėjės - Transpuorts Žemės ūkis - elektruonika - Vėišāsis valdims - Arkėtektūra - Kuomonėkacėjės - Indostrėjė - Internets - Medėcėna - Inžėnerėjė - Teknuoluogėjės - Transpuorts Ivairė Žmuonis - Sārašā - 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Medieval history 2.3 Modern history 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.4 Post-independence 2.5 Temporary capital and civil war 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Medieval history 2.3 Modern history 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.4 Post-independence 2.5 Temporary capital and civil war 3 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 3.1 Dialects 3.2 Music and poetry 3.3 Sports 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.4 Post-independence 3.5 Tourist sites 3.1 Dialects 3.2 Music and poetry 3.3 Sports 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.4 Post-independence 3.5 Tourist sites 4 Economy and transportation Toggle Economy and transportation subsection 4.1 Transport 4.2 Economy 4.3 Free zone 4.1 Transport 4.2 Economy 4.3 Free zone 5 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 5.1 Landforms 5.2 Climate 5.1 Landforms 5.2 Climate 6 Environment Toggle Environment subsection 6.1 Coasts 6.2 Offshore islands 6.3 Wild and domestic animal diversity 6.1 Coasts 6.2 Offshore islands 6.3 Wild and domestic animal diversity 7 Public services Toggle Public services subsection 7.1 Education 7.2 Health 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.3 Mail 7.1 Education 7.2 Health 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.3 Mail 8 Media Toggle Media subsection 8.1 Journalism 8.2 Radio and television 8.1 Journalism 8.2 Radio and television 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Toggle External links subsection 14.1 Government 14.1 Government Aden Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Kumoring Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikivoyage Wikidata item Aden .mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Lateef,LateefGR,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Microsoft Uighur","Noto Sans Arabic","Arabic Typesetting",Amiri,"Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","SF Arabic","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Parastoo,Calibri,"Segoe UI","Microsoft Sans Serif","Droid Arabic Naskh",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} عَدَنْ Temporary capital and city .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Mualla District Port of Aden Queen Victoria Statue Crater Khor Maksar .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Aden Location in Yemen Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°48′N 45°02′E / 12.800°N 45.033°E / 12.800; 45.033 Country Yemen Region Aden Region Governorate Aden Governorate First settled [ 1 ] 7th century BC British occupation 19 January 1839 State of Aden within the FSA 18 January 1963 Independence 30 November 1967 Government • Governor Abdulrahman Al-Yafei [ 2 ] • Governing body Aden Local Council • Aden Police Director Maj Gen Mutahar Al-Shuaibi Area • Total 760 km 2 (290 sq mi) Elevation 6 m (20 ft) Population (2017) [ 3 ] • Total 863,000 • Estimate (2023) [ 4 ] 1,079,670 • Density 1,135.52/km 2 (2,941.0/sq mi) Demonym Adeni/Adenies Ethnicities • Majority Arabs • Minorities Afro-Arabs , Indians , Pakistanis , Somalis Languages • Official Arabic MSA ( Education and Government ) • Spoken Adeni Arabic (majority) English [ 5 ] [ 6 ] (widely used) Hindi , [ 7 ] Somali [ 8 ] (minorities) English [ 5 ] [ 6 ] (widely used) Time zone UTC+3 ( AST ) Area code 02 Kingdom of Awsan Himyarite Kingdom Kingdom of Aksum Sasanian Yemen First Islamic state Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Ziyadid dynasty Najahid dynasty Sulayhid dynasty Zurayid dynasty Ayyubid dynasty Rasulid dynasty Tahirid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate Portuguese Aden Yemen Eyalet Qasimid State Yemen Vilayet Qasimid State Sultanate of Lahej 1728–1839 Aden Province 1839–1937 Aden Colony 1937–1963 Aden protectorate 1937–1963 State of Aden within the FSA 1963–1967 South Yemen 1967–1990 Republic of Yemen 1990–1994 Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 Republic of Yemen 1994–present Kingdom of Awsan Himyarite Kingdom Kingdom of Aksum Sasanian Yemen First Islamic state Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Ziyadid dynasty Najahid dynasty Sulayhid dynasty Zurayid dynasty Ayyubid dynasty Rasulid dynasty Tahirid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate Portuguese Aden Yemen Eyalet Qasimid State Yemen Vilayet Qasimid State Sultanate of Lahej 1728–1839 Aden Province 1839–1937 Aden Colony 1937–1963 Aden protectorate 1937–1963 State of Aden within the FSA 1963–1967 South Yemen 1967–1990 Republic of Yemen 1990–1994 Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 Republic of Yemen 1994–present Aden ( / ˈ eɪ d ən / ; Arabic : عَدَنْ , romanized : ʿAdan ; .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} IPA: [ʕa.dan] ) is the de facto capital of Yemen since 2014. It is a port city located in the southern part of the Arabian peninsula, on the north coast of the Gulf of Aden , positioned near the eastern approach to the Red Sea . It is situated approximately 170 km (110 mi) east of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait. With its strategic location on the coastline, Aden serves as a gateway between the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea , making it a crucial maritime hub connecting Africa , Asia , and the Middle East . As of September 2025, Aden had a population of approximately 1,154,000 residents, making it one of the largest cities in Yemen. [ 9 ] It is the capital and principal part of Aden Governorate , encompassing eight districts. During the colonial period, the name Aden referred to the area along the north coast of the gulf, encompassing Tawahi , Mualla , Crater , and much of Khor Maksar district. The western harbour peninsula, known as Little Aden , now falls within the Al Buraiqeh district. Before gaining independence, Aden comprised distinct sectors: Crater, the original port; Ma'alla, the modern port; Tawahi, formerly "Steamer Point"; and Gold Mohur resorts. Khormaksar, on the isthmus connecting Aden to the mainland, hosts diplomatic missions, Aden University 's main offices, and Aden International Airport . On the mainland, sectors include Sheikh Othman, an old oasis area; Al-Mansura, a British-planned town; and Madinat ash-Sha'b (formerly Madinat al-Ittihad), the former capital of the South Arabian Federation , now the location of a large power/ desalination facility and additional Aden University faculties. Aden encloses the eastern side of a vast natural harbour that constitutes the modern port. Little Aden was developed as the site of the oil refinery and tanker port. Both were established and operated by British Petroleum until they were turned over to South Yemeni government ownership and control in 1978. Aden used to be the capital of South Yemen until its union with North Yemen on 22 May 1990. It has been the temporary capital of Yemen since the start of the Yemeni civil war , hosting some members of the Cabinet of Yemen mainly in al-Maashiq Palace . It was also the seat of the secessionist Southern Transitional Council from 2018 to 2026. [ 10 ] Etymology Aden is a home and a place for ships, and the word Aden means "reside in the place", so the word "Aden" means resident, and it is said "Aden Al-Balad", meaning the settlement of the country. [ 11 ] Among the sayings of geographers about the city: Yaqut al-Hamwi said: [ 12 ] "It is a famous city on the coast of the Indian Sea, towards the Yemen, and it is poor, with no water or pasture. They drink from a spring between it and Aden, about a distance of about today, and despite that, it is bad, except that this place is the port for Indian ships, and merchants gather there for that reason, as it is a town of trade." And it is added to Abyan , which is the opposite of Aden in its entirety. Ibn Manzur said: [ 13 ] "It is a country on the edge of the sea in the furthest part of Yemen." Ibn Khaldun said: [ 14 ] "This Aden is one of the most fortified cities in Yemen, and it is on the bank of the Indian Sea. It is still a country of trade from the time of the Trabaids, and most of them were built with stones, which is why silk merchants visit it often." History Antiquity Aden is an ancient port and was mentioned by the Greeks under the name ( Ancient Greek : Αραβία Εμπόριον , romanised : Arabia Emporion ), which means an Arabic trade port. [ 15 ] The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers who sought to possess it at various times throughout history. Known as Eudaemon ( Ancient Greek : Ευδαίμων , meaning "blissful, prosperous") in the 1st century BC, it was a transshipping point for the Red Sea trade, but fell on hard times when new shipping practices by-passed it and made the daring direct crossing to India in the 1st century AD, according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea . The same work describes Aden as "a village by the shore", which would well describe the town of Crater while it was still little developed. There is no mention of fortification at this stage. Aden was more an island than a peninsula, as the isthmus (a tombolo ) was not then so developed as it is today. Aden was explicitly mentioned by this name in the Book of Ezekiel , which talks about Jerusalem, and it says: [ 16 ] "The merchants of Sheba and Raamah are your merchants. They set up your markets with the finest perfumes and every precious stone and gold. Harran, Qena, and Aden are the merchants of Sheba, and Assyria and Kilmud are your merchants." "The merchants of Sheba and Raamah are your merchants. They set up your markets with the finest perfumes and every precious stone and gold. Harran, Qena, and Aden are the merchants of Sheba, and Assyria and Kilmud are your merchants." At its beginning, the city was a small peninsula with no significant natural resources, but its location between Egypt and India made it important in the ancient Indian Ocean trade route. The city was the home of the ancient Kingdom of Awsan from the eighth to seventh centuries BC. [ 17 ] In the beginning of the seventh century BC, Karibʾil Watar I , king of the Kingdom of Sheba, launched a campaign against Awsan during which, according to the Sabaean texts, sixteen thousand people were killed, forty thousand people were enslaved, and the kings of Awsan made offerings to the god Almaqah , [ 18 ] according to the inscription that Karibʾil Watar I left in Sirwah , commemorating his victory. [ 19 ] In the second half of the first century BC, the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar determined to control Arabia Felix and reach the Indian Ocean. Aelius Gallus' Roman expedition to Arabia Felix (26–25 BCE) aimed to capture the Sabaean capital of Marib but failed due to extreme desert conditions, disease, and logistical challenges. After an unsuccessful week-long siege, the army, weakened by illness and dehydration, withdrew, losing most of its ~10,000 troops to environmental factors and disease" [ 20 ] The Himyarites overthrew the Kingdom of Sheba in 275 AD and took control of Aden. [ 21 ] Recent incomplete archaeological studies suggest that the Himyarites were the ones who built the huge water cisterns currently known as the "Cisterns of Aden", which stored approximately 136,382,757 liters of water. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The Himyarite Kingdom fell in the first quarter of the sixth century AD. Yusuf Dhu Nuwas mentioned Bab al-Mandab in one of his writings. The forces of the Kingdom of Aksum were entering Yemen through it. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian I sent a fleet to fight the Himyarite Jews and support the Kingdom of Aksum and the Christians of Najran. The fleet entered through Aden. Byzantine sources indicate that the Sasanian Empire took control of the city in 571 AD. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] A local legend in Yemen states that Aden may be as old as human history itself. Some also believe that Cain and Abel are buried somewhere in the city. [ 26 ] Medieval history Although the pre-Islamic Himyar civilisation was capable of building large structures, there seems to have been little fortification at this stage. Fortifications at Mareb and other places in Yemen and the Hadhramaut make it clear that both the Himyar and the Sabean cultures were well capable of it. Thus, watchtowers, since destroyed, are possible. However, the Arab historians Ibn al Mujawir and Abu Makhramah attribute the first fortification of Aden to Beni Zuree'a. Abu Makhramah has also included a detailed biography of Muhammad Azim Sultan Qamarbandi Naqsh in his work, Tarikh ul-Yemen. The aim seems to have been twofold: to keep hostile forces out and to maintain revenue by controlling the movement of goods, thereby preventing smuggling. In its original form, some of this work was relatively feeble. With the introduction of Islam to Yemen in the seventh century AD, Aden experienced a period of stagnation that lasted until the ninth century AD. [ 18 ] In the early years of Islam, Aden belonged to the province of Jund (Taiz). [ 27 ] It was controlled by the state of Ziyadid and the Sulayhid . After the death of Ali bin Muhammad Al-Sulayhi , his son took charge of Zurayids , and Aden continued to pay the annual royalty until Queen Arwa bint Ahmed Al-Sulayhi reduced it. [ 28 ] After the fall of the Sulayhid state, the Banu Zurayi became independent in Aden, taking advantage of the Sulayhids' preoccupation with the Khawlan tribes. [ 29 ] The Zurayites continued to rule Aden, Lahj, and Abyan for less than forty years until they fell under the Ayyubids' control of the city. [ 30 ] A major battle took place between Turan Shah bin Ayyub and Yasser bin Bilal al-Muhammadi, Minister of State, and the Zurayiyyah were defeated and al-Muhammadi fled to Taiz. [ 31 ] One of the most important contributors to the defeat of the Zurayids was their ongoing wars with the Bani Mahdi in Tihama and the departure of their army to confront the Ayyubids instead of fortifying themselves in Aden. [ 32 ] After 1175, rebuilding in a more solid form began, and ever since then Aden has been a popular city attracting sailors and merchants from Egypt , Sindh , Gujarat , East Africa and even China . According to Muqaddasi , Persians formed the majority of Aden's population in the 10th century. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] It was visited by the medieval scholar Ibn Battuta in the 14th century, who described Aden's reservoirs, the Cisterns of Tawila , "These reservoirs accumulate rainwater for the sole purpose of drinking for the city's citizens." During the Ayyubid period in Yemen, Sanaa and its environs were more hostile to their presence than other regions. [ 35 ] The Zaidi tribes were able to defeat the Ayyubids in 1226, but Omar bin Rasul, the founder of the Rasulid state , was able to repel them, so he tightened his control over Aden. The city regained its position during the days of the Rasulids, so they dug wells and built schools, and Aden flourished commercially. [ 36 ] The kings of Bani Rasul were also merchants and enacted a number of laws and regulations to codify trade in the city. [ 37 ] The Banu Tahir were able to control Aden after the Banu Rasool, and the Italian traveller Lodovico di Verthama describes it as one of the most powerful cities seen on Earth during the days of the Tahirids . [ 38 ] In 1513, the Portuguese, led by Afonso de Albuquerque , launched an unsuccessful four-day naval siege of Aden . [ 39 ] The Mamluks in Egypt sensed the danger and sent a force led by Hussein al-Kurdi. The victorious King Amer bin Abdul Wahhab provided great aid to the Kurds, but he suffered a heavy defeat in the Battle of Diu. The Mamluks sent a second fleet, but the victorious king refused to cooperate with the Mamluks because he had succeeded in repelling the Portuguese from Aden without their help. [ 40 ] Hussein al-Kurdi became angry and allied with the Zaidi Imam, who was opposed to the Tahirids, al-Mutawakkil Sharaf al-Din, and the Tahirid cities fell successively, with the exception of Aden. [ 41 ] The Ottoman Empire took control of the city in 1538. The Ottomans' goal was to prevent the Portuguese from controlling Aden, so the city witnessed difficult days, in addition to the fact that the port of Mocha gained greater importance at the expense of Aden during the sixteenth century. [ 42 ] The city's population declined and it turned into a small village with a population of no more than 600 people. [ 43 ] While its population was approximately eighty thousand people during the days of the Rasulid state. [ 44 ] In 1421, China's Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of Zheng He 's fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden . This event was recorded in the book Yingyai Shenglan by Ma Huan who accompanied the imperial envoy. [ 45 ] After Ottoman rule, Aden was ruled by the Sultanate of Lahej , under suzerainty of the Zaidi imams of Yemen. The first political intercourse between Lahej and the British took place in 1799, when a naval force was sent from Great Britain, with a detachment of troops from India, to occupy the island of Perim and prevent all communication of the French in Egypt with the Indian Ocean, by way of the Red Sea. The island of Perim was found unsuitable for troops, and the Sultan of Lahej, Ahmed bin Abdul Karim, received the detachment for some time at Aden. He proposed to enter into an alliance and to grant Aden as a permanent station, but the offer was declined. A Treaty was, however, concluded with the Sultan in 1802 by Admiral Sir Home Popham, who was instructed to enter into political and commercial alliances with the chief rulers on the Arabian coast of the Red Sea. [ 46 ] Modern history The situation was different in the north of the country, where the Zaidis did not recognise the authority of the Ottomans and revolted against them many times, the most recent of which was the revolution of Imam Al-Mansur Billah Al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Al-Qasim , who and his son Al-Mu'ayyad Billah Muhammad were able to unite the tribes and expel the Ottomans. [ 47 ] The imams relied on the revenues from the port of Mocha , and Aden was not as important as the Abadlahs were. At the end of the eighteenth century, Sultan Fadl al-Abdali concluded an alliance with the Yafi tribes to rebel against the Zaidi imams and monopolise Aden's revenues equally among them. [ 48 ] The Sultan of Lahej got rid of the imams, but he did not fulfil his promise to Yafa. The Zaidi imams did not recognise inheritance and saw fighting for the imamate, so the war between Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Ishaq and Al-Mansur Al-Hussein bin Al-Mutawakkil prolonged, so Al-Abdali took the opportunity to declare his independence in Lahej and Aden. [ 49 ] The English had been visiting Aden and Mocha from 1609, led by Sir Henry Middleton , who was imprisoned, his ships confiscated, and eight of his men killed. [ 49 ] The British tried to conclude treaties with the Zaidi imams after the Ottomans were expelled from Aden. They visited Sanaa and Mocha, but they treated the British ambassador poorly and rejected his offer. Things were different when the Abdali gained independence from Lahj and Medina. They signed a treaty with the British in 1802, stipulating that they build a factory in Crater and allocate a special cemetery for British subjects free of charge. The Abdali wanted protection from the tribes. Sultan Fadl bin Ali was killed by Yafi' gunmen, then one of the sheikhs of Al-Hujariya invaded Lahj and besieged it for five months. Al-Awaliq also besieged it with eight thousand fighters, and they did not leave until Sultan Ahmed bin Abdul Karim paid them seven thousand dollars. [ 50 ] Then the Fadl family attacked Aden in 1836. British administration 1839–1967 In 1609 The Ascension was the first English ship to visit Aden, before sailing on to Mocha during the fourth voyage of the East India Company . [ 52 ] British interests in Aden began in 1796 with Napoleon 's invasion of Egypt, after which a British fleet docked at Aden for several months at the invitation of the sultan. The French were defeated in Egypt in 1801, and their privateers were tracked down over the subsequent decade. [ citation needed ] By 1800, Aden was a small village with a population of 600 Arabs, Somalis , Jews, and Indians—housed for the most part in huts of reed matting erected among ruins recalling a vanished era of wealth and prosperity. [ citation needed ] As there was little British trade in the Red Sea, most British politicians until the 1830s had no further interest in the area beyond the suppression of piracy. However, a small number of government officials and the East India Company officials thought that a British base in the area was necessary to prevent another French advance through Egypt or Russian expansion through Persia . The emergence of Muhammad Ali of Egypt as a strong local ruler only increased their concerns. The governor of Bombay from 1834 to 1838, Sir Robert Grant , was one of those who believed that India could only be protected by preemptively seizing "places of strength" to protect the Indian Ocean. [ citation needed ] The Red Sea increased in importance after the steamship Hugh Lindsay sailed from Bombay to the Suez isthmus in 1830, stopping at Aden with the sultan's consent to resupply with coal . Although cargo was still carried around the Cape of Good Hope in sailing ships, a steam route to the Suez could provide a much quicker option for transporting officials and important communications. Grant felt that armed ships steaming regularly between Bombay and Suez would help secure British interests in the region and did all he could to progress his vision. After lengthy negotiations due to the costs of investing in the new technology, the government agreed to pay half the costs for six voyages per year and the East India Company board approved the purchase of two new steamers in 1837. Grant immediately announced that monthly voyages to Suez would take place, despite the fact that no secure coal supplying station had been found. [ 53 ] The British first stationed a coal depot on the island of Socotra in 1834. However, due to the lack of suitable infrastructure there, they quickly lost interest in Socotra and turned towards Aden instead. [ 54 ] : 22 In 1838, under Muhsin bin Fadl, Lahej ceded 194 km 2 (75 sq mi) including Aden to the British . On 19 January 1839, the British East India Company landed Royal Marines at Aden to definitively conquer the territory (the so-called Aden Expedition ) and stop attacks by pirates against British shipping to India. In 1850 it was declared a free trade port, with the liquor, salt, arms, and opium trades developing duties as it won all the coffee trade from Mokha . [ 55 ] The port lies about equidistant from the Suez Canal , Bombay , and Zanzibar , which were all important British possessions . Aden had been an entrepôt and a way-station for ships in the ancient world. There, supplies, particularly water, were replenished, so, in the mid-19th century, it became necessary to replenish coal and boiler water. Thus Aden acquired a coaling station at Steamer Point and Aden was to remain under British control until November 1967. [ citation needed ] Until 1937, Aden was governed as part of British India and was known as the Aden Settlement . [ 56 ] Its original territory was enlarged in 1857 by the 13 km 2 (5.0 sq mi) island of Perim , in 1868 by the 73 km 2 (28 sq mi) Khuriya Muriya Islands , and in 1915 by the 108 km 2 (42 sq mi) island of Kamaran . [ citation needed ] The settlement would become Aden Province in 1935. [ 56 ] In 1937, the settlement was detached from India and became the Colony of Aden , a British Crown colony . The change in government was a step towards the change in the official currency unit. When British India became independent in 1947, Indian rupees (divided into annas ) were replaced in Aden by East African shillings . The hinterland of Aden and Hadhramaut were also loosely tied to Britain as the Aden Protectorate , which was overseen from Aden. Aden's location also made it a useful entrepôt for mail passing between places around the Indian Ocean and Europe. Thus, a ship passing from Suez to Bombay could leave mail for Mombasa at Aden for collection (See Postage stamps and postal history of Aden ). In December 1947, a three-day riot broke out in reaction to the drafting of the Partition Plan for Palestine . The riots and their repression by the Aden Protectorate Levies saw the killing of 76–82 Jews , 33 Arabs, 4 Muslim Indians and 1 Somali, in addition to looting and damaging of property. [ 57 ] After the Suez Crisis in 1956, the British held on to Aden as an outpost in the region for another decade. The British authorities had already decided to further expand its port shortly before the Suez Canal 's 1956 closure. [ 54 ] : 73 Aden sent a team of two to the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia . [ citation needed ] Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency In order to stabilise Aden and the surrounding Aden Protectorate from the designs of the Egyptian backed republicans of North Yemen , the British attempted gradually to unite the disparate states of the region in preparation for eventual independence. On 18 January 1963, the Colony of Aden was incorporated into the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South against the wishes of North Yemen. The city became the State of Aden and the Federation was renamed the Federation of South Arabia (FSA). An insurgency against British administration known as the Aden Emergency began with a grenade attack by the communist National Liberation Front (NLF), against the British High Commissioner on 10 December 1963, killing one person and injuring fifty, and a "state of emergency" was declared. [ 58 ] In 1964, Britain announced its intention to grant independence to the FSA in 1968, but that British troops would remain in Aden. The security situation deteriorated as NLF and FLOSY ( Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen ) vied for the upper hand. [ 59 ] In January 1967, there were mass riots between the NLF and their rival FLOSY supporters in the old Arab quarter of Aden town. This conflict continued until mid February, despite the intervention of British troops. On 20 June 1967, 23 British Army soldiers were ambushed and shot dead by members of Aden Police during the Aden Mutiny in the Crater District. During the period there were as many attacks on the British troops by both sides as against each other culminating in the destruction of an Aden Airways DC3 plane in the air with no survivors. [ 60 ] The increased violence was a determining factor in the British ensuring all families were evacuated more quickly than initially intended, as recorded in From Barren Rocks to Living Stones . On 30 November 1967, British troops were evacuated, leaving Aden and the rest of the FSA under NLF control. The Royal Marines , who had been the first British troops to arrive in Aden in 1839, were the last to leave – with the exception of a Royal Engineer detachment ( 10 Airfields Squadron ) who left Aden on 13 December 1967. As part of a larger Royal Navy task force , HMS Albion 's helicopters lifted off the remaining Royal Marine commandos left to secure the airfield. [ 61 ] Post-independence The last British soldier left Aden on 30 November 1967, and the National Liberation Front had the upper hand at the expense of the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, whose members were divided between joining the National Front or leaving for North Yemen, so Abdullah Al-Asanj and Muhammad Basindwa left for North Yemen. [ 62 ] Qahtan al-Sha'bi assumed the presidency of the new state, and the sheikhdoms of the Eastern Protectorate of Hadramaut and Al-Mahra were annexed to the new state. Al-Shaabi took over a new country with a collapsed economy. Civilian workers and businessmen left, and British support ceased. The closure of the Suez Canal in 1967 played an important role in the country's economy, as it reduced the number of ships crossing Aden by 75%. [ 63 ] The new state was divided into six governorates on 11 December 1967, in order to end the manifestations of tribalism in the state and ignore the tribal borders between the defunct sheikhdoms. [ 64 ] On March 20, 1968, Qahtan dismissed all leftist leaders from the government and party membership. He was able to put down a rebellion led by leftist factions in the army in May of the same year, and faced new rebellions from leftist parties in July, August and December 1968. [ 65 ] This is because all Arab countries welcomed the front. National Liberation received a cold reception. Regimes like Egypt wanted to merge the National Front with the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen , where the leftist section was more numerous than the supporters of the popular Qahtan. [ 66 ] They wanted a regime that would lead the masses and face the great challenges facing the new state, the most important of which was the bankruptcy of the treasury. Qahtan al-Shaabi dismissed Interior Minister Muhammad Ali Haitham on 16 June 1969, but the latter, with his ties to the tribes and the army, reassembled the leftist forces that had been dispersed by President Qahtan al-Shaabi, and they were able to place him under house arrest on 22 June. [ 67 ] A presidential committee was formed from Five people: Salem Rabie Ali, who became president, Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister. This group took an extreme leftist line, declaring its support for the Palestinians and the Dhofar Revolution, and strengthening its relationship with the Soviet Union. West Germany severed its relationship with the state due to its recognition of East Germany, and the United States also severed its relationship in October 1969. The new powers issued a new constitution, nationalised foreign banks and insurance companies, and changed the name of the country to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in line with the Marxist–Leninist approach they followed. A centrally planned economy was established. [ 68 ] The port of Aden was the largest source of national income for the Republic of South Yemen, but the closure of the Suez Canal by Egypt between 1967 and 1975 – reduced commercial activities in the port. [ 69 ] Salem Rubaya Ali wanted to adopt a practical approach, so he communicated with the President of North Yemen, Ibrahim al-Hamdi, and made attempts to restore normal relations with Western countries. During his presidency, relations between South Yemen and Saudi Arabia were established in 1976. [ 70 ] President Salmin, as he is known, coveted more Soviet support, so the contract with Saudi Arabia worried him. The Soviets pushed them to increase aid, but relations with Saudi Arabia became strained again in 1977 following the assassination of North Yemeni President Ibrahim al-Hamdi. [ 71 ] It is believed that Salem Rabie Ali orchestrated the assassination of Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi in revenge for Ibrahim al-Hamdi. [ 72 ] Salem Rabie Ali was subjected to a quick trial that ended with his execution and Abdel Fattah Ismail assuming the presidency of South Yemen. Relations with North Yemen became tense, due to Fattah's support for the factions opposing Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was more fanatical than his predecessors. Relations with the Soviet Union became active in an unprecedented way, so the Front War broke out in 1978, in which the Soviet Union and the United States intervened. [ 73 ] Ali Nasser Muhammad was able to force Abd al-Fattah Ismail al-Jawfi to resign for "health reasons", and Ismail was exiled to Moscow two years after he assumed the presidency. [ 74 ] Despite the approach of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and its removal of tribal aspects, tribalism remained alive among politicians and the public despite the exposure of its sheikhs. Tribes from their authorities. Tribal and regional favouritism and nepotism remained rife in southern Yemen, as political forces called on their tribal and regional affiliations during crises. [ 75 ] By January 1986, Aden was torn apart by the rivalry of two factions in the ruling Socialist Party, when President Ali Nasser Muhammad's guards launched a surprise attack on the political party's office in Aden on 13 January 1986. This was the beginning of the 1986 civil war in South Yemen. [ 76 ] The basis of the war was regional. Ali Nasser Muhammad was from Abyan Governorate, while most of those killed in the political party office were from Al-Dhalea and Lahj. [ 77 ] Military brigades from those areas bombed Aden from land and sea, forcing Ali Nasser Muhammad to flee and hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers to flee to northern Yemen, including Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi . [ 78 ] This was followed by systematic killings and liquidations against the people of Abyan Governorate, on charges that they were collaborating with Ali Nasser Muhammad. Nearly ten thousand people were killed, and thousands migrated towards North Yemen, most of whom were from Abyan and Shabwa. [ 78 ] With the unification of north and south Yemen in 1990, Aden was no longer a national capital but remained the capital of Aden Governorate which covered an area similar to that of the Aden Colony. On 29 December 1992, Al Qaeda conducted its first known terrorist attack in Aden, bombing the Gold Mohur Hotel , where US servicemen were known to have been staying en route to Somalia for Operation Restore Hope . A Yemeni and an Austrian tourist died in the attack. [ 79 ] That war marked the end of the state of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas assumed the presidency until May 22, 1990, the unity of South Yemen with North Yemen , and the establishment of the Republic of Yemen. At that time, Ali Salem Al-Baidh was considered Ali Abdullah Saleh 's deputy, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas was considered prime minister , and after the 1993 elections . Conflicts began within the ruling coalition, and Vice President Ali Salem Al-Beidh retreated to Aden in August 1993. The general security situation in the country deteriorated, and the complete integration of the two armies failed. The southern forces, which were transferred to Amran , clashed with the northern forces there, and the forces of the northern giants, which were transferred to Amran, clashed. Abyan with the southern forces, and the political parties signed the 1994 Covenant and Agreement , in the Jordanian capital, on February 20, 1994, in an attempt to end the crisis, and successive events led to the outbreak of the Summer 1994 civil war , and the southern military leaders who fled after the events of 1986 joined the ranks of the forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, and supported the Unity Army in the war against their former comrades in 1994 in the war against the separatists. [ 80 ] At the forefront of these emerged a group of the brightest officers, such as Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi, who became Minister of Defense at the time; the former Chief of Staff, Major General Abdullah Aliwa; and Major General Salem Qatan, who was assassinated by an Al-Qaeda gunman. After the war, Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi was appointed Vice President of the Republic, and remained in office. He held his position until 2012, when he was elected president of the country. Members of al Qaeda attempted to bomb the US guided-missile destroyer The Sullivans at the port of Aden as part of the 2000 millennium attack plots . The boat that had the explosives in it sank, forcing the planned attack to be aborted. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The bombing attack on destroyer USS Cole took place in Aden on 12 October 2000. [ 84 ] In 2007 growing dissatisfaction with unification led to the formation of the secessionist South Yemen Movement . According to The New York Times , the Movement's mainly underground leadership includes socialists, Islamists and individuals desiring a return to the perceived benefits of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen . [ 85 ] Temporary capital and civil war Aden remained in a state of political stagnation for 25 years until President Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi took refuge there and carried out his work from the Republican Palace in Aden. On 7 March 2015, Hadi declared Aden the temporary capital, instead of Sanaa , which he described as occupied by the Houthis. This was after the Houthis took control of Sanaa on 21 September 2014, and imposed a siege on the Republican Palace and the home of President Hadi on 20 January. On 22 January, Hadi submitted his resignation to Parliament; it did not hold a session to accept or reject the resignation, and Hadi remained under house arrest imposed by the Houthis. Until he was able to leave for Aden on 21 February 2015, he retracted his resignation, and gave a statement in which he said: "All decisions taken since September 21 are invalid and have no legitimacy." President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi fled to Aden, his hometown, in February 2015 after being deposed in the coup d'état that many consider to be the start of the Yemeni civil war . Others consider that the civil war began in September 2014 when Houthi forces took over the capital city Sanaa , which was followed by a rapid Houthi takeover of the government . Hadi declared in Aden that he was still Yemen's legitimate president and called on state institutions and loyal officials to relocate to Aden. [ 86 ] In a televised speech on 21 March 2015, he declared Aden to be Yemen's "economic and temporary capital" while Sanaa is controlled by the Houthis . [ 87 ] Aden was hit by violence in the aftermath of the coup d'état , with forces loyal to Hadi clashing with those loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh in a battle for Aden International Airport on 19 March 2015. [ 88 ] After the airport battle, the entire city became a battleground for the Battle of Aden , which left large parts of the city in ruins and has killed at least 198 people since 25 March 2015. [ 89 ] Some Arab and foreign embassies were transferred to Aden, and Defense Minister Mahmoud Al-Subaihi was able to leave Sanaa for Aden and met with President Hadi. On March 4, 2016, unidentified gunmen stormed the Mother Teresa House in the city and killed sixteen people, including four nuns. A number of the old city's churches have also been destroyed by Islamic extremists since mid-2015. On 14 July 2015, the Saudi Arabian Army launched an offensive to win control of the city. Within three days, the city was cleared of Houthi rebels, ending the Battle of Aden with a coalition victory. [ 90 ] Beginning on 28 January 2018, separatists loyal to the Southern Transitional Council (STC) seized control of the Yemeni government headquarters in Aden in a coup d'état against the Hadi-led government. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] On 30 December 2020, the undersecretary of labour and deputy minister of public works were killed along with between 20 and 30 others at the Aden airport while they conducted an international press briefing about their new arrangements with the STC, which includes the partition of forces inside Aden, as they returned from hiding in the Saudi capital. Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed , his ministers and his entourage were conducted to safety under the barrage of hostile fire. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Culture Dialects The entry of the Yemenis into Islam contributed to their abandoning their ancient script and replacing it with the late Nabataean alphabet in which the Qur'an was written. [ a ] Today, Yemenis speak Arabic in the Yemeni dialect, which is a developed dialect and closely linked to the ancient language. [ 95 ] It has three dialects with branches: the Sanʽani dialect , the Hadrami dialect , and the Taʽizzi-Adeni dialect , in addition to the Bedouin dialect of the residents of Marib . Al Jawf , Shabwa , and Inner Hadhramaut , and each of these dialects has characteristics and features. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Music and poetry Adeni art or the Adeniyat is an art of Arabic music. Among the ancient artists of Aden are Iskander Thabet Saleh and Muhammad Murshid Naji, and among the poets are Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Muhammad, Ahmed Ghaleb Muhammad Al-Jabri, Abdullah Abdul Karim Muhammad, Ali Abdullah Jaafar Aman, Farid Muhammad Barakat, Lotfi Jaafar Aman, and Mohsen Ali Brik. [ 98 ] "Adeni music" played a major role in Aden society, and artists in the Aden dialect were called "al-Mutariba", meaning people of music. Adeni music began in 1920 when the army of the Aden Protectorate was formed, and after it the National Guard, where there were teams for those forces and those teams participated On special occasions and weddings. Sports Pre-independence The first beginning of Adenian sports dates back to the year 1902, when the Adeni Tennis Club was established, with its headquarters in the Al-Qatee' neighbourhood in Crater, and Youssef Muhammad Khan founded the "Recreational Club United" in the city of Crater, and it was known as the Yousef Khan Stadium. The city of Aden is considered the first city in which sports were practiced in the Arabian Peninsula, and the first private club in Aden was founded in 1905 under the name "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", as the first sports club in Yemen and the Arab world. He was fighting the occupation army divisions and the fleet divisions coming and passing to the port of Aden. [ 99 ] In 1924, the "Al-Husseini Sports Club" was founded in Crater, and a third club appeared in Tawahi under the name "Al-Bamboot Club" and Sheikh Othman. The 1930s witnessed the emergence of a number of clubs. In 1933, the "Nujoom Al-Layl Club", Al-Aidrousi Club, and Nujoom Al-Sabah Club appeared in Crater, and in Tawahi, the "Al-Ittihad Al-Islami Club" (Al-Mawlada) appeared. [ 99 ] Until that year, football matches were played in a friendly manner between the teams of the Crater, Al-Tawahi, and Sheikh Othman regions, as there were no federations regulating sports activity. In 1934, the occupation authority announced the establishment of a sports association called the "Adeniya Sports Association", after the increasing number of local clubs. Its members were appointed by the Governor-General of Aden, and all of its members were English, headed by the English Governor of Aden, Bernard Reilly, as sponsor. The association's board of directors consists of Hikam Bottom as president, the Indian Rosario as secretary, and two other members. This association began holding the first club tournament, which was the "Rosario Cup Championship". Six clubs participated in the tournament, three from Crater (Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi, Al-Husseini, and Nojoom Al-Layl), from Al-Tawahi (Al-Mawalda, and Al-Bamiot), and from Sheikh Othman, Sheikh Othman Club, which includes Players from various small teams in the Sheikh Othman area, and Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi Club won this championship. Among the most important tournaments held in Aden before independence were the Rosario Cup, the Riley Cup, the Somali Bassem Al-Nar Cup, the Aramco Cup, and the Kik Muncherji Championship. Post-independence After independence, the "Football Federation" was established on January 18, 1968, on the ruins of the "Adeniya Sports Association". The Federation took a decision regarding the Adeniya clubs, which had numbered about 64 sports clubs, reducing and merging the clubs in Aden and Lahj to only 16 clubs, and the clubs were forced to join or unite with large teams. In February 1968, several sports clubs were abolished, leaving only 12 clubs remaining. In December 1968, Al-Islah Club and Al-Shaab Club were merged into one club under the name of the latter in Al-Tawahi. In 1969, the Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club and Al-Tadamon Club were united in Crater , under the name Al-Tadamon Al-Muhammadi Club. [ citation needed ] In the "First General Sports Conference" in 1973, the clubs were merged and reduced again, so that their number became only 7 clubs: Al-Ahrar Club, Al-Ahly Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Shaab Club, Al-Hilal Club, United Youth Club, and Aden Tennis Club. On July 18, 1975, the stage of forming urban clubs, and the beginning of the stage of politicisation of the clubs in favour of the National Liberation Front, took place. It was decided to change their names and reduce them to become 5 clubs: Al-Tilal Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Minaa Club, Al-Wahda Club, and Al-Shoula Club. [ citation needed ] On July 18, 1975, the "Al-Tilal Sports Club" appeared, headed by Yassin Saeed Noman, as a new name for the "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", which was founded in 1905, and in 1976 the "Yemeni Football Federation" appeared. Al-Tilal Club participated in the "September 26 Cup Competition" in 1980, as the first football competition in which it participated with teams from northern and southern Yemen, such as the national team of Ibb Governorate, Taiz Governorate, Hadhramaut Governorate, Lahj and Hodeidah, at the Shaheed Al-Dharafi Stadium in Sanaa, and Al-Hilal was crowned champion of the September 26 Cup, after victory over Hodeidah national team by five clean goals. [ 100 ] Football is the most popular sport in Aden. There are 9 stadiums in Aden, including the May 22 International Stadium, and 10 sports clubs. In November 2010, Aden hosted the 2010 Arabian Gulf Football Cup . [ 101 ] Tourist sites Aden has several historical and natural sites of interest to visitors. These include: The historical British churches, one of which lies empty and semi-derelict in 2019. [ 102 ] The Zoroastrian Temple The Cisterns of Tawila —an ancient water-catchment system located in the sub-centre of Crater Sira Fortress The Aden Minaret [ 103 ] Little Ben , a miniature Big Ben Clock Tower overlooking Steamer Point. Built during the colonial period, this was restored in 2012 after 3 decades of neglect since the British withdrawal of 1967. The Landing Pier at Steamer Point is a 19th-century building used by visiting dignitaries during the colonial period, most notably Queen Elizabeth during her 1954 visit to the colony. This building was hit by an airstrike in 2015 and is currently in the process of being restored in 2019. The Crescent Hotel which contained a number of artifacts relating to the Royal Visit of 1954 and which currently remains derelict as a result of a recent airstrike. The Palace of the Sultanate of Lahej /National Museum—The National Museum was founded in 1966 and is located in what used to be the Palace of the Sultanate of Lahej. Northern forces robbed it during the 1994 Civil War, but its collection of pieces remains one of the biggest in Yemen. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The Aden Military Museum which features a painting depicting the 20 June 1967 ambush by Arab Police Barracks on a British Army unit when a number of the 22 soldiers killed that day were driving in two Land Rovers on Queen Arwa Road, Crater. The Rimbaud House, which opened in 1991, is the two-story house of French poet Arthur Rimbaud who lived in Aden from 1880 to 1891. Rimbaud moved to Aden on his way to Ethiopia in an attempt for a new life. As of the late 1990s, the first floor of the house belonged to the French Consulate, a cultural centre and a library. The house is located in al-Tawahi —the European Quarter of Aden—and is politically and culturally debated for its French nature in an area previously colonised by Britain. [ 106 ] The fortifications of Jebal Hadid and Jebal Shamsan The beaches of Aden and Little Aden—Some of the popular beaches in Aden consist of Lover's Bay Beach, Elephant Beach and Gold Beach. The popular beach in Little Aden is called Blue Beach. [ 104 ] Some beaches are private and some are public, which is subject to change over time due to the changing resort industry. According to the Wall Street Journal, kidnappings on the beaches and the threat of Al Qaeda has caused problems for the resort industry in Aden, which used to be popular among locals and Westerners. [ 107 ] Al-Aidaroos Mosque [ 103 ] Main Pass – now called Al-Aqba Road is the only road into Aden through Crater. Originally an Arched Upper bridge known as Main Gate, it overlooked Aden city and was built during the Ottoman Empire. A painted crest of the 24th British army battalion is still visible on the brickwork adjacent to the Gate site and is believed to be the only remaining army Crest from colonial rule still visible in Aden. In March 1963 the bridge was removed by a British Army controlled explosion to widen the 2 lane roadway to the present 4 lane highway and the only reminder of this bridge is a quarter scale replica built at the end of the Al-Aqba road intersection known as the AdenGate Model roundabout. Economy and transportation The industrial activity in Aden is represented by a group of factories and production units, the forefront of which is the oil refinery. The oil refinery in Aden is considered one of the first refineries to be established in the region, and began operating in 1954 AD. The Aden Refineries Company has facilities such as an oil tanker port, a network of storage tanks, and a centre to supply ships with fuel. [ 108 ] Historically, Aden was a station for importing goods from the African coast and from Europe, the United States, and India. As of 1920, Aden was a major commercial centre for trade in the Arabian Peninsula, and the port exported small quantities of local products to most Arab ports. Aden provided coal and salt to passing ships, and the port was a stopping point for ships when they entered Bab al-Mandab. Transport Historically, the port of Aden was the main transport port in the region. Passenger ships land in Al-Tawahi District, and the city is served by Aden International Airport , which is about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the city. The airport is the main headquarters of Al-Saeeda Airlines and its operations centre. The airport is considered the second largest airport. In Yemen, after Sanaa International Airport , it is considered the best airport in Yemen in terms of location due to the mountainous nature of Yemen. However, this airport is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in terms of take-off and landing. The establishment of Aden Airport dates back to the year 1927 when the British forces established a military airport in the district. Khor Maksar. After World War II, Britain carried out extensive urban modernisation and built Aden International Airport, known today, next to the military airport. Alyemda Airlines was the official carrier of South Yemen, before unification, and was based in Aden, before merging with Yemen Airways in 1996. Before the Battle of Aden Airport and the 2015 military intervention in Yemen closed this airport along with other airports in Yemen. On 22 July, Aden International Airport was declared fit for operation again after the Houthi forces were driven from the city, and a Saudi plane carrying aid reportedly became the first plane to land in Aden in four months. [ 109 ] The same day, a ship chartered by the World Food Programme carrying fuel docked in Aden's port. [ 110 ] Historically, Aden's harbour has been a major hub of transportation for the region. As of 1920, the harbour was 13 by 6 km (8 by 4 mi) in size. Passenger ships landed at Steamer Point now called Tawahi . [ 111 ] During the British colonial period motor vehicles drove on the left , as in the United Kingdom. On 2 January 1977, Aden, along with the rest of South Yemen, changed to driving on the right, bringing it into line with neighbouring Arab states. [ 112 ] During the early 20th century, Aden was a prominent export centre for coffee grown in the Jubail highlands. And also to export frankincense, wheat, barley, alfalfa and millet, which are produced and exported from Aden. The leaves and stems of clover, millet, and corn produced in Aden were generally used as fodder. Beginning in 1920, Aden was desalinating seawater to produce table salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced more than 120,000 tons of salt. Aden also produced potash, which was exported to Mumbai. Economy Historically, Aden would import goods from the African coast and from Europe, the United States , and India . [ 111 ] [ 113 ] As of 1920, the British described it as "the chief emporium of Arabian trade, receiving the small quantities of native produce, and supplying the modest wants of the interior and of most of the smaller Arabian ports." At the docks, the city provided coal to passing ships. The only item being produced by the city, as of 1920, was salt . [ 113 ] Also, the port was the stop ships had to take when entering the Bab-el-Mandeb ; this was how cities like Mecca had received goods by ship. Yemen Airlines , the national airline of South Yemen, had its head office in Aden. On 15 May 1996, Yemen Airlines merged with Yemenia . [ 114 ] [ 115 ] During the early 20th century Aden was a notable centre of coffee production. Women processed coffee beans, grown in the Yemen highlands. [ 116 ] Frankincense , wheat , barley , alfalfa , and millet was also produced and exported from Aden. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The leaves and stalks of the alfalfa, millet and maize produced in Aden were generally used as fodder . [ 118 ] As of 1920, Aden was also gathering salt from salt water . An Italian company called Agostino Burgarella Ajola and Company gathered and process the salt under the name Aden Salt Works. There was also a smaller company from India , called Abdullabhoy and Joomabhoy Lalji & Company that owned a salt production firm in Aden. Both companies exported the salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced over 120,000 tons of salt. Aden has also produced potash , which was generally exported to Mumbai. [ 119 ] Aden produced jollyboats . Charcoal was produced as well, from acacia , and mainly in the interior of the region. Cigarettes were produced by Jewish and Greek populations in Aden. The tobacco used was imported from Egypt. [ 120 ] Since the outbreak of the Yemeni Civil War spread to Aden in 2015, the city has been struck by constant protests over a range of issues, but especially concerning electricity generation. Aden's power grid is composed solely of diesel generators and is thus heavily dependent on imported fuel. [ 121 ] The main power plant is al-Hasswa diesel power plant, which in June 2021 had only two turbines out of five running, producing up to 50 megawatts (MW) of power in a region where the deficit hovers around 300 MW. Nawfal al-Mojamal, the plant director, said "In its 35 years of existence, al-Hasswa station never had any kind of maintenance, except in 2016 ... when the two turbines were restored". [ 122 ] This electricity shortage led to the development of Yemen's first large-scale solar power plant servicing Aden with a 120 MW capacity, opened in July 2024. [ 123 ] Free zone The free zone, which was opened in 1991, represents Yemen's economic gateway and the meeting point of the continents of Asia and Africa. The free zone gains its strategic importance from the special location of the port of Aden, as it is located directly on the main trade route around the world and from the Middle East to Europe and America, and is distinguished by the possibility of providing transit services. To East Africa, the Red Sea, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Gulf. The free zone represents a storage and distribution area suitable for Africa, the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. [ 108 ] Geography Aden is located on the coast of the Gulf of Aden, and is about 363 kilometres from the capital, Sanaa. It is located between latitudes 47 and 12 north of the equator, and at an altitude of 6 metres above sea level. It is surrounded by Lahj Governorate to the north and east, and the Governorate of Abyan is to the northwest. Aden has an airport (Aden International Airport), a seaport (the port of Aden), and has land routes from the north linking it to Hajj, Abyan and Taiz. Landforms Aden is a coastal city; it overlooks the Gulf of Aden, which opens to the Indian Ocean. The shape of the city of Aden in the form of two peninsulas helped this factor to make the city of Aden unique in this particularity, which clearly affected the occurrence of the phenomenon of land and sea breezes. Which occurs due to air exchange between land and water during the day and night. Its location on the water surface also affects the daily and annual temperature range. This does not mean that there are no significant differences in temperatures in summer and winter. [ 124 ] The surface of the city of Aden slopes south, and the highlands appear in the southern part of Aden, represented by the highlands of Jabal Shamsan, whose highest peaks exceed 500 metres, and the highlands of Jabal Ihsan and Jabal Al-Muzalqim in Little Aden, which are lower in height than Jabal Shamsan, and the highlands of Aden do not differ from the rest of the highlands of Yemen in terms of In terms of composition, it is of volcanic origin, and although the mountain highlands occupy large areas of the city, their influence is weak and limited on the climate of the city of Aden. Climate Aden has a hot desert climate (BWh) in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system . Although Aden sees next-to-no precipitation year-round, it is humid throughout the year. Climate data for Aden Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 31.1 (88.0) 31.7 (89.1) 35.0 (95.0) 37.8 (100.0) 41.1 (106.0) 41.1 (106.0) 41.1 (106.0) 42.8 (109.0) 38.3 (100.9) 38.9 (102.0) 35.0 (95.0) 32.8 (91.0) 42.8 (109.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.5 (83.3) 28.6 (83.5) 30.2 (86.4) 32.2 (90.0) 34.1 (93.4) 36.6 (97.9) 35.9 (96.6) 35.3 (95.5) 35.4 (95.7) 33.0 (91.4) 30.7 (87.3) 28.9 (84.0) 32.4 (90.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.7 (78.3) 26.0 (78.8) 27.2 (81.0) 28.9 (84.0) 31.0 (87.8) 32.7 (90.9) 32.1 (89.8) 31.5 (88.7) 31.6 (88.9) 28.9 (84.0) 27.1 (80.8) 26.0 (78.8) 29.1 (84.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.6 (72.7) 23.2 (73.8) 24.0 (75.2) 25.6 (78.1) 27.7 (81.9) 28.8 (83.8) 28.0 (82.4) 27.5 (81.5) 27.8 (82.0) 24.6 (76.3) 23.2 (73.8) 22.9 (73.2) 25.5 (77.9) Record low °C (°F) 15.6 (60.1) 17.2 (63.0) 18.9 (66.0) 18.9 (66.0) 21.1 (70.0) 23.9 (75.0) 22.8 (73.0) 23.3 (73.9) 25.0 (77.0) 18.9 (66.0) 18.3 (64.9) 16.7 (62.1) 15.6 (60.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 6 (0.2) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 2 (0.1) 1 (0.0) 0 (0) 3 (0.1) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 1 (0.0) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 36 (1.4) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 20 Average relative humidity (%) 72 72 74 74 72 66 65 65 69 68 70 70 70 Mean monthly sunshine hours 241.8 203.4 217.0 240.0 303.8 282.0 241.8 269.7 270.0 294.5 285.0 257.3 3,106.3 Mean daily sunshine hours 7.8 7.2 7.0 8.0 9.8 9.4 7.8 8.7 9.0 9.5 9.5 8.3 8.5 Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst [ 125 ] Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 25 °C (77 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) Environment Coasts Most of the coasts of Aden Governorate along the coastal strip are sandy coasts, and the governorate has coastal beaches, including the Golden Coast in Al-Tawahi District, the coast of Abyan Bakhour Maksar, Al-Ghadeer Beach, and Kud Al-Nimr Beach in Buraiqa. [ 126 ] Offshore islands There are about 21 islands around the peninsulas of Aden, Aden Lesser, and Ras Amran. They are mostly rocky islands, some of which are surrounded by incomplete coral reefs, and most of them are considered fishing areas. A number of islands have many activities, especially on Al-Ummal Island and Sirah Island. Wild and domestic animal diversity Yemen is considered one of the countries rich in bird species in the Middle East due to the availability of many suitable coastal environments that helped attract many migratory birds to wetland sites, coasts and islands. The Aden region (Khor Maksar – Al-Haswah) was registered on the list of important areas of the World Bird Organization as a habitat. The last three species that are globally threatened with extinction are: the great eagle, the gull eagle, and the eastern king eagle. [ 127 ] There are dozens of bird species recorded in the wetlands of Aden and the Caltex swamp area, which are rich in a wide variety of endemic and migratory birds, including birds that are present throughout the year. There are many birds in the area, including great flamingos, dwarf flamingos, and rock egrets. And the spoonbill, the hooked tern and the seagull. [ 127 ] Public services Education There are 95 schools in Aden, including 13 kindergartens, and 82 basic education schools, including 29 schools for boys, 29 schools for girls, and 29 joint schools for boys and girls. There are also 29 secondary schools, including 15 schools for boys and 14 schools for girls, all of which are in a double shift system. Until 2004, the number of male students reached In basic education, there were 57,941 students and 48,081 female students, with a total of 104,622 students. In secondary education, the number of male students reached 11,029 students, and 9,643 female students. [ 128 ] As for vocational, technical and vocational education centres and institutes, their number is 13, with 2,214 students enrolled, including 453 teachers. The health institutes have one institute, with 864 students enrolled, including 147 teachers, according to 2010 statistics. [ 129 ] As for higher education, there is one government university in Aden, which is the University of Aden, which has 9 colleges. More than 29 thousand students are enrolled, according to 2010 statistics. [ 129 ] Health There are 15 hospitals in the economic capital, Aden, including 5 public government hospitals, 6 belonging to the private sector, and 37 health centres. There are 34 facilities in the city that provide maternity and childhood services, and the number of specialised workforce in health facilities is 2,825 specialists. [ 129 ] Endemic areas In June 2015, the International Red Cross team present in conflict areas in Yemen during the events of the Yemeni civil war announced that the cities of Crater, Al-Mualla, Khor Maksar and Al-Tawahi in the Aden Governorate in the south of the country were areas affected by dengue fever . The health authorities in Aden said that this fever had spread remarkably and widely. Since the beginning of May, health services have deteriorated and infrastructure facilities, such as electricity, water, and sanitation, have been damaged as a result of the ongoing fighting in the city for months. [ 130 ] Mail Aden has known mail since June 15, 1839, that is, a year after the British occupation, although the official post office was not inaugurated until 1857. Postage stamps of both Britain and India were used in Aden until it became called the Aden Colony on April 1, 1937, although the stamps of this stage It bears no distinctive sign, but the use of the number 124 as a postal code is attributed to Aden as part of the Indian postal numerical system. Then, when it became a colony in 1937, it had sets of postage stamps containing pictures and the name Aden printed on them. In 1939, a new postage set was issued containing a picture of King George VI, but the Sultans of Hadhramaut – who were under the umbrella of the Aden Protectorate – controlled Britain has had it since the 1880s – they refused to do so, and so Britain issued a separate postal set in 1942, but this time with the inclusion of a phrase and pictures expressing the Kathiri Sultanate in Sayun and the Qu'aiti Sultanate in Shihr and Mukalla, in addition to pictures of the sultans. Media Journalism The weekly Al-Amal newspaper was founded in 1957 in Aden. Its slogan was "Freedom, Bread, and Peace". The British authorities allowed only 1,500 copies to be printed weekly, and the newspaper was banned shortly afterward. [ 131 ] In 1958, Al-Ayyam , an independent daily newspaper in the Arabic language, was established in Aden during the British occupation. The first issue was published on 30 July 1958, and its founder and editor-in-chief was Brigadier General Muhammad Ali Bashraheel. It stopped publishing after independence during the era of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and then resumed publication. After achieving Yemeni unity, the first issue of the second edition was on 7 November 1990, after a hiatus that lasted more than 23 years. In 1998, Al-Ayyam was the first newspaper in Yemen to be prosecuted by the government under a criminal law. Other cases followed until it became public by the end of the year. 2008, responsible for 73% of the total number of cases filed by the Ministry of Information and the Yemeni government against the press in Yemen. [ 132 ] When the protests and clashes intensified in Aden in April 2009, "Al-Ayyam covered the events extensively, and pictures of blood and injuries were on the cover of the newspaper for days." President Ali Abdullah Saleh sent delegations to the newspaper, asking them to reduce the severity of their coverage, and to stop using pictures of the injured. [ 132 ] On 12 May 2009, security forces launched an attack on the headquarters of Al-Ayyam newspaper in Aden. [ 132 ] Radio and television Radio Aden was established on 17 August 1954, under the name "Aden Radio Station". [ 133 ] It is currently broadcast in two periods, morning and evening. The British occupation opened the Aden Channel on 11 September 1964, following the revolution of 14 October 1963. Television transmission was limited to covering populated neighbourhoods in the city of Aden, especially where soldiers and families of the British forces were present. In January 1979, the television headquarters moved to the "Radio and Television Building" in Tawahi; at that time broadcasts were in black-and-white. In March 1981 the gradual transition to colour broadcasting began, and in June 1981 the channel began broadcasting via satellite. After the Yemeni unification on 22 May 1990, Aden Channel was the second official channel of Yemeni TV. [ 134 ] Notable people Sabah al-Alwani — first woman member of Yemen's Supreme Judicial Council Mukesh Ambani (born 1957) — businessman Amr Gamal (born 1983) — film and theatre director, producer, and writer Eddie Izzard (born 1962) — comedian Shafiqa Zawqari (born 1942) — author Barry Stewart Hunter (born 1973) — author (born in Aden) See also Hadhramaut Mountains History of the Jews in Aden Military history of Britain Postage stamps and postal history of Aden Yemen Ports Authority Footnotes ^ Jawad Ali says: It appears from researchers finding writings written in the Musnad in various places in the Arabian Peninsula, including the coasts of the Arabian Gulf, some of which are ancient and some of which are close to Islam, that the Musnad pen was the authentic and first Arabic pen among the Arabs. All the people of the Arabian Peninsula wrote about it, but the Christian preaching that entered the Arabian Peninsula and spread in various places brought with it the late Armenian pen, the pen of the Eastern churches, and began spreading it among the people. Because it was his sacred pen with which the clerics used to write. Since this pen was easier to write than the musnad, it found widespread followers among those who converted to Christianity and among pagans as well, due to its ease of writing. However, it was not able to eliminate the musnad as people continued to write with it. When Islam came, the scribes wrote the revelation with the pen of the people of Mecca so that the revelation would descend among them. The Mecca pen became the official pen for the Muslims, and Al-Musnad was then sentenced to death. He died and was forgotten by the Arabs, until the Orientalists resurrected him and brought him back to existence again, to translate for us the ordinary writings that were recorded in him. Jawad Ali, Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh al-Arab before Islam, vol. 8, p. 153 References Constructs such as ibid. , loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ), or an abbreviated title. ( March 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Britannica, N.A. 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Garston, J. "Aden: The First Hundred Years", History Today (March 1965) 15#3, pp. 147–158. Covers 1839 to 1939. Norris, H.T.; Penhey, F.W. (1955). "The Historical Development of Aden's defences". The Geographical Journal . CXXI part I (1): 11. Bibcode : 1955GeogJ.121...11N . doi : 10.2307/1791802 . JSTOR 1791802 . Further reading Khalili, Laleh (2020). Sinews of War and Trade: Shipping and Capitalism in the Arabian Peninsula . London: Verso Books. ISBN 9781786634818 . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Resources in your library Resources in other libraries ArchNet.org. "Aden" . Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Photos of Aden at the American Center of Research Geographic data related to Aden at OpenStreetMap Aden City Profile at the United Nations Human Settlements Programme Government Annual Statistical Book of Aden 2017–2021 – Central Statistical Organization – Yemen .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Aden Governorate v t e Capital: Aden Districts Al Buraiqeh district Al Mansura district Mualla district Sheikh Othman district Tawahi district Crater district Dar Sad district Khormaksar district Al Buraiqeh district Al Mansura district Mualla district Sheikh Othman district Tawahi district Crater district Dar Sad district Khormaksar district v t e Yemeni cities and towns by population v t e 1,000,000 and more Aden Sanaa Aden Sanaa 100,000-999,999 Dhamar Al Hudaydah Ibb Taiz Mukalla Dhamar Al Hudaydah Ibb Taiz Mukalla 10,000-99,999 Abs Ad-Dahi 'Amran Ataq Bajil Bayt al-Faqih Al Bayda' Beihan Dimnat Chadir Al Ghaydah Hais Hajjah Lahej Khamir Al-Mahabischa Al Mahwit Al-Marawi'a Marib Mokha Mudiyah Rada'a Sayyan Seiyun Al-Shihr Socotra Tarim Thula Yarim Zabid Zinjibar Abs Ad-Dahi 'Amran Ataq Bajil Bayt al-Faqih Al Bayda' Beihan Dimnat Chadir Al Ghaydah Hais Hajjah Lahej Khamir Al-Mahabischa Al Mahwit Al-Marawi'a Marib Mokha Mudiyah Rada'a Sayyan Seiyun Al-Shihr Socotra Tarim Thula Yarim Zabid Zinjibar less than 9,999 Dammaj Habban Al Hajjarah Hutayb Jaʽār Jibla Kawkaban Manakhah Mukayras Saada Shaharah Shibam At Tawilah Wadi Dawan Dammaj Habban Al Hajjarah Hutayb Jaʽār Jibla Kawkaban Manakhah Mukayras Saada Shaharah Shibam At Tawilah Wadi Dawan Authority control databases International VIAF 2 GND FAST WorldCat VIAF 2 2 GND FAST WorldCat National United States Japan Czech Republic Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Israel Geographic Pleiades Pleiades Other IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX Aden Capitals in Asia Capitals of former nations Former colonial capitals Gulf of Aden Installations of the Soviet Navy Populated coastal places in Yemen Populated places in Aden Governorate Port cities and towns in the Arabian Peninsula Port cities and towns of the Red Sea Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments CS1: unfit URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors: missing title CS1 errors: chapter ignored Source attribution Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2015 CS1 maint: archived copy as title CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2024 Articles containing Arabic-language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with Arabic IPA Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024 Articles with ibid from March 2025 CS1: long volume value This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 20:30 (UTC) . 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Dåt Nordfriisk as döör e Europäisch Charta for regionaal- unti manerhäidespräke as manerhaidespräke önj Tjüschlönj gödjkånd. ... förter lees - widjer lees - lees widre - lees fiider Artiikler faan a leetst muuner an föörslach för a naist muun Witjst Dü dat... At iarst fering computerspal Ludwig Mystify 2025 ütjkimen as? Diar nü en Halunder Auersaater mä konstelk inteligens werket? A Fering Auersaater sant April 2025 online as? Diar 2023 en nei wurdenbuk för't fering - öömrang ütjkimen as? At hiarspal A Krich faan a Wäälten üüb YouTube tu hiaren as ? Di film E krouf bai e Wiidou üüb YouTube tu sen as? Diar en Nordfriislon Leksikon faan't NFI uun't näät as? Diar Neis faan't Nordfriisk Instituut uun't näät stäänt? Deer en soomling foon Nordfriisk webside önj't internet as? Dü nais üt jü frasch wråål aw friiske.de leese koost? Et en Online-Aurseeter fuar Sölring, Fering-Öömrang, Haliifreesk än Goshiirder jeft? Dat et en Online-Aurseeter for Mooring / Fråsch jaft? Dü som Dechtings fan Jens Emil Mungard üp YouTube hiir en lees kenst? Et en On-Line kurs fort Frasch ma uurdebök jeeft? Claas Riecken sin filme aw YouTube tu schüns san? Deer sunt 2016 en foriining for modern nordfriisk teooter as? Diar en blog es, fuar Söl'ring tö liir. Huar dü a miast leesen artiikler fanjst ( Top 20 . . . ) ? Nei Wiki-Projekt (2021): Mentooren för nei skriiwern. Et en Videosaamling jeft, hur Dü wat aur fuarhualing Tjüch liir kenst? Dat em üp Alugha Videos me tau en muar Toonspöören üp forskelig Spraaken weegi ken? Nei artiikler C/2023 A3 Kikaninchen A " Kapitäne " En Oter Godskuuch Max Feddersen (1900-1945) Bundesdaiswool 2025 ei komutatiif geometrii Unerwäis , podcast faan a NDR Alina Paulsen ( Ruuth , Blush Davis ) Feer tu New York (NDR) Ekke Nekkepenn José Herrando (~1720-1763) Hinrich Braren (1751-1826) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) Blä Tong Wiirus ( Orbivirus caerulinguae ) Gottfried (Skap) , 1822 onergingen Amtelk tidjsoonen , klaar Letlun , steeden an gemeenden Kikaninchen üüb fering an mooring Greks Rewolutsion (1821-1829) Suart Wedwüfen Prowinsen uun Spoonien Futbaal EM 2024 Kapitäne Christiansen , skap FUEN Mustelinae (Huarmer, Elken, Daksen) Otern , Weederelken Johannes Hansen Peyote Kaktus Japoonsk skraft Taíno Muar nei sidjen - Muar niie Bidrachen - Mör naie side Nei artiikler faan iar muuner Neis Uun't raadio - Önjt raadio - Ön't Rādio - Podcasts Feer snaaket Podcast mä Jens an Line (Fering) Et Nordfriisk Teooter YouTube kanaal Friisk Funk (Fering) Hark iinjsen Podcast fan di Friisk Foriining ( Mooring) Friesisch für Alle ( NDR ) Uun a bleeden - Önj e bleese - Ön di Bleeren 2025 21. Nofember: Manertaalen uun Bautzen (mdr.de) -> Manertaal 05. Nofember: Mattis Brodersen sjongt stak faan a "Ärzte" üüb Fering (amrum-news.de) 15. Oktuuber: Computerspal Ludwig Mystify (ndr.de) üüb Fering 08. Oktuuber: Amrum film faan Fatih Akin (taz.de) -> Hark Bohm 01. August: Nei Halunder auersaater (sat1regional.de) mä konstelk inteligens 01. August: Nei Halunder auersaater (zeit.de) mä konstelk inteligens 23.-25. Mei: Interfresk draapen (friiske.de) -> Fresk Riad 13. Mei: nei sölring skuulbuken (ndr.de) -> Onerracht 08. Mei: nei fering skuulbuken (shz.de) -> Onerracht 30. April: Fresk nöömer (ndr.de) skel tuläät wurd. 27. April: Fresk nöömer (spiegel.de) 23. April: Wie alltagstauglich ist eine Arbeitstracht (amrum-news.de) -> Fering dracht 04. April: Friesisch für Alle (amrum-news.de) -> Online Fering Auersaater 03. April: Friesisch Umfrage (sh:z.de) -> Nuurdfresk 30. Maarts: Minderheitenrechte für die Friesen (sh:z.de) -> Manertaalen 15. Febrewoore: Nuurdfresk föör gericht (sh:z) 10. Febrewoore: Paula an di ferswünjen speegel (amrum-news). Nei buk üüb öömrang Neis faan iar Nordfrasch [Mooring] Nordfrasch („ Nordfriisk “) as iinj foon e trii frasche spräke . Snååked wårt Nordfrasch foon süwat 8.000 manschne önj e Kris Nordfraschlönj . Önj e naiere tid jäif dåt tiin dialekte foont Nordfrasch. Sääker iinj deerfoon – dåt Sööder gooshiirder – as ål düüdj blaawen. Dåt Nordfriisk as döör e Europäisch Charta for regionaal- unti manerhäidespräke as manerhaidespräke önj Tjüschlönj gödjkånd. ... förter lees - widjer lees - lees widre - lees fiider Artiikler faan a leetst muuner an föörslach för a naist muun Witjst Dü dat... At iarst fering computerspal Ludwig Mystify 2025 ütjkimen as? Diar nü en Halunder Auersaater mä konstelk inteligens werket? A Fering Auersaater sant April 2025 online as? Diar 2023 en nei wurdenbuk för't fering - öömrang ütjkimen as? At hiarspal A Krich faan a Wäälten üüb YouTube tu hiaren as ? Di film E krouf bai e Wiidou üüb YouTube tu sen as? Diar en Nordfriislon Leksikon faan't NFI uun't näät as? Diar Neis faan't Nordfriisk Instituut uun't näät stäänt? Deer en soomling foon Nordfriisk webside önj't internet as? Dü nais üt jü frasch wråål aw friiske.de leese koost? Et en Online-Aurseeter fuar Sölring, Fering-Öömrang, Haliifreesk än Goshiirder jeft? Dat et en Online-Aurseeter for Mooring / Fråsch jaft? Dü som Dechtings fan Jens Emil Mungard üp YouTube hiir en lees kenst? Et en On-Line kurs fort Frasch ma uurdebök jeeft? Claas Riecken sin filme aw YouTube tu schüns san? Deer sunt 2016 en foriining for modern nordfriisk teooter as? Diar en blog es, fuar Söl'ring tö liir. Huar dü a miast leesen artiikler fanjst ( Top 20 . . . ) ? Nei Wiki-Projekt (2021): Mentooren för nei skriiwern. Et en Videosaamling jeft, hur Dü wat aur fuarhualing Tjüch liir kenst? Dat em üp Alugha Videos me tau en muar Toonspöören üp forskelig Spraaken weegi ken? At iarst fering computerspal Ludwig Mystify 2025 ütjkimen as? Diar nü en Halunder Auersaater mä konstelk inteligens werket? A Fering Auersaater sant April 2025 online as? Diar 2023 en nei wurdenbuk för't fering - öömrang ütjkimen as? At hiarspal A Krich faan a Wäälten üüb YouTube tu hiaren as ? Di film E krouf bai e Wiidou üüb YouTube tu sen as? Diar en Nordfriislon Leksikon faan't NFI uun't näät as? Diar Neis faan't Nordfriisk Instituut uun't näät stäänt? Deer en soomling foon Nordfriisk webside önj't internet as? Dü nais üt jü frasch wråål aw friiske.de leese koost? Et en Online-Aurseeter fuar Sölring, Fering-Öömrang, Haliifreesk än Goshiirder jeft? Dat et en Online-Aurseeter for Mooring / Fråsch jaft? Dü som Dechtings fan Jens Emil Mungard üp YouTube hiir en lees kenst? Et en On-Line kurs fort Frasch ma uurdebök jeeft? Claas Riecken sin filme aw YouTube tu schüns san? Deer sunt 2016 en foriining for modern nordfriisk teooter as? Diar en blog es, fuar Söl'ring tö liir. Huar dü a miast leesen artiikler fanjst ( Top 20 . . . ) ? Nei Wiki-Projekt (2021): Mentooren för nei skriiwern. Et en Videosaamling jeft, hur Dü wat aur fuarhualing Tjüch liir kenst? Dat em üp Alugha Videos me tau en muar Toonspöören üp forskelig Spraaken weegi ken? Nei artiikler C/2023 A3 Kikaninchen A " Kapitäne " En Oter Godskuuch Max Feddersen (1900-1945) Bundesdaiswool 2025 ei komutatiif geometrii Unerwäis , podcast faan a NDR Alina Paulsen ( Ruuth , Blush Davis ) Feer tu New York (NDR) Ekke Nekkepenn José Herrando (~1720-1763) Hinrich Braren (1751-1826) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) Blä Tong Wiirus ( Orbivirus caerulinguae ) Gottfried (Skap) , 1822 onergingen Amtelk tidjsoonen , klaar Letlun , steeden an gemeenden Kikaninchen üüb fering an mooring Greks Rewolutsion (1821-1829) Suart Wedwüfen Prowinsen uun Spoonien Futbaal EM 2024 Kapitäne Christiansen , skap FUEN Mustelinae (Huarmer, Elken, Daksen) Otern , Weederelken Johannes Hansen Peyote Kaktus Japoonsk skraft Taíno Muar nei sidjen - Muar niie Bidrachen - Mör naie side Nei artiikler faan iar muuner Godskuuch Max Feddersen (1900-1945) Bundesdaiswool 2025 ei komutatiif geometrii Unerwäis , podcast faan a NDR Alina Paulsen ( Ruuth , Blush Davis ) Feer tu New York (NDR) Ekke Nekkepenn José Herrando (~1720-1763) Hinrich Braren (1751-1826) C/2023 A3 (Tsuchinshan-ATLAS) Blä Tong Wiirus ( Orbivirus caerulinguae ) Gottfried (Skap) , 1822 onergingen Amtelk tidjsoonen , klaar Letlun , steeden an gemeenden Kikaninchen üüb fering an mooring Greks Rewolutsion (1821-1829) Suart Wedwüfen Prowinsen uun Spoonien Futbaal EM 2024 Kapitäne Christiansen , skap FUEN Mustelinae (Huarmer, Elken, Daksen) Otern , Weederelken Johannes Hansen Peyote Kaktus Japoonsk skraft Taíno Muar nei sidjen - Muar niie Bidrachen - Mör naie side Nei artiikler faan iar muuner Neis Uun't raadio - Önjt raadio - Ön't Rādio - Podcasts Feer snaaket Podcast mä Jens an Line (Fering) Et Nordfriisk Teooter YouTube kanaal Friisk Funk (Fering) Hark iinjsen Podcast fan di Friisk Foriining ( Mooring) Friesisch für Alle ( NDR ) Uun a bleeden - Önj e bleese - Ön di Bleeren 2025 21. Nofember: Manertaalen uun Bautzen (mdr.de) -> Manertaal 05. Nofember: Mattis Brodersen sjongt stak faan a "Ärzte" üüb Fering (amrum-news.de) 15. Oktuuber: Computerspal Ludwig Mystify (ndr.de) üüb Fering 08. Oktuuber: Amrum film faan Fatih Akin (taz.de) -> Hark Bohm 01. August: Nei Halunder auersaater (sat1regional.de) mä konstelk inteligens 01. August: Nei Halunder auersaater (zeit.de) mä konstelk inteligens 23.-25. Mei: Interfresk draapen (friiske.de) -> Fresk Riad 13. Mei: nei sölring skuulbuken (ndr.de) -> Onerracht 08. Mei: nei fering skuulbuken (shz.de) -> Onerracht 30. April: Fresk nöömer (ndr.de) skel tuläät wurd. 27. April: Fresk nöömer (spiegel.de) 23. April: Wie alltagstauglich ist eine Arbeitstracht (amrum-news.de) -> Fering dracht 04. April: Friesisch für Alle (amrum-news.de) -> Online Fering Auersaater 03. April: Friesisch Umfrage (sh:z.de) -> Nuurdfresk 30. Maarts: Minderheitenrechte für die Friesen (sh:z.de) -> Manertaalen 15. Febrewoore: Nuurdfresk föör gericht (sh:z) 10. Febrewoore: Paula an di ferswünjen speegel (amrum-news). Nei buk üüb öömrang Neis faan iar Neis faan iar Ensiklopedii Fresklun Sal - Oomram - Fer - A Halgen - Pelwerem - Nuurdstrun - Halaglun Wiidinghiird - Böökinghiird - A Gooshiird - Karhiird - Eidersteed Nuurdfresklun - Stääden an gemeenen - Nordfriisk spriakwiisen Saaterlun - Waastfresklun - Fresk spriaken Eksakt wedenskapen Biologii - Füsiik - Chemii - Astronomii - Matematiik Luke uk diar: Slach faan a muun üüb Wikispecies Sotsiaalwedenskapen Fiilosofii - Histoore - Psüchologii - Sotsiologii - Spriakwedenskap Politiik, rocht an selskap Ökonomii - Hanel - Politiik - Rocht - Selskap - Onerracht Uunwand wedenskap Medesiin - Informaatik - Wederkunde - Rümfaard - Technik Konst an kultüür Architektuur - Film - Kultüür - Literatüür - Musiik - Religioon - Moolerkonst A welt Geografii - A Eerd - Lunen - Spriaken - Weltdialen - At uniwersum Listen an tabelen Listen an tabelen - Kalender Wikipedia üüb Saaterfresk Wikipedia üüb Waastfresk Das muun ... Ismoune ( mo. ) , Janewoore ( öö. ) ( fe. ) , Janiwaari , Ismuun ( sö. ) Carl Ludw. Jessen Berthold Bahnsen Otfried Schwarz Maike Ossenbrüggen Hans Hoeg Christian Jensen Ingeborg Andresen Erk-Uwe Schrahé 01. Neisdai 01. Haiti woort suwereen : 1804 01. Chiune Sugihara * 1900 01. Kuuba : Rewolutsionsdai ( 1959 ) 01. Di Euro woort üs baarjil iinfeerd : 2002 02. Robert Miles Sloman † 1867 02. Gustav Fuchs * 1900 03. J. R. R. Tolkien * 1892 04. Carl Ludwig Jessen † 1917 04. Erwin Schrödinger † 1961 04. Andreas Brandt † 2016 05. Sophie Kloerss * 1866 06. Dizzy Gillespie † 1993 07. Johann Christian Fabricius * 1745 08. Berthold Bahnsen * 1913 08. Willy Schröder † 2015 09. Karel Čapek * 1890 09. Simone de Beauvoir * 1908 09. Otfried Schwarz * 1942 09. Republika Srpska woort grünjlaanj: 1992 10. Carl von Linné † 1778 10. Simon Reinhard Bohn * 1834 10. Edmond de Coussemaker † 1876 10. Nils Århammar † 2022 11. Lorenz Conrad Peters * 1885 12. Johann Lorenzen * 1924 12. Momme Andresen † 1951 13. Hermann Möller * 1850 13. Ilse Christiansen * 1954 13. Maike Ossenbrüggen † 2014 14. Frederik IX. (Denemark) † 1972 15. Molière * 1622 15. William Heinesen * 1900 15. Margarethe II. woort könangin faan Denemark : 1972 15. Wikipedia * 2001 16. Iarst Marcellusflud : 1219 16. Iarst Grat Mandränke (of Ööder Marcellusflud ) : 1362 16. Peter Hansen † 1829 16. Hans Hoeg * 1917 17. Ingeborg Andresen † 1955 18. At Sjiisk Keiserrik woort grünjlaanj : 1871 20. André-Marie Ampère * 1775 22. George Gordon Byron * 1788 22. Köningin Victoria † 1901 23. David Hilbert * 1862 23. Emil Hansen * 1875 23. Django Reinhardt * 1910 23. Salvador Dalí † 1989 24. Christian Ludwig Brehm * 1787 24. Detlef Petersen * 1950 25. Robert Burns * 1759 26. Michel Legrand † 2019 27. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart * 1756 27. Erk-Uwe Schrahé † 2018 28. Karl di Grat † 814 28. Christian Jensen * 1857 28. Katharine Fedders † 1941 28. Nicolas Sarkozy * 1955 29. Edward Lear † 1888 30. James Watt * 1736 greg. 30. Ingeborg Andresen * 1878 30. Mahatma Gandhi † 1948 31. Lachlan Macquarie * 1762 31. Franz Peter Schubert * 1797 31. Sophie Kloerss † 1927 31. Karen Heide Ebert * 1945 31. Holunflud : 1953 .mw-parser-output div.NavFrame{border:1px solid #A2A9B1;clear:both;font-size:95%;margin-top:1.5em;min-height:0;padding:2px;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output div.NavPic{float:left;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output div.NavHead{background-color:#EAECF0;color:black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output div.NavFrame:after{clear:both;content:"";display:block}.mw-parser-output div.NavFrame+div.NavFrame,.mw-parser-output div.NavFrame+link+div.NavFrame,.mw-parser-output div.NavFrame+style+div.NavFrame{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .NavToggle{float:right;font-size:x-small}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .NavHead a{color:black;text-decoration:underline dotted}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .NavHead a{color:black;text-decoration:underline dotted}} Wikipedia Kalender Janewoore | Febrewoore | Marts | April | Mei | Jüüne | Jüüle | August | September | Oktuuber | Nofember | Deetsember Luke uk bi: Kalender Nei artiikel skriiw Wan dü en neien artiikel skriiw wääl, do trak heer ! Dü meest uk hal en artiikel auer Feer faan en ööder Wikipedia auersaat. Fresklun Sal - Oomram - Fer - A Halgen - Pelwerem - Nuurdstrun - Halaglun Wiidinghiird - Böökinghiird - A Gooshiird - Karhiird - Eidersteed Nuurdfresklun - Stääden an gemeenen - Nordfriisk spriakwiisen Saaterlun - Waastfresklun - Fresk spriaken Eksakt wedenskapen Biologii - Füsiik - Chemii - Astronomii - Matematiik Luke uk diar: Slach faan a muun üüb Wikispecies Sotsiaalwedenskapen Fiilosofii - Histoore - Psüchologii - Sotsiologii - Spriakwedenskap Politiik, rocht an selskap Ökonomii - Hanel - Politiik - Rocht - Selskap - Onerracht Uunwand wedenskap Medesiin - Informaatik - Wederkunde - Rümfaard - Technik Konst an kultüür Architektuur - Film - Kultüür - Literatüür - Musiik - Religioon - Moolerkonst A welt Geografii - A Eerd - Lunen - Spriaken - Weltdialen - At uniwersum Listen an tabelen Listen an tabelen - Kalender Ismoune ( mo. ) , Janewoore ( öö. ) ( fe. ) , Janiwaari , Ismuun ( sö. ) Janewoore | Febrewoore | Marts | April | Mei | Jüüne | Jüüle | August | September | Oktuuber | Nofember | Deetsember Luke uk bi: Kalender Wan dü en neien artiikel skriiw wääl, do trak heer ! Dü meest uk hal en artiikel auer Feer faan en ööder Wikipedia auersaat. Commons Biljen an filmer (tjiisk) Wikinews Neis (tjiisk) Wiktionary Wurdenbuk (tjiisk) Wikiquote Sitaaten (tjiisk) Wikibooks Buken (tjiisk) Wikisource Teksten (nordfriisk) Wikispecies Slacher uun a natüür (nordfriisk) Wikiversity Teksten för onerracht (tjiisk) Ingelsk Wiktionary mä nordfriisk bidracher Wikidata Sentraal dootenbeenk (tjiisk) Wikivoyage Raisfeerer (tjiisk) Meta-Wiki Wikimedia stjüür an noch muar projekten Commons Biljen an filmer (tjiisk) Wikinews Neis (tjiisk) Wiktionary Wurdenbuk (tjiisk) Wikiquote Sitaaten (tjiisk) Wikibooks Buken (tjiisk) Wikisource Teksten (nordfriisk) Wikispecies Slacher uun a natüür (nordfriisk) Wikiversity Teksten för onerracht (tjiisk) Ingelsk Wiktionary mä nordfriisk bidracher Wikidata Sentraal dootenbeenk (tjiisk) Wikivoyage Raisfeerer (tjiisk) Meta-Wiki Wikimedia stjüür an noch muar projekten NORDFRIISK Hinweis an alle, die kein Nordfriesisch sprechen Nordfriesisch ist eine Sprache, die an der Westküste Schleswig-Holsteins im Kreis Nordfriesland gesprochen wird. Etwa 10.000 Leute beherrschen diese Sprache, wobei die Mundarten des Festlandes und die der Inseln (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum und der Felsinsel Helgoland) untereinander verschieden sind. Die Sprache soll mit zwei Einwanderungswellen von der südlichen Nordseeküste hierher gelangt sein, im 8. Jahrhundert auf die Inseln und im 12. Jahrhundert in die Festlandsregion. Einige Ähnlichkeit findet sich mit dem Westfriesischen (Frysk), welches von wenigstens 350.000 Leuten in der niederländischen Provinz Friesland gesprochen wird, wie auch mit dem Saterfriesischen (Seeltersk), welches von etwa 2.000 Leuten in der Gemeinde Saterland im Landkreis Cloppenburg, Niedersachsen gesprochen wird. (Du darfst gerne eine Übersetzung in Deiner Muttersprache hinzufügen.) Information for those who do not speak North Frisian North Frisian is a language that is spoken on the German North Sea coast near the Danish border. It has about 10,000 speakers, in which the dialects of the mainland and those of the islands (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, and the rocky island Helgoland) show mutual differences. The language might have been brought there by two successive migration waves from the south coastal regions of the North Sea, in the 8th century to the islands and in the 12th century to the mainland. Some similarities can be noticed with West Frisian (Frysk), which is spoken in the Dutch province of Frisia by at least 350,000 people, as well as with Sater Frisian (Seeltersk) in the Saterland community, Lower Saxony, Germany, spoken by about 2,000 people. (You may gladly add a translation in your mother tongue.) Ynformaasje foar dyjingen dy't net Noardfrysk prate It Noardfrysk is in taal dy't sprutsen wurdt oan de Dútske Noordzeekust flak bij de grins mei Denemark. Sawat 10.000 minsken behearskje dizze taal, wêrby't de tongslaggen fan it vasteland en dy fan de eilannen (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum en it rotseftige eilân Helgolân) ûnderlinge ferskillen sjen litte. De taal moat yn twa opienfolgjende migraasjeweagen út de súdlike kustgebieten fan de Noardsee hjirhinne brocht wêze, yn de 8e ieu nei de eilannen en yn de 12e ieu nei it fêstelân. It hat in tal oerienkomsten mei ús Frysk en ek mei it Sealterfrysk (Seeltersk) dat fan sawat 2.000 minsken yn it Dútske Sealterlân yn Nedersaksen sprutsen wurdt. (Heakje rêstich in oersetting yn dyn memmetaal ta.) Informasie veur luui die gien Noord-Fries praoten t Noord-Fries is n taal die espreuken wörden an de Duutse Noordzeekust kortbie t geschei mit Denemarken. Um en bie de 10.000 meensen beheersen disse taal, waorbie de dialekten van t vastelaand en die van de eilaanden (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, en t rotsachtige eilaand Hellegolaand) onderlinge verschillen laoten zien. De taal zol in twee opeenvolgende migrasiegolven vanuut de zujelike kustgebiejen van de Noordzee hierheer ebröcht ween, in de 8e eeuw naor de eilaanden en in de 12e eeuw naor t vastelaand. t Hef n antal overeenkomsten mit t Westlauwers Fries (Frysk), dat espreuken wörden in de Nederlaandse provinsie Frieslaand deur ten minsten 350.000 luui, en oek mit t Saoterfries (Seeltersk) dat deur um en bie de 2.000 meensen in t Duutse Saoterlaand in Nedersaksen espreuken wörden. (A'j willen ku'j n vertaling in joew moerstaal derbie zetten.) Informatie voor degenen die geen Noord-Fries spreken Het Noord-Fries is een taal die gesproken wordt aan de Duitse Noordzeekust vlak bij de grens met Denemarken. Ongeveer 10.000 mensen beheersen deze taal, waarbij de dialecten van het vasteland en die van de eilanden (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, en het rotsachtige eiland Helgoland) onderlinge verschillen vertonen. De taal zou in twee opeenvolgende migratiegolven vanuit de zuidelijke kustgebieden van de Noordzee hierheen gebracht zijn, in de 8e eeuw naar de eilanden en in de 12e eeuw naar het vasteland. Het heeft een aantal overeenkomsten met het Westlauwers Fries (Frysk), dat gesproken wordt in de Nederlandse provincie Friesland door ten minste 350.000 mensen, en ook met het Saterfries (Seeltersk) dat door ongeveer 2.000 mensen in het Duitse Saterland in Nedersaksen gesproken wordt. (Voeg gerust een vertaling in je moedertaal toe.) Inligting vir die wat nie Noord-Fries praat nie Noord-Fries is 'n taal wat gepraat word aan die Duitse Noordseekus naby die grens met Denemarke. Omtrent 10 000 mense beheers hierdie taal, waarby daar onderlinge verskille is tussen die dialekte van die vasteland en die van die eilande (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, en die rotsagtige eiland Helgoland). Die taal sou in twee opeenvolgende migrasiegolwe vanuit die suidelike kusgebiede van die Noordsee soontoe gebring wees, in die 8ste eeu na die eilande en in die 12de eeu na die vasteland. Dit het party ooreenkomste met Wes-Fries (Frysk), wat gepraat word in die Nederlandse provinsie Friesland deur ten minste 350 000 mense, en ook met Saterfries (Seeltersk) wat deur omtrent 2 000 mense in die Duitse gebied Saterland in Nedersakse gepraat word. (Voeg gerus 'n vertaling in jou moedertaal by.) Noto por ĉiuj, kiuj ne parolas la nordfrisan La Nordfrisa estas lingvo parolata ĉe la okcidenta marbordo de Ŝlesvigo-Holstinio en la distrikto Norda Frislando . Ĉirkaŭ 10 000 homoj parolas ĉi tiun lingvon, kvankam la dialektoj de la ĉeftero kaj tiuj de la insuloj (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum kaj la roka insulo de Helgolando) diferencas unu de la alia. La lingvo laŭdire alvenis ĉi tien en du ondoj de enmigrado de la suda Nordmara marbordo, en la 8-a jarcento al la insuloj kaj en la 12-a jarcento al la kontinenta regiono. Kelkaj similecoj povas esti trovataj kun la okcidentfrisa (Frysk), kiu estas parolata fare de almenaŭ 350 000 homoj en la nederlanda provinco de Frislando, same kiel kun la saterfrisa (Seeltersk), kiu estas parolata fare de proksimume 2 000 homoj en la komunumo Saterlando en la distrikto Cloppenburg, Malsupra Saksio. (Vi bonvenas aldoni tradukon en via gepatra lingvo.) NORDFRIISK Hinweis an alle, die kein Nordfriesisch sprechen Nordfriesisch ist eine Sprache, die an der Westküste Schleswig-Holsteins im Kreis Nordfriesland gesprochen wird. Etwa 10.000 Leute beherrschen diese Sprache, wobei die Mundarten des Festlandes und die der Inseln (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum und der Felsinsel Helgoland) untereinander verschieden sind. Die Sprache soll mit zwei Einwanderungswellen von der südlichen Nordseeküste hierher gelangt sein, im 8. Jahrhundert auf die Inseln und im 12. Jahrhundert in die Festlandsregion. Einige Ähnlichkeit findet sich mit dem Westfriesischen (Frysk), welches von wenigstens 350.000 Leuten in der niederländischen Provinz Friesland gesprochen wird, wie auch mit dem Saterfriesischen (Seeltersk), welches von etwa 2.000 Leuten in der Gemeinde Saterland im Landkreis Cloppenburg, Niedersachsen gesprochen wird. (Du darfst gerne eine Übersetzung in Deiner Muttersprache hinzufügen.) Information for those who do not speak North Frisian North Frisian is a language that is spoken on the German North Sea coast near the Danish border. It has about 10,000 speakers, in which the dialects of the mainland and those of the islands (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, and the rocky island Helgoland) show mutual differences. The language might have been brought there by two successive migration waves from the south coastal regions of the North Sea, in the 8th century to the islands and in the 12th century to the mainland. Some similarities can be noticed with West Frisian (Frysk), which is spoken in the Dutch province of Frisia by at least 350,000 people, as well as with Sater Frisian (Seeltersk) in the Saterland community, Lower Saxony, Germany, spoken by about 2,000 people. (You may gladly add a translation in your mother tongue.) Ynformaasje foar dyjingen dy't net Noardfrysk prate It Noardfrysk is in taal dy't sprutsen wurdt oan de Dútske Noordzeekust flak bij de grins mei Denemark. Sawat 10.000 minsken behearskje dizze taal, wêrby't de tongslaggen fan it vasteland en dy fan de eilannen (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum en it rotseftige eilân Helgolân) ûnderlinge ferskillen sjen litte. De taal moat yn twa opienfolgjende migraasjeweagen út de súdlike kustgebieten fan de Noardsee hjirhinne brocht wêze, yn de 8e ieu nei de eilannen en yn de 12e ieu nei it fêstelân. It hat in tal oerienkomsten mei ús Frysk en ek mei it Sealterfrysk (Seeltersk) dat fan sawat 2.000 minsken yn it Dútske Sealterlân yn Nedersaksen sprutsen wurdt. (Heakje rêstich in oersetting yn dyn memmetaal ta.) Informasie veur luui die gien Noord-Fries praoten t Noord-Fries is n taal die espreuken wörden an de Duutse Noordzeekust kortbie t geschei mit Denemarken. Um en bie de 10.000 meensen beheersen disse taal, waorbie de dialekten van t vastelaand en die van de eilaanden (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, en t rotsachtige eilaand Hellegolaand) onderlinge verschillen laoten zien. De taal zol in twee opeenvolgende migrasiegolven vanuut de zujelike kustgebiejen van de Noordzee hierheer ebröcht ween, in de 8e eeuw naor de eilaanden en in de 12e eeuw naor t vastelaand. t Hef n antal overeenkomsten mit t Westlauwers Fries (Frysk), dat espreuken wörden in de Nederlaandse provinsie Frieslaand deur ten minsten 350.000 luui, en oek mit t Saoterfries (Seeltersk) dat deur um en bie de 2.000 meensen in t Duutse Saoterlaand in Nedersaksen espreuken wörden. (A'j willen ku'j n vertaling in joew moerstaal derbie zetten.) Informatie voor degenen die geen Noord-Fries spreken Het Noord-Fries is een taal die gesproken wordt aan de Duitse Noordzeekust vlak bij de grens met Denemarken. Ongeveer 10.000 mensen beheersen deze taal, waarbij de dialecten van het vasteland en die van de eilanden (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, en het rotsachtige eiland Helgoland) onderlinge verschillen vertonen. De taal zou in twee opeenvolgende migratiegolven vanuit de zuidelijke kustgebieden van de Noordzee hierheen gebracht zijn, in de 8e eeuw naar de eilanden en in de 12e eeuw naar het vasteland. Het heeft een aantal overeenkomsten met het Westlauwers Fries (Frysk), dat gesproken wordt in de Nederlandse provincie Friesland door ten minste 350.000 mensen, en ook met het Saterfries (Seeltersk) dat door ongeveer 2.000 mensen in het Duitse Saterland in Nedersaksen gesproken wordt. (Voeg gerust een vertaling in je moedertaal toe.) Inligting vir die wat nie Noord-Fries praat nie Noord-Fries is 'n taal wat gepraat word aan die Duitse Noordseekus naby die grens met Denemarke. Omtrent 10 000 mense beheers hierdie taal, waarby daar onderlinge verskille is tussen die dialekte van die vasteland en die van die eilande (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, en die rotsagtige eiland Helgoland). Die taal sou in twee opeenvolgende migrasiegolwe vanuit die suidelike kusgebiede van die Noordsee soontoe gebring wees, in die 8ste eeu na die eilande en in die 12de eeu na die vasteland. Dit het party ooreenkomste met Wes-Fries (Frysk), wat gepraat word in die Nederlandse provinsie Friesland deur ten minste 350 000 mense, en ook met Saterfries (Seeltersk) wat deur omtrent 2 000 mense in die Duitse gebied Saterland in Nedersakse gepraat word. (Voeg gerus 'n vertaling in jou moedertaal by.) Noto por ĉiuj, kiuj ne parolas la nordfrisan La Nordfrisa estas lingvo parolata ĉe la okcidenta marbordo de Ŝlesvigo-Holstinio en la distrikto Norda Frislando . Ĉirkaŭ 10 000 homoj parolas ĉi tiun lingvon, kvankam la dialektoj de la ĉeftero kaj tiuj de la insuloj (Sylt, Föhr, Amrum kaj la roka insulo de Helgolando) diferencas unu de la alia. La lingvo laŭdire alvenis ĉi tien en du ondoj de enmigrado de la suda Nordmara marbordo, en la 8-a jarcento al la insuloj kaj en la 12-a jarcento al la kontinenta regiono. Kelkaj similecoj povas esti trovataj kun la okcidentfrisa (Frysk), kiu estas parolata fare de almenaŭ 350 000 homoj en la nederlanda provinco de Frislando, same kiel kun la saterfrisa (Seeltersk), kiu estas parolata fare de proksimume 2 000 homoj en la komunumo Saterlando en la distrikto Cloppenburg, Malsupra Saksio. (Vi bonvenas aldoni tradukon en via gepatra lingvo.) Hinweis an alle, die kein Nordfriesisch sprechen Information for those who do not speak North Frisian Ynformaasje foar dyjingen dy't net Noardfrysk prate Informasie veur luui die gien Noord-Fries praoten Informatie voor degenen die geen Noord-Fries spreken Inligting vir die wat nie Noord-Fries praat nie Noto por ĉiuj, kiuj ne parolas la nordfrisan La lingvo laŭdire alvenis ĉi tien en du ondoj de enmigrado de la suda Nordmara marbordo, en la 8-a jarcento al la insuloj kaj en la 12-a jarcento al la kontinenta regiono. Kelkaj similecoj povas esti trovataj kun la okcidentfrisa (Frysk), kiu estas parolata fare de almenaŭ 350 000 homoj en la nederlanda provinco de Frislando, same kiel kun la saterfrisa (Seeltersk), kiu estas parolata fare de proksimume 2 000 homoj en la komunumo Saterlando en la distrikto Cloppenburg, Malsupra Saksio. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/Technology and applied sciences বাংলা Bahasa Indonesia Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .contentsPage__title{border-bottom:2px solid #333;font-size:1.8em;padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__toc{padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__intro{position:relative;padding:1.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__section{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading{position:relative;border-bottom:2px solid #333;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading h2{font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{font-size:0.9em;white-space:nowrap;display:block;margin-top:10px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{display:inline}}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__sectionlinks{position:absolute;top:10px;right:20px;font-size:0.85em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes{padding:1em;border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes:empty{display:none}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type{background-color:#f5fffa;border:1px solid #a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6fff2}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__title{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6f2ff}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cee0f2;border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3b1bf}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}} Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Wikipedia's contents: Technology and applied sciences The human race's use of technology began with the conversion of plentiful natural resources into simple tools. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food, and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press and the Internet , have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear bombs . Applied science is the application of knowledge from one or more natural scientific fields to solving practical problems. For example, fields of engineering are applied sciences. Applied science is important for technology development. Its use in industrial settings is usually referred to as research and development (R&D). The Technology Portal More about Technology and Applied sciences ... More about Technology and Applied sciences ... Overview Technological concepts and issues – Accelerating change • Appropriate technology • Diffusion of innovations in science • Doomsday device • High technology • History of science and technology • History of technology • Industry • Innovation • Knowledge economy • Persuasion technology • Pollution • Posthumanism • Precautionary principle • Research and development • Strategy of technology • Superpowers • Technocapitalism • Technocriticism • Techno-progressivism • Technological convergence • Technological evolution • Technological determinism • Technological diffusion • Technological singularity • Technology acceptance model • Technology assessment • Technology lifecycle • Technology transfer • Technology tree • Technorealism • Timeline of invention • Transhumanism Technologies and applied sciences – Aerospace • Agriculture , Agricultural science & Agronomy • Architecture • Automation • Automobile • Big science • Biotechnology • Cartography • Communication • Construction • Design • Electronics • Energy development • Energy storage • Engineering ( Chemical engineering , Civil engineering , Electrical engineering , Mechanical engineering ) • Ergonomics • Firefighting • Food science • Forensics • Forestry • Free software • Health sciences • Health Informatics • Industry • Information science ( Library and information science ) • Internet • Machines • Management • Manufacturing • Mass communication • Mass production • Medicine ( Unsolved problems in neuroscience ) • Military science • Military technology and equipment • Mining • Nanotechnology • Nuclear technology • Packaging and labeling • Processes • Robotics • Space exploration • Technology forecasting • Telecommunications • Tools • Weapons Outlines Technology – The making, usage, knowledge of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or perform a specific function is referred as technology. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, and procedures. Technologies and applied sciences Aerospace – flight or transport above the surface of the Earth. Space exploration – the physical investigation of the space more than 100 km above the Earth by either manned or unmanned spacecraft. Space exploration – the physical investigation of the space more than 100 km above the Earth by either manned or unmanned spacecraft. Applied physics – physics which is intended for a particular technological or practical use. It is usually considered as a bridge or a connection between "pure" physics and engineering. Meteorology – forecasts the weather. Meteorology – forecasts the weather. Agriculture – cultivation of plants, animals, and other living organisms. Fishing – activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fisheries – A fishery is an entity which is engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". Fishing industry – industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. Forestry – art and science of tree resources, including plantations and natural stands. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow forests to continue a sustainable provision of environmental supplies and services. Organic gardening and farming – a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones. Sustainable agriculture – farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services, and the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. Fishing – activity of trying to catch fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. Fisheries – A fishery is an entity which is engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". Fishing industry – industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. Fisheries – A fishery is an entity which is engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by some authority to be a fishery. According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities or a combination of the foregoing features". Fishing industry – industry or activity concerned with taking, culturing, processing, preserving, storing, transporting, marketing or selling fish or fish products. It is defined by the FAO as including recreational, subsistence and commercial fishing, and the harvesting, processing, and marketing sectors. Forestry – art and science of tree resources, including plantations and natural stands. The main goal of forestry is to create and implement systems that allow forests to continue a sustainable provision of environmental supplies and services. Organic gardening and farming – a method of crop and livestock production that involves much more than choosing not to use pesticides, fertilizers, genetically modified organisms, antibiotics and growth hormones. Sustainable agriculture – farming in sustainable ways based on an understanding of ecosystem services, and the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. Communication – the imparting or exchanging of information by speaking, writing, or using some other medium. Books – A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side Telecommunication – the transfer of information at a distance, including signaling, telegraphy, telephony, telemetry, radio, television, and data communications. Radio – Aural or encoded telecommunications. Radio science – Study of aural or encoded telecommunications. Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Television broadcasting – Visual and aural telecommunications. Books – A book is a set of written, printed, illustrated, or blank sheets, made of ink, paper, parchment, or other materials, fastened together to hinge at one side Telecommunication – the transfer of information at a distance, including signaling, telegraphy, telephony, telemetry, radio, television, and data communications. Radio – Aural or encoded telecommunications. Radio science – Study of aural or encoded telecommunications. Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Television broadcasting – Visual and aural telecommunications. Radio – Aural or encoded telecommunications. Radio science – Study of aural or encoded telecommunications. Radio science – Study of aural or encoded telecommunications. Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Television broadcasting – Visual and aural telecommunications. Computing – any goal-oriented activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating computers. Computing includes designing and building hardware and software systems; processing, structuring, and managing various kinds of information; doing scientific research on and with computers; making computer systems behave intelligently; creating and using communications and entertainment media; and more. Computer engineering – discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems, from designing individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. Computers – general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem. Computer science – the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. Artificial intelligence – intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do. Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Natural language processing – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on. Cryptography – the technology to secure communications in the presence of third parties. Human-computer interaction – the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. Information technology – the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications. Software engineering – the systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software. Programming – the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. Software development – development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation. Web design and web development – web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Programming languages C C# C++ – One of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. JavaScript Java Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more. Python Rust Software – one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for one or more purposes. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. Application software – is program or a group of programs designed for end users. Databases – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated. MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system. Free software – software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction. Operating systems iOS – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV. Ubuntu – multi-platform Debian Linux-based operating system. Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Wikipedia – a multilingual free internet encyclopedia created by volunteers using a wiki-based editing system Computer industry Apple Inc. – manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing devices, and related products and services. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Google – Google Inc. and its Internet services including Google Search. Microsoft – American multinational technology corporation producing computer software and hardware. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Computer security – Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. Computer engineering – discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer systems, from designing individual microprocessors, personal computers, and supercomputers, to circuit design. Computers – general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem. Computers – general purpose devices that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. Since a sequence of operations can be readily changed, computers can solve more than one kind of problem. Computer science – the study of the theoretical foundations of information and computation and of practical techniques for their implementation and application in computer systems. Artificial intelligence – intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do. Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Natural language processing – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on. Cryptography – the technology to secure communications in the presence of third parties. Human-computer interaction – the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. Artificial intelligence – intelligence of machines and the branch of computer science that aims to create it. Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do. Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Natural language processing – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on. Computer vision – interdisciplinary field that deals with how computers can be made to gain high-level understanding from digital images or videos. From the perspective of engineering, it seeks to automate tasks that the human visual system can do. Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Object recognition – in computer vision, this is the task of finding a given object in an image or video sequence. Natural language processing – computer activity in which computers are entailed to analyze, understand, alter, or generate natural language. This includes the automation of any or all linguistic forms, activities, or methods of communication, such as conversation, correspondence, reading, written composition, dictation, publishing, translation, lip reading, and so on. Cryptography – the technology to secure communications in the presence of third parties. Human-computer interaction – the study of how people interact with computers and to what extent computers are or are not developed for successful interaction with human beings. Information technology – the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications. Software engineering – the systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software. Programming – the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. Software development – development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation. Web design and web development – web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Programming languages C C# C++ – One of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. JavaScript Java Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more. Python Rust Programming – the process of designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining the source code of computer programs. Software development – development of a software product, which entails computer programming (process of writing and maintaining the source code), but also encompasses a planned and structured process from the conception of the desired software to its final manifestation. Web design and web development – web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Web design and web development – web design encompasses many different skills and disciplines in the production and maintenance of websites, while web development is the work involved in developing a web site for the Internet (World Wide Web) or an intranet (a private network). Programming languages C C# C++ – One of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. JavaScript Java Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more. Python Rust C C# C++ – One of the most popular programming languages with application domains including systems software, application software, device drivers, embedded software, high-performance server and client applications, and entertainment software such as video games. JavaScript Java Perl – high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Used for text processing, CGI scripting, graphics programming, system administration, network programming, finance, bioinformatics, and more. Python Rust Software – one or more computer programs and data held in the storage of the computer for one or more purposes. In other words, software is a set of programs, procedures, algorithms and its documentation concerned with the operation of a data processing system. Application software – is program or a group of programs designed for end users. Databases – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated. MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system. Free software – software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction. Operating systems iOS – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV. Ubuntu – multi-platform Debian Linux-based operating system. Application software – is program or a group of programs designed for end users. Databases – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated. MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system. Databases – is a collection of information that is organized so that it can easily be accessed, managed and updated. MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. MySQL ("My Structured Query Language") – world's second most widely used relational database management system (RDBMS) and most widely used open-source RDBMS. Search engines – information retrieval systems designed to help find information stored on a computer system. Free software – software that can be used, studied, and modified without restriction. Operating systems iOS – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV. Ubuntu – multi-platform Debian Linux-based operating system. iOS – mobile operating system developed and distributed by Apple Inc. Originally released in 2007 for the iPhone and iPod Touch, it has since been extended to support other Apple devices such as the iPad and Apple TV. Ubuntu – multi-platform Debian Linux-based operating system. Internet – the global system of interconnected computer networks that use the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP). Wikipedia – a multilingual free internet encyclopedia created by volunteers using a wiki-based editing system Wikipedia – a multilingual free internet encyclopedia created by volunteers using a wiki-based editing system Computer industry Apple Inc. – manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing devices, and related products and services. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Google – Google Inc. and its Internet services including Google Search. Microsoft – American multinational technology corporation producing computer software and hardware. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Apple Inc. – manufacturer and retailer of computers, hand-held computing devices, and related products and services. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Google – Google Inc. and its Internet services including Google Search. Microsoft – American multinational technology corporation producing computer software and hardware. It is one of the Big Five American information technology companies. Computer security – Computer security, also known as cybersecurity or IT security, is the protection of information systems from theft or damage to the hardware, the software, and to the information on them, as well as from disruption or misdirection of the services they provide. Construction – building or assembly of any physical structure. Design – the art and science of creating the abstract form and function for an object or environment. Architecture – the art and science of designing buildings. Architecture – the art and science of designing buildings. Electronics – the branch of physics and technology concerned with the design of circuits using transistors and microchips, and with the behavior and movement of electrons in a semiconductor, conductor, vacuum, or gas. Industry – production of an economic good or service. Automation – use of machinery to replace human labor. Industrial machinery – Machines – devices that perform or assist in performing useful work. Manufacturing – use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Metalworking – the science, art, industry, and craft of shaping metal. Robotics – deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Object recognition Automation – use of machinery to replace human labor. Industrial machinery – Machines – devices that perform or assist in performing useful work. Manufacturing – use of machines, tools and labor to produce goods for use or sale. The term may refer to a range of human activity, from handicraft to high tech, but is most commonly applied to industrial production, in which raw materials are transformed into finished goods on a large scale. Metalworking – the science, art, industry, and craft of shaping metal. Robotics – deals with the design, construction, operation, structural disposition, manufacture and application of robots. Object recognition Object recognition Energy – is an indirectly observed quantity often understood as the ability of a physical system to do work on other physical systems. Energy development – ongoing effort to provide abundant, efficient, and accessible energy resources through knowledge, skills, and construction. Energy storage – the storage of a form of energy that can then be used later. Nuclear technology – the technology and application of the spontaneous and induced reactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclear power – use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Wind energy – is the kinetic energy of air in motion, also called wind. Solar energy – radiant light and heat from the sun . Energy development – ongoing effort to provide abundant, efficient, and accessible energy resources through knowledge, skills, and construction. Energy storage – the storage of a form of energy that can then be used later. Nuclear technology – the technology and application of the spontaneous and induced reactions of atomic nuclei. Nuclear power – use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Nuclear power – use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat and electricity. Wind energy – is the kinetic energy of air in motion, also called wind. Solar energy – radiant light and heat from the sun . Engineering – the application of science, mathematics, and technology to produce useful goods and systems. Chemical engineering – the technology and application of chemical processes to produce useful materials. Computer engineering – a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software Control engineering –a discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feedback to devices that can make corrections toward desired performance. Electrical engineering – the technology and application of electromagnetism, including electricity, electronics, telecommunications, computers, electric power, magnetics, and optics. Mechanical engineering – applies the principles of engineering , physics , and materials science for the design , analysis, manufacturing , and maintenance of mechanical systems . Software engineering – the technology and application of a systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software. Chemical engineering – the technology and application of chemical processes to produce useful materials. Computer engineering – a discipline that integrates several fields of electrical engineering and computer science required to develop computer hardware and software Control engineering –a discipline that applies control theory to design systems with desired behaviors. The practice uses sensors to measure the output performance of the device being controlled and those measurements can be used to give feedback to devices that can make corrections toward desired performance. Electrical engineering – the technology and application of electromagnetism, including electricity, electronics, telecommunications, computers, electric power, magnetics, and optics. Mechanical engineering – applies the principles of engineering , physics , and materials science for the design , analysis, manufacturing , and maintenance of mechanical systems . Software engineering – the technology and application of a systematic approach to the development, operation, maintenance, and retirement of computer software. Firefighting – act of extinguishing fires. A firefighter fights fires to prevent destruction of life, property and the environment. Firefighting is a professional technical skill. Forensic science – application of a broad spectrum of sciences to answer questions of interest to a legal system. This may be in relation to a crime or a civil action. Futures studies – includes identification and forecasting of possible futures and future events, and analysis of their ramifications Health Biotechnology – applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Ergonomics – the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. Medicine – applied science of diagnosing and treating illness and disease. Biotechnology – applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Ergonomics – the study of designing equipment and devices that fit the human body, its movements, and its cognitive abilities. Medicine – applied science of diagnosing and treating illness and disease. Hydrology – The study of the movement, distribution, and quality of water on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic cycle, water resources and environmental watershed sustainability. Information science – interdisciplinary field primarily concerned with the analysis, collection, classification , manipulation, storage, retrieval and dissemination of information . [ 1 ] Cartography – the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. Library science – technology related to libraries and the information fields. Cartography – the study and practice of making maps. Combining science, aesthetics, and technique, cartography builds on the premise that reality can be modeled in ways that communicate spatial information effectively. Library science – technology related to libraries and the information fields. Military science – the study of the technique, psychology, practice and other phenomena which constitute war and armed conflict. Mining – extraction of mineral resources from the earth. Nanotechnology – The study of manipulating matter on an atomic and molecular scale. Generally, nanotechnology deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometre in at least one dimension, and involves developing materials or devices possessing at least one dimension within that size. Prehistoric technology – technologies that emerged before recorded history (i.e., before the development of writing). Rocketry – the design and construction of rockets. Sustainability – capacity to endure. In ecology, the word describes how biological systems remain diverse and productive over time. Long-lived and healthy wetlands and forests are examples of sustainable biological systems. For humans, sustainability is the potential for long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions. Transport – the transfer of people or things from one place to another. Transport, by type : Transport, by mode: Land transport Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Transport, by power source: Animal-powered transport – human use of non-human working animals for the movement of people and goods, via riding, having them carry packs or pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Transportation planning – process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations. Transportation Systems Bridges – a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath. Public transport – transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip. Vehicles – mechanical devices for transporting people or things. Vehicles, by type : Land vehicles Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. Vehicle components Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims Transport, by type : Transport, by mode: Land transport Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Transport, by power source: Animal-powered transport – human use of non-human working animals for the movement of people and goods, via riding, having them carry packs or pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Transport, by mode: Land transport Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Land transport Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Rail transport – means of conveyance of passengers and goods by way of wheeled vehicles running on rail tracks consisting of steel rails installed on sleepers/ties and ballast. Transport, by power source: Animal-powered transport – human use of non-human working animals for the movement of people and goods, via riding, having them carry packs or pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Animal-powered transport – human use of non-human working animals for the movement of people and goods, via riding, having them carry packs or pull sleds or wheeled vehicles. Transportation planning – process of defining future policies, goals, investments, and spatial planning designs to prepare for future needs to move people and goods to destinations. Transportation Systems Bridges – a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath. Bridges – a structure built to span physical obstacles without closing the way underneath. Public transport – transport of passengers by group travel systems available for use by the general public, typically managed on a schedule, operated on established routes, and that charge a posted fee for each trip. Vehicles – mechanical devices for transporting people or things. Vehicles, by type : Land vehicles Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. Vehicle components Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims Vehicles, by type : Land vehicles Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. Land vehicles Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. Automobiles – human-guided powered land-vehicles. Bicycles – human-powered land-vehicles with two or more wheels. Motorcycles – single-track, engine-powered, motor vehicles. They are also called motorbikes, bikes, or cycles. Vehicle components Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims Tires – ring-shaped coverings that fit around wheel rims Lists Technologies: Emerging Technology Emerging Technology Architecture and Construction Buildings and structures : Tallest London Irish buildings Demolished landmarks in Spain Lighthouses and lightvessels : Belgium Canada France Germany Italy Sweden United States Historic: Civil Engineering Landmarks Heritage registers World Heritage Sites United Kingdom: England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Energy infrastructure : Largest Coal Fuel oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Geothermal Photovoltaic Solar thermal Tidal Wind: Onshore Offshore Water infrastructure : Largest Reservoirs and dams Tallest Canals Windmills : United Kingdom Watermills : United Kingdom Buildings and structures : Tallest London Irish buildings Demolished landmarks in Spain Lighthouses and lightvessels : Belgium Canada France Germany Italy Sweden United States Historic: Civil Engineering Landmarks Heritage registers World Heritage Sites United Kingdom: England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Energy infrastructure : Largest Coal Fuel oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Geothermal Photovoltaic Solar thermal Tidal Wind: Onshore Offshore Water infrastructure : Largest Reservoirs and dams Tallest Canals Windmills : United Kingdom Watermills : United Kingdom Tallest London London Irish buildings Demolished landmarks in Spain Lighthouses and lightvessels : Belgium Canada France Germany Italy Sweden United States Belgium Canada France Germany Italy Sweden United States Historic: Civil Engineering Landmarks Heritage registers World Heritage Sites United Kingdom: England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Civil Engineering Landmarks Heritage registers World Heritage Sites United Kingdom: England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Energy infrastructure : Largest Coal Fuel oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Geothermal Photovoltaic Solar thermal Tidal Wind: Onshore Offshore Largest Coal Fuel oil Natural gas Nuclear Hydroelectric Geothermal Photovoltaic Solar thermal Tidal Wind: Onshore Offshore Onshore Offshore Water infrastructure : Largest Reservoirs and dams Tallest Canals Largest Reservoirs and dams Tallest Canals Windmills : United Kingdom United Kingdom Watermills : United Kingdom United Kingdom Computing: AMD microprocessors Intel microprocessors Intel chipsets Software bugs Open source software packages GNU packages Operating systems Unixes Unix programs Machines running CP/M IBM products UNIVAC products Microcomputers Graphics file formats Test automation Screen readers Internet and World Wide Web: TCP and UDP port numbers Internet top-level domains Newsgroups HTTP status codes XML and HTML characters Digital library projects Colors HTML editors Wikis Web technologies: Java APIs .NET APIs Web 2.0 Ajax Computer science: Algorithms Data structures Open problems Programming languages: Alphabetical list Categorical list Chronological list Generational list Character sets and encodings: ASCII EBCDIC ISO 646 ISO 8859-1 ISO 8859-2 ISO 8859-3 ISO 8859-8 ISO 8859-11 ISO 8859-15 Unicode UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 Windows-1252 AMD microprocessors Intel microprocessors Intel chipsets Software bugs Open source software packages GNU packages Operating systems Unixes Unix programs Machines running CP/M IBM products UNIVAC products Microcomputers Graphics file formats Test automation Screen readers Internet and World Wide Web: TCP and UDP port numbers Internet top-level domains Newsgroups HTTP status codes XML and HTML characters Digital library projects Colors HTML editors Wikis Web technologies: Java APIs .NET APIs Web 2.0 Ajax TCP and UDP port numbers Internet top-level domains Newsgroups HTTP status codes XML and HTML characters Digital library projects Colors HTML editors Wikis Web technologies: Java APIs .NET APIs Web 2.0 Ajax Java APIs .NET APIs Web 2.0 Ajax Computer science: Algorithms Data structures Open problems Algorithms Data structures Open problems Programming languages: Alphabetical list Categorical list Chronological list Generational list Alphabetical list Categorical list Chronological list Generational list Character sets and encodings: ASCII EBCDIC ISO 646 ISO 8859-1 ISO 8859-2 ISO 8859-3 ISO 8859-8 ISO 8859-11 ISO 8859-15 Unicode UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 Windows-1252 ASCII EBCDIC ISO 646 ISO 8859-1 ISO 8859-2 ISO 8859-3 ISO 8859-8 ISO 8859-11 ISO 8859-15 Unicode UTF-7 UTF-8 UTF-16 UTF-32 Windows-1252 Electronics: Home computers Home computers Engineering: Branches Branches Events: List of years in science : 2026 in science Timeline of historic inventions List of years in science : 2026 in science Timeline of historic inventions Fire: Firelighting Firelighting Military Military strategies : Thirty-Six Strategies Military tactics Air forces of the world Military air bases: Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force US Air Force US Army US Coast Guard US Marine Corps US Navy Air force commands: Royal Air Force USAAF NAF Component Commands Aircraft groups: Royal Air Force Aircraft squadrons: British Army Air Corps British Fleet Air Arm Royal Air Force US Air Force US Army US Marine Corps US Navy Aircraft wings: Royal Navy US Navy Armies of the world: Armies By number Military corps By number By name Military divisions By number By name United Kingdom: Regiments of Foot Regiments (1881) Regiments (1903) Regiments (1922) Regiments (1962) British Forces in the American Revolutionary War United States of America: Armies Corps Divisions Defense contractors Military bases Navies of the world: Fleets Military groups in WWI and WWII Australia: Divisions in WWI WWII Britain: Groups in WWII Armies in WWI WWII Corps in WWI Divisions in WWI WWII Canada: WWII Germany: Prisoner of War Camps in WWII India: Corps in WWII Divisions in WWII Poland: Divisions in WWII United States of America: Groups in WWII Terrorists of the world: Terrorist groups Terrorist incidents Military bases Military events: Battles Guerrilla movements Invasions Military missions, operations, and projects Terrorist incidents Wars Weapons and miscellaneous topics Military technology and equipment : Weapons Aircraft weapons World War II weapons Missiles Armoured fighting vehicles NATO reporting names Swords Artillery : By country WWII Largest cannons by caliber Military aircraft: Luftwaffe Soviet Union and CIS United States British Army Air Corps Royal Air Force Fleet Air Arm Israeli Australian Air Force Australian Navy Canadian Air Force Canadian Navy New Zealand Air Force and Navy South African Irish French Air Force NATO reporting names for misc aircraft NATO reporting names for transport aircraft US X-planes Naval technology By era/war: World War II By type: Aircraft Carriers Battleships Cruisers Destroyers LSTs By operator: Australia Canada Germany India Japan Netherlands United Kingdom Royal Fleet Auxiliary (UK) United States Military Sealift Command (US) Soviet Union Military strategies : Thirty-Six Strategies Military tactics Thirty-Six Strategies Military tactics Air forces of the world Military air bases: Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force US Air Force US Army US Coast Guard US Marine Corps US Navy Air force commands: Royal Air Force USAAF NAF Component Commands Aircraft groups: Royal Air Force Aircraft squadrons: British Army Air Corps British Fleet Air Arm Royal Air Force US Air Force US Army US Marine Corps US Navy Aircraft wings: Royal Navy US Navy Military air bases: Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force US Air Force US Army US Coast Guard US Marine Corps US Navy Royal Air Force Royal Canadian Air Force US Air Force US Army US Coast Guard US Marine Corps US Navy Air force commands: Royal Air Force USAAF NAF Component Commands Royal Air Force USAAF NAF Component Commands Aircraft groups: Royal Air Force Royal Air Force Aircraft squadrons: British Army Air Corps British Fleet Air Arm Royal Air Force US Air Force US Army US Marine Corps US Navy British Army Air Corps British Fleet Air Arm Royal Air Force US Air Force US Army US Marine Corps US Navy Aircraft wings: Royal Navy US Navy Royal Navy US Navy Armies of the world: Armies By number Military corps By number By name Military divisions By number By name United Kingdom: Regiments of Foot Regiments (1881) Regiments (1903) Regiments (1922) Regiments (1962) British Forces in the American Revolutionary War United States of America: Armies Corps Divisions Defense contractors Military bases Armies By number By number Military corps By number By name By number By name Military divisions By number By name By number By name United Kingdom: Regiments of Foot Regiments (1881) Regiments (1903) Regiments (1922) Regiments (1962) British Forces in the American Revolutionary War Regiments of Foot Regiments (1881) Regiments (1903) Regiments (1922) Regiments (1962) British Forces in the American Revolutionary War United States of America: Armies Corps Divisions Defense contractors Military bases Armies Corps Divisions Defense contractors Military bases Navies of the world: Fleets Fleets Military groups in WWI and WWII Australia: Divisions in WWI WWII Britain: Groups in WWII Armies in WWI WWII Corps in WWI Divisions in WWI WWII Canada: WWII Germany: Prisoner of War Camps in WWII India: Corps in WWII Divisions in WWII Poland: Divisions in WWII United States of America: Groups in WWII Australia: Divisions in WWI WWII Divisions in WWI WWII Britain: Groups in WWII Armies in WWI WWII Corps in WWI Divisions in WWI WWII Groups in WWII Armies in WWI WWII Corps in WWI Divisions in WWI WWII Canada: WWII WWII Germany: Prisoner of War Camps in WWII Prisoner of War Camps in WWII India: Corps in WWII Divisions in WWII Corps in WWII Divisions in WWII Poland: Divisions in WWII Divisions in WWII United States of America: Groups in WWII Groups in WWII Terrorists of the world: Terrorist groups Terrorist incidents Terrorist groups Terrorist incidents Military bases Military events: Battles Guerrilla movements Invasions Military missions, operations, and projects Terrorist incidents Wars Battles Guerrilla movements Invasions Military missions, operations, and projects Terrorist incidents Wars Weapons and miscellaneous topics Military technology and equipment : Weapons Aircraft weapons World War II weapons Missiles Armoured fighting vehicles NATO reporting names Swords Artillery : By country WWII Largest cannons by caliber Military aircraft: Luftwaffe Soviet Union and CIS United States British Army Air Corps Royal Air Force Fleet Air Arm Israeli Australian Air Force Australian Navy Canadian Air Force Canadian Navy New Zealand Air Force and Navy South African Irish French Air Force NATO reporting names for misc aircraft NATO reporting names for transport aircraft US X-planes Military technology and equipment : Weapons Aircraft weapons World War II weapons Missiles Armoured fighting vehicles NATO reporting names Swords Artillery : By country WWII Largest cannons by caliber Military aircraft: Luftwaffe Soviet Union and CIS United States British Army Air Corps Royal Air Force Fleet Air Arm Israeli Australian Air Force Australian Navy Canadian Air Force Canadian Navy New Zealand Air Force and Navy South African Irish French Air Force NATO reporting names for misc aircraft NATO reporting names for transport aircraft US X-planes Weapons Aircraft weapons World War II weapons Missiles Armoured fighting vehicles NATO reporting names Swords Artillery : By country WWII Largest cannons by caliber By country WWII Largest cannons by caliber Military aircraft: Luftwaffe Soviet Union and CIS United States British Army Air Corps Royal Air Force Fleet Air Arm Israeli Australian Air Force Australian Navy Canadian Air Force Canadian Navy New Zealand Air Force and Navy South African Irish French Air Force NATO reporting names for misc aircraft NATO reporting names for transport aircraft US X-planes Luftwaffe Soviet Union and CIS United States British Army Air Corps Royal Air Force Fleet Air Arm Israeli Australian Air Force Australian Navy Canadian Air Force Canadian Navy New Zealand Air Force and Navy South African Irish French Air Force NATO reporting names for misc aircraft NATO reporting names for transport aircraft US X-planes Naval technology By era/war: World War II By type: Aircraft Carriers Battleships Cruisers Destroyers LSTs By operator: Australia Canada Germany India Japan Netherlands United Kingdom Royal Fleet Auxiliary (UK) United States Military Sealift Command (US) Soviet Union By era/war: World War II World War II By type: Aircraft Carriers Battleships Cruisers Destroyers LSTs Aircraft Carriers Battleships Cruisers Destroyers LSTs By operator: Australia Canada Germany India Japan Netherlands United Kingdom Royal Fleet Auxiliary (UK) United States Military Sealift Command (US) Soviet Union Australia Canada Germany India Japan Netherlands United Kingdom Royal Fleet Auxiliary (UK) United States Military Sealift Command (US) Soviet Union Space exploration: Unmanned space missions Human spaceflights By program Space disasters Astronauts Timeline of astronauts by nationality List of NRO Launches Unmanned space missions Human spaceflights By program By program Space disasters Astronauts Timeline of astronauts by nationality List of NRO Launches Transportation: Transport museums Aviation: Aircraft Manufacturers Engines Engine manufacturers Weapons By date and use Aviation accidents: By airline By location By year Airports : Busiest by region Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Land transport Automobiles : Manufacturers Trucks Cycles: Bicycle parts Convoy codes Rail transport: Heritage railways Light-rail transit : Melbourne tram routes Metros London Underground stations closed London Underground stations Melbourne railway stations closed Melbourne railway stations List of famous trains List of railway stations – UK closed New York City Subway stations Road systems Roads and highways : Australian highways Canada United Kingdom motorways US Interstates Routes State highways Bridges : United Kingdom United States Afghanistan India Poland Spain China Denmark Norway Korea Korea Canada Austria Philippines Ireland Madagascar Turkey Armenia Greece Largest Tunnels : Netherlands Chile Zealand United Kingdom States China Australia Ireland Iceland Albania Canada Spain Germany Switzerland Sweden Slovakia Portugal Brazil Croatia The Alps Nautical / Shipping technology: Ships Fictional ships Sailboats Marinas Space transport: Spacecraft Unmanned List of Solar System probes List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies Transport museums Aviation: Aircraft Manufacturers Engines Engine manufacturers Weapons By date and use Aviation accidents: By airline By location By year Airports : Busiest by region Africa Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Aircraft Manufacturers Engines Engine manufacturers Weapons By date and use Aviation accidents: By airline By location By 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Footnotes Cisterns of Tawila العربية Català Deutsch Español Français Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Română Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The Cisterns of Tawila , or the Tawila Tanks , is a historic site in Aden , Yemen designed to collect and store the rain that flows down from the Shamsan massif through Wadi Tawila, and to protect the city from periodic flooding . The site consists of a series of tanks of varying shape and capacity. They are connected to one another and located in Wadi Tawila to the southwest of Aden’s oldest district, Crater. Originally there were about 53 tanks, but only 13 remain following a succession of renovations, including those done by the British in the 19th century. The existing tanks have a combined capacity of about nineteen million gallons. The largest of the tanks are the Coghlan Tank at the center of the main site and the large, circular Playfair Tank, located at the lowest point, outside the main site. History The tanks were hewn from the volcanic rocks of Wadi Tawila and then lined with a special stucco that included volcanic ash to create a strong, natural cement that rendered the tanks' walls impermeable in order to retain water for extended periods. Visitors to the Tanks are often surprised by the words on a plaque near the Coghlan Tank: "Regarding the original construction of which nothing is accurately known..." There is indeed little hard evidence and there are few reliable sources of information about the Tanks. One favored hypothesis is that Himyar , a pre-Islamic Arabian kingdom that ruled parts of Yemen from 115 B.C. to 525 A.D., started to build water tanks in the area that eventually became the Cisterns of Tawila. The Himyarites are known to have employed water-catchment tanks in other areas under their rule. The proposed Himyaritic origins of the tanks may help explain a recessed, rectangular area in the Coghlan tank that, according to the Director of the site, could have been used in pre-Islamic times for animal sacrifice (a ritual that the Himyarites were known to perform for a variety of occasions, including drought). [ 1 ] The Tanks were mentioned in some manuscripts after the coming of Islam to Yemen in the 7th century A.D. "Aden has Tanks that store water when the rain falls", wrote Al-Hamdani in the 10th century. [ 2 ] Al-Makdsi , writing three centuries later, also recorded the presence of wells and cisterns in Aden. [ 3 ] By the time of the Rasulid dynasty (1229-1454 A.D.), the Tanks had fallen into disrepair. However, the Rassulids recognized the utility of the Tanks and began to restore them. [ 4 ] This restoration has led some to claim that the Rassulids built the Tanks, thereby obscuring what are, in all probability, the far more ancient origins of the Tanks. After the Rassulids, the Tanks once again fell into disrepair, damaged by flooding and neglect and filled with the rubble of successive floods. By the time of the British occupation of Aden (beginning in 1839), the Tanks had been almost completely buried by debris carried down the mountains by successive floods. Sir Robert L. Playfair rediscovered the tanks and recognized their potential value. Aden had no fresh water and was often cut off from mainland water supplies by hostile tribes. Playfair hoped that the Tanks, once repaired, could provide a reliable source of water for public consumption. The British accordingly set out to restore the tanks to their original function. However, in the process, the British modified the design and layout of the Tanks significantly from their original state. With the intention of storing the greatest quantity of water possible, British engineers replaced an intricate network of numerous, small, cascading cisterns along the valley walls with a few, larger tanks. The Tanks' ability to both control floods and store water was thus hampered, and the site that tourists visit today is very much a Victorian British creation. Further, the remodeling destroyed what archaeological evidence might have been present with regards to the original site, and this, coupled with the scarcity of documentary evidence, has made learning more about the Tanks' origins difficult. Today, the cisterns are primarily a public park and a tourist attraction. They have not been filled for at least fifteen years and do not serve the city's water needs. They may still help with flooding, although the presence of structures in the saila , or flood course, that leads from the Tanks to the sea, impedes the flow of water. No significant restoration work has been conducted on the Tanks since the British colonial era ended in 1967. Time, floods, and visitors have taken their toll on the structures. In addition, construction on the tableland above the Tanks may threaten the entire system of wadis and dams that help channel floodwaters into the Tanks. The future of the Tanks remains uncertain. Footnotes ^ Inscription of the Himyarite poem or Hymn to the Sun yeph.org Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine . In Arabic. Retrieved on 2007-11-14. ^ Al-Hasan Bin Ahmed Al-Hamadani, Sefat Jazeerat Al-Arab, reviewed by Mohammed Bin Ali Al-Akwa (Beirut, 1983). ^ Al-Makdasi, Ahsan Altakaseem Fi Marefat Alakaleem (Leiden, 1906). ^ The Rasulid State 626 - 858 AH / 1229 - 1454 AD yradio.gov.ye Archived 2007-08-23 at the Wayback Machine . In Arabic. Retrieved on 2007-11-14. .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°46′27″N 45°01′44″E / 12.7743°N 45.0290°E / 12.7743; 45.0290 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Tourist attractions in Yemen v t e World Heritage Sites Listed Historic Town of Zabid Old City of Sanaa Old Walled City of Shibam Socotra Archipelago Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba Tentative list Archaeological Site of Marib Historic City of Saada The Historic City of Thula The Madrasa Amiriya of Rada Jibla and its surroundings Jabal Haraz Jabal Bura Balhaf/Burum coastal area The Hawf Protected Area Sharma-Jathmun Protected Area Shibam Kawkaban Erf Mountain Haid Al-Jazil Wadi Daw’an Al-Qarrah Tarim Historic City of Mukalla Seiyun Palace Historic City of Aden Habban Jiblah Ḥārat al-Sūr Shaharah Shaharah Bridge Mokha Dar Al Hajar Barāqish Agricultural Terraces in Yemen Listed Historic Town of Zabid Old City of Sanaa Old Walled City of Shibam Socotra Archipelago Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba Historic Town of Zabid Old City of Sanaa Old Walled City of Shibam Socotra Archipelago Landmarks of the Ancient Kingdom of Saba Tentative list Archaeological Site of Marib Historic City of Saada The Historic City of Thula The Madrasa Amiriya of Rada Jibla and its surroundings Jabal Haraz Jabal Bura Balhaf/Burum coastal area The Hawf Protected Area Sharma-Jathmun Protected Area Shibam Kawkaban Erf Mountain Haid Al-Jazil Wadi Daw’an Al-Qarrah Tarim Historic City of Mukalla Seiyun Palace Historic City of Aden Habban Jiblah Ḥārat al-Sūr Shaharah Shaharah Bridge Mokha Dar Al Hajar Barāqish Agricultural Terraces in Yemen Archaeological Site of Marib Historic City of Saada The Historic City of Thula The Madrasa Amiriya of Rada Jibla and its surroundings Jabal Haraz Jabal Bura Balhaf/Burum coastal area The Hawf Protected Area Sharma-Jathmun Protected Area Shibam Kawkaban Erf Mountain Haid Al-Jazil Wadi Daw’an Al-Qarrah Tarim Historic City of Mukalla Seiyun Palace Historic City of Aden Habban Jiblah Ḥārat al-Sūr Shaharah Shaharah Bridge Shaharah Bridge Mokha Dar Al Hajar Barāqish Agricultural Terraces in Yemen Archaeological sites Al Hajjarah Awwam Baraqish Baynun Cisterns of Tawila Haram Kaminahu Ma'rib Marib Dam Maṣna'at Māriya Nahom Nashan Nashaq Sanaa Shabwa Shaharah Shibam Sirwah Timna Zabid Zafar Museums House of Folklore Mukalla Museum National Museum of Yemen Yemen Military Museum Palaces and Castles Al-Fils fort Al-Jabowbi Castle Al-Ranad Fort Cairo Castle Dar al-Bashair Dar al-Hajar Dar al-Shukr Dar as-Sa'd Fort Al-Ghwayzi Ghumdan Palace Palace of Queen Arwa Qu'aiti Sultan Palace Qasr al-'Ishshah Citadel of Rada'a Sira Fortress Seiyun Palace Places of worship Mosques Aidrus Mosque Al-Asha'ir Mosque Al-Bakiriyya Mosque Al-Hadi Mosque Al-Mahdi Mosque Al-Muhdhar Mosque Al Shohada Mosque Al Tawheed Mosque Alansar Mosque Albolaily Mosque Alemaan Mosque Ashrafiya Mosque Great Mosque of Sanaa Hanthel Mosque Jennad Mosque Mudhaffar Mosque Al-Mahdi Mosque, Sanaa Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum Queen Arwa Mosque Saleh Mosque Talha Mosque Others Al-Qalis Church St. Francis of Assisi Church St. Mary Help of Christians Church Grand Synagogue of Aden Temple of Awwam Barran Temple Protected area The Hawf Protected Area Bura Community Protected Area Dhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park Ras Isa Marine Park Socotra Island Protected Area Zuqur Islands Marine National Park Others Gates Al-Aidarous gate Yemen Gate Amiriya Madrasa Big Ben Aden Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery Shaharah Shaharah Bridge Qabr Hud Haid al-Jazil Archaeological sites Al Hajjarah Awwam Baraqish Baynun Cisterns of Tawila Haram Kaminahu Ma'rib Marib Dam Maṣna'at Māriya Nahom Nashan Nashaq Sanaa Shabwa Shaharah Shibam Sirwah Timna Zabid Zafar Al Hajjarah Awwam Baraqish Baynun Cisterns of Tawila Haram Kaminahu Ma'rib Marib Dam Maṣna'at Māriya Nahom Nashan Nashaq Sanaa Shabwa Shaharah Shibam Sirwah Timna Zabid Zafar Museums House of Folklore Mukalla Museum National Museum of Yemen Yemen Military Museum House of Folklore Mukalla Museum National Museum of Yemen Yemen Military Museum Palaces and Castles Al-Fils fort Al-Jabowbi Castle Al-Ranad Fort Cairo Castle Dar al-Bashair Dar al-Hajar Dar al-Shukr Dar as-Sa'd Fort Al-Ghwayzi Ghumdan Palace Palace of Queen Arwa Qu'aiti Sultan Palace Qasr al-'Ishshah Citadel of Rada'a Sira Fortress Seiyun Palace Al-Fils fort Al-Jabowbi Castle Al-Ranad Fort Cairo Castle Dar al-Bashair Dar al-Hajar Dar al-Shukr Dar as-Sa'd Fort Al-Ghwayzi Ghumdan Palace Palace of Queen Arwa Qu'aiti Sultan Palace Qasr al-'Ishshah Citadel of Rada'a Sira Fortress Seiyun Palace Places of worship Mosques Aidrus Mosque Al-Asha'ir Mosque Al-Bakiriyya Mosque Al-Hadi Mosque Al-Mahdi Mosque Al-Muhdhar Mosque Al Shohada Mosque Al Tawheed Mosque Alansar Mosque Albolaily Mosque Alemaan Mosque Ashrafiya Mosque Great Mosque of Sanaa Hanthel Mosque Jennad Mosque Mudhaffar Mosque Al-Mahdi Mosque, Sanaa Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum Queen Arwa Mosque Saleh Mosque Talha Mosque Others Al-Qalis Church St. Francis of Assisi Church St. Mary Help of Christians Church Grand Synagogue of Aden Temple of Awwam Barran Temple Mosques Aidrus Mosque Al-Asha'ir Mosque Al-Bakiriyya Mosque Al-Hadi Mosque Al-Mahdi Mosque Al-Muhdhar Mosque Al Shohada Mosque Al Tawheed Mosque Alansar Mosque Albolaily Mosque Alemaan Mosque Ashrafiya Mosque Great Mosque of Sanaa Hanthel Mosque Jennad Mosque Mudhaffar Mosque Al-Mahdi Mosque, Sanaa Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum Queen Arwa Mosque Saleh Mosque Talha Mosque Aidrus Mosque Al-Asha'ir Mosque Al-Bakiriyya Mosque Al-Hadi Mosque Al-Mahdi Mosque Al-Muhdhar Mosque Al Shohada Mosque Al Tawheed Mosque Alansar Mosque Albolaily Mosque Alemaan Mosque Ashrafiya Mosque Great Mosque of Sanaa Hanthel Mosque Jennad Mosque Mudhaffar Mosque Al-Mahdi Mosque, Sanaa Qubbat Bayt Az-Zum Queen Arwa Mosque Saleh Mosque Talha Mosque Others Al-Qalis Church St. Francis of Assisi Church St. Mary Help of Christians Church Grand Synagogue of Aden Temple of Awwam Barran Temple Al-Qalis Church St. Francis of Assisi Church St. Mary Help of Christians Church Grand Synagogue of Aden Temple of Awwam Barran Temple Protected area The Hawf Protected Area Bura Community Protected Area Dhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park Ras Isa Marine Park Socotra Island Protected Area Zuqur Islands Marine National Park The Hawf Protected Area Bura Community Protected Area Dhamar Montane Plains Mahjur Traditional Reserve Jabal Bura Valley Forest National Park Ras Isa Marine Park Socotra Island Protected Area Zuqur Islands Marine National Park Others Gates Al-Aidarous gate Yemen Gate Amiriya Madrasa Big Ben Aden Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery Shaharah Shaharah Bridge Qabr Hud Haid al-Jazil Gates Al-Aidarous gate Yemen Gate Al-Aidarous gate Yemen Gate Amiriya Madrasa Big Ben Aden Sanaa Turkish Memorial Cemetery Shaharah Shaharah Bridge Shaharah Bridge Qabr Hud Haid al-Jazil Yemen portal Yemen portal Architecture of ancient Yemen History of Aden Archaeological sites in Yemen Architecture in Yemen Irrigation Rainwater harvesting Webarchive template wayback links Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 September 2024, at 06:39 (UTC) . 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HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae --> SUBFAMILY Dipodomyinae GENUS Dipodomys Author: Gray, 1841. Citation: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1], 7: 521. Type Species: Dipodomys phillipsii Gray 1841. Comments: Interspecific relationships summarized by Setzer (1949), Lidicker (1960), Johnson and Selander (1971), Stock (1974), Best and Schnell (1974), Schnell et al. (1978), Best (1993 d ), Baumgardner and Kennedy (1994), and Carrasco (2000). Hall (1981:563-564), Best (1991), and Williams et al. (1993) provide keys to Recent species. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Offspring: SPECIES agilis SUBSPECIES agilis SUBSPECIES perplexus SPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES eximius SUBSPECIES saxatilis SPECIES compactus SUBSPECIES compactus SUBSPECIES sennetti SPECIES deserti SUBSPECIES deserti SUBSPECIES aquilus SUBSPECIES arizonae SUBSPECIES sonoriensis SPECIES elator SPECIES gravipes SPECIES heermanni SUBSPECIES heermanni SUBSPECIES arenae SUBSPECIES berkeleyensis SUBSPECIES dixoni SUBSPECIES goldmani SUBSPECIES jolonensis SUBSPECIES morroensis SUBSPECIES swarthi SUBSPECIES tularensis SPECIES ingens SPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES ambiguus SUBSPECIES annulus SUBSPECIES arenivagus SUBSPECIES atronasus SUBSPECIES brunensis SUBSPECIES collinus SUBSPECIES frenatus SUBSPECIES insularis SUBSPECIES margaritae SUBSPECIES mayensis SUBSPECIES melanurus SUBSPECIES mitchelli SUBSPECIES olivaceus SUBSPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES platycephalus SUBSPECIES quintinensis SUBSPECIES trinidadensis SUBSPECIES vulcani SPECIES microps SUBSPECIES microps SUBSPECIES alfredi SUBSPECIES aquilonius SUBSPECIES bonnevillei SUBSPECIES celsus SUBSPECIES centralis SUBSPECIES idahoensis SUBSPECIES leucotis SUBSPECIES levipes SUBSPECIES occidentalis SUBSPECIES preblei SUBSPECIES russeolus SUBSPECIES subtenuis SPECIES nelsoni SPECIES nitratoides SUBSPECIES nitratoides SUBSPECIES brevinasus SUBSPECIES exilis SPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES celeripes SUBSPECIES chapmani SUBSPECIES cinderensis SUBSPECIES cineraceus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES cupidineus SUBSPECIES durranti SUBSPECIES evexus SUBSPECIES extractus SUBSPECIES fetosus SUBSPECIES fremonti SUBSPECIES inaquosus SUBSPECIES longipes SUBSPECIES luteolus SUBSPECIES marshalli SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES monoensis SUBSPECIES montanus SUBSPECIES nexilis SUBSPECIES obscurus SUBSPECIES oklahomae SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES palmeri SUBSPECIES panguitchensis SUBSPECIES priscus SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES richardsoni SUBSPECIES sanrafaeli SUBSPECIES terrosus SUBSPECIES uintensis SUBSPECIES utahensis SPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES argusensis SUBSPECIES caudatus SUBSPECIES leucogenys SUBSPECIES mohavensis SPECIES phillipsii SUBSPECIES phillipsii SUBSPECIES oaxacae SUBSPECIES ornatus SUBSPECIES perotensis SPECIES simulans SUBSPECIES simulans SUBSPECIES peninsularis SPECIES spectabilis SUBSPECIES spectabilis SUBSPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES cratodon SUBSPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES perblandus SUBSPECIES zygomaticus SPECIES stephensi SPECIES venustus SUBSPECIES venustus SUBSPECIES elephantinus SUBSPECIES sanctiluciae Synonyms: Dipodops Merriam, 1890 Macrocolus Wagner, 1846 Perodipus Fitzinger, 1867 HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae --> SUBFAMILY Dipodomyinae GENUS Dipodomys Author: Gray, 1841. Citation: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1], 7: 521. Type Species: Dipodomys phillipsii Gray 1841. Comments: Interspecific relationships summarized by Setzer (1949), Lidicker (1960), Johnson and Selander (1971), Stock (1974), Best and Schnell (1974), Schnell et al. (1978), Best (1993 d ), Baumgardner and Kennedy (1994), and Carrasco (2000). Hall (1981:563-564), Best (1991), and Williams et al. (1993) provide keys to Recent species. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Offspring: SPECIES agilis SUBSPECIES agilis SUBSPECIES perplexus SPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES eximius SUBSPECIES saxatilis SPECIES compactus SUBSPECIES compactus SUBSPECIES sennetti SPECIES deserti SUBSPECIES deserti SUBSPECIES aquilus SUBSPECIES arizonae SUBSPECIES sonoriensis SPECIES elator SPECIES gravipes SPECIES heermanni SUBSPECIES heermanni SUBSPECIES arenae SUBSPECIES berkeleyensis SUBSPECIES dixoni SUBSPECIES goldmani SUBSPECIES jolonensis SUBSPECIES morroensis SUBSPECIES swarthi SUBSPECIES tularensis SPECIES ingens SPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES ambiguus SUBSPECIES annulus SUBSPECIES arenivagus SUBSPECIES atronasus SUBSPECIES brunensis SUBSPECIES collinus SUBSPECIES frenatus SUBSPECIES insularis SUBSPECIES margaritae SUBSPECIES mayensis SUBSPECIES melanurus SUBSPECIES mitchelli SUBSPECIES olivaceus SUBSPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES platycephalus SUBSPECIES quintinensis SUBSPECIES trinidadensis SUBSPECIES vulcani SPECIES microps SUBSPECIES microps SUBSPECIES alfredi SUBSPECIES aquilonius SUBSPECIES bonnevillei SUBSPECIES celsus SUBSPECIES centralis SUBSPECIES idahoensis SUBSPECIES leucotis SUBSPECIES levipes SUBSPECIES occidentalis SUBSPECIES preblei SUBSPECIES russeolus SUBSPECIES subtenuis SPECIES nelsoni SPECIES nitratoides SUBSPECIES nitratoides SUBSPECIES brevinasus SUBSPECIES exilis SPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES celeripes SUBSPECIES chapmani SUBSPECIES cinderensis SUBSPECIES cineraceus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES cupidineus SUBSPECIES durranti SUBSPECIES evexus SUBSPECIES extractus SUBSPECIES fetosus SUBSPECIES fremonti SUBSPECIES inaquosus SUBSPECIES longipes SUBSPECIES luteolus SUBSPECIES marshalli SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES monoensis SUBSPECIES montanus SUBSPECIES nexilis SUBSPECIES obscurus SUBSPECIES oklahomae SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES palmeri SUBSPECIES panguitchensis SUBSPECIES priscus SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES richardsoni SUBSPECIES sanrafaeli SUBSPECIES terrosus SUBSPECIES uintensis SUBSPECIES utahensis SPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES argusensis SUBSPECIES caudatus SUBSPECIES leucogenys SUBSPECIES mohavensis SPECIES phillipsii SUBSPECIES phillipsii SUBSPECIES oaxacae SUBSPECIES ornatus SUBSPECIES perotensis SPECIES simulans SUBSPECIES simulans SUBSPECIES peninsularis SPECIES spectabilis SUBSPECIES spectabilis SUBSPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES cratodon SUBSPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES perblandus SUBSPECIES zygomaticus SPECIES stephensi SPECIES venustus SUBSPECIES venustus SUBSPECIES elephantinus SUBSPECIES sanctiluciae Synonyms: Dipodops Merriam, 1890 Macrocolus Wagner, 1846 Perodipus Fitzinger, 1867 HOME --> CLASS MAMMALIA --> ORDER RODENTIA --> SUBORDER CASTORIMORPHA --> FAMILY Heteromyidae --> SUBFAMILY Dipodomyinae GENUS Dipodomys Author: Gray, 1841. Citation: Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., [ser. 1], 7: 521. Type Species: Dipodomys phillipsii Gray 1841. Comments: Interspecific relationships summarized by Setzer (1949), Lidicker (1960), Johnson and Selander (1971), Stock (1974), Best and Schnell (1974), Schnell et al. (1978), Best (1993 d ), Baumgardner and Kennedy (1994), and Carrasco (2000). Hall (1981:563-564), Best (1991), and Williams et al. (1993) provide keys to Recent species. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. EXPORT AS CSV Export this record and all children. Export just this record. Offspring: SPECIES agilis SUBSPECIES agilis SUBSPECIES perplexus SPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES eximius SUBSPECIES saxatilis SPECIES compactus SUBSPECIES compactus SUBSPECIES sennetti SPECIES deserti SUBSPECIES deserti SUBSPECIES aquilus SUBSPECIES arizonae SUBSPECIES sonoriensis SPECIES elator SPECIES gravipes SPECIES heermanni SUBSPECIES heermanni SUBSPECIES arenae SUBSPECIES berkeleyensis SUBSPECIES dixoni SUBSPECIES goldmani SUBSPECIES jolonensis SUBSPECIES morroensis SUBSPECIES swarthi SUBSPECIES tularensis SPECIES ingens SPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES ambiguus SUBSPECIES annulus SUBSPECIES arenivagus SUBSPECIES atronasus SUBSPECIES brunensis SUBSPECIES collinus SUBSPECIES frenatus SUBSPECIES insularis SUBSPECIES margaritae SUBSPECIES mayensis SUBSPECIES melanurus SUBSPECIES mitchelli SUBSPECIES olivaceus SUBSPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES platycephalus SUBSPECIES quintinensis SUBSPECIES trinidadensis SUBSPECIES vulcani SPECIES microps SUBSPECIES microps SUBSPECIES alfredi SUBSPECIES aquilonius SUBSPECIES bonnevillei SUBSPECIES celsus SUBSPECIES centralis SUBSPECIES idahoensis SUBSPECIES leucotis SUBSPECIES levipes SUBSPECIES occidentalis SUBSPECIES preblei SUBSPECIES russeolus SUBSPECIES subtenuis SPECIES nelsoni SPECIES nitratoides SUBSPECIES nitratoides SUBSPECIES brevinasus SUBSPECIES exilis SPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES celeripes SUBSPECIES chapmani SUBSPECIES cinderensis SUBSPECIES cineraceus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES cupidineus SUBSPECIES durranti SUBSPECIES evexus SUBSPECIES extractus SUBSPECIES fetosus SUBSPECIES fremonti SUBSPECIES inaquosus SUBSPECIES longipes SUBSPECIES luteolus SUBSPECIES marshalli SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES monoensis SUBSPECIES montanus SUBSPECIES nexilis SUBSPECIES obscurus SUBSPECIES oklahomae SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES palmeri SUBSPECIES panguitchensis SUBSPECIES priscus SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES richardsoni SUBSPECIES sanrafaeli SUBSPECIES terrosus SUBSPECIES uintensis SUBSPECIES utahensis SPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES argusensis SUBSPECIES caudatus SUBSPECIES leucogenys SUBSPECIES mohavensis SPECIES phillipsii SUBSPECIES phillipsii SUBSPECIES oaxacae SUBSPECIES ornatus SUBSPECIES perotensis SPECIES simulans SUBSPECIES simulans SUBSPECIES peninsularis SPECIES spectabilis SUBSPECIES spectabilis SUBSPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES cratodon SUBSPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES perblandus SUBSPECIES zygomaticus SPECIES stephensi SPECIES venustus SUBSPECIES venustus SUBSPECIES elephantinus SUBSPECIES sanctiluciae Synonyms: Dipodops Merriam, 1890 Macrocolus Wagner, 1846 Perodipus Fitzinger, 1867 Offspring: SPECIES agilis SUBSPECIES agilis SUBSPECIES perplexus SPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES eximius SUBSPECIES saxatilis SPECIES compactus SUBSPECIES compactus SUBSPECIES sennetti SPECIES deserti SUBSPECIES deserti SUBSPECIES aquilus SUBSPECIES arizonae SUBSPECIES sonoriensis SPECIES elator SPECIES gravipes SPECIES heermanni SUBSPECIES heermanni SUBSPECIES arenae SUBSPECIES berkeleyensis SUBSPECIES dixoni SUBSPECIES goldmani SUBSPECIES jolonensis SUBSPECIES morroensis SUBSPECIES swarthi SUBSPECIES tularensis SPECIES ingens SPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES ambiguus SUBSPECIES annulus SUBSPECIES arenivagus SUBSPECIES atronasus SUBSPECIES brunensis SUBSPECIES collinus SUBSPECIES frenatus SUBSPECIES insularis SUBSPECIES margaritae SUBSPECIES mayensis SUBSPECIES melanurus SUBSPECIES mitchelli SUBSPECIES olivaceus SUBSPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES platycephalus SUBSPECIES quintinensis SUBSPECIES trinidadensis SUBSPECIES vulcani SPECIES microps SUBSPECIES microps SUBSPECIES alfredi SUBSPECIES aquilonius SUBSPECIES bonnevillei SUBSPECIES celsus SUBSPECIES centralis SUBSPECIES idahoensis SUBSPECIES leucotis SUBSPECIES levipes SUBSPECIES occidentalis SUBSPECIES preblei SUBSPECIES russeolus SUBSPECIES subtenuis SPECIES nelsoni SPECIES nitratoides SUBSPECIES nitratoides SUBSPECIES brevinasus SUBSPECIES exilis SPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES celeripes SUBSPECIES chapmani SUBSPECIES cinderensis SUBSPECIES cineraceus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES cupidineus SUBSPECIES durranti SUBSPECIES evexus SUBSPECIES extractus SUBSPECIES fetosus SUBSPECIES fremonti SUBSPECIES inaquosus SUBSPECIES longipes SUBSPECIES luteolus SUBSPECIES marshalli SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES monoensis SUBSPECIES montanus SUBSPECIES nexilis SUBSPECIES obscurus SUBSPECIES oklahomae SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES palmeri SUBSPECIES panguitchensis SUBSPECIES priscus SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES richardsoni SUBSPECIES sanrafaeli SUBSPECIES terrosus SUBSPECIES uintensis SUBSPECIES utahensis SPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES argusensis SUBSPECIES caudatus SUBSPECIES leucogenys SUBSPECIES mohavensis SPECIES phillipsii SUBSPECIES phillipsii SUBSPECIES oaxacae SUBSPECIES ornatus SUBSPECIES perotensis SPECIES simulans SUBSPECIES simulans SUBSPECIES peninsularis SPECIES spectabilis SUBSPECIES spectabilis SUBSPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES cratodon SUBSPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES perblandus SUBSPECIES zygomaticus SPECIES stephensi SPECIES venustus SUBSPECIES venustus SUBSPECIES elephantinus SUBSPECIES sanctiluciae Offspring: SPECIES agilis SUBSPECIES agilis SUBSPECIES perplexus SPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES californicus SUBSPECIES eximius SUBSPECIES saxatilis SPECIES compactus SUBSPECIES compactus SUBSPECIES sennetti SPECIES deserti SUBSPECIES deserti SUBSPECIES aquilus SUBSPECIES arizonae SUBSPECIES sonoriensis SPECIES elator SPECIES gravipes SPECIES heermanni SUBSPECIES heermanni SUBSPECIES arenae SUBSPECIES berkeleyensis SUBSPECIES dixoni SUBSPECIES goldmani SUBSPECIES jolonensis SUBSPECIES morroensis SUBSPECIES swarthi SUBSPECIES tularensis SPECIES ingens SPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES merriami SUBSPECIES ambiguus SUBSPECIES annulus SUBSPECIES arenivagus SUBSPECIES atronasus SUBSPECIES brunensis SUBSPECIES collinus SUBSPECIES frenatus SUBSPECIES insularis SUBSPECIES margaritae SUBSPECIES mayensis SUBSPECIES melanurus SUBSPECIES mitchelli SUBSPECIES olivaceus SUBSPECIES parvus SUBSPECIES platycephalus SUBSPECIES quintinensis SUBSPECIES trinidadensis SUBSPECIES vulcani SPECIES microps SUBSPECIES microps SUBSPECIES alfredi SUBSPECIES aquilonius SUBSPECIES bonnevillei SUBSPECIES celsus SUBSPECIES centralis SUBSPECIES idahoensis SUBSPECIES leucotis SUBSPECIES levipes SUBSPECIES occidentalis SUBSPECIES preblei SUBSPECIES russeolus SUBSPECIES subtenuis SPECIES nelsoni SPECIES nitratoides SUBSPECIES nitratoides SUBSPECIES brevinasus SUBSPECIES exilis SPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES ordii SUBSPECIES celeripes SUBSPECIES chapmani SUBSPECIES cinderensis SUBSPECIES cineraceus SUBSPECIES columbianus SUBSPECIES cupidineus SUBSPECIES durranti SUBSPECIES evexus SUBSPECIES extractus SUBSPECIES fetosus SUBSPECIES fremonti SUBSPECIES inaquosus SUBSPECIES longipes SUBSPECIES luteolus SUBSPECIES marshalli SUBSPECIES medius SUBSPECIES monoensis SUBSPECIES montanus SUBSPECIES nexilis SUBSPECIES obscurus SUBSPECIES oklahomae SUBSPECIES pallidus SUBSPECIES palmeri SUBSPECIES panguitchensis SUBSPECIES priscus SUBSPECIES pullus SUBSPECIES richardsoni SUBSPECIES sanrafaeli SUBSPECIES terrosus SUBSPECIES uintensis SUBSPECIES utahensis SPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES panamintinus SUBSPECIES argusensis SUBSPECIES caudatus SUBSPECIES leucogenys SUBSPECIES mohavensis SPECIES phillipsii SUBSPECIES phillipsii SUBSPECIES oaxacae SUBSPECIES ornatus SUBSPECIES perotensis SPECIES simulans SUBSPECIES simulans SUBSPECIES peninsularis SPECIES spectabilis SUBSPECIES spectabilis SUBSPECIES baileyi SUBSPECIES cratodon SUBSPECIES intermedius SUBSPECIES perblandus SUBSPECIES zygomaticus SPECIES stephensi SPECIES venustus SUBSPECIES venustus SUBSPECIES elephantinus SUBSPECIES sanctiluciae Synonyms: Dipodops Merriam, 1890 Macrocolus Wagner, 1846 Perodipus Fitzinger, 1867 Synonyms: Bucknell Home Page Biology Department Home Page ©Bucknell Univesity All Rights 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Prelude 3 Strikes Toggle Strikes subsection 3.1 15 March 3.2 16 March 3.3 17 March 3.4 18 March 3.5 19 March 3.6 20 March 3.7 21 March 3.8 22 March 3.9 23 March 3.10 24 March 3.11 25 March 3.12 26 March 3.13 27 March 3.13.1 Deployment of B-2 Spirit stealth bombers to Diego Garcia 3.14 28 March 3.15 29 March 3.16 30 March 3.17 31 March 3.18 1 April 3.19 2 April 3.20 3 April 3.21 4 April 3.22 5 April 3.23 6 April 3.24 7 April 3.25 8 April 3.26 9 April 3.27 10 April 3.28 11 April 3.29 12 April 3.30 13 April 3.31 14 April 3.32 15 April 3.33 16 April 3.34 17 April 3.35 18 April 3.36 19 April 3.37 20 April 3.38 21 April 3.39 22 April 3.40 23 April 3.41 24 April 3.42 25 April 3.43 26 April 3.44 27 April 3.45 28 April 3.46 29 April 3.47 30 April 3.48 1 May 3.49 2 May 3.50 3 May 3.51 4 May 3.52 5 May 3.53 6 May 3.1 15 March 3.2 16 March 3.3 17 March 3.4 18 March 3.5 19 March 3.6 20 March 3.7 21 March 3.8 22 March 3.9 23 March 3.10 24 March 3.11 25 March 3.12 26 March 3.13 27 March 3.13.1 Deployment of B-2 Spirit stealth bombers to Diego Garcia 3.13.1 Deployment of B-2 Spirit stealth bombers to Diego Garcia 3.14 28 March 3.15 29 March 3.16 30 March 3.17 31 March 3.18 1 April 3.19 2 April 3.20 3 April 3.21 4 April 3.22 5 April 3.23 6 April 3.24 7 April 3.25 8 April 3.26 9 April 3.27 10 April 3.28 11 April 3.29 12 April 3.30 13 April 3.31 14 April 3.32 15 April 3.33 16 April 3.34 17 April 3.35 18 April 3.36 19 April 3.37 20 April 3.38 21 April 3.39 22 April 3.40 23 April 3.41 24 April 3.42 25 April 3.43 26 April 3.44 27 April 3.45 28 April 3.46 29 April 3.47 30 April 3.48 1 May 3.49 2 May 3.50 3 May 3.51 4 May 3.52 5 May 3.53 6 May 4 Ceasefire 5 Foreign involvement 6 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 6.1 Yemen 6.1.1 Houthi military response 6.2 Middle East 6.3 Global 6.1 Yemen 6.1.1 Houthi military response 6.1.1 Houthi military response 6.2 Middle East 6.3 Global 7 Military plan leak Toggle Military plan leak subsection 7.1 Reactions of US politicians 7.1 Reactions of US politicians 8 Analysis 9 Aftermath 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Afrikaans العربية Español فارسی Français 한국어 עברית 日本語 Português کوردی 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Operation Rough Rider Part of the US–UK airstrikes on Yemen , Red Sea crisis , and Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) US striking Houthi positions in Yemen on March 15 Location Houthi-controlled Yemen Target .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Yemeni Armed Forces ( SPC ) Houthis Yemeni Armed Forces ( SPC ) Houthis Houthis Date 15 March – 6 May 2025 (1 month and 3 weeks) Executed by United States Armed Forces United States Navy United States Air Force British Armed Forces [ a ] Royal Air Force United States Armed Forces United States Navy United States Air Force United States Navy United States Air Force British Armed Forces [ a ] Royal Air Force Royal Air Force Outcome Status quo ante bellum Houthis suffer casualties and material damage Ceasefire leads to Houthis no longer targeting US ships while continuing to strike Israeli targets and commercial shipping until late September 2025. Houthis suffer casualties and material damage Ceasefire leads to Houthis no longer targeting US ships while continuing to strike Israeli targets and commercial shipping until late September 2025. Casualties US estimate: 500–600 Houthis killed [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Houthi claim: 123 people killed, 247 wounded (15 March to 15 April) [ 3 ] 80 killed, 150+ wounded (on 17 April) [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Airwars estimate: 224 civilians killed [ 6 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Gaza war v t e Timeline Outline Background History of Gaza Zionism Israeli–Palestinian conflict History of Hamas Blockade of the Gaza Strip October 7 attacks Military engagements Re'im Sderot Sufa Nahal Oz Ofakim Zikim Civilian attacks Nova music festival massacre Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nirim Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip Military engagements Beit Hanoun Gaza City Jabalia I Khan Yunis Al-Qarara Shuja'iyya I Shuja'iyya II Insurgency in the northern Gaza Strip Hamad Rafah Khan Yunis II Khan Yunis III North Gaza Netzarim Corridor clashes Shuja'iyya III May 2025 Gaza offensive Khan Yunis IV Hamas raid Beit Hanoun II Deir al-Balah ( Impersonation incident ) Gaza City II Civilian attacks Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip Refugee camps Jabalia 31 October al-Fakhoora school al-Shati refugee camp al-Maghazi Schools Palestinians evacuating Gaza Health facilities al-Ahli Arab Hospital al-Shifa Hospital Kamal Adwan Hospital Nasser Hospital Attacks on religious sites Rafah strikes Flour Massacre Kuwait Roundabout Attack on journalists in Lebanon IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya Killing of Hind Rajab Tel al-Sultan al-Mawasi (May) al-Sardi school Nuseirat al-Mawasi (June) al-Shati and Tuffah al-Awda school al-Mawasi (July) al-Shati (July) Khan Yunis (July) Khadija school Hamama school al-Tabaeen school Deir al-Balah al-Mawasi (September) al-Jawni school Deir al-Balah mosque Rufaida school al-Aqsa hospital ( Killing of Shaban al-Dalou ) Abu Hussein school Beit Lahia (19 October) Beit Lahia (29 October) Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting Nuseirat (December) March 2025 Israeli strikes Rafah paramedic massacre April 2025 Shuja'iyya Gaza European Hospital Killing of al-Najjar children Fahmi al-Jarjawi school 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings Al-Baqa Cafe 2025 Nasser Hospital strikes Al-Farabi school War crimes and effects Gaza genocide Israeli war crimes Israeli blockade of Gaza Famine AI-assisted targeting Mass detentions South Africa v. Israel ICC arrest warrants Palestinian war crimes Allegations of genocide in the October 7 attacks Hostage crisis Sexual and gender-based violence Use of human shields Gaza Strip mass graves Torture Executions and assassinations Killing of journalists List of journalists Gaza humanitarian crisis Children Healthcare collapse Premature babies Impacts and repercussions Diplomatic impact 2023 ceasefire January 2025 ceasefire Calls for a ceasefire Economic impact 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests Hamas–Popular Forces conflict ( Popular Forces Administration ) CSF administration SPDF administration 2025 Hamas-Doghmush conflict Gaza peace plan Other theaters West Bank conflicts Israei incursions in the West Bank 2024 2025 Tulkarm Tulkarm Camp strike PA–West Bank militias conflict July 2024 unrest 2024 PA operation in Tubas 2024–2025 PA operation in Jenin Red Sea/Yemen Attacks on vessels MV Maersk Hangzhou Galaxy Leader Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV Tutor MT Sounion Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Poseidon Archer Operation Aspides 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel July 2024 Israeli attack September 2024 Israeli attacks December 2024 Israeli attack March–May 2025 US attacks Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Saada prison airstrike 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport May 2025–present Israeli attacks Attacks on US bases Iranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria Tower 22 drone attack February 2024 US airstrikes in Iraq and Syria 2024 Homs airstrikes 2024 Masyaf raid Israel–Hezbollah conflict Israeli invasion of Lebanon Odaisseh Maroun al-Ras Ayta ash-Shab Kafr Kila Ramyah Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2024 Iran–Israel conflict Damascus Iranian consulate airstrike April Iranian strikes April Israeli striles October Iranian strikes October Israeli strikes Iran–Israel war Iranian nuclear sites strikes Al Udeid Air Base strike Ceasefire Assassinations and deaths of prominent individuals Saleh al-Arouri Marwan Issa Fuad Shukr Ismail Haniyeh Ibrahim Aqil Hassan Nasrallah Hashem Safieddine Yahya Sinwar Abu Obeida Yasser Abu Shabab See also Background Antisemitism Anti-Palestinianism Islamophobia Misinformation Denial of the October 7 attacks Protests university campuses All Eyes on Rafah Israeli document leak scandal Israeli public diplomacy Proposed U.S. takeover of the Gaza Strip Timeline Outline Background History of Gaza Zionism Israeli–Palestinian conflict History of Hamas Blockade of the Gaza Strip October 7 attacks Military engagements Re'im Sderot Sufa Nahal Oz Ofakim Zikim Civilian attacks Nova music festival massacre Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nirim Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip Military engagements Beit Hanoun Gaza City Jabalia I Khan Yunis Al-Qarara Shuja'iyya I Shuja'iyya II Insurgency in the northern Gaza Strip Hamad Rafah Khan Yunis II Khan Yunis III North Gaza Netzarim Corridor clashes Shuja'iyya III May 2025 Gaza offensive Khan Yunis IV Hamas raid Hamas raid Beit Hanoun II Deir al-Balah ( Impersonation incident ) Gaza City II Civilian attacks Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip Refugee camps Jabalia 31 October al-Fakhoora school al-Shati refugee camp al-Maghazi Schools Refugee camps Jabalia 31 October al-Fakhoora school al-Shati refugee camp al-Maghazi Jabalia 31 October al-Fakhoora school 31 October al-Fakhoora school al-Shati refugee camp al-Maghazi Schools Palestinians evacuating Gaza Health facilities al-Ahli Arab Hospital al-Shifa Hospital Kamal Adwan Hospital Nasser Hospital al-Ahli Arab Hospital al-Shifa Hospital Kamal Adwan Hospital Nasser Hospital Attacks on religious sites Rafah strikes Flour Massacre Kuwait Roundabout Attack on journalists in Lebanon IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya IDF killing of hostages in Shuja'iyya Killing of Hind Rajab Tel al-Sultan al-Mawasi (May) al-Sardi school Nuseirat al-Mawasi (June) al-Shati and Tuffah al-Awda school al-Mawasi (July) al-Shati (July) Khan Yunis (July) Khadija school Hamama school al-Tabaeen school Deir al-Balah al-Mawasi (September) al-Jawni school Deir al-Balah mosque Rufaida school al-Aqsa hospital ( Killing of Shaban al-Dalou ) Abu Hussein school Beit Lahia (19 October) Beit Lahia (29 October) Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting Nuseirat (December) March 2025 Israeli strikes Rafah paramedic massacre April 2025 Shuja'iyya Gaza European Hospital Killing of al-Najjar children Fahmi al-Jarjawi school 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings Al-Baqa Cafe 2025 Nasser Hospital strikes Al-Farabi school War crimes and effects Gaza genocide Israeli war crimes Israeli blockade of Gaza Famine AI-assisted targeting Mass detentions South Africa v. Israel ICC arrest warrants Israeli blockade of Gaza Famine Famine AI-assisted targeting Mass detentions South Africa v. Israel ICC arrest warrants Palestinian war crimes Allegations of genocide in the October 7 attacks Hostage crisis Sexual and gender-based violence Use of human shields Allegations of genocide in the October 7 attacks Hostage crisis Sexual and gender-based violence Use of human shields Gaza Strip mass graves Torture Executions and assassinations Killing of journalists List of journalists List of journalists Gaza humanitarian crisis Children Healthcare collapse Premature babies Children Healthcare collapse Premature babies Premature babies Impacts and repercussions Diplomatic impact 2023 ceasefire January 2025 ceasefire Calls for a ceasefire Calls for a ceasefire Economic impact 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests Hamas–Popular Forces conflict ( Popular Forces Administration ) CSF administration SPDF administration 2025 Hamas-Doghmush conflict Gaza peace plan Other theaters West Bank conflicts Israei incursions in the West Bank 2024 2025 Tulkarm Tulkarm Camp strike 2024 2025 Tulkarm Tulkarm Camp strike Tulkarm Camp strike PA–West Bank militias conflict July 2024 unrest 2024 PA operation in Tubas 2024–2025 PA operation in Jenin July 2024 unrest 2024 PA operation in Tubas 2024–2025 PA operation in Jenin Red Sea/Yemen Attacks on vessels MV Maersk Hangzhou Galaxy Leader Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV Tutor MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou Galaxy Leader Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV Tutor MT Sounion Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Poseidon Archer Operation Aspides 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel July 2024 Israeli attack September 2024 Israeli attacks December 2024 Israeli attack March–May 2025 US attacks Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Saada prison airstrike 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Saada prison airstrike 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport May 2025–present Israeli attacks Attacks on US bases Iranian airstrikes in Iraq and Syria Tower 22 drone attack February 2024 US airstrikes in Iraq and Syria 2024 Homs airstrikes 2024 Masyaf raid Israel–Hezbollah conflict Israeli invasion of Lebanon Odaisseh Maroun al-Ras Ayta ash-Shab Kafr Kila Ramyah Odaisseh Maroun al-Ras Ayta ash-Shab Kafr Kila Ramyah Iran–Israel proxy conflict 2024 Iran–Israel conflict Damascus Iranian consulate airstrike April Iranian strikes April Israeli striles October Iranian strikes October Israeli strikes Damascus Iranian consulate airstrike April Iranian strikes April Israeli striles October Iranian strikes October Israeli strikes Iran–Israel war Iranian nuclear sites strikes Al Udeid Air Base strike Ceasefire Iranian nuclear sites strikes Al Udeid Air Base strike Ceasefire Assassinations and deaths of prominent individuals Saleh al-Arouri Marwan Issa Fuad Shukr Ismail Haniyeh Ibrahim Aqil Hassan Nasrallah Hashem Safieddine Yahya Sinwar Abu Obeida Yasser Abu Shabab See also Background Antisemitism Anti-Palestinianism Islamophobia Misinformation Denial of the October 7 attacks Denial of the October 7 attacks Protests university campuses university campuses All Eyes on Rafah Israeli document leak scandal Israeli public diplomacy Proposed U.S. takeover of the Gaza Strip v t e Yemeni crisis v t e Revolution (2011–12) Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Ansar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14) Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations Houthi rebellion (2014) 2nd Dammaj Amran Civil war (2014–present) 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention (2015–present) Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah Houthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates 2022 Abu Dhabi U.S. raids on al-Qaeda Yakla Hathla Red Sea crisis (2023–present) Attacks Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Military operations Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm Diplomacy UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Effects Environmental impact Humanitarian crisis Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations Revolution (2011–12) Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Ansar al-Shariah campaign (2011–14) Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations Houthi rebellion (2014) 2nd Dammaj Amran Saada Sana'a Taiz Dammaj Zinjibar Dofas Abyan 2012 Sana'a Radda Nov 2013 Sanaa Dec 2013 Sana'a Rescue operations 2nd Dammaj Amran Civil war (2014–present) 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Bombings and terrorist attacks in Yemen Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda Houthi missile and drone attacks in Yemen 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement 2nd Battle of Sana'a Rada'a [ ar ] Houthi takeover 1st Shabwah Saudi-led intervention Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Taiz Marib governorate Marib city Marib city Dhale Aden airport 2015 2018 2019 airport 2015 2018 2019 Abyan 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive 2015 campaign 2016 southern offensive Lahij 2015 Shabwah 2015 Mukalla Zinjibar and Jaar Nihm Port Midi Hadramaut Al Masini Al Masini Battle of Mukalla June 2016 Mukalla 2017 Battle of Sana'a Al Hudaydah Al Hudaydah city Al Hudaydah city UAE occupation of Socotra Victory from God Jabara Jabara Al-Jawf offensive STC takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive 2022 Southern Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian 2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign Aden Aden Radda Ibb Jan 2015 Sana'a Mar 2015 Sana'a Sep 2015 Sana'a Oct 2015 Aden Dec 2015 Aden 4 Mar 2016 Aden 25 Mar 2016 Aden May 2016 Mukalla May 2016 Aden Aug 2016 Aden Dec 2016 Aden Mar 2022 Aden Mar 2024 al-Bayda 2015 Marib 2015 Taiz 2016 al-Anad 2019 al-Anad Aug 2019 Aden Jan 2020 Marib Aug 2020 Marib Dec 2020 Aden airport 2021 Marib 2021 al-Anad US–Saudi arms deal Peace process UN Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention (2015–present) Saudi Arabian airstrikes on Yemen Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada Houthi attacks on Saudi Arabia 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah Houthi attacks on the United Arab Emirates 2022 Abu Dhabi U.S. raids on al-Qaeda Yakla Hathla Mokha Sana'a Hajjah Dahyan Dhamar Saada 2018 Riyadh Abha Airport Abqaiq–Khurais 2020 Riyadh 2022 Jeddah 2022 Abu Dhabi Yakla Hathla Red Sea crisis (2023–present) Attacks Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Military operations Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm Diplomacy UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Effects Environmental impact Galaxy Leader MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda MV Rubymar MV True Confidence MV Tutor 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel MT Sounion MV Maersk Hangzhou 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Jul 2024 Israeli attack Sep 2024 Israeli attacks Dec 2024 Israeli attack Jan 2025 Israeli attack Mar–May 2025 US attacks 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Saada prison airstrike 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025–present Israeli attacks Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides Operation Poseidon Archer 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen 30 May 2024 attacks on Yemen Operation Outstretched Arm UNSC Resolution 2722 2025 US–Houthi ceasefire Environmental impact Humanitarian crisis Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations Blockade Disease outbreaks Cholera COVID-19 Cholera COVID-19 Famine Locust infestation Refugees on Jeju Island War crimes and human rights violations In March 2025, the United States launched a large campaign of air and naval strikes against Houthi targets in Yemen . Codenamed Operation Rough Rider , [ 7 ] it has been the largest U.S. military operation in the Middle East of President Donald Trump 's second term [ 8 ] so far. The strikes began on March 15, targeting radar systems, air defenses, and ballistic and drone launch sites used by the Houthis to attack commercial ships and naval vessels in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden . [ 9 ] On 30 April 2025, the United Kingdom joined the United States in conducting strikes on Houthi targets. [ 10 ] The Houthi group began targeting international shipping in October 2023, after Israel invaded the Gaza Strip in response to the October 7 Hamas attacks . Claiming solidarity with Palestinians and aiming to pressure Israel into agreeing to a ceasefire and lifting its blockade of Gaza , [ 8 ] the Houthis launched missiles and drones at vessels traveling near Yemen, and also fired ballistic missiles at Israeli cities, killing at least one civilian in Tel Aviv . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In response, the United States, the United Kingdom, and a multinational coalition began Operation Prosperity Guardian , combining naval escorts with episodic airstrikes on Houthi military and civilian infrastructure. [ 13 ] By mid-March 2025, the Houthis had attacked more than 190 ships, sinking two, seizing another, and killing at least four seafarers. [ 14 ] On March 18, Trump warned Iran —longtime backers of the Houthis —that further attacks would be considered acts of aggression, despite no direct involvement. [ 15 ] On May 6, President Donald Trump declared the strikes to be over, "effective immediately," as a result of a ceasefire between the U.S. and the Houthis, brokered by Oman . [ 16 ] The Houthis asserted that the ceasefire did not in "any way, shape, or form" preclude attacking Israel, which had just begun bombing Yemen . [ 17 ] The Houthis resumed attacks on commercial shipping in July, 2025. Background The Houthis are a Shia Islamist military and political group located in Yemen , [ 9 ] backed by Iran , [ 18 ] [ 19 ] [ 8 ] and widely considered part of the Iranian-led Axis of Resistance . [ 18 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Emerging in the 1990s, they played a major role in Yemen's civil war , opposing the Presidential Leadership Council (SLC) . The group took control over northern Yemen, including the capital, Sanaa , since 2014, [ 9 ] The Saudi-led coalition, backed by the United States, has fought against the Houthi Movement for over a decade. Since the October 7 attacks in October 2023, they have continued to target commercial shipping in the Red Sea using missiles, drones, and explosive-laden boats, forcing many shipping companies to reroute vessels around southern Africa at higher costs, in an attempt to force a ceasefire in the Gaza War and an end to the Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip . [ 9 ] [ 22 ] Since November 2023, they have conducted over 190 attacks on shipping, [ 14 ] sunk two vessels, seized another, and killed at least four seafarers, disrupting global trade. [ 8 ] The Economist based in the UK reported that Red Sea cargo shipments had decreased by 70% in volume as a result of these strikes. It alleged that the Houthis had turned their strikes into a business model by requesting Protection racket payments from shipowners in exchange for safe passage, generating substantial revenue through blackmarket transactions and a form of maritime extortion. [ 21 ] The Houthis also conducted ballistic missile and drone attacks on Israeli cities, including Eilat and Tel Aviv , where a drone strike killed one Israeli . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In response, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Israel, with support from a multinational coalition, [ 23 ] launched attacks in Yemen to disrupt their capabilities. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] While other members of Iran's Axis of Resistance—including Hamas , Hezbollah , and Syria —suffered major setbacks, the Houthis have used Yemen's geography to continue to fight against the Presidential Leadership Council. [ 21 ] [ 8 ] Following a ceasefire in Gaza-Israel in January 2025 , they halted their attacks, but tensions resurfaced when they warned to resume strikes on targets in Israel if Israel disrupted humanitarian aid to Gaza again, which it blocked on 2 March. Following the aid block, the Houthis set a four-day deadline for border crossings to be reopened and aid to be allowed. The Houthis announced a resumption in attacks on 11 March after the demands were not met. [ 24 ] The Houthis also fired a missile at a US Air Force F-16 and shot down a US MQ-9 Reaper drone. President Trump redesignated the Houthis as a foreign terrorist organization in January 2025. [ 25 ] In February 2025, CBS News reported that President Donald Trump and Defense Secretary Pete Hegseth had rolled back constraints on American commanders, allowing them to authorize airstrikes and special operations raids outside conventional battlefields. This broadened the range of people who could be targeted, with the Houthis being among the first under the new rule. [ 26 ] Weapons analysts have suggested that the Houthis may have acquired advanced drone technology, potentially increasing their operational range. Many of the militia's weapons are either manufactured in underground facilities or smuggled from Iran, [ 9 ] their primary backer. Iran's enrichment of uranium to near weapons-grade levels remains a major international concern. Meanwhile, economic hardship in Iran has fueled domestic unrest. [ 8 ] Prelude Following Trump's election, Gen. Michael Kurilla , commander of the United States Central Command , proposed an 8–10 month bombing campaign based on Israel's operation against Hezbollah , where the US would strike Houthi air defenses before conducting targeted assassinations against senior Houthi officials. Saudi officials who supported Kurilla's proposal provided a list of 12 prominent Houthi leaders, stating that their assassinations would "cripple" the group. In early March, Trump partially approved Kurilla's plan, giving it 30 days to exhibit results in a campaign named "Operation Rough Rider" by Pete Hegseth . [ 27 ] On 13 March 2025, National Security Adviser Michael Waltz created a Signal group chat called "Houthi PC small group", for Trump administration officials to coordinate the attacks. The group included accounts that seemed to correspond to Marco Rubio , JD Vance , Tulsi Gabbard , Scott Bessent , Pete Hegseth , John Ratcliffe , Steve Witkoff , Susie Wiles , Joe Kent , and Stephen Miller . Waltz also accidentally added the editor-in-chief of The Atlantic , Jeffrey Goldberg . This incident became known as Signalgate . On the morning of 14 March, Vance messaged the group asking for the attacks to be delayed by one month, saying: "I am not sure the president is aware how inconsistent this is with his message on Europe right now" and that the attacks "risk that we see a moderate to severe spike in oil prices ". But Hegseth convinced Vance to continue with the attack, saying that the attacks were "not about the Houthis. I see it as two things: 1) Restoring Freedom of Navigation , a core national interest; and 2) Reestablish deterrence , which Biden cratered." Miller messaged at 9:35 a.m. ET that Trump had given approval for the attacks. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Trump authorized the attack plan, which had been in development for several weeks, with the final order issued on Saturday, 15 March. Some members of Congress received briefings from the White House the same day. [ 22 ] At 11:44 a.m. ET, Hegseth messaged the group operational details of the attacks, including information about targets, weapons used, and attack sequencing. [ 30 ] Strikes 15 March At least 40 air raids took place across Yemen, mainly in the capital of Sanaa and in Saada Governorate . The eight strikes in Sanaa included one on a residential area that killed 15 people and injured nine others; [ 32 ] one on the Sanaa International Airport , which houses a major military facility, with images showing black smoke billowing over the area; [ 13 ] and four in the Geraf neighborhood of Shaoub district in northern Sanaa. [ 33 ] [ 13 ] Al-Masirah and other local media reported airstrikes in Sanaa at 1:30 p.m. ET . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Twelve strikes hit Saada, including one on a power station in Dahyan that caused a power outage. [ 32 ] Military installations in Taiz were also struck. [ 8 ] [ 36 ] In Kahza , Ibb Governorate , Houthi media reported that 15 people were killed after American attacks hit two residential buildings. [ 32 ] Eight strikes took place in Al Bayda Governorate , and further attacks hit Dhamar Governorate , Hajjah Governorate , and Marib Governorate . [ 37 ] [ 32 ] The strikes, which US officials described as the largest military attack of Trump's second term, were carried out by fighter jets from the Nimitz -class aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman , stationed in the northern Red Sea , and United States Air Force attack planes and armed drones launched from regional bases. [ 9 ] The BBC reported that the UK did not participate in the airstrikes but assisted in refueling . [ 24 ] After the initial strikes, Trump claimed on Truth Social that the Houthis were waging a campaign of "piracy, violence, and terrorism against American, and other, ships, aircraft, and drones", [ 22 ] and vowed to use "overwhelming lethal force" until Houthi attacks on shipping cease. "No terrorist force will stop American commercial and naval vessels from freely sailing the Waterways of the World." [ 13 ] He added, "Your time is up, and your attacks must stop, starting today. If they don't, hell will rain down upon you like nothing you have ever seen before." [ 22 ] He also warned Iran to end its support for the Houthis, promising to hold the country "fully accountable" for the actions of the militant group. [ 13 ] [ 22 ] Hegseth posted on X that "Houthi attacks on American ships & aircraft (and our troops!) will not be tolerated; and Iran, their benefactor, is on notice", adding that "freedom of navigation will be restored". [ 8 ] The Houthis described the attacks as a "war crime" and vowed retaliation. [ 8 ] According to the Houthi-run health ministry, at least 53 people were killed, including five children and two women, and 98 others were wounded. [ 38 ] The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) independently determined that at least 2 children were killed in the attack. [ 39 ] UNICEF Yemen .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} ( @UNICEF_Yemen ) tweeted: The UN verified that at least 2 boys aged 6 & 8 were among those killed by the airstrikes that targeted northern Saada 2 nights ago. A 3rd child was injured & the condition of a 4th child is yet to be confirmed. UNICEF calls for the protection of children & civilians at all times 17 March 2025 [ 39 ] Waltz claimed that the attacks killed several Houthi leaders and indicated that the US would consider hitting Iranian targets in Yemen. [ 40 ] In the Signal chat, Hegseth said that the strikes had killed the Houthis' "top missile guy". [ 28 ] [ 41 ] 16 March Airstrikes hit military headquarters, weapon storage facilities, and detection equipment used to locate shipping. [ 42 ] Al-Masirah reported two US strikes in Al Hudaydah . [ 43 ] Saudi news outlet AlHadath reported that the security chief of Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi was killed in Saada. [ 44 ] The Houthis claimed that they targeted the aircraft carrier USS Harry S. Truman using 18 ballistic and cruise missiles and a drone. A US official said that a US aircraft shot down 11 drones launched by Houthis towards USS Harry S. Truman and a missile fired by Houthis failed in flight and splashed down into the sea. Later, the Houthis said that they fired missiles and drones towards USS Harry S. Truman and its several warships for the second time. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Institute for the Study of War reported that US airstrikes in Al Jawf Governorate killed three Houthi officials, including Commander Zain al Abidin al Mahtouri in al Hazm . [ 48 ] 17 March Two early-morning air raids in the port city of Al Hudaydah hit a cotton ginning factory and the command cabin of the hijacked Israel-linked cargo ship Galaxy Leader , Houthi-aligned Saba News Agency reported. [ 49 ] Saba also said strikes had damaged an under-construction cancer facility in Saada. [ 50 ] Another strike killed "Abu Taha" Zain al-Abidin Ali Abdullah al-Muhturi, a senior official in the Houthi internal security department, in the headquarters of the government complex in the city of Al-Hazm, the center of Al Jawf Governorate , northeast of Sanaa. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] [ 53 ] Other strikes hit the Al-Habashi Iron Factory in the Bajil district of Al Hudaydah Governorate [ 54 ] and sites south of the presidential compound in Sanaa. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Lieutenant General Alex Grynkewich , U.S. Joint Staff Director for Operations, said that more than 30 targets in Yemen had been struck since the bombing campaign began, killing dozens of Houthi militants. [ 42 ] [ 57 ] Trump declared in a post that more Houthi attacks would be viewed as direct actions, or casus belli , by Iran that would incur severe consequences. [ 15 ] On the night of March 17/18, the United States launched a wave of strikes targeting Houthi and IRGC targets, reportedly inflicting casualties on both. [ 58 ] 18 March Agence France-Presse was told by witnesses that three strikes were conducted in Saada in the late night. [ 59 ] 19 March Houthi media reported that at least 10 strikes were conducted by the US in Sanaa and Al Hudaydah. [ 59 ] Strikes also took place in As Safra , Saada, which is reportedly one of the most militarized Houthi strongholds, containing training bases and weapon storage facilities. According to Reuters , trenches and bunkers that were built to house Houthi leaders following former president Joe Biden 's airstrikes in Yemen were also struck, forcing the group's leadership into hiding. [ 60 ] US strikes on Sanaa injured seven women and two children in a residential neighborhood. [ 61 ] Al-Masirah also reported strikes in Al-Sawadiya, southeast of Sanaa. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] ISW reported airstrikes on the Houthi's Communications Ministry and Postal Authority in Sanaa. [ 48 ] Pro-Houthi media reported that funerals were held in Sanaa for 16 slain militants. [ 44 ] 20 March Al-Masirah reported that at least four US strikes hit the Al Mina district of al-Hudaydah , [ 64 ] but later Houthi aligned media reported a total of five strikes in Al Hudaydah Governorate, including one hitting a cotton processing plant in Zabid , [ 65 ] the cotton processing plant had allegedly been converted into a mines and explosive devices factory. [ 66 ] US also conducted an airstrike near Safraa. [ 67 ] Yemen's Houthi-run health ministry said that a US airstrike hit a wedding hall which was under construction in Sanaa , injuring nine people, including women and children. [ 68 ] 21 March Yemeni media reported that US fighter jets conducted six air strikes in At Tuhayta district [ 69 ] including strikes reportedly targeting a Houthi military base in al Fazah-al Tuhayta. [ 67 ] ISW reported a total of seven airstrikes. [ 67 ] 22 March AlHadath reported that a prior US airstrike on a naval base in Al Hudaydah wounded eight people, including Mansour al-Saadi , the commander of the Houthi naval forces. [ 44 ] Saba News Agency reported that the US conducted three strikes on Hodeida International Airport . [ 70 ] Three Houthi commanders were killed in airstrikes in Majzar , Marib Governorate . [ 71 ] A Houthi military base and ammunition depot was targeted in a US airstrike in Al Jawf Governorate . [ 71 ] 23 March The Houthi-controlled Health Ministry reported that one person was killed and 13 others, including three children, were injured in a US strike on a residential building in the Aser area of western Sanaa. Strikes were also reported in Saada, Al Hudaydah, and Marib. [ 72 ] [ 73 ] The strikes in western Sanaa reportedly targeted a Houthi ammunition depot. [ 71 ] AlHadath reported that the person killed was a senior Houthi official. [ 74 ] Saba News Agency reported a US attack on the Port of Salif . [ 75 ] Saba news agency also reported US bombings in Sahar district and Kitaf wa Al Boqe'e district . It also reported that the US conducted five air attacks in Marib Governorate . [ 76 ] According to Michael Waltz , the attacks killed key Houthi leaders, including their "head missileer", and also targeted their headquarters, communication nodes, arms factories, and unmanned surface vehicle production facilities. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] [ 79 ] 24 March Saudi media outlet AlHadath reported that a high-level Houthi official was killed in overnight US airstrikes in Sanaa. [ 80 ] 25 March Saba News Agency reported that US air strikes in the outskirts of Saada injured at least two people. [ 81 ] Saba News Agency reported that a US strike hit a cancer hospital in Saada Governorate for the second time, destroying it. [ 82 ] ISW reported a total of 12 airstrikes in Saada Governorate . [ 83 ] 26 March ISW reported that the US conducted at least 14 airstrikes against Houthi infrastructure and leadership. [ 84 ] The Houthi-linked Al-Masirah reported two US strikes in Saada Governorate . [ 85 ] Al-Masirah reported US strikes in the Saada area, Al Salem district in Saada Governorate and Harf Sufyan district . [ 86 ] Al-Masirah also reported more US strikes in Sanaa . [ 87 ] The Yemen Data Project reported that at least 25 civilians, including four children, were killed and at least 28 civilians were wounded in the airstrike campaign so far. [ 88 ] 27 March The Houthi-linked Al Masirah TV reported that four US attacks hit a stone quarry in the al-Arqoub area in the Khawlan district , killing at least two people and injuring two others. [ 89 ] Al Masirah TV also reported that US strikes hit Sahlain and al-Salem areas of Saada Governorate . [ 90 ] ISW reported at least 23 airstrikes in Yemen on 27 March. [ 91 ] Deployment of B-2 Spirit stealth bombers to Diego Garcia On 27 March, a spokesman of the Air Force Global Strike Command confirmed that B-2 Spirit stealth bombers had been moved to an air base on the Diego Garcia atoll in the Indian Ocean . The base has been used in the past as a launch point for major operations in the Middle East, including the invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan . This is the first significant deployment of B-2s to Diego Garcia since 2020, and there was media speculation that it is connected to the U.S. campaign in Yemen. [ 92 ] [ 93 ] That happened five months after the Biden administration also used B-2s to strike targets in Yemen in hopes of compelling the Houthis to cease their attacks on shipping. On 16 October 2024, B-2s flying from RAAF Base Tindal in the Northern Territory , Australia, struck five underground weapons storage facilities owned by the Houthis. [ 94 ] [ 95 ] It was believed the strikes were also meant to demonstrate to Iran the U.S. military's ability to destroy targets buried underground. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] 28 March Houthi media reported that a new series of US airstrikes throughout areas controlled by Houthis in Yemen, including neighborhoods in Sanaa , wounded at least seven people. [ 98 ] It also reported that targeted areas included places where many of the Houthi leadership reside. [ 99 ] [ 100 ] ISW reported at least 44 airstrikes on March 28 including at least eight airstrikes targeting a Houthi military base, underground facilities and communication infrastructure in Jabal al Aswad , Amran Governorate as well as the Houthi military headquarters in Sanaa . [ 101 ] Houthis published a list of 41 fighters that had been killed although the actual number of casualties was not disclosed. [ 101 ] Several Houthi leaders were also reportedly amongst the dead. [ 102 ] CENTCOM conducted eight airstrikes targeting three new Houthi military bases and ammunition depots in Sanhan District and also struck the Houthis' government complex in Hazm City. [ 103 ] 29 March Al Masirah reported that the US conducted at least 72 strikes, killing one person and injuring four others. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] [ 106 ] United States Central Command said that it struck "Houthi positions". [ 107 ] 30 March Houthi media reported that US airstrikes hit Saada and Saada Governorate . It also reported that US airstrikes struck Sanaa , Sanaa Governorate and Al-Salem district. [ 108 ] CENTCOM conducted an air strike on a vehicle on the N5 highway in al Tour, Hajjah Governorate killing two likely high ranking Houthi commanders. [ 103 ] 31 March ISW reported at least 62 airstrikes targeting Houthi infrastructure and leadership between 28 and 31 March. [ 103 ] The Houthi-run Health Ministry said that US strikes which started on 15 March killed 59 people and injured 136 others. It also said that those killed include women and children. [ 109 ] The Houthis reported US airstrikes around Sanaa—where one person was killed—and in Hajjah Governorate , where a strike on a pickup truck killed two and injured a child. Footage from Al-Masirah showed broken glass in homes but did not show the target of the strikes. The militant group reported that 12 people were wounded in the strikes. [ 110 ] Al Masirah reported that the US conducted four strikes on Jadr area in the Bani Al Harith district , killing at least one person and injuring at least five others. [ 110 ] Saba News Agency reported that US strikes in Yemen one day prior extensively damaged Saada Governorate . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] Al Masirah reported citing Yemeni Health Ministry that US strikes hit the Bani Qais area, killing two people and injuring a child. [ 114 ] Al Masirah reported two US strikes on Kamaran . [ 115 ] Houthis claimed that air defences shot down a US General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper above Marib Governorate . [ 116 ] 1 April ISW reported a total of at least 27 airstrikes targeting Houthi forces. [ 117 ] Al Masirah reported that US carried out 15 strikes in Saada Governorate , including Saada , Maiz district, Sahar district and the Jarban area in Sanhan and Bani Bahlul district . United States Central Command said that it targeted Houthi positions. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Al Masirah also reported that US carried out two strikes on Mount Nab Shuaib in the Bani Matar district . [ 120 ] US conducted three airstrikes at al Dailami Airbase near Sanaa International Airport and also struck Kamaran island . [ 117 ] Houthi media also reported airstrikes in Hajjah and Hodeidah . [ 121 ] 2 April ISW reported at least 22 airstrikes on 2 April. [ 122 ] The Associated Press reported that US strikes continued through the night into Wednesday, April 2. Houthi forces said that a strike targeted a "water project" in the Mansuriyah district , near Hodeida , killing at least four and wounding more. [ 123 ] Houthi media also reported US strikes in Saada Governorate. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Four airstrikes were conducted on Houthi training grounds in Mansuriyah District . [ 122 ] Airstrikes were also conducted on Hudaydah Port and Kamaran . [ 122 ] Al-Masirah reported that a US strike in the Ras Issa district of Al-Salif in the Al Hudaydah Governorate killed one person and wounded another person. [ 126 ] Al-Masirah also reported a US strike in Saada . [ 127 ] CENTCOM conducted an airstrike on 2 April on al Fazah in Hudaydah Governorate, killing 70 Houthi fighters including many mid-ranking Houthi military and intelligence officials and the al Tuhayta Axis Commander Najib Kashri and the Houthis’ Red Sea Coastal Region Commander Abu Taleb, the whereabouts of the latter remained unknown while the former was confirmed to be killed. [ 128 ] 3 April ISW reported at least 28 airstrikes targeting Houthi forces and infrastructure. [ 129 ] Al-Masirah reported that US fighter jets conducted more strikes, including a strike which hit a communications network in Jabal Namah, in the Jablah district of the Ibb Governorate, killing one person. It also reported that US forces conducted two strikes in the Kitaf wa Al Boqe'e district , and a strike on the Kahlan area east of Saada . [ 130 ] Houthi-linked media also reported a US strike on a car in Majz district [ 131 ] reportedly killing the personal assistant of Houthi Interior Minister Abdulkarim al Houthi. [ 129 ] CENTCOM also struck a vehicle carrying Houthi fighters near Saada . [ 129 ] US forces struck Houthi positions near Taiz Airport. [ 129 ] Houthis claimed to have destroyed an American MQ-9 Reaper. [ 129 ] 4 April ISW reported at least 3 airstrikes conducted by CENTCOM. [ 132 ] Al-Masirah reported that US figher jets carried out bombings in al-Asayid area of Kitaf wa Al Boqe'e district [ 133 ] and in Saada targeting command and control sites. [ 132 ] A US airstrike killed a Houthi Police supervisor in Al Hudaydah Governorate . [ 132 ] CENTCOM conducted at least two airstrikes targeting a Houthi military base in Kahlan . [ 134 ] The Houthis said that they launched the drone and shot down a Giant Shark F360 reconnaissance drone over Saada Governorate with "a locally made surface-to-air missile”. [ 135 ] 5 April Al Masirah reported that US fighter jets conducted two air strikes on the Kahlan area east of Saada . [ 136 ] Yemeni media reported that four additional US airstrikes hit Saada. Al Masirah TV also reported that a US strike hit a solar energy store in the Hafsin area, west of Saada, killing two one person and injuring at least four others. United States Central Command said that its strikes targeted Houthi targets. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] CENTCOM conducted airstrikes on Houthi naval sites in Kamaran . [ 134 ] 6 April Al Masirah reported that US strikes in Saada had killed two people and injured two more. Al Masirah reported five strikes on Kamaran [ 139 ] [ 140 ] had targeted Houthi naval sites. [ 134 ] The Houthi-run Health Ministry said a US air strike hit a house in Sanaa, killing four people including two women and injuring 16 others. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Trump posted a video that purported to show an April 2 airstrike on Houthis, [ 128 ] which pro-Houthi media said was actually an Eid al-Fitr gathering in Al Hudaydah Governorate of people not connected to the group. Moammar al-Eryani, the Minister of Information of the internationally recognised Yemeni government, said the strike killed about 70 Houthi members and some members of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps . He offered no evidence for this claim. [ 139 ] At least three airstrikes targeted Houthi underground facilities at al Sabaha military complex on Jabal Awsad. [ 134 ] 7 April ISW reported at least 26 airstrikes from 5–7 April including an unspecified number of airstrikes targeting a Houthi command and control site on 50th Street in Hudaydah. [ 134 ] Al Masirah reported that three US strikes hit Al Ammar in the As Safra district and three other US strikes hit Bani Hassan area in the Abs district . [ 142 ] 8 April ISW reported at least 29 airstrikes including at least 9 strikes targeting three separate Houthi military bases in Marib Governorate , 11 strikes targeting two Houthi sites in Sanaa Governorate and two airstrikes targeting a Houthi weapons depot on Kamaran . [ 128 ] The Houthi-linked Al Masirah TV reported a series of US strikes in Sanaa , six US attacks on Al Jumaimah area of the Bani Hushaysh district and on the Jarban area of Sanhan District. It also reported at least two strikes in Kamaran island. It later reported that more US attacks hit Sanaa Governorate and Marib Governorate . [ 143 ] [ 144 ] Saudi media outlet AlHadath reported that US strikes in Yemen killed the head of Houthi intelligence, [ 145 ] Abdulnaser al Kamali in a targeted strike on his vehicle. [ 128 ] Unnamed sources told AlHadath that two airstrikes hit Houthi weapons storing sites in Kamaran island and an ammunition depot in the al-Juba area of Marib Governorate. [ 146 ] CENTCOM conducted an unspecified number of airstrikes targeting 13 Houthi military officials during a meeting at Sheikh Saleh al Suhaili’s house in Sanaa , Houthi sources reported four dead and 25 wounded. [ 128 ] Houthi-run Health Ministry reported that US strikes hit Amin Moqbel area of Hodeidah, killing two people and injuring 13 others. It said that multiple strikes hit “residential” district, so majority of the casualties were civilians. Houthi-affiliated media said that US strikes hit a telecommunications network in the Shawa area of Amran Governorate . [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Houthi-linked later reported that death toll increased to at least six deaths including at least three children and two women and 16 injuries [ 149 ] and again later to 10 people killed and 16 others injured. [ 149 ] ISW reported on 10 April that US had also conducted at least 10 more airstrikes on April 8 targeting a Houthi military base on Mount Nuqum wounding Houthi President Mahdi al Mashat and a senior Houthi intelligence official. [ 150 ] 9 April ISW reported at least 20 airstrikes including at least four airstrikes targeting communications sites in two sorties as well as strikes on a Houthi barracks in Hudaydah City. [ 150 ] Houthi-run Health Ministry said that US airstrikes in As Sabain district of Sanaa killed at least three "civilians". Houthi media also reported several more strikes in Sanaa, including the Bani Hushaysh district . Houthis also reported US airstrikes in Kamaran island. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] However ISW later reported that the strike in As Sabain district actually may have killed a relatively more high-value Houthi leader, as it targeted a car between al Saleh Mosque and the gate of the Presidential Palace, and that the three killed were likely Houthi fighters. [ 153 ] The Houthis claimed to have downed a General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper over Al Jawf Governorate . [ 154 ] 10 April ISW reported 9 airstrikes including three airstrikes targeting Houthi underground facilities and weapons depots in Mount Nuqum in Sanaa and five more airstrikes targeting two other Houthi weapons depots around Sanaa as well as strikes on Houthi barracks and weapons depots on Kamaran . [ 153 ] 11 April ISW reported at least 11 airstrikes targeting Houthi infrastructure and leadership near Sanaa including one airstrike targeting Houthi underground facilities and weapons depots in Mount Nuqum. [ 155 ] US fighter jets also conducted a wave of strikes in Houthi-controlled areas of Yemen including Sanaa , Faj Attan in Ma'ain district , Jabal Nuqum and Bani Hushaysh district . [ 156 ] ISW later reported on 14 April that three airstrikes in Bani Hushaysh District struck Houthi weapons depots. [ 157 ] 12 April Al Masirah reported that US strikes hit several areas in Yemen including a vocational institute in As Sawma'ah district . It also reported that three strikes hit al-Salheen in Saada Governorate . [ 158 ] ISW stated that five strikes took place in As Sawama'ah. [ 157 ] 13 April The Houthi-run Yemeni Health Ministry reported that US strikes hit a ceramics factory in Bani Matar district , killing seven people and injured 29 others including five children and a women, one of them seriously. It added that the victims were workers from a factory and residents of homes next to it. Al-Masirah reported that two US strikes targeted al-Yatmah in Khabb wa ash Sha'af district of Al Jawf Governorate . [ 159 ] [ 160 ] [ 161 ] Two airstrikes struck a likely Houthi communications site in Baraa. [ 157 ] The Houthis claimed that they shot down an US General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper over Hajjah Governorate with a locally made surface-to-air missile. [ 162 ] 14 April ISW reported at least 47 airstrikes between 11 and 14 April. [ 157 ] Al-Masirah reported that 15 US strikes hit Raghwan district and Medghal district in Marib Governorate . [ 163 ] Houthi-run Health Ministry said that US strikes in Yemen killed 123 people including children and women and injured 247 others. [ 164 ] 15 April ISW reported at least 27 airstrikes including at least seven airstrikes targeting Houthi barracks and depots on Kamaran as well as on military bases near the al Jawf Junction in Sanaa . [ 165 ] Al Masirah reported that US air strikes hit Kamaran island and Az Zahir district . [ 166 ] Al Masirah reported that at least 13 US strikes hit al-Salem and Kitaf wa Al Boqe'e district of Saada Governorate . It also reported that US strikes hit Harf Sufyan district and the outskirts of Sanaa. [ 167 ] 16 April ISW reported at least 39 airstrikes including 15 airstrikes on Houthi warehouses on Kamaran , 15 airstrike on underground bases in the Saada , five strikes on training camps in al Bayda Governorate and an unspecified number of airstrikes in Mayfaar Ans District and Harf Sufyan District . [ 168 ] Al Masirah reported that one person was killed in a US strike in al-Nahda residential neighbourhood of al-Thawra district. It also reported that 14 US strikes hit al-Hafa area of As Sabain district . It added that three US strikes hit Bani Hushaysh district and US forces targeted Manakhah district and Al Hazm district . [ 169 ] [ 170 ] Yemeni media also reported that Saudi Arabia bombed the Shada'a District of Saada Governorate with artillery and missiles. [ 171 ] 17 April ISW reported at least 30 airstrikes including 14 airstrikes targeting Houthi underground facilities at Mount Nuqum and six other airstrikes, elsewhere in Sanaa Governorate with one hitting building in Sanaa killing many fighters and two airstrikes targeting Houthi supply between Sanaa and eastern front As well as 10 airstrikes in Hudaydah Governorate with seven at the al Tuhayta axis. [ 172 ] Al-Masirah reported that US fighter jets conducted more strikes in Al Munirah district . [ 173 ] The US military said that it struck Ras Issa fuel port in western Yemen, saying that it was a Houthi fuel source. [ 174 ] [ 175 ] Al-Mashirah reported that the strike killed at least 80 people and injured at least 150 others. [ 174 ] [ 176 ] 18 April ISW reported 19 airstrikes including 14 airstrikes targeting Ras Issa Port and three airstrikes targeting a Houthi command site in Mukayras District as well as two airstrikes in Arhab District . [ 177 ] Al-Masirah reported that multiple US strikes hit the al-Hafa area of As Sabain district . It also reported four US strikes in Bani Hushaysh district . [ 178 ] Al-Masirah also reported three US strikes in Saada Governorate . It also reported four US strikes in Bart Al Anan district and Khabb wa ash Sha'af district . [ 179 ] The Houthis also claimed they shot down a US drone conducting “hostile acts” around Sanaa Governorate . [ 180 ] [ 181 ] 19 April Al-Masirah reported four US strikes in Arhab district [ 182 ] and also reported that US jets conducted 13 air strikes on Hudaydah Port and Hodeida International Airport . [ 183 ] Al Masirah reported that a US strike in al-Thawra, Bani Matar and al-Safiah district of Sanaa killed three people and wounded four others. [ 184 ] Houthi-affiliated Yemeni media reported that US conducted at least 29 air strikes throughout Yemen in the evening, targeting Sanaa Governorate , 'Amran Governorate , Marib Governorate and Al Hudaydah Governorate . [ 185 ] CENTCOM also struck Kamaran Island and conducted a total of at least 13 airstrikes in Sanaa . [ 186 ] Houthis claimed that they shot down a US drone above Sanaa . [ 187 ] 20 April Al-Masirah reported US airstrikes in Kamaran island and Al Jubah district . [ 188 ] Houthi media reported two US airstrikes in Attan area of Sanaa . It also reported that US airstrikes hit a sanitation project in Asr, Furwah and a popular market in Shaub district. [ 189 ] The Houthis said that US strikes on a market in Sanaa killed 12 people, while strikes in al-Farwah wounded 30 people. They added that US strikes hit Saada Governorate . [ 190 ] [ 191 ] [ 192 ] Two attacks in al Mahwit Governorate and Sanaa initially reported as US Air strikes were later shown to be unsuccessful missile launches by Houthis per OSINT. [ 186 ] 21 April ISW reported at least 113 airstrikes since April 18. [ 186 ] ISW reported that 25 airstrikes targeted and struck Houthi infrastructure in al Tuhayta District. [ 186 ] Al Masirah reported that US forces conducted three strikes on 'Amran Governorate , and two more on al-Jawba district of Marib Governorate . It also reported four other strikes on the Sarwah district of same governorate. [ 193 ] US conducted four airstrikes targeting Houthi infrastructure on Kamaran and an unspecified number of airstrikes in Sanaa and in Barash Camp. [ 194 ] 22 April ISW reported at least 18 airstrikes including at least four strikes on Houthi barracks in Majzar District and four airstrikes targeting Houthi infrastructure in Sirwah District and two airstrikes targeting a Houthi communications site in al Husn District. [ 194 ] Al-Masirah reported several US air strikes in Yemen including in Sanaa , the Brash area in Sanaa Governorate , Kamaran island, Majzar district , Sirwah district and Al Abdiyah district . [ 195 ] Al-Masirah later reported a wave of US air strikes in Kamaran island, two in As Salif district and as-Saleem district in Saada Governorate . [ 196 ] The Houthis claimed to have downed a US General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper conducting "hostile missions" over Hajjah Governorate . [ 197 ] 23 April ISW reported at least 22 airstrikes, including three on Houthi barracks in Majzar District and others on infrastructure in Hazm District and al Jawf district. At least four hit Houthi infrastructure on Kamaran , at least two targeted al Salif Port, and at least four targeted Hudaydah Airport. A Houthi communications site in western Taiz Governorate was also struck. [ 198 ] Al-Masirah reported three strikes in Marib Governorate and four on the communications network in the Maqbanah district of Taiz Governorate. [ 199 ] 24 April ISW reported at least 27 airstrikes including: two on Houthi facilities in Sirwah District; at least six on Houthi sites in al Tuhayta District, and some in northern Sanaa on Houthi leaders. [ 200 ] Al-Masirah reported 15 attacks: one attack in the Zaid neighbourhood of al-Jarf al-Sharqi, north of Sanaa, that damaged several houses and wounded one person; six attacks in the Brash area east of Mount Nuqum; six strikes in the Sahlin area of al-Salem district; and three attacks north of Saada. [ 201 ] US strikes also killed the Houthi security commander for Majzar District. [ 202 ] A CENTCOM spokesman said that the campaign had struck more than 800 Houthi targets, caused more than 650 Houthi casualties, and reduced Houthi missile attacks by 87 percent and drone attacks by 65 percent. [ 203 ] 25 April ISW reported a total of at least 28 airstrikes including: at least seven on Houthi infrastructure in Majzar and Madghal districts; at least 11 on Houthi sites in Bajil District, al Salif Port, and Kamaran; and others on Houthi sites in al Haymah, Manakhah, Bani Hashish, and Harib Nihm districts. [ 203 ] Al-Masirah reported several US attacks throughout Yemen including: one in As Salif district ; one on Kamaran island; two in Bani Hushaysh district ; two in Harf Sufyan district ; and four in Medghal district. [ 204 ] The US military said, without evidence, that a Houthi missile exploded near the Old City of Sanaa . [ 205 ] [ 206 ] Al-Masirah reported at least six strikes on Bajil district ; [ 207 ] four in Takhiya area of Majz district ; [ 208 ] and one that hit a house east of Sahar district , killing a woman and injuring another person. US forces also carried out four strikes in Ras Isa area of As Salif district , and one strike in At Tawilah district . [ 209 ] The US confirmed that the Houthis downed seven General Atomics MQ-9 Reapers . [ 210 ] 26 April US conducted five strikes at Ras Issa Port and Kamaran Island as well as additional strikes on command-and-control centers near the Presidential Complex in Sanaa and near Mount Yajoura, and also hit a house owner by a Houthi businessman in October 14 neighborhood of Sanaa. [ 202 ] 27 April Al-Masirah reported US strikes in Yemen including Ras Isa port in Al Hudaydah Governorate , the cargo vessel Galaxy Leader in Hudaydah Port , Kamaran island, Al Anan district of Al Jawf Governorate and Medghal district . [ 211 ] [ 212 ] Yemen's Houthi-run Health Ministry said that US strikes in As Sabain district killed two people and injured another, while nine others including two women and three children were injured in Bani Al Harith district . [ 213 ] Al Mashirah later reported that at least eight people including women and children were killed in US strikes in the Bani Al Harith district , north of Sanaa. [ 214 ] [ 215 ] Saba News Agency reported two US strikes in Harf Sufyan district [ 216 ] and two US strikes in Harf Sufyan district . [ 216 ] US said that it struck 800 targets in Yemen since 15 March. United States Central Command claimed that the strikes killed hundreds of Houthi militants, and several Houthi leaders, including senior Houthi missile and UAV officials. United States Central Command also claimed that US strikes depleted Houthi capabilities to attack, saying that ballistic missile firing decreased by 69 percent, while drone attacks reduced by 55 percent. United States Central Command added that attacking Ras Isa stopped the Houthis from importing fuel via the port, “which will begin to impact Houthi ability to not only conduct operations, but also to generate millions of dollars in revenue”. [ 217 ] 28 April ISW reported 56 airstrikes including 19 in Majzar and Madghal districts, Rabt al Anan and Nihm District, Sanaa Governorate [ 202 ] and later reported three airstrikes targeting Harf Sufiyan and one targeting al Mahadhir. [ 218 ] Three strikes struck Sanaa, one killing nine Houthi fighters including three senior officers. [ 218 ] Al-Masirah reported that two US strikes hit Saada and two strikes hit Bart Al Anan district . [ 219 ] Al-Mashirah and human rights organization Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor reported that US strikes hit a detention centre holding African migrants in Saada Governorate , killing at least 68 people and injuring 47 others. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] [ 222 ] Amnesty International said the strike may be a war crime. [ 223 ] An F/A-18 Super Hornet fighter jet fell overboard from the USS Harry S. Truman and was lost at sea. [ 224 ] 29 April ISW reported at least 17 airstrikes including four consecutive strikes struck a Houthi site in Maqbanah District and six strikes targeting Rabt Al Anan. [ 218 ] It later also reported four airstrikes targeting Houthi infrastructure in Sahar District, three airstrikes in al Khalq and at least one airstrike targeting Mass military base in Madghal District as well as a strike on a "moving target" near a missile depot in al Suwadiya. Nine airstrikes took place in Saada Governorate. [ 225 ] Al-Mashirah reported that US airstrikes targeted Bani Matar district , Bani Hushaysh district and Al Hasan, Yemen . [ 226 ] The British Royal Air Force conducted its first operation during the campaign, targeting a cluster of buildings located 24 kilometers south of Sanaa. UK intelligence identified the buildings as a manufacturing center for Houthi drones used in naval attacks in the Red Sea. [ 227 ] The operation, which involved Typhoon FGR4 fighter jets armed with Paveway IV guided bombs, [ 228 ] involved "very careful planning ... to allow the targets to be prosecuted with minimal risk to civilians or non-military infrastructure" according to the British Ministry of Defense . [ 229 ] The airstrikes were carried out at night to further reduce the chance of civilian casualties. [ 230 ] British forces successfully carried out the operation and returned to base unharmed, while defense secretary John Healey later said in Parliament "initial assessment is that the planned targets were all successfully hit and we've seen no evidence of civilian casualties." [ 231 ] 30 April ISW reported at least 17 airstrikes. [ 225 ] An airstrike targeted a Houthi site in al Hawak District and three airstrikes targeted Kitaf District. [ 232 ] The UK Defense Ministry said that British forces took part in a joint operation with US forces against a Houthi target in Yemen. [ 233 ] [ 230 ] The Pentagon claimed that the US struck over 1,000 targets reducing their capabilities and killing several personnel. [ 234 ] 1 May ISW reported at least 10 airstrikes. Six airstrikes took place in al Khab al Shaaf District. [ 232 ] Later, ISW reported additional strikes, five in Saada, four in al Khab al Shaaf District, as well as strikes in Sanaa and Hamdan District, and in al Mahwit Governorate. Three airstrikes also struck Houthi sites in Asr and Mount Attan areas of Sanaa. [ 235 ] 2 May ISW reported at least 28 airstrikes. [ 235 ] Al-Mashirah reported seven US strikes in Ras Issa oil port of As Salif district . [ 236 ] 3 May Saba News Agency reported that the US conducted overnight strikes on Sanaa , Bani Hushaysh district and Khabb wa ash Sha'af district . [ 237 ] Al-Masirah reported two US air strikes on Kamaran island and As Salif district . [ 238 ] 4 May Al-Masirah reported US strikes throughout Yemen including 10 air attacks on Al Hazm district and five air attacks on Majzar district, Marib Governorate . [ 239 ] 5 May ISW reported a total of at least 108 airstrikes since 2 May including at least 57 in northeastern Yemen, 20 in Sanaa and additional strikes near Saada , moreover Kamaran , Ras Issa, and al Salif Port were struck at least five times. [ 240 ] Saba News Agency reported reported 10 US strikes in and around Sanaa including two targeting Arbaeen Street in Sanaa and one on the airport road. The Houthi Health Ministry said that 14 people were injured in the Sawan neighborhood. [ 241 ] Al-Mashirah reported three US air strikes in Khabb wa ash Sha'af district , two strikes on Sanaa's Attan area and two on Raghwan district . [ 242 ] Israel and the United States launched a joint-operational attack on Yemen on the port city of Hodeidah , [ 243 ] as a response to the Houthi bombarding the Gurion Airport in Israel. [ 244 ] The IDF said that it carried out airstrikes in Yemen, saying that it is a response to Houthi ballistic missile attack on Ben Gurion Airport one day prior and previous attacks. The strikes conducted by IAF fighter jets targeted Houthi infrastructure along the coast of Yemen, including Hudaydah Port , and a concrete factory in Bajil , saying that they were used for militant purposes. [ 245 ] Al-Masirah reported that an Israeli attack on a cement factory in Bajil killed two people and injured at least 42 others. [ 246 ] Al-Masirah reported that US airstrikes hit Hodeidah 's Ras Isa oil port in Hodeidah and another in the Al-Sawad area of Sanaa Governorate . [ 247 ] Al-Masirah reported 10 US air strikes in Al Hazm, Yemen and two strikes in Sanhan and Bani Bahlul district . [ 248 ] 6 May ISW reported at least seven airstrikes including at least four airstrikes in al Sawad in Sanaa and three strikes on Ras Issa Port, all strikes occurred before the ceasefire agreement. [ 249 ] Ceasefire On 6 May 2025, U.S. President Donald Trump declared an end to the strikes on Yemen, stating that they were over, "effective immediately," as a result of a ceasefire between the U.S. and the Houthis, brokered by Oman . [ 16 ] The Houthis agreed to halt attacks on vessels in the Red Sea but emphasized that the ceasefire did not in "any way, shape, or form" apply to Israel, which had just launched its own strikes on Yemen . [ 17 ] While Trump framed the truce as the Houthis having "capitulated" and not "want[ing] to fight anymore," while also having shown "a lot of bravery," the Houthis claimed that it was in fact the U.S. that "backed down." [ 250 ] According to reports, Iran played a role in persuading the Houthis to reach a truce with the United States to help build "momentum" for the 2025 U.S.–Iran nuclear negotiations . [ 251 ] According to Israeli officials, Israel was not given "advance notice" of the U.S.-Houthi ceasefire. Israeli media described the ceasefire as "very bad news for Israel" and "doubly surpris[ing]". [ 252 ] Following the ceasefire deal, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu asserted that "Israel will defend itself by itself." [ 253 ] Foreign involvement Before the campaign, the UK had not officially acknowledged launching airstrikes in Yemen since May 2024. [ 254 ] All previous British airstrikes were conducted during the tenure of UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak and US President Joe Biden. [ 255 ] [ 228 ] At the start of the operation, the UK did not directly participate in the attacks but had provided support for US aircraft through "routine allied air-to-air refuelling ." [ 14 ] [ 256 ] Declassified UK published an investigation on 18 March which showed that 53 people, including women and children, had died from US fighter jets aided by British aerial refuelling. [ 254 ] [ 257 ] The UK conducted its first operation during the campaign, which was also its operation under US President Donald Trump, on 29 April. The British defense secretary stated that the airstrikes were "in the interests of our national and economic security" and were to "prevent further attacks against UK and International shipping." [ 258 ] A Saudi official has denied reports claiming Riyadh is providing logistical support for US attacks on Yemen. Speaking to Al Arabiya , the official dismissed the allegations as "misleading" and stated that the kingdom is not supplying oil for the military operations. [ 259 ] The dismissal comes after reports that the UK assisted in refueling US fighter jets over Saudi Arabian airspace, while the Houthis have vowed to take action "against any country that cooperates with the American enemy". [ 24 ] [ 260 ] The Wall Street Journal reported that Israel provided intelligence from an individual in Yemen about a senior Houthi figure who would later be targeted in the March 15 airstrike, which was discussed in a group chat on Signal. [ 261 ] [ 262 ] On 28 March, The New Arab reported that Houthi politburo member Mohammed Al-Farah accused UAE-allied separatist groups, including the Southern Transitional Council , of providing intelligence to the US military for their airstrikes, calling them "traitors" and stating that "the UAE's mercenaries stand out more than anyone else in their vileness and depravity." He threatened that if the separatist groups continued supplying intelligence to the US, his group would not only consider striking Mokha or Shabwa but could also strike Abu Dhabi and Dubai directly in response. The country was previously targeted by the Houthis in January 2022 in response to its involvement in the Yemeni Civil War . [ 263 ] Reactions Yemen The Houthi political bureau called the attacks a war crime . [ 8 ] Deputy head of the Houthi media office Nasruddin Amer said that "Sanaa will remain Gaza's shield and support and will not abandon it no matter the challenges." [ 264 ] Another senior Houthi member told Al Arabiya said that the attacks violated Yemen's sovereignty and would be met with a "painful and deterrent" response. [ 265 ] On 18 March, the pro-Houthi Yemeni Armed Forces stated that "the US aggression will not deter the steadfast and struggling Yemen from fulfilling its religious, moral, and humanitarian duties toward the Palestinian people", and reiterated the Houthis' demand for Israel to lift the blockade against the Gaza Strip . [ 266 ] The UN-recognized Presidential Leadership Council urged the international community to strengthen cooperation and adopt a comprehensive strategy to counter the Houthi militias and block their funding. The PLC stated that US strikes signaled a shift in the international approach to the Houthis, emphasizing that their threat now extends beyond Yemen and its neighbors, endangering global security and stability. [ 267 ] On 17 March, tens of thousands of protesters marched in support of the Houthis in Sanaa , Saada , Dhamar , Al Hudaydah , and 'Amran . [ 268 ] Houthi military response On 16 March, the Houthis stated that they fired 18 ballistic and cruise missiles and a drone at USS Harry S. Truman and its carrier strike group . [ 38 ] A US official claimed that 11 drones were intercepted by F-16 and F-18 fighter jets, while a Houthi missile malfunctioned and landed in the water. [ 269 ] On the morning of 17 March, the Houthis claimed another strike on USS Harry S. Truman and surrounding warships, consisting of 18 missiles and a drone. [ 50 ] On the morning of 18 March, the Houthis claimed a third attack on the aircraft carrier and surrounding warships, which US general Alexus Grynkewich said was hard to confirm since their attacks "were missing their targets by over 100 miles". [ 55 ] [ 270 ] A fourth attack on the aircraft carrier, consisting of cruise missiles and drones, was claimed by the Houthis on 19 March. [ 271 ] According to a May 2025 report from The New York Times , several American F-16s and an F-35 fighter jet were nearly struck by Houthi air defenses. [ 27 ] Middle East Following the attacks, commander-in-chief of the IRGC Hossein Salami stated that the Houthis acted independently from Iran, and warned that "Iran will respond decisively and destructively if they take their threats into action", referring to Trump's threats against the country. The Iranian Ministry of Foreign Affairs called the attacks a violation of the Charter of the United Nations and international law . Foreign minister Abbas Araghchi said that America had no authority over Iran's foreign policy. [ 8 ] The Supreme Leader of Iran, Ali Khamenei , condemned the US strikes on Yemen as a "crime that must be stopped". [ 272 ] In a letter to the UN Secretary-General António Guterres and the Security Council, Iran's permanent representative Amir Saeed Iravani stated that Trump and other US officials have made "reckless and provocative statements" containing "baseless accusations" and threats of force against Tehran. He dismissed claims made by Trump regarding Iranian support to the Houthis , accusing the US president of attempting to "unlawfully justify acts of aggression and war crimes against Yemen". He warned that any aggression against Iran would have severe consequences, for which the US would be fully accountable, and urged the Security Council to take serious note of inflammatory statements and ensure compliance with the UN Charter. [ 273 ] [ 274 ] [ 275 ] Lebanese militant group Hezbollah issued a statement condemning the attacks. [ 276 ] Iraq's Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba also condemned the attacks and vowed to respond. [ 277 ] Iran described the strikes on the Ras Issa fuel port on April 17 as "barbaric" while Hamas called them "blatant aggression." [ 278 ] Global United Nations secretary-general António Guterres called for a cessation of military activities in the region and warned that an escalation could destabilize Yemen and worsen the nation's humanitarian situation. [ 279 ] Russian foreign minister Sergey Lavrov called for an end to the strikes and urged for diplomatic talks to find a peaceful solution during a call with his US counterpart Marco Rubio . [ 280 ] Chinese foreign ministry spokesperson Mao Ning called for dialogue and a deëscalation, while affirming China's position against a military escalation in the region. [ 281 ] North Korean Ambassador to Egypt, Ma Dong-hee, who is also accredited to Yemen, condemns the attacks as a US threat to regional and global order. [ 282 ] Military plan leak The addition of Atlantic editor-in-chief Jeffrey Goldberg to Waltz's Signal chat group, and the subsequent revelation that Hegseth had sent attack plans in an unsecure platform, drew widespread criticism. Some national security experts suggested that the coordination of the attacks over Signal likely violated the Espionage Act and the Federal Records Act . [ 283 ] [ 284 ] When questioned by reporters on 24 March, the day Goldberg's article about the leak was published, Hegseth responded, "Nobody was texting war plans, and that's all I have to say about that." [ 285 ] Hegseth also described Goldberg as "deceitful and highly discredited". [ 286 ] Reactions of US politicians On March 24, 2025, House Minority Leader Hakeem Jeffries , D-NY called for a Congressional investigation to be opened to understand how this operational security breach occurred. Jeffries called the incident "reckless, irresponsible and dangerous". [ 287 ] Following confirmation by a spokesperson for the National Security Council that the leaked group chat was real, [ 29 ] White House Press Secretary Karoline Leavitt stated, "As President Trump said, the attacks on the Houthis have been highly successful and effective, President Trump continues to have the utmost confidence in his national security team, including National Security Advisor Mike Waltz". [ 287 ] Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee , Republican Senator Roger Wicker responded to the leak stating, "We're very concerned about it and we'll be looking into it on a bipartisan basis." [ 287 ] Analysis Expert think tank Atlantic Council expressed doubt about the practicality of United States war aims. It stated that it will be challenging to track down Houthi leader Abdul-Malik al-Houthi due to "limited intelligence on the ground in Yemen," adding that this is the same reason behind the U.S.'s "difficulty assessing the success of its operations" throughout its Red Sea operations in 2024 . [ 278 ] The New York Times concluded that America had failed to establish air superiority over Ansar Allah while burning through ammunition reserves. [ 288 ] The Hill opinionated that the Houthis will become stronger. [ 289 ] An article in Responsible Statecraft claimed there is hypocrisy in Trump policies for paying for war that Europe mostly benefits from. [ 290 ] Europe is mostly affected by the shipping lane disruption, while the U.S. paid the cost of the bombings. An article by Middle East Monitor , a Qatar-funded pro-Hamas lobbying group, claims that the U.S. failed to meet its strategic goals. [ 291 ] Aftermath The bombing campaign had difficulty destroying the Houthis’ underground arsenal of missiles, drones and launchers. [ 7 ] [ 291 ] The cost of the bombing campaign has been estimated to cost billions. [ 292 ] After the ceasefire with the US was declared the Houthis fired ballistic missiles at Israel. [ 293 ] [ 294 ] In July 2025, the Houthis resumed attacks on commercial shipping, sinking two Liberian-flagged vessels. [ 295 ] In response, the EU launched Operation Aspides to provide limited protection to vessels using the Red Sea. See also 2025 Israeli attacks in Yemen 30 May 2024 Yemen strikes Iranian support for the Houthis Galaxy Leader Notes ^ From 30 April 2025 References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "US strikes have killed 500 Houthis in one month" . 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Crisis24 . v t e Yemeni civil war (2014–present) v t e Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Timeline Outline Yemeni crisis Background Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Houthi insurgency Houthi takeover in Yemen Aftermath of the Houthi takeover in Yemen Battle of Sanaa (2014) Human rights in Yemen Battles and attacks Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Shabwah Governorate offensive (2014–present) Battle of Aden Airport 2015 Sanaa mosque bombings March September March September Marib campaign Battle of Dhale Saudi Arabian–led intervention in Yemen Battle of Aden (2015) Abyan campaign (March–August 2015) Lahij insurgency Houthi–Saudi Arabian conflict Shabwah campaign (March–August 2015) Battle of Mukalla (2015) Taiz campaign (2015–present) September 2015 Marib Tochka missile attack Aden unrest (2015–2019) October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings October 2015 Aden missile attack 2015 Aden car bombing Aden Christian attack 2016 Aden car bombing 23 May 2016 Aden bombings August 2016 Aden bombing December 2016 Aden suicide bombings Zinjibar and Jaar December 2015 Taiz missile attack Nihm Offensive Battle of Port Midi Hadramaut insurgency Southern Abyan Offensive (2016) Abyan conflict (2016–2018) Battle of Mukalla (2016) May 2016 Yemen police bombings June 2016 Mukalla attacks 2016 Sanaa funeral airstrike Raid on Yakla Raid on Al Hathla Battle of Sanaa (2017) Battle of Aden (2018) Battle of Al Hudaydah Dahyan air strike 2019 Abha International Airport attacks Battle of the Jabara Valley 2019 Abqaiq–Khurais attack January 2020 Marib attack Al-Jawf offensive Southern Transitional Council takeover of Socotra Al Bayda offensive August 2020 Marib attack 2020 Aden airport attack Battle of Marib 2021 Aden bombings 2022 Abu Dhabi attack 2022 Saada prison airstrike 2022 Jeddah missile attack 2022 Southern Yemen offensive Red Sea Crisis (2023–) Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Timeline Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Operation Prosperity Guardian March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Signal group chat leak Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Southern Yemen offensive Reactions Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Foreign involvement in the Yemeni civil war Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Saudi-led intervention in the Yemeni civil war United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen United States support for Saudi Arabian–led operations in Yemen Blockade of Yemen Yemeni peace process United Arab Emirates occupation of Socotra United Nations Mission to support the Hudaydah Agreement Impacts Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Humanitarian crisis Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation Famine Cholera outbreak Airstrikes on hospitals Refugees on Jeju Island COVID-19 Water supply and sanitation War crimes and human rights violations Belligerents Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Alimi government Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Pro-Alimi security forces Saleh loyalist defectors Al-Islah Popular Resistance Popular Committees Southern Movement Southern Transitional Council Republican Guard Hadramout National Council Houthi government Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee Supreme Political Council Houthis Pro-Saleh forces Supreme Revolutionary Committee People Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Alimi government Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Rashad al-Alimi Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi Mahmoud al-Subaihi Ali Mohsen al-Ahmar Khaled Bahah Hussein Arab Ahmed Saleh Tareq Saleh Houthi government Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Saleh Ali al-Sammad Mohamed al-Atifi Mohammed al-Houthi Hussein Khairan Abdul-Malik al-Houthi Ali Abdullah Saleh Related United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen United States–Houthi conflict (2023–present) Reactions to the Saudi-led military intervention List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen v t e Red Sea crisis v t e Timeline Order of battle Timeline Order of battle Attacks 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen 26 December 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025 Eilat drone attack Israeli attacks on Yemen (May 2025–present) Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Hijacking of the Galaxy Leader Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda missile strike Sinking of the MV Rubymar Attack on the MV True Confidence Attacks on the MV Tutor Attacks on the Sounion Attacks on the MV Magic Seas Attacks on the MV Eternity C 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen 26 December 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025 Eilat drone attack Israeli attacks on Yemen (May 2025–present) 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel 20 July 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen 29 September 2024 Israeli attacks on Yemen 26 December 2024 Israeli attack on Yemen March–April 2025 United States attacks in Yemen Signal group chat leak 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes Signal group chat leak 2025 Ras Isa oil terminal airstrikes 2025 Houthi attack on Tel Aviv airport 2025 Eilat drone attack Israeli attacks on Yemen (May 2025–present) Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Hijacking of the Galaxy Leader Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda missile strike Sinking of the MV Rubymar Attack on the MV True Confidence Attacks on the MV Tutor Attacks on the Sounion Attacks on the MV Magic Seas Attacks on the MV Eternity C Hijacking of the Galaxy Leader Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda missile strike Sinking of the MV Rubymar Attack on the MV True Confidence Attacks on the MV Tutor Attacks on the Sounion Attacks on the MV Magic Seas Attacks on the MV Eternity C Military operations Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides US–UK airstrikes on Yemen December 2024 Israeli airstrikes in Yemen Operation Prosperity Guardian Operation Aspides US–UK airstrikes on Yemen December 2024 Israeli airstrikes in Yemen Diplomacy United Nations Security Council Resolution 2722 2025 U.S.–Houthi ceasefire United Nations Security Council Resolution 2722 2025 U.S.–Houthi ceasefire Yemeni civil war Gaza war Yemeni civil war Gaza war v t e Gaza war v t e Part of the Gaza–Israel conflict , the Israeli–Palestinian conflict , and the Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present) Overview General Outline Timeline Gaza genocide Academic and legal responses Cultural discourse Intent and incitement NGO positions State positions Background History of Gaza Zionism Israeli–Palestinian conflict History of Hamas Blockade of the Gaza Strip 2023 ceasefire January 2025 ceasefire Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict COGAT Dahiya doctrine Effect on children in Gaza Hannibal Directive Humanitarian aid International recognition of Palestine Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present) Israeli interrogations LGBTQ advocacy in the Gaza war Women Wikipedia Historical context Arab–Israeli conflict International law Gaza–Israel conflict Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip Human rights violations Human shields Israeli demolition of Palestinian property Israeli settlement Legality of Israeli settlements Israeli outpost Israeli settler violence Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip Legitimacy of the State of Israel Palestinian freedom of movement Palestinian rocket attacks Palestinian tunnel warfare anti-tunnel barrier Israeli assassinations Overview General Outline Timeline Gaza genocide Academic and legal responses Cultural discourse Intent and incitement NGO positions State positions Background History of Gaza Zionism Israeli–Palestinian conflict History of Hamas Blockade of the Gaza Strip 2023 ceasefire January 2025 ceasefire Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict COGAT Dahiya doctrine Effect on children in Gaza Hannibal Directive Humanitarian aid International recognition of Palestine Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present) Israeli interrogations LGBTQ advocacy in the Gaza war Women Wikipedia Outline Timeline Gaza genocide Academic and legal responses Cultural discourse Intent and incitement NGO positions State positions Academic and legal responses Cultural discourse Intent and incitement NGO positions State positions Background History of Gaza Zionism Israeli–Palestinian conflict History of Hamas Blockade of the Gaza Strip History of Gaza Zionism Israeli–Palestinian conflict History of Hamas Blockade of the Gaza Strip 2023 ceasefire January 2025 ceasefire Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict COGAT Dahiya doctrine Effect on children in Gaza Hannibal Directive Humanitarian aid International recognition of Palestine Israeli blockade of the Gaza Strip (2023–present) Israeli interrogations LGBTQ advocacy in the Gaza war Women Wikipedia Historical context Arab–Israeli conflict International law Gaza–Israel conflict Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip Human rights violations Human shields Israeli demolition of Palestinian property Israeli settlement Legality of Israeli settlements Israeli outpost Israeli settler violence Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip Legitimacy of the State of Israel Palestinian freedom of movement Palestinian rocket attacks Palestinian tunnel warfare anti-tunnel barrier Israeli assassinations Arab–Israeli conflict International law International law Gaza–Israel conflict Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip Casualties of Israeli attacks on the Gaza Strip Human rights violations Human shields Israeli demolition of Palestinian property Israeli settlement Legality of Israeli settlements Israeli outpost Israeli settler violence Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip Legality of Israeli settlements Israeli outpost Israeli settler violence Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip Legitimacy of the State of Israel Palestinian freedom of movement Palestinian rocket attacks Palestinian tunnel warfare anti-tunnel barrier anti-tunnel barrier Israeli assassinations Military engagements Hamas-led attack on Israel Attacks on civilians Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Elhanan Team Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nahal Oz Nirim Nova music festival Death Shelters Psyduck music festival Battles Nir Am Re'im Sderot Sufa Zikim Israeli female tank crew fight General topics Allegations of genocide Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees Baby beheading hoax Denial Sexual and gender-based violence " Screams Without Words " Israeli invasion of Gaza Beit Hanoun Gaza City Khan Yunis Netzarim Corridor Rafah Background Shuja'iyya May 2025 Gaza offensive Deir al-Balah Gaza City Attacks on refugee camps Jabalia 31 October Al-Shati Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes Al-Maghazi Tel al-Sultan attack Al-Mawasi (May) Nuseirat rescue and massacre Al-Mawasi (June) Al-Shati (July) Deir el-Balah (August) Al-Mawasi (September) Nuseirat (December) Attacks on schools Al-Fakhoora Al-Sardi Al-Awda Khadija Hamama Al-Tabaeen Al-Jawni Rufaida Abu Hussein Fahmi al-Jarjawi Al-Farabi Attacks on health facilities Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion Al-Shifa Hospital siege alleged military use Gaza Strip mass graves Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges Detention of Hussam Abu Safiya Killing of health workers Nasser Hospital siege Nasser Hospital mass graves 14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack 2025 Gaza European Hospital strikes 2025 Nasser Hospital strikes Other attacks Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza Attacks on religious sites Central Archives Destruction Engineer's Building airstrike Flour Massacre Kuwait Roundabout mass killings Palestinians evacuating Gaza City World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack 13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack Khan Yunis Deir al-Balah mosque Beit Lahia attacks Beit Lahia airstrike Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting March 2025 Israeli strikes Rafah paramedic massacre April 2025 Shuja'iyya airstrike Al-Najjar family killings 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings Al-Baqa Cafe airstrike General topics AI-assisted targeting Bombing of the Gaza Strip Companies involved Destruction of cultural heritage Environmental impact Hamas-Doghmush conflict Hamas–Popular Forces conflict Popular Forces administration Israeli generals' plan Torture Other theaters Israel Lehi Street bombing Givat Shaul shooting 2024 Jaffa shooting 2025 Gush Etzion stabbing West Bank Israeli incursions in the West Bank Tulkarm 2024 military operation 2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike 2025 military operation 2024–2025 Palestinian Authority operation in Jenin Killing of Benjamin Achimeir April 2024 Israeli settler rampages al-Funduq shooting Detention of Mohammed Ibrahim Iran 2024 conflict Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel April October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran April October Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh 2025 war Casualties Weizmann Institute of Science strikes Evin prison strikes U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Al Udeid Air Base strikes Ceasefire Israel–Hezbollah conflict ( Timeline ) Attacks on journalists Lebanese displacement Assassinations Hezbollah headquarters Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Saleh al-Arouri Haytham Ali Tabatabai Majdal Shams attack August 2024 Nabatieh attack August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon Israeli invasion of Lebanon ceasefire Israeli attacks on the Lebanese health sector Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon January 2025 southern Lebanon attack 2025 Sidon airstrike Red Sea crisis ( Timeline ) Operation Prosperity Guardian Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda missile strike Attacks on the Sounion Operation Poseidon Archer 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024) Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024) March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire Israeli attacks on Yemen (May 2025–present) Syria 2024 Masyaf raid Israeli invasion of Syria Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025) Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present) July 2025 Damascus airstrikes Jordan Tower 22 drone attack Qatar Israeli strike on Hamas headquarters Military engagements Hamas-led attack on Israel Attacks on civilians Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Elhanan Team Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nahal Oz Nirim Nova music festival Death Shelters Psyduck music festival Battles Nir Am Re'im Sderot Sufa Zikim Israeli female tank crew fight General topics Allegations of genocide Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees Baby beheading hoax Denial Sexual and gender-based violence " Screams Without Words " Attacks on civilians Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Elhanan Team Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nahal Oz Nirim Nova music festival Death Shelters Psyduck music festival Netiv HaAsara Alumim Be'eri Elhanan Team Elhanan Team Holit Kfar Aza Kissufim Nir Oz Nir Yitzhak Nahal Oz Nirim Nova music festival Death Shelters Death Shelters Psyduck music festival Battles Nir Am Re'im Sderot Sufa Zikim Israeli female tank crew fight Nir Am Re'im Sderot Sufa Zikim Israeli female tank crew fight General topics Allegations of genocide Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees Baby beheading hoax Denial Sexual and gender-based violence " Screams Without Words " Allegations of genocide Allegations of involvement of UNRWA employees Baby beheading hoax Denial Sexual and gender-based violence " Screams Without Words " Israeli invasion of Gaza Beit Hanoun Gaza City Khan Yunis Netzarim Corridor Rafah Background Shuja'iyya May 2025 Gaza offensive Deir al-Balah Gaza City Attacks on refugee camps Jabalia 31 October Al-Shati Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes Al-Maghazi Tel al-Sultan attack Al-Mawasi (May) Nuseirat rescue and massacre Al-Mawasi (June) Al-Shati (July) Deir el-Balah (August) Al-Mawasi (September) Nuseirat (December) Attacks on schools Al-Fakhoora Al-Sardi Al-Awda Khadija Hamama Al-Tabaeen Al-Jawni Rufaida Abu Hussein Fahmi al-Jarjawi Al-Farabi Attacks on health facilities Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion Al-Shifa Hospital siege alleged military use Gaza Strip mass graves Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges Detention of Hussam Abu Safiya Killing of health workers Nasser Hospital siege Nasser Hospital mass graves 14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack 2025 Gaza European Hospital strikes 2025 Nasser Hospital strikes Other attacks Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza Attacks on religious sites Central Archives Destruction Engineer's Building airstrike Flour Massacre Kuwait Roundabout mass killings Palestinians evacuating Gaza City World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack 13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack Khan Yunis Deir al-Balah mosque Beit Lahia attacks Beit Lahia airstrike Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting March 2025 Israeli strikes Rafah paramedic massacre April 2025 Shuja'iyya airstrike Al-Najjar family killings 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings Al-Baqa Cafe airstrike General topics AI-assisted targeting Bombing of the Gaza Strip Companies involved Destruction of cultural heritage Environmental impact Hamas-Doghmush conflict Hamas–Popular Forces conflict Popular Forces administration Israeli generals' plan Torture Beit Hanoun Gaza City Khan Yunis Netzarim Corridor Rafah Background Shuja'iyya May 2025 Gaza offensive Deir al-Balah Gaza City Beit Hanoun Gaza City Khan Yunis Netzarim Corridor Rafah Background Background Shuja'iyya May 2025 Gaza offensive Deir al-Balah Gaza City Deir al-Balah Gaza City Attacks on refugee camps Jabalia 31 October Al-Shati Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes Al-Maghazi Tel al-Sultan attack Al-Mawasi (May) Nuseirat rescue and massacre Al-Mawasi (June) Al-Shati (July) Deir el-Balah (August) Al-Mawasi (September) Nuseirat (December) Jabalia 31 October 31 October Al-Shati Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes Al-Shati and Tuffah dual airstrikes Al-Maghazi Tel al-Sultan attack Al-Mawasi (May) Nuseirat rescue and massacre Al-Mawasi (June) Al-Shati (July) Deir el-Balah (August) Al-Mawasi (September) Nuseirat (December) Attacks on schools Al-Fakhoora Al-Sardi Al-Awda Khadija Hamama Al-Tabaeen Al-Jawni Rufaida Abu Hussein Fahmi al-Jarjawi Al-Farabi Al-Fakhoora Al-Sardi Al-Awda Khadija Hamama Al-Tabaeen Al-Jawni Rufaida Abu Hussein Fahmi al-Jarjawi Al-Farabi Attacks on health facilities Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion Al-Shifa Hospital siege alleged military use Gaza Strip mass graves Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges Detention of Hussam Abu Safiya Killing of health workers Nasser Hospital siege Nasser Hospital mass graves 14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack 2025 Gaza European Hospital strikes 2025 Nasser Hospital strikes Al-Ahli Arab Hospital explosion Al-Shifa Hospital siege alleged military use alleged military use Gaza Strip mass graves Kamal Adwan Hospital sieges Detention of Hussam Abu Safiya Detention of Hussam Abu Safiya Killing of health workers Nasser Hospital siege Nasser Hospital mass graves Nasser Hospital mass graves 14 October 2024 Al-Aqsa Hospital attack 2025 Gaza European Hospital strikes 2025 Nasser Hospital strikes Other attacks Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza Attacks on religious sites Central Archives Destruction Engineer's Building airstrike Flour Massacre Kuwait Roundabout mass killings Palestinians evacuating Gaza City World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack 13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack Khan Yunis Deir al-Balah mosque Beit Lahia attacks Beit Lahia airstrike Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting March 2025 Israeli strikes Rafah paramedic massacre April 2025 Shuja'iyya airstrike Al-Najjar family killings 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings Al-Baqa Cafe airstrike Airstrikes on municipal services in Gaza Attacks on religious sites Central Archives Destruction Engineer's Building airstrike Flour Massacre Kuwait Roundabout mass killings Palestinians evacuating Gaza City World Central Kitchen aid convoy attack 13 July 2024 al-Mawasi attack Khan Yunis Deir al-Balah mosque Beit Lahia attacks Beit Lahia airstrike Kerem Shalom aid convoy looting March 2025 Israeli strikes Rafah paramedic massacre April 2025 Shuja'iyya airstrike Al-Najjar family killings 2025 Gaza Strip aid distribution killings Al-Baqa Cafe airstrike General topics AI-assisted targeting Bombing of the Gaza Strip Companies involved Destruction of cultural heritage Environmental impact Hamas-Doghmush conflict Hamas–Popular Forces conflict Popular Forces administration Israeli generals' plan Torture AI-assisted targeting Bombing of the Gaza Strip Companies involved Destruction of cultural heritage Environmental impact Hamas-Doghmush conflict Hamas–Popular Forces conflict Popular Forces administration Popular Forces administration Israeli generals' plan Torture Other theaters Israel Lehi Street bombing Givat Shaul shooting 2024 Jaffa shooting 2025 Gush Etzion stabbing West Bank Israeli incursions in the West Bank Tulkarm 2024 military operation 2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike 2025 military operation 2024–2025 Palestinian Authority operation in Jenin Killing of Benjamin Achimeir April 2024 Israeli settler rampages al-Funduq shooting Detention of Mohammed Ibrahim Iran 2024 conflict Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel April October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran April October Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh 2025 war Casualties Weizmann Institute of Science strikes Evin prison strikes U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Al Udeid Air Base strikes Ceasefire Israel–Hezbollah conflict ( Timeline ) Attacks on journalists Lebanese displacement Assassinations Hezbollah headquarters Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Saleh al-Arouri Haytham Ali Tabatabai Majdal Shams attack August 2024 Nabatieh attack August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon Israeli invasion of Lebanon ceasefire Israeli attacks on the Lebanese health sector Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon January 2025 southern Lebanon attack 2025 Sidon airstrike Red Sea crisis ( Timeline ) Operation Prosperity Guardian Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda missile strike Attacks on the Sounion Operation Poseidon Archer 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024) Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024) March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire Israeli attacks on Yemen (May 2025–present) Syria 2024 Masyaf raid Israeli invasion of Syria Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025) Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present) July 2025 Damascus airstrikes Jordan Tower 22 drone attack Qatar Israeli strike on Hamas headquarters Israel Lehi Street bombing Givat Shaul shooting 2024 Jaffa shooting 2025 Gush Etzion stabbing Lehi Street bombing Givat Shaul shooting 2024 Jaffa shooting 2025 Gush Etzion stabbing West Bank Israeli incursions in the West Bank Tulkarm 2024 military operation 2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike 2025 military operation 2024–2025 Palestinian Authority operation in Jenin Killing of Benjamin Achimeir April 2024 Israeli settler rampages al-Funduq shooting Detention of Mohammed Ibrahim Israeli incursions in the West Bank Tulkarm 2024 military operation 2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike 2025 military operation Tulkarm 2024 military operation 2024 Tulkarm Camp airstrike 2025 military operation 2024–2025 Palestinian Authority operation in Jenin Killing of Benjamin Achimeir April 2024 Israeli settler rampages al-Funduq shooting Detention of Mohammed Ibrahim Iran 2024 conflict Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel April October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran April October Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh 2025 war Casualties Weizmann Institute of Science strikes Evin prison strikes U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Al Udeid Air Base strikes Ceasefire 2024 conflict Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel April October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran April October Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh Israeli airstrike on the Iranian consulate in Damascus 2024 Iranian strikes in Israel April October April October 2024 Israeli strikes on Iran April October April October Assassination of Ismail Haniyeh 2025 war Casualties Weizmann Institute of Science strikes Evin prison strikes U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Al Udeid Air Base strikes Ceasefire Casualties Weizmann Institute of Science strikes Evin prison strikes U.S. strikes on Iranian nuclear sites Al Udeid Air Base strikes Ceasefire Israel–Hezbollah conflict ( Timeline ) Attacks on journalists Lebanese displacement Assassinations Hezbollah headquarters Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Saleh al-Arouri Haytham Ali Tabatabai Majdal Shams attack August 2024 Nabatieh attack August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon Israeli invasion of Lebanon ceasefire Israeli attacks on the Lebanese health sector Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon January 2025 southern Lebanon attack 2025 Sidon airstrike Attacks on journalists Lebanese displacement Assassinations Hezbollah headquarters Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Saleh al-Arouri Haytham Ali Tabatabai Hezbollah headquarters Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Saleh al-Arouri Haytham Ali Tabatabai Majdal Shams attack August 2024 Nabatieh attack August 2024 Israel–Lebanon strikes 2024 Lebanon electronic device attacks September 2024 Israeli attacks against Lebanon Israeli invasion of Lebanon ceasefire ceasefire Israeli attacks on the Lebanese health sector Destruction of cultural heritage during the Israeli invasion of Lebanon January 2025 southern Lebanon attack 2025 Sidon airstrike Red Sea crisis ( Timeline ) Operation Prosperity Guardian Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda missile strike Attacks on the Sounion Operation Poseidon Archer 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024) Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024) March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire Israeli attacks on Yemen (May 2025–present) Operation Prosperity Guardian Houthi attacks on commercial vessels Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda missile strike Attacks on the Sounion Attacks on the MV Maersk Hangzhou Marlin Luanda missile strike Attacks on the Sounion Operation Poseidon Archer 2024 Houthi drone attack on Israel Israeli attack on Yemen (July 2024) Israeli attacks on Yemen (September 2024) March–May 2025 United States attacks in Yemen 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire 2025 United States–Houthi ceasefire Israeli attacks on Yemen (May 2025–present) Syria 2024 Masyaf raid Israeli invasion of Syria Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025) Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present) July 2025 Damascus airstrikes 2024 Masyaf raid Israeli invasion of Syria Southern Syria clashes (April–May 2025) Southern Syria clashes (July 2025–present) July 2025 Damascus airstrikes July 2025 Damascus airstrikes Jordan Tower 22 drone attack Tower 22 drone attack Qatar Israeli strike on Hamas headquarters Israeli strike on Hamas headquarters Hostages and casualties of the Gaza war Hostages ( list ) 2024 Rafah hostage raid Kidnapped from Israel Hostages and Missing Families Forum Hostages Square Rescued Rachel Edry Ori Megidish Noa Argamani ( rescue ) Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi Rescue of Fernando Marman & Luis Har Released Yarden Roman-Gat Mia Schem Naama Levy Liri Albag Eli Sharabi Edan Alexander Omer Shem Tov Agam Berger Emily Damari Evyatar David Hanna Katzir Gadi Moses Arbel Yehoud Alon Ohel Rom Braslavski Shoshan Haran Bar Kupershtein Elkana Bohbot Avigail Idan Avinatan Or Nimrod Cohen Matan Angrest Gali Berman Ziv Berman David Cunio Ariel Cunio Romi Gonen Eitan Mor Amit Soussana Deceased Alex Dancyg Hersh Goldberg-Polin Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka Oded Lifshitz Shani Louk Bibas family Nattapong Pinta Bipin Joshi Chaim Peri Omer Neutra Noa Marciano Casualties Israel Security forces Jayar Davidov Asaf Hamami Roi Levy Izhar Peled Yonatan Steinberg Eli Ginsberg Alim Abdallah Salman Habaka Yitzhak Ben-Bashat Yitzhar Hofman Ehsan Daxa Civilians Lior Asulin Hayim Katsman Ofir Libstein Aner Shapira Vivian Silver Yahav Winner Palestine Hamas Ismail Haniyeh Yahya Sinwar Abdul Fatah Dukhan Ali Al Qadi Osama Mazini Fouad Abu Butihan Ayman Nofal Jamila al-Shanti Jihad Shehadeh Ahmed Ghandour Mohammed Dababish Fursan Khalifa Wissam Farhat Saleh al-Arouri Marwan Issa Faiq Al-Mabhouh Alaa Shreiteh Mohammed Deif Rafa Salama Rawhi Mushtaha Fatah Sharif Mohammed Sinwar Abu Obaida Civilians 2023 Omar Abu Shawish Hani Al-Masdar Awni El-Dous Hiba Abu Nada Omar Ferwana Refaat Alareer Hammam Alloh Ibrahim Qusaya Mohammed Shabir Ibrahim al-Astal Jamila al-Shanti Sufian Tayeh Mohamed al-Dalou Wael Al Zard Nahida and Samar Anton 2024 Medo Halimy Khaled Nabhan Mahasen al-Khateeb Fathi Ghaben Ihab al-Ghussein Nagham Abu Samra Hind Rajab Sidra Hassouna Mohammed Barakat Adnan al-Bursh Majed Abu Maraheel Mohammad Bhar Rashad Abu Sakhila Shaban al-Dalou 2025 Ismail Abu Hatab Sayfollah Musallet Awdah Hathaleen al-Najjar children Yaqeen Hammad Suleiman Obeid Spillover Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi Waibhav Anil Kale Ahmed al-Rahawi Hezbollah Wissam al-Tawil Ali Hussein Barji Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Hassan Nasrallah Ali Karaki Nabil Qaouk Hashem Safieddine Mohammad Afif Iran Razi Mousavi Sadegh Omidzadeh Mohammad Reza Zahedi Abbas Nilforoushan Journalists Issam Abdallah Belal Jadallah Samer Abu Daqqa Adel Zorob Ismail al-Ghoul Wafa Al-Udaini Hossam Shabat Fatima Hassouna Yahya Sobeih Hassan Aslih Ismail Abu Hatab Awdah Hathaleen Anas Al-Sharif Hussam al-Masri Mariam Dagga Mohammed Salama Moaz Abu Taha Ahmed Abu Aziz Saleh al-Jafarawi Ahmed Abu Mutair Hostages and casualties of the Gaza war Hostages ( list ) 2024 Rafah hostage raid Kidnapped from Israel Hostages and Missing Families Forum Hostages Square Rescued Rachel Edry Ori Megidish Noa Argamani ( rescue ) Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi Rescue of Fernando Marman & Luis Har Released Yarden Roman-Gat Mia Schem Naama Levy Liri Albag Eli Sharabi Edan Alexander Omer Shem Tov Agam Berger Emily Damari Evyatar David Hanna Katzir Gadi Moses Arbel Yehoud Alon Ohel Rom Braslavski Shoshan Haran Bar Kupershtein Elkana Bohbot Avigail Idan Avinatan Or Nimrod Cohen Matan Angrest Gali Berman Ziv Berman David Cunio Ariel Cunio Romi Gonen Eitan Mor Amit Soussana Deceased Alex Dancyg Hersh Goldberg-Polin Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka Oded Lifshitz Shani Louk Bibas family Nattapong Pinta Bipin Joshi Chaim Peri Omer Neutra Noa Marciano 2024 Rafah hostage raid Kidnapped from Israel Hostages and Missing Families Forum Hostages Square 2024 Rafah hostage raid Kidnapped from Israel Hostages and Missing Families Forum Hostages Square Rescued Rachel Edry Ori Megidish Noa Argamani ( rescue ) Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi Rescue of Fernando Marman & Luis Har Rachel Edry Ori Megidish Noa Argamani ( rescue ) Qaid Farhan Al-Qadi Rescue of Fernando Marman & Luis Har Released Yarden Roman-Gat Mia Schem Naama Levy Liri Albag Eli Sharabi Edan Alexander Omer Shem Tov Agam Berger Emily Damari Evyatar David Hanna Katzir Gadi Moses Arbel Yehoud Alon Ohel Rom Braslavski Shoshan Haran Bar Kupershtein Elkana Bohbot Avigail Idan Avinatan Or Nimrod Cohen Matan Angrest Gali Berman Ziv Berman David Cunio Ariel Cunio Romi Gonen Eitan Mor Amit Soussana Yarden Roman-Gat Mia Schem Naama Levy Liri Albag Eli Sharabi Edan Alexander Omer Shem Tov Agam Berger Emily Damari Evyatar David Hanna Katzir Gadi Moses Arbel Yehoud Alon Ohel Rom Braslavski Shoshan Haran Bar Kupershtein Elkana Bohbot Avigail Idan Avinatan Or Nimrod Cohen Matan Angrest Gali Berman Ziv Berman David Cunio Ariel Cunio Romi Gonen Eitan Mor Amit Soussana Deceased Alex Dancyg Hersh Goldberg-Polin Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka Oded Lifshitz Shani Louk Bibas family Nattapong Pinta Bipin Joshi Chaim Peri Omer Neutra Noa Marciano Alex Dancyg Hersh Goldberg-Polin Alon Shamriz, Yotam Haim, and Samer Talalka Oded Lifshitz Shani Louk Bibas family Nattapong Pinta Bipin Joshi Chaim Peri Omer Neutra Noa Marciano Casualties Israel Security forces Jayar Davidov Asaf Hamami Roi Levy Izhar Peled Yonatan Steinberg Eli Ginsberg Alim Abdallah Salman Habaka Yitzhak Ben-Bashat Yitzhar Hofman Ehsan Daxa Civilians Lior Asulin Hayim Katsman Ofir Libstein Aner Shapira Vivian Silver Yahav Winner Palestine Hamas Ismail Haniyeh Yahya Sinwar Abdul Fatah Dukhan Ali Al Qadi Osama Mazini Fouad Abu Butihan Ayman Nofal Jamila al-Shanti Jihad Shehadeh Ahmed Ghandour Mohammed Dababish Fursan Khalifa Wissam Farhat Saleh al-Arouri Marwan Issa Faiq Al-Mabhouh Alaa Shreiteh Mohammed Deif Rafa Salama Rawhi Mushtaha Fatah Sharif Mohammed Sinwar Abu Obaida Civilians 2023 Omar Abu Shawish Hani Al-Masdar Awni El-Dous Hiba Abu Nada Omar Ferwana Refaat Alareer Hammam Alloh Ibrahim Qusaya Mohammed Shabir Ibrahim al-Astal Jamila al-Shanti Sufian Tayeh Mohamed al-Dalou Wael Al Zard Nahida and Samar Anton 2024 Medo Halimy Khaled Nabhan Mahasen al-Khateeb Fathi Ghaben Ihab al-Ghussein Nagham Abu Samra Hind Rajab Sidra Hassouna Mohammed Barakat Adnan al-Bursh Majed Abu Maraheel Mohammad Bhar Rashad Abu Sakhila Shaban al-Dalou 2025 Ismail Abu Hatab Sayfollah Musallet Awdah Hathaleen al-Najjar children Yaqeen Hammad Suleiman Obeid Spillover Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi Waibhav Anil Kale Ahmed al-Rahawi Hezbollah Wissam al-Tawil Ali Hussein Barji Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Hassan Nasrallah Ali Karaki Nabil Qaouk Hashem Safieddine Mohammad Afif Iran Razi Mousavi Sadegh Omidzadeh Mohammad Reza Zahedi Abbas Nilforoushan Journalists Issam Abdallah Belal Jadallah Samer Abu Daqqa Adel Zorob Ismail al-Ghoul Wafa Al-Udaini Hossam Shabat Fatima Hassouna Yahya Sobeih Hassan Aslih Ismail Abu Hatab Awdah Hathaleen Anas Al-Sharif Hussam al-Masri Mariam Dagga Mohammed Salama Moaz Abu Taha Ahmed Abu Aziz Saleh al-Jafarawi Ahmed Abu Mutair Israel Security forces Jayar Davidov Asaf Hamami Roi Levy Izhar Peled Yonatan Steinberg Eli Ginsberg Alim Abdallah Salman Habaka Yitzhak Ben-Bashat Yitzhar Hofman Ehsan Daxa Civilians Lior Asulin Hayim Katsman Ofir Libstein Aner Shapira Vivian Silver Yahav Winner Security forces Jayar Davidov Asaf Hamami Roi Levy Izhar Peled Yonatan Steinberg Eli Ginsberg Alim Abdallah Salman Habaka Yitzhak Ben-Bashat Yitzhar Hofman Ehsan Daxa Jayar Davidov Asaf Hamami Roi Levy Izhar Peled Yonatan Steinberg Eli Ginsberg Alim Abdallah Salman Habaka Yitzhak Ben-Bashat Yitzhar Hofman Ehsan Daxa Civilians Lior Asulin Hayim Katsman Ofir Libstein Aner Shapira Vivian Silver Yahav Winner Lior Asulin Hayim Katsman Ofir Libstein Aner Shapira Vivian Silver Yahav Winner Palestine Hamas Ismail Haniyeh Yahya Sinwar Abdul Fatah Dukhan Ali Al Qadi Osama Mazini Fouad Abu Butihan Ayman Nofal Jamila al-Shanti Jihad Shehadeh Ahmed Ghandour Mohammed Dababish Fursan Khalifa Wissam Farhat Saleh al-Arouri Marwan Issa Faiq Al-Mabhouh Alaa Shreiteh Mohammed Deif Rafa Salama Rawhi Mushtaha Fatah Sharif Mohammed Sinwar Abu Obaida Civilians 2023 Omar Abu Shawish Hani Al-Masdar Awni El-Dous Hiba Abu Nada Omar Ferwana Refaat Alareer Hammam Alloh Ibrahim Qusaya Mohammed Shabir Ibrahim al-Astal Jamila al-Shanti Sufian Tayeh Mohamed al-Dalou Wael Al Zard Nahida and Samar Anton 2024 Medo Halimy Khaled Nabhan Mahasen al-Khateeb Fathi Ghaben Ihab al-Ghussein Nagham Abu Samra Hind Rajab Sidra Hassouna Mohammed Barakat Adnan al-Bursh Majed Abu Maraheel Mohammad Bhar Rashad Abu Sakhila Shaban al-Dalou 2025 Ismail Abu Hatab Sayfollah Musallet Awdah Hathaleen al-Najjar children Yaqeen Hammad Suleiman Obeid Hamas Ismail Haniyeh Yahya Sinwar Abdul Fatah Dukhan Ali Al Qadi Osama Mazini Fouad Abu Butihan Ayman Nofal Jamila al-Shanti Jihad Shehadeh Ahmed Ghandour Mohammed Dababish Fursan Khalifa Wissam Farhat Saleh al-Arouri Marwan Issa Faiq Al-Mabhouh Alaa Shreiteh Mohammed Deif Rafa Salama Rawhi Mushtaha Fatah Sharif Mohammed Sinwar Abu Obaida Ismail Haniyeh Yahya Sinwar Abdul Fatah Dukhan Ali Al Qadi Osama Mazini Fouad Abu Butihan Ayman Nofal Jamila al-Shanti Jihad Shehadeh Ahmed Ghandour Mohammed Dababish Fursan Khalifa Wissam Farhat Saleh al-Arouri Marwan Issa Faiq Al-Mabhouh Alaa Shreiteh Mohammed Deif Rafa Salama Rawhi Mushtaha Fatah Sharif Mohammed Sinwar Abu Obaida Civilians 2023 Omar Abu Shawish Hani Al-Masdar Awni El-Dous Hiba Abu Nada Omar Ferwana Refaat Alareer Hammam Alloh Ibrahim Qusaya Mohammed Shabir Ibrahim al-Astal Jamila al-Shanti Sufian Tayeh Mohamed al-Dalou Wael Al Zard Nahida and Samar Anton 2024 Medo Halimy Khaled Nabhan Mahasen al-Khateeb Fathi Ghaben Ihab al-Ghussein Nagham Abu Samra Hind Rajab Sidra Hassouna Mohammed Barakat Adnan al-Bursh Majed Abu Maraheel Mohammad Bhar Rashad Abu Sakhila Shaban al-Dalou 2025 Ismail Abu Hatab Sayfollah Musallet Awdah Hathaleen al-Najjar children Yaqeen Hammad Suleiman Obeid 2023 Omar Abu Shawish Hani Al-Masdar Awni El-Dous Hiba Abu Nada Omar Ferwana Refaat Alareer Hammam Alloh Ibrahim Qusaya Mohammed Shabir Ibrahim al-Astal Jamila al-Shanti Sufian Tayeh Mohamed al-Dalou Wael Al Zard Nahida and Samar Anton Omar Abu Shawish Hani Al-Masdar Awni El-Dous Hiba Abu Nada Omar Ferwana Refaat Alareer Hammam Alloh Ibrahim Qusaya Mohammed Shabir Ibrahim al-Astal Jamila al-Shanti Sufian Tayeh Mohamed al-Dalou Wael Al Zard Nahida and Samar Anton 2024 Medo Halimy Khaled Nabhan Mahasen al-Khateeb Fathi Ghaben Ihab al-Ghussein Nagham Abu Samra Hind Rajab Sidra Hassouna Mohammed Barakat Adnan al-Bursh Majed Abu Maraheel Mohammad Bhar Rashad Abu Sakhila Shaban al-Dalou Medo Halimy Khaled Nabhan Mahasen al-Khateeb Fathi Ghaben Ihab al-Ghussein Nagham Abu Samra Hind Rajab Sidra Hassouna Mohammed Barakat Adnan al-Bursh Majed Abu Maraheel Mohammad Bhar Rashad Abu Sakhila Shaban al-Dalou 2025 Ismail Abu Hatab Sayfollah Musallet Awdah Hathaleen al-Najjar children Yaqeen Hammad Suleiman Obeid Ismail Abu Hatab Sayfollah Musallet Awdah Hathaleen al-Najjar children Yaqeen Hammad Suleiman Obeid Spillover Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi Waibhav Anil Kale Ahmed al-Rahawi Hezbollah Wissam al-Tawil Ali Hussein Barji Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Hassan Nasrallah Ali Karaki Nabil Qaouk Hashem Safieddine Mohammad Afif Iran Razi Mousavi Sadegh Omidzadeh Mohammad Reza Zahedi Abbas Nilforoushan Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi Waibhav Anil Kale Ahmed al-Rahawi Mushtaq Talib Al-Saeedi Waibhav Anil Kale Ahmed al-Rahawi Hezbollah Wissam al-Tawil Ali Hussein Barji Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Hassan Nasrallah Ali Karaki Nabil Qaouk Hashem Safieddine Mohammad Afif Wissam al-Tawil Ali Hussein Barji Fuad Shukr Ibrahim Aqil Hassan Nasrallah Ali Karaki Nabil Qaouk Hashem Safieddine Mohammad Afif Iran Razi Mousavi Sadegh Omidzadeh Mohammad Reza Zahedi Abbas Nilforoushan Razi Mousavi Sadegh Omidzadeh Mohammad Reza Zahedi Abbas Nilforoushan Journalists Issam Abdallah Belal Jadallah Samer Abu Daqqa Adel Zorob Ismail al-Ghoul Wafa Al-Udaini Hossam Shabat Fatima Hassouna Yahya Sobeih Hassan Aslih Ismail Abu Hatab Awdah Hathaleen Anas Al-Sharif Hussam al-Masri Mariam Dagga Mohammed Salama Moaz Abu Taha Ahmed Abu Aziz Saleh al-Jafarawi Ahmed Abu Mutair Issam Abdallah Belal Jadallah Samer Abu Daqqa Adel Zorob Ismail al-Ghoul Wafa Al-Udaini Hossam Shabat Fatima Hassouna Yahya Sobeih Hassan Aslih Ismail Abu Hatab Awdah Hathaleen Anas Al-Sharif Hussam al-Masri Mariam Dagga Mohammed Salama Moaz Abu Taha Ahmed Abu Aziz Saleh al-Jafarawi Ahmed Abu Mutair Reactions States and official entities General Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit Beijing Declaration Calls for a ceasefire September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests Gaza war peace plan Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA Conference on the Implementation of the Two-State Solution Diplomatic impact 2025 Donald Trump Gaza Strip takeover proposal Egypt European Union Film Workers for Palestine Hague Group Bogotá conference Islamic Summit Conference Together for Palestine United Kingdom University donors Writers Against the War on Gaza The New York War Crimes Colombia's UNGA military intervention speech Military aid US support for Israel German support for Israel United Nations Resolutions A/RES/ES-10/21 S/RES/2712 A/RES/ES-10/22 S/RES/2720 S/RES/2728 A/RES/ES-10/23 S/RES/2735 Inquiry Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory UNHRC Commission of Inquiry on Gaza genocide Courts Global courts South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention) Nicaragua v. Germany Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices ICC investigation in Palestine Arrest warrants for Israeli leaders United States Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden Public Protests 2024 University campuses List of protests Netherlands United States California Reactions 2025 University campuses Netherlands Australia Bangladesh March for Gaza France March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism Indonesia 2023 Bitung clashes Israel Humanitarian aid blockade Italy 2025 general strikes and protests for Gaza Netherlands Red line demonstrations New Zealand Spain 2024 pro-Palestinian strike United Kingdom List United States Artists4Ceasefire DNC protests March on Washington for Gaza March for Israel National March on Washington: Free Palestine Protest votes Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell Pakistan Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference D-Chowk Dharna 2024 Faizabad sit-in 2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests Discrimination Antisemitism Riots in the North Caucasus Anti-Palestinianism Islamophobia Violent incidents Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume Death of Paul Kessler Vermont student shooting Killing of Israeli Embassy workers Boulder fire attack Reactions States and official entities General Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit Beijing Declaration Calls for a ceasefire September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests Gaza war peace plan Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA Conference on the Implementation of the Two-State Solution Diplomatic impact 2025 Donald Trump Gaza Strip takeover proposal Egypt European Union Film Workers for Palestine Hague Group Bogotá conference Islamic Summit Conference Together for Palestine United Kingdom University donors Writers Against the War on Gaza The New York War Crimes Colombia's UNGA military intervention speech Military aid US support for Israel German support for Israel United Nations Resolutions A/RES/ES-10/21 S/RES/2712 A/RES/ES-10/22 S/RES/2720 S/RES/2728 A/RES/ES-10/23 S/RES/2735 Inquiry Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory UNHRC Commission of Inquiry on Gaza genocide Courts Global courts South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention) Nicaragua v. Germany Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices ICC investigation in Palestine Arrest warrants for Israeli leaders United States Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden General Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit Beijing Declaration Calls for a ceasefire September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests Gaza war peace plan Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA Conference on the Implementation of the Two-State Solution Diplomatic impact 2025 Donald Trump Gaza Strip takeover proposal Egypt European Union Film Workers for Palestine Hague Group Bogotá conference Islamic Summit Conference Together for Palestine United Kingdom University donors Writers Against the War on Gaza The New York War Crimes Colombia's UNGA military intervention speech Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit Beijing Declaration Calls for a ceasefire September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests Gaza war peace plan September 2024 Israel hostage deal protests Gaza war peace plan Cancellation of the 2023 MTV EMA Conference on the Implementation of the Two-State Solution Diplomatic impact 2025 Donald Trump Gaza Strip takeover proposal Egypt European Union Film Workers for Palestine Hague Group Bogotá conference Bogotá conference Islamic Summit Conference Together for Palestine United Kingdom University donors Writers Against the War on Gaza The New York War Crimes The New York War Crimes Colombia's UNGA military intervention speech Military aid US support for Israel German support for Israel US support for Israel German support for Israel United Nations Resolutions A/RES/ES-10/21 S/RES/2712 A/RES/ES-10/22 S/RES/2720 S/RES/2728 A/RES/ES-10/23 S/RES/2735 Inquiry Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory UNHRC Commission of Inquiry on Gaza genocide Resolutions A/RES/ES-10/21 S/RES/2712 A/RES/ES-10/22 S/RES/2720 S/RES/2728 A/RES/ES-10/23 S/RES/2735 A/RES/ES-10/21 S/RES/2712 A/RES/ES-10/22 S/RES/2720 S/RES/2728 A/RES/ES-10/23 S/RES/2735 Inquiry Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory UNHRC Commission of Inquiry on Gaza genocide Independent International Commission of Inquiry on the Occupied Palestinian Territory UNHRC Commission of Inquiry on Gaza genocide Courts Global courts South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention) Nicaragua v. Germany Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices ICC investigation in Palestine Arrest warrants for Israeli leaders United States Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden Global courts South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention) Nicaragua v. Germany Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices ICC investigation in Palestine Arrest warrants for Israeli leaders South Africa v. Israel (Genocide Convention) Nicaragua v. Germany Legal Consequences of Israeli Policies and Practices ICC investigation in Palestine Arrest warrants for Israeli leaders Arrest warrants for Israeli leaders United States Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden Defense for Children International – Palestine v. Biden Public Protests 2024 University campuses List of protests Netherlands United States California Reactions 2025 University campuses Netherlands Australia Bangladesh March for Gaza France March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism Indonesia 2023 Bitung clashes Israel Humanitarian aid blockade Italy 2025 general strikes and protests for Gaza Netherlands Red line demonstrations New Zealand Spain 2024 pro-Palestinian strike United Kingdom List United States Artists4Ceasefire DNC protests March on Washington for Gaza March for Israel National March on Washington: Free Palestine Protest votes Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell Pakistan Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference D-Chowk Dharna 2024 Faizabad sit-in 2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests Discrimination Antisemitism Riots in the North Caucasus Anti-Palestinianism Islamophobia Violent incidents Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume Death of Paul Kessler Vermont student shooting Killing of Israeli Embassy workers Boulder fire attack Protests 2024 University campuses List of protests Netherlands United States California Reactions 2025 University campuses Netherlands Australia Bangladesh March for Gaza France March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism Indonesia 2023 Bitung clashes Israel Humanitarian aid blockade Italy 2025 general strikes and protests for Gaza Netherlands Red line demonstrations New Zealand Spain 2024 pro-Palestinian strike United Kingdom List United States Artists4Ceasefire DNC protests March on Washington for Gaza March for Israel National March on Washington: Free Palestine Protest votes Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell Pakistan Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference D-Chowk Dharna 2024 Faizabad sit-in 2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests 2024 University campuses List of protests Netherlands United States California Reactions List of protests Netherlands United States California Netherlands United States California California Reactions 2025 University campuses Netherlands Netherlands Australia Bangladesh March for Gaza March for Gaza France March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism March for the Republic and Against Antisemitism Indonesia 2023 Bitung clashes 2023 Bitung clashes Israel Humanitarian aid blockade Humanitarian aid blockade Italy 2025 general strikes and protests for Gaza 2025 general strikes and protests for Gaza Netherlands Red line demonstrations Red line demonstrations New Zealand Spain 2024 pro-Palestinian strike 2024 pro-Palestinian strike United Kingdom List List United States Artists4Ceasefire DNC protests March on Washington for Gaza March for Israel National March on Washington: Free Palestine Protest votes Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell Artists4Ceasefire DNC protests March on Washington for Gaza March for Israel National March on Washington: Free Palestine Protest votes Self-immolation of Aaron Bushnell Pakistan Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference D-Chowk Dharna 2024 Faizabad sit-in 2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests Hurmat-e-Masjid Aqsa Conference D-Chowk Dharna 2024 Faizabad sit-in 2025 Tehreek-e-Labbaik Pakistan protests Gaza Strip 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests 2025 Gaza Strip anti-Hamas protests Discrimination Antisemitism Riots in the North Caucasus Anti-Palestinianism Islamophobia Violent incidents Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume Death of Paul Kessler Vermont student shooting Killing of Israeli Embassy workers Boulder fire attack Antisemitism Riots in the North Caucasus Riots in the North Caucasus Anti-Palestinianism Islamophobia Violent incidents Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume Death of Paul Kessler Vermont student shooting Killing of Israeli Embassy workers Boulder fire attack Murder of Wadea al-Fayoume Death of Paul Kessler Vermont student shooting Killing of Israeli Embassy workers Boulder fire attack Impacts General Economic impact Evacuations Gaza Strip evacuations Impact on Palestinian sports Israeli government response Israeli war cabinet Israeli public diplomacy Mass detentions Media coverage Violence against journalists Misinformation Palestine exception Pallywood Palestinian genocide accusation Sexual violence against Palestinians War crimes Hamas Israeli Cemetery destruction and necroviolence Israeli torture in the occupied territories Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza Humanitarian crisis Famine Gaza floating pier Gaza Humanitarian Foundation Global March to Gaza Soumoud Convoy Healthcare collapse Polio epidemic Premature baby crisis Societal breakdown WCNSF Flotillas 2024 2025 Conscience 2025 Madleen 2025 Handala 2025 Global Sumud Flotilla participants Freedom Flotilla Coalition Impacts General Economic impact Evacuations Gaza Strip evacuations Impact on Palestinian sports Israeli government response Israeli war cabinet Israeli public diplomacy Mass detentions Media coverage Violence against journalists Misinformation Palestine exception Pallywood Palestinian genocide accusation Sexual violence against Palestinians War crimes Hamas Israeli Cemetery destruction and necroviolence Israeli torture in the occupied territories Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza Economic impact Evacuations Gaza Strip evacuations Gaza Strip evacuations Impact on Palestinian sports Israeli government response Israeli war cabinet Israeli war cabinet Israeli public diplomacy Mass detentions Media coverage Violence against journalists Misinformation Palestine exception Pallywood Violence against journalists Misinformation Palestine exception Pallywood Palestinian genocide accusation Sexual violence against Palestinians War crimes Hamas Israeli Cemetery destruction and necroviolence Israeli torture in the occupied territories Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza Hamas Israeli Cemetery destruction and necroviolence Israeli torture in the occupied territories Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza Cemetery destruction and necroviolence Israeli torture in the occupied territories Proposed Israeli resettlement of Gaza Humanitarian crisis Famine Gaza floating pier Gaza Humanitarian Foundation Global March to Gaza Soumoud Convoy Healthcare collapse Polio epidemic Premature baby crisis Societal breakdown WCNSF Flotillas 2024 2025 Conscience 2025 Madleen 2025 Handala 2025 Global Sumud Flotilla participants Freedom Flotilla Coalition Famine Gaza floating pier Gaza Humanitarian Foundation Global March to Gaza Soumoud Convoy Healthcare collapse Polio epidemic Premature baby crisis Societal breakdown WCNSF Famine Gaza floating pier Gaza Humanitarian Foundation Global March to Gaza Soumoud Convoy Soumoud Convoy Healthcare collapse Polio epidemic Premature baby crisis Societal breakdown WCNSF Flotillas 2024 2025 Conscience 2025 Madleen 2025 Handala 2025 Global Sumud Flotilla participants Freedom Flotilla Coalition 2024 2025 Conscience 2025 Madleen 2025 Handala 2025 Global Sumud Flotilla participants Freedom Flotilla Coalition participants Freedom Flotilla Coalition Related people Israelis Sofie Berzon MacKie Batia Holin Nimrod Aloni Rachel Goldberg-Polin Einav Zangauker Yonatan Shamriz Omri Ronen Eitan Okun Yagel Oshri Inbal Rabin-Lieberman Amir Tibon Andrey X Palestinians Mosab Abu Toha Wael Al-Dahdouh Plestia Alaqad Motaz Azaiza Bisan Owda Mustafa Moien Ayyash Hind Khoudary Other Ahmed Abdel Khalek Related people Israelis Sofie Berzon MacKie Batia Holin Nimrod Aloni Rachel Goldberg-Polin Einav Zangauker Yonatan Shamriz Omri Ronen Eitan Okun Yagel Oshri Inbal Rabin-Lieberman Amir Tibon Andrey X Sofie Berzon MacKie Batia Holin Nimrod Aloni Rachel Goldberg-Polin Einav Zangauker Yonatan Shamriz Omri Ronen Eitan Okun Yagel Oshri Inbal Rabin-Lieberman Amir Tibon Andrey X Palestinians Mosab Abu Toha Wael Al-Dahdouh Plestia Alaqad Motaz Azaiza Bisan Owda Mustafa Moien Ayyash Hind Khoudary Mosab Abu Toha Wael Al-Dahdouh Plestia Alaqad Motaz Azaiza Bisan Owda Mustafa Moien Ayyash Hind Khoudary Other Ahmed Abdel Khalek Ahmed Abdel Khalek Other topics General 2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal Al-Saqqa House Al Qarara Cultural Museum Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war Blockout 2024 Gaza Daily Hind Rajab Foundation No Music For Genocide No Tech for Apartheid " Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population " Project Nimbus Together for Palestine Terms, phrases " All Eyes on Rafah " " Death, death to the IDF " " From the river to the sea " " Globalize the intifada " Popular culture Songs " Harbu Darbu " " Hind's Hall " " Hurricane " " Leve Palestina " " Rajieen " Films Bearing Witness to the October 7th Massacre (2023) Screams Before Silence (2024) From Ground Zero (2024) The Children of October 7 (2024) The Encampments (2025) Gaza: Doctors Under Attack (2025) Gaza: How to Survive a Warzone (2025) Holding Liat (2025) Yes! (2025) Louis Theroux: The Settlers (2025) Put Your Soul on Your Hand and Walk (2025) Close Your Eyes Hind (2025) The Road Between Us: The Ultimate Rescue (2025) The Voice of Hind Rajab (2025) Hind Under Siege (2025) TV shows Red Alert One Day in October Other topics General 2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal Al-Saqqa House Al Qarara Cultural Museum Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war Blockout 2024 Gaza Daily Hind Rajab Foundation No Music For Genocide No Tech for Apartheid " Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population " Project Nimbus Together for Palestine 2024 Israeli secret document leak scandal Al-Saqqa House Al Qarara Cultural Museum Attacks on US bases during the Gaza war Blockout 2024 Gaza Daily Hind Rajab Foundation No Music For Genocide No Tech for Apartheid " Options for a policy regarding Gaza's civilian population " Project Nimbus Together for Palestine Terms, phrases " All Eyes on Rafah " " Death, death to the IDF " " From the river to the sea " " Globalize the intifada " " All Eyes on Rafah " " Death, death to the IDF " " From the river to the sea " " Globalize the intifada " Popular culture Songs " Harbu Darbu " " Hind's Hall " " Hurricane " " Leve Palestina " " Rajieen " Films Bearing Witness to the October 7th Massacre (2023) Screams Before Silence (2024) From Ground Zero (2024) The Children of October 7 (2024) The Encampments (2025) Gaza: Doctors Under Attack (2025) Gaza: How to Survive a Warzone (2025) Holding Liat (2025) Yes! (2025) Louis Theroux: The Settlers (2025) Put Your Soul on Your Hand and Walk (2025) Close Your Eyes Hind (2025) The Road Between Us: The Ultimate Rescue (2025) The Voice of Hind Rajab (2025) Hind Under Siege (2025) TV shows Red Alert One Day in October Songs " Harbu Darbu " " Hind's Hall " " Hurricane " " Leve Palestina " " Rajieen " " Harbu Darbu " " Hind's Hall " " Hurricane " " Leve Palestina " " Rajieen " Films Bearing Witness to the October 7th Massacre (2023) Screams Before Silence (2024) From Ground Zero (2024) The Children of October 7 (2024) The Encampments (2025) Gaza: Doctors Under Attack (2025) Gaza: How to Survive a Warzone (2025) Holding Liat (2025) Yes! (2025) Louis Theroux: The Settlers (2025) Put Your Soul on Your Hand and Walk (2025) Close Your Eyes Hind (2025) The Road Between Us: The Ultimate Rescue (2025) The Voice of Hind Rajab (2025) Hind Under Siege (2025) Bearing Witness to the October 7th Massacre (2023) Screams Before Silence (2024) From Ground Zero (2024) The Children of October 7 (2024) The Encampments (2025) Gaza: Doctors Under Attack (2025) Gaza: How to Survive a Warzone (2025) Holding Liat (2025) Yes! (2025) Louis Theroux: The Settlers (2025) Put Your Soul on Your Hand and Walk (2025) Close Your Eyes Hind (2025) The Road Between Us: The Ultimate Rescue (2025) The Voice of Hind Rajab (2025) Hind Under Siege (2025) TV shows Red Alert One Day in October Red Alert One Day in October Category Category v t e Second presidency of Donald Trump (2025–present) v t e General Appointments ambassadors attorneys Cabinet Vance vice presidency Executive orders Biden directives rescission Defense Department renaming JFK-RFK-MLK assassination records Legal affairs Bessent v. Dellinger United States v. Russell Opinion polling Pardons January 6 defendants Proclamations Trips 2025 2026 international Marco Rubio Appointments ambassadors attorneys ambassadors attorneys Cabinet Vance vice presidency Vance vice presidency Executive orders Biden directives rescission Defense Department renaming JFK-RFK-MLK assassination records Biden directives rescission Defense Department renaming JFK-RFK-MLK assassination records Legal affairs Bessent v. Dellinger United States v. Russell Bessent v. Dellinger United States v. Russell Opinion polling Pardons January 6 defendants January 6 defendants Proclamations Trips 2025 2026 international Marco Rubio 2025 2026 international Marco Rubio Events Timeline First 100 days 2025 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2026 Q1 Speeches Joint address to Congress Speech at the United Nations Other Transition 2025 Vote Count Inauguration United States Army 250th Anniversary Parade Assassination of Charlie Kirk Memorial service 2025 United States federal government shutdown SNAP shutdown United States Semiquincentennial Memorial Circle arch Timeline First 100 days 2025 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2026 Q1 First 100 days 2025 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 2026 Q1 Q1 Speeches Joint address to Congress Speech at the United Nations Joint address to Congress Speech at the United Nations Other Transition 2025 Vote Count Inauguration United States Army 250th Anniversary Parade Assassination of Charlie Kirk Memorial service 2025 United States federal government shutdown SNAP shutdown United States Semiquincentennial Memorial Circle arch Transition 2025 Vote Count 2025 Vote Count Inauguration United States Army 250th Anniversary Parade Assassination of Charlie Kirk Memorial service Memorial service 2025 United States federal government shutdown SNAP shutdown SNAP shutdown United States Semiquincentennial Memorial Circle arch Memorial Circle arch Policies Domestic Cannabis policy DEI Executive Order 14151 Executive Order 14173 National Urban League v. Trump San Francisco AIDS Foundation v. Trump Education Antisemitism CRT and gender Compact for Academic Excellence in Higher Education Joint Task Force to Combat Anti-Semitism E.K. v. Department of Defense Education Activity Harvard College v. HHS English official language designation Federal grants freeze Federal hiring freeze Hyde Amendment enforcement Jocelyn Nungaray National Wildlife Refuge Act Science policy NOAA Radar Program Office University of Oklahoma Smithsonian Institution Space policy NYC congestion pricing approval revocation Office of Shipbuilding Online resource removals Defense Department DEI censorship " Restoring Names That Honor American Greatness " Gulf of Mexico naming controversy Denali–Mount McKinley naming dispute Social media content moderation TAKE IT DOWN Act White House Faith Office Economic Artificial intelligence Genesis Mission Stargate Project Cryptocurrency CBDC and digital assets GENIUS Act Strategic bitcoin reserve OECD GMCTR agreement withdrawal Tariffs Canada and Mexico China farmer bailouts Learning Resources v. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . 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"US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions" . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support" . Watan . 26 January 2025. ^ "UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally" . Gulf News. 4 April 2025. ^ "War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN" . France 24 . 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties" . Radio Dabanga . 16 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 March 2025. ^ "RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns" . Radio Dabanga . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan: Council sanctions individuals and entities over serious human rights violations and threats to the peace, stability and security of the country" . Consilium . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). "Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)" . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "Khartoum" . Cineuropa . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah 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Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Outline Category Outline Category Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 2020s conflicts 2020s in Sudan Civil wars in Sudan Coup-based civil wars Sudanese revolution Attempted coups d'état in Sudan Wars involving Ukraine CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 1936–1978: Early years 1.1.1 Tokusatsu 1.1.2 Kaiju films 1.2 1978–1998: Rising popularity 1.3 1998–2007: Further rise 1.4 2008–present: Ubiquity of the MCU and DCEU and the expansion to streaming services 1.4.1 2008–2014 1.4.2 2015—2018 1.4.3 2019—present 1.4.4 Economic importance 1.1 1936–1978: Early years 1.1.1 Tokusatsu 1.1.2 Kaiju films 1.1.1 Tokusatsu 1.1.2 Kaiju films 1.2 1978–1998: Rising popularity 1.3 1998–2007: Further rise 1.4 2008–present: Ubiquity of the MCU and DCEU and the expansion to streaming services 1.4.1 2008–2014 1.4.2 2015—2018 1.4.3 2019—present 1.4.4 Economic importance 1.4.1 2008–2014 1.4.2 2015—2018 1.4.3 2019—present 1.4.4 Economic importance 2 Animated 3 Criticism 4 Parody 5 Box office reception 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Superhero film العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Brezhoneg Català Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Latviešu مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Superhero film" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( December 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The superhero film is a film genre categorized by the presence of superhero characters, individuals with extraordinary abilities who are dedicated to fighting crime, saving the world, or helping the innocent. It is sometimes considered a sub-genre of the action film genre and has evolved into one of the most financially successful film genres worldwide. These films focus on superhuman abilities , advanced technology, mystical phenomena, or exceptional physical and mental skills that enable these heroes to fight for the common good or defeat a supervillain antagonist. Superhero films typically include genre elements of romance , comedy , fantasy , and science fiction , with large instances of the superhero genre predominantly occupied and produced by American media franchises DC and Marvel , originally adaptations of their existing works of superhero comic books. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Individual superhero films frequently contain a character's origin story. [ 3 ] History 1936–1978: Early years Superhero stories initially gained popularity through comic books and were later adapted into film serials . Early examples include Flash Gordon (1936), Mandrake the Magician (1939), The Shadow (1940), Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941), Batman (1943), The Phantom (1943), Captain America (1944), and Superman (1948). [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Between 1941 and 1942, Fleischer Studios produced a series of eight animated cartoons and one additional short based on the Superman comic book . [ 6 ] Famous Studios , the successor of Fleischer Studios , created eight more cartoons between 1942 and 1943. In the following decades, the decline of Saturday matinée showings of serials and turmoil in the comic book industry slowed superhero motion picture production greatly, although films were still being produced. These films included Superman and the Mole Men (1951), starring George Reeves , and Batman (1966), a big-screen extension of the Batman television series starring Adam West . Superman and the Mole Men was a pilot for the TV series Adventures of Superman . Compilations of the series were later released theatrically. [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Tokusatsu In 1957, Shinto Ho produced the first film serial featuring the Tokusatsu superhero character Super Giant , marking a shift in Japanese popular culture toward masked superheroes in Tokusatsu . The Super Giant film series and Astro Boy heavily influenced later Japanese Tokusatsu superhero films. [ 10 ] Moonlight Mask also became popular around that time, with six films retelling the story of the TV series. [ 11 ] Another early Japanese superhero film was Ōgon Bat (1966), starring Sonny Chiba , based on the 1931 Kamishibai superhero Ōgon Bat. [ 12 ] Kaiju films Although kaiju movies, or movies featuring kaiju monsters, do not typically fall under the superhero category, the kaiju monster Godzilla , originally a villain, transitioned into a superhero role in subsequent films. [ 13 ] Godzilla has been described as "the original radioactive superhero" because his nuclear origin story predates Spider-Man 's 1962 debut. [ 13 ] However, Godzilla did not become a hero until Ghidorah, the Three-Headed Monster (1964). [ 14 ] By the 1970s, Godzilla was viewed as a superhero, with the magazine King of the Monsters describing Godzilla in 1977 as the "Superhero of the '70s." Donald F. Glut wrote that Godzilla was "the most universally popular superhero of 1977." [ 15 ] 1966 saw the debut of the Ultra Series with the kaiju TV show Ultra Q . With the release of the original Ultraman , the franchise started focusing on superheroes and the series averaged an audience rating of 36.8% through its first 39 episodes. [ 16 ] In 1967, Ultraman started expanding to films. Early films, such as Ultraman: Monster Movie Feature , were compilations or theatrical releases of TV show episodes. The first original Ultraman film was The 6 Ultra Brothers vs. the Monster Army , a co-production with Thailand . [ 17 ] The popularity of television superheroes in Japan led to the Kamen Rider and Super Sentai franchises by manga artist Shotaro Ishinomori in 1971 and 1975, respectively. As with Ultraman , many early Kamen Rider and Super Sentai episodes were released as films. Original Kamen Rider films released before 1978 include Kamen Rider vs. Shocker , Kamen Rider vs. Ambassador Hell , Kamen Rider V3 vs. Destron Mutants, and Five Riders vs. King Dark . [ 18 ] Original superhero characters emerged in other, more comedy-oriented films , such as the French political satire film Mr. Freedom (1969), the Polish parody Hydrozagadka (1970), and the American B movies Rat Pfink a Boo Boo (1966) and The Wild World of Batwoman (1966). [ 19 ] [ 20 ] 1978–1998: Rising popularity Following the success of Star Wars , Richard Donner 's Superman (1978), the first big-budget DC feature film, was a critical and commercial success. [ 21 ] The same year, Toei Company 's Spider-Man reimagining and the first Super Sentai crossover film, JAKQ Dengekitai vs. Gorenger , were released. Other entries emerged throughout the 1980s, including Eight Riders vs. Galaxy King (1980), Kamen Rider Super-1: The Movie (1981), Richard Lester 's Superman II (1981), Spider-Man: The Dragon's Challenge (1981), and Paul Verhoeven 's RoboCop (1987). These were followed by Kamen Rider Black: Hurry to Onigashima and Kamen Rider Black: Terrifying! The Phantom House of Devil Pass , released in 1988. The success of Tim Burton 's Batman (1989) and its direct follow-up, Batman Returns (1992), spawned the DC Animated Universe . [ 22 ] One of the first superhero films of the 1990s was Marvel 's Captain America (1991), which did not have a theatrical release. Roger Corman 's The Fantastic Four (1994) was produced solely to maintain the film rights to the property [ 23 ] and was not released theatrically or on home video . [ 24 ] Alex Proyas ' The Crow (1994) became the first independent comic superhero franchise film. [ 24 ] The film introduced a new level of violence to a younger audience, bridging the gap between superhero and modern action films . [ 25 ] The success of The Crow may have influenced the release of a film version of Spawn (1997), Image Comics 's leading character. After Marvel bought Malibu Comics (which owned The Men in Black comic series), Marvel and Columbia Pictures released Men in Black in 1997. [ 26 ] This film was the first Marvel property to win an Academy Award and, at the time, was the highest-grossing comic book adaptation. [ 27 ] While commercially successful, Joel Schumacher 's Batman & Robin (1997) was critically panned for its campiness [ 28 ] and deviation from the darker style of the series' first two films directed by Tim Burton . [ 29 ] Some have cited it as a factor in the temporary decline of the superhero film sub-genre . [ 30 ] In Japan in the 1990s, original Ultraman films became more common. In 1996, Tsuburaya released Ultraman Zearth , which parodied the original TV series and later installments. [ 31 ] The following year, the sequel titled Ultraman Zearth 2: Superhuman Big Battle - Light and Shadow premiered. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] 1998–2007: Further rise In 1998, Marvel released Blade , a darker superhero film blended with traditional action elements. The title character possesses the powers of a vampire and an arsenal of weaponry. [ 25 ] The success of Blade is considered the beginning of Marvel's film success and a catalyst for further comic book film adaptations. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Blade II was released in 2002. Adam Sternberg of Vulture stated that The Matrix (1999) was influenced by comic books, cyberpunk fiction, Japanese anime , and Hong Kong action films . He also credits the film and its incorporation of Computer-Generated Imagery (CGI) with reinventing the superhero film by setting the template for modern superhero blockbusters. According to Sternberg, this inspired the superhero renaissance in the early 21st century. [ 36 ] John Kenneth Muir , in The Encyclopedia of Superheroes on Film and Television , describes The Matrix as a re-imagination of movie visuals, paving the way for the visuals of later superhero films. He credits it with helping to "make comic-book superheroes hip." He notes that the bullet-time effect successfully demonstrates the concept of " faster than a speeding bullet " onscreen. [ 37 ] In Japan, following the success of the Kamen Rider Kuuga television series, a new era of the Kamen Rider franchise began, leading to the production of annual Kamen Rider movies, starting with Kamen Rider Agito: Project G4 in 2001. [ 38 ] The popularity of the Ultraman Tiga TV series led to several films based on it and later installments, including Ultraman Tiga & Ultraman Dyna: Warriors of the Star of Light (1998), Ultraman Gaia: The Battle in Hyperspace (1999), and Ultraman Tiga: The Final Odyssey (2000). 2008–present: Ubiquity of the MCU and DCEU and the expansion to streaming services 2008–2014 The release of Iron Man in 2008 began the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU). A few months later, The Dark Knight was released to widespread critical acclaim and became the first superhero movie to make over $1 billion at the worldwide box office. [ 39 ] 2009 saw the release of Watchmen and X-Men Origins: Wolverine . The 2010s saw continued success for superhero films both culturally and economically, [ 40 ] taking the sub-genre's success and ubiquity to new heights. [ 41 ] Matthew Vaughn 's adaptation of Kick-Ass was released in 2010, followed by Iron Man 2 a month later. 2011 releases included The Green Hornet , [ 42 ] Green Lantern , and X-Men: First Class . After referencing the " Avengers Initiative " in the Iron Man films and The Incredible Hulk , Marvel released Thor in May 2011, [ 43 ] followed by Captain America: The First Avenger in July 2011. [ 44 ] While Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance (2012) had little audience interest, [ 45 ] three superhero films made it to the top ten in the box office chart for the year, both in the US [ 46 ] and internationally. [ 47 ] These were The Avengers (May 2012), The Dark Knight Rises (July 2012), and The Amazing Spider-Man (July 2012). A Superman Returns sequel was planned for 2009 but was delayed and later scrapped in favor of Man of Steel (2013), a reboot of the Superman franchise. At the 2012 San Diego Comic-Con , Marvel confirmed an Ant-Man movie was in development, as well as a film based on the 2008 comic book series Guardians of the Galaxy , which was released in August 2014. Iron Man 3 was released in May 2013, Thor: The Dark World in November 2013, and Captain America: The Winter Soldier in April 2014. The Amazing Spider-Man 2 , the sequel to the 2012 reboot, was released in May 2014. A sequel to the 2009 film X-Men Origins: Wolverine , titled The Wolverine was released in 2013. In 2014, X-Men: Days of Future Past was released. In 2014, Italian filmmaker Gabriele Salvatores directed a superhero-fantasy film titled Il Ragazzo Invisible ( The Invisible Boy ), which won the Young Audience Award at the 2015 European Film Awards . [ 48 ] 2015—2018 An Avengers sequel, titled Avengers: Age of Ultron , was released in May 2015. Following the success of the Marvel Cinematic Universe, rival DC also planned to make and produce their own shared film universe called the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), which tied back to the release of Man of Steel in 2013 . A sequel titled Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice was scheduled for release in May 2016 but was postponed to March 2016. The SpongeBob Movie: Sponge Out of Water , a 2015 Nickelodeon film, features the main characters transforming into superheroes. 20th Century Fox rebooted the Fantastic Four series and released Fantastic Four in August 2015. [ 49 ] On March 9, 2015, publishing house Valiant Comics made a nine-figure deal with Chinese company DMG Entertainment to produce their series of superhero movies set in their cinematic universe. [ 50 ] The series was co-produced by Sony Pictures and started with a movie adaptation of Bloodshot for a 2020 release, followed by Harbinger , both movies receiving a sequel and ending in a crossover movie based on the Harbinger Wars arc from the comic books. [ 51 ] In 2015, Italian filmmaker Gabriele Mainetti directed the superhero film They Call Me Jeeg starring Claudio Santamaria . [ 52 ] Its original title is Lo Chiamavano Jeeg Robot , from the Italian name of the anime and manga series Steel Jeeg . It was released in Italy on February 25, 2016. [ 53 ] The eighth installment in the X-Men series, Deadpool , was released in February 2016. It became the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time (when adjusted for inflation) and the highest-grossing film of the series. The ninth instalment, X-Men: Apocalypse , was released in May. Warner Bros. released Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice , the first film to feature both Batman and Superman, in March 2016. Suicide Squad , released in August, featured a team of antihero/supervillains. Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice and Suicide Squad are in the DCEU. In May 2016, Marvel Studios released Captain America: Civil War , where the Avengers split into opposing factions. In October, Max Steel , based on Mattel 's eponymous toy line, was released. [ 54 ] In November of the same year, Marvel Studios released Doctor Strange , which recounts the superhero origin of Stephen Strange . The first Finnish superhero film, Rendel: Dark Vengeance , was released in September 2017, and it won the Best Action Movie award at the Erratum Film Festival in Mexico. [ 55 ] Power Rangers , a movie reboot of the TV series, was released in March, with Lionsgate planning a seven-film franchise. The film Logan , which was Hugh Jackman 's and Patrick Stewart 's last appearances as their characters in the X-Men film series before Disney acquired 20th Century Fox, was the first ever canon X-Men movie to be rated R and the first superhero movie to receive an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay . In the summer movie season, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 , Wonder Woman , and Spider-Man: Homecoming confirmed the superhero film domination in the mainstream movie market. [ 56 ] That trend continued into the fall with the success of Thor: Ragnarök . Due to this, Warner Bros. attempted to have a shared universe media franchise, the DCEU , with Justice League , though this was poorly received and a box office disappointment . [ 57 ] [ 58 ] In February 2018, Marvel Studios released Black Panther , featuring the solo film adaptation of the first mainstream African American superhero, the Black Panther , a commercial and critical success in the MCU franchise. It became the first superhero film nominated for the Academy Award for Best Picture . [ 59 ] This MCU project was soon followed up by Avengers: Infinity War , released in April 2018, which earned both critical acclaim [ 60 ] and worldwide financial success, earning more than $2 billion. [ 61 ] Soon after, 20th Century Fox released Deadpool 2 in May 2018. [ 62 ] In addition, Incredibles 2 's wide release in June 2018 was met with considerable critical acclaim [ 63 ] and earned $182.68 million during its premiere weekend. [ 64 ] The next superhero film in the MCU, Ant-Man and the Wasp , was released on July 6th. The antihero film Venom , based on the comic book character of the same name, was released in October 2018 to poor reviews but box-office success. In December 2018, Warner Bros. released Aquaman , a film about the DC Comics superhero of the same name , marking a box office success for the DCEU, grossing $1.152 billion worldwide. [ 65 ] 2019—present Marvel's Captain Marvel was released in March 2019 and faced online hostility, originating from star Brie Larson 's comments about the lack of diversity in the film and film criticism industries. [ 66 ] Despite the controversy, it earned over $1 billion worldwide [ 67 ] and received largely positive reviews. [ 68 ] Later in April, the DCEU's Shazam! , featuring the lead character who was previously known as Captain Marvel , had decent box office success for a relatively low budget, [ 69 ] which has been seen as further evidence of the revitalization of the Warner Bros. media franchise. That same month, Avengers: Endgame ended the Infinity Saga to widespread acclaim, broke numerous box office records, and became the fastest film to exceed $1 billion worldwide, doing so in just five days. Avengers: Endgame became the highest-grossing film of all time , surpassing James Cameron 's Avatar before the latter reclaimed its place in 2021. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] By contrast, the X-Men film Dark Phoenix performed poorly — critically and financially — upon release in June. [ 72 ] This would be the last film in 20th Century Fox's X-Men series. Afterwards, X-Men and the Fantastic Four entered the MCU with Disney's acquisition of 20th Century Fox. However, neither franchise would receive a standalone film in the MCU until 2024's Deadpool & Wolverine , and 2025's The Fantastic Four: First Steps . [ 73 ] In July 2019, Phase 3 of the MCU was concluded with the Marvel and Sony co-produced film Spider-Man: Far From Home , which was released to critical and commercial success. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] In August 2019, Joko Anwar 's Gundala was released in Indonesia. [ 76 ] It screened at the Toronto International Film Festival in September. It also took the first entry in the Bum Langit Cinematic Universe (BCU) film series based on characters from comic books published by Bum Langit . [ 77 ] The second and third films in the series, Sri Asih and Patriot Taruna: Virgo and the Sparkling's , were announced for a 2020 release but were pushed back to 2021 as the COVID-19 pandemic significantly delayed production. [ 78 ] The production company's strategy of announcing films in volumes with a team-up film as the climax has led to the media dubbing it the "Indonesian equivalent to the MCU and DCEU". [ 79 ] The Suicide Squad was released in August but was a box office disappointment despite receiving positive reviews. The poor performance was attributed to the disruption of cinema during the COVID-19 pandemic (particularly the Delta variant ) and confusion from the general audience on whether the film was a sequel, reboot , or remake . [ 80 ] [ 81 ] Meanwhile, Marvel's Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings broke Labor Day records, [ 82 ] while similar successes were seen in Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) film Venom: Let There Be Carnage . [ 83 ] Despite mediocre reviews and the first rotten rating [ 84 ] for an MCU film on Rotten Tomatoes , Eternals opened to moderate success at the box office. [ 85 ] Spider-Man: No Way Home was released in December 2021, and became the highest-grossing film of 2021 , [ 86 ] the highest-grossing film of all time , [ 87 ] the third-highest-grossing film in the United States and Canada , [ 88 ] the highest-grossing Spider-Man film, and the highest-grossing film produced by Sony. [ 89 ] It also became the first film to gross over $1 billion since Star Wars: The Rise of Skywalker , mainly due to the COVID-19 pandemic , [ 90 ] as well as the highest-grossing film not to be released in China (one of the world's biggest box office markets). [ 91 ] In 2022, Warner Bros. released The Batman , a reboot of the Batman film series , unconnected to the DC Extended Universe. It was a critical and commercial hit, with praise for the film being a grounded detective story, [ 92 ] due to Matt Reeves ' direction and Robert Pattinson 's performance as the titular hero. [ 93 ] It became the second biggest pandemic debut, after Spider-Man: No Way Home . [ 94 ] Morbius , starring Jared Leto and based on the Spider-Man villain of the same name , debuted that April as another chapter in Sony's Spider-Man Universe. The film was critically panned and a box-office bomb. [ 95 ] Variety reported that whilst the initial opening was hopeful for Morbius , "the character is not nearly as recognizable to general audiences as Spider-Man, Batman or Venom, nor is the film connected to a larger story like Eternals or Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings . Thus, Morbius wasn't expected to match the receipts for recent comic book tent-poles based on those characters." [ 96 ] Scott Mendelson further stated Sony seemed to rely on the film's connection to the Spider-Man universe, the success of Venom , and a misguided assumption that audiences were interested in villain movies. [ 97 ] In May 2022, Sam Raimi returned to the superhero genre with Doctor Strange in the Multiverse of Madness . The film was met with mixed-to-positive reviews and earned $187 million on its opening weekend. It became the eleventh-best domestic debut of all time, the best summer debut for a Disney release during the pandemic, and Raimi's best opening. [ 98 ] The film earned $61 million in its second weekend, becoming one of the MCU's most significant second-weekend box office drops. The 67% decline was attributed by Deadline Hollywood to the "bad word of mouth" on the film and its CinemaScore grade. At the same time, Intelligence saw more than a 17% downsize of available seats for the film, resulting in fewer showtimes, which also led to the decline. [ 99 ] In its third weekend, the film earned $31.6 million, contributing to the 800-million-dollar mark at the box office to become Hollywood's second-highest-grossing film released during the pandemic behind No Way Home . [ 100 ] The film earned $16.4 million in its fourth weekend, contributing to the total box office that helped it to become the highest-grossing film of 2022, previously held by The Batman . [ 101 ] As of June 2022, the film stands as the 11th highest-grossing of the MCU worldwide. [ 102 ] In 2023, a majority of the superhero films released, such as Ant-Man and the Wasp: Quantumania , Shazam! Fury of the Gods , The Flash , Blue Beetle , The Marvels , and Aquaman and the Lost Kingdom , were moderate commercial failures. Only two superhero films released that year, Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3 and Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse , performed well at the box office, grossing $845 million and $690 million respectively, turning a profit alongside positive reviews from audiences and critics. [ 103 ] In February 2024, Sony released its fourth film in the Spider-Man Universe, Madame Web . The film was panned by critics and underperformed at the box office. [ 104 ] In July, the MCU's first film of the year, Deadpool & Wolverine , was also its first R-rated film. It was Hugh Jackman's first X-Men film since 2017's Logan and Ryan Reynolds ' Deadpool 's MCU debut. The film was highly acclaimed and grossed over $1.33 billion worldwide, making it the 20th highest-grossing film of all time , the highest-grossing R-rated film of all time , and the second-highest-grossing film of 2024. [ 105 ] [ 106 ] Warner Bros.' Joker: Folie a Deux , a sequel to the 2019 film, Joker , was released in October 2024. Joaquin Phoenix reprised his role as The Joker and Lady Gaga made her superhero film debut as Harley Quinn . Joker: Folie a Deux was followed by Sony Spider-Man Universe films Venom: The Last Dance in November 2024, and Kraven the Hunter in December 2024. [ 107 ] In February 2025, Captain America: Brave New World was released to moderately poor reviews by critics, and to date has the fourth-lowest box office earnings of any MCU movie. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Economic importance Since the 2010s, superhero films have played a significant role in the film industry. According to The Hollywood Reporter , "With rare exception, even A+ stars aren't making what they used to" - making superhero films "one of the last ways for an actor to earn a major payday." They write that if an actor wants to get paid, they "have to put on a cape" and that characters like Spider-Man and Batman are more important than the actors themselves. [ 110 ] Since 2022, superhero films (especially from the MCU) have seen more inconsistent performances. The Marvels (2023) had the worst box-office outcome for an MCU film since 2008's The Incredible Hulk amid a broader trend of box-office disappointments for superhero films. [ 111 ] Fans, critics, and actors alike have pointed to cultural fatigue and the exhaustion of well-used storylines to explain this sudden dip in earnings and popularity. [ 112 ] On the other hand, director Joe Russo has suggested a "generational divide" in media consumption driving declining box office performances. [ 113 ] Animated Animated superhero films have also achieved critical and financial success. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] While animated superhero films are typically direct-to-video , a number have been released theatrically. In 1968, VIP my Brother Superman , a parody of the superhero genre, [ 116 ] directed by Italian animator Bruno Bozzetto , was a financial success. [ 117 ] Batman: Mask of the Phantasm , which was released theatrically in 1993, was a critical success, though a box-office failure. [ 118 ] In 2004, Pixar released The Incredibles , a film about a retired superhero couple and their children. It did well critically and financially, and went on to win an Academy Award . In 2010, DreamWorks Animation released Megamind to middling success. [ 119 ] In 2014, Walt Disney Animation Studios released an adaptation of the Marvel superhero team Big Hero 6 . The same year, Warner Bros. released The Lego Movie , with Batman and other DC superheroes in leading and supporting roles. As a significant box-office success, it was followed in 2017 by The Lego Batman Movie and DreamWorks Animation's Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie . [ citation needed ] In 2018, three theatrical animated superhero films were released to critical and commercial success: Pixar's Incredibles 2 , Warner Bros.' Teen Titans Go! To the Movies , and Sony Pictures Animation 's Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse . Into the Spider-Verse swept that year's major film awards for animated features, including the Academy Award . [ 120 ] A sequel to Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse came out in 2023, titled Spider-Man: Across the Spider-Verse . Another Spider-Verse sequel, Spider-Man: Beyond the Spider-Verse , is currently in production and scheduled to be released in 2027. [ 121 ] Criticism As the number of superhero films being produced increased during the latter part of the 2010s, the genre's contribution to cinema was questioned. In a 2019 interview with Empire magazine , American filmmaker Martin Scorsese commented, "The closest I can think of them, as well-made as they are, with actors doing the best they can under the circumstances, is theme parks. It isn't the cinema of human beings trying to convey emotional, psychological experiences to another human being." He stated the Marvel Cinematic Universe was not "cinema." [ 122 ] He later added that he was worried about studios' dependence on the format because in "many places around this country and the world, franchise films are now your primary choice if you want to see something on the big screen. It's a perilous time in film exhibition, and there are fewer independent theaters than ever." [ 123 ] Criticism of Marvel Studios ' films continued, with Jennifer Aniston stating that Marvel movies are "diminishing". Denis Villeneuve dismissed "too many Marvel films" as being "a cut and paste of others," [ 124 ] and Roland Emmerich stated large blockbuster films such as the MCU and Star Wars movies were "ruining our industry a little" since "nobody does anything original anymore". [ 125 ] Some media commentators have attributed the increasingly popular superhero franchises in the new millennium to the social and political climate in Western society since the September 11 attacks . [ 126 ] Others have argued advances in special effects technology have played a more significant role. [ 127 ] Grant Morrison , writer and co-creator of the All-Star Superman comic series, wonders whether the superhero genre can legitimately be classified as a film genre. They reflect that the idea of a superhuman is malleable and has been used in many other genres, like westerns and detective stories. They goes on to explain: I’m not even sure if there is a superhero genre or if the idea of the superhero is a special chilli pepper-like ingredient designed to energize other genres. The costumed superhero has survived since 1938, constantly shifting in tone from decade to decade to reflect the fears and the needs of the audience. The current mainstream popularity of the superhero has, I think, a lot to do with the fact that the Terror-stricken, environmentally-handicapped, overpopulated, pedophile-haunted world that’s being peddled by our news media is crying out for utopian role models and for any hopeful images of humankind’s future potential! [ 128 ] I’m not even sure if there is a superhero genre or if the idea of the superhero is a special chilli pepper-like ingredient designed to energize other genres. The costumed superhero has survived since 1938, constantly shifting in tone from decade to decade to reflect the fears and the needs of the audience. The current mainstream popularity of the superhero has, I think, a lot to do with the fact that the Terror-stricken, environmentally-handicapped, overpopulated, pedophile-haunted world that’s being peddled by our news media is crying out for utopian role models and for any hopeful images of humankind’s future potential! [ 128 ] Writer Alan Moore , a veteran of the comics industry known for his work on Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Batman: The Killing Joke , and From Hell , has expressed criticism of modern superhero movies in general, which he once called a "blight" to cinema and "also to culture to a degree." He said in an October 2022 interview with The Guardian that the popularization of the genre on the part of adults is an "infantilization" that can act as "a precursor to fascism ." Lamenting at how deeply such films became part of the culture, Moore commented: [ 129 ] [ 130 ] "I will always love and adore the comics medium, but the comics industry and all of the stuff attached to it just became unbearable...Hundreds of thousands of adults [are] lining up to see characters and situations that had been created to entertain the 12-year-old boys — and it was always boys — of 50 years ago. I didn't think that superheroes were adult fare. I think that this was a misunderstanding born of what happened in the 1980s — to which I must put my hand up to a considerable share of the blame, though it was not intentional — when things like Watchmen were first appearing. There were an awful lot of headlines saying, 'Comics Have Grown Up'. I tend to think that, no, comics hadn't grown up. There were a few titles that were more adult than people were used to. But the majority of comics titles were pretty much the same as they'd ever been. It wasn't comics growing up. I think it was more comics meeting the emotional age of the audience coming the other way." [ 129 ] [ 130 ] "I will always love and adore the comics medium, but the comics industry and all of the stuff attached to it just became unbearable...Hundreds of thousands of adults [are] lining up to see characters and situations that had been created to entertain the 12-year-old boys — and it was always boys — of 50 years ago. I didn't think that superheroes were adult fare. I think that this was a misunderstanding born of what happened in the 1980s — to which I must put my hand up to a considerable share of the blame, though it was not intentional — when things like Watchmen were first appearing. There were an awful lot of headlines saying, 'Comics Have Grown Up'. I tend to think that, no, comics hadn't grown up. There were a few titles that were more adult than people were used to. But the majority of comics titles were pretty much the same as they'd ever been. It wasn't comics growing up. I think it was more comics meeting the emotional age of the audience coming the other way." [ 129 ] [ 130 ] In a September 2023 interview with The Telegraph , Moore reiterated this view, saying what had appealed to him most about output from comics publishers was "no more," saying, "now they're called 'graphic novels,' which sounds sophisticated, and you can charge a lot more for them. These innocent and inventive and imaginative superhero characters from the '40s, '50s, and '60s are being recycled to a modern audience as if they were adult fare." During that same interview, journalist Jake Kerridge asked Moore if he divided the money he had received from onscreen adaptations of his work among the writers and other staff members of those productions. Moore replied, "I no longer wish it to even be shared with them. I don't feel, with the recent films, that they have stood by what I assumed were their original principles. So, I asked for DC Comics to send all of the money from any future TV series or films to Black Lives Matter ." [ 131 ] [ 130 ] At the end of the 2010s and later on in the 2020s, Moore's opinions became more widespread, often pointing out a tendency for superheroes to maintain the status quo. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] [ 134 ] In "Infinity Wars: Post 9/11 Superhero Films and American Empire" [ 135 ] Peter J. Bruno argues that "[...] post-9/11 superhero films cannot imagine alternatives outside of empire and its capitalist hegemony." He goes forward, tying superhero movies to an "aesthetic of death" and the process of the dehumanization of the enemy or othering — both typical of fascism according to Umberto Eco 's Ur-Fascism — and ties in Achille Mbembe ’s concept of necropolitics . Similar fascistic tendencies were noted by other commentators, notably with the spread of the term " Copaganda ." [ 136 ] By the 2020s, " .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}} superhero fatigue " emerged to describe audience weariness with formulaic superhero films, reflected in declining box-office returns and mixed reviews. In particular, the Marvel Cinematic Universe has been criticized for over-saturating the market with its expansion to streaming beginning with Phase Four , prompting Marvel Studios to rethink its annual output. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Parody Andrzej Kondratiuk 's 1970 film Hydrozagadka is a parody of the American ideals glorified in superhero films. [ 140 ] Kinka Usher 's 1999 film Mystery Men features a group of inept amateur superheroes. Another comedic play on superheroes is The Specials , a 2000 film in which the title team is more concerned with their public image than actually being superheroes. Kevin Smith 's 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back parodies film companies' seemingly compulsive purchase of comic book film rights with " Bluntman and Chronic ." In the movie, the character Brodie Bruce (played by Jason Lee ) describes the process: "Well, after X-Men hit at the box office, all the studios started buying out every comic property they could get their dirty little hands on." Mark Hamill 's 2004 parody film Comic Book: The Movie was about a comic book fan and a film adaptation of his favorite character, and was released direct-to-video and achieved mild success, [ 141 ] garnering a cult following among comic book readers. Craig Mazin directed the more direct parody Superhero Movie , released in 2008. 2008's Hancock was a subversion of the genre by having the title character become a reluctant superhero. The movie grossed more than $629 million at the box office. Matthew Vaughn directed the 2010 film Kick-Ass , which saw a regular teenager turn to fighting crime. A sequel, Kick-Ass 2 , was released in 2013. James Gunn directed and wrote the 2010 film Super starring Rainn Wilson . Alejandro González Iñárritu 's Oscar-winning 2014 film Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) satirizes Hollywood's reliance on superhero and blockbuster films. In the film, Michael Keaton portrays Riggan Thomson, a washed-up Hollywood actor known for playing the superhero Birdman in blockbuster movies decades earlier. He is tormented by Birdman's voice, which mocks and criticizes him, and he sees himself performing feats of levitation and telekinesis. [ 142 ] The 2016 movie Deadpool and its 2018 sequel Deadpool 2 were box-office juggernauts, making $782.6 million and $785.8 million, respectively. Deadpool & Wolverine , which was released in 2024, has grossed approximately $1.3 billion and currently sits on the list of highest-grossing superhero films . Philippe Lacheau 's 2021 French movie Super-hero's malgré Lui , or Super Who? in English, follows an actor who landed the role of a superhero named "Badman." The actor suffers an accident that causes him amnesia and he starts believing that he is an actual superhero. The movie references DC and Marvel while making fun of the superhero film genre. [ 143 ] Quentin Dupieux ’s 2022 French film Fumer Fait Tousser ( Smoking Causes Coughing ) follows a team of five superheroes called the Tobacco Force who, following a battle against a diabolical giant turtle that goes wrong, go on a compulsory retreat to strengthen cohesion within their group. Soon, however, an enemy named Lézardin interrupts the retreat to destroy the planet Earth. Box office reception According to Box Office Mojo , the ten highest-grossing (as of January 2025) superhero films are: [ citation needed ] Film Year Worldwide gross Avengers: Endgame 2019 $2,799,439,100 [ 144 ] Avengers: Infinity War 2018 $2,048,359,754 [ 145 ] Spider-Man: No Way Home 2021 $1,926,899,310 [ 146 ] The Avengers 2012 $1,518,812,988 [ 147 ] Avengers: Age of Ultron 2015 $1,402,809,540 [ 148 ] Black Panther 2018 $1,346,913,171 [ 149 ] Deadpool & Wolverine 2024 $1,338,073,645 [ 150 ] Incredibles 2 2018 $1,242,805,359 [ 151 ] Iron Man 3 2013 $1,215,577, 205 [ 152 ] Captain America: Civil War 2016 $1,153,304,495 [ 153 ] The Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) has earned over $31 billion and is one of the largest film franchises in history, surpassing Star Wars by over $7 billion. [ 154 ] Its highest-grossing film, Avengers: Endgame (2019), briefly held the record for the highest-grossing film of all time [ 155 ] before being surpassed by a record-breaking re-release of Avatar (2009) in 2021. [ 156 ] Deadpool & Wolverine is also the highest grossing R-rated film , both in the US/Canada and worldwide. [ 157 ] [ 158 ] See also Film portal Speculative fiction portal List of American superhero films List of films based on comics List of television series and films based on Dark Horse Comics publications List of films based on DC Comics publications List of films based on Image Comics List of films based on Marvel Comics publications Superhero fiction References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Shaw, Gabbi. 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The Scarecrow Video Movie Guide . Sasquatch Books . ISBN 1-57061-415-6 . Graeber, David (2012). Super Position (Essay). The New Inquiry .* Graeber, David (October 8, 2012). "Super Position" . The New Inquiry . Retrieved January 26, 2023 . "All Time Worldwide Box Office for Super Hero Movies" . The Numbers . 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Leqephe la pele Potjho e kopano Liphetoho tsa morao-rao Mpontshe leqephe le leng le le leng Thusa Maqephe a khethehileng Dimpho Etsa akhaonto Ho kena Dimpho Etsa akhaonto Ho kena Leqephe la pele Leqephe la pele Moqoqo Read View source Sheba histori Read View source Sheba histori What links here Liphetoho tse amanang Kenya faele Permanent link Boitsebiso ba Leqephe Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create a book Download as PDF Phetolelo e hatisitsoeng Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Wikidata item @media screen and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output td,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tr,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tbody,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table{display:block!important;width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}} Re a o amohela ho Wikipedia ya Sesotho , Pokello-tsebo ya mahala eo e mong le e mong a kgonang ho lokisa. Hona jwale ho na le dihlooho tse 1,597 tse ngotsweng ka Sesotho . Geoloji Baeloji Metse Ekonomi Nalane Metse Sayense Thutatlhago Sosioloji Teknoloji Palopalo Tsohle portals Sehlooho sa Bohlokwa sa Kajeno Kokwanahloko ya boloetse ba Ebola ( EVD ) kapa Feberu ya phallo ya madi ya Ebola ( EHF ) ke boloetse ba batho bo bokwang ke kokwanahloko ya Ebola . Matshwao hantlentle a qala matsatsi a mabedi ho isa ho a mararo ka mora ho tshwaetswa ke kokwanahloko, feberu , mmetso o bohloko, mesifa e opang , le hlooho e opang . Hantlentle ho nyekelwa ke pelo , ho hlatsa, le letshollo di a latela ho tsamaisanang le phoketseho ya ho sebetsa ha sebete le diphio . Mothating ona, batho ba itseng ba qalella ho ba le matha a ho tswa madi .... Na u ne u tseba... Afrika ke kontinente la bobedi ka boholo lefaseng ge go lebelwa sekgoba le badudi, kontinente ya pele ka bogolo ke Asia . Bophara bja Afrika ekaba 6.0% bja lefase goba 20.4% bja naga ya lefase (ntle le mawatle) Afrika enale badudi bao ekabago 900,000,000 (go ya ka palo ya ngwaga wa 2005) ba eleng 14% ya badudi ba lefase bophara .... Lintlha... Lesotho ke naha e boroa ho Afrika e teetsoeng hare ke naha ea Afrika Borwa . Motse-moholo oa eona ke Maseru. Baahi ba Lesotho ba ka balloa ho 2 067 000 (2009). Ho buuoa Sesotho 'me le baahi ba teng ke Basotho . Lesotho ke setho sa Machaba A Kopaneng .... Lihlooho tse Filosofi, Lipalo le Thuto tsa Mahlale Baeloji — Sayense — Filosofi — Fisiksi — Kemisi — Geoloji — Meteoroloji — Thutatlhago — Palopalo — Dipalo Dipuo le Tsebo ya Batho Thuto ya tlhaho ya batho — Akhioloji — Ekonomi — Thutofatshe — Hisetori — Dinaha — Metse — Dipuo — Polotiki — Saekoloji — Sosioloji Tsebo ya Tiriso Thutaboahi — Tsebisano — Dikhomputara — Bongaka — Bolemi — Tatisiso — Thuto — Tsamaiso ya molao — Dipalangwang — Teknoloji Tsebo ya setho Bonono — Dijo — Film — Fotografi — Media — Mmino — Bodumedi — Dipapadi — Puo le Tsebo ya dingwalo Kajeno ea hlahisa setshwantsho Maseru ke motsemoholo wa Lesotho , ka Afrika. .. Re a o amohela ho Wikipedia ya Sesotho , Pokello-tsebo ya mahala eo e mong le e mong a kgonang ho lokisa. Hona jwale ho na le dihlooho tse 1,597 tse ngotsweng ka Sesotho . Re a o amohela ho Wikipedia ya Sesotho , Pokello-tsebo ya mahala eo e mong le e mong a kgonang ho lokisa. Hona jwale ho na le dihlooho tse 1,597 tse ngotsweng ka Sesotho . Geoloji Baeloji Metse Ekonomi Geoloji Baeloji Metse Ekonomi Nalane Metse Sayense Thutatlhago Nalane Metse Sayense Thutatlhago Sosioloji Teknoloji Palopalo Tsohle portals Sosioloji Teknoloji Palopalo Tsohle portals Sehlooho sa Bohlokwa sa Kajeno Kokwanahloko ya boloetse ba Ebola ( EVD ) kapa Feberu ya phallo ya madi ya Ebola ( EHF ) ke boloetse ba batho bo bokwang ke kokwanahloko ya Ebola . Matshwao hantlentle a qala matsatsi a mabedi ho isa ho a mararo ka mora ho tshwaetswa ke kokwanahloko, feberu , mmetso o bohloko, mesifa e opang , le hlooho e opang . Hantlentle ho nyekelwa ke pelo , ho hlatsa, le letshollo di a latela ho tsamaisanang le phoketseho ya ho sebetsa ha sebete le diphio . Mothating ona, batho ba itseng ba qalella ho ba le matha a ho tswa madi .... Na u ne u tseba... Afrika ke kontinente la bobedi ka boholo lefaseng ge go lebelwa sekgoba le badudi, kontinente ya pele ka bogolo ke Asia . Bophara bja Afrika ekaba 6.0% bja lefase goba 20.4% bja naga ya lefase (ntle le mawatle) Afrika enale badudi bao ekabago 900,000,000 (go ya ka palo ya ngwaga wa 2005) ba eleng 14% ya badudi ba lefase bophara .... Lintlha... Lesotho ke naha e boroa ho Afrika e teetsoeng hare ke naha ea Afrika Borwa . Motse-moholo oa eona ke Maseru. Baahi ba Lesotho ba ka balloa ho 2 067 000 (2009). Ho buuoa Sesotho 'me le baahi ba teng ke Basotho . Lesotho ke setho sa Machaba A Kopaneng .... Sehlooho sa Bohlokwa sa Kajeno Sehlooho sa Bohlokwa sa Kajeno Sehlooho sa Bohlokwa sa Kajeno Kokwanahloko ya boloetse ba Ebola ( EVD ) kapa Feberu ya phallo ya madi ya Ebola ( EHF ) ke boloetse ba batho bo bokwang ke kokwanahloko ya Ebola . Matshwao hantlentle a qala matsatsi a mabedi ho isa ho a mararo ka mora ho tshwaetswa ke kokwanahloko, feberu , mmetso o bohloko, mesifa e opang , le hlooho e opang . Hantlentle ho nyekelwa ke pelo , ho hlatsa, le letshollo di a latela ho tsamaisanang le phoketseho ya ho sebetsa ha sebete le diphio . Mothating ona, batho ba itseng ba qalella ho ba le matha a ho tswa madi .... Na u ne u tseba... Na u ne u tseba... Na u ne u tseba... Afrika ke kontinente la bobedi ka boholo lefaseng ge go lebelwa sekgoba le badudi, kontinente ya pele ka bogolo ke Asia . Bophara bja Afrika ekaba 6.0% bja lefase goba 20.4% bja naga ya lefase (ntle le mawatle) Afrika enale badudi bao ekabago 900,000,000 (go ya ka palo ya ngwaga wa 2005) ba eleng 14% ya badudi ba lefase bophara .... Afrika ke kontinente la bobedi ka boholo lefaseng ge go lebelwa sekgoba le badudi, kontinente ya pele ka bogolo ke Asia . Lintlha... Lintlha... Lintlha... Lesotho ke naha e boroa ho Afrika e teetsoeng hare ke naha ea Afrika Borwa . Motse-moholo oa eona ke Maseru. Baahi ba Lesotho ba ka balloa ho 2 067 000 (2009). Ho buuoa Sesotho 'me le baahi ba teng ke Basotho . Lesotho ke setho sa Machaba A Kopaneng .... Lihlooho tse Filosofi, Lipalo le Thuto tsa Mahlale Baeloji — Sayense — Filosofi — Fisiksi — Kemisi — Geoloji — Meteoroloji — Thutatlhago — Palopalo — Dipalo Dipuo le Tsebo ya Batho Thuto ya tlhaho ya batho — Akhioloji — Ekonomi — Thutofatshe — Hisetori — Dinaha — Metse — Dipuo — Polotiki — Saekoloji — Sosioloji Tsebo ya Tiriso Thutaboahi — Tsebisano — Dikhomputara — Bongaka — Bolemi — Tatisiso — Thuto — Tsamaiso ya molao — Dipalangwang — Teknoloji Tsebo ya setho Bonono — Dijo — Film — Fotografi — Media — Mmino — Bodumedi — Dipapadi — Puo le Tsebo ya dingwalo Lihlooho tse Lihlooho tse Lihlooho tse Filosofi, Lipalo le Thuto tsa Mahlale Baeloji — Sayense — Filosofi — Fisiksi — Kemisi — Geoloji — Meteoroloji — Thutatlhago — Palopalo — Dipalo Dipuo le Tsebo ya Batho Thuto ya tlhaho ya batho — Akhioloji — Ekonomi — Thutofatshe — Hisetori — Dinaha — Metse — Dipuo — Polotiki — Saekoloji — Sosioloji Tsebo ya Tiriso Thutaboahi — Tsebisano — Dikhomputara — Bongaka — Bolemi — Tatisiso — Thuto — Tsamaiso ya molao — Dipalangwang — Teknoloji Tsebo ya setho Bonono — Dijo — Film — Fotografi — Media — Mmino — Bodumedi — Dipapadi — Puo le Tsebo ya dingwalo Filosofi, Lipalo le Thuto tsa Mahlale Baeloji — Sayense — Filosofi — Fisiksi — Kemisi — Geoloji — Meteoroloji — Thutatlhago — Palopalo — Dipalo Dipuo le Tsebo ya Batho Thuto ya tlhaho ya batho — Akhioloji — Ekonomi — Thutofatshe — Hisetori — Dinaha — Metse — Dipuo — Polotiki — Saekoloji — Sosioloji Tsebo ya Tiriso Thutaboahi — Tsebisano — Dikhomputara — Bongaka — Bolemi — Tatisiso — Thuto — Tsamaiso ya molao — Dipalangwang — Teknoloji Kajeno ea hlahisa setshwantsho Maseru ke motsemoholo wa Lesotho , ka Afrika. .. Kajeno ea hlahisa setshwantsho Kajeno ea hlahisa setshwantsho Kajeno ea hlahisa setshwantsho Maseru ke motsemoholo wa Lesotho , ka Afrika. .. Thusa ho fetola Feel free to try your formatting and editing skills at the Sandbox . 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Wikipedia ka lipuo tse ling Ho ngola maqephe Amohela — Morero — Ho ngola leqephe le letjha Dipuo tse ding Afrikaans - العربية (Araby) Deutsch - Ελληνικά (Ellenika) - English - ગુજરાતી - עברית (Ivrit) - हिन्दी (Hindi) - Português - संस्कृतम् (Saṃskṛtam) - SiSwati - தமிழ் (Tamiḻ) - తెలుగు (Telugu) - Setswana - Xitsonga - اردو (Urdū) - Tshivenda - isiXhosa - Isindebele - isiZulu - Sepedi Lenane le feletseng la Wikipedia likhatiso · Qala Wikipedia bakeng sa puo e ntjha Morali'abo rona merero Wikipedia ke encyklopedia kalkulator tšoaroa ka bao e seng phaello Wikimedia Foundation , 'me e sebetsang tse' maloa tse ling tse dipuo tse di farologaneng le mahala-dikahare merero: Wiktionary Szótár le thesorase Wikibooks Mahala libuka le dibuka-kaelo Wikiquote Pokello ea a qotsitsoe Wikisource Mahala ditokomane tsa mohlodi Wikispecies Dinomoro mefuta ya ditshedi e Wikinews Mahala dikahare tse molemo mohloli Commons Ba ile ba kopanela mecha ea litaba polokelo Meta-Wiki Wikimedia morero tšebelisano Wikipedia ka lipuo tse ling Ho ngola maqephe Amohela — Morero — Ho ngola leqephe le letjha Dipuo tse ding Afrikaans - العربية (Araby) Deutsch - Ελληνικά (Ellenika) - English - ગુજરાતી - עברית (Ivrit) - हिन्दी (Hindi) - Português - संस्कृतम् (Saṃskṛtam) - SiSwati - தமிழ் (Tamiḻ) - తెలుగు (Telugu) - Setswana - Xitsonga - اردو (Urdū) - Tshivenda - isiXhosa - Isindebele - isiZulu - Sepedi Lenane le feletseng la Wikipedia likhatiso · Qala Wikipedia bakeng sa puo e ntjha Morali'abo rona merero Wikipedia ke encyklopedia kalkulator tšoaroa ka bao e seng phaello Wikimedia Foundation , 'me e sebetsang tse' maloa tse ling tse dipuo tse di farologaneng le mahala-dikahare merero: Wiktionary Szótár le thesorase Wikibooks Mahala libuka le dibuka-kaelo Wikiquote Pokello ea a qotsitsoe Wikisource Mahala ditokomane tsa mohlodi Wikispecies Dinomoro mefuta ya ditshedi e Wikinews Mahala dikahare tse molemo mohloli Commons Ba ile ba kopanela mecha ea litaba polokelo Meta-Wiki Wikimedia morero tšebelisano Wiktionary Szótár le thesorase Wikibooks Mahala libuka le dibuka-kaelo Wikiquote Pokello ea a qotsitsoe Wikisource Mahala ditokomane tsa mohlodi Wikispecies Dinomoro mefuta ya ditshedi e Wikinews Mahala dikahare tse molemo mohloli Commons Ba ile ba kopanela mecha ea litaba polokelo Meta-Wiki Wikimedia morero tšebelisano Leqephe la pele Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Difficulties and clashes 3.5 Design and visual effects 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Difficulties and clashes 3.5 Design and visual effects 4 Music 5 Release Toggle Release subsection 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Video games 5.3 Home media 5.3.1 Deleted scenes 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Video games 5.3 Home media 5.3.1 Deleted scenes 5.3.1 Deleted scenes 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Director's cut 7.2 Batman '89 7.1 Director's cut 7.2 Batman '89 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Batman Forever العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Forever Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Joel Schumacher Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Akiva Goldsman Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Akiva Goldsman Story by Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Based on Characters appearing in magazines published by DC Comics Batman characters by Bob Kane & Bill Finger Characters appearing in magazines published by DC Comics Batman characters by Bob Kane & Bill Finger Produced by Tim Burton Peter MacGregor-Scott Tim Burton Peter MacGregor-Scott Starring Val Kilmer Tommy Lee Jones Jim Carrey Nicole Kidman Chris O'Donnell Michael Gough Pat Hingle Val Kilmer Tommy Lee Jones Jim Carrey Nicole Kidman Chris O'Donnell Michael Gough Pat Hingle Cinematography Stephen Goldblatt Edited by Dennis Virkler Music by Elliot Goldenthal Production companies PolyGram Pictures [ 1 ] Tim Burton Productions [ 1 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 1 ] Tim Burton Productions [ 1 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 9, 1995 ( 1995-06-09 ) ( Mann Village Theater ) June 16, 1995 ( 1995-06-16 ) (United States) June 9, 1995 ( 1995-06-09 ) ( Mann Village Theater ) June 16, 1995 ( 1995-06-16 ) (United States) Running time 122 minutes [ 3 ] Country United States Language English Budget $100 million [ 4 ] Box office $336.6 million [ 4 ] Batman Forever is a 1995 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character Batman by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . [ a ] It is the third installment of the Batman film series , acting as a standalone sequel to Batman Returns . Directed by Joel Schumacher and produced by Tim Burton and Peter MacGregor-Scott , it stars Val Kilmer as Bruce Wayne / Batman , replacing Michael Keaton , [ 6 ] alongside Tommy Lee Jones , Jim Carrey , Nicole Kidman , and Chris O'Donnell . The film follows Batman as he attempts to prevent Two-Face (Jones) and the Riddler (Carrey) from uncovering his secret identity and extracting information from the minds of Gotham City 's residents, while at the same time navigating his feelings for psychologist Dr. Chase Meridian (Kidman) and adopting orphaned acrobat Dick Grayson (O'Donnell)—who becomes his partner and best friend, Robin . Schumacher mostly eschewed the dark, dystopian atmosphere of Burton's films by drawing inspiration from the Batman comic books of the Dick Sprang era, as well as the 1960s television series . After Keaton chose not to reprise his role, William Baldwin and Ethan Hawke were considered as a replacement, before Kilmer joined the cast. Batman Forever was released on June 16, 1995, to mixed reviews from critics, who praised the visuals, action sequences, and soundtrack, but criticized the screenplay and tonal departure from the previous two films. The film was a box office success, grossing over $336 million worldwide and becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1995 . It was followed by Batman & Robin in 1997, with Schumacher returning as the director, O'Donnell returning as Robin, and George Clooney replacing Kilmer as Batman. Plot In Gotham City , Batman defuses a hostage situation orchestrated by the criminal Two-Face , formerly district attorney Harvey Dent , who escapes. Flashbacks reveal that Dent, once one of Batman's biggest supporters, was horribly disfigured with acid by mobster Sal Maroni , the trauma of the incident causing Dent to develop a split personality , make decisions based on the flip of a coin, and swear vengeance against Batman for failing to prevent the incident. Edward Nygma , an eccentric and egotistical researcher at Wayne Enterprises , approaches his employer, Bruce Wayne, to present an invention that can beam television signals directly into the brain, demanding immediate approval directly from Bruce. Bruce rejects the device as he is concerned that the technology could manipulate minds . After killing his abusive supervisor and staging it as a suicide, Nygma resigns and plots revenge against Bruce, sending him riddles . Criminal psychologist Chase Meridian diagnoses Nygma as psychotic . Bruce attends a circus with Chase. Two-Face hijacks the event and threatens to detonate a bomb unless Batman reveals his identity. Dick Grayson , the youngest member of the Flying Graysons family of acrobats, prevents the bomb from killing anyone by throwing it into a river with the help of his family; however, Two-Face kills all of them except Dick in the process. Bruce invites the now-orphaned Dick to live at Wayne Manor as his ward , where he later discovers that Bruce is Batman. Seeking to avenge the death of his family, Dick demands to join Batman in crime-fighting , hoping to kill Two-Face, but Bruce declines in order to help Dick move on instead, as he is considering retirement. Nygma becomes the Riddler and teams up with Two-Face. They commit a series of robberies to finance Nygma's new company and mass-produce his brainwave device dubbed the Box, which steals information from minds and transfers it to Nygma's, increasing his intelligence but also slowly causing him to lose his grip on reality. At a party hosted by Nygma, Batman pursues Two-Face and is almost killed until Dick saves him. Batman visits Chase, who explains that she has fallen in love with Bruce, and Bruce reveals his secret identity to her. Having discovered Bruce's secret through the Box, on Halloween night, Two-Face and the Riddler destroy the Batcave , shoot Bruce, and abduct Chase. As Bruce recovers, he and his butler, Alfred Pennyworth , deduce that Nygma is the Riddler through clues he left in his riddles, while Chase is held prisoner in the Riddler's lair. Bruce finally accepts Dick as his best friend and partner, Robin . At the Riddler's lair, Robin defeats Two-Face but chooses to spare him, which allows Two-Face to capture Robin at gunpoint. The Riddler reveals his final riddle: Chase and Robin, representing the two sides of Batman's personality, are trapped in tubes above a deadly drop, and he only has the time to save one. Batman distracts the Riddler with a riddle himself, before destroying the Riddler's brainwave receiver with a Batarang , damaging the Riddler's mind and enabling Batman to rescue both when he sees the floor is an optical illusion. Two-Face corners them and flips his coin to decide their fate, but loses his balance after Batman throws multiple identical coins in the air, and falls to his death. Committed to Arkham Asylum , a now-delusional Nygma exclaims that he is Batman. Bruce, the real Batman, resumes his crusade with Robin as his partner. Cast .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Val Kilmer, Tommy Lee Jones (both 2005) and Jim Carrey (in 2008) Val Kilmer as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A wealthy industrialist who duly works as Gotham City's vigilante protector but now struggles with his dual identity, becoming romantically involved with Dr. Chase Meridian and questioning his act of vengeance. Kilmer replaces Michael Keaton from the previous two films . Tommy Lee Jones as Harvey Dent / Two-Face : The district attorney of Gotham City , who becomes a gangster bent on killing Batman for failing to save him when a crime boss throws acid at him during a trial , scarring half his face and damaging his brain . Billy Dee Williams , who played the role in the 1989 film , was supposed to reprise the role, but Schumacher wanted to work with Jones again after working with him on The Client . Jim Carrey as Edward Nygma / The Riddler : A Wayne Enterprises employee who becomes a criminal mastermind leaving riddles and puzzles at crime scenes after his newest invention is personally rejected by Bruce. Nicole Kidman as Dr. Chase Meridian : A virtuous psychologist and love interest of Bruce who can use martial arts . Chris O'Donnell as Richard "Dick" Grayson / Robin : A circus acrobat taken in by Bruce after Two-Face murders his family, who becomes Batman's sidekick Robin upon discovering the Batcave and learning Bruce's secret identity. Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : The Wayne family's faithful butler and Bruce's confidant. Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The police commissioner of Gotham City. Drew Barrymore as Sugar: Two-Face's "good" angel-esque assistant. Debi Mazar as Spice: Two-Face's "bad" goth assistant. Elizabeth Sanders as Gossip Gerty: Gotham's top gossip columnist. René Auberjonois as Dr. Burton: Head Doctor of Arkham Asylum . Joe Grifasi as Hawkins: A bank guard and Two-Face's hostage during the opening scene. Michael Paul Chan as executive Jon Favreau as assistant Glory Fioramonti as Mary Grayson : Dick Grayson's mother. Larry A. Lee as John Grayson : Dick Grayson's father and leader of the Flying Graysons. George Wallace as the mayor: The unnamed mayor of Gotham City and the successor of Roscoe Jenkins. En Vogue as girls on the corner who are hoping to see Batman Ofer Samra as Harvey's thug Ed Begley Jr. as Fred Stickley: Edward Nygma's ill-tempered supervisor at Wayne Enterprises, whom Nygma kills after Stickley discovers the true nature of Nygma's invention. Begley was uncredited for this role. Additionally, United States Senator and Batman fan Patrick Leahy makes an uncredited appearance as himself. [ 7 ] Production Development Batman Returns was released in 1992 with financial success and generally favorable reviews from critics, but Warner Bros. was disappointed with its box office run, having made $150 million less than the first film. After Batman Returns was deemed too dark and inappropriate for children, with McDonald's even recalling their Happy Meal tie-in, Warner Bros. decided that this was the primary cause of the film's financial results. [ 8 ] After the film's release, Warner Bros. was not interested in Tim Burton 's return as director. [ 9 ] Burton noted he was unsure about returning to direct, writing: "I don't think Warner Bros. wanted me to direct a third Batman . I even said that to them." [ 10 ] Burton and Warner Bros. mutually agreed to part ways, though Burton would stay on as producer. John McTiernan turned down an offer to direct. [ 11 ] In June 1993, Joel Schumacher was selected by Warner Bros. while he was filming The Client (1994), and with Burton's approval. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife screenwriting team, were hired to write the script. Warner Bros. had lost a bidding war for their spec script titled Smoke and Mirrors to Disney 's Hollywood Pictures . The project ultimately fell through, [ 14 ] [ 15 ] and Warner Bros. offered the Batchlers several of their film properties to write. Being familiar with the Batman comics from their childhood, the Batchlers chose to work on the next Batman film as their next project. [ 16 ] In a meeting with Burton, they agreed that "the key element to Batman is his duality. And it's not just that Batman is Bruce Wayne". [ 17 ] "I always hated those titles like Batman Forever . That sounds like a tattoo that somebody would get when they're on drugs or something. Or something some kid would write in the yearbook." "I always hated those titles like Batman Forever . That sounds like a tattoo that somebody would get when they're on drugs or something. Or something some kid would write in the yearbook." Their original script introduced a psychotic Riddler, real name Lyle Heckendorf, with a pet rat accompanying him. A scene cut from the final film included Heckendorf obtaining his costume from a fortune-telling leprechaun at the circus. Instead of NygmaTech, the company would have been named HeckTech. [ 19 ] The story elements and much of the dialogue still remained in the finished film, though Schumacher felt it could be "lighte[ne]d down". Keaton initially approved the selection of Schumacher as director and planned on reprising his role as Batman from the first two films. [ 20 ] Schumacher claims he originally had in mind an adaptation of Frank Miller 's Batman: Year One and Keaton claimed that he was enthusiastic about the idea. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Warner Bros. rejected the idea as they wanted a sequel , not a prequel , though Schumacher was able to include very brief events in Bruce Wayne's childhood with some events of the comic The Dark Knight Returns . Akiva Goldsman , who worked with Schumacher on The Client , was brought in to rewrite the script. Burton, who now was more interested in directing Ed Wood (1994), later reflected he was taken aback by some of the focus group meetings for Batman Forever , a title he hated. Producer Peter MacGregor-Scott represented the studio's aim in making a film for the MTV Generation , with full merchandising appeal. [ 21 ] Casting Production went on fast track with Rene Russo cast as Chase Meridian , but Keaton decided not to reprise Batman because he did not like the direction the series was headed in, and rejected the script. Keaton's departure was announced in July 1994. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Keaton also wanted to pursue "more interesting roles", [ 25 ] turning down $15 million. [ 26 ] A decision was made to go with a younger actor for Bruce Wayne, and an offer was made to Ethan Hawke , who turned it down, but eventually regretted the decision. [ 27 ] Schumacher had seen Val Kilmer in Tombstone (1993), but was also interested in William Baldwin , Ralph Fiennes (who would later voice Alfred Pennyworth in The Lego Batman Movie in 2017), and Daniel Day-Lewis . [ 28 ] While Burton pushed for Johnny Depp to get the role, Kurt Russell was also considered. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Kilmer, who as a child visited the studios where the 1960s series was recorded, and shortly before had visited a bat cave in Africa, was contacted by his agent for the role. Kilmer signed on by July 1994 without reading the script or knowing who the director was. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] With Kilmer's casting, Warner Bros. dropped Russo, considering her too old to be paired with Kilmer. [ 23 ] Jeanne Tripplehorn and Linda Hamilton were considered for the role, which was eventually recast with Nicole Kidman . [ 33 ] [ 30 ] Kidman later revealed she took the role because she "wanted to kiss Batman." [ 34 ] Billy Dee Williams took the role of Harvey Dent in the 1989 film on the possibility of portraying Two-Face in a sequel, but Schumacher instead cast Tommy Lee Jones in the role. Al Pacino , Clint Eastwood , Martin Sheen and Robert De Niro were also considered. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Jones was reluctant to accept the role, [ 21 ] but did so at his son's insistence. [ 37 ] Robin Williams was in discussions to be the Riddler at one point, [ 38 ] [ 39 ] and was reportedly in competition for the role with John Malkovich . [ 9 ] [ 40 ] In June 1994, the role was given to Jim Carrey after Williams had reportedly turned it down. [ 33 ] According to Goldsman, Williams backed out after he and Schumacher couldn't see eye to eye. [ 39 ] In a 2003 interview, Schumacher stated Michael Jackson had lobbied hard for the role, but was turned down before Carrey was cast. [ 41 ] Brad Dourif (who was Burton's original choice to portray the Joker and Scarecrow after), Kelsey Grammer , Micky Dolenz , Matthew Broderick , Phil Hartman and Steve Martin were said to have been considered. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Robin had appeared in the shooting script for Batman Returns but was deleted due to the production having too many characters. Marlon Wayans had been cast in the role and signed on for a potential sequel, but when Schumacher took over, he decided to open up casting to other actors. [ 44 ] Leonardo DiCaprio was considered, but decided not to pursue the role after a meeting with Schumacher. [ 45 ] Among others, Matt Damon , Corey Haim , Corey Feldman , Mark Wahlberg , Michael Worth , Toby Stephens , Ewan McGregor , Jude Law , Alan Cumming and Scott Speedman were considered. [ b ] Chris O'Donnell was cast and Mitch Gaylord served as his stunt double . Gaylord also portrayed Mitch Grayson, Dick's older brother, who was created for the film. [ 33 ] Schumacher attempted to create a cameo role for Bono as his MacPhisto character, but both came to agree it was not suitable for the film. [ 53 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 24, 1994, and wrapped on March 5, 1995. [ 13 ] [ 9 ] Schumacher hired Barbara Ling for production design, claiming that the film needed a "force" and good design. Ling could "advance on it". Schumacher wanted a design in no way connected to the previous films, and instead inspired by the images from the Batman comic books seen in the 1940s and early 1950s and New York City architecture in the 1930s, with a combination of modern Tokyo . He also wanted a "city with personality," with more statues, as well as various amounts of neon. Difficulties and clashes Schumacher and Kilmer clashed during the making of the film; Schumacher described Kilmer as "childish and impossible," reporting that he fought with various crewmen, and refused to speak to Schumacher for two weeks after the director told him to stop being rude. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Schumacher also mentioned Tommy Lee Jones as a source of trouble: "Jim Carrey was a gentleman, and Tommy Lee was threatened by him. I'm tired of defending overpaid, overprivileged actors. I pray I don't work with them again." [ 56 ] In a 2014 interview, Carrey acknowledged that Jones was not friendly to him, and recounted an incident wherein Jones told him: "I hate you. I really don't like you ... I cannot sanction your buffoonery." [ 57 ] Design and visual effects Rick Baker designed the prosthetic makeup . John Dykstra , Andrew Adamson , Jim Rygiel and Ariel Velasco-Shaw served as visual effects supervisors , with Rhythm & Hues Studios (R&H) and Pacific Data Images also contributing to visual effects work. R&H and PDI provided a CGI Batman for complicated stunts. [ 58 ] For the costume design, producer Peter MacGregor-Scott claimed that 146 workers were at one point working together. Batman's costume was redesigned along the lines of a more "MTV organic, and edgier feel" to the suit. [ 59 ] Sound design and mixing was created and supervised by Bruce Stambler and John Levesque, which included trips to caves to record bat sounds. [ 60 ] A new Batmobile was designed for Batman Forever , with two cars being constructed, one for stunt purposes and one for close-ups. [ 61 ] Chris O'Donnell had the area around his eyes painted black and then the Robin mask glued on him. [ 62 ] Swiss surrealist painter H. R. Giger provided his version for the Batmobile but it was considered too sinister for the film. [ 63 ] The film used some motion capture for certain visual effects. Warner Bros. had acquired motion capture technology from arcade video game company Acclaim Entertainment for use in the film's production. [ 64 ] Music Elliot Goldenthal was hired by Schumacher to compose the film score before the screenplay was written. In discussions with Schumacher, the director wanted Goldenthal to avoid taking inspiration from Danny Elfman , and requested an original composition. [ 65 ] The film's promotional teaser trailer however used the main title theme from Elfman's score from the 1989 film . [ 66 ] The soundtrack was commercially successful, selling almost as many copies as Prince 's soundtrack to the 1989 Batman film. Only five of the songs on the soundtrack are actually featured in the movie. Hit singles from the soundtrack include " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " by U2 and " Kiss from a Rose " by Seal , both of which were nominated for MTV Movie Awards. "Kiss from a Rose" (whose music video was also directed by Joel Schumacher) reached No. 1 in the U.S. charts as well. The soundtrack itself, featuring additional songs by The Flaming Lips , Brandy (both songs also included in the film), Method Man , Nick Cave , Michael Hutchence (of INXS ), PJ Harvey and Massive Attack , was an attempt to (in producer Peter MacGregor-Scott's words) make the film more "pop". Release Marketing This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) In addition to a large line of toys, video games and action figures from Kenner , the McDonald's food chain released several collectibles and mugs to coincide with the release of the film. Peter David and Alan Grant wrote separate novelizations of the film. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Dennis O'Neil authored a comic book adaptation, with art by Michal Dutkiewicz . [ 69 ] Six Flags Great Adventure theme park re-themed their "Axis Chemical" arena, home of the Batman stunt show, to resemble Batman Forever , and the new show featured props from the film. Six Flags Over Texas featured a one-time fireworks show to promote the movie, and replica busts of Batman, Robin, Two-Face, and the Riddler could be found in the Justice League store in the Looney Tunes U.S.A. section until they were removed in 2023. Batman: The Ride opened at Six Flags St. Louis to promote the movie. At Six Flags Over Georgia , The Mind Bender roller coaster was redesigned to look as though it were the creation of The Riddler and some images and props were used in the design of the roller coaster and its queue. Video games Video games based on the film were released. A tie-in video game , was released in 1995 for Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Game Boy , Sega Genesis , Game Gear , R-Zone and MS-DOS , it was followed by Batman & Robin for the PlayStation , to promote the release of the 1997 film . Two arcade versions, Batman Forever: The Arcade Game , was released in 1996 and was ported to the three consoles, and a pinball machine based on the film was released in 1995 by Sega Pinball . Home media Batman Forever was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 31, 1995. [ 70 ] Over 3 million VHS copies were sold during the first week of release. [ 71 ] The film was then released on DVD on May 20, 1997. This release was a double sided disc containing both widescreen (1.85:1) and full screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. Batman Forever made its Blu-ray debut on April 20, 2010. [ 72 ] This was followed by an Ultra HD Blu-ray release on June 4, 2019. [ 73 ] Deleted scenes Batman Forever went through a few major edits before its release. Originally darker than the final product, the film's original length was closer to two hours and forty minutes, according to Schumacher. There was talk of an extended cut being released to DVD for the film's tenth anniversary in 2005. While all four previous Batman films were given special-edition DVD releases on the same day as the Batman Begins DVD release, none of them were given extended cuts, although some scenes were in a deleted scenes section in the special features. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] In the United Kingdom, almost two minutes of cuts were made to ensure the film a PG cinema certificate; these cuts were waived for the 2024 cinema re-release, which was instead rated 12 . [ 77 ] Reception Box office Batman Forever opened in a record 2,842 theaters and 4,300 screens in the United States and Canada on June 16, 1995, grossing $52.8 million in its opening weekend, [ 78 ] [ 4 ] [ 79 ] taking Jurassic Park ' s record for having the highest opening-weekend gross of all time (it was surpassed two years later by The Lost World: Jurassic Park ' s $72.1 million). [ 80 ] For six years, it had the largest opening weekend for a Warner Bros. film until 2001, when it was surpassed by Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone . [ 81 ] The film also achieved the highest June opening weekend, holding that record until it was beaten by Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me in 1999. [ 82 ] It was the first film to gross $20 million in one day, on its opening day on Friday. [ 83 ] The film also beat out Congo to reach the number one spot. [ 80 ] It grossed $77.4 million in its first week, which was below the record $81.7 million set by Jurassic Park . [ 79 ] Additionally, the film held the record for having the highest opening weekend for a superhero film until it was taken by X-Men in 2000. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] That year, How the Grinch Stole Christmas broke Batman Forever ' s record for scoring the biggest opening weekend for any film starring Jim Carrey. [ 86 ] While the film was overtaken by Pocahontas during its second weekend, it still made $29.2 million. [ 87 ] It then became the first film of 1995 to reach $100 million domestically. [ 88 ] The film started its international roll out in Japan on June 17, 1995, and grossed $2.2 million in 5 days from 167 screens, which was only 80% of the gross of its predecessor Batman Returns . [ 89 ] The film went on to gross $184 million in the United States and Canada, and $152.5 million in other countries, totaling $336.53 million. The film grossed more than Batman Returns , [ 90 ] and is the second-highest-grossing film from 1995 in the United States, behind Toy Story , as well as the sixth-highest-grossing film of that year worldwide. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes , Batman Forever has an approval rating of 41% based on 73 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Loud, excessively busy, and often boring, Batman Forever nonetheless has the charisma of Jim Carrey and Tommy Lee Jones to offer mild relief." [ 91 ] On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. [ 92 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. [ 93 ] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote: " Batman Forever still gets in its licks. There's no fun machine this summer that packs more surprises." Travers criticized the film's excessive commercialism and felt that "the script misses the pain Tim Burton caught in a man tormented by the long-ago murder of his parents", but praised Kilmer's performance as having a "deftly understated [...] comic edge". [ 94 ] James Berardinelli of ReelViews enjoyed the film, writing: "It's lighter, brighter, funnier, faster-paced, and a whole lot more colorful than before." [ 95 ] On the television program Siskel & Ebert , Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times both gave the film mixed reviews, but with the former giving it a thumbs up and the latter a thumbs down . [ 96 ] In his written review, Ebert wrote: "Is the movie better entertainment? Well, it's great bubblegum for the eyes. Younger children will be able to process it more easily; some kids were led bawling from Batman Returns where the PG-13 rating was a joke." [ 97 ] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle had a mixed reaction, concluding: "a shot of Kilmer's rubber buns at one point is guaranteed to bring squeals from the audience." [ 98 ] Brian Lowry of Variety believed: "One does have to question the logic behind adding nipples to the hard-rubber batsuit . Whose idea was that supposed to be anyway, Alfred 's? Some of the computer-generated Gotham cityscapes appear too obviously fake. Elliot Goldenthal 's score, while serviceable, also isn't as stirring as Danny Elfman 's work in the first two films." [ 99 ] Some observers thought Schumacher, a gay man, added possible homoerotic innuendo in the storyline. [ 100 ] Regarding the costume design, Schumacher stated: "I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines. The bodies of the suits come from Ancient Greek statues , which display perfect bodies. They are anatomically correct." [ 100 ] O'Donnell felt: "it wasn't so much the nipples that bothered me. It was the codpiece. The press obviously played it up and made it a big deal, especially with Joel directing. I didn't think twice about the controversy, but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures, it was very unusual." [ 100 ] Accolades This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) At the 68th Academy Awards , Batman Forever was nominated for Cinematography (lost to Braveheart ), Sound ( Donald O. Mitchell , Frank A. Montaño , Michael Herbick and Petur Hliddal ; lost to Apollo 13 ) and Sound Effects Editing ( John Leveque and Bruce Stambler ; also lost to Braveheart ). [ 101 ] [ 102 ] " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " by U2 was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song (lost to " Colors of the Wind " from Pocahontas ), but was also nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song (lost to "Walk into the Wind" from Showgirls ). At the 22nd Saturn Awards , the film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film (lost to Babe ), Make-up (lost to Seven ), Special Effects (lost to Jumanji ) and Costume Design (lost to 12 Monkeys ). Composer Elliot Goldenthal was given a Grammy Award nomination . Batman Forever received six nominations at the 1996 MTV Movie Awards , four of which were divided between two categories (Carrey and Lee Jones for Best Villain ; and Seal's "Kiss from a Rose" and U2's "Hold Me" in Best Song from a Movie ). However, it won in just one category: Best Song from a Movie for Seal's "Kiss from a Rose". Legacy Director's cut Cuts were made to the film based on audience reactions during test screenings, like the rest of the Batman films. Photographs from these scenes have always been available since the film's release, shown in magazines such as Starlog . Some excerpts from these scenes appear in the music video for " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me ". [ 103 ] In 2005, Batman Forever was the only film in the franchise to include a dedicated deleted scenes selection among its bonus content on the special edition DVD. [ 75 ] After Schumacher died on June 22, 2020, media outlets started reporting the possible existence of an extended cut, with the first rumors being thrown in by American journalist Marc Bernardin . Bernardin claimed it to be darker and contain less camp than the theatrical cut. Some of the differences include Bruce having a vision of a human-sized bat, less of an emphasis on Dick Grayson, and a focus on Bruce's psychological issues with Chase. The cut uses about 50 minutes of additional footage. Warner Bros. confirmed that alternative test screening cuts existed after an interview with Variety , although they have no plans to release it and are unsure about what, if any, footage remains. Later that year on August 7, Kilmer's appearance at DC FanDome fueled fan speculation about the release of a so-called "Schumacher Cut". [ 104 ] Batman Forever screenwriter Akiva Goldsman revealed in a YouTube interview in April 2021 that he had recently seen the original cut of the film (dubbed "Preview Cut: One") and that he expects a rebirth coming up, suggesting all the footage needed to make the Schumacher cut still exists and that the release of a director's cut might be possible. [ 105 ] In July 2023, following a private screening of a workprint version by director Kevin Smith , Goldsman confirmed that the original cut does exist. Even though Warner Bros. currently has no plans to release it, he said he was hopeful for a possible distribution in the future. [ 106 ] Some of the aforementioned deleted scenes made up a portion of this footage. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] In July 2024, Goldsman reaffirmed the existence of the director's cut, while also declaring that work to restore it has been put on hold following Warner Bros.' recent internal turmoil. [ 109 ] In May 2025, an independent Los Angeles theater announced that a screening of the workprint of the director's cut at their venue later that month. However, on May 24, the screening was cancelled following a cease and desist letter from Warner Bros. [ 110 ] In July 2025, during an interview about his career, Goldsman declared that while Warner Bros isn't currently interested in releasing the director's cut, he's still lobbying for it. [ 111 ] In September 2025, during the celebrations for Batman Day, executive producer Michael E. Uslan confirmed the existence of the unreleased footage and urged the fans to continue to voice their support for the release of the alternate cut of the film. [ 112 ] Batman '89 An alternate six-issue comic book continuation of Batman Returns titled Batman '89 , which ignores the events of Batman Forever and Batman & Robin and brings back Keaton's Batman along with Burton's dark setting seen in his first two Batman films, along with elements of his failed third Batman film (particularly, the return of Billy Dee Williams ' Harvey Dent and transformation into Two-Face, the introductions of new versions of Robin and Barbara Gordon , and the return of Catwoman), was launched on August 10, 2021, with its issues releasing monthly before ending in July 2022. [ 113 ] [ importance? ] In response to a question as to whether Schumacher's Batman films are canon to the world of Batman '89 , the first two films' screenwriter Sam Hamm , who also serves as the comics' writer, confirmed that the latter two films take place in a diverging timeline and they are not building toward that fate. [ 114 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger was not credited for his role in the creation of Batman until 2015. [ 5 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Batman Forever (1995)" . 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June 9, 2015. ^ " 'Batman Forever': The Story Behind the Surprise Hit "Nobody Really Wanted" " . The Hollywood Reporter . June 17, 2015. Archived from the original on June 16, 2017. ^ "Coin-Op News: Acclaim technology tapped for "Batman" movie" . Play Meter . Vol. 20, no. 11. October 1994. p. 22. ^ Scoring Forever: The Music of Batman Forever (DVD). Warner Bros. 2005. ^ UltimateBatChannel (May 9, 2010). Batman Forever (1995) Official Theatrical Teaser on HD!! . Archived from the original on April 21, 2015 . Retrieved January 27, 2014 – via YouTube. ^ Grant, Alan (1995). Batman Forever (Paperback) . Little, Brown. ISBN 0316324183 . ^ David, Peter (1995). Batman Forever: The Novelization . Warner Books. ISBN 0446602175 . ^ O'Neil, Dennis (1995). Batman Forever: The Official Comic Adaptation of Motion Picture . DC Comics. ISBN 1563891999 . ^ " 'Batman,' 'The Cure' flip-flopped in Japan" . El Paso Times . September 29, 1995. p. 61. Archived from the original on April 4, 2023 . 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Retrieved August 9, 2025 . ^ "Batman: $52.8 million in tickets sold" . The Winona Daily News . June 20, 1995. p. 5. Archived from the original on October 16, 2023 . Retrieved October 16, 2023 . ^ a b Klady, Leonard (June 26, 1995). "Fast fades follow wow bows". Variety . p. 1. ^ a b " 'Batman' Takes a Bite Out of 'Jurassic' Record: Movies: Third Bat film soars to an estimated opening weekend gross of $53 million. 'Pocahontas' makes a staggering $2.7 million in just six--albeit large--theaters" . Los Angeles Times . June 19, 1995. ^ Lyman, Rick (November 19, 2001). "Harry Potter and the Box Office of Gold; Film Based on Popular Book Sets Record With $93.5 Million Opening Weekend" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 26, 2020 . Retrieved May 28, 2020 . ^ "Austin Powers Scores at Box Office" . Associated Press . ^ " 'Batman' sets record with $53 million debut" . The Baltimore Sun . June 20, 1995. p. 47. Archived from the original on September 14, 2022 . 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Retrieved August 16, 2008 . ^ "Batman Forever" . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on May 18, 2022 . Retrieved August 8, 2022 . ^ "Batman Forever (1995): Reviews" . Metacritic . Red Ventures . Archived from the original on March 16, 2013 . Retrieved May 18, 2022 . ^ "Find CinemaScore" . CinemaScore . Archived from the original on July 22, 2018 . Retrieved October 14, 2018 . ^ Travers, Peter (June 16, 1995). "Batman Forever" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on January 20, 2022 . Retrieved August 30, 2017 . ^ Berardinelli, James (June 16, 1995). " Batman Forever " . ReelViews . Archived from the original on April 14, 2019 . Retrieved August 17, 2008 . ^ Siskel (host), Gene; Ebert (host), Roger. "Batman Forever / Smoke / 2 Girls in Love (1995)" . Siskel & Ebert . Season 9. Episode 37. Archived from the original on April 14, 2021 . Retrieved May 18, 2022 – via SiskelEbert.org. ^ Ebert, Roger (June 16, 1995). "Batman Forever" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on April 18, 2022 . Retrieved August 17, 2008 – via RogerEbert.com . ^ LaSalle, Mick (June 16, 1995). " 'Batman Forever' Goes On and On" . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on November 9, 2021 . Retrieved August 17, 2008 . ^ Lowry, Brian (June 14, 1995). "Batman Forever" . Variety . Archived from the original on November 3, 2021 . Retrieved August 16, 2008 . ^ a b c Joel Schumacher , Peter MacGregor-Scott, Chris O'Donnell , Val Kilmer , Uma Thurman , John Glover (2005). Shadows of the Bat: The Cinematic Saga of the Dark Knight Part 6—Batman Unbound . Warner Home Video . ^ Horn, John (March 26, 1996). "No nomination is no big deal for established stars" . The Associated Press . Democrat and Chronicle . p. 27. Archived from the original on May 12, 2023 . Retrieved May 12, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . ^ "The 68th Academy Awards (1996) Nominees and Winners" . oscars.org . October 5, 2014. Archived from the original on April 2, 2015. ^ Ambrosi, Jason (June 18, 2021). "The 'Batman Forever' Deleted Scenes That Could be in the 'Schumacher Cut' " . Newsweek . Archived from the original on June 18, 2021. ^ Hood, Cooper (August 7, 2020). "Val Kilmer at DC FanDome Fuels Batman Forever Schumacher Cut Speculation" . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on March 6, 2021 . Retrieved March 10, 2021 . ^ Austin Film Festival (April 10, 2021). On Story 1102: A Conversation with Akiva Goldsman . Archived from the original on June 30, 2021 . Retrieved May 1, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ Barfield, Charles (July 5, 2023). " 'Batman Forever': Akiva Goldsman Says the "Schumacher Cut" Exists & Releasing It Would be "A Nice Way to Honor" the Director" . The Playlist . Archived from the original on July 5, 2023. ^ Labonte, Rachel (July 9, 2020). "Joel Schumacher's Batman Forever Unreleased Extended Director's Cut DOES Exist" . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on July 10, 2020 . Retrieved July 22, 2020 . ^ Vary, Adam B. (July 9, 2020). "Could Joel Schumacher's Darker, Longer 'Batman Forever' Cut Ever Get Released?" . Variety . Archived from the original on July 13, 2020 . Retrieved July 22, 2020 . ^ Mullinax, Hope (July 25, 2024). "Joel Schumacher's 'Batman Forever' Director's Cut Actually Exists" . Collider . Archived from the original on July 26, 2024. ^ Fenn, Archie (May 26, 2025). "Long-Awaited 'Batman' Director's Cut Gets Devastating Release Update" . MovieWeb . Archived from the original on July 2, 2025. ^ Couch, Aaron (July 10, 2025). "The Writer Who Killed the Dog — and Lived to Tell the Tale" . The Hollywood Reporter (Interview). Archived from the original on July 10, 2025. ^ ^ Betancourt, David (September 11, 2021). "Tim Burton Never Got to Make More Batman Movies. This New Comic Is the Next Best Thing" . washingtonpost.com . Retrieved August 10, 2021 . ^ Stone, Sam (September 11, 2021). "Batman '89 Rejects the Dark Knight's '90s Movies With a New Twist on Batgirl" . Comic Book Resources . Retrieved August 14, 2021 . Bibliography Salisbury, Mark; Burton, Tim (2000). Burton on Burton . Faber and Faber . ISBN 0-57120-507-0 . External links Official website (Warner Bros.) Official website (DC Comics) Batman Forever at IMDb Batman Forever at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Batman Forever .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category v t e Batman franchise media Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints v t e Batman in film Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Joel Schumacher Films directed The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981) D.C. Cab (1983, also wrote) St. Elmo's Fire (1985, also wrote) The Lost Boys (1987) Cousins (1989) Flatliners (1990) Dying Young (1991) Falling Down (1993) The Client (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) 8mm (1999) Flawless (1999, also wrote) Tigerland (2000) Bad Company (2002) Phone Booth (2002) Veronica Guerin (2003) The Phantom of the Opera (2004, also wrote) The Number 23 (2007) Blood Creek (2009) Twelve (2010) Trespass (2011) Written only Sparkle (1976) Car Wash (1976) The Wiz (1978) Sparkle (2012) TV series created Code Name: Foxfire (1985) Related Unrealized projects v t e Akiva Goldsman Films directed Winter's Tale (2014; also wrote and produced) Stephanie (2017) Films written The Client (1994) Silent Fall (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) Lost in Space (1998; also produced) Practical Magic (1998) A Beautiful Mind (2001) I, Robot (2004) Cinderella Man (2005) The Da Vinci Code (2006) I Am Legend (2007; also produced) Angels & Demons (2009) The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015) The 5th Wave (2016) Rings (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Dark Tower (2017; also produced) Practical Magic 2 (2026) Films produced Deep Blue Sea (1999) Starsky & Hutch (2004) Mindhunters (2004) Constantine (2005) Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) Poseidon (2006) Hancock (2008) The Losers (2010) Fair Game (2010) Jonah Hex (2010) Lone Survivor (2013) King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017) The Map of Tiny Perfect Things (2021) Without Remorse (2021) Firestarter (2022) Meet Cute (2022) Billion Dollar Spy (TBA) TV series created Titans (2018–2023) Star Trek: Picard (2020–2023) Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022) The Crowded Room (2023) Category .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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Cab (1983, also wrote) St. Elmo's Fire (1985, also wrote) The Lost Boys (1987) Cousins (1989) Flatliners (1990) Dying Young (1991) Falling Down (1993) The Client (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) 8mm (1999) Flawless (1999, also wrote) Tigerland (2000) Bad Company (2002) Phone Booth (2002) Veronica Guerin (2003) The Phantom of the Opera (2004, also wrote) The Number 23 (2007) Blood Creek (2009) Twelve (2010) Trespass (2011) The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981) D.C. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Coup attempt 3 Counter activities Toggle Counter activities subsection 3.1 Arrests 3.1 Arrests 4 Reactions Toggle Reactions subsection 4.1 Domestic 4.1 Domestic 5 Notes 6 References 2025 Beninese coup attempt العربية Беларуская Español Français 한국어 Português Русский Suomi Türkçe اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item 2025 Beninese coup attempt Rogue soldiers announce on national television that they have overthrown the government. Date 7 December 2025 Location SRTB , Presidential Palace , and Camp Togbin , Cotonou , Benin .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 6°21′N 2°24′E / 6.35°N 2.40°E / 6.35; 2.40 Status Coup failure Attacks on the Presidential Palace repulsed ECOWAS stability forces deployment [ 5 ] Ongoing search for coup plotters Pascal Tigri fled to Togo Date 7 December 2025 Location SRTB , Presidential Palace , and Camp Togbin , Cotonou , Benin .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 6°21′N 2°24′E / 6.35°N 2.40°E / 6.35; 2.40 Status Coup failure Attacks on the Presidential Palace repulsed ECOWAS stability forces deployment [ 5 ] Ongoing search for coup plotters Pascal Tigri fled to Togo Attacks on the Presidential Palace repulsed ECOWAS stability forces deployment [ 5 ] Ongoing search for coup plotters Pascal Tigri fled to Togo Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Military Committee for Refoundation [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Military Committee for Refoundation [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Benin Nigeria France [ a ] ECOWAS [ b ] Nigeria Sierra Leone Ivory Coast Ghana Benin Nigeria France [ a ] ECOWAS [ b ] Nigeria Sierra Leone Ivory Coast Ghana Nigeria Sierra Leone Ivory Coast Ghana Commanders and leaders Pascal Tigri [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Ousmane Samary [ 8 ] Sambieni Castro [ 8 ] Patrice Talon Dieudonné Djimon Tévoédjrè Bola Tinubu Units involved Benin Armed Forces (factions) Benin Armed Forces [ 9 ] Benin Army Nigerian Armed Forces Nigerian Army [ 10 ] Nigerian Air Force [ 11 ] ECOWAS Standby Force [ 12 ] Special Operations Command [ 3 ] [ 13 ] Benin Army Benin Army Nigerian Armed Forces Nigerian Army [ 10 ] Nigerian Air Force [ 11 ] Nigerian Army [ 10 ] Nigerian Air Force [ 11 ] ECOWAS Standby Force [ 12 ] Special Operations Command [ 3 ] [ 13 ] Casualties and losses Several killed, [ 14 ] 13 arrested [ 15 ] 1 killed, 1 injured 2 abducted, later released 1 civilian killed [ 16 ] On 7 December 2025, several soldiers of the Benin Armed Forces (FAB) led by Lieutenant Colonel Pascal Tigri announced on national television the overthrow of Patrice Talon , the president of Benin , following an attack on Talon's residence in Cotonou and the residences of other top-ranking military officials. Talon's government requested military assistance from Nigeria , and hours later, Beninese interior minister Alassane Seidou said that the coup attempt had been thwarted. The ECOWAS Standby Force was then deployed to maintain security. Several people on both sides, including one civilian, were killed during the attempt. Background Benin has been regarded as "one of Africa's more stable democracies". [ 17 ] Although Benin faced instability during the first few years after its 1960 independence from France, no coup has taken place there since its 1991 multiparty election . [ 18 ] The governments of Benin's northern neighbors Niger and Burkina Faso were overthrown in 2023 and in 2022 , respectively; other countries in the region affected by coups include Mali and Guinea in 2021, and Guinea-Bissau just the month before . [ 18 ] At the time of the coup, president Patrice Talon , in office since 2016, was due to leave office following elections scheduled in April 2026. [ 19 ] In January 2025, two of Talon's associates were sentenced to 20 years in prison for allegedly plotting a coup against him in 2024. [ 20 ] In November 2025, a constitutional amendment was approved by Benin's National Assembly , extending presidential and legislative terms from five to seven years and creating a Senate, expected to have between 25 and 30 members including Benin's former heads of state and other members appointed by the president. [ 21 ] This upper house would have the power to request a second reading of the laws approved by the National Assembly, with some exceptions. This reforms were still pending approval by the Constitutional Court of Benin . [ 21 ] The coup was planned and executed by mutineers stationed at Camp Togbin in Fidjrossè [ fr ] . The assault teams that attacked the residences of high-ranking officials and the Presidential Palace organized their weapons from this camp. [ 22 ] Pascal Tigri, who led the coup, was the former commander of the 3rd Combined Arms Battalion of the National Guard, and had recently been promoted to command the Special Forces group of the National Guard. Tigri and his men fought in the jihadist insurgency in Northern Benin . [ 6 ] Coup attempt At around 02:10 WAT, a group of rebellious soldiers from the National Guard [ 23 ] [ 24 ] dispatched from Camp Togbin [ 22 ] arrived at the home of Director of the Military Cabinet Bertin Bada in Abomey-Calavi , intending to kidnap him. While Bertin managed to flee, his wife Berthe was mortally wounded. [ 25 ] [ 26 ] [ 27 ] Beninese security officials requested support from soldiers at Camp Togbin. Head of the National Guard Faizou Gomina was dispatched to the camp, where he was assaulted and held hostage by mutinous soldiers. The home of the Army Chief of Staff Abou Issa was assaulted next. Issa resisted the initial group of soldiers sent to abduct him, but the mutineers sent reinforcements. Gomina and Issa were transported to Tchaourou , where they were released after the failure of the coup. [ 25 ] At 05:00, the rebelling National Guard soldiers attacked the Presidential Palace in Cotonou. A battle broke out between the mutineers and members of the Republican Guard , with President Patrice Talon , his wife, and high-ranking members of the Republican Guard including the commander Dieudonné Djimon Tévoédjrè watching over. [ 24 ] [ 28 ] This clash in front of the Presidential Palace lasted for about 45 minutes. One pro-government soldier was killed, and one was injured during the battle. [ 28 ] The rebelling soldiers retreated through alleyways to the national broadcaster SRTB , where they held workers hostage. [ 25 ] [ 17 ] [ 19 ] The French Embassy in Cotonou said that gunfire was heard at Camp Guezo, just north of SRTB and the Presidential Palace. [ 19 ] At SRTB, a group of eight rebelling soldiers, led by Pascal Tigri, declared that Talon had been "removed from office as president of the republic". They also announced the suspension of the constitution and state institutions, and identified themselves as the Military Committee for Refoundation ( French : Comité Militaire pour la Refondation , CMR). [ 20 ] [ 29 ] The soldiers cited multiple reasons for staging the coup, such as Talon's management of the country, favoritism in the military, the neglect of soldiers killed on duty and their relatives, the deteriorating security situation in northern Benin, cuts to healthcare, increased taxes, and restrictions on political activity. After the announcement, the signal to SRTB was shut off but was restored later in the day. [ 20 ] Videos of military vehicles speeding down Boulevard de la Marina, where the Presidential Palace and the National Assembly are located, circulated around social media. [ 24 ] Helicopters were reported to be flying over Cotonou. [ 30 ] According to Tevoedjre, pro-government soldiers launched a counteroffensive on the TV station as the message was being broadcast. [ 28 ] One rebel vehicle was destroyed in the battle for the TV station. [ 28 ] Soldiers at Camp Togbin then rebelled against the government, with the Beninois government requesting support from France and ECOWAS to quell the coup. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] The CMR later announced that all borders were closed and that all political parties were suspended. [ 29 ] Meanwhile, soldiers loyal to Talon claimed that he was safe, but his whereabouts were unknown, and that the "regular army" was "regaining control". [ 19 ] A presidential adviser later told the BBC that Talon was at the French embassy. [ 17 ] Beninʼs foreign minister, Shegun Adjadi Bakari , told Reuters that "there is a coup attempt but the situation is under control", and that "a large part of the army the national guard are still loyal to the president and are controlling the situation." [ 29 ] [ failed verification ] Gunfire was reported throughout Cotonou , especially near the port and the official presidential residence, and helicopters were observed over the area. [ 24 ] Soldiers also blocked access to the presidential residence, state television offices, the five-star Sofitel Cotonou hotel, and districts housing international institutions. [ 29 ] Romuald Wadagni , the Beninese Minister of Finance, stated that the situation was "under control", "The mutineers are holed up" and "We are clearing them out, but it's not over yet. We are safe." [ 30 ] Wilfried Houngbedji, the spokesperson for the Beninese government, stated that "Everything is fine." [ 33 ] The U.S. Embassy in Cotonou urged U.S. citizens in Benin to avoid Cotonou and areas near the presidential compound. The rebel troops were still in control of the state television by 09:00 WAT ( UTC+01:00 ). [ 23 ] Counter activities External videos "#Benin Failed Coup: Message from the Government" (in French), from Bénin TV via YouTube Following two requests for assistance by the Beninese government, [ 32 ] the Nigerian Air Force was deployed to Cotonou to dislodge the putschists, where precision airstrikes upon Camp Togbin were reported. [ 19 ] [ 11 ] Several putschists were killed. [ 14 ] Nigeria also expelled the coup plotters from the state television headquarters [ 34 ] and immobilized several armored vehicles. [ 35 ] Nigerian ground forces entered Benin shortly after. [ 36 ] This marked Nigeria's first foreign military intervention since the 2017 Gambian constitutional crisis . [ 34 ] The French government also said that it had provided surveillance, observation and logistical assistance to the FAB to help thwart the coup, with president Emmanuel Macron leading a "coordination effort" and being in contact with president Talon and ECOWAS representatives. [ 37 ] Benin's interior minister, Alassane Seidou stated that the FAB thwarted the attempted coup at 11:09. [ 38 ] The government credited loyalist troops for suppressing the coup. [ 17 ] At least 14 people were arrested, including 12 active-duty soldiers and another who was dismissed. Twelve suspects are believed to have participated in the attack on state television. [ 29 ] [ 17 ] Tigri and several of his men remained fugitives by the night of 9 December. [ 39 ] [ 30 ] Beninese authorities later said that Tigri and several colleagues were in hiding in Lomé in neighboring Togo. [ 40 ] At 19:37, ECOWAS released a statement announcing the deployment of Nigerian, Sierra Leonean, Ivorian, and Ghanaian soldiers to aid the Beninese government in repelling the putschists. [ 41 ] Ivorian soldiers arrived in Cotonou on that night. [ 42 ] Later that evening, president Talon appeared on television and reiterated the failure of the coup, while promising to punish "this treachery". [ 32 ] Weapons were also discovered stashed in the Togbin, Fidjrosse, and Akogbato neighborhoods. [ 43 ] Following the attack, roads to and from the Presidential Palace were closed, with police officers in front diverting traffic from the scene. Traffic elsewhere in Cotonou was normal. [ 24 ] Arrests The Beninese government made several arrests and issued several arrest warrants for people they deemed supportive of or involved in the coup attempt. At least 30 suspects appeared at the Special Criminal Court (CRIET) on 15 December in connection with the coup attempt. [ 44 ] On 12 December, Talon's political opponent and head of the Restaurer l'Espoir (Restore Hope) party Candide Azanai was arrested. On 14 December, Chabi Yayi , the son of former president Thomas Boni Yayi , was arrested at his house for reasons alleged to be related to the coup attempt. [ 45 ] Arrest warrants were also issued for Kémi Séba and Sabi Korogone , who supported the coup. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] Reactions The coup attempt was condemned by ECOWAS, the African Union , and United Nations Secretary-General António Guterres . [ 29 ] [ 32 ] Neighboring Nigeria called the coup a "direct assault on democracy," and praised Beninese security forces for "defending the constitutional order and guaranteeing the safety of the president". [ 17 ] On 9 December, the Senate of Nigeria formally approved a request by President Bola Tinubu to deploy soldiers in Benin at the request of the latter's government. [ 49 ] France also condemned the coup and offered its full political support to ECOWAS. [ 37 ] Domestic Kémi Séba , a candidate in the 2026 Beninese presidential election and pro- AES and pro-Russian blogger, expressed his support for the coup while it was ongoing. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Other pro-AES social media accounts posted claims heralding the coup's success as soon as news broke. [ 52 ] [ 24 ] Les Democrates , the primary opposition party in Benin and party of former president Thomas Boni Yayi , condemned the coup and released a statement supporting the Beninese government. [ 53 ] Boni Yayi himself released a statement in support of the government on 7 December, expressing solidarity with Talon. [ 54 ] The Islamic Union of Benin released a similar statement. [ 55 ] The Cowry Forces for an Emerging Benin (FCBE) political party also condemned the coup attempt and released a statement in support of the government. [ 56 ] Former president Nicéphore Soglo also released a statement supporting the government. [ 57 ] Rallies in favor of Talon's government were organized in Banikoara on 9 December. [ 58 ] Notes ^ France provided logistical and intelligence support to Benin and Nigeria during the coup attempt. [ 3 ] ^ ECOWAS Standby Force deployed after the coup failed. [ 4 ] References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Military Coup underway in Benin Republic as Soldiers Seize State TV [PHOTO]" . The Times Nigeria . 7 December 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025. ^ "Coup attempt in Benin:Soldiers' group announces removal of government; army claims it is restoring control" . . The Times of India . 7 December 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025. ^ a b "France provided logistical support to Benin to thwart coup, Elysee says" . Reuters . 9 December 2025 . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "Benin: ECOWAS troops deployed after failed coup attempt" . Deutsche Welle . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "ECOWAS deploys standby force to Benin after foiled coup attempt" . . Daily Post Nigeria . 8 December 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025. ^ a b "Benin: Who is Pascal Tigri, the discreet officer behind the attempted overthrow of Patrice Talon?" . Sene News . 8 December 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025. ^ "4 facts about the man behind the Benin coup" . PM News – via MSN . 7 December 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025. ^ a b "Face of Benin failed coup Lt Col. Pascal Tigri declared wanted" . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "Benin coup leader still on the run after thwarted government takeover" . . The Independent . 8 December 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025. ^ "Tinubu hails Nigerian Army for protecting democracy in Benin Republic" . . Business Day. 8 December 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025. ^ a b "Nigerian Air Force Launches Precision Airstrikes On Fleeing Benin Republic Coup Plotters" . Sahara Reporters . 7 December 2025 . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ^ "ECOWAS deploys standby force to Benin following attempted coup" . . GhanaWeb . 8 December 2025. Retrieved 8 December 2025. ^ "French special forces helped Benin after attempted coup: Military" . ^ a b "Nigerian Air Force conducts Multiple Precision airstrikes on fleeing coup plotters in Benin Republic" . Zagazola . 7 December 2025. ^ Afrique, Jeune (7 December 2025). "Benin: What we know about the attempted coup d'État in Cotonou" . The Africa Report . ^ Benin: General Bertin Bada Attends Cabinet Meeting After Losing Wife To Failed Coup (Video) , Naija News ^ a b c d e f Njie, Paul; Naadi, Thomas; Nwonwu, Chiagozie; Fleming, Lucy (7 December 2025). "Benin coup attempt foiled by loyalist troops, interior minister says" . BBC News . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ^ a b "Benin government says armed forces foil coup attempt" . Reuters . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ^ a b c d e "Attempted coup underway in Benin" . France 24 . 7 December 2025 . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ^ a b c "Benin's interior minister says a coup announced earlier has been foiled" . AP News . 7 December 2025 . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ^ a b "Benin's parliament approves constitutional amendment extending terms and creating a senate" . ConstitutionNet . Retrieved 11 December 2025 . ^ a b Ayosso, Akpédjé (8 December 2025). "La base militaire de Togbin identifiée comme épicentre de l'insurrection" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ a b "Tentative de coup d'Etat au Bénin : Le président Talon parle "d'évènements d'une gravité extrême" " . BBC News Afrique (in French). 7 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ a b c d e f "Bénin: une douzaine de militaires arrêtés après «l'échec» de la tentative de coup d'État" . RFI (in French). 7 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ a b c Mensah, Marc (8 December 2025). "Le gouvernement fait le point sur la mutinerie" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ "Benin on alert: Military group goes live on state TV, claims to remove President Talon" . mint . 7 December 2025 . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ^ Ayosso, Akpédjé (8 December 2025). "L'épouse du Général Bertin Bada décédée" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ a b c d "Invité Afrique Midi – Chef de la garde présidentielle du Bénin: «C'est la détermination de mes hommes qui a mis en déroute les assaillants»" . RFI (in French). 10 December 2025 . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ a b c d e f "Coup attempt in Benin quelled by loyal armed forces, interior minister says" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ^ a b c "Bénin: ce que l'on sait de la tentative de coup d'État à Cotonou" . JeuneAfrique.com (in French) . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "Tentative de coup d'État au Bénin : ce que l'on sait du rôle de la France" . JeuneAfrique.com (in French) . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ a b c d Usaid Siddiqui (8 December 2025). "Benin's foiled coup: How it unfolded and what we know" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ Ahissou, Virgile; Adetayo, Ope (7 December 2025). "Soldiers appear on television to announce apparent military coup in Benin" . KSTP . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ^ a b "Nigeria dispatches jets, troops to quash Benin coup bid" . Reuters . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "Benin government assesses situation after thwarted coup" . Africanews . 9 December 2025. ^ "Nigeria says it deployed jets, troops to Benin to 'dislodge coup plotters' " . Al Jazeera . 8 December 2025. ^ a b "France reveals role in Benin's foiled coup'under control' " . Africanews . 10 December 2025 . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ "Live: Apparent coup attempt in Benin, govt claims army has situation 'under control' " . France 24 . 7 December 2025 . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ^ "EN DIRECT. Bénin : une douzaine de militaires arrêtés, dont les auteurs de la tentative de coup d'État" . Senenews (in French). 7 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ "Alleged leader of Benin coup attempt reportedly finds refuge in Togo" . Africanews . 12 December 2025. ^ "ECOWAS Deploys Immediate Standby Force To Benin After Failed Coup Attempt" . Sahara Reporters . 7 December 2025. ^ Mensah, Marc (8 December 2025). "Voici les deux armées africaines qui ont appuyé le Bénin" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ Ignace B. Fanou; F. Aubin Ahéhéhinnou (12 December 2025). "Voici la conduite à tenir en cas de découverte d'armes ou de munitions" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ Fanou, Ignace B. (15 December 2025). "Une trentaine de suspects devant la CRIET" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ "Bénin: Chabi Yayi, le fils de l'ancien président Boni Yayi, placé en garde à vue" . RFI (in French). 14 December 2025 . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ ZOHOUN, Judicaël (12 December 2025). "Mandat d'arrêt international contre Kemi Seba et Sabi Korogoné" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ Djogbénou, Edouard (13 December 2025). "Sabi Korogoné reacts after an arrest warrant was issued against him" . Benin Web TV . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ Seneweb (14 December 2025). "Benin: Subject to an arrest warrant, Kemi Seba says he wants to "see his fight through to the end" " . Seneweb . Retrieved 15 December 2025 . ^ "West Africa is in a state of emergency after several coups, bloc leader says" . AP News . 10 December 2025 . Retrieved 10 December 2025 . ^ Souleymane, Barry (7 December 2025). "Coup d'état au Bénin : « Le camp de Talon n'a pas repris le contrôle », Kemi Seba publie une vidéo du colonel Tigri" . Senenews (in French) . Retrieved 7 December 2025 . ^ 🚨Bénin:Kemi Seba affirme qu'un coup d'État serait en cours et livre sa lecture de la situation poli . Retrieved 8 December 2025 – via Youtube. ^ "Bénin : une journée d'intox des putschistes sur un coup d'État manqué" . France 24 (in French). 8 December 2025 . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ Ignace B. Fanou; F. Aubin Ahéhéhinnou (8 December 2025). "Les Démocrates saluent le rétablissement de l'ordre par les Forces Armées" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ Ahéhéhinnou, F. Aubin (9 December 2025). "Yayi condamne la tentative de coup d'Etat et exprime sa solidarité à Talon" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ Ignace B. Fanou; F. Aubin Ahéhéhinnou (8 December 2025). "L'UIB exprime sa compassion au chef de l'Etat et aux personnes affectées" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ Ignace B. Fanou; F. Aubin Ahéhéhinnou (8 December 2025). "FCBE condamne la tentative de prise de pouvoir par les armes" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 8 December 2025 . ^ Mensah, Marc (8 December 2025). "L'ex président Soglo salue la réaction des Forces de Défense et Sécurité" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . ^ ZOHOUN, Judicaël (9 December 2025). "Grande Mobilisation Citoyenne pour dire Non au Coup d'Etat au Bénin" . 24 HEURES AU BENIN (in French) . Retrieved 9 December 2025 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Coups in Benin ( formerly known as Dahomey ) v t e 1963 1965 1967 1969 1972 1977 attempt 2025 attempt 1963 1965 1967 1969 1972 1977 attempt 2025 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Coups d'état in Africa since 1960 v t e 1960s Congo-Léopoldville (1960) c Ethiopia (1960) Rwanda (1961) French Algeria (1961) Somalia (1961) Senegal (1962) Algeria (1962) [ fr ] c Dahomey (1963) c Togo (1963) c Gabon (1964) c Algeria (1965) c Dahomey (1965) Burundi (1965) Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965) Central African Republic (1965–66) c Burundi (July 1966) c Burundi (November 1966) c Ghana (1966) c Upper Volta (1966) c Nigeria (January 1966) c Nigeria (July 1966) c Democratic Republic of the Congo (1966) Dahomey (1967) Sierra Leone (1967) c Ghana (1967) Togo (1967) c Algeria (1967) Sierra Leone (1968) c Mali (1968) c Republic of the Congo (1968) c Dahomey (1969) Sudan (1969) c Libya (September 1969) c Somalia (1969) c Libya (December 1969) Congo-Léopoldville (1960) c Ethiopia (1960) Rwanda (1961) French Algeria (1961) Somalia (1961) Senegal (1962) Algeria (1962) [ fr ] c Dahomey (1963) c Togo (1963) c Gabon (1964) c Algeria (1965) c Dahomey (1965) Burundi (1965) Democratic Republic of the Congo (1965) Central African Republic (1965–66) c Burundi (July 1966) c Burundi (November 1966) c Ghana (1966) 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c Transkei (1987) c Benin (1988) São Tomé and Príncipe (1988) Burkina Faso (1989) Ethiopia (1989) Chad (1989) Sudan (1989) c 1990s Sudan (1990) Nigeria (1990) Zambia (1990) Chad (1990) c Ciskei (1990) c Venda (1990) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Sudan (1992) Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sierra Leone (December 1992) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Libya (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡c Liberia (1994) Comoros (1995) São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Sierra Leone (1996) c Guinea (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Sierra Leone (August 1996) Zambia (1997) Sierra Leone (1997) c Guinea-Bissau (1998) Republic of the Congo (1998) Niger (1999) c Comoros (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Sudan (1990) Nigeria (1990) Zambia (1990) Chad (1990) c Ciskei (1990) c Venda (1990) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Sudan (1992) Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sierra Leone (December 1992) Burundi (1993) 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Central African Republic (2013) c Libya (2014) Lesotho (2014) The Gambia (2014) Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Niger (2021) Mali (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Guinea (2021) c Sudan (September 2021) Sudan (October 2021) c Burkina Faso (January 2022) c Guinea-Bissau (2022) Burkina Faso (September 2022) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Nigeria (2024) Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) Tigray (2024) c Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Niger (2021) Mali (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Guinea (2021) c Sudan (September 2021) Sudan (October 2021) c Burkina Faso (January 2022) c Guinea-Bissau (2022) Burkina Faso (September 2022) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Nigeria (2024) Democratic Republic of the Congo (2024) Tigray (2024) c Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) c : successful coup ‡ : self-coup no sign: attempted coup See also: Coup Belt c : successful coup ‡ : self-coup no sign: attempted coup 2025 in Benin 2020s coups d'état December 2025 in Africa Conflicts in 2025 Attempted coups d'état in Africa Military coups in Benin Cotonou Porto-Novo Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from December 2025 Coordinates on Wikidata Articles containing French-language text All articles with failed verification Articles with failed verification from December 2025 Pages using the Kartographer extension This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 20:06 (UTC) . 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arXiv.org > 2601.10543 > format Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Format selector for 2601.10543 Note: Many of the formats above are served gzipped ( Content-Encoding: x-gzip ). Your browser may silently uncompress after downloading so the files you see saved may appear uncompressed. Please report any problems to arXiv technical support and include the paper identifier. About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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https://arxiv.org/format/2601.10543
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Help | Advanced Search quick links Login Help Pages About Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence Title: Structure and Diversity Aware Context Bubble Construction for Enterprise Retrieval Augmented Systems Abstract: Large language model (LLM) contexts are typically constructed using retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which involves ranking and selecting the top-k passages. The approach causes fragmentation in information graphs in document structures, over-retrieval, and duplication of content alongside insufficient query context, including 2nd and 3rd order facets. In this paper, a structure-informed and diversity-constrained context bubble construction framework is proposed that assembles coherent, citable bundles of spans under a strict token budget. The method preserves and exploits inherent document structure by organising multi-granular spans (e.g., sections and rows) and using task-conditioned structural priors to guide retrieval. Starting from high-relevance anchor spans, a context bubble is constructed through constrained selection that balances query relevance, marginal coverage, and redundancy penalties. It will explicitly constrain diversity and budget, producing compact and informative context sets, unlike top-k retrieval. Moreover, a full retrieval is emitted that traces the scoring and selection choices of the records, thus providing auditability and deterministic tuning. Experiments on enterprise documents demonstrate the efficiency of context bubble as it significantly reduces redundant context, is better able to cover secondary facets and has a better answer quality and citation faithfulness within a limited context window. Ablation studies demonstrate that both structural priors as well as diversity constraint selection are necessary; removing either component results in a decline in coverage and an increase in redundant or incomplete context. Subjects: Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: arXiv:2601.10681 [cs.AI] (or arXiv:2601.10681v1 [cs.AI] for this version) Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history Access Paper: View PDF References & Citations NASA ADS Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bookmark Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, Data and Media Associated with this Article Demos Recommenders and Search Tools Author Venue Institution Topic arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status arXiv Operational Status
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https://arxiv.org/abs/2601.10681?context=cs
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Themes 5 Marketing 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Batman (1989 film) العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Theatrical release poster by Bill Garland Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Story by Sam Hamm Based on Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Produced by Jon Peters Peter Guber Jon Peters Peter Guber Starring Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Ray Lovejoy Music by Danny Elfman (score) Prince (songs) Production companies Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) Running time 126 minutes Countries United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] Language English Budget $48 million [ 5 ] Box office $411.6 million [ 6 ] Batman is a 1989 superhero film based on the DC Comics character , created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . Directed by Tim Burton , it is the first installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Jack Nicholson , Michael Keaton , Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough , and Jack Palance . The film's score was composed by Danny Elfman , and songs were written by Prince . The film takes place early in the war on crime of the title character (Keaton) and depicts his conflict with his archenemy the Joker (Nicholson). After Burton was hired as director in 1986, Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay. Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice (1988). The tone and themes of the film were partly influenced by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts and then diverges from the " Red Hood " origin story for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently cause gangster Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the psychotic Joker. Additionally, Batman co-creator Bob Kane worked as a consultant for the film. Numerous leading men were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role. [ 7 ] Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top billing , a portion of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million, while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out. Warren Skaaren did rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done by Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400 million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer Danny Elfman 's score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination for Nicholson's performance, and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film was followed by three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; Batman Forever (1995), with Joel Schumacher directing and Val Kilmer in the lead role; and Batman & Robin (1997), which featured George Clooney in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash (2023). The film also led to the development of Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), which in turn began the DC Animated Universe of spin-off media, and has influenced Hollywood 's modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre. Two sequel novels were written by John Jackson Miller , Batman: Resurrection (2024) and Batman: Revolution (2025). Plot Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale investigate sightings of " Batman ", a masked vigilante targeting Gotham City 's criminals. Both attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire Bruce Wayne, who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command Jack Napier to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier murdered for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. However, Commissioner James Gordon learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots and kills Eckhardt as revenge for the double-cross. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair and nails. He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a rictus grin . Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, now calling himself "the Joker", kills Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins terrorizing Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" – a deadly chemical that causes victims to die laughing . Joker soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen vandalize . Batman rescues Vicki, takes her to the Batcave , and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment intending to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth , who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his Batwing to remove the balloons, but Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach Joker's leg to a crumbling gargoyle that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the Bat-Signal . Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham should crime strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to Wayne Manor , explaining that Wayne will be a little late. She responds that she is not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. Cast Jack Nicholson as Jack Napier / The Joker Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Kim Basinger as Vicki Vale Robert Wuhl as Alexander Knox Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth Jack Palance as Carl Grissom Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt Tracey Walter as Bob the Goon Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt Liza Ross as tourist mom Garrick Hagon as tourist dad Adrian Meyers as tourist son David Baxt as Thomas Wayne Sharon Holm as Martha Wayne Production Development "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning. [ 9 ] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows." [ 9 ] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s television series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film. [ 10 ] A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of the successful four-part comic book The Dark Knight Returns , which his script predated by six years. [ 9 ] In November 1979, producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project. [ 5 ] Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978). [ 11 ] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down. [ 12 ] Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York. Warner Bros. , the studio behind the successful Superman film franchise , decided to also accept and produce Batman . [ 13 ] Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest. [ 14 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman: Strange Apparitions , written by Steve Englehart . [ 15 ] Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . [ 12 ] The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth , and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin , whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature. [ 13 ] Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin. [ 7 ] Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However, Mankiewicz's script was still being used to guide the project. [ 16 ] Due to the work they did together with the film Swamp Thing (1982), Wes Craven was among the names that Melniker and Uslan considered while looking for a director. [ 17 ] After the financial success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct Batman . Burton had then-girlfriend Julie Hickson write a new 30-page film treatment , feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was campy . The success of The Dark Knight Returns and the graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both The Dark Knight Returns and The Killing Joke . [ 7 ] Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986. [ 18 ] Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own Strange Apparitions and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker, and Rupert Thorne, as well as a cameo appearance by the Penguin . Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986. [ 18 ] Burton approached Sam Hamm , a comic book fan, to write the screenplay. [ 13 ] Hamm decided not to use an origin story , feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that "unlocking the mystery" would become part of the storyline. [ 15 ] He reasoned, "You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman." [ 19 ] Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation, Carl Grissom. He completed his script in October 1986, which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character. [ 20 ] One scene in Hamm's script had a young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. When Hamm's script was rewritten, the scene was deleted, reducing it to a photo in the Gotham Globe newspaper seen in the film. [ 21 ] Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Kane greeted with positive feedback. [ 7 ] Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. [ 15 ] Batman was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice the same year. [ 7 ] When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction Batman was going in. [ 22 ] Hamm explained, "They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of Pee-wee's Big Adventure . They hear Keaton's name, and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of Batman , and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us." [ 15 ] To combat negative reports on the film's production, Kane was hired as creative consultant. [ 11 ] Batman's co-creator, Bill Finger , was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman-related media until 2016. [ 1 ] Casting Parallel to the Superman casting, a variety of Hollywood A-listers were considered for the role of Batman, including Mel Gibson , Michael Biehn , [ 23 ] Steven Seagal , [ 24 ] Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Bill Murray, [ 5 ] [ 13 ] Harrison Ford and Dennis Quaid . [ 25 ] Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star, [ 7 ] and had approached Pierce Brosnan , but he had no interest in playing a comic book character. [ 26 ] Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor, [ 25 ] Willem Dafoe , who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker but had actually been considered for Batman early in development. [ 27 ] Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton, arguing he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" after having seen his dramatic performance in Clean and Sober (1988). [ 28 ] Having directed Keaton in Beetlejuice , Burton agreed. [ 5 ] The casting of Keaton caused a furor among comic book fans, [ 22 ] [ 29 ] with 50,000 protest letters sent to Warner Bros. offices. [ 20 ] Kane, Hamm, and Uslan also heavily questioned the casting. [ 15 ] "Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people. I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series, and make it campy, because they thought of Michael Keaton from Mr. Mom and Night Shift and stuff like that." [ 30 ] Keaton studied The Dark Knight Returns for inspiration. [ 31 ] Tim Curry , David Bowie , John Lithgow , Brad Dourif , Ray Liotta , and James Woods were all considered for the Joker. [ 19 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Lithgow, during his audition, attempted to talk Burton out of casting him, a decision he would later publicly regret, stating, "I didn't realize it was such a big deal." [ 35 ] Burton wanted to cast John Glover , but the studio insisted on using a movie star. [ 36 ] Robin Williams lobbied hard for the part. [ 20 ] Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of The Witches of Eastwick ; [ 37 ] unlike Keaton, he was a popular choice for his role. [ 29 ] Nicholson had what was known as an "off-the-clock" agreement. His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day, from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming, [ 13 ] as well as being off for Los Angeles Lakers home games. [ 38 ] Nicholson demanded that all of his scenes be shot in a three-week block, but the schedule lapsed into 106 days. [ 37 ] He reduced his standard $10 million fee to $6 million in exchange for a cut of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), which led to remuneration in excess of $50 million [ 39 ] —biographer Marc Eliot reports that Nicholson may have received as much as $90 million. [ 40 ] He also demanded top billing on promotional materials. [ 41 ] Sean Young was originally cast as Vicki Vale, but was injured in a horse-riding accident prior to commencement of filming. [ 42 ] Young's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who, besides being right for the part, could commit to the film at very short notice. Peters suggested Kim Basinger : she was able to join the production immediately and was cast. [ 5 ] [ 42 ] As a fan of Michael Gough 's work in various Hammer horror films, Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne's mysterious butler, Alfred . [ 43 ] Reporter Alexander Knox was portrayed by Robert Wuhl . In the original script, Knox was killed by the Joker's poison gas during the climax, but the filmmakers "liked [my] character so much," Wuhl said, "that they decided to let me live." [ 44 ] Burton chose Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent because he wanted to include the villain Two-Face in a future film using the concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept, [ 45 ] but Tommy Lee Jones was later cast in the role for Batman Forever (1995), which disappointed Williams. [ 44 ] Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend Tracey Walter as the Joker's henchman Bob. [ 46 ] Irish child actor Ricky Addison Reed was cast as Dick Grayson before the character was removed by Warren Skarren for the revised shooting script. [ 47 ] The rest of the cast included Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon , Jerry Hall as Alicia, Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg, William Hootkins as Lt. Eckhardt, and Jack Palance as crime boss Carl Grissom. Design "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" Burton had been impressed with the design of Neil Jordan 's The Company of Wolves (1984), but was unable to hire its production designer Anton Furst for Beetlejuice [ 29 ] as he had instead committed to Jordan's London-filmed ghost comedy High Spirits (1988), a choice he later regretted. [ 13 ] A year later Burton successfully hired Furst for Batman , and they enjoyed working with each other. "I don't think I've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director," Furst said. "Conceptually, spiritually, visually, or artistically. There was never any problem because we never fought over anything. Texture, attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at." [ 11 ] Furst and the art department deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to "make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable". [ 49 ] Furst continued, "[W]e imagined what New York City might have become without a planning commission . A city run by crime, with a riot of architectural styles. An essay in ugliness. As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going". [ 50 ] The 1985 film Brazil by Terry Gilliam was also a notable influence upon the film's production design, as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference. [ 11 ] Black and white charcoal drawings of key locations and sets were created by Furst's longtime draftsman, Nigel Phelps . Derek Meddings served as the visual effects supervisor , overseeing the miniatures and animation. Conceptual illustrator Julian Caldow designed the Batmobile, Batwing and assorted bat-gadgets that were later constructed by prop builder John Evans. Keith Short sculpted the final body of the Batmobile , [ 51 ] adding two Browning machine guns . [ 52 ] On designing the Batmobile, Furst explained, "We looked at jet aircraft components, we looked at war machines, we looked at all sorts of things. In the end, we went into pure expressionism, taking the Salt Flat Racers of the 30s and the Sting Ray macho machines of the 50s". The car was built upon a Chevrolet Impala when previous development with a Jaguar and Ford Mustang failed. [ 37 ] The car itself was later purchased by standup comedian/ventriloquist Jeff Dunham , who had it outfitted with a Corvette engine to make it street legal. [ 53 ] Costume designer Bob Ringwood turned down the chance to work on Licence to Kill (1989) in favor of Batman . Ringwood found it difficult designing the Batsuit because "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build", he stated. "The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature." [ 54 ] Burton commented, "Michael is a bit claustrophobic , which made it worse for him. The costume put him in a dark, Batman-like mood though, so he was able to use it to his advantage". [ 54 ] Burton's idea was to use an all-black suit, and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane. Vin Burnham was tasked with sculpting the Batsuit, in association with Alli Eynon. Jon Peters wanted to use a Nike product placement with the Batsuit. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration. 28 sculpted latex designs were created; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made, accumulating a total cost of $250,000. [ 57 ] Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit. [ 29 ] Burton opted not to use tights, spandex, or underpants as seen in the comic book, feeling it was not intimidating. [ 7 ] Prosthetic makeup designer Nick Dudman used acrylic-based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson's chalk-white face. Part of Nicholson's contract was approval over the makeup designer. [ 58 ] Filming The filmmakers considered filming Batman entirely on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank, California , but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at Pinewood Studios in England from October 10, 1988, to February 14, 1989, with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting. [ 59 ] 18 sound stages were used, with seven stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio. [ 59 ] [ 11 ] Locations included Knebworth House and Hatfield House doubling for Wayne Manor , plus Acton Lane Power Station and Little Barford Power Station . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] For the production at Acton Lane Power Station, the power plant and alien nest sets from Aliens (1986) were reused as interiors for Axis Chemicals. [ 62 ] The original production budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million. [ 5 ] Filming was highly secretive. The unit publicist was offered and refused £ 10,000 for the first pictures of Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen. [ 37 ] With various problems during filming, Burton called it "Torture. The worst period of my life!" [ 5 ] Hamm was not allowed to perform rewrites during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike . [ 13 ] Warren Skaaren , who had also worked on Burton's Beetlejuice , did rewrites. Jonathan Gems and Charles McKeown rewrote the script during filming. [ 63 ] Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm. Hamm criticized the rewrites, but blamed the changes on Warner Bros. [ 15 ] Burton explained, "I don't understand why that became such a problem. We started out with a script that everyone liked, although we recognized it needed a little work." [ 7 ] Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted because the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot; [ 13 ] Kane supported this decision. [ 43 ] Keaton used his comedic experience for scenes such as Bruce and Vicki's Wayne Manor dinner. [ 29 ] He called himself a "logic freak" and was concerned that Batman's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover. Keaton discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character, including the use of contact lenses . Ultimately, Keaton decided to perform Batman's voice at a lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne, which became a hallmark of the film version of the character, with Christian Bale later using the same technique. [ 64 ] Originally in the climax, the Joker was meant to kill Vicki Vale, sending Batman into a vengeful fury. Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a 38-foot (12 m) model of the cathedral. [ 65 ] This cost $100,000 when the film was already well over budget. Burton disliked the idea, having no clue how the scene would end: "Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral, and halfway up Jack turns around and says, 'Why am I walking up all these stairs? Where am I going?' 'We'll talk about it when you get to the top!' I had to tell him that I didn't know." [ 65 ] Music Burton hired Danny Elfman of Oingo Boingo , his collaborator on Pee-wee's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice , to compose the music score. For inspiration, Elfman was given The Dark Knight Returns . Elfman was worried, as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale. [ 66 ] In addition, producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman, but was later convinced when he heard the opening number. [ 67 ] Peters and Peter Guber wanted Prince to write music for the Joker and Michael Jackson to do the romance songs. Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson's songs together for the entire film score. [ 7 ] At the encouragement of Prince's then-manager Albert Magnoli , it was agreed that Prince himself would write and sing the film's songs . [ 68 ] Burton protested the ideas, citing "my movies aren't commercial like Top Gun ." [ 7 ] Elfman enlisted the help of composer Shirley Walker and Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek to arrange the compositions for the orchestra. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Elfman was later displeased with the audio mixing of his film score. " Batman was done in England by technicians who didn't care, and the non-caring showed," he stated. "I'm not putting down England because they've done gorgeous dubs there, but this particular crew elected not to." [ 71 ] Batman was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks. One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman's score. Both were successful, [ 72 ] and compilations of Elfman's opening credits were used in the title sequence theme for Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), also composed by Walker. [ 33 ] Themes When discussing the central theme of Batman , director Tim Burton explained, "the whole film and mythology of the character is a complete duel of the freaks. It's a fight between two disturbed people", adding, "The Joker is such a great character because there's a complete freedom to him. Any character who operates on the outside of society and is deemed a freak and an outcast then has the freedom to do what they want... They are the darker sides of freedom. Insanity is in some scary way the most freedom you can have, because you're not bound by the laws of society". [ 7 ] Burton saw Bruce Wayne as the bearer of a double identity, exposing one while hiding the reality from the world. [ 7 ] Burton biographer Ken Hanke wrote that Bruce Wayne, struggling with his alter-ego as Batman, is depicted as an antihero . Hanke felt that Batman has to push the boundaries of civil justice to deal with certain criminals, such as the Joker. [ 16 ] Kim Newman theorized that "Burton and the writers saw Batman and the Joker as a dramatic antithesis, and the film deals with their intertwined origins and fates to an even greater extent". [ 73 ] Batman conveys trademarks found in 1930s pulp magazines , notably the design of Gotham City stylized with Art Deco design. [ 74 ] Richard Corliss , writing for Time , observed that Gotham's design was a reference to films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and Metropolis (1927). "Gotham City, despite being shot on a studio backlot ", he continued, "is literally another character in the script. It has the demeaning presence of German Expressionism and fascist architecture , staring down at the citizens." [ 75 ] Hanke further addressed the notions of Batman being a period piece , in that "The citizens, cops, people and the black-and-white television looks like it takes place in 1939"; but later said: "Had the filmmakers made Vicki Vale a femme fatale rather than a damsel in distress , this could have made Batman as a homage and tribute to classic film noir ." [ 60 ] Portions of the climax pay homage to Vertigo (1958). [ 76 ] Marketing The B.D. Fox ad agency created hundreds of unused logos and posters for promotion, many by John Alvin . In the end Burton and producers decided on only using a gold and black logo designed by Anton Furst and airbrushed by Bill Garland, with no other key art variation, to keep an air of mystery about the film. [ 77 ] The logo is also an ambiguous image , which can be read either as Batman's symbol or as a gaping mouth. [ 78 ] Earlier designs "had the word 'Batman' spelled in RoboCop or Conan the Barbarian -type font". [ 5 ] Jon Peters unified all the film's tie-ins , even turning down $6 million from General Motors to build the Batmobile because the car company would not relinquish creative control. [ 5 ] During production, Peters read in The Wall Street Journal that comic book fans were unsatisfied with the casting of Michael Keaton. In response, Peters rushed the first film trailer that played in thousands of theaters during Christmas. It was simply an assemblage of scenes without music, but created enormous anticipation for the film, with audiences clapping and cheering. [ 5 ] [ 29 ] DC Comics allowed screenwriter Sam Hamm to write his own comic book miniseries . Hamm's stories were collected in the graphic novel Batman: Blind Justice ( .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 978-1563890475 ). Denys Cowan and Dick Giordano illustrated the artwork. [ 19 ] Blind Justice tells the story of Bruce Wayne trying to solve a series of murders connected to Wayne Enterprises . It also marks the first appearance of Henri Ducard , who was later used in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005), albeit as an alias for the more notable Ra's al Ghul . [ 19 ] In the months leading up to Batman ' s release in June 1989, a popular culture phenomenon known as " Batmania " began. Over $750 million worth of merchandise was sold. [ 33 ] Cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith remembered: "That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot." [ 79 ] Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization, Batman , written by Craig Shaw Gardner . [ 80 ] It remained on The New York Times Best Seller list throughout June 1989. [ 81 ] Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of The New York Observer categorized Batman as a high concept film. He believed "it is less movie than a corporate behemoth ". [ 76 ] Reception Box office Batman grossed $2.2 million in late night previews on June 22, 1989, on 1,215 screens and grossed $40.49 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend. [ 82 ] This broke the opening weekend records held by Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (which had a 4-day Memorial Day weekend gross of $37.0 million the previous month) [ 83 ] and Ghostbusters II (which had a $29.4 million 3-day weekend the previous weekend). [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Upon opening, the film would go on to reach the number one spot above Honey, I Shrunk the Kids . [ 86 ] Additionally, it had the largest opening weekend for a Jack Nicholson film for 14 years until it was dethroned by Anger Management in 2003. [ 87 ] Batman also set a record for a second weekend gross with $30 million (also the second biggest 3-day weekend of all time) [ 83 ] and became the fastest film to earn $100 million, reaching it in 11 days (10 days plus late night previews). [ 84 ] [ 88 ] The film closed on December 14, 1989, with a final gross of $251.4 million in North America and $160.2 million internationally, totaling $411.6 million. [ 89 ] The film would hold the record for being the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film until 1996 when Twister surpassed it. [ 90 ] It was the highest-grossing film based on a DC comic book until The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] Furthermore, Batman held the record for being the highest-grossing superhero film of all time until it was taken by Spider-Man in 2002. [ 92 ] The film's gross is the 143rd highest ever in North American ranks. [ 93 ] Although Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade made the most money worldwide in 1989, [ 94 ] Batman was able to beat The Last Crusade in North America , [ 95 ] and made a further $150 million in home video sales. [ 96 ] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US. [ 97 ] Despite the film's box office – over $400 million against a budget of no more than $48 million – Warner Bros. claimed it ended up losing $35.8 million and "not likely to ever show a profit," which has been attributed to a case of Hollywood accounting . [ 98 ] Critical response Batman was criticized by some for being too dark, but nonetheless received a generally positive response from critics. [ 7 ] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 142 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An eerie, haunting spectacle, Batman succeeds as dark entertainment, even if Jack Nicholson's Joker too often overshadows the title character." [ 99 ] On Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 69 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 100 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [ 101 ] Many observed that Burton was more interested in the Joker and the art and set production design than Batman or anything else in terms of characterization and screentime. [ 7 ] Comic book fans reacted negatively over the Joker murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne ; in the comic book, Joe Chill is responsible. Writer Sam Hamm said it was Burton's idea to have the Joker murder Wayne's parents. "The Writer's Strike was going on, and Tim had the other writers do that. I also hold innocent to Alfred letting Vicki Vale into the Batcave . Fans were ticked off with that, and I agree. That would have been Alfred's last day of employment at Wayne Manor ," Hamm said. [ 67 ] The songs written by Prince were criticized for being "too out of place". [ 13 ] While Burton stated he had no problem with the Prince songs, he was less enthusiastic with their use in the film. [ 16 ] On the film, Burton remarked, "I liked parts of it, but the whole movie is mainly boring to me. It's OK, but it was more of a cultural phenomenon than a great movie." [ 96 ] Despite initial negative reactions from comics fans prior to the film's release, Keaton's portrayal of Batman was generally praised. [ 76 ] [ 102 ] James Berardinelli called the film entertaining, with the highlight being the production design. However, he concluded, "the best thing that can be said about Batman is that it led to Batman Returns , which was a far superior effort." [ 103 ] Variety felt "Jack Nicholson stole every scene" but still greeted the film with positive feedback. [ 104 ] Roger Ebert was highly impressed with the production design, but claimed " Batman is a triumph of design over story, style over substance, a great-looking movie with a plot you can't care much about." He also called the film "a depressing experience". [ 105 ] On the syndicated television series Siskel & Ebert , his reviewing partner Gene Siskel disagreed, describing the film as having a "refreshingly adult" approach with performances, direction and set design that "draws you into a psychological world". [ 106 ] Legacy Anton Furst and Peter Young won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , [ 107 ] while Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) . [ 108 ] The British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated Batman in six categories ( Production Design , Visual Effects , Costume Design , Makeup , Sound and Actor in a Supporting Role for Nicholson), but it won none of the categories. [ 109 ] Nicholson, Basinger, the makeup department, and costume designer Bob Ringwood all received nominations at the Saturn Awards . The film was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film [ 110 ] and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . [ 111 ] The success of Batman prompted Warner Bros. Animation to create the acclaimed Batman: The Animated Series , as a result beginning the long-running DC Animated Universe [ 112 ] and helped establish the modern day superhero film genre. Series co-creator Bruce Timm stated the television show's Art Deco design was inspired from the film. Timm commented, "our show would never have gotten made if it hadn't been for that first Batman movie." [ 113 ] Burton joked, "ever since I did Batman , it was like the first dark comic book movie. Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie. I guess I'm the one responsible for that trend." [ 114 ] Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), and Batman & Robin (1997), the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively. Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be "the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of Batman and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman ." [ 5 ] A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit. Total revenues of Batman have topped $2 billion, with Uslan claiming to have "not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless." [ 5 ] Warner Bros. offered the pair an out-of-court settlement, a sum described by Melniker and Uslan's attorney as "two popcorns and two Cokes ". [ 115 ] Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on Salon.com , film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that Batman has had on the motion film industry, including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts; the narrowing window between a film's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second-run movie theaters; the accelerated acquisition of pre-existing, pre-sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie-ins; the primacy of the MPAA PG-13 as the target rating for film producers; and more off-beat, non-traditional casting opportunities for genre films. [ 116 ] The film was responsible for the British Board of Film Classification introducing its "12" age rating, as its content fell between what was expected for a "PG" or "15" certificate. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The American Film Institute anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains . [ 119 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated [ 120 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated [ 121 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains : The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes : "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated [ 123 ] AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film [ 124 ] Robert Wuhl reprises his role as Alexander Knox in The CW 's Arrowverse crossover, Crisis on Infinite Earths . The event also retroactively established that the world of the film and its sequel, Batman Returns , takes place on Earth-89; which is one of the worlds destroyed by the Anti-Monitor ( LaMonica Garrett ) during the Crisis. [ 125 ] Michael Keaton reprises his role as Batman in The Flash set in the DC Extended Universe . [ 126 ] Video games Several video games based on the film were released: By Ocean Software in 1989 , [ 127 ] by Sunsoft in 1989 and 1990 , [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and by Atari Games in 1991 . [ 130 ] Konami was also in talks of releasing an arcade game around the same time as Atari. [ 131 ] Comic book continuations In March 2016, artist Joe Quinones revealed several art designs he and Kate Leth had created to pitch a comic book continuation set in the 1989 Batman universe to DC Comics. The pitch, which was rejected, would have included the story of Billy Dee Williams' Harvey Dent turning into Two-Face as well as the inclusion of characters such as Batgirl in a story that took place following the events of Batman Returns . [ 132 ] In 2021, DC announced it would be releasing a comic book continuation of the film titled Batman '89 . The series would be written by Sam Hamm and illustrated by Joe Quinones. The comic's synopsis revealed that it would include the return of Selina Kyle/Catwoman, an introduction of a new Robin, and the transformation of Williams' Harvey Dent into Two-Face. [ 133 ] A follow-up series was later announced by DC Comics on August 17, 2023. The first issue of the new series was released on November 28, 2023. It was written again by Sam Hamm, with art by Joe Quinones. In the series, Batman has mysteriously disappeared after Dent's death, leading Gotham citizens to take to the streets to fight in his place, including Barbara Gordon, who becomes Batgirl . Scarecrow and Harley Quinn will be featured as the main antagonists, [ 134 ] seemingly referencing the unproduced fifth film in the Burton and Schumacher series, Batman Unchained . [ 135 ] Direct sequel novels On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel would be released which would tie-in to the film. Announced with the title Batman: Resurrection , the novel was written by author John Jackson Miller , and acts as a direct sequel to the film, being set between the events of Batman and its sequel Batman Returns , with Batman focusing on dismantling the remnants of Joker's organization, while contemplating on the idea that Joker might not actually be dead. The novel also includes certain characters introduced in the sequel, with one example being Max Shreck. [ 136 ] It was released on October 15, 2024, by Penguin Random House ; a sequel, titled Batman: Revolution , was later revealed by Miller and was released in October 2025. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Home media Batman has been released on various formats, including VHS , LaserDisc , DVD and Blu-ray . In an unprecedented move at the time, it was made available to buy on VHS in the United States on November 15, 1989, less than six months after its theatrical release, at a suggested retail price of only $24.95 although most sellers sold it for less. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] It was first released on DVD on March 25, 1997, as a double sided disc containing both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. The 2005 Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology 1989–1997 included 2-disc special edition DVDs of the film and all three of its sequels. The anthology was also released as a 4-disc Blu-ray set in 2009, with each film and its previous extras contained on a single disc. Other Blu-ray reissues include a "30th Anniversary" Digibook with 50-page booklet, and a steelcase edition; both also include a Digital Copy . Most recently the "25th Anniversary" Diamond Luxe reissue contained the same disc as before and on a second disc, a new 25-minute featurette: "Batman: The Birth of the Modern Blockbuster". The film was also included in The Tim Burton Collection DVD and Blu-ray set in 2012, alongside its first sequel, Batman Returns . Batman was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 4, 2019. [ 142 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger , co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016. [ 1 ] References ^ a b "DC Will Finally Credit Bill Finger As Co-Creator Of Batman" . Gizmodo . September 20, 2015. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019 . Retrieved August 31, 2019 . ^ a b c d "Batman (1989)" . American Film Institute . 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Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ Schedeen, Jesse (August 21, 2023). "Batman '89: Echoes Adds Scarecrow and Harley Quinn to the Burtonverse" . IGN . ^ Matthew Aguilar (April 11, 2024). "Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection by John Jackson Miller" . Penguin Random House . Archived from the original on April 11, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection Continues the Dark Knight's Tale From the Tim Burton Film (Exclusive)" . comicbook.com . October 13, 2024. ^ "New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns" . slashfilm.com . October 15, 2024. ^ " 'Batman' a Potent Weapon in Sell-through Crusade". Variety . November 15, 1989. p. 31. ^ " 'Batman' Vids Fly Off Shelves; Stores Face Limited Supploy". Variety . November 22, 1989. p. 81. ^ Batman 4K Blu-ray , archived from the original on April 9, 2019 , retrieved April 12, 2019 Further reading Halfyard, Janet K. (October 28, 2004). Danny Elfman's Batman: A Film Score Guide (Paperback). A careful study of Elfman's scoring technique with a detailed analysis of the film itself. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5126-1 . Craig Shaw Gardner (June 1, 1989). Batman (Mass Market Paperback). Novelization of the film. Hachette Book Group USA . ISBN 0-446-35487-2 . External links Film portal United States portal Speculative fiction portal 1980s portal Batman at IMDb Batman at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Official website Batman (1989) Official website at Warner Bros. Official website Batman (1989) Official website at DC Comics .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e President's Memorial Award v t e Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Yearly highest-grossing films in the United States v t e Films listed as number-one by in-year release 1970s–1980s Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) 1990s−2000s Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) 2010s−2020s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 GND VIAF 2 3 4 2 3 4 GND National United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia 1989 films 1989 action films 1989 American films 1989 British films 1980s English-language films 1980s superhero films American action films American films about revenge American superhero films Films set in art museums and galleries Batman (1989 film series) British action films British films about revenge British superhero films Casting controversies in film Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Jon Peters Films produced by Peter Guber Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Bedfordshire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design Academy Award Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Films with screenplays by Warren Skaaren Gothic films Joker (character) in other media PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Saturn Award–winning films Warner Bros. films English-language action films Dolby Cinema films CS1 maint: archived copy as title Pages containing links to subscription-only content Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 Template film date with 3 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 06:53 (UTC) . 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ralju papri datni le cecmu puzi nunstika cunso ckupau sidju steci ckupau jdini sidju cupra pa jaspu co'a se jaspu jdini sidju cupra pa jaspu co'a se jaspu uikipedi'as : ralju ralju papri casnu tcidu View source citri lo papri tcidu View source citri lo papri ma jorne ti lo srana nu gasnu benji lo datnyvei vitno le ka judri lo info be lo ckupau Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser zbasu lo cukta kibycpa PDF plepri simsa Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Wikidata item lanci la . lojban . noi logji bangu fi'i lo vitke be la .uikipedi'as. ju'i cnino pilno ni'o .e'u do zukte la'e di'e .i tu'e tcidu lo selti'i pe lo nu fanva lo cmene la .lojban. .i finti lo papri pe lo liste pe lo vaitce te tavla ge'u .a lo pixra liste be lo gismu .i cipcta lo se cusku be do lo ka gendra kei se pi'o la .camxes. tu'u ni'o la .uikipedi'as. cu zifre vricyjuncku .i do ka'e jmina fi .ubu .i ko troci ne'i lo ciptumla .i .e'u ko sidju fi lo ka jdice lo du'u xu kau vimcu lo na'e cmimapti ci'arvelski ni'o la .uikipedi'as. pe lo jbobau cu cfari de'i li 2004 pi'e 8 pi'e 8 gi'e ca se pagbu 1,351 ci'arvelski fi'i lo vitke be la .uikipedi'as. ju'i cnino pilno ni'o .e'u do zukte la'e di'e .i tu'e tcidu lo selti'i pe lo nu fanva lo cmene la .lojban. .i finti lo papri pe lo liste pe lo vaitce te tavla ge'u .a lo pixra liste be lo gismu .i cipcta lo se cusku be do lo ka gendra kei se pi'o la .camxes. tu'u ni'o la .uikipedi'as. cu zifre vricyjuncku .i do ka'e jmina fi .ubu .i ko troci ne'i lo ciptumla .i .e'u ko sidju fi lo ka jdice lo du'u xu kau vimcu lo na'e cmimapti ci'arvelski ni'o la .uikipedi'as. pe lo jbobau cu cfari de'i li 2004 pi'e 8 pi'e 8 gi'e ca se pagbu 1,351 ci'arvelski fi'i lo vitke be la .uikipedi'as. .i tu'e tcidu lo selti'i pe lo nu fanva lo cmene la .lojban. .i finti lo papri pe lo liste pe lo vaitce te tavla ge'u .a lo pixra liste be lo gismu .i cipcta lo se cusku be do lo ka gendra kei se pi'o la .camxes. tu'u ni'o la .uikipedi'as. cu zifre vricyjuncku .i do ka'e jmina fi .ubu .i ko troci ne'i lo ciptumla .i .e'u ko sidju fi lo ka jdice lo du'u xu kau vimcu lo na'e cmimapti ci'arvelski ni'o la .uikipedi'as. pe lo jbobau cu cfari de'i li 2004 pi'e 8 pi'e 8 gi'e ca se pagbu 1,351 ci'arvelski ni'o lo klesi be lo ci'arvelski cmaci jo'u rarske cmaci mivyske mu'eske saske tedyske xumske termu'eske kulnu bangu cidja dansu gugde kelritli lanzu larcu lijda purdi prenu ranmi skina tivni zgike preske bauske citri ctuske dzeremske plajva menske remske tutske selpliske cagyske di'upla flalu ka'oske mi'irlarcu mreske samske ni'o lo klesi be lo ci'arvelski cmaci jo'u rarske cmaci mivyske mu'eske saske tedyske xumske termu'eske cmaci jo'u rarske cmaci mivyske mu'eske saske tedyske xumske termu'eske kulnu bangu cidja dansu gugde kelritli lanzu larcu lijda purdi prenu ranmi skina tivni zgike kulnu bangu cidja dansu gugde kelritli lanzu larcu lijda purdi prenu ranmi skina tivni zgike preske bauske citri ctuske dzeremske plajva menske remske tutske preske bauske citri ctuske dzeremske plajva menske remske tutske selpliske cagyske di'upla flalu ka'oske mi'irlarcu mreske samske selpliske cagyske di'upla flalu ka'oske mi'irlarcu mreske samske ni'o ro lerfu zo'u lo ci'arvelski poi ri portolfa'o lo cmene be ke'a • a • b • c • d • e • f • g • i • j • k • l • m • n • o • p • r • s • t • u • v • x • y • z ni'o ro lerfu zo'u lo ci'arvelski poi ri portolfa'o lo cmene be ke'a • a • b • c • d • e • f • g • i • j • k • l • m • n • o • p • r • s • t • u • v • x • y • z ni'o lo drata uitki pe la uitkimedja la cmetyuitki la uitkivlaste la uitkicukta la uitkisitna la uitkisitkra ni'o lo drata uitki pe la uitkimedja la cmetyuitki la uitkivlaste la uitkicukta la uitkisitna la uitkisitkra Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–1 of 1 results for author: Salas-Vernis, J Show abstracts Hide abstracts arXiv:2601.10524 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Diagnosing Generalization Failures in Fine-Tuned LLMs: A Cross-Architectural Study on Phishing Detection Authors: Frank Bobe III , Gregory D. Vetaw , Chase Pavlick , Darshan Bryner , Matthew Cook , Jose Salas-Vernis Abstract : The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high… ▽ More The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high-stakes phishing detection task and use SHAP analysis and mechanistic interpretability to uncover the root causes of their generalization failures. Our investigation reveals three critical findings: (1) Generalization is driven by a powerful synergy between architecture and data diversity. The Gemma 2 9B model achieves state-of-the-art performance (>91\% F1), but only when trained on a stylistically diverse ``generalist'' dataset. (2) Generalization is highly architecture-dependent. We diagnose a specific failure mode in Llama 3.1 8B, which performs well on a narrow domain but cannot integrate diverse data, leading to a significant performance drop. (3) Some architectures are inherently more generalizable. The Mistral model proves to be a consistent and resilient performer across multiple training paradigms. By pinpointing the flawed heuristics responsible for these failures, our work provides a concrete methodology for diagnosing and understanding generalization failures, underscoring that reliable AI requires deep validation of the interplay between architecture, data, and training strategy. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables arXiv:2601.10524 [ pdf , ps , other ] Diagnosing Generalization Failures in Fine-Tuned LLMs: A Cross-Architectural Study on Phishing Detection Authors: Frank Bobe III , Gregory D. Vetaw , Chase Pavlick , Darshan Bryner , Matthew Cook , Jose Salas-Vernis Abstract : The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high… ▽ More The practice of fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs) has achieved state-of-the-art performance on specialized tasks, yet diagnosing why these models become brittle and fail to generalize remains a critical open problem. To address this, we introduce and apply a multi-layered diagnostic framework to a cross-architectural study. We fine-tune Llama 3.1 8B, Gemma 2 9B, and Mistral models on a high-stakes phishing detection task and use SHAP analysis and mechanistic interpretability to uncover the root causes of their generalization failures. Our investigation reveals three critical findings: (1) Generalization is driven by a powerful synergy between architecture and data diversity. The Gemma 2 9B model achieves state-of-the-art performance (>91\% F1), but only when trained on a stylistically diverse ``generalist'' dataset. (2) Generalization is highly architecture-dependent. We diagnose a specific failure mode in Llama 3.1 8B, which performs well on a narrow domain but cannot integrate diverse data, leading to a significant performance drop. (3) Some architectures are inherently more generalizable. The Mistral model proves to be a consistent and resilient performer across multiple training paradigms. By pinpointing the flawed heuristics responsible for these failures, our work provides a concrete methodology for diagnosing and understanding generalization failures, underscoring that reliable AI requires deep validation of the interplay between architecture, data, and training strategy. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 16 pages, 6 figures, 6 tables About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "SPLM-N and Popular Defense Forces field commanders meet in South Kordofan" . 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Retrieved 29 March 2025 . ^ Altman, Howard (22 September 2023). "Exclusive Interview With Ukraine's Spy Boss From His D.C. Hotel Room" . The War Zone . Archived from the original on 24 September 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . TWZ: (...) Were you guys involved with the attack on a Wagner-backed militia in Sudan? CNN reported that Ukrainians were likely involved in the attack on the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) forces with FPV drones. KB: I will only say the following: About two to three months ago I was giving an interview to one of the media, I don't remember which specific one. I answered them back then that anywhere across the world we will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals, and sooner or later that time will come whenever they are. That is why we shouldn't be surprised when in any territory, something happens to Russian military criminals. Then speaking about your specific question about Sudan, regretfully I cannot confirm or deny it. ^ Fenbert, Abbey (24 September 2023). "Budanov responds to CNN reports about Ukrainian drone strikes in Sudan" . The Kyiv Independent . Archived from the original on 13 October 2023 . Retrieved 24 September 2023 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Videos Show Ukrainian Special Forces 'Cleaning Up' Wagner Fighters in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 6 November 2023. Archived from the original on 9 November 2023 . Retrieved 9 November 2023 . ^ "Ukrainian Drones 'Destroy Russian Mercenaries' in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 30 January 2024 . Retrieved 31 January 2024 . ^ "EXCLUSIVE: Ukrainian Special Forces Interrogate Wagner Mercenaries in Sudan" . The Kyiv Post . 5 February 2024. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024 . Retrieved 5 February 2024 . ^ "Port Sudan protesters demand expulsion of UAE ambassador" . Sudan Tribune . 1 December 2023. Archived from the original on 9 December 2023 . 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Retrieved 1 November 2025 . ^ a b c "Economy another victim of the war in impoverished Sudan" . France 24 . 25 February 2024 . Retrieved 25 February 2024 . ^ "Sudan war causes daily economic loss of $80 million" . Radio Dabanga . 12 September 2023 . Retrieved 12 September 2023 . ^ "Sudan's economy contracts 40% as war rages" . Africanews . 29 February 2024 . Retrieved 1 March 2024 . ^ a b "$49 billion of economic loss and looted property in Sudan" . Radio Dabanga . 18 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 19 July 2023 . ^ "Gold production in Sudan dwindles to two tons due to ongoing conflict" . Sudan Tribune . 14 September 2023. Archived from the original on 21 May 2024 . Retrieved 15 September 2023 . ^ Wexler, Alexandra; Bariyo, Nicholas (23 May 2024). "How Chocolate, Soda and Chewing Gum Are Funding War in Sudan" . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved 23 May 2024 . ^ a b Suleiman, Ali Sam (19 May 2023). "How Disinformation Campaigns Endanger Lives in Sudan" . SMEX . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Malashenko, Uliana (27 April 2023). "Fact Check: Video Does NOT Show 'Sudan Rapid Support Force' In Control Of 'Khartoum International Airport And Military Base' On April 15, 2023" . Lead Stories . Archived from the original on 30 June 2023 . Retrieved 4 May 2023 . ^ "The Very Sophisticated Disinformation War in Sudan" . International Policy Digest . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Momanyi, Kevin Philips. "Misinformation in Sudan conflict fact-checked" . TRT Afrika . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Sudan crisis: Don't fall for these misleading images and claims" . Euronews. 27 April 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ Rickett, Oscar (2 June 2023). "Sudan's RSF raids museum and declares ancient skeletons murder victims" . Middle East Eye . Archived from the original on 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 16 June 2023 . ^ "wahdat altahaquq bialjazirat mubashir takshif haqiqat maqatie fidyu nasharaha aljaysh alsuwdaniu wawasayil 'iielam (fidyu)" وحدة التحقق بالجزيرة مباشر تكشف حقيقة مقاطع فيديو نشرها الجيش السوداني ووسائل إعلام (فيديو) [The Al-Jazeera Mubasher Verification Unit reveals the truth about video clips published by the Sudanese army and media (video)]. Al Jazeera (in Arabic). Archived from the original on 17 April 2023 . Retrieved 17 April 2023 . ^ "Partly False: Two of these photos are not from the April 2023 Sudan unrest" . Medium . 19 April 2023. Archived from the original on 23 April 2023 . Retrieved 21 April 2023 . ^ "ما حقيقة وجود حميدتي بالمستشفى الرئاسي بالعاصمة الكينية نيروبي؟" . جهينة (in Arabic). 16 June 2023 . Retrieved 28 July 2023 . ^ "Battles continue around SAF General Command in Khartoum" . Radio Dabanga . 21 September 2023 . Retrieved 22 September 2023 . ^ " 'Downed Sudan jet' video fake" . Radio Dabanga . 30 November 2023 . 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"US says Sudan used chemical weapons in war as it issues new sanctions" . BBC . Retrieved 23 May 2025 . ^ "UAE Mobilizes Lobbyists to Counter U.S. Sanctions Over Sudan Civil War Support" . Watan . 26 January 2025. ^ "UAE confirms 7 US-sanctioned firms lack licences, do not operate locally" . Gulf News. 4 April 2025. ^ "War in Sudan has displaced over three million people, says UN" . France 24 . 12 July 2023. Archived from the original on 19 July 2023 . Retrieved 13 July 2023 . ^ "Canada sanctions individuals and entities affiliated with Sudan warring parties" . Radio Dabanga . 16 April 2024 . Retrieved 16 April 2024 . ^ "Canada slaps tighter sanctions on El Burhan, Hemedti for 'unwillingness to negotiate end to Sudan war' " . Radio Dabanga . 6 March 2025. ^ "RSF accuses SAF of 'criminal act' as Khartoum Bahri power station burns" . Radio Dabanga . 24 June 2024 . Retrieved 25 June 2024 . ^ "Sudan: Council sanctions individuals and entities over serious human rights violations and threats to the peace, stability and security of the country" . Consilium . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Rosser, Michael (7 August 2024). "Civil war documentary 'Sudan, Remember Us' acquired for MENA ahead of Venice premiere (exclusive)" . Screen Daily . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "Khartoum" . Cineuropa . 17 December 2024 . Retrieved 13 January 2025 . External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah 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Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Outline Category Outline Category Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 2020s conflicts 2020s in Sudan Civil wars in Sudan Coup-based civil wars Sudanese revolution Attempted coups d'état in Sudan Wars involving Ukraine CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 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Freeways and roads 12.1.2.1 Vision Zero 12.1.2.1 Vision Zero 12.1.3 Airports 12.1.4 Cycling and walking 12.2 Public safety 13 Sister cities 14 Notable people 15 See also 16 Notes 17 References 18 Bibliography 19 Further reading 20 External links San Francisco Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Anarâškielâ Ænglisc العربية Aragonés Արեւմտահայերէն Arpetan Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Chavacano de Zamboanga Corsu Cymraeg Dagbanli Dansk Deitsch Deutsch Diné bizaad डोटेली Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego ГӀалгӀай 贛語 Gĩkũyũ گیلکی ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ Kapampangan 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Kumoring Yerwa Kanuri Tolışi Toki pona ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikisource Wikivoyage Wikidata item San Francisco Consolidated city-county City and County of San Francisco .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Downtown skyline Alcatraz Island Mission Dolores Chinatown Golden Gate Park and Lands End Silhouette skyline as viewed from near Alcatraz Golden Gate Bridge .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Flag Seal Interactive map outlining San Francisco .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} San Francisco Location within California Show map of California San Francisco Location within the United States Show map of the United States San Francisco San Francisco (North America) Show map of North America Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 37°47′N 122°25′W / 37.783°N 122.417°W / 37.783; -122.417 Country United States State California County San Francisco Metro San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward CSA San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland Mission June 29, 1776 (249 years ago) ( June 29, 1776 ) [ 1 ] Incorporated April 15, 1850 (175 years ago) ( April 15, 1850 ) [ 2 ] Founded by Juan Bautista de Anza José Joaquín Moraga Francisco Palóu Named after St. Francis of Assisi Government • Type Mayor-council • Body Board of Supervisors • Mayor Daniel Lurie ( D ) • Supervisors List Connie Chan (D) Stephen Sherrill (D) Danny Sauter (D) Alan Wong (D) Bilal Mahmood (D) Matt Dorsey (D) Myrna Melgar (D) Rafael Mandelman (D) Jackie Fielder (D) Shamann Walton (D) Chyanne Chen (D) Connie Chan (D) Stephen Sherrill (D) Danny Sauter (D) Alan Wong (D) Bilal Mahmood (D) Matt Dorsey (D) Myrna Melgar (D) Rafael Mandelman (D) Jackie Fielder (D) Shamann Walton (D) Chyanne Chen (D) • Assembly members [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Matt Haney ( D ) Catherine Stefani ( D ) • State senator Scott Wiener ( D ) [ 3 ] • United States Representatives Nancy Pelosi ( D ) [ 4 ] Kevin Mullin ( D ) [ 5 ] Area [ 8 ] • City and county 231.91 sq mi (600.65 km 2 ) • Land 46.92 sq mi (121.51 km 2 ) • Water 185.00 sq mi (479.15 km 2 ) 79.77% • Metro 3,524.4 sq mi (9,128 km 2 ) Elevation [ 9 ] 52 ft (16 m) Highest elevation [ 10 ] ( Mount Davidson ) 934 ft (285 m) Lowest elevation [ 10 ] (Pacific Ocean) 0 ft (0 m) Population ( 2020 ) [ 11 ] • City and county 873,965 • Estimate (2024) [ 12 ] 827,526 • Rank 49th in North America 17th in the United States 4th in California • Density 18,634.65/sq mi (7,194.88/km 2 ) • Urban [ 13 ] [ α ] 3,515,933 (US: 14th ) • Urban density 6,843/sq mi (2,642.1/km 2 ) • Metro [ 14 ] 4,648,486 (US: 13th ) • CSA [ 15 ] 9,164,058 (US: 5th ) Demonym San Franciscan [ 16 ] Languages [ 17 ] • Official [ 18 ] English, Spanish, Cantonese, Mandarin, Filipino , Vietnamese GDP [ 19 ] • City and county $263.1 billion (2023) • Metro $778.9 billion (2023) • CSA $1.397 trillion (2023) Time zone UTC−08:00 ( PST ) • Summer ( DST ) UTC−07:00 ( PDT ) ZIP Codes [ 20 ] List 94102–94105 94107–94112 94114–94134 94137 94139–94147 94151 94158–94161 94163–94164 94172 94177 94188 94102–94105 94107–94112 94114–94134 94137 94139–94147 94151 94158–94161 94163–94164 94172 94177 94188 Area codes 415/628 [ 21 ] FIPS code 06-67000 GNIS feature IDs 277593 , 2411786 Website sf.gov .mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-none{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-center{float:none;clear:none;margin:0.5em auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-title{font-size:120%}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols .infobox-subheader{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cddeff}.mw-parser-output .ib-region-symbols-island{font-weight:bold;background-color:#cef2e0} Symbols Nickname See list [ 22 ] Motto Oro en Paz, Fierro en Guerra ( Spanish for 'Gold in Peace, Iron in War') Song " Theme from San Francisco ", " I Left My Heart in San Francisco " [ 23 ] Animal Red-masked parakeet Flower Dahlia .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} ^ Urban area population/density are for the San Francisco–Oakland, CA urban area as of the 2020 Census. ^ Urban area population/density are for the San Francisco–Oakland, CA urban area as of the 2020 Census. San Francisco , [ a ] officially the City and County of San Francisco , is a commercial, financial , and cultural center of Northern California . With an estimated population of 827,526 residents as of 2024, [ 12 ] San Francisco proper is the fourth-most populous city in the U.S. state of California and the 17th-most populous in the United States. Among U.S. cities proper with over 300,000 residents, San Francisco is ranked second by population density , first by per capita income, and sixth by aggregate income as of 2023. [ 24 ] Depending on how its borders are defined , the broader San Francisco Bay Area is home to 4.6–9.2 million residents. In 2024, the U.S. Census Bureau reported an estimated population of 4,648,486 for the city's metropolitan statistical area (13th-largest in the U.S.) and 9,164,058 residents for the larger combined statistical area (5th-largest) shared with San Jose . Prior to European settlement , the modern city proper was inhabited by the Yelamu Ohlone . On June 29, 1776, settlers from New Spain established the Presidio of San Francisco at the Golden Gate , and the Mission San Francisco de Asís a few miles away, both named for Francis of Assisi . [ 1 ] The California gold rush of 1849 brought rapid growth, making it the largest city on the West Coast at the time. [ 24 ] In 1856, San Francisco became a consolidated city-county . [ 25 ] After three-quarters of the city was destroyed by the 1906 earthquake and fire , [ 26 ] it was quickly rebuilt, hosting the Panama–Pacific International Exposition nine years later. In World War II , it was a major port of embarkation for naval service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater . [ 27 ] After the war, the confluence of returning servicemen, significant immigration , liberalizing attitudes, the rise of the beatnik and hippie countercultures, the sexual revolution , opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , and other factors led to the Summer of Love and the gay rights movement, cementing San Francisco as a center of liberal activism . San Francisco and the surrounding San Francisco Bay Area are a global center of economic activity and the arts and sciences, [ 28 ] [ 29 ] spurred by leading universities , [ 30 ] high-tech , healthcare , finance , insurance , real estate , and professional services sectors. [ 31 ] As of 2020 [update] , the OECD-defined metropolitan area, with 6.7 million residents, ranked 5th by GDP ($874 billion) and 2nd by GDP per capita ($131,082) across the OECD countries. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] In 2023, San Francisco proper had a GDP of $263.1 billion and a GDP per capita of $325,000. [ 35 ] The city is home to numerous companies —many in the technology sector —including Salesforce , Uber , Airbnb , OpenAI , Levi's , Gap , Dropbox , and Lyft . In 2022, San Francisco had more than 1.7 million international visitors and approximately 20 million domestic visitors. [ 36 ] [ 37 ] It is known for its steep rolling hills and eclectic mix of architecture across varied neighborhoods ; its Chinatown and Mission districts; mild climate; and landmarks including the Golden Gate Bridge , cable cars , and Alcatraz . [ 38 ] The city is home to educational and cultural institutions such as the University of California, San Francisco , the University of San Francisco , San Francisco State University , the San Francisco Conservatory of Music , the Legion of Honor , the de Young Museum , the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art , the San Francisco Symphony , the San Francisco Ballet , the San Francisco Opera , the SFJAZZ Center , and the California Academy of Sciences . Two major league sports teams, the San Francisco Giants and the Golden State Warriors , play their home games within San Francisco. San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is one of the world's busiest airports, while a light rail and bus network , in tandem with the BART and Caltrain systems, connects nearly every part of San Francisco with the wider region. [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Etymology San Francisco, which is Spanish for "Saint Francis", takes its name from Mission San Francisco de Asís , which in turn was named after Saint Francis of Assisi . The mission received its name in 1776, when it was founded by the Spanish under the leadership of Padre Francisco Palóu . The city has officially been known as San Francisco since 1847, when Washington Allon Bartlett , then serving as the city's alcalde , renamed it from Yerba Buena (Spanish for "Good Herb"), which had been the name of the first civilian pueblo in San Francisco. Earlier in San Francisco's history, the uninhabited area on the northeastern side of San Francisco was called El Paraje de Yerba Buena , after the herb that was growing abundantly there. The name Yerba Buena continues to be used in locations in the city, such as on Yerba Buena Island . When using a nickname or abbreviation, local residents most commonly refer to San Francisco as "the City" or "SF." [ 22 ] [ 41 ] Although the nickname "Frisco" has a local pedigree dating at least to 1850 and has been used by some local residents in every generation since then, the uses of both "Frisco" and the historically more recent "San Fran" tend to elicit sharp divisions among residents. [ 41 ] [ 42 ] [ 43 ] The California Cantonese who came for the California Gold Rush named California and specifically San Francisco 金山 , Gāmsāan , " Gold Mountain ". When gold was discovered in Bendigo , Victoria, Australia, it was named "New Gold Mountain" ( Yue Chinese : 新金山 , Sān Gāmsāan ) and California and San Francisco as "Old Gold Mountain" ( 舊金山 , Gāu Gāmsāan ). [ 44 ] History Indigenous history The earliest archeological evidence of human habitation in the area that is now known as San Francisco dates to 3000 BCE. [ 45 ] The Yelamu group of the Ramaytush people lived in a few small villages when an overland Spanish exploration party arrived on November 2, 1769, the first documented European visit to San Francisco Bay . [ 46 ] The Ohlone name for San Francisco was Ahwaste , meaning "place at the bay". [ 47 ] The arrival of Spanish colonists, and the establishment of their Mission system, marked the beginning of the assimilation of the Ramaytush people and the decline of their language and culture. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] Spanish era (1769–1821) The Spanish Empire claimed San Francisco as part of Las Californias , a province of the Viceroyalty of New Spain . The Spanish first arrived in what is now San Francisco on November 2, 1769, when the Portolá expedition led by Don Gaspar de Portolá and Juan Crespí arrived at San Francisco Bay . Having noted the strategic benefits of the area due to its large natural harbor, the Spanish dispatched Pedro Fages in 1770 to find a more direct route to the San Francisco Peninsula from Monterey , which would become part of the El Camino Real route. [ 51 ] In 1774, Juan Bautista de Anza arrived to the area to select the sites for a mission and presidio . The first European maritime presence in San Francisco Bay occurred on August 5, 1775, when the Spanish ship San Carlos , commanded by Juan Manuel de Ayala , became the first ship to anchor in the bay. [ 52 ] Soon after, on March 28, 1776, Anza established the Presidio of San Francisco . On October 9, Mission San Francisco de Asís , also known as Mission Dolores, was founded by Padre Francisco Palóu . [ 1 ] In 1794, the Presidio established the Castillo de San Joaquín , a fortification on the southern side of the Golden Gate , which later came to be known as Fort Point. In 1804, the province of Alta California was created, which included San Francisco. At its peak in 1810–1820, the average population at the Mission Dolores settlement was about 1,100 people. [ 53 ] Mexican era (1821–1848) In 1821, the Californias were ceded to Mexico by Spain. The extensive California mission system gradually lost its influence during the period of Mexican rule , although it was not until 1833 that the missions would be secularized. Agricultural land became largely privatized as ranchos , as was occurring in other parts of California. Coastal trade increased, including a half-dozen barques from various Atlantic ports which regularly sailed in California waters. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] With the enactment of the Mexican Secularization Act of 1833 , the missions were made to divest themselves of their extensive landholdings and emancipate the indigenous people under their control. As part of the process of secularization, Governor José Figueroa opened up San Francisco to civilian settlement. Prior to secularization, the only settlements in San Francisco had been the military settlement at the Presidio and the religious settlement at Mission Dolores. [ 54 ] In 1835, the Presidio garrison, commanded by Mariano Vallejo , relocated to the Presidio of Sonoma , which was regarded as needing a greater military presence due the proximity of the Russian settlement at Fort Ross . Only a small detachment remained at the Presidio of San Francisco. [ 57 ] Mission Dolores sold most of its property in 1836, retaining only the church and related structures. [ 58 ] In 1833, Juana Briones de Miranda was granted a small rancho at El Polín Spring , near the Presidio, founding the first non-indigenous civilian household in San Francisco. [ 54 ] In 1834, the pueblo of Yerba Buena was founded. Yerba Buena Cove (named after a native herb ) was already a favored anchorage spot and the new settlement and trading post was founded by its shores. Yerba Buena was located in what is now the city's Chinatown and Financial District and was centered on a plaza that is now Portsmouth Square . [ 55 ] [ 59 ] [ 60 ] A land survey of Yerba Buena was made by the Swiss immigrant Jean Jacques Vioget as prelude to the city plan. [ 55 ] Francisco de Haro became the first alcalde of Yerba Buena. In 1835, the second alcalde, José Joaquín Estudillo , approved the first land grant in Yerba Buena: to William Richardson . [ 55 ] Yerba Buena began to attract American and European settlers; an 1842 census listed 21 residents (11%) born in the United States or Europe, as well as one Filipino merchant. [ 61 ] Following the Bear Flag Revolt in Sonoma and the beginning of the U.S. Conquest of California , American forces from the USS Portsmouth under the command of John B. Montgomery captured Yerba Buena on July 9, 1846, with little resistance from the local Californio population, raising the American flag over Yerba Buena plaza (later renamed Portsmouth Square in commemoration of this event). Following the capture, U.S. forces appointed both José de Jesús Noé and Washington Allon Bartlett to serve as co- alcaldes (mayors), while the conquest continued on in the rest of California. On January 30, 1847, Mayor Bartlett ordained that the city should officially change its name from "Yerba Buena" to "San Francisco", as the former name was only locally recognized and the latter name was in use on international maps. [ 62 ] There was also concern that a new town being planned by General Vallejo on the Carquinez Strait was to be called "Francisca", after the first name of his wife. After the name change to "San Francisco", the name of Vallejo's town was changed to Benicia , after his wife's middle name. Following the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Alta California was ceded from Mexico to the United States . Early American era (1848–1906) Despite its attractive location as a port and naval base, San Francisco under American sovereignty was still a small settlement with inhospitable geography. [ 63 ] Situated at the tip of a windswept peninsula without water or firewood, San Francisco lacked most of the basic facilities for a 19th-century settlement. Its 1847 population was said to be 459. [ 55 ] The California gold rush brought a flood of treasure seekers. Prospectors accumulated in San Francisco over rival Benicia , [ 64 ] raising the population from 1,000 in 1848 to 25,000 by December 1849. [ 65 ] The promise of wealth was so strong that crews on arriving vessels deserted and rushed off to the gold fields, leaving behind a forest of masts in San Francisco harbor. [ 66 ] Some of these approximately 500 abandoned ships were used at times as storeships , saloons , and hotels; many were left to rot, and some were sunk to establish title to the underwater lot. By 1851, the harbor was extended out into the bay by wharves while buildings were erected on piles among the ships. By 1870, Yerba Buena Cove had been filled to create new land. Buried ships are occasionally exposed when foundations are dug for new buildings. [ 67 ] California was quickly granted statehood in 1850, and the U.S. military built Fort Point at the Golden Gate and a fort on Alcatraz Island to secure San Francisco Bay. San Francisco County was one of the state's 18 original counties established at California statehood in 1850. [ 68 ] Until 1856, San Francisco's city limits extended west to Divisadero Street and Castro Street, and south to 20th Street. In 1856, the California state government divided the county. A straight line was then drawn across the tip of the San Francisco Peninsula just north of San Bruno Mountain . Everything south of the line became the new San Mateo County while everything north of the line became the new consolidated City and County of San Francisco. [ 69 ] The California gold rush triggered a wave of entrepreneurial activity as individuals sought to capitalize on the newfound wealth. The discovery of silver deposits, notably the Comstock Lode in Nevada in 1859, further fueled rapid population growth and economic expansion. [ 71 ] San Francisco, as the gateway to the goldfields, experienced a surge in population and commercial activity. However, the influx of fortune seekers also brought challenges. Lawlessness was rampant, and the Barbary Coast district became synonymous with vice, attracting criminals, prostitutes, and illicit activities, including but not limited to prostitution, bootlegging , and gambling. [ 72 ] The rapidly growing population, with its lawlessness, gambling and other vices, and the fact that there were no churches to be found, prompted missionaries like William Taylor to come to San Francisco where he began preaching in the streets, using an upright barrel as his pulpit. Taylor garnered enough generous donations from successful gold miners to build a church. [ 73 ] One of the most influential figures of this era was William Chapman Ralston . A shrewd banker and investor, Ralston amassed considerable wealth and influence in San Francisco. He gained control over a significant portion of the Comstock Lode 's gold and silver mines, establishing a virtual monopoly. Using his incredible clout, Ralston was able to generate millions of dollars for San Francisco during its heady boom years. [ 74 ] He founded the Bank of California , the first bank in the Western United States, and built the opulent Palace Hotel, a symbol of San Francisco's newfound prosperity and the largest hotel in the country at the time. [ 75 ] His financial empire, however, collapsed in 1875 as a result of the Panic of 1873 , triggering a major economic crisis in San Francisco. The resulting unemployment and poverty from the Long Depression led to a rise in anti-Chinese sentiment that culminated in the San Francisco riot of 1877 , in which a mob of the city's majority Irish population descended on Chinatown , killing four and causing $100,000 worth of property damage. [ 76 ] These events gave rise to the Workingmen's Party of California , [ 77 ] led by drayman Denis Kearney and mobilized by his slogan "The Chinese must go!" [ 78 ] The party elected one third of delegates to California's Second Constitutional Convention (the most of any organized party), [ 77 ] rewriting the state constitution to deny Chinese Americans voting rights in California. [ 79 ] This agitation paved the way for the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 , which prohibited all immigration of Chinese laborers to the United States until it was repealed over 60 years later. Development of the Port of San Francisco and the establishment in 1869 of overland access to the eastern U.S. rail system via the newly completed Pacific Railroad (the construction of which the city only reluctantly helped support) [ b ] helped make the Bay Area a center for trade. Catering to the needs and tastes of the growing population, Levi Strauss opened a dry goods business and Domingo Ghirardelli began manufacturing chocolate. Chinese immigrants made the city a polyglot culture, drawn to "Old Gold Mountain", creating the city's Chinatown quarter. By 1880, Chinese made up 9.3% of the population. [ 80 ] The first cable cars carried San Franciscans up Clay Street in 1873. The city's sea of Victorian houses began to take shape, and civic leaders campaigned for a spacious public park, resulting in plans for Golden Gate Park . San Franciscans built schools, churches, theaters, and all the hallmarks of civic life. The Presidio developed into the most important American military installation on the Pacific coast. [ 81 ] In 1890, San Francisco's population approached 300,000, making it the eighth-largest city in the United States at the time. Around 1901, San Francisco was a major city known for its flamboyant style, stately hotels, ostentatious mansions on Nob Hill , and a thriving arts scene. [ 82 ] The first North American plague epidemic was the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 . [ 83 ] Modern American era (1906–1940) At 5:12 am on April 18, 1906, a major earthquake struck San Francisco and northern California. As buildings collapsed from the shaking, ruptured gas lines ignited fires that spread across the city and burned out of control for several days. With water mains out of service, the Presidio Artillery Corps attempted to contain the inferno by dynamiting blocks of buildings to create firebreaks. [ 84 ] More than three-quarters of the city lay in ruins, including almost all of the downtown core. [ 26 ] Contemporary accounts reported that 498 people died, though modern estimates put the number in the several thousands. [ 85 ] More than half of the city's population of 400,000 was left homeless. [ 86 ] Refugees settled temporarily in makeshift tent villages in Golden Gate Park, the Presidio, on the beaches, and elsewhere. Many fled permanently to the East Bay . Jack London is remembered for having famously eulogized the earthquake: "Not in history has a modern imperial city been so completely destroyed. San Francisco is gone." [ 87 ] Rebuilding was rapid and performed on a grand scale. Rejecting calls to completely remake the street grid, San Franciscans opted for speed. [ 88 ] Amadeo Giannini 's Bank of Italy , later to become Bank of America , provided loans for many of those whose livelihoods had been devastated. The influential San Francisco Planning and Urban Research Association or SPUR was founded in 1910 to address the quality of housing after the earthquake. [ 89 ] The earthquake hastened development of western neighborhoods that survived the fire, including Pacific Heights , where many of the city's wealthy rebuilt their homes. [ 90 ] In turn, the destroyed mansions of Nob Hill became grand hotels. City Hall rose again in the Beaux Arts style, and the city celebrated its rebirth at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition in 1915. [ 91 ] During this period, San Francisco built some of its most important infrastructure. Civil Engineer Michael O'Shaughnessy was hired by San Francisco Mayor James Rolph as chief engineer for the city in September 1912 to supervise the construction of the Twin Peaks Reservoir, the Stockton Street Tunnel , the Twin Peaks Tunnel , the San Francisco Municipal Railway , the Auxiliary Water Supply System , and new sewers. San Francisco's streetcar system was pushed to completion by O'Shaughnessy between 1915 and 1927. It was the O'Shaughnessy Dam , Hetch Hetchy Reservoir , and Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct that would have the largest effect on San Francisco. [ 92 ] An abundant water supply enabled San Francisco to develop into the city it has become today. In ensuing years, the city solidified its standing as a financial capital; in the wake of the 1929 stock market crash , not a single San Francisco-based bank failed. [ 93 ] Indeed, it was at the height of the Great Depression that San Francisco undertook two great civil engineering projects, simultaneously constructing the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge and the Golden Gate Bridge , completing them in 1936 and 1937, respectively. It was in this period that the island of Alcatraz , a former military stockade, began its service as a federal maximum security prison, housing notorious inmates such as Al Capone and Robert Franklin Stroud , the Birdman of Alcatraz. San Francisco later celebrated its regained grandeur with a World's fair , the Golden Gate International Exposition in 1939–40, creating Treasure Island in the middle of the bay to house it. [ 94 ] Postmodern American era (1941–present) During World War II , the city-owned Sharp Park in Pacifica was used as an internment camp to detain Japanese Americans . [ 95 ] Hunters Point Naval Shipyard became a hub of activity, and Fort Mason became the primary port of embarkation for service members shipping out to the Pacific Theater of Operations . [ 27 ] The explosion of jobs drew many people, especially African Americans from the South , to the area. After the end of the war, many military personnel returning from service abroad and civilians who had originally come to work decided to stay. The United Nations Charter creating the United Nations was drafted and signed in San Francisco in 1945 and, in 1951, the Treaty of San Francisco re-established peaceful relations between Japan and the Allied Powers . [ 96 ] Urban planning projects in the 1950s and 1960s involved widespread destruction and redevelopment of west-side neighborhoods and the construction of new freeways , of which only a series of short segments were built before being halted by citizen-led opposition . [ 97 ] The onset of containerization made San Francisco's small piers obsolete, and cargo activity moved to the larger Port of Oakland . [ 98 ] The city began to lose industrial jobs and turned to tourism as the most important segment of its economy. [ 99 ] The suburbs experienced rapid growth, and San Francisco underwent significant demographic change, as large segments of the white population left the city, supplanted by an increasing wave of immigration from Asia and Latin America. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] From 1950 to 1980, the city lost over 10 percent of its population. Over this period, San Francisco became a magnet for America's counterculture movement . Beat Generation writers fueled the San Francisco Renaissance and centered on the North Beach neighborhood in the 1950s. [ 102 ] Hippies flocked to Haight-Ashbury in the 1960s, reaching a peak with the 1967 Summer of Love . [ 103 ] In 1974, the Zebra murders left at least 16 people dead. [ 104 ] In the 1970s, the city became a center of the gay rights movement , with the emergence of The Castro as an urban gay village , the election of Harvey Milk to the Board of Supervisors , and his assassination , along with that of Mayor George Moscone , in 1978. [ 105 ] Bank of America , now based in Charlotte , North Carolina , was founded in San Francisco; the bank completed 555 California Street in 1969. The Transamerica Pyramid was completed in 1972, [ 106 ] igniting a wave of " Manhattanization " that lasted until the late 1980s, a period of extensive high-rise development downtown. [ 107 ] The 1980s also saw a dramatic increase in the number of homeless people in the city, an issue that remains today, despite many attempts to address it. [ 108 ] The 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake caused destruction and loss of life throughout the Bay Area. In San Francisco, the quake severely damaged structures in the Marina and South of Market districts and precipitated the demolition of the damaged Embarcadero Freeway and much of the damaged Central Freeway . The reconstruction allowed the city to reclaim The Embarcadero as its historic downtown waterfront and revitalizing the Hayes Valley neighborhood. [ 109 ] The three recent decades have seen booms driven by the internet industry. During the dot-com boom of the late 1990s, startup companies invigorated the San Francisco economy. Large numbers of entrepreneurs and computer application developers moved into the city, followed by marketing, design, and sales professionals, changing the social landscape as once poorer neighborhoods became increasingly gentrified . [ 110 ] Demand for new housing and office space ignited a second wave of high-rise development, this time in the South of Market district. [ 111 ] By 2000, the city's population reached new highs, surpassing the previous record set in 1950. When the bubble burst in 2001, many of these companies folded and their employees were laid off. Yet high technology and entrepreneurship remain mainstays of the San Francisco economy. By the mid-2000s (decade), the social media boom had begun, with San Francisco becoming a popular location for tech offices and a common place to live for people employed in Silicon Valley companies such as Apple and Google . [ c ] The early 2020s saw a reduction of tech companies' presence in Downtown San Francisco in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic , increased popularity of working at home, and struggles with homelessness. Although some observers have raised the possibility that office vacancies and declining tax revenues could cause San Francisco to enter an economic doom loop , [ 113 ] [ 114 ] other sources have refuted this broad-based characterization of the city as a whole, asserting that the issues of concern are restricted primarily to the urban core of San Francisco. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] The San Francisco Armory , Palace of Fine Arts , Haas–Lilienthal House , and 450 Sutter Street are among the dozens of historical landmarks in the city listed on the National Register of Historic Places . [ 117 ] Geography San Francisco is located on the West Coast of the United States , at the north end of the San Francisco Peninsula and includes significant stretches of the Pacific Ocean and San Francisco Bay within its boundaries. Several picturesque islands — Alcatraz , Treasure Island and the adjacent Yerba Buena Island , and small portions of Alameda Island , Red Rock Island , and Angel Island —are part of the city. Also included are the uninhabited Farallon Islands , 27 miles (43 km) offshore in the Pacific Ocean. The mainland within the city limits roughly forms a "seven-by-seven-mile square", a common local colloquialism referring to the city's shape, though its total area, including water, is nearly 232 square miles (600 km 2 ). There are more than 50 hills within the city limits. [ 118 ] Some neighborhoods are named after the hill on which they are situated, including Nob Hill , Potrero Hill , and Russian Hill . Near the geographic center of the city, southwest of the downtown area, are a series of less densely populated hills. Twin Peaks , a pair of hills forming one of the city's highest points, forms an overlook spot. San Francisco's tallest hill, Mount Davidson , is 928 feet (283 m) high and is capped with a 103-foot (31 m) tall cross built in 1934. [ 119 ] Dominating this area is Sutro Tower , a large red and white radio and television transmission tower reaching 1,811 ft (552 m) above sea level. The nearby San Andreas and Hayward Faults are responsible for much earthquake activity, although neither physically passes through the city itself. The San Andreas Fault caused the earthquakes in 1906 and 1989. Minor earthquakes occur on a regular basis. The threat of major earthquakes plays a large role in the city's infrastructure development. The city constructed an auxiliary water supply system and has repeatedly upgraded its building codes, requiring retrofits for older buildings and higher engineering standards for new construction. [ 120 ] However, there are still thousands of smaller buildings that remain vulnerable to quake damage. [ 121 ] USGS has released the California earthquake forecast which models earthquake occurrence in California. [ 122 ] San Francisco's shoreline has grown beyond its natural limits. Entire neighborhoods such as the Marina , Mission Bay , and Hunters Point , as well as large sections of the Embarcadero , sit on areas of landfill . Treasure Island was constructed from material dredged from the bay as well as material resulting from the excavation of the Yerba Buena Tunnel through Yerba Buena Island during the construction of the Bay Bridge. Such land tends to be unstable during earthquakes. The resulting soil liquefaction causes extensive damage to property built upon it, as was evidenced in the Marina district during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake . [ 123 ] A few natural lakes and creeks ( Lake Merced , Mountain Lake , Pine Lake , Lobos Creek , El Polin Spring ) are within parks and remain protected in what is essentially their original form, but most of the city's natural watercourses, such as Islais Creek and Mission Creek , have been partially or completely culverted and built over. Since the 1990s, the Public Utilities Commission has been studying proposals to daylight or restore some creeks. [ 124 ] Neighborhoods An Historical Center of San Francisco monument, [ 125 ] where the 1899–1906 City Hall was once located, [ 126 ] is in United Nations Plaza , at 37°46′48″N 122°24′49″W / 37.7800397°N 122.4135943°W / 37.7800397; -122.4135943 The earliest center of San Francisco is Portsmouth Square , in the northeast quadrant of the city anchored by Market Street and the waterfront. Here in the northeast quadrant, the Financial District is centered, with Union Square , the principal shopping and hotel district, and the Tenderloin nearby. Cable cars carry riders up steep inclines to the summit of Nob Hill , once the home of the city's business tycoons, and down to the waterfront tourist attractions of Fisherman's Wharf , and Pier 39 , where many restaurants feature Dungeness crab from a still-active fishing industry. Also in this quadrant are Russian Hill , a residential neighborhood with the famously crooked Lombard Street ; North Beach , the city's Little Italy and the former center of the Beat Generation ; and Telegraph Hill , which features Coit Tower . Abutting Russian Hill and North Beach is San Francisco's Chinatown , the oldest Chinatown in North America. [ 127 ] [ 128 ] [ 129 ] [ 130 ] The South of Market , which was once San Francisco's industrial core, has seen significant redevelopment following the construction of Oracle Park and an infusion of startup companies . New skyscrapers, live-work lofts, and condominiums dot the area. Further development is taking place just to the south in Mission Bay area, a former railroad yard, which now has a second campus of the University of California, San Francisco and Chase Center , which opened in 2019 as the new home of the Golden State Warriors . [ 131 ] West of downtown, across Van Ness Avenue , lies the large Western Addition neighborhood, which became established with a large African American population after World War II . The Western Addition is usually divided into smaller neighborhoods including Hayes Valley , the Fillmore , and Japantown , which was once the largest Japantown in North America but suffered when its Japanese American residents were forcibly removed and interned during World War II. The Western Addition survived the 1906 earthquake with its Victorians largely intact, including the famous " Painted Ladies ", standing alongside Alamo Square . To the south, near the geographic center of the city is Haight-Ashbury , famously associated with 1960s hippie culture. [ 132 ] North of the Western Addition is Pacific Heights , an affluent neighborhood that features the homes built by wealthy San Franciscans in the wake of the 1906 earthquake. Directly north of Pacific Heights facing the waterfront is the Marina , a neighborhood popular with young professionals that was largely built on reclaimed land from the Bay. [ 133 ] In the southeast quadrant of the city is the Mission District —populated in the 19th century by Californios and working-class immigrants from Germany, Ireland, Italy, and Scandinavia. In the 1910s, a wave of Central American immigrants settled in the Mission and, in the 1950s, immigrants from Mexico began to predominate. [ 134 ] In recent years, gentrification has changed the demographics of parts of the Mission from Latino, to twenty-something professionals. Noe Valley to the southwest and Bernal Heights to the south are both increasingly popular among young families with children. East of the Mission is the Potrero Hill neighborhood, a mostly residential neighborhood that features sweeping views of downtown San Francisco. West of the Mission, the area historically known as Eureka Valley , now popularly called the Castro , was once a working-class Scandinavian and Irish area. It has become North America's first gay village , and is now the center of gay life in the city. [ 135 ] Located near the city's southern border, the Excelsior District is one of the most ethnically diverse neighborhoods in San Francisco. The Bayview-Hunters Point in the far southeast corner of the city is one of the poorest neighborhoods, though the area has been the focus of several revitalizing and urban renewal projects. The West Side of the city remained largely undeveloped until the early 20th century, due to the region being isolated from downtown because of the rugged terrain of Twin Peaks, Mount Sutro and Mount Davidson. Vast sand dunes made up the costal plain with the uninhibited area being dubbed the Outside Lands . The creation of Golden Gate Park in 1870–1900 contributed to the area being developed. The construction of the Twin Peaks Tunnel in 1918 connected southwest neighborhoods to downtown via streetcar, hastening the development of West Portal , and nearby affluent Forest Hill and St. Francis Wood . Further west, stretching all the way to the Pacific Ocean and north to Golden Gate Park lies the vast Sunset District , a large middle-class area with a predominantly Asian population. [ 136 ] The northwestern quadrant of the city contains the Richmond , a mostly middle-class neighborhood north of Golden Gate Park, home to immigrants from other parts of Asia as well as many Russian and Ukrainian immigrants. Together, these areas are known as The Avenues . Many piers remained derelict for years until the demolition of the Embarcadero Freeway reopened the downtown waterfront, allowing for redevelopment. The centerpiece of the port, the Ferry Building , while still receiving commuter ferry traffic, has been restored and redeveloped as a gourmet marketplace. Climate San Francisco has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csb , Trewartha : Csll ), characteristic of California's coast, with cool, moist winters and mild dry summers with few days of very warm weather. [ 137 ] San Francisco's weather is strongly influenced by the cool currents of the Pacific Ocean on the west side of the city, and the water of San Francisco Bay to the north and east. This moderates temperature swings and produces a remarkably mild year-round climate with little seasonal temperature variation. [ 138 ] Among major U.S. cities, San Francisco has the coolest daily mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures for June, July, and August. [ 139 ] During the summer, rising hot air in California's interior valleys creates a low-pressure area that draws winds from the North Pacific High through the Golden Gate , which creates the city's characteristic cool winds and fog . [ 140 ] The fog is less pronounced in eastern neighborhoods and during the late summer and early fall. The year's warmest month, on average, is September, and on average, October is warmer than July, especially in daytime. Temperatures reach or exceed 80 °F (27 °C) on an average of only 23 days a year and 90 °F (32 °C) for 4 to 6 days a year to at downtown and San Francisco International Airport (SFO), respectively. [ 141 ] The dry period of May to October is mild to warm, with the normal monthly mean temperature peaking in September at 62.7 °F (17.1 °C). [ 141 ] The rainy period of November to April is slightly cooler, with the normal monthly mean temperature reaching its lowest in January at 51.3 °F (10.7 °C). [ 141 ] On average, there are 73 rainy days a year, and annual precipitation averages 23.65 inches (601 mm). [ 141 ] Variation in precipitation from year to year is high. Above-average rain years are often associated with warm El Niño conditions in the Pacific while dry years often occur in cold water La Niña periods. In 2013 (a "La Niña" year), a record low 5.59 in (142 mm) of rainfall was recorded at downtown San Francisco, where records have been kept since 1849. [ 141 ] Snowfall in the city is very rare, with only 10 measurable accumulations recorded since 1852, most recently in 1976 when up to 5 inches (13 cm) fell on Twin Peaks. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] The highest recorded temperature at the official National Weather Service downtown observation station [ d ] was 106 °F (41 °C) on September 1, 2017. [ 145 ] During that hot spell, the warmest ever night of 71 °F (22 °C) was also recorded. [ 146 ] The lowest recorded temperature was 27 °F (−3 °C) on December 11, 1932. [ 147 ] During an average year between 1991 and 2020, San Francisco recorded a warmest night at 64 °F (18 °C) and a coldest day at 49 °F (9 °C). [ 141 ] The coldest daytime high since the station's opening in 1945 was recorded in December 1972 at 37 °F (3 °C). [ 141 ] As a coastal city, San Francisco will be heavily affected by climate change . As of 2021 [update] , sea levels are projected to rise by as much as 5 feet (1.5 m), resulting in periodic flooding, rising groundwater levels, and lowland floods from more severe storms. [ 148 ] San Francisco falls under the USDA Plant hardiness zone 10a and 10b, . 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Climate data for San Francisco (downtown), [ e ] 1991–2020 normals, [ f ] extremes 1849–present v t e Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °F (°C) 79 (26) 81 (27) 87 (31) 94 (34) 97 (36) 103 (39) 99 (37) 98 (37) 106 (41) 102 (39) 86 (30) 76 (24) 106 (41) Mean maximum °F (°C) 67.1 (19.5) 71.8 (22.1) 76.4 (24.7) 80.7 (27.1) 81.4 (27.4) 84.6 (29.2) 80.5 (26.9) 83.4 (28.6) 90.8 (32.7) 87.9 (31.1) 75.8 (24.3) 66.4 (19.1) 90.8 (32.7) Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 57.8 (14.3) 60.4 (15.8) 62.1 (16.7) 63.0 (17.2) 64.1 (17.8) 66.5 (19.2) 66.3 (19.1) 67.9 (19.9) 72.0 (22.2) 69.8 (21.0) 63.7 (17.6) 57.9 (14.4) 64.1 (17.8) Daily mean °F (°C) 52.2 (11.2) 54.2 (12.3) 55.5 (13.1) 56.4 (13.6) 57.8 (14.3) 59.7 (15.4) 60.3 (15.7) 64.7 (18.2) 66.5 (19.2) 62.1 (16.7) 57.2 (14.0) 52.5 (11.4) 57.7 (14.3) Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 43.7 (6.5) 47.9 (8.8) 48.9 (9.4) 49.7 (9.8) 51.4 (10.8) 53.0 (11.7) 54.4 (12.4) 55.5 (13.1) 55.6 (13.1) 54.4 (12.4) 50.7 (10.4) 45.6 (7.6) 51.3 (10.7) Mean minimum °F (°C) 37.0 (2.8) 39.5 (4.2) 42.1 (5.6) 45.0 (7.2) 48.0 (8.9) 50.1 (10.1) 51.6 (10.9) 52.9 (11.6) 52.0 (11.1) 49.9 (9.9) 44.9 (7.2) 38.8 (3.8) 37.0 (2.8) Record low °F (°C) 29 (−2) 31 (−1) 33 (1) 40 (4) 42 (6) 46 (8) 47 (8) 46 (8) 47 (8) 43 (6) 38 (3) 27 (−3) 27 (−3) Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.40 (112) 4.37 (111) 3.15 (80) 1.60 (41) 0.70 (18) 0.20 (5.1) 0.01 (0.25) 0.06 (1.5) 0.10 (2.5) 0.94 (24) 2.60 (66) 4.76 (121) 22.89 (581) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 11.2 10.8 10.8 6.8 4.0 1.6 0.7 1.1 1.2 3.5 7.9 11.6 71.2 Average relative humidity (%) 80 77 75 72 72 71 75 75 73 71 75 78 75 Mean monthly sunshine hours 185.9 207.7 269.1 309.3 325.1 311.4 313.3 287.4 271.4 247.1 173.4 160.6 3,061.7 Percentage possible sunshine 61 69 73 78 74 70 70 68 73 71 57 54 69 Average ultraviolet index 2 3 5 7 9 10 10 9 7 5 3 2 6 Source 1: NOAA (sun 1961–1974) [ 141 ] [ 151 ] [ 152 ] [ 153 ] Source 2: Met Office (humidity), [ 154 ] Weather Atlas (UV) [ 155 ] Ecology Historically, tule elk were present in San Francisco County, based on archeological evidence of elk remains in at least five different Native American shellmounds: at Hunter's Point, Fort Mason, Stevenson Street, Market Street, and Yerba Buena. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Perhaps the first historical observer record was from the De Anza Expedition on March 23, 1776. Herbert Eugene Bolton wrote about the expedition camp at Mountain Lake, near the southern end of today's Presidio : "Round about were grazing deer, and scattered here and there were the antlers of large elk." [ 158 ] Demographics Year Pop. ±% 1848 1,000 — 1849 25,000 +2400.0% 1852 34,776 +39.1% 1860 56,802 +63.3% 1870 149,473 +163.1% 1880 233,959 +56.5% 1890 298,997 +27.8% 1900 342,782 +14.6% 1910 416,912 +21.6% 1920 506,676 +21.5% 1930 634,394 +25.2% 1940 634,536 +0.0% 1950 775,357 +22.2% 1960 740,316 −4.5% 1970 715,674 −3.3% 1980 678,974 −5.1% 1990 723,959 +6.6% 2000 776,733 +7.3% 2010 805,235 +3.7% 2020 873,965 +8.5% 2024 (est.) 827,526 −5.3% The 2020 United States census showed San Francisco's population to be 873,965, an increase of 8.5% from the 2010 census . [ 11 ] With roughly one-quarter the population density of Manhattan , San Francisco is the second-most densely populated large American city , behind only New York City among cities greater than 200,000 population, and the fifth-most densely populated U.S. county , following only four of the five New York City boroughs . San Francisco is part of the five-county San Francisco–Oakland–Hayward, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area , a region of 4.7 million people ( 13th most populous in the U.S. ), and has served as its traditional demographic focal point. It is also part of the greater 14-county San Jose-San Francisco-Oakland, CA Combined Statistical Area , whose population is over 9.6 million, making it the fifth-largest in the United States as of 2018 [update] . [ 159 ] [ failed verification ] Race, ethnicity, religion, and languages As of the 2020 [update] census, the racial makeup and population of San Francisco included: 361,382 Whites (41.3%), 296,505 Asians (33.9%), 46,725 African Americans (5.3%), 86,233 Multiracial Americans (9.9%), 6,475 Native Americans and Alaska Natives (0.7%), 3,476 Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders (0.4%) and 73,169 persons of other races (8.4%). There were 136,761 Hispanic or Latino residents of any race (15.6%). San Francisco is a majority minority city, as non-Hispanic White residents comprise less than half of the population; in 1940 they formed 92.5% of the population. [ 160 ] In 2010, residents of Chinese ethnicity constituted the largest single ethnic minority group in San Francisco at 21% of the population; other large Asian groups include Filipinos (5%) and Vietnamese (2%), with Japanese , Koreans and many other Asian and Pacific Islander groups represented in the city. [ 161 ] The population of Chinese ancestry is most heavily concentrated in Chinatown and the Sunset and Richmond Districts . Filipinos are most concentrated in SoMa and the Crocker-Amazon ; the latter neighborhood shares a border with Daly City , which has one of the highest concentrations of Filipinos in North America. [ 161 ] [ 162 ] The Tenderloin District is home to a large portion of the city's Vietnamese population as well as businesses and restaurants, which is known as the city's Little Saigon. [ 161 ] The principal Hispanic groups in the city were those of Mexican (7%) and Salvadoran (2%) ancestry. The Hispanic population is most heavily concentrated in the Mission District , Tenderloin District, and Excelsior District . [ 163 ] The city's percentage of Hispanic residents is less than half of that of the state. African Americans constituted about 5% of San Francisco's population in 2020; their share of the city's population has been decreasing since the 1970s. [ 164 ] The majority of the city's Black residents live in the neighborhoods of Bayview-Hunters Point , Visitacion Valley , and the Fillmore District . [ 163 ] There are smaller Black communities in Diamond Heights , Glen Park , and the Mission District . Unlike many other Western cities, San Francisco has a significant Irish American population. Drawn by the California Gold Rush, the Irish were one of the first major White immigrant groups to arrive in California, settling in the city of San Francisco. [ 165 ] The Irish historically settled in Irish Hill , which was razed following World War II . [ 166 ] Despite this, San Francisco is still one of only three counties in the entire Western United States whose White population is plurality (20.6%) Irish. [ 167 ] [ 168 ] The city has long been home to a significant Jewish community; in 2018 Jewish Americans made up an estimated 10% (80,000) of the city's population. It the third-largest Jewish community in proportional terms in the United States, behind only those of New York City, and Los Angeles, respectively, and it is also relatively young compared to other major U.S. cities. [ 169 ] The Jewish community resides throughout the city, but the Richmond District is home to an ethnic enclave of mostly Russian Jews . [ 170 ] The Fillmore District was formerly a mostly Jewish neighborhood from the 1920s until the 1970s, when many of its Jewish residents moved to other neighborhoods of the city as well as the suburbs of nearby Marin County . [ 171 ] Demographic profile [ 80 ] 1860 1880 1920 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 [ 172 ] Non-Hispanic White alone 90.2% 87.7% 93.5% 72.7% 52.8% 46.9% 43.5% 41.7% 39.1% Non-Hispanic Asian alone 4.6% 9.3% 2.7% 7.9% 21.3% 28.0% 30.7% 33.1% 33.7% — Chinese American 4.6% 9.3% 1.5% 5.1% 12.1% 17.6% 20.0% 19.8% 21.0% — Filipino American — — 0.2% 1.5% 5.2% 5.4% 5.0% 4.9% 4.4% Hispanic or Latino , any race(s) 3.0% 2.4% 3.4% 9.4% 12.6% 13.3% 14.2% 15.2% 15.6% — Mexican American 1.8% 1.4% 1.5% 5.1% 5.0% 5.2% 6.0% 7.5% 7.9% Non-Hispanic Black alone 2.1% 0.6% 0.4% 9.7% 12.3% 10.7% 7.6% 6.0% 5.1% Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander alone — — <0.1% — 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.3% Non-Hispanic Native American alone <0.1% <0.1% <0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% Non-Hispanic other — — — 0.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.8% Non-Hispanic two or more races — — — — — — 3.0% 2.9% 5.2% Foreign-born [ g ] 50.2% 44.5% 30.1% 20.2% 29.5% 35.4% 38.4% 38.2% 34.2% See also: Demographics of San Francisco § Historical estimates Source: U.S. Census and IPUMS USA [ 80 ] Demographic profile [ 80 ] 1860 1880 1920 1960 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 [ 172 ] Non-Hispanic White alone 90.2% 87.7% 93.5% 72.7% 52.8% 46.9% 43.5% 41.7% 39.1% Non-Hispanic Asian alone 4.6% 9.3% 2.7% 7.9% 21.3% 28.0% 30.7% 33.1% 33.7% — Chinese American 4.6% 9.3% 1.5% 5.1% 12.1% 17.6% 20.0% 19.8% 21.0% — Filipino American — — 0.2% 1.5% 5.2% 5.4% 5.0% 4.9% 4.4% Hispanic or Latino , any race(s) 3.0% 2.4% 3.4% 9.4% 12.6% 13.3% 14.2% 15.2% 15.6% — Mexican American 1.8% 1.4% 1.5% 5.1% 5.0% 5.2% 6.0% 7.5% 7.9% Non-Hispanic Black alone 2.1% 0.6% 0.4% 9.7% 12.3% 10.7% 7.6% 6.0% 5.1% Non-Hispanic Pacific Islander alone — — <0.1% — 0.2% 0.4% 0.4% 0.5% 0.3% Non-Hispanic Native American alone <0.1% <0.1% <0.1% 0.1% 0.4% 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% 0.2% Non-Hispanic other — — — 0.2% 0.4% 0.2% 0.3% 0.3% 0.8% Non-Hispanic two or more races — — — — — — 3.0% 2.9% 5.2% Foreign-born [ g ] 50.2% 44.5% 30.1% 20.2% 29.5% 35.4% 38.4% 38.2% 34.2% Source: U.S. Census and IPUMS USA [ 80 ] In a 2018 study by the Jewish Community Federation of San Francisco, Jews make up 10% (80,000) of the city's population, making Judaism the second-largest religion in San Francisco after Christianity. [ 169 ] In a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center , the largest religious groupings in San Francisco's metropolitan area are Christians (48%), followed by those of no religion (35%), Hindus (5%), Jews (3%), Buddhists (2%), Muslims (1%) and a variety of other religions have smaller followings. In 2014, about 20% of residents in the area are Protestant , and 25% professing Roman Catholic beliefs. 10% of the residents in metropolitan San Francisco identify as agnostics , while 5% identify as atheists . [ 173 ] [ 174 ] In 2010, 55% (411,728) of San Francisco residents spoke only English at home, while 19% (140,302) spoke a variety of Chinese (mostly Taishanese and Cantonese [ 175 ] [ 176 ] ), 12% (88,147) Spanish, 3% (25,767) Tagalog , and 2% (14,017) Russian. In total, 45% (342,693) of San Francisco's population spoke a language at home other than English. [ 177 ] Ethnic clustering San Francisco has several prominent Chinese, Mexican, and Filipino neighborhoods including Chinatown and the Mission District . In 2017, more than half of the Asian population in San Francisco was either Chinese-born (40.3%) or Philippine-born (13.1%). Of the Mexican population, 21% were Mexican-born. [ 178 ] Between 1990 and 2000, the number of foreign-born residents increased from 33% to nearly 40%. [ 178 ] During this same period, the San Francisco metropolitan area received 850,000 immigrants, ranking third in the United States after Los Angeles and New York. [ 178 ] Education, households, and income Of all major cities in the United States, San Francisco has the second-highest percentage of residents with a college degree, second only to Seattle . Over 44% of adults have a bachelor's or higher degree. [ 180 ] San Francisco had the highest rate at 7,031 per square mile, or over 344,000 total graduates in the city's 46.7 square miles (121 km 2 ). [ 181 ] San Francisco has the highest estimated percentage of gay and lesbian individuals of any of the 50 largest U.S. cities, at 15%. [ 182 ] San Francisco also has the highest percentage of same-sex households of any American county, with the Bay Area having a higher concentration than any other metropolitan area . [ 183 ] San Francisco ranks third of American cities in median household income [ 184 ] with a 2007 value of $65,519. [ 185 ] Median family income is $81,136. [ 185 ] An emigration of middle-class families has left the city with a lower proportion of children than any other large American city, [ 186 ] with the dog population cited as exceeding the child population of 115,000, in 2018. [ 187 ] In 2007, San Francisco's poverty rate was 12%, lower than the national average. [ 188 ] Homelessness has been a chronic problem for San Francisco since the early 1970s. [ 189 ] The city is believed to have the highest number of homeless inhabitants per capita of any major U.S. city. [ 190 ] [ 191 ] There are 345,811 households in the city. 133,366 households (39%) were individuals, 109,437 (32%) were opposite-sex married couples , 63,577 (18%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 21,677 (6%) were unmarried opposite-sex partnerships , and 10,384 (3%) were same-sex married couples or partnerships . The average household size was 2.26. The average family size was 3.11. 452,986 people (56%) lived in rental housing units. 327,985 people (41%) lived in owner-occupied housing units. The median age is 38 years. San Francisco declared itself a sanctuary city in 1989. City officials strengthened the stance in 2013 with its 'Due Process for All' ordinance. The law declared local authorities could not hold immigrants for immigration offenses if they had no violent felonies on their records and did not currently face charges. [ 192 ] The city issues a Resident ID Card regardless of the applicant's immigration status. [ 193 ] Homelessness Homelessness in San Francisco emerged as a major issue in the late 20th century and remains a growing problem in modern times. [ 194 ] In 2019, 8,035 homeless people were counted in San Francisco's point-in-time street and shelter count. This was an increase of more than 17% over the 2017 count of 6,858 people. 5,180 of the people were living unsheltered on the streets and in parks. [ 195 ] 26% of respondents in the 2019 count identified job loss as the primary cause of their homelessness, 18% cited alcohol or drug use, and 13% cited being evicted from their residence. [ 195 ] The city of San Francisco has been dramatically increasing its spending to service the growing population homelessness crisis: spending jumped by $241 million in 2016–17 to total $275 million, compared to a budget of just $34 million the previous year. In 2017–18 the budget for combatting homelessness stood at $305 million. [ 196 ] In the 2019–2020 budget year, the city budgeted $368 million for homelessness services. In the proposed 2020–2021 budget, the city budgeted $850 million for homelessness services. [ 197 ] In January 2018, a United Nations special rapporteur on homelessness, Leilani Farha, stated that she was "completely shocked" by San Francisco's homelessness crisis during a visit to the city. She compared the "deplorable conditions" of the homeless camps she witnessed on San Francisco's streets to those she had seen in Mumbai . [ 196 ] In May 2020, San Francisco officially sanctioned homeless encampments . [ 198 ] In 2024, according to San Francisco's Point-in-Time (PIT) count, the homeless population was approximately 8,323 individuals. Additionally, over 20,000 people in the city were seeking homeless services. [ 199 ] Crime This article needs to be updated . Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. ( March 2024 ) San Francisco's violent crime rate is low compared to other major cities. In 2011, 50 murders were reported, which is 6.1 per 100,000 people. [ 200 ] There were about 134 rapes, 3,142 robberies, and about 2,139 assaults. There were about 4,469 burglaries, 25,100 thefts, and 4,210 motor vehicle thefts. [ 201 ] The Tenderloin area has the highest crime rate in San Francisco: 70% of the city's violent crimes, and around one-fourth of the city's murders, occur in this neighborhood. The Tenderloin also sees high rates of drug abuse, gang violence, and prostitution. [ 202 ] Another area with high crime rates is the Bayview-Hunters Point area. In the first six months of 2015 there were 25 murders, compared to 14 in the first six months of 2014. However, the murder rate is still much lower than in past decades. [ 203 ] That rate rose again by the close of 2016. According to the San Francisco Police Department, there were 59 murders in the city in 2016, an annual total that marked a 13.5% increase in the number of homicides (52) from 2015. [ 204 ] The city has also gained a reputation for car break-ins, with over 19,000 car break-ins occurring in 2021. [ 205 ] During the first half of 2018, human feces on San Francisco sidewalks were the second-most-frequent complaint of city residents, with about 65 calls per day. The city has formed a "poop patrol" to attempt to combat the problem. [ 206 ] Several street gangs have operated in the city over the decades, including MS-13 , [ 207 ] the Sureños and Norteños in the Mission District. [ 208 ] African-American street gangs familiar in other cities, including the Bloods , Crips , and their sets, have struggled to establish footholds in San Francisco, [ 209 ] while police and prosecutors have been accused of liberally labeling young African-American males as gang members. [ 210 ] Criminal Triad groups, such as the Wo Hop To , were active in San Francisco in the 20th century. [ 211 ] According to statistics released by SFPD in April 2024, the crime figures were down in the first 100 days of the year, namely in terms of robberies, burglaries and larceny. [ 212 ] In the first half of 2024, San Francisco experienced a 32% decrease in overall crime compared to the previous year. Personal property theft saw a 41% reduction, and violent crimes, including gun-related incidents, decreased by 30%. [ 213 ] Economy The city has a diversified service economy , with employment spread across a wide range of professional services, including tourism , financial services , and high technology . [ 214 ] In 2016, approximately 27% of workers were employed in professional business services; 14% in leisure and hospitality; 13% in government services; 12% in education and health care; 11% in trade, transportation, and utilities; and 8% in financial activities. [ 214 ] In 2023, GDP in the five-county San Francisco metropolitan area grew 3.4% in real terms to $779 billion. [ 35 ] In 2023, the 14-county San Jose–San Francisco–Oakland combined statistical area had a GDP of $1.397 trillion, ranking 3rd among CSAs , and ahead of all but 15 countries . As of 2023 [update] , San Francisco County ranked 11th by income per capita among U.S. counties, with a per capita personal income of $164,807. [ 14 ] Marin County , directly to the north over the Golden Gate Bridge , and San Mateo County , directly to the south on the Peninsula , were the 7th and 9th highest-income counties respectively. The legacy of the California gold rush turned San Francisco into the principal banking and finance center of the West Coast in the early twentieth century. [ 215 ] Montgomery Street in the Financial District became known as the " Wall Street of the West ", home to the Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco , and the site of the now-defunct Pacific Coast Stock Exchange . [ 215 ] Bank of America , a pioneer in making banking services accessible to the middle class, was founded in San Francisco and in the 1960s, built the landmark modern skyscraper at 555 California Street for its corporate headquarters, since relocated to Charlotte, North Carolina . Many large financial institutions, multinational banks, and venture capital firms are based in or have regional headquarters in the city. With over 30 international financial institutions, [ 216 ] six Fortune 500 companies, [ 217 ] and a large supporting infrastructure of professional services—including law, public relations, architecture and design—San Francisco is designated as an Alpha(-) World City . [ 218 ] The 2024 Global Financial Centres Index ranked San Francisco as the fifth-most competitive financial center in the world. [ 219 ] Beginning in the 1990s, San Francisco's economy diversified away from finance and tourism towards the growing fields of high tech, biotechnology , and medical research . [ 220 ] Technology jobs accounted for just 1 percent of San Francisco's economy in 1990, growing to 4 percent in 2010 and an estimated 8 percent by the end of 2013. [ 221 ] San Francisco became a center of Internet start-up companies during the dot-com bubble of the 1990s and the subsequent social media boom of the late 2000s (decade). [ 222 ] Since 2010, San Francisco proper has attracted an increasing share of venture capital investments as compared to nearby Silicon Valley , attracting 423 financings worth US$4.58 billion in 2013. [ 223 ] [ 224 ] [ 225 ] In 2004, the city approved a payroll tax exemption for biotechnology companies [ 226 ] to foster growth in the Mission Bay neighborhood, site of a second campus and hospital of the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Mission Bay hosts the UCSF Medical Center , the California Institute for Regenerative Medicine , California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences , and Gladstone Institutes , [ 227 ] as well as more than 40 private-sector life sciences companies. [ 228 ] According to academic Rob Wilson, San Francisco is a global city , a status that pre-dated the city's popularity during the California gold rush . [ 229 ] However, the COVID-19 pandemic has led to high office vacancy rates and the accelerating evacuation of many retail and tech businesses out of the downtown core of San Francisco. [ 115 ] [ 230 ] [ 231 ] [ 232 ] Attributed causes include a shift to remote work in the technology and professional services sectors, as well as high levels of homelessness , drug use, and crime in areas around downtown San Francisco, such as the Tenderloin and Mid-Market neighborhoods. [ 233 ] [ 234 ] The top employer in San Francisco is the city government itself, employing 5.6% (35,000+ people) of the city's workforce, followed by UCSF with over 29,000 employees. [ 235 ] The largest private-sector employer is Salesforce , with 11,953 employees, as of 2024 [update] . Small businesses with fewer than 10 employees and self-employed firms made up 85% of city establishments in 2006, [ 236 ] and the number of San Franciscans employed by firms of more than 1,000 employees has fallen by half since 1977. [ 237 ] The growth of national big box and formula retail chains into the city has been made intentionally difficult by political and civic consensus. In an effort to buoy small privately owned businesses in San Francisco and preserve the unique retail personality of the city, the Small Business Commission started a publicity campaign in 2004 to keep a larger share of retail dollars in the local economy, [ 238 ] and the Board of Supervisors has used the planning code to limit the neighborhoods where formula retail establishments can set up shop, [ 239 ] an effort affirmed by San Francisco voters. [ 240 ] However, by 2016, San Francisco was rated low by small businesses in a Business Friendliness Survey. [ 241 ] Like many U.S. cities , San Francisco once had a significant manufacturing sector employing nearly 60,000 workers in 1969, but nearly all production left for cheaper locations by the 1980s. [ 242 ] As of 2014 [update] , San Francisco has seen a small resurgence in manufacturing, with more than 4,000 manufacturing jobs across 500 companies, doubling since 2011. The city's largest manufacturing employer is Anchor Brewing Company , and the largest by revenue is Timbuk2 . [ 242 ] As of the first quarter of 2022 [update] , the median value of homes in San Francisco County was $1,297,030. It ranked third in the U.S. for counties with highest median home value, behind Nantucket, Massachusetts and San Mateo County, California . [ 243 ] Technology San Francisco became a hub for technology-driven economic growth during the internet boom of the 1990s, and still holds an important position in the world city network today. [ 178 ] [ 244 ] Intense redevelopment towards the " new economy " makes business more technologically minded. Between the years of 1999 and 2000, the job growth rate was 4.9%, creating over 50,000 jobs in technology firms and internet content production. [ 178 ] However, the technology industry has become geographically dispersed. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] In the second technological boom driven by social media in the mid-2000s, San Francisco became a location for companies such as Apple , Google , Ubisoft , Facebook , and Twitter (now known as X ) to base their tech offices and for their employees to live. [ 112 ] The final wave of technology materialized as AI companies have either been founded in the city or moved there attracted to a large talent pool, proximity to venture capital, and serendipitous connections. [ 247 ] The Sunset Reservoir Solar Project, completed in 2010, installed 24,000 solar panels on the roof of the reservoir. The 5-megawatt plant more than tripled the city's 2-megawatt solar generation capacity when it opened in December 2010. [ 248 ] [ 249 ] Tourism and conventions Tourism is one of San Francisco's most important private-sector industries, accounting for more than one out of seven jobs in the city. [ 220 ] [ 250 ] The city's frequent portrayal in music, film, and popular culture has made the city and its landmarks recognizable worldwide. In 2016, it attracted the fifth-highest number of foreign tourists of any city in the United States. [ 251 ] In 2023, 23.1 million visitors arrived in San Francisco, adding US$9.3 billion to the economy. [ 252 ] With a large hotel infrastructure and a major convention facility in the Moscone Center , San Francisco is a popular destination for annual conventions and conferences. [ 253 ] Some of the most popular tourist attractions in San Francisco, as noted by the Travel Channel , include the Golden Gate Bridge and Alamo Square Park , home to the famous " Painted Ladies ". Both of these locations were often used as landscape shots for the hit American television sitcom Full House . There is also Lombard Street , known for its "crookedness" and extensive views. Tourists also visit Pier 39 , which offers dining, shopping, entertainment, and views of the bay, sunbathing California sea lions , the Aquarium of the Bay , and the famous Alcatraz Island . [ 254 ] San Francisco also offers tourists varied nightlife in its neighborhoods. [ 255 ] [ 256 ] The new Terminal Project at Pier 27 opened September 25, 2014, as a replacement for the old Pier 35. [ 257 ] A heightened interest in conventioneering in San Francisco, marked by the establishment of convention centers such as Yerba Buena, acted as a feeder into the local tourist economy and resulted in an increase in the hotel industry: "In 1959, the city had fewer than thirty-three hundred first-class hotel rooms; by 1970, the number was nine thousand; and by 1999, there were more than thirty thousand." [ 258 ] The commodification of the Castro District has contributed to San Francisco's tourist economy. [ 259 ] Arts and culture Although the Financial District , Union Square , and Fisherman's Wharf are well known around the world, San Francisco is also characterized by its numerous culturally rich streetscapes featuring mixed-use neighborhoods anchored around central commercial corridors to which residents and visitors alike can walk. [ citation needed ] Because of these characteristics, [ original research? ] San Francisco is ranked the "most walkable" city in the United States by Walk Score . [ 260 ] Many neighborhoods feature a mix of businesses, restaurants and venues that cater to the daily needs of local residents while also serving many visitors and tourists. Some neighborhoods are dotted with boutiques, cafés and nightlife such as Union Street in Cow Hollow , 24th Street in Noe Valley , Valencia Street in the Mission , Grant Avenue in North Beach , and Irving Street in the Inner Sunset . This approach especially has influenced the continuing South of Market neighborhood redevelopment with businesses and neighborhood services rising alongside high-rise residences. [ 261 ] [ failed verification ] Since the 1990s, the demand for skilled information technology workers from local startups and nearby Silicon Valley has attracted white-collar workers from all over the world and created a high standard of living in San Francisco. [ 262 ] Many neighborhoods that were once blue-collar , middle, and lower class have been gentrifying , as many of the city's traditional business and industrial districts have experienced a renaissance driven by the redevelopment of the Embarcadero , including the neighborhoods South Beach and Mission Bay . The city's property values and household income have risen to among the highest in the nation, [ 263 ] [ 264 ] [ 265 ] creating a large and upscale restaurant, retail, and entertainment scene. According to a 2014 quality of life survey of global cities, San Francisco has the highest quality of living of any U.S. city. [ 266 ] However, due to the exceptionally high cost of living, many of the city's middle and lower-class families have been leaving the city for the outer suburbs of the Bay Area , or for California's Central Valley . [ 267 ] By June 2, 2015, the median rent was reported to be as high as $4,225. [ 268 ] The high cost of living is due in part to restrictive planning laws which limit new residential construction. [ 269 ] The international character that San Francisco has enjoyed since its founding is continued today by large numbers of immigrants from Asia and Latin America. With 39% of its residents born overseas, [ 237 ] San Francisco has numerous neighborhoods filled with businesses and civic institutions catering to new arrivals. In particular, the arrival of many ethnic Chinese, which began to accelerate in the 1970s, has complemented the long-established community historically based in Chinatown throughout the city and has transformed the annual Chinese New Year Parade into the largest event of its kind on the West Coast . [ citation needed ] With the arrival of the "beat" writers and artists of the 1950s and societal changes culminating in the Summer of Love in the Haight-Ashbury district during the 1960s, San Francisco became a center of liberal activism and of the counterculture that arose at that time. The Democrats and to a lesser extent the Green Party have dominated city politics since the late 1970s, after the last serious Republican challenger for city office lost the 1975 mayoral election by a narrow margin. San Francisco has not voted more than 20% for a Republican presidential or senatorial candidate since 1988 . [ 270 ] In 2007, the city expanded its Medicaid and other indigent medical programs into the Healthy San Francisco program, [ 271 ] which subsidizes certain medical services for eligible residents. [ 272 ] [ 273 ] [ 274 ] Since 1993, the San Francisco Department of Public Health has distributed 400,000 free syringes every month aimed at reducing HIV and other health risks for drug users, as well as providing disposal sites and services. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] [ 277 ] San Francisco also has had a very active environmental community. Starting with the founding of the Sierra Club in 1892 to the establishment of the non-profit Friends of the Urban Forest in 1981, San Francisco has been at the forefront of many global discussions regarding the environment. [ 278 ] [ 279 ] The 1980 San Francisco Recycling Program was one of the earliest curbside recycling programs. [ 280 ] The city's GoSolarSF incentive promotes solar installations and the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission is rolling out the CleanPowerSF program to sell electricity from local renewable sources. [ 281 ] [ 282 ] SF Greasecycle is a program to recycle used cooking oil for conversion to biodiesel. [ 283 ] LGBTQ San Francisco has long had an LGBTQ -friendly history . It was home to the first lesbian-rights organization in the United States, Daughters of Bilitis ; the first openly gay person to run for public office in the United States, José Sarria ; the first openly gay man to be elected to public office in California, Harvey Milk ; the first openly lesbian judge appointed in the U.S., Mary C. Morgan ; and the first transgender police commissioner, Theresa Sparks . [ 284 ] San Francisco was home to the first lesbian bar in America, Mona's, on Union Street. The bar aimed to stand out as a space where women could be served by women wearing tuxedos, playing to the exclusion of men in a sapphic space, and catered to local queer patrons instead of the tourist ideal. As the bar continued to see more clientele, the booming business relocated to its more permanent location at 440 Broadway. Here, the business underwent a name change – now Mona's 440 Club – but continued hosting drag artists and various headliners. Most namely, Gladys Bentley , a drag king pioneer and performance artist, [ 285 ] quickly identified for her unofficial tuxedo and top hat attire. Despite being the first lesbian bar in the nation, it was eventually sold and rebranded under new management. Since its closing in the 1950s, other iconic sapphic bars in San Francisco have emerged, including Wild Side West , [ 286 ] Maud's , and The Lexington Club . More recently, Rikki's, the first and only women's sports bar, opened in Summer 2025. [ 287 ] Drag artists and live entertainment continue to be a thriving part of sapphic and queer spaces in the city and, more notably, The Castro . Today, sapphic spaces, even in San Francisco, continue struggling to keep their doors open and remain in decline in comparison to gay spaces. [ 288 ] The city's large gay population has created and sustained a politically and culturally active community over many decades, developing a powerful presence in San Francisco's civic life. [ 284 ] Survey data released in 2015 by Gallup places the proportion of LGBTQ adults in the San Francisco metro area at 6.2%, which is the highest proportion of the 50 most populous metropolitan areas as measured by the polling organization. [ 289 ] One of the most popular destinations for gay tourists internationally, the city hosts San Francisco Pride , one of the largest and oldest pride parades . San Francisco Pride events have been held continuously since 1972. The events are themed and a new theme is created each year. [ 290 ] In 2013, over 1.5 million people attended, around 500,000 more than the previous year. [ 291 ] Pink Saturday is an annual street party held the Saturday before the pride parade, which coincides with the Dyke march . The Folsom Street Fair (FSF) is an annual BDSM and leather subculture street fair that is held in September, endcapping San Francisco's "Leather Pride Week". [ 292 ] It started in 1984 and is California's third-largest single-day, outdoor spectator event and the world's largest leather event and showcase for BDSM products and culture. [ 293 ] Performing arts San Francisco's War Memorial and Performing Arts Center hosts some of the most enduring performing arts companies in the country. The War Memorial Opera House houses the San Francisco Opera , the second-largest opera company in North America [ 294 ] as well as the San Francisco Ballet , while the San Francisco Symphony plays in Davies Symphony Hall . Opened in 2013, the SFJAZZ Center hosts jazz performances year round. [ 295 ] The Fillmore is a music venue located in the Western Addition . It is the second incarnation of the historic venue that gained fame in the 1960s, housing the stage where now-famous musicians such as the Grateful Dead , Janis Joplin , Led Zeppelin , and Jefferson Airplane first performed, fostering the San Francisco Sound . [ 296 ] It closed its doors in 1971 with a final performance by Santana and reopened in 1994 with a show by the Smashing Pumpkins . [ 297 ] San Francisco has a large number of theaters and live performance venues . Local theater companies have been noted for risk taking and innovation. [ 298 ] The Tony Award -winning non-profit American Conservatory Theater (A.C.T.) is a member of the national League of Resident Theatres . Other local winners of the Regional Theatre Tony Award include the San Francisco Mime Troupe . [ 299 ] San Francisco theaters frequently host pre- Broadway engagements and tryout runs, [ 300 ] and some original San Francisco productions have later moved to Broadway. [ 299 ] Museums The San Francisco Museum of Modern Art (SFMOMA) houses 20th century and contemporary works of art. It moved to its current building in the South of Market neighborhood in 1995 and attracted more than 600,000 visitors annually. [ 301 ] SFMOMA closed for renovation and expansion in 2013. The museum reopened in May 2016, with an addition, designed by Snøhetta , that has doubled the museum's size. [ 302 ] The Palace of the Legion of Honor holds primarily European antiquities and works of art at its Lincoln Park building modeled after its Parisian namesake . The de Young Museum in Golden Gate Park features American decorative pieces and anthropological holdings from Africa, Oceania and the Americas, while Asian art is housed in the Asian Art Museum . Opposite the de Young stands the California Academy of Sciences , a natural history museum that also hosts the Morrison Planetarium and Steinhart Aquarium . [ 303 ] Located on Pier 15 on the Embarcadero, the Exploratorium is an interactive science museum. The Contemporary Jewish Museum is a non-collecting institution that hosts a broad array of temporary exhibitions. On Nob Hill, the Cable Car Museum is a working museum featuring the cable car powerhouse, which drives the cables. [ 304 ] Wattis Institute for Contemporary Arts was founded in 1998 and is part of the California College of the Arts. [ 305 ] Sports Major League Baseball 's San Francisco Giants have played in San Francisco since moving from New York in 1958. The Giants play at Oracle Park , which opened in 2000. [ 306 ] The Giants won World Series titles in 2010 , 2012 , and in 2014 . The Giants have boasted stars such as Willie Mays , Willie McCovey , and Barry Bonds (MLB's career home run leader ). In 2012, San Francisco was ranked No. 1 in a study that examined which U.S. metro areas have produced the most Major Leaguers since 1920. [ 307 ] The San Francisco 49ers of the National Football League (NFL) began playing in 1946 as an All-America Football Conference (AAFC) league charter member, moved to the NFL in 1950 and into Candlestick Park in 1971. The team left San Francisco in 2014, moving approximately 50 miles south to Santa Clara , and began playing its home games at Levi's Stadium , [ 308 ] [ 309 ] Despite this, the 49ers are still branded as a San Francisco team, and when the team hosted Super Bowl 50 events were hosted in San Francisco such as the annual NFL Experience which was held at the Moscone Center and "Super Bowl City" which opened on January 30 at Justin Herman Plaza on The Embarcadero . [ 310 ] [ 311 ] The 49ers have won five Super Bowl titles between 1982 and 1995. The NBA's Golden State Warriors have played in the San Francisco Bay Area since moving from Philadelphia in 1962. The Warriors played as the San Francisco Warriors, from 1962 to 1971, before being renamed the Golden State Warriors prior to the 1971–1972 season in an attempt to present the team as a representation of the whole state of California, which had already adopted "The Golden State" nickname. [ 312 ] The Warriors' arena, Chase Center , is located in San Francisco. [ 313 ] After winning two championships in Philadelphia, they have won five championships since moving to the San Francisco Bay Area, [ 314 ] and made five consecutive NBA Finals from 2015 to 2019, winning three of them. They won again in 2022, the franchise's first championship while residing in San Francisco proper. At the collegiate level, the San Francisco Dons compete in NCAA Division I . Bill Russell led the Dons basketball team to NCAA championships in 1955 and 1956. There is also the San Francisco State Gators , who compete in NCAA Division II . [ 315 ] Oracle Park hosted the annual Fight Hunger Bowl college football game from 2002 through 2013 before it moved to Santa Clara. There are a handful of lower-league soccer clubs in San Francisco playing mostly from April – June. Club Founded Venue League Tier level El Farolito 1985 Boxer Stadium NPSL 4 San Francisco City FC 2001 Kezar Stadium USL League Two 4 San Francisco Glens SC 1961 Skyline College USL League Two 4 The Bay to Breakers footrace, held annually since 1912, is best known for colorful costumes and a celebratory community spirit. [ 316 ] The San Francisco Marathon attracts more than 21,000 participants. [ 317 ] The Escape from Alcatraz triathlon has, since 1980, attracted 2,000 top professional and amateur triathletes for its annual race. [ 318 ] The Olympic Club , founded in 1860, is the oldest athletic club in the United States. Its private golf course has hosted the U.S. Open on five occasions. San Francisco hosted the 2013 America's Cup yacht racing competition. [ 319 ] With an ideal climate for outdoor activities, San Francisco has ample resources and opportunities for amateur and participatory sports and recreation. There are more than 200 miles (320 km) of bicycle paths, lanes and bike routes in the city. [ 320 ] San Francisco residents have often ranked among the fittest in the country. [ 321 ] Golden Gate Park has miles of paved and unpaved running trails as well as a golf course and disc golf course. Boating, sailing, windsurfing and kitesurfing are among the popular activities on San Francisco Bay, and the city maintains a yacht harbor in the Marina District . San Francisco also has had Esports teams, such as the Overwatch League 's San Francisco Shock . Established in 2017, [ 322 ] they won two back-to-back championship titles in 2019 and 2020. [ 323 ] [ 324 ] Parks and recreation Several of San Francisco's parks and nearly all of its beaches form part of the regional Golden Gate National Recreation Area , one of the most visited units of the National Park system in the United States with over 13 million visitors a year. Among the GGNRA's attractions within the city are Ocean Beach , which runs along the Pacific Ocean shoreline and is frequented by a surfing community, and Baker Beach , which is located in a cove west of the Golden Gate Bridge, as well as the California Academy of Sciences , a research institute and natural history museum. The Presidio of San Francisco is the former 18th century Spanish military base, which today is one of the city's largest parks and home to numerous museums and institutions. Also within the Presidio is Crissy Field , a former airfield that was restored to its natural salt marsh ecosystem . The GGNRA also administers Fort Funston , Lands End , Fort Mason , and Alcatraz . The National Park Service separately administers the San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park – a fleet of historic ships and waterfront property around Aquatic Park . [ 326 ] There are more than 220 parks maintained by the San Francisco Recreation & Parks Department . [ 327 ] The largest and best-known city park is Golden Gate Park , [ 328 ] which stretches from the center of the city west to the Pacific Ocean. Once covered in native grasses and sand dunes, the park was conceived in the 1860s and was created by the extensive planting of thousands of non-native trees and plants. The large park is rich with cultural and natural attractions such as the Conservatory of Flowers , Japanese Tea Garden and San Francisco Botanical Garden . [ 329 ] The Dahlia is the official flower of San Francisco. Lake Merced is a fresh-water lake surrounded by parkland [ citation needed ] [ 330 ] and near the San Francisco Zoo , a city-owned park that houses more than 250 animal species, many of which are endangered. [ 331 ] The only park managed by the California State Park system located principally in San Francisco, Candlestick Point was the state's first urban recreation area. [ 332 ] Most of San Francisco's islands are protected as parkland or nature reserves. Alcatraz Island , operated by the National Park Service , is open to the public. The Farallon Islands are protected wildlife refuges. The Seal Rocks are protected as part of Golden Gate National Recreation Area . Red Rock Island is the only privately owned island in San Francisco Bay, but is uninhabited. Yerba Buena Island is largely utilized by the military. San Francisco is the first city in the U.S. to have a park within a 10-Minute Walk of every resident. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] It also ranks fifth in the U.S. for park access and quality in the 2018 ParkScore ranking of the top 100 park systems across the United States, according to the nonprofit Trust for Public Land . [ 335 ] Government The mayor is also the county executive, and the county Board of Supervisors acts as the city council . The government of San Francisco is a charter city and is constituted of two co-equal branches: the executive branch is headed by the mayor and includes other citywide elected and appointed officials as well as the civil service; the 11-member Board of Supervisors, the legislative branch, is headed by a president and is responsible for passing laws and budgets, though San Franciscans also make use of direct ballot initiatives to pass legislation. [ 336 ] Because of its unique city-county status, the local government is able to exercise jurisdiction over certain property outside city limits. San Francisco International Airport , though located in San Mateo County , is owned and operated by the City and County of San Francisco. San Francisco's largest jail complex (County Jail No. 5) is located in San Mateo County, in an unincorporated area adjacent to San Bruno . San Francisco was also granted a perpetual leasehold over the Hetch Hetchy Valley and watershed in Yosemite National Park by the Raker Act in 1913. [ 337 ] The members of the Board of Supervisors are elected as representatives of specific districts within the city. [ 338 ] Upon the death or resignation of the mayor, the President of the Board of Supervisors becomes acting mayor until the full Board elects an interim replacement for the remainder of the term. In 2011, Ed Lee was selected by the board to finish the term of Gavin Newsom , who resigned to take office as Lieutenant Governor of California . [ 339 ] Lee (who won two elections to remain mayor) was temporarily replaced by San Francisco Board of Supervisors President London Breed after he died on December 12, 2017. Supervisor Mark Farrell was appointed by the Board of Supervisors to finish Lee's term on January 23, 2018. Most local offices in San Francisco are elected using ranked choice voting . [ 340 ] San Francisco serves as the regional hub for many arms of the federal bureaucracy, including the U.S. Court of Appeals , the Federal Reserve Bank , and the U.S. Mint . Until decommissioning in the early 1990s, the city had major military installations at the Presidio , Treasure Island , and Hunters Point —a legacy still reflected in the annual celebration of Fleet Week . The State of California uses San Francisco as the home of the state supreme court and other state agencies. Foreign governments maintain more than seventy consulates in San Francisco . [ 341 ] The municipal budget for fiscal year 2015–16 was $8.99 billion, [ 342 ] and is one of the largest city budgets in the United States. [ 343 ] The City of San Francisco spends more per resident than any city other than Washington, D.C., over $10,000 in FY 2015–2016. [ 343 ] The city employs around 27,000 workers. [ 344 ] In the California State Senate , San Francisco is in the 11th senatorial district , represented by Democrat Scott Wiener . In the California State Assembly , it is split between the 17th Assembly district , represented by Democrat Matt Haney , and the 19th Assembly district , represented by Democrat Catherine Stefani . [ 6 ] In the United States House of Representatives , San Francisco is split between two congressional districts. Most of the city is in the 11th District , represented by Nancy Pelosi ( D – San Francisco ). A sliver in the southwest is part of the 15th District represented by Kevin Mullin ( D – South San Francisco ). [ 345 ] One of San Francisco's most notable achievements is its ambitious zero-waste goal, which aims to divert 100% of waste from landfills by 2025. The city has already made significant strides, with widespread recycling and composting programs that encourage residents to minimize waste. San Francisco was one of the first U.S. cities to ban plastic bags and continues to lead in banning single-use plastics, setting a standard for cities across the country. [ 346 ] Education Colleges and universities The University of California, San Francisco is the sole campus of the University of California system entirely dedicated to graduate education in health and biomedical sciences. It is ranked among the top five medical schools in the United States [ 347 ] and operates the UCSF Medical Center , which ranks as the number one hospital in California and the number 5 in the country. [ 348 ] UCSF is a major local employer, second in size only to the city and county government. [ 349 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] A 43-acre (17 ha) Mission Bay campus was opened in 2003, complementing its original facility in Parnassus Heights . It contains research space and facilities to foster biotechnology and life sciences entrepreneurship and will double the size of UCSF's research enterprise. [ 352 ] All in all, UCSF operates more than 20 facilities across San Francisco. [ 353 ] The University of California College of the Law, San Francisco , founded in Civic Center in 1878, is the oldest law school in California and claims more judges on the state bench than any other institution. [ 354 ] San Francisco's two University of California institutions have recently formed an official affiliation in the UCSF/UC Law SF Consortium on Law, Science & Health Policy. [ 355 ] San Francisco State University is part of the California State University system and is located near Lake Merced . [ 356 ] The school has approximately 30,000 students and awards undergraduate, master's and doctoral degrees in more than 100 disciplines. [ 356 ] The City College of San Francisco , with its main facility in the Ingleside district, is one of the largest two-year community colleges in the country. It has an enrollment of about 100,000 students and offers an extensive continuing education program. [ 357 ] Founded in 1855, the University of San Francisco , a private Jesuit university located on Lone Mountain , is the oldest institution of higher education in San Francisco and one of the oldest universities established west of the Mississippi River. [ 358 ] Golden Gate University is a private, nonsectarian university formed in 1901 and located in the Financial District . California Institute of Integral Studies , founded in 1968, offers graduate programs in its Schools of Professional Psychology & Health, and Consciousness and Transformation. With an enrollment of 13,000 students, the Academy of Art University is the largest institute of art and design in the nation. [ 359 ] The California College of the Arts , located north of Potrero Hill , has programs in architecture, fine arts, design, and writing. [ 360 ] The San Francisco Conservatory of Music , the only independent music school on the West Coast, grants degrees in orchestral instruments, chamber music, composition, and conducting. The San Francisco Art Institute , founded in 1871 and the oldest art school west of the Mississippi, [ 361 ] closed in 2022. The California Culinary Academy had programs in the culinary arts, baking and pastry arts, and hospitality and restaurant management, and is now closed. Primary and secondary schools Public schools are run by the San Francisco Unified School District , which covers the entire city and county, [ 362 ] as well as the California State Board of Education for some charter schools. Lowell High School , the oldest public high school in the U.S. west of the Mississippi , [ 363 ] and the smaller School of the Arts High School are two of San Francisco's magnet schools at the secondary level. Public school students attend schools based on an assignment system rather than neighborhood proximity. [ 364 ] Just under 30% of the city's school-age population attends one of San Francisco's more than 100 private or parochial schools , compared to a 10% rate nationwide. [ 365 ] Nearly 40 of those schools are Catholic schools managed by the Archdiocese of San Francisco . [ 366 ] San Francisco has nearly 300 preschool programs primarily operated by Head Start , San Francisco Unified School District , private for-profit, private non-profit and family child care providers. [ 367 ] All four-year-old children living in San Francisco are offered universal access to preschool . [ 368 ] Media This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( January 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The major daily newspaper in San Francisco is the San Francisco Chronicle , which is currently Northern California's most widely circulated newspaper. [ 369 ] The Chronicle is most famous for a former columnist, the late Herb Caen , whose daily musings attracted critical acclaim and represented the "voice of San Francisco". The San Francisco Examiner , once the cornerstone of William Randolph Hearst 's media empire and the home of Ambrose Bierce , declined in circulation over the years and now takes the form of a free daily tabloid, under new ownership. [ 370 ] [ 371 ] Sing Tao Daily claims to be the largest of several Chinese language dailies that serve the Bay Area. [ 372 ] SF Weekly is the city's alternative weekly newspaper. San Francisco and 7x7 are major glossy magazines about San Francisco. The national newsmagazine Mother Jones is also based in San Francisco. San Francisco is home to online-only media publications such as SFist , and AsianWeek . The San Francisco Bay Area is the sixth-largest television market in the U.S. [ 373 ] It is the fourth-largest radio market after that of New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago. [ 374 ] All major U.S. television networks have affiliates serving the region, with most of them based in the city. CNN , MSNBC , BBC , Russia Today , and CCTV America also have regional news bureaus in San Francisco. Bloomberg West was launched in 2011 from a studio on the Embarcadero and CNBC broadcasts from One Market Plaza since 2015. ESPN uses the local ABC studio for their broadcasting. The regional sports network , Comcast SportsNet Bay Area and its sister station Comcast SportsNet California , are both located in San Francisco. The Pac-12 Network is also based in San Francisco. Public broadcasting outlets include both a television station and a radio station , both broadcasting under the call letters KQED from a facility near the Potrero Hill neighborhood. KQED-FM is the most-listened-to National Public Radio affiliate in the country. [ 375 ] KUSF is a student-run radio station by college students from the University of San Francisco . [ 376 ] Another local broadcaster, KPOO , is an independent, African-American owned and operated noncommercial radio station established in 1971. [ 377 ] CNET , founded 1994, and Salon.com , 1995, are based in San Francisco. Sutro Tower is an important broadcast tower located between Mount Sutro and the Twin Peaks , built in 1973 for KTVU , KRON , and KPIX . Infrastructure Transportation Public transportation Transit is the most used form of transportation every day in San Francisco. Every weekday, more than 560,000 people travel on Muni's 69 bus routes and more than 140,000 customers ride the Muni Metro light rail system. [ 378 ] 32% of San Francisco residents use public transportation for their daily commute to work, ranking it fourth in the United States and first on the West Coast. [ 379 ] The San Francisco Municipal Railway , primarily known as Muni, is the primary public transit system of San Francisco. As of 2023, Muni is the eighth-largest transit system in the United States. [ 380 ] The system operates a combined light rail and heavy rail (subway) system, the Muni Metro , as well as large bus and trolley coach networks. [ 381 ] Additionally, it runs a historic streetcar line , which runs on Market Street from Castro Street to Fisherman's Wharf . [ 381 ] It also operates the famous cable cars , [ 381 ] which have been designated as a National Historic Landmark and are a major tourist attraction. [ 382 ] Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART), a regional Rapid Transit system, connects San Francisco with the East Bay and San Jose through the underwater Transbay Tube . The line, which contains all except the Orange Line, runs under Market Street to Civic Center where it turns south to the Mission District, the southern part of the city, and through northern San Mateo County , to the San Francisco International Airport , and Millbrae . [ 381 ] BART also shares stations with SFMTA Muni Metro under Market Street . Another commuter rail system, Caltrain , runs from San Francisco along the San Francisco Peninsula to San Jose . [ 381 ] Historically, trains operated by Southern Pacific Lines ran from San Francisco to Los Angeles, via Palo Alto and San Jose . Amtrak Thruway runs a shuttle bus from three locations in San Francisco to its station across the bay in Emeryville . [ 383 ] Additionally, BART offers connections to San Francisco from Amtrak's stations in Emeryville, Oakland and Richmond , and Caltrain offers connections in San Jose and Santa Clara . Thruway service also runs south to San Luis Obispo with connection to the Pacific Surfliner . San Francisco was an early adopter of carsharing in America. The non-profit City CarShare opened in 2001 [ 384 ] and Zipcar closely followed. [ 385 ] San Francisco Bay Ferry operates from the Ferry Building and Pier 39 to points in Oakland , Alameda , Bay Farm Island , South San Francisco , Richmond , and north to Vallejo in Solano County . [ 386 ] The Golden Gate Ferry is the other ferry operator with service between San Francisco and Marin County . [ 387 ] SolTrans runs supplemental bus service between the Ferry Building and Vallejo. To accommodate the large amount of San Francisco citizens who commute to the Silicon Valley daily, employers like Genentech , Google , and Apple have begun to provide private bus transportation for their employees, from San Francisco locations. These buses have quickly become a heated topic of debate within the city, as protesters claim they block bus lanes and delay public buses. [ 388 ] Freeways and roads In 2014, only 41.3% of residents commuted by driving alone or carpooling in private vehicles in San Francisco, a decline from 48.6% in 2000. [ 389 ] There are 1,088 miles of streets in San Francisco with 946 miles of these streets being surface streets, and 59 miles of freeways. [ 389 ] Due to its unique geography, and the freeway revolts of the late 1950s, [ 390 ] Interstate 80 begins at the approach to the Bay Bridge and is the only direct automobile link to the East Bay. U.S. Route 101 connects to the western terminus of Interstate 80 and provides access to the south of the city along San Francisco Bay toward Silicon Valley . Northward, the routing for U.S. 101 uses arterial streets to connect to the Golden Gate Bridge , the only direct automobile link to Marin County and the North Bay. As part of the retrofitting of the Golden Gate Bridge and installation of a suicide barrier, starting in 2019 the railings on the west side of the pedestrian walkway were replaced with thinner, more flexible slats in order to improve the bridge's aerodynamic tolerance of high wind to 100 mph (161 km/h). Starting in June 2020, reports were received of a loud hum produced by the new railing slats, heard across the city when a strong west wind was blowing. [ 391 ] State Route 1 also enters San Francisco from the north via the Golden Gate Bridge and bisects the city as the 19th Avenue arterial thoroughfare, joining with Interstate 280 at the city's southern border. Interstate 280 continues south from San Francisco, and also turns to the east along the southern edge of the city, terminating just south of the Bay Bridge in the South of Market neighborhood. After the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake , city leaders demolished the Embarcadero Freeway and a portion of the Central Freeway , converting them into street-level boulevards. [ 390 ] State Route 35 enters the city from the south as Skyline Boulevard and terminates at its intersection with Highway 1. State Route 82 enters San Francisco from the south as Mission Street , and terminates shortly thereafter at its junction with 280. The western terminus of the historic transcontinental Lincoln Highway , the first road across America, is in San Francisco's Lincoln Park . Vision Zero In 2014, San Francisco committed to Vision Zero , with the goal of ending all traffic fatalities caused by motor vehicles within the city by 2024. [ 392 ] San Francisco's Vision Zero plan calls for investing in engineering, enforcement, and education, and focusing on dangerous intersections. In 2013, 25 people were killed by car and truck drivers while walking and biking in the city and 9 car drivers and passengers were killed in collisions. In 2019, 42 people were killed in traffic collisions in San Francisco. [ 393 ] Airports Though located 13 miles (21 km) south of downtown in unincorporated San Mateo County , San Francisco International Airport (SFO) is under the jurisdiction of the City and County of San Francisco. SFO is a hub for United Airlines [ 394 ] and Alaska Airlines . [ 395 ] SFO is a major international gateway to Asia and Europe, with the largest international terminal in North America. [ 396 ] In 2011, SFO was the eighth-busiest airport in the U.S. and the 22nd-busiest in the world, handling over 40.9 million passengers. [ 397 ] Located in the South Bay , the San Jose International Airport (SJC) is the second-busiest airport in the Bay Area, followed by Oakland San Francisco Bay Airport , which is a popular, low-cost alternative to SFO. Cycling and walking Cycling is a popular mode of transportation in San Francisco, with 75,000 residents commuting by bicycle each day. [ 398 ] In recent years, [ when? ] the city has installed better cycling infrastructure such as protected bike lanes and parking racks. [ 399 ] Bay Wheels , previously named Bay Area Bike Share at inception, launched in August 2013 with 700 bikes in downtown San Francisco, selected cities in the East Bay, and San Jose. The San Francisco Municipal Transportation Agency and Bay Area Air Quality Management District are responsible for the operation with management provided by Motivate . [ 400 ] A major expansion started in 2017, along with a rebranding as Ford GoBike; the company received its current name in 2019. [ 401 ] Pedestrian traffic is also widespread. In 2021, Walk Score ranked San Francisco the most walkable city in the United States. [ 402 ] [ 403 ] [ 404 ] San Francisco has significantly higher rates of pedestrian and bicyclist traffic deaths than the United States on average. In 2013, 21 pedestrians were killed in vehicle collisions, the highest since 2001, [ 405 ] which is 2.5 deaths per 100,000 population – 70% higher than the national average of 1.5. [ 406 ] Cycling is becoming increasingly popular in the city. The 2010 Municipal Transportation Agency (MTA) annual bicycle count showed the number of cyclists at 33 locations had increased 58% from the 2006 baseline counts. [ 407 ] In 2008, the MTA estimated that about 128,000 trips were made by bicycle each day in the city, or 6% of total trips. [ 408 ] As of 2019 [update] , 2.6% of the city's streets have protected bike lanes, with 28 miles of protected bike lanes in the city. [ 378 ] Since 2006, San Francisco has received a Bicycle Friendly Community status of "Gold" from the League of American Bicyclists . [ 409 ] In 2022 a measure on the ballot passed to protect JFK drive in Golden Gate Park as a pedestrian and biking space with 59% of voters in favor. [ 410 ] Public safety The San Francisco Police Department was founded in 1849. [ 411 ] The portions of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area located within the city, including the Presidio and Ocean Beach , are patrolled by the United States Park Police . The San Francisco Fire Department provides both fire suppression and emergency medical services to the city. [ 412 ] Sister cities San Francisco participates in the Sister Cities program. [ 413 ] A total of 41 consulates general and 23 honorary consulates have offices in the San Francisco Bay Area. [ 414 ] In January 1980, Mayor Dianne Feinstein signed a sister cities agreement with Shanghai during a visit to China. [ 415 ] Notable people See also San Francisco Bay Area List of neighborhoods in San Francisco List of people from San Francisco List of cities and towns in California List of counties in California Northern California megaregion Ships lost in San Francisco USS San Francisco , 3 ships Notes ^ English: .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} English pronunciation: /ˌsæn fɹənˈsɪskoʊ/ ⓘ Spanish: [saɱ fɾanˈsisko] , lit. ' Saint Francis ' English: .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} English pronunciation: /ˌsæn fɹənˈsɪskoʊ/ ⓘ Spanish: [saɱ fɾanˈsisko] , lit. ' Saint Francis ' ^ Construction of the Pacific Railroad was partially (albeit reluctantly) funded by the City and County of San Francisco Pacific Railroad Bond issue under the provisions of "An Act to Authorize the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco to take and subscribe One Million Dollars to the Capital Stock of the Western Pacific Rail Road Company and the Central Pacific Rail Road Company of California and to provide for the payment of the same and other matters relating thereto." approved on April 22, 1863, as amended by §5 of the "Compromise Act of 1864" approved on April 4, 1864. The bond issue was objected to by the Mayor and the Board of Supervisors, however, and they were not delivered to the WPRR and CPRR until 1865 after Writs of Mandamus ordering such were issued by the Supreme Court of the State of California in 1864 ( "The People of the State of California on the relation of the Central Pacific Railroad Company vs. Henry P. Coon, Mayor; Henry M. Hale, Auditor; and Joseph S. Paxson, Treasurer, of the City and County of San Francisco" 25 Cal 635) and 1865 ( "The People ex rel The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California vs. The Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco, and Wilhelm Lowey, Clerk" 27 Cal 655) ^ "Another positive trend for the future is San Francisco's highly entrepreneurial, flexible and innovative economy...San Francisco's very high reliance on small business and self-employment is typical of other dynamic, fast-growing, high-technology areas across the country." [ 112 ] ^ Station currently at the United States Mint building [ 144 ] [ self-published source? ] ^ The coordinates of the station are 37°46′14″N 122°25′37″W / 37.7706°N 122.4269°W / 37.7706; -122.4269 . Precipitation, high temperature, low temperature, snow, and snow depth records date from October 1, 1849; June 1, 1874; January 1, 1875; January 1, 1876; and January 1, 1922; respectively. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020. ^ Those not born in the 50 states or D.C., excluding California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas before 1850. References ^ a b c .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} O'Day, Edward F. 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ISBN 978-1-5381-8725-8 . Bibliography Taylor, William (1895). Ridpath, John (ed.). Story of my life . Toronto: W. Briggs. Wiley, Peter Booth (2000). National trust guide San Francisco: America's guide for architecture and history travelers . John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 978-0-471-19120-9 . OCLC 44313415 . Further reading Asbury, Hubert (1989). The Barbary Coast: An Informal History of the San Francisco Underworld . Dorset Press. ISBN 978-0-88029-428-7 . OCLC 22719465 . Bronson, William (2006). The Earth Shook, the Sky Burned . Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-5047-6 . OCLC 65223734 . Cassady, Stephen (1987). Spanning the Gate . Square Books. ISBN 978-0-916290-36-8 . OCLC 15229396 . Dillon, Richard H. (1998). High Steel: Building the Bridges Across San Francisco Bay . Celestial Arts (Reissue edition). ISBN 978-0-88029-428-7 . OCLC 22719465 . Eldredge, Zoeth Skinner (1912). The Beginnings of San Francisco: from the Expedition of Anza, 1774, to the City Charter of April 15, 1850 (PDF) . New York: John C. Rankin Company. Ferlinghetti, Lawrence (1980). Literary San Francisco: A pictorial history from its beginnings to the present day . Harper & Row. ISBN 978-0-06-250325-1 . OCLC 6683688 . Hansen, Gladys (1995). San Francisco Almanac: Everything you want to know about the city . Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0-8118-0841-5 . OCLC 30702907 . Hartman, Chester (2002). City for Sale: The Transformation of San Francisco . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08605-0 . OCLC 48579085 . Heller, Nathan. Bay Watched – How San Francisco's New Entrepreneurial Culture is Changing the Country (article) (October 2013). The New Yorker Holliday, J. S. (1999). Rush for Riches: Gold Fever and the Making of California . University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-21402-6 . OCLC 37545551 . London, Jack (May 5, 1906). "The Story of an Eyewitness by Jack London". Collier's, the National Weekly . Lotchin, Roger W. (1997). San Francisco, 1846–1856: From Hamlet to City . University of Illinois Press. ISBN 978-0-252-06631-3 . OCLC 35650934 . Margolin, Malcolm (1981). The Ohlone Way: Indian Life in the San Francisco-Monterey Bay Area . Heydey Books. ISBN 978-0-930588-01-4 . OCLC 4628382 . Maupin, Armistead (1978). Tales of the City . Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-096404-7 . OCLC 29847673 . De La Perouse, Jean Francois; Yamane, Linda Gonsalves; Margolin, Malcolm (1989). Life in a California Mission: Monterey in 1786: The Journals of Jean Francois De La Perouse . Heyday Books . ISBN 978-0-930588-39-7 . OCLC 20368802 . Richards, Rand (1991). Historic San Francisco: A Concise History and Guide . Heritage House. ISBN 978-1-879367-00-5 . OCLC 214330849 . Solnit, Rebecca. Infinite City: A San Francisco Atlas (University of California Press, 2010). 144 pp. ISBN 978-0-520-26250-8 ; online review Thomas, Gordon & Witts, Max Morgan (1971). The San Francisco Earthquake . Stein and Day. ISBN 978-0-8128-1360-9 . OCLC 154735 . Ungaretti, Lorri (2005). San Francisco's Richmond District . Arcadia Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7385-3053-6 . OCLC 62249656 . Watkins, James F. (January 1870). "San Francisco" . The Overland Monthly . Vol. 4, no. 1. San Francisco: A. Roman & Co. pp. 9– 23. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Definitions Toggle Definitions subsection 1.1 Marxist definition: the proletariat 1.1 Marxist definition: the proletariat 2 History and growth 3 Informal working class 4 Higher education 5 See also 6 References Toggle References subsection 6.1 Bibliography 6.1 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External links Working class Alemannisch العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Jawa Қазақша Latviešu Madhurâ Македонски मराठी Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Português Runa Simi Русский Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça ไทย ትግርኛ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The working class is a group of people in a social hierarchy , typically defined by earning wages or salaries through their ability to work . [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Members of the working class rely primarily upon earnings from wage labour . Most common definitions of "working class" in use in the United States limit its membership to workers who hold blue-collar and pink-collar jobs, or whose income is insufficiently high to place them in the middle class , or both. However, socialists define "working class" to include all workers who fall into the category of requiring income from wage labour to subsist; thus, this definition can include almost all of the working population of industrialized economies . Definitions As with many terms describing social class , working class is defined and used in different ways. One definition used by many socialists is that the working class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labour, a group otherwise referred to as the proletariat . [ 3 ] In this sense, the working class includes white and blue-collar workers, manual and menial workers of all types, excluding individuals who derive their livelihood from business ownership or the labour of others. [ 4 ] [ verification needed ] The term, which is primarily used to evoke images of laborers suffering "class disadvantage in spite of their individual effort", can also have racial connotations, applying diverse themes of poverty and implications about whether one is deserving of aid. [ 5 ] In other contexts the term working class refers to a section of society dependent on physical labour , especially when compensated with an hourly wage (for certain types of science, as well as journalistic or political analysis). Working-class occupations can be categorized into four groups: unskilled labourers, artisans, outworkers , and factory workers. [ 6 ] [ page needed ] Common alternative definitions of working class include definition by income level, [ 7 ] whereby the working class is contrasted with a middle class on the basis of access to economic resources, education , cultural interests, and other goods and services, and the "white working class" has been "loosely defined" by the New York Times as comprising white people without college degrees. [ 8 ] Researchers in Australia have suggested that working class status should be defined subjectively as a self-identification with the working class group. [ 9 ] This subjective approach allows individuals, rather than researchers, to define their own "subjective" and "perceived" social class. Marxist definition: the proletariat Karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as those individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production . He argued that they were responsible for creating the wealth of a society, asserting that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land or factories . [ 10 ] A sub-section of the proletariat, the lumpenproletariat ( rag-proletariat ), are the extremely poor and unemployed, such as day labourers and homeless people. Marx considered them to be devoid of class consciousness. In Marxist terms wage labourers and those dependent on the welfare state are working class, and those who live on accumulated capital are not, and this broad dichotomy defines the class struggle . In The Communist Manifesto , Marx and Friedrich Engels argue that it is the destiny of the working class to displace the capitalist system, with the dictatorship of the proletariat (as opposed to the " dictatorship of the bourgeoisie ") abolishing the social relationships underpinning the class system before then developing into a communist society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." History and growth In feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the labouring class, a group made up of different professions, trades and occupations. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of the same social unit , a third estate of people who were neither aristocrats nor church officials. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies . The social position of these labouring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. [ citation needed ] This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants' War . [ 11 ] In the late 18th century, under the influence of the Enlightenment , European society was in a state of change, and this change could not be reconciled with the idea of a changeless God-created social order. Wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics (i.e. excessive consumption of alcohol, perceived laziness and inability to save money). In The Making of the English Working Class , E. P. Thompson argues that the English working class was present at its own creation, and seeks to describe the transformation of pre-modern labouring classes into a modern, politically self-conscious, working class. [ 12 ] [ verification needed ] [ 13 ] Starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled in the interests of the working class (see Soviet working class ). Some historians have noted that a key change in these Soviet-style societies has been a new type of proletarianization , often effected by the administratively achieved forced displacement of peasants and rural workers. Since then, four major industrial states have turned towards semi-market-based governance ( China , Laos , Vietnam , Cuba ), and one state has turned inwards into an increasing cycle of poverty and brutalization ( North Korea ). Other states of this sort have collapsed (such as the Soviet Union ). [ 14 ] Since 1960, large-scale proletarianization and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world , generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, expanding the size of the urban working class. [ 15 ] [ page needed ] Informal working class The informal working class is a sociological term coined by Mike Davis for a class of over a billion predominantly young urban people who are in no way formally connected to the global economy and who try to survive primarily in slums . According to Davis, this class no longer corresponds to the socio-theoretical concepts of a class, from Marx, Max Weber or the theory of modernization . Thereafter, this class developed worldwide from the 1960s, especially in the southern hemisphere. In contrast to previous notions of a class of the lumpen proletariat or the notions of a "slum of hope" from the 1920s and 1930s, members of this class are given hardly any chances of attaining membership of the formal economic structures. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Higher education Diane Reay stresses the challenges that working-class students can face during the transition to and within higher education, and research intensive universities in particular. One factor can be the university community being perceived as a predominately middle-class social space, creating a sense of otherness due to class differences in social norms and knowledge of navigating academia. [ 18 ] See also Society portal Apprentice Blue collar Bourgeoisie / Professional managerial class Critique of work Embourgeoisement thesis False consciousness Globalization Industrial novel Labour movement Labourer Living wage Marxian class theory Minimum wage Proletarian literature Proletarian novel Reserve army of labour Seebohm Rowntree , English sociological researcher Social mobility Trade union Vocational education Wage slavery Working-class culture Working class education Working classes in different countries Working class in Italy Working class in Luxembourg Working class in the UK Working class in the United States References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Working Class" . Cambridge Dictionary . Archived from the original on 25 April 2019 . Retrieved 1 May 2019 . ^ "working class" . Oxford Dictionaries . Archived from the original on 16 July 2013 . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Thier, Hadas (13 September 2020). "The Working Class Is the Vast Majority of Society" . Jacobin . Archivist (25 August 2010). "The Working Class" . Socialist Party . Smith, Martin (4 January 2007). "The shape of the working class". International Socialism . 113 . McCabe, Eddie (5 May 2018). "Karl Marx's Theory of Class Struggle: The Working Class & Revolution" . Socialist Alternative . Thier, Hadas (13 September 2020). "The Working Class Is the Vast Majority of Society" . Jacobin . Archivist (25 August 2010). "The Working Class" . Socialist Party . Smith, Martin (4 January 2007). "The shape of the working class". International Socialism . 113 . McCabe, Eddie (5 May 2018). "Karl Marx's Theory of Class Struggle: The Working Class & Revolution" . Socialist Alternative . ^ McKibbin 2000 , p. 164. ^ Feingold, Jonathan (20 October 2020). " 'All (Poor) Lives Matter': How Class-Not-Race Logic Reinscribes Race and Class Privilege" . University of Chicago Law Review Online : 47. Archived from the original on 3 December 2020 . Retrieved 5 December 2020 . ^ Doob 2013 . ^ Linkon 1999 , p. 4. ^ Edsall, Thomas B. (17 June 2012). "Canaries in the Coal Mine" . Campaign Stops. The New York Times . Archived from the original on 20 June 2022 . Retrieved 18 June 2012 . ^ Rubin et al. 2014 , p. 199. ^ Lebowitz 2016 , pp. 14–15. ^ Abendroth 1973 , pp. 11–12. ^ Abendroth 1973 . ^ "Thompson: The Making of the English Working Class — Faculty of History" . www.hist.cam.ac.uk . Cambridge University . Archived from the original on 13 March 2020 . Retrieved 1 May 2019 . ^ Kuromiya 1990 , p. 87. ^ Gutkind 1988 . ^ Davis, Mike (2007). Planet der Slums [ Planet of the slums ] (in German). Berlin: Assoziation A. p. 183. ^ Davis, Mike (27 August 2007). "Planet der Slums – Urbanisierung ohne Urbanität" [Planet of the Slums - Urbanization without urbanity]. Blätter für deutsche und internationale Politik [ de ] (in German). Archived from the original on 9 October 2015. ^ Reay, Diane (2021). "The working classes and higher education: Meritocratic fallacies of upward mobility in the United Kingdom" . European Journal of Education . 56 (1): 53– 64. doi : 10.1111/ejed.12438 . ISSN 1465-3435 . S2CID 234081023 . Bibliography Abendroth, Wolfgang (1973). A Short History of the European Working Class . Doob, Christopher B. (2013). Social Inequality and Social Stratification in US Society . Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Education . ISBN 978-0-205-79241-2 . Gutkind, Peter C. W., ed. (1988). Third Worlds Workers: Comparative International Labour Studies . International Studies in Sociology and Social Anthropology. Vol. 49. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill . ISBN 978-90-04-08788-0 . ISSN 0074-8684 . Kuromiya, Hiroaki (1990). Stalin's Industrial Revolution: Politics and Workers, 1928–1931 . Lebowitz, Michael A. (2016). Beyond Capital: Marx's Political Economy of the Working Class . Palgrave Macmillan . Linkon, Sherry Lee (1999). "Introduction". In Linkon, Sherry Lee (ed.). Teaching Working Class . Amherst, Massachusetts: University of Massachusetts Press . pp. 1ff. ISBN 978-1-55849-188-5 . McKibbin, Ross (2000). Classes and Cultures: England, 1918–1951 . Rubin, Mark; Denson, Nida; Kilpatrick, Sue; Matthews, Kelly E.; Stehlik, Tom; Zyngier, David (2014). " 'I Am Working-Class': Subjective Self-Definition as a Missing Measure of Social Class and Socioeconomic Status in Higher Education Research" . Educational Researcher . 43 (4): 196– 200. doi : 10.3102/0013189X14528373 . hdl : 1959.13/1043609 . ISSN 1935-102X . S2CID 145576929 . Further reading Benson, John (2003). The Working Class in Britain, 1850–1939 . London: I.B. Tauris . ISBN 978-1-86064-902-8 . Blackledge, Paul (2011). "Why Workers Can Change the World" . Socialist Review . No. 364. London. Archived from the original on 10 December 2011 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 . Connell, Raewyn ; Irving, Terry (1980). Class Structure in Australian History . Melbourne: Longman Cheshire. Engels, Friedrich (1968). The Condition of the Working Class in England . Translated by Henderson, W. O.; Chaloner, W. H. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press . ISBN 978-0-8047-0634-6 . Jakopovich, Daniel (2014), The Concept of Class (PDF) , Cambridge Studies in Social Research , No. 14., Cambridge University Press , archived (PDF) from the original on 24 September 2021 , retrieved 30 July 2021 Leon, Carol Boyd. "The life of American workers in 1915," Monthly Labor Review (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, February 2016) Miles, Andrew; Savage, Mike (1994). The Remaking of the British Working Class, 1840–1940 . London: Routledge . ISBN 978-1-134-90681-9 . Moran, William (2002). Belles of New England: The Women of the Textile Mills and the Families Whose Wealth They Wove . New York: Thomas Dunne Books. ISBN 978-0-312-30183-5 . Raine, April Janise (2011). "Lifestyles of the Not So Rich and Famous: Ideological Shifts in Popular Culture, Reagan-Era Sitcoms and Portrayals of the Working Class" . McNair Scholars Research Journal . 7 (1): 63– 78. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018 . Retrieved 20 November 2018 . Rose, Jonathan (2010). The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes (2nd ed.). New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press . ISBN 978-0-300-15365-1 . Rubin, Lillian B. (1976). Worlds of Pain: Life in the Working Class Family . New York: Basic Books . ISBN 978-0-465-09724-1 . Rowntree, Seebohm (2000) [1901]. Poverty: A Study of Town Life . Macmillan and Co. ISBN 1-86134-202-0 . Sheehan, Steven T. (2010). " 'Pow! Right in the Kisser': Ralph Kramden, Jackie Gleason, and the Emergence of the Frustrated Working-Class Man". Journal of Popular Culture . 43 (3): 564– 582. doi : 10.1111/j.1540-5931.2010.00758.x . ISSN 1540-5931 . Shipler, David K. (2004). The Working Poor: Invisible in America . New York: Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40890-8 . Skeggs, Beverley (2004). Class, Self, Culture . London: Routledge . ISBN 978-0-415-30086-5 . Thompson, E. P. (1968). The Making of the English Working Class (rev. ed.). Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books . Turner, Katherine Leonard (2014). How the Other Half Ate: A History of Working-Class Meals at the Turn of the Century . Berkeley, California: University of California Press . ISBN 978-0-520-27758-8 . Zweig, Michael (2001). Working Class Majority: America's Best Kept Secret . Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press . ISBN 978-0-8014-8727-9 . External links The Center for Working-Class Studies at Youngstown State University .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Foundation and regional importance 1.2 Colonialism 1.3 Independence 1.1 Foundation and regional importance 1.2 Colonialism 1.3 Independence 2 Climate 3 Government 4 Education 5 Sport 6 Health 7 Transport Toggle Transport subsection 7.1 Air transport 7.2 Rail 7.1 Air transport 7.2 Rail 8 Economy 9 Twin towns – sister cities 10 Parks 11 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 11.1 Art and crafts 11.2 Places of worship 11.1 Art and crafts 11.2 Places of worship 12 Notable people 13 See also 14 Notes 15 References 16 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 16.1 Sources 16.1 Sources 17 External links Ouagadougou Адыгабзэ Afrikaans አማርኛ Anarâškielâ العربية Aragonés Arpetan Asturianu अवधी Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Basa Bali Bamanankan বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български བོད་ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Fulfulde Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa Kabɩyɛ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Ikinyarwanda Kiswahili Kongo Kotava Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Livvinkarjala Lombard Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Malti मराठी მარგალური مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Minangkabau 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Мокшень Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Sardu Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Tyap Удмурт Українська اردو Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt Volapük Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 Zazaki 中文 Ghanaian Pidgin Kumoring Moore Tolışi Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikivoyage Wikidata item Ouagadougou .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Waogdgo ( Mossi ) Wagadugu ( Dyula ) Ouagadougou ( French ) Waogdgo ( Mossi ) Wagadugu ( Dyula ) Ouagadougou ( French ) Capital city .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} From top: Ouagadougou skyline, statue of Joanny Thévenoud in front of Ouagadougou Cathedral , Grand Mosque, National Assembly of Burkina Faso , Hall of Martyrs (formerly the Memorial to National Heroes) .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Coat of arms Nickname: Ouaga .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Ouagadougou Location within Burkina Faso Show map of Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Ouagadougou (Africa) Show map of Africa Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°22′17″N 1°31′10″W / 12.37139°N 1.51944°W / 12.37139; -1.51944 Country Burkina Faso Regions Centre Region Province Kadiogo Founded 1050 [ 1 ] Area • Capital city 520 km 2 (200 sq mi) • Metro 2,805 km 2 (1,083 sq mi) Elevation 305 m (1,001 ft) Population (2019) [ 2 ] • Capital city 2,415,266 • Density 4,600/km 2 (12,000/sq mi) • Urban 3,063,271 • Metro 3,358,934 • Metro density 1,197/km 2 (3,101/sq mi) Time zone UTC+00:00 ( GMT ) Area code +226 Climate Aw Website www .mairie-ouaga .bf Ouagadougou or Wagadugu [ 3 ] ( / ˌ w ɑː ɡ ə ˈ d uː ɡ uː / ⓘ ; Mossi : Waogdgo , .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} pronounced [ˈwɔɣədəɣʊ] ; Dyula : Wagadugu ; French : Ouagadougou , pronounced [waɡaduɡu] ) is the capital and largest city of Burkina Faso , [ 4 ] and the administrative, communications, cultural and economic centre of the nation. It has a population of 2,415,266 in 2019. [ 2 ] The city's name is often shortened to Ouaga . The inhabitants are called ouagalais . The spelling of the name Ouagadougou is derived from the French orthography common in former French African colonies . Ouagadougou's primary industries are food processing and textiles . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It is served by an international airport and is linked by rail to Abidjan in the Ivory Coast and, for freight only, to Kaya . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] [ 12 ] There are several highways linking the city to Niamey , Niger , south to Ghana, and southwest to Ivory Coast. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Ouagadougou has one of West Africa's largest markets, which burned down in 2003 and has since reopened with better facilities and improved fire-prevention measures. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 18 ] Other attractions include the National Museum of Burkina Faso, the Moro-Naba Palace (site of the Moro-Naba Ceremony ), the National Museum of Music , and several craft markets. [ 19 ] History Foundation and regional importance Ouagadougou was founded possibly as early as 1050 by the Soninke Wangara diaspora from the Ghana Empire , also known as Wagadu. The name Wagadugu means 'home of the Wagu', the Soninke subgroup that ruled Ghana. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Ouagadougou is a Francophone spelling of this name. The Mossi people , moving north in the 14th century, conquered Wagadugu around the same time they raided Walata , contributing to the decline of the Mali Empire . [ 22 ] According to legend, the city was taken by Oubri, a grandson of Ouedraogo . [ 23 ] The eponymous Wagadugu Kingdom was founded in the 15th century, [ 24 ] which became the main center of the Mossi States around 1495. [ 25 ] The 10th Moro Naba, Nyadfo, was the first Moro-Naba to live at Ouagadougou, in the middle of the 17th century. It became the permanent capital under the 21st Moro Naba, Zombre, a century later. [ 26 ] The Moro-Naba Ceremony is still performed every Friday by the Moro-Naba and his court. The 24th Moro Naba, Doulougou, built the first mosque in Ouagadougou early in the nineteenth century. [ 26 ] Colonialism On 5 September 1896 French forces entered Ouagadougou and burned the city to the ground. [ 27 ] In 1919 the colonial administration made Ouagadougou the capital of the Upper Volta territory, extensively rebuilding the town. In 1954 the railroad line from Ivory Coast reached the city, spurring massive population growth. [ 26 ] Independence On 15 January 2016, gunmen armed with heavy weapons attacked central Ouagadougou at the Cappuccino restaurant and the Splendid Hotel. 28 people were killed, [ 28 ] [ 29 ] and at least 56 wounded; after a government counterattack, a total of 176 hostages were released [ 30 ] the morning after the initial attack. Three of the perpetrators were also killed. The jihadist insurgency continued with major attacks in 2017 and 2018 . Climate Ouagadougou's climate is hot semi-arid ( BSh ) under Köppen-Geiger classification , and closely borders with tropical wet and dry ( Aw ). The city is part of the Sudano-Sahelian area, with annual rainfall of about 800 mm (31 in). The rainy season stretches from May to September, with an average temperature of 28 °C (82.4 °F). The cool season runs from October to February, with a minimum average temperature of 16 °C (60.8 °F). The maximum temperature during the hot season, which runs from March to April, can reach 43 °C (109.4 °F). The harmattan (a dry wind) and the West African Monsoon are the two main factors that determine Ouagadougou's climate. Being further north, Ouagadougou's warmest months are slightly hotter and drier than those of Bobo-Dioulasso , the country's second most populous city. Climate data for Ouagadougou (1991–2020, extremes 1902–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 39.8 (103.6) 42.3 (108.1) 44.5 (112.1) 46.1 (115.0) 44.5 (112.1) 41.3 (106.3) 38.8 (101.8) 36.6 (97.9) 38.6 (101.5) 41.0 (105.8) 40.5 (104.9) 40.1 (104.2) 46.1 (115.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33.5 (92.3) 36.5 (97.7) 39.3 (102.7) 40.0 (104.0) 38.4 (101.1) 35.6 (96.1) 32.9 (91.2) 31.6 (88.9) 33.1 (91.6) 36.0 (96.8) 36.7 (98.1) 34.4 (93.9) 35.7 (96.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.0 (77.0) 28.1 (82.6) 31.7 (89.1) 33.5 (92.3) 32.5 (90.5) 30.1 (86.2) 27.8 (82.0) 26.8 (80.2) 27.7 (81.9) 29.6 (85.3) 28.3 (82.9) 25.7 (78.3) 28.9 (84.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 17.1 (62.8) 20.0 (68.0) 24.3 (75.7) 27.4 (81.3) 27.1 (80.8) 25.1 (77.2) 23.4 (74.1) 22.9 (73.2) 23.1 (73.6) 23.9 (75.0) 20.4 (68.7) 17.5 (63.5) 22.7 (72.9) Record low °C (°F) 8.5 (47.3) 10.4 (50.7) 14.8 (58.6) 16.2 (61.2) 17.0 (62.6) 17.0 (62.6) 15.0 (59.0) 17.9 (64.2) 17.6 (63.7) 17.6 (63.7) 13.0 (55.4) 9.5 (49.1) 8.5 (47.3) Average precipitation mm (inches) 0.1 (0.00) 0.4 (0.02) 4.7 (0.19) 43.8 (1.72) 69.8 (2.75) 83.4 (3.28) 202.4 (7.97) 232.1 (9.14) 142.5 (5.61) 32.0 (1.26) 6.6 (0.26) 0.0 (0.0) 812.8 (32.00) Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 0.0 0.1 0.4 2.2 5.2 7.0 12.3 14.4 10.4 3.6 0.1 0.0 55.7 Average relative humidity (%) 24 21 22 36 50 64 72 80 77 60 38 29 48 Mean monthly sunshine hours 271.1 245.9 245.4 232.2 250.0 235.9 221.8 194.8 218.1 264.9 277.4 283.4 2,940.9 Source 1: World Meteorological Organization , [ 31 ] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows) [ 32 ] Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1961–1967) [ 33 ] Government Ouagadougou's first municipal elections were held in 1956. [ 3 ] The city is divided into five arrondissements , consisting of 30 sectors, which are subdivided into districts. [ citation needed ] Districts of Ouagadougou include Gounghin, Kamsaoghin, Koulouba, Moemmin, Niogsin, Paspanga, Peuloghin, Bilbalogho, and Tiendpalogo. Ouagadougou's communes have invested in huge city-management projects. This is largely because Ouagadougou constitutes a 'cultural centre' by merit of holding the SIAO (International Arts and Crafts fair) and the FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou). Moreover, the villages' growing affluence allows for such investment, and the population's rapid growth necessitates it. [ 34 ] Arrondissement Population (Census 2006) [ 35 ] Baskuy 180,512 Bogodogo 374,473 Boulmiougou 366,182 Nongremassom 188,329 Sig-Noghin 163,859 Education Though literacy in Ouagadougou is not high, there are three universities in the city. The largest is the state University of Ouagadougou , which was founded in 1974. In 2010 it had around 40,000 students (83% of the national population of university students). [ 36 ] The city's official language is French and the principal local languages are More , Dyula and Fulfulde . The bilingual program in schools (French plus one of the local languages) was established in 1994. [ 34 ] International schools include: Lycée Saint-Exupéry de Ouagadougou (French school) International School of Ouagadougou Sport This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2022 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Ouagadougou's inhabitants play a wide array of sports, including association football, basketball, and volleyball. There are tournaments and activities organized by the local authorities. The Stade du 4-Août is the home of Étoile Filante de Ouagadougou , the city's main football team. Health Ouagadougou has both state and private hospitals. The two state hospitals in the city are the Centre hospitalier national Yalgado Ouedraogo (CHNYO) and the Centre hospitalier national pédiatrique Charles de Gaulle (CHNP-CDG). Despite that, the local population still largely can only afford traditional local medicine and the "pharmacopée". [ 34 ] Transport Air transport Thomas Sankara International Airport Ouagadougou (code OUA) serves the area with flights to West Africa and Europe . Air Burkina has its head office in the Air Burkina Storey Building (French: Immeuble Air Burkina ) in Ouagadougou. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] Rail Ouagadougou is connected by passenger rail service to Bobo-Dioulasso , Koudougou and Ivory Coast . As of June 2014, Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route from Ouagadougou to Abidjan. [ 39 ] There are freight services to Kaya in north Burkina Faso and in 2014 plans were announced to revive freight services to the manganese mine at Tambao starting in 2016. [ 40 ] Economy The economy of Ouagadougou is based on industry and commerce. Some industrial facilities have relocated from Bobo-Dioulasso to Ouagadougou, which has made the city an important industrial centre of Burkina Faso. The industrial areas of Kossodo and Gounghin are home to several processing plants and factories. The industry of Ouagadougou is the sector that fuels urban growth, as people move to the city from the countryside to find employment in industry. [ 41 ] The Copromof workshop in Ouagadougou sews cotton lingerie for the French label "Atelier Augusti." [ 42 ] Ouagadougou is an important commercial centre. It is a centre where goods are collected and directed to rural areas. With a large consumer base, large amounts of energy sources, raw materials for buildings, agricultural products and livestock products are imported to the city. [ 41 ] The economy is dominated by the informal sector , which is characterized by petty commodity production, and workers not necessarily having salaries. Traditional, informal trade is widespread and concentrated around markets and major roads, as well as in outlets in neighborhoods. While the formal economy consists of modern economic practices with workplaces having qualified, stable labor forces, or more traditional forms of business such as family businesses. [ 41 ] Informal trade The tertiary sector is also an important part of the economy. This comprises communications, banking, transport, bars, restaurants, hotels, as well as administrative jobs. [ 41 ] Twin towns – sister cities Ouagadougou is twinned with: Bordeaux , France [ 43 ] Briton Ferry , Wales, United Kingdom [ 44 ] Grenoble , France [ 45 ] Kumasi , Ghana [ citation needed ] Kuwait City , Kuwait [ citation needed ] Leuze-en-Hainaut , Belgium [ 46 ] Lyon , France [ 47 ] Taipei , Taiwan [ 48 ] Zhengzhou , China [ 49 ] Parks This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) The Bangr-Weoogo urban park (area: 2.63 km 2 (1 sq mi)), before colonialism, belonged to the Mosse chiefs. Considering it a sacred forest, many went there for traditional initiations or for refuge. The French colonists, disregarding its local significance and history, established it as a park in the 1930s. In 1985, renovations were done in the park. In January 2001, the park was renamed "Parc Urbain Bangr-Weoogo", meaning "the urban park of the forest of knowledge". Another notable park in Ouagadougou is the "L'Unité Pédagogique", which shelters animals in a semi-free state. This botanic garden/biosphere system stretches over 8 ha (20 acres) and also serves as a museum for the country's history. "Jardin de l'amitié Ouaga-Loudun" (Garden of Ouaga-Loudun Friendship), with a green space that was renovated in 1996, is a symbol of the twin-city relationship between Ouagadougou and Loudun in France. It is situated in the centre of the city, near the "Nation Unies' crossroads". Culture There are a number of cultural and art venues, such as the Maison du Peuple and Salle des Banquets, in addition to performances of many genres of music, including traditional folk music, modern music, and rap . [ 34 ] National Museum of Music : exhibits all the musical instruments of Burkina Faso. Musée de Manega : also exhibits musical instruments of Burkina Faso, Mossi rifles and other cultural items. Located 55 km (34 mi) northwest of the city. "Naba Koom": a statue depicting a woman handling a calabash to pour water. The 6-metre-high (20 ft) statue faces the railway station, welcoming travellers into Ouaga. The place bears the name of an important chief in Burkina Faso's history. "Laongo": 30 km (19 mi) east of the city, features enormous granite slabs that were designed by various sculptors. The exhibit displays works of art from five continents. [ 34 ] "La Place du Grand Lyon": a monument that reflects the relationship between Burkina Faso's capital and Lyon in France. It is located near the French cultural centre George Melies and features an imposing lion. A zoo called "Parc Animalier de Ziniaré": located 30 km (19 mi) east of the city in the hometown of the former president Blaise Compaoré. Art and crafts Several international festivals and activities are organized within the municipality, such as FESPACO (Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou), which is Africa's largest festival of this type, SIAO (International Art and Craft Fair), FESPAM (Pan-African Music Festival), FITMO (International Theatre and Marionnette Festival) and FESTIVO. [ 34 ] [ 50 ] Places of worship The most common places of worship are Muslim mosques. [ 51 ] There are also numerous Christian churches: Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Ouagadougou ( Catholic Church ), Association of Reformed Evangelical Church of Burkina Faso ( World Communion of Reformed Churches ), Assemblies of God , Deeper Life Bible Church , and the International Evangelism Center . Notable people Dango Ouattara – footballer Malika Ouattara – slam poet and activist Serge Oulon – journalist Edmond Tapsoba – footballer Ezé Wendtoin – musician Hugues Fabrice Zango – triple jumper See also List of cities in Burkina Faso Notes References ^ Ade Ajayi 1965 . ^ a b Citypopulation.de Population of the major cities in Burkina Faso ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Ouagadougou | Facts & History" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ "Bienvenue sur le site Officiel du Premier Ministère du Burkina Faso" . gouvernement.gov.bf . Archived from the original on 15 September 2010 . Retrieved 22 January 2019 . ^ "Burkina Faso: Ayka Textile to build an integrated cotton processing plant in Ouagadougou" . Ecofin Agency . 5 February 2018 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "IRO-TEXBURKINA textile complex in Sourgou: A factory to rehabilitate the industrial fabric in the Center-West" . Faso Observateur . 18 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Textile – Incubateur pour la transformation du coton et textile burkinabè" . Burkina Textile (in French) . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Ouagadougou City Profile" . citiesabc . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Faso" . ISS African Futures . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Ouagadougou Airport (OUA) - Thomas Sankara International Airport" . IATA . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Abidjan-Ouagadougou Railway" . African Development Bank . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ Ibrahima Diallo (14 November 2023). "Abidjan-Ouagadougou rail corridor: passenger transport will resume on November 17, 2023" . Africa Supply Chain . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Burkina Faso: Rehabilitation des routes et facilitation des transports Corridor Lomé-Ouagadougou IPR - July 2022" . African Development Bank (in French). July 2022 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Multinational: Burkina Faso Rehabilitation des routes et facilitation des transports Corridor Lomé-Ouagadougou EER - Juillet 2021" . African Development Bank (in French). July 2021 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Route from Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso to Niamey, Niger" . RouteToDrive . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Burkina Faso: Ouagadougou's Market Reopens After 2003 Fire" . Africa News . 1 April 2010 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Ouagadougou's Grand Market Rebuilt with Enhanced Safety" . BBC News . 12 February 2006 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . [ dead link ] ^ "Ouagadougou's Grand Market: Fire, Reconstruction, and Safety Improvements" . African Development Bank . 15 October 2023 . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ "Key Attractions in Ouagadougou: Museums, Palaces, and Markets" . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Retrieved 30 May 2025 . ^ Kane, Oumar (2004). La première hégémonie peule. Le Fuuta Tooro de Koli Teηella à Almaami Abdul . Paris: Karthala. p. 57-60. ISBN 978-2-84586-521-1 . Retrieved 18 March 2024 . ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 176. ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 176-7. ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 177. ^ Britannica, Ouagadougou , Encyclopædia Britannica , US. Retrieved 29 October 2024 ^ Page & Davis 2005 , p. 131. ^ a b c McFarland, Daniel Miles; Rupley, Lawrence (1998). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso . London: Scarecrow Press. p. 97. ^ Johnson 2010 . ^ "Ouagadougou blasts: Burkina Faso capital hit by gunfire" . BBC News . 15 January 2016 . Retrieved 15 January 2016 . ^ "Gunmen attack hotel, take hostages in Burkina Faso capital" . 15 January 2015. ^ "Burkina Faso: Security forces raid besieged hotel, free hostages" . CNN. 16 January 2016 . Retrieved 16 January 2016 . ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Ouagadougou" . National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration . Retrieved 4 January 2024 . ^ "Station Ouagadougou" (in French). Meteo Climat . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . ^ "Klimatafel von Ouagadougou / Burkina Faso (Obervolta)" (PDF) . Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst . Retrieved 13 June 2016 . ^ a b c d e f "Index of /" . www.mairie-ouaga.bf . Archived from the original on 28 October 2021 . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ "RECENSEMENT GENERAL DE LA POPULATION ET DE L'HABITATION DE 2006" (PDF) . www.insd.bf . Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 August 2019 . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ Government of France, MINISTERE DES AFFAIRES ETRANGERES ET EUROPEENNES, AMBASSADE DE FRANCE AU BURKINA FASO, FICHE BURKINA FASO (French) ^ " Contact-us Archived 5 December 2009 at the Wayback Machine ". Air Burkina . Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ " Contactez-nous Archived 16 October 2009 at the Wayback Machine ." Air Burkina . Retrieved 19 October 2009. ^ European Rail Timetable, Summer 2014 Edition, (journey time is 43 to 48 hours) ^ Pan African Minerals receives permission from Burkina Faso for Tambao manganese project Archived 14 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine , 19 May 2014 ^ a b c d Ouedraogo, R Ulysse Emmanuel. "Chapitre 1 : Ouagadougou, une agglomération dynamique" (in French). University of Ouagadougou. ^ Smith, Alex Duval (1 July 2014). "Burkina Faso's French knicker-makers" . BBC News – Africa . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . ^ "Les villes partenaires" . bordeaux.fr (in French). Bordeaux . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Twin Towns of Wales: Hay-on-Wye and Timbuktu, Briton Ferry and Ouagadougou, here are the sister cities of Welsh towns" . walesonline.co.uk . Wales Online. 2 July 2014 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelages et coopérations" . grenoble.fr (in French). Grenoble. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelage Leuze-Ouagadougou" . leuze-en-hainaut.be (in French). Leuze-en-Hainaut . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Jumelage" . economie.grandlyon.com (in French). Grand Lyon économie . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "International Sister Cities" . tcc.gov.tw . Taipei City Council . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Lutte contre le COVID-19: la Chine multiplie les dons pour le Burkina Faso" . chinafrique.com (in French). Chinafrique. 13 May 2020 . Retrieved 12 October 2020 . ^ "Ouaga ça Bouge : Votre Blog pour vos Voyages et Vacances" . Ouaga-ça-bouge.net (in French) . Retrieved 20 January 2025 . ^ J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann, Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices , ABC-CLIO, US, 2010, p. 455 Bibliography Sources David P. Johnson, Jr. (2010). "Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso". In Kwame Anthony Appiah; Henry Louis Gates (eds.). Encyclopedia of Africa . Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195337709 . Page, Willie; Davis, R. Hunt, eds. (2005). Encyclopedia of African History and Culture Volume II: African Kingdoms (500 to 1500) (E-book ed.). New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-1-4381-2917-4 . Ade Ajayi, J F. (1965). A Thousand Years of West African History . Ibadan University Press. p. 49 . Retrieved 19 April 2025 . External links Official website of the government of Ouagadougou (in French) The plan of Ouagdougou Falling Rain Genomics: World Index, and other pages Media from Commons Travel guides from Wikivoyage Authority control databases International VIAF GND FAST WorldCat VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Israel United States France BnF data Israel Geographic MusicBrainz area MusicBrainz area Other IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Capitals of African countries v t e Dependent territories and states with limited recognition are in italics Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon Abuja , Nigeria Accra , Ghana Addis Ababa , Ethiopia Algiers , Algeria Antananarivo , Madagascar Asmara , Eritrea Bamako , Mali Bangui , Central African Republic Banjul , Gambia Bissau , Guinea-Bissau Brazzaville , Rep. of the Congo Cairo , Egypt Conakry , Guinea Dakar , Senegal Djibouti , Djibouti Dodoma , Tanzania El Aaiún (claimed)/ Tifariti (factual), Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 1 Freetown , Sierra Leone Gaborone , Botswana Garoowe , Puntland 1 Gitega , Burundi Harare , Zimbabwe Hargeisa , Somaliland 1 Jamestown , Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha 2 Juba , South Sudan Kampala , Uganda Khartoum , Sudan Kigali , Rwanda Kinshasa , D.R. Congo Libreville , Gabon Lilongwe , Malawi Lomé , Togo Luanda , Angola Lusaka , Zambia Malabo , Equatorial Guinea Maputo , Mozambique Maseru , Lesotho Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mbabane ( executive ) Lobamba ( legislative ), Eswatini Mogadishu , Somalia Monrovia , Liberia Moroni , Comoros Nairobi , Kenya N'Djamena , Chad Niamey , Niger Nouakchott , Mauritania Ouagadougou , Burkina Faso Port Louis , Mauritius Porto-Novo , Benin Praia , Cape Verde Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Pretoria ( executive ) Cape Town ( legislative ) Bloemfontein ( judicial ), South Africa Rabat , Morocco São Tomé , São Tomé and Príncipe Tripoli , Libya Tunis , Tunisia Victoria , Seychelles Windhoek , Namibia Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yamoussoukro (political) Abidjan (economic), Ivory Coast Yaoundé , Cameroon 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory 1 An unrecognised or partially-recognised nation 2 British Overseas Territory v t e Ouagadougou v t e Buildings Economy Government History Timeline People Sport Buildings Economy Government History Timeline Timeline People Sport Education Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Lycée Saint-Exupéry International School University of Ouagadougou Transport Ouagadougou Airport Ouagadougou Airport Landmarks Cathedral National Museum of Music Cathedral National Museum of Music Category Commons Category Commons Ouagadougou Capitals in Africa French West Africa Populated places in the Centre Region (Burkina Faso) Populated places established in the 11th century Wangara trade towns Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages using the Phonos extension CS1 French-language sources (fr) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2025 CS1 German-language sources (de) Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use dmy dates from November 2020 Use British English from May 2018 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Mossi-language text Articles containing Dyula-language text Articles containing French-language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Pages including recorded pronunciations Pages with Mossi IPA Pages with French IPA Articles containing German-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2022 Articles needing additional references from December 2022 All articles needing additional references Articles with unsourced statements from October 2020 Articles needing additional references from January 2024 Articles with French-language sources (fr) This page was last edited on 11 January 2026, at 17:10 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Screenplay 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.1 Screenplay 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 4 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards 5 In other media Toggle In other media subsection 5.1 Books 5.1 Books 6 Sequels 7 See also 8 References Toggle References subsection 8.1 Bibliography 8.1 Bibliography 9 External links Romancing the Stone العربية Aragonés Беларуская Български Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikiquote Wikidata item Romancing the Stone Theatrical release poster by John Solie Directed by Robert Zemeckis Written by Diane Thomas Produced by Michael Douglas Starring .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Michael Douglas Kathleen Turner Danny DeVito Alfonso Arau Manuel Ojeda Michael Douglas Kathleen Turner Danny DeVito Alfonso Arau Manuel Ojeda Cinematography Dean Cundey Edited by Donn Cambern Frank Morriss Music by Alan Silvestri Production companies El Corazon Producciones S.A. [ 1 ] South Side Amusement Company Distributed by 20th Century Fox [ 1 ] Release dates March 30, 1984 ( 1984-03-30 ) (United States) September 14, 1984 ( 1984-09-14 ) (Mexico) March 30, 1984 ( 1984-03-30 ) (United States) September 14, 1984 ( 1984-09-14 ) (Mexico) Running time 106 minutes Countries Mexico [ 1 ] United States [ 1 ] Mexico [ 1 ] United States [ 1 ] Language English Budget $10 million [ 2 ] [ 3 ] Box office $115.1 million [ 4 ] Romancing the Stone is a 1984 romantic comedy - adventure film directed by Robert Zemeckis , written by Diane Thomas and produced by Michael Douglas , who also stars in the film alongside Kathleen Turner and Danny DeVito . The film follows a romance novelist who must venture beyond her New York City comfort zone to Colombia to save her widowed sister from criminals who are holding her for ransom. Thomas wrote the screenplay in 1979. Zemeckis, who at the time was developing Cocoon , liked Thomas's screenplay and offered to direct but 20th Century Fox initially declined, citing the commercial failure of his first two films I Wanna Hold Your Hand and Used Cars . Zemeckis was eventually dismissed from Cocoon after an early screening of Romancing the Stone failed to impress studio executives further. Alan Silvestri , who would collaborate with Zemeckis on his later films, composed the score. [ 5 ] Romancing the Stone was released on March 30, 1984, to positive reviews from critics and earned over $115 million worldwide at the box office. A sequel, The Jewel of the Nile , was released one year and nine months later on December 11, 1985. Plot Joan Wilder is a successful but lonely romance novelist living in New York City with her cat, Romeo. After finishing her latest novel, Joan leaves her apartment to meet her editor and friend, Gloria Horne. On the way her neighbor, Mrs. Irwin, hands her an envelope that contains a map, sent by her recently murdered brother-in-law, Eduardo. While she is gone, a man is discovered trying to break into her apartment by the building's superintendent, whom he kills. Returning to her apartment, Joan finds it ransacked. She then receives a frantic phone call from her sister Elaine, Eduardo's widow. Elaine has been kidnapped by antiquities smugglers, cousins Ira and Ralph, and instructs Joan to bring the map to the Colombian coastal city of Cartagena ; it is Elaine's ransom. Flying to Colombia, Joan is diverted from the bus to Cartagena by Colonel Zolo, the same man who killed Joan's brother-in-law and ransacked her apartment. Instead of heading to Cartagena, this bus goes deep into the country's interior. Ralph realizes this and begins following Joan. When Joan distracts the bus driver by asking where they are going, the bus crashes into a Land Rover , wrecking both vehicles. As the rest of the passengers walk away, Joan is menaced by Zolo but is saved by the Land Rover's owner, an American exotic bird smuggler named Jack T. Colton. Joan promises to pay Jack $375 in traveler's cheques for getting her out of the jungle and to a telephone. The two of them travel the jungle while eluding Zolo and his military police . Reaching a small village, they encounter a drug lord named Juan who is a big fan of Joan's novels and happily helps them escape from Zolo. After a night of dancing and passion in a nearby town, Jack suggests to Joan that they find the treasure themselves before handing over the map. Zolo's men enter the town, so Jack and Joan steal a car to escape; but it is Ralph's car, and he is sleeping in the back. They follow the clues and retrieve the treasure, an enormous emerald called El Corazón ("The Heart"). Ralph takes the emerald from them at gunpoint, but Zolo's forces appear, distracting Ralph long enough for Jack to steal the jewel back. After being chased into a river and over a waterfall, Jack and Joan are separated on opposite sides of the raging river. Joan has the map, but Jack has the emerald. Jack directs Joan to Cartagena, promising that he will meet her there. In Cartagena, Joan meets with Ira, who takes the map and releases Elaine. But Zolo and his men arrive, with a captured Jack and a severely beaten Ralph. As Zolo tortures Joan, Jack tries to kick the emerald into a crocodile pool behind Zolo. Zolo catches the emerald, but then a crocodile jumps up and bites his hand off, swallowing the emerald with it. A shootout ensues between Zolo's soldiers and Ira's gang. Joan and Elaine dash for safety, pursued by the maimed Zolo, as Jack tries to stop the crocodile from escaping. He begrudgingly releases it to try to save Joan. A crazed Zolo charges at Joan; she dodges his wild knife slashes, and he falls into a crocodile pit. As the authorities arrive, Ira and his men escape, but Ralph is left behind. After a kiss, Jack dives into the water after the crocodile with the emerald, leaving Joan behind with her sister. Some time later, Joan is back in New York City and has written a new novel based on her adventure. Gloria is moved to tears by the story and tells Joan she has another best-seller on her hands. Returning home, she finds Jack waiting for her in a sailboat named the Angelina , after the heroine of Joan's novels, and wearing boots made from the crocodile's skin. He jokes that the crocodile got "a fatal case of indigestion" from the emerald, which he sold, using the money to buy the boat of his dreams. They go off together, planning to sail around the world. Cast Michael Douglas as Jack T. Colton – A brash, rugged American bird hunter living in Colombia who assists Joan in her adventure. He hopes to save money for a sailboat and leave Colombia to travel the world. Kathleen Turner as Joan Wilder – A successful but lonely romance novelist from New York City. She longs to meet and fall in love with a man resembling the heroic male characters from her writing. Danny DeVito as Ralph – An antiquities smuggler from Queens who takes Joan's sister hostage and pursues Colton and Wilder through the jungle, hoping to acquire the map. Zack Norman as Ira – Ralph's cousin and partner in crime. He has an affinity for crocodiles. Alfonso Arau as Juan – "The Bellmaker", a man implied to be a drug smuggler who happens to be a huge fan of Joan's work. He helps Colton and Wilder escape from Zolo's forces. Manuel Ojeda as Colonel Zolo – Elaine's husband's killer and heartless Deputy Commander of the secret police. After failing to obtain the map from Joan in New York, he follows her to Colombia in pursuit. Holland Taylor as Gloria Horne – Joan's friend and publisher. Mary Ellen Trainor as Elaine Wilder - Joan's widowed sister Eve Smith as Mrs. Irwin Joe Nesnow as Super José Chávez as Santos Evita Muñoz as Hefty Woman Camillo García as Bus Driver Rodrigo Puebla as Bad Hombre Paco Morayta as Hotel Clerk Kymberly Herrin as Angelina Bill Burton as Jesse Gerrard Ted White as Grogan Production Screenplay The screenplay was written five years earlier by Malibu waitress Diane Thomas in what would end up being her only screenplay made into a movie. She died in a car crash a year and a half after the film's release. [ 6 ] Jack Brodsky and Michael Douglas purchased the rights to her screenplay as their studio Bigstick Productions' first project under a contract with Columbia Pictures in 1979. However, Douglas could not get the film cast before his deal with Columbia expired in 1983. 20th Century Fox agreed to purchase the rights to the film from Columbia after the success of Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981). Robert Zemeckis was hired as director because of his association with that film's director Steven Spielberg . [ 7 ] Casting Douglas initially intended only to produce the film, as he had recently appeared in a series of box-office bombs . Burt Reynolds and Clint Eastwood were considered for the role of Jack T. Colton while the film was at Columbia but declined. [ 7 ] Other leads considered include Sylvester Stallone , Paul Newman , and Christopher Reeve for the part of Jack Colton before Douglas hired himself and Debra Winger was the studio's top choice for Joan Wilder. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Many of the male stars offered the role of Colton had been displeased that the female character Wilder was the protagonist while Colton was a secondary. After Michael Douglas agreed to star in the film, the early producers (Bigstick Productions) transferred the project to his company, El Corazon Productions. Douglas then set up a "negative pick-up" deal with 20th Century Fox, meaning his company would finance the production independently and the studio would buy it once it was finished. [ 7 ] Filming Principal photography on the film began on July 11, 1983. It took place in both the United States and Mexico. Filming locations included Veracruz (Fort of San Juan de Ulúa ), Huasca de Ocampo , Xalapa , El Arenal , Tonaya , Xico , Barraca Grande, the Valle de Silencio, New York City , and Snow Canyon, Utah . [ 12 ] Interior filming was conducted in Mexico City , while the opening scene was filmed in St. George, Utah . The scene where Turner and Douglas get separated on opposite banks on a whitewater river was filmed on the Rio Antigua near the town of Jalcomulco , Veracruz . [ 13 ] Production went behind schedule due to the complicated stunts of the film and numerous hazardous storms, although 20th Century Fox pressured the filmmakers to complete the film as soon as possible to avoid competition with Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984). [ 7 ] Turner later said of the film's production, "I remember terrible arguments [with Robert Zemeckis] doing Romancing . He's a film-school grad, fascinated by cameras and effects. I never felt that he knew what I was having to do to adjust my acting to some of his damn cameras – sometimes he puts you in ridiculous postures. I'd say, 'This is not helping me! This is not the way I like to work, thank you! ' " [ 14 ] After production completed, Turner sued the filmmakers to pay for plastic surgery for injuries sustained during shooting. [ 7 ] Zemeckis would go on to work with Turner again, casting her as the voice of Jessica Rabbit in 1988's Who Framed Roger Rabbit . [ 15 ] Reception Box office Studio insiders expected Romancing the Stone to flop to the point that, after viewing a rough cut of the film, the producers of the then-under-development Cocoon fired Zemeckis as director of that film. [ 16 ] However, it became a surprise hit and 20th Century Fox 's only big hit of 1984. [ 17 ] The film eventually grossed over US$115 million worldwide, becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1984. [ 18 ] Zemeckis later stated that the success of Romancing the Stone allowed him to make Back to the Future (1985). [ 19 ] Critical response The film received positive reviews upon release. [ 20 ] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , 86% of 56 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 7.2/10. The website's consensus reads: " Romancing the Stone reaches back to the classic Saturday morning serials of old with an action-filled adventure enlivened by the sparkling chemistry between its well-matched leads." [ 21 ] Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 63 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 22 ] Upon the release of Romancing the Stone , Time magazine called the film "a distaff Raiders rip-off". [ 23 ] The Washington Post remarked that "Though fitfully thrilling and amusing, [Joan Wilder's] adventures degenerate into a muddle. Neither screenwriter Diane Thomas nor director Robert Zemeckis, good-humored as they strive to be, maintains a coherent perception of how the plot should be contrived to trump the heroine's overactive fantasy life." They elaborated that the stone makes an uncompelling MacGuffin , Joan's character development is incongruous and ultimately unsatisfying, and Joan and Jack lack romantic chemistry. [ 24 ] By contrast, Time Out commented that "The script is sharp and funny, the direction sure-footed on both the comedy and action fronts", and compared the film favorably to its contemporary in the same genre, Indiana Jones and the Temple of Doom (1984). [ 25 ] Roger Ebert called it "a silly, high-spirited chase picture", saying he greatly enjoyed the film's imaginative perils, colorful cast of villains, and believable relationship between its two lead characters. He likewise compared it favorably to other Raiders of the Lost Ark clones. [ 26 ] Colin Greenland reviewed Romancing the Stone for Imagine magazine, and stated that "Good-humoured, sparky stuff in the manner of Raiders of the Lost Ark ." [ 27 ] Filmsite.org included it as one of the best films of 1984, [ 28 ] and Entertainment Weekly included it on its list of films that made 1984 one of the best years for Hollywood films. [ 29 ] Then–U.S. President Ronald Reagan viewed the film at Camp David in May 1984. [ 30 ] Awards Award wins: [ 31 ] Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy [ 32 ] Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Musical or Comedy – Kathleen Turner [ 32 ] Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress – Kathleen Turner Golden Reel Award for Best Sound Editing – ADR Stuntman Award for Most Spectacular Stunt – Vince Deadrick Jr., Terry Leonard Award nominations: Academy Award for Best Film Editing – Donn Cambern, Frank Morriss American Cinema Editors Award for Best Edited Feature Film – Donn Cambern, Frank Morriss Writers Guild of America Award for Best Original Screenplay – Diane Thomas In other media Books The novelization of Romancing the Stone was written by Catherine Lanigan under "Joan Wilder" as a pen name, along with a novelization of the sequel movie The Jewel of the Nile . [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Sequels The success of Romancing the Stone led to a sequel, The Jewel of the Nile , without Zemeckis directing but with Douglas, Turner, and DeVito all returning. The film was released in December 1985 and was commercially successful, but received weaker reviews than the first. [ 35 ] Since 1985, numerous attempts have been made to produce further sequels to the film. Another sequel, called The Crimson Eagle , would have had Jack and Joan take their two teenage children to Thailand, where they are blackmailed into stealing a priceless statue. Filming was scheduled to begin in 1987, following Michael Douglas's shooting of Wall Street , but the production was delayed and ultimately never made it past the development stage. [ 36 ] DeVito reunited Douglas, Turner, and himself in his 1989 film The War of the Roses . [ 15 ] In 2005 and again in 2008, Douglas was developing a second sequel, tentatively titled Racing the Monsoon . [ 37 ] Since 2007, 20th Century Fox has considered producing a remake of Romancing the Stone , with the possibility of a reboot series. The roles of Jack Colton and Joan Wilder would be filled by Taylor Kitsch (or Gerard Butler ) and Katherine Heigl , respectively. [ 38 ] By 2011, the remake was re-worked as a television series. [ 39 ] See also Film portal 1980s portal High Risk (1981) Green Ice (1981) Florida Straits (1986) The Lost City (2022) References ^ a b c d .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Romancing the Stone (1984)" . AFI Catalog of Feature Films . Retrieved September 11, 2020 . ^ Solomon 1989, p. 260. ^ Pollock, Dale. "Zemeckis puts his heart and soul in 'Romancing The Stone'". Los Angeles Times , March 29, 1984. p. m1. ^ "Receipts: 'Romancing the Stone ' " . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved: March 28, 2016. ^ Landekic, Lola. "Romancing the Stone" . www.artofthetitle.com . Retrieved 2022-07-20 . ^ Eliot 2013, p. 142. ^ a b c d e "Romancing the Stone" . AFI Catalog . Retrieved 2025-04-15 . ^ Plumb, Ali. "14 things we learned from the 'Evening with Sylvester Stallone' Q&A." Empire Online , October 9, 2015. Retrieved: March 28, 2016. ^ Susman, Gary. "'Romancing the Stone': 25 things you didn't know about the Kathleen Turner classic." moviefone.com , March 24, 2014. Retrieved: March 28, 2016. ^ Leigh 2014, p. 171. ^ King, Susan (2019-03-30). " 'Romancing the Stone' at 35: How Michael Douglas, Kathleen Turner Survived Gators, Rain, and Studio Expectations" . Variety . Retrieved 2024-06-28 . ^ D'Arc, James V. (2010). When Hollywood came to town: a history of moviemaking in Utah (1st ed.). Layton, Utah: Gibbs Smith. ISBN 9781423605874 . ^ Bouey, Steve. "Finally on Location." The World by Road , January 19, 2009. Retrieved: March 28, 2016. ^ Appelo, Tim; Kilday, Greg (August 2, 1991). "Kathleen Turner: The last movie star" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved March 28, 2016 . ^ a b Turner 2008, unpaginated . ^ Horowitz, Mark. "Back with a Future," American Film July/Aug. 1988. pp. 32–35. ^ "Musical Chairs in Hollywood" . Time . September 24, 1984. Archived from the original on July 25, 2014 . Retrieved March 28, 2016 . ^ "Top 1984 Movies at the Worldwide Box Office" . TheNumbers.com . Nash Information Services, LLC . Retrieved 29 September 2022 . ^ Supplements for the Back to the Future DVD. ^ "Romancing the Stone (1984)" . AFI Catalog . Retrieved April 29, 2025 . ^ " Romancing the Stone " . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved November 2, 2024 . ^ " Romancing the Stone " . Metacritic . Fandom, Inc. Retrieved November 2, 2024 . ^ Schickel, Richard; Corliss, Richard (April 23, 1984). "The greening of the box office" . Time . Archived from the original on July 25, 2014 . Retrieved March 28, 2016 . ^ Arnold, Gary (April 6, 1984). "The Stone Clone" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 28 December 2019 . ^ Preston, John. "Romancing the Stone" . Time Out . Retrieved 29 December 2019 . ^ Ebert, Roger (January 1, 1984). "Romancing the Stone Movie Review" . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved 28 December 2019 . ^ Greenland, Colin (February 1985). "Fantasy Media". Imagine (review). No. 23. TSR Hobbies (UK), Ltd. p. 47. ^ "The Greatest Films of 1984" . Filmsite.org . Retrieved June 11, 2010 . ^ Nashawaty, Chris. "Was 1984 the Greatest Year in Movies Ever?" . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 11, 2010 . ^ "Films Viewed by President and MRS. Reagan" . ^ " Romancing the Stone : Award Wins and Nominations" . Internet Movie Database . Retrieved June 11, 2010 . ^ a b "The 42nd Annual Golden Globe Awards (1985)" . Golden Globe Award. Archived from the original on April 14, 2013 . Retrieved July 27, 2012 . ^ Sinara, Rula (2014-08-01). "Interview: Catherine Lanigan, author of 'Heart's Desire' " . USA Today . Retrieved 2025-05-15 . ^ "Potempa: 'Romancing' author Lanigan has Hallmark movie" . Chicago Tribune . 2021-01-13 . Retrieved 2025-05-15 . ^ Eliot 2013, pp. 142–143. ^ "Newsday from New York, New York on April 6, 1987 · 106" . Newspapers.com . 6 April 1987 . Retrieved 2021-06-25 . ^ "Michael Douglas and Catherine Zeta-Jones to co-star in film 'Racing The Monsoon'." The Telegraph , May 19, 2008. Retrieved: March 28, 2016. ^ Schaefer, Sandy "‘Romancing the Stone’ remake is still moving forward." Screen Rant , August 24, 2011. Retrieved: March 28, 2016. ^ Fischer, Russ. "The 'Romancing the Stone' remake is now a TV series." Slashfilm.com , September 1, 2011. Retrieved: March 28, 2016. Bibliography Eliot, Marc. Michael Douglas: A Biography . New York: Three Rivers Press, 2013. ISBN 978-0-3079-5237-0 . Leigh, Mark. Epic Fail: The Ultimate Book of Blunders . London: Virgin Books, 2014. ISBN 978-0-7535-4126-5 . Solomon, Aubrey. Twentieth Century-Fox: A Corporate and Financial History (The Scarecrow Filmmakers Series). Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 1988. ISBN 978-0-8108-4244-1 . Turner, Kathleen. Send Yourself Roses: Thoughts on My Life, Love, and Leading Roles . New York: Springboard Press, 2008. ISBN 978-0-4465-8112-7 . External links Romancing the Stone at IMDb Romancing the Stone at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Romancing the Stone at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Romancing the Stone at Rotten Tomatoes Romancing the Stone at Box Office Mojo .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Films directed by Robert Zemeckis v t e I Wanna Hold Your Hand (1978) Used Cars (1980) Romancing the Stone (1984) Back to the Future (1985) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Back to the Future Part II (1989) Back to the Future Part III (1990) Two-Fisted Tales ("Yellow" segment, 1992) Death Becomes Her (1992) Forrest Gump (1994) Contact (1997) What Lies Beneath (2000) Cast Away (2000) The Polar Express (2004) Beowulf (2007) A Christmas Carol (2009) Flight (2012) The Walk (2015) Doc Brown Saves the World (short, 2015) Allied (2016) Welcome to Marwen (2018) The Witches (2020) Pinocchio (2022) Here (2024) The Last Mrs. Parrish (TBA) I Wanna Hold Your Hand (1978) Used Cars (1980) Romancing the Stone (1984) Back to the Future (1985) Who Framed Roger Rabbit (1988) Back to the Future Part II (1989) Back to the Future Part III (1990) Two-Fisted Tales ("Yellow" segment, 1992) Death Becomes Her (1992) Forrest Gump (1994) Contact (1997) What Lies Beneath (2000) Cast Away (2000) The Polar Express (2004) Beowulf (2007) A Christmas Carol (2009) Flight (2012) The Walk (2015) Doc Brown Saves the World (short, 2015) Allied (2016) Welcome to Marwen (2018) The Witches (2020) Pinocchio (2022) Here (2024) The Last Mrs. Parrish (TBA) v t e Michael Douglas v t e Career history Accolades Career history Accolades Producer One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) The China Syndrome (1979) Romancing the Stone (1984) The Jewel of the Nile (1985) Flatliners (1990) Made in America (1993) The Rainmaker (1997) One Night at McCool's (2001) It Runs in the Family (2003) The Sentinel (2006) Beyond the Reach (2014) Flatliners (2017) One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest (1975) The China Syndrome (1979) Romancing the Stone (1984) The Jewel of the Nile (1985) Flatliners (1990) Made in America (1993) The Rainmaker (1997) One Night at McCool's (2001) It Runs in the Family (2003) The Sentinel (2006) Beyond the Reach (2014) Flatliners (2017) Related Bigstick Productions Further Films The Bryna Company Bigstick Productions Further Films The Bryna Company Family Kirk Douglas (father) Diana Dill (mother) Anne Buydens (stepmother) Joel Douglas (brother) Peter Douglas (half-brother) Eric Douglas (half-brother) Brenda Vaccaro (partner) Catherine Zeta-Jones (second wife) Cameron Douglas (son) Thomas Melville Dill (maternal grandfather) Nicholas Bayard Dill (maternal uncle) Kirk Douglas (father) Diana Dill (mother) Anne Buydens (stepmother) Joel Douglas (brother) Peter Douglas (half-brother) Eric Douglas (half-brother) Brenda Vaccaro (partner) Catherine Zeta-Jones (second wife) Cameron Douglas (son) Thomas Melville Dill (maternal grandfather) Nicholas Bayard Dill (maternal uncle) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Motion Picture – Musical or Comedy v t e 1951–1975 An American in Paris (1951) With a Song in My Heart (1952) Carmen Jones (1954) Guys and Dolls (1955) The King and I (1956) Les Girls (1957) Gigi / Auntie Mame (1958) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot (1959) Song Without End / The Apartment (1960) West Side Story / A Majority of One (1961) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink (1962) Tom Jones (1963) My Fair Lady (1964) The Sound of Music (1965) The Russians Are Coming the Russians Are Coming (1966) The Graduate (1967) Oliver! (1968) The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969) M*A*S*H (1970) Fiddler on the Roof (1971) Cabaret (1972) American Graffiti (1973) The Longest Yard (1974) The Sunshine Boys (1975) An American in Paris (1951) With a Song in My Heart (1952) Carmen Jones (1954) Guys and Dolls (1955) The King and I (1956) Les Girls (1957) Gigi / Auntie Mame (1958) Porgy and Bess / Some Like It Hot (1959) Song Without End / The Apartment (1960) West Side Story / A Majority of One (1961) The Music Man / That Touch of Mink (1962) Tom Jones (1963) My Fair Lady (1964) The Sound of Music (1965) The Russians Are Coming the Russians Are Coming (1966) The Graduate (1967) Oliver! (1968) The Secret of Santa Vittoria (1969) M*A*S*H (1970) Fiddler on the Roof (1971) Cabaret (1972) American Graffiti (1973) The Longest Yard (1974) The Sunshine Boys (1975) 1976–2000 A Star Is Born (1976) The Goodbye Girl (1977) Heaven Can Wait (1978) Breaking Away (1979) Coal Miner's Daughter (1980) Arthur (1981) Tootsie (1982) Yentl (1983) Romancing the Stone (1984) Prizzi's Honor (1985) Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) Hope and Glory (1987) Working Girl (1988) Driving Miss Daisy (1989) Green Card (1990) Beauty and the Beast (1991) The Player (1992) Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) The Lion King (1994) Babe (1995) Evita (1996) As Good as It Gets (1997) Shakespeare in Love (1998) Toy Story 2 (1999) Almost Famous (2000) A Star Is Born (1976) The Goodbye Girl (1977) Heaven Can Wait (1978) Breaking Away (1979) Coal Miner's Daughter (1980) Arthur (1981) Tootsie (1982) Yentl (1983) Romancing the Stone (1984) Prizzi's Honor (1985) Hannah and Her Sisters (1986) Hope and Glory (1987) Working Girl (1988) Driving Miss Daisy (1989) Green Card (1990) Beauty and the Beast (1991) The Player (1992) Mrs. Doubtfire (1993) The Lion King (1994) Babe (1995) Evita (1996) As Good as It Gets (1997) Shakespeare in Love (1998) Toy Story 2 (1999) Almost Famous (2000) 2001–present Moulin Rouge! (2001) Chicago (2002) Lost in Translation (2003) Sideways (2004) Walk the Line (2005) Dreamgirls (2006) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008) The Hangover (2009) The Kids Are All Right (2010) The Artist (2011) Les Misérables (2012) American Hustle (2013) The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) The Martian (2015) La La Land (2016) Lady Bird (2017) Green Book (2018) Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019) Borat Subsequent Moviefilm (2020) West Side Story (2021) The Banshees of Inisherin (2022) Poor Things (2023) Emilia Pérez (2024) One Battle After Another (2025) Moulin Rouge! (2001) Chicago (2002) Lost in Translation (2003) Sideways (2004) Walk the Line (2005) Dreamgirls (2006) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Vicky Cristina Barcelona (2008) The Hangover (2009) The Kids Are All Right (2010) The Artist (2011) Les Misérables (2012) American Hustle (2013) The Grand Budapest Hotel (2014) The Martian (2015) La La Land (2016) Lady Bird (2017) Green Book (2018) Once Upon a Time in Hollywood (2019) Borat Subsequent Moviefilm (2020) West Side Story (2021) The Banshees of Inisherin (2022) Poor Things (2023) Emilia Pérez (2024) One Battle After Another (2025) Authority control databases International VIAF VIAF National United States France BnF data United States France BnF data 1984 films 1984 romantic comedy films 1980s adventure comedy films 1980s action adventure films American action adventure films American adventure comedy films American romantic comedy films 1980s English-language films Films about writers Films set in Colombia Films set in New York City Films shot in Mexico Films about treasure hunting Jungle adventure films Films shot in Utah Best Musical or Comedy Picture Golden Globe winners Films featuring a Best Musical or Comedy Actress Golden Globe winning performance 20th Century Fox films Estudios Churubusco films Films directed by Robert Zemeckis Films produced by Michael Douglas Films scored by Alan Silvestri 1984 American films 1984 Mexican films English-language action adventure films English-language romantic comedy films English-language adventure comedy films Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Template film date with 2 release dates Rotten Tomatoes ID same as Wikidata This page was last edited on 30 December 2025, at 05:15 (UTC) . 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Paje xef Porton de comunia Cambias resente Paje acaso Aida Pajes spesial Fa un dona Crea un conta Autentici Fa un dona Crea un conta Autentici Contents Comensa 1 Istoria Paje xef Paje xef Discute Leje Regarda la fonte Mostra istoria Leje Regarda la fonte Mostra istoria Lias a esta paje Cambias relatada Carga fix Lia permanente Informa de paje Refere a esta paje Get shortened URL Descarga codigo QR Switch to legacy parser Crea un libro Descarga como PDF Varia primable Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Vicidatos Wikifunctions Wikimania Dato de Vicidatos Bonveni a la Vicipedia de elefen ( lingua franca nova ) la ensiclopedia libre cual cadun pote edita! Aora nos ave 4,501 articles. Categorias major ➙ Arte Arte Siensa umana Siensas umana Matimatix Pasatempo Siensas natural Siensas natural Tecnolojia Tecnolojia Elefen Elefen Un article bon Cultiva en Barat ia comensa a min 8000 anios ante aora; Asi, un cultivor maneja un arado traeda par boves en Bangla Ueste Barat (o India ) es un pais en Asia . La area es sirca 3 287 590 cilometres cuadrida. La cuantia real de popla en Barat, en la anio 2016, es sirca 1 293 057 000 persones. La site capital es Delhi Nova . La presidente de 2012 es Pranab K. Mukherjee (sentral-sinistra). La ministro xef es Manmohan Singh, un sic. Barat ave 23 linguas oficial cual inclui engles, ma 22 es barati. La linguas major es hindi (30% a 40%), bangla , telugu , marati , tamil , urdu , gudjarati , malaialam , canada , oria , pandjabi , asames , kaxmiri , sindi , bodo , dogri , kokani , maitili , manipuri , nepali , santali , sanscrito , e engles . Istoria 1947: Autonomi de la Impero Brites. Multe combates ia aveni entre Hinduistes e Islamistes, con plu ca milion mores. 1947–1964: La ministro xef orijinal ia es "Pandit" Nehru. Sua fia Indira Gandhi, e la fio de sra Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, ia es ance ministros xef, e ia es matada. 1948: "Padre de India" Mahatma Gandhi ia es matada par un estremiste hindu. A pos 1947, Barat ia ave un economia desiniada sosialiste. Lo es un de la membros fundor de la Move de Nonaliniadas e de la Nasiones Unida. Lo ia luta multe geras de sua nondepende de Britan, incluinte en 1947-48, 1965, 1971, e 1999 con Pacistan e en 1962 con Jonguo. Lo ia ance concista Goa en 1961 contra Portugal. Barat ia fa probas nucleal en 1974 e 1998, e lo es un de la paises con armas nucleal. De 1991, Barat ia es un de la economias con crese plu rapida en la mundo. Per plu, vade a Barat . Per un introdui simple a la crea o edita de pajes sur esta vicipedia vade asi! Articles xef Artes Arciteta | Dansa | Depinta | Desinia | Fotografia | Leteratur | Musica | Sculta | Teatro Siensas umana Antropolojia | Arceolojia | Biografia | Economia | Filosofia | Istoria | Jeografia | Lege | Lingua | Linguistica | Politica | Psicolojia | Relijio Pasatempos Abita | Cosini | Colie | Jardin | Jeneolojia | Jua | Moda | Sinema | Sporte | Televisa | Turisme Siensas natural Astronomia | Biolojia | Cimica | Clima | Ecolojia | Fisica | Jenetica | Jeolojia | Matematica | Medica | Paleontolojia Tecnolojia Armas | Computador | Cultiva | Eletronica | Injenia | Interede | Transporta | Vicitecnolojia Lingua franca nova Istoria de lfn | Transcrive | Nomes personal | Termas tecnical | Tempo en elefen Elefen estra Vicipedia Elefen ave otra locas importante a la rede, estra esta vicipedia: La disionario xercable grande . La paje xef de elefen, con introduis e esemplos en multe linguas ; Nosa loca per plu informa sur elefen ; La menu per sentos de naras, poesias, e cantas . Per favore, visita los! Bonveni a la Vicipedia de elefen ( lingua franca nova ) la ensiclopedia libre cual cadun pote edita! Aora nos ave 4,501 articles. Categorias major ➙ Bonveni a la Vicipedia de elefen ( lingua franca nova ) la ensiclopedia libre cual cadun pote edita! Aora nos ave 4,501 articles. Categorias major ➙ Arte Arte Siensa umana Siensas umana Matimatix Pasatempo Siensas natural Siensas natural Tecnolojia Tecnolojia Elefen Elefen Un article bon Cultiva en Barat ia comensa a min 8000 anios ante aora; Asi, un cultivor maneja un arado traeda par boves en Bangla Ueste Barat (o India ) es un pais en Asia . La area es sirca 3 287 590 cilometres cuadrida. La cuantia real de popla en Barat, en la anio 2016, es sirca 1 293 057 000 persones. La site capital es Delhi Nova . La presidente de 2012 es Pranab K. Mukherjee (sentral-sinistra). La ministro xef es Manmohan Singh, un sic. Barat ave 23 linguas oficial cual inclui engles, ma 22 es barati. La linguas major es hindi (30% a 40%), bangla , telugu , marati , tamil , urdu , gudjarati , malaialam , canada , oria , pandjabi , asames , kaxmiri , sindi , bodo , dogri , kokani , maitili , manipuri , nepali , santali , sanscrito , e engles . Istoria 1947: Autonomi de la Impero Brites. Multe combates ia aveni entre Hinduistes e Islamistes, con plu ca milion mores. 1947–1964: La ministro xef orijinal ia es "Pandit" Nehru. Sua fia Indira Gandhi, e la fio de sra Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, ia es ance ministros xef, e ia es matada. 1948: "Padre de India" Mahatma Gandhi ia es matada par un estremiste hindu. A pos 1947, Barat ia ave un economia desiniada sosialiste. Lo es un de la membros fundor de la Move de Nonaliniadas e de la Nasiones Unida. Lo ia luta multe geras de sua nondepende de Britan, incluinte en 1947-48, 1965, 1971, e 1999 con Pacistan e en 1962 con Jonguo. Lo ia ance concista Goa en 1961 contra Portugal. Barat ia fa probas nucleal en 1974 e 1998, e lo es un de la paises con armas nucleal. De 1991, Barat ia es un de la economias con crese plu rapida en la mundo. Per plu, vade a Barat . Barat (o India ) es un pais en Asia . La area es sirca 3 287 590 cilometres cuadrida. La cuantia real de popla en Barat, en la anio 2016, es sirca 1 293 057 000 persones. La site capital es Delhi Nova . La presidente de 2012 es Pranab K. Mukherjee (sentral-sinistra). La ministro xef es Manmohan Singh, un sic. Barat ave 23 linguas oficial cual inclui engles, ma 22 es barati. La linguas major es hindi (30% a 40%), bangla , telugu , marati , tamil , urdu , gudjarati , malaialam , canada , oria , pandjabi , asames , kaxmiri , sindi , bodo , dogri , kokani , maitili , manipuri , nepali , santali , sanscrito , e engles . Istoria 1947: Autonomi de la Impero Brites. Multe combates ia aveni entre Hinduistes e Islamistes, con plu ca milion mores. 1947–1964: La ministro xef orijinal ia es "Pandit" Nehru. Sua fia Indira Gandhi, e la fio de sra Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, ia es ance ministros xef, e ia es matada. 1948: "Padre de India" Mahatma Gandhi ia es matada par un estremiste hindu. A pos 1947, Barat ia ave un economia desiniada sosialiste. Lo es un de la membros fundor de la Move de Nonaliniadas e de la Nasiones Unida. Lo ia luta multe geras de sua nondepende de Britan, incluinte en 1947-48, 1965, 1971, e 1999 con Pacistan e en 1962 con Jonguo. Lo ia ance concista Goa en 1961 contra Portugal. Barat ia fa probas nucleal en 1974 e 1998, e lo es un de la paises con armas nucleal. De 1991, Barat ia es un de la economias con crese plu rapida en la mundo. Per plu, vade a Barat . Istoria 1947: Autonomi de la Impero Brites. Multe combates ia aveni entre Hinduistes e Islamistes, con plu ca milion mores. 1947–1964: La ministro xef orijinal ia es "Pandit" Nehru. Sua fia Indira Gandhi, e la fio de sra Gandhi, Rajiv Gandhi, ia es ance ministros xef, e ia es matada. 1948: "Padre de India" Mahatma Gandhi ia es matada par un estremiste hindu. A pos 1947, Barat ia ave un economia desiniada sosialiste. Lo es un de la membros fundor de la Move de Nonaliniadas e de la Nasiones Unida. Lo ia luta multe geras de sua nondepende de Britan, incluinte en 1947-48, 1965, 1971, e 1999 con Pacistan e en 1962 con Jonguo. Lo ia ance concista Goa en 1961 contra Portugal. Barat ia fa probas nucleal en 1974 e 1998, e lo es un de la paises con armas nucleal. De 1991, Barat ia es un de la economias con crese plu rapida en la mundo. Per plu, vade a Barat . Articles xef Artes Arciteta | Dansa | Depinta | Desinia | Fotografia | Leteratur | Musica | Sculta | Teatro Siensas umana Antropolojia | Arceolojia | Biografia | Economia | Filosofia | Istoria | Jeografia | Lege | Lingua | Linguistica | Politica | Psicolojia | Relijio Pasatempos Abita | Cosini | Colie | Jardin | Jeneolojia | Jua | Moda | Sinema | Sporte | Televisa | Turisme Siensas natural Astronomia | Biolojia | Cimica | Clima | Ecolojia | Fisica | Jenetica | Jeolojia | Matematica | Medica | Paleontolojia Tecnolojia Armas | Computador | Cultiva | Eletronica | Injenia | Interede | Transporta | Vicitecnolojia Lingua franca nova Istoria de lfn | Transcrive | Nomes personal | Termas tecnical | Tempo en elefen Artes Arciteta | Dansa | Depinta | Desinia | Fotografia | Leteratur | Musica | Sculta | Teatro Siensas umana Antropolojia | Arceolojia | Biografia | Economia | Filosofia | Istoria | Jeografia | Lege | Lingua | Linguistica | Politica | Psicolojia | Relijio Pasatempos Abita | Cosini | Colie | Jardin | Jeneolojia | Jua | Moda | Sinema | Sporte | Televisa | Turisme Artes Arciteta | Dansa | Depinta | Desinia | Fotografia | Leteratur | Musica | Sculta | Teatro Arciteta | Dansa | Depinta | Desinia | Fotografia | Leteratur | Musica | Sculta | Teatro Siensas umana Antropolojia | Arceolojia | Biografia | Economia | Filosofia | Istoria | Jeografia | Lege | Lingua | Linguistica | Politica | Psicolojia | Relijio Antropolojia | Arceolojia | Biografia | Economia | Filosofia | Istoria | Jeografia | Lege | Lingua | Linguistica | Politica | Psicolojia | Relijio Pasatempos Abita | Cosini | Colie | Jardin | Jeneolojia | Jua | Moda | Sinema | Sporte | Televisa | Turisme Abita | Cosini | Colie | Jardin | Jeneolojia | Jua | Moda | Sinema | Sporte | Televisa | Turisme Siensas natural Astronomia | Biolojia | Cimica | Clima | Ecolojia | Fisica | Jenetica | Jeolojia | Matematica | Medica | Paleontolojia Tecnolojia Armas | Computador | Cultiva | Eletronica | Injenia | Interede | Transporta | Vicitecnolojia Lingua franca nova Istoria de lfn | Transcrive | Nomes personal | Termas tecnical | Tempo en elefen Siensas natural Astronomia | Biolojia | Cimica | Clima | Ecolojia | Fisica | Jenetica | Jeolojia | Matematica | Medica | Paleontolojia Astronomia | Biolojia | Cimica | Clima | Ecolojia | Fisica | Jenetica | Jeolojia | Matematica | Medica | Paleontolojia Tecnolojia Armas | Computador | Cultiva | Eletronica | Injenia | Interede | Transporta | Vicitecnolojia Armas | Computador | Cultiva | Eletronica | Injenia | Interede | Transporta | Vicitecnolojia Lingua franca nova Istoria de lfn | Transcrive | Nomes personal | Termas tecnical | Tempo en elefen Istoria de lfn | Transcrive | Nomes personal | Termas tecnical | Tempo en elefen Elefen estra Vicipedia Elefen ave otra locas importante a la rede, estra esta vicipedia: La disionario xercable grande . La paje xef de elefen, con introduis e esemplos en multe linguas ; Nosa loca per plu informa sur elefen ; La menu per sentos de naras, poesias, e cantas . Per favore, visita los! Elefen ave otra locas importante a la rede, estra esta vicipedia: La disionario xercable grande . La paje xef de elefen, con introduis e esemplos en multe linguas ; Nosa loca per plu informa sur elefen ; La menu per sentos de naras, poesias, e cantas . Per favore, visita los! Articles bon per la paje xef Paje xef Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Testo es disponeda su la Lisensa Attribution-ShareAlike de Creative Commons ; plu restrinjes pote pertine. Vide Contrata de usa per detalias. Promete de privatia Sur Vicipedia Renunsias Code of Conduct Developores Statistics Declara de cuci Aspeta per telefoneta
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January Toggle January subsection 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 2 References 3 External links Deaths in 2026 العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano کٲشُر Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The following notable deaths occurred in 2026. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. January 17 16 Olena Grechanina , 90, Ukrainian scientist. [ 1 ] Ratbek hadji Nysanbayev , 85, Kazakh religious figure, supreme mufti of Kazakhstan (1990–2000). [ 2 ] (death announced on this date) 15 Abdullahi Abubakar , 90, Nigerian Islamic cleric and humanitarian. [ 3 ] Ante Grgurević , 50, Croatian basketball player ( Split , Lugano Tigers ) and coach (Split). [ 4 ] Rafael Gvaladze , 78, Azerbaijani jurist, judge of the Constitutional Court (1998–2025). [ 5 ] Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark , 83, Greek-Spanish royal. [ 6 ] Kim Sin-yong , 80, South Korean writer. [ 7 ] Mutumwa Mawere , 66, Zimbabwean-South African mining industry executive. [ 8 ] Kenny Morris , 68, English drummer ( Siouxsie and the Banshees ). [ 9 ] (death announced on this date) Edgar Salvé , 79, Belgian Olympic middle-distance runner ( 1968 , 1972 ). [ 10 ] Ajay Varma , 62, Indian cricketer ( Bengal ). [ 11 ] Gagik Yeganyan , 69, Armenian politician. [ 12 ] 14 Layonel Adams , 31, Russian footballer ( Banants , Cerceda , Isloch Minsk Raion ), fall. [ 13 ] Dmitri Akimov , 45, Russian footballer ( Metallurg Lipetsk , Sibir Novosibirsk , Rostov ). [ 14 ] Aroha Awarau , 49, New Zealand playwright and journalist. [ 15 ] Namirembe Bitamazire , 84, Ugandan academic and politician, MP (2001–2011). [ 16 ] Alfonso Castellanos , 91, Colombian radio broadcaster and journalist. [ 17 ] Jean-Hugues Colonna , 91, French politician, deputy (1981–1988). [ 18 ] (death announced on this date) Valeria Fedeli , 76, Italian politician, minister of education (2016–2018) and senator (2013–2022). [ 19 ] Oleksandr Kabanov , 52, Ukrainian politician, deputy (since 2019). [ 20 ] Kim Min-jae , 53, South Korean baseball player ( Lotte Giants , Hanwha Eagles ) and coach ( Doosan Bears ), cancer. [ 21 ] Rick Link , 66, American professional wrestler, trainer and promoter. [ 22 ] Nie Weiping , 73, Chinese Go player. [ 23 ] Melania Pérez [ es ] , 76, Argentine singer. [ 24 ] Ricard Pérez Casado , 80, Spanish politician, mayor of Valencia (1979–1988) and deputy (2000–2004). [ 25 ] Seppo Reijonen , 81, Finnish Olympic ski jumper ( 1968 ). [ 26 ] Jean Rossier , 81, Belgian biologist and academic. [ 27 ] (death announced on this date) Ernestine Russell , 87, Canadian Olympic gymnast ( 1956 , 1960 ). [ 28 ] Ado Schlier , 90, German radio personality ( Radio Salzburg , Bayerischer Rundfunk ). [ 29 ] Vera Valdez , 89, Brazilian model. [ 30 ] Quemil Yambay , 87, Paraguayan musician and composer. [ 31 ] Igor Zolotovitskiy , 64, Russian actor ( Taxi Blues , Luna Park , Composition for Victory Day ), academic and television director, cancer. [ 32 ] 13 Scott Adams , 68, American cartoonist ( Dilbert ), prostate cancer. [ 33 ] Iqbal Athas , 81, Sri Lankan journalist ( The Sunday Times , Jane's Defence Weekly ). [ 34 ] Lina Bernardi [ it ] , 87, Italian actress ( The Story of Piera , The Last Kiss , The Embalmer ). [ 35 ] Alfred Blumstein , 95, American scientist. [ 36 ] Mark Brnovich , 59, American politician and attorney, Arizona attorney general (2015–2023), heart attack. [ 37 ] Paola Cardia [ it ] , 73, Italian footballer ( national team ). [ 38 ] David Collier , 70, English sports administrator, chief executive of the England and Wales Cricket Board (2004–2014). [ 39 ] Claudette Colvin , 86, American civil rights activist ( Browder v. Gayle ). [ 40 ] Indira Devi Dhanrajgir , 95, Indian poet and socialite. [ 41 ] Catherine Duprat , 89, French historian. [ 42 ] Barbara Eustachiewicz , 87, Polish Olympic gymnast ( 1960 , 1964 ). [ 43 ] Jesse Flis , 92, Canadian politician, MP (1979–1984, 1988–1997). [ 44 ] Bir Bhadra Hagjer , 75, Indian politician, Assam MLA (2016–2021). [ 45 ] Ali Hassan , 61, Mozambican footballer ( Sporting , Vitória de Setúbal , national team ), cancer. [ 46 ] Hun Yuan , 81, Taiwanese religious leader, founder of Weixinism . [ 47 ] Heiki Kranich , 64, Estonian politician, twice MP , minister of finance (1994) and environment (1999–2003). [ 48 ] Jason Lafreniere , 59, Canadian ice hockey player ( Quebec Nordiques , Tampa Bay Lightning , New York Rangers ). [ 49 ] (death announced on this date) Blanche Marvin , 100, American-born British theatre critic, producer and writer. [ 50 ] Doug McConnell , 80, American television journalist. [ 51 ] Bruce McLeod , 96, Canadian clergyman, moderator of the United Church of Canada (1972–1974). [ 52 ] Rolando Nannicini , 79, Italian politician, deputy (2001–2013). [ 53 ] Seán Ó Sé , 89, Irish tenor singer. [ 54 ] Ivan Onufriyev , 58, Russian footballer ( Geolog Tyumen , MTsOP-Metallurg Verkhnyaya Pyshma , Dynamo Stavropol ). [ 55 ] Annemarie Prins , 93, Dutch actress ( Accused , Memory Lane ), director and writer. [ 56 ] Renzo Ragonesi [ it ] , 82, Italian footballer ( Venezia , Reggiana , Modena ). [ 57 ] Jean-Loup Trassard , 92, French photographer. [ 58 ] (death announced on this date) Rudolf Urc [ sk ] , 88, Slovak director of documentary and animated films and academic. [ 59 ] George Vassiliou , 94, Cypriot politician, president (1988–1993) and MP (1996–2001), respiratory infection. [ 60 ] David Webb , 60, British-born Hong Kong activist investor, prostate cancer. [ 61 ] Hans Wiktorsson [ sv ] , 75, Swedish actor ( The Painter , Kurt Olssons julkalender ), complications from a brain injury. [ 62 ] Brian Wilshire , 81, Australian radio broadcaster ( 2GB ). [ 63 ] Razmik Zohrabyan , 75, Armenian politician, MP (2007–2017). [ 64 ] 12 Oba C. D. Akran , 89, Nigerian politician and traditional ruler. [ 65 ] Mahmoud Al-Astal , Palestinian police chief, shot. [ 66 ] Sheila Bernette , 94, English singer ( The Good Old Days , The Black and White Minstrel Show ) and actress ( The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ). [ 67 ] Paul Clauson , 76, Australian politician, Queensland MP (1985–1989), attorney-general (1986–1989). [ 68 ] Rolland Courbis , 72, French football player ( Monaco ) and manager ( Bordeaux , Marseille ). [ 69 ] Bill Courtney , 55, American college basketball coach ( Cornell Big Red , Miami Hurricanes , Temple Owls ). [ 70 ] Mochammad Djamhari , 82, Indonesian military officer and politician, Regent of Bekasi Regency (1993–1998). [ 71 ] John Forté , 50, American rapper ( Refugee Camp All-Stars ) and producer ( The Score ). [ 72 ] Rick Garcia , 69, American LGBTQ activist. [ 73 ] Mohammad Ilyas , 79, Pakistani cricketer ( Lahore , Pakistan International Airlines , national team ), cancer. [ 74 ] Asda Jayanama , 84, Thai diplomat. [ 75 ] Robert Jensen , 52, Dutch television personality ( Jensen! ), cardiac arrest. [ 76 ] Jayashree Kabir , 73, Indian actress ( Pratidwandi , Simana Periye , Rupali Saikate ). [ 77 ] Robert V. Kohn , 72, American mathematician, cancer. [ 78 ] Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin , 26, British guitarist ( Black Midi ). [ 79 ] (death announced on this date) Jan Mårtenson , 92, Swedish author and diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (1993–1995). [ 80 ] Eddie McCreadie , 85, Scottish football player ( Chelsea , national team ) and manager (Chelsea). [ 81 ] Luigi Nicolais , 83, Italian engineer and politician, minister for public administration (2006–2008), deputy (2008–2012), and president of the National Research Council (2012–2016). [ 82 ] Alain Orsoni , 71, French politician, Corsican independence militant ( FLNC ) and football executive ( AC Ajaccio ), shot. [ 83 ] Mario Rigutti , 99, Italian astronomer. [ 84 ] Roland Riz , 98, Italian politician, deputy (1958–1963, 1968–1987), senator (1987–1996). [ 85 ] Catherine Samie , 92, French actress ( Lovers of Paris , The Old Maid , They Came Back ). [ 86 ] Michel Tombereau , 80, French painter, complications from influenza. [ 87 ] Karen Vold , 86, American Hall of Fame trick rider. [ 88 ] Martin Willich , 80, German politician, member of the Hamburg Parliament (1974–1995). [ 89 ] Isaac Witz , 91, Austrian-born Israeli immunologist. [ 90 ] Benjaminas Zelkevičius , 81, Lithuanian football player ( Žalgiris Vilnius , Shakhtar Donetsk ) and manager ( national team ). [ 91 ] 11 Pavel Akishev , 42, Russian baseball player ( national team ). [ 92 ] (death announced on this date) Gabriel Barkay , 81, Israeli archaeologist. [ 93 ] Alberto Benzoni , 90, Italian journalist and politician. [ 94 ] Louis E. Brus , 82, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (2023). [ 95 ] Thomas Causey , 76, American sound engineer ( Dick Tracy , Star Trek Generations , Escape from New York ). [ 96 ] Giancarlo Cauteruccio , 69, Italian theatre actor and director. [ 97 ] Richard Codey , 79, American politician, governor of New Jersey (2004–2006), member of the New Jersey Senate (1982–2024). [ 98 ] Marcus Gilbert , 67, British actor ( Army of Darkness , The Masks of Death , Rambo III ), throat cancer. [ 99 ] Dave Giusti , 86, American baseball player ( Houston Astros , Pittsburgh Pirates ), World Series champion ( 1971 ). [ 100 ] Robert Hopkins , 64, English footballer ( Birmingham City , West Bromwich Albion , Shrewsbury Town ). [ 101 ] Bennie Carlton Keel , 91, American archaeologist. [ 102 ] Ueli Kestenholz , 50, Swiss snowboarder, Olympic bronze medallist ( 1998 ), avalanche. [ 103 ] Mukharby Kirzhinov , 77, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion ( 1972 ). [ 104 ] Kōtarō Kodama , 91, Japanese politician, mayor of Akitakata (1980–2008). [ 105 ] Nelson Manrique , 78, Peruvian historian and sociologist. [ 106 ] Titina Medeiros , 48, Brazilian actress ( Cheias de Charme , A Lei do Amor , Now Generation ), pancreatic cancer. [ 107 ] Ahmad Melli , 76–77, Syrian actor. [ 108 ] Miquel Naudí , 77, Andorran politician, member of the General Council (1981–1983). [ 109 ] Takashi Ono , 97, Japanese-born American mathematician. [ 110 ] Park Soon-yong , 81, South Korean lawyer, prosecutor general (1999–2001). [ 111 ] Miroslava Pešíková , 79, Czech dancer and ballet master. [ 112 ] Clarence Pierce , 97, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1952–1984). [ 113 ] Eugen Pojoni , 84, Romanian footballer ( Viitorul București , Crișul Oradea , UTA Arad ). [ 114 ] Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell , Samoan politician, MLA (2021–2025). [ 115 ] Samir Putatundu , 73, Indian politician. [ 116 ] Nasser bin Radan Al Rashid Al Wadaei , Saudi longevity claimant. [ 117 ] Grete Salomonsen , 74, Norwegian film director ( Kamilla and the Thief , Yohan: The Child Wanderer ). [ 118 ] Robert G. Shulman , 101, American biophysicist. [ 119 ] Aniceto Sobrepeña , 77, Filipino banker and public servant. [ 120 ] Prashant Tamang , 43, Indian singer ( Indian Idol ) and actor ( Paatal Lok ), cardiac arrest. [ 121 ] Sergio Tarquinio , 100, Italian painter. [ 122 ] Trevor A. Toussaint , 65, British actor ( Hollyoaks ). [ 123 ] John Wallace , 76, Scottish trumpeter, composer and arts educator. [ 124 ] Herman Wouters , 85, Belgian politician, mayor of Grobbendonk (1989–1997). [ 125 ] 10 Sturla Böðvarsson , 80, Icelandic politician, minister of communications and transportation (1999–2007), president of the Althing (2007–2009). [ 126 ] Manoel Carlos , 92, Brazilian television writer ( Por Amor , Laços de Família , Mulheres Apaixonadas ). [ 127 ] Daniel Colson , 82, French sociologist and academic. [ 128 ] Yolande Viviane Compaoré , Burkinabe politician, governor of Nord Region . [ 129 ] Erich von Däniken , 90, Swiss author and ufologist ( Chariots of the Gods? ). [ 130 ] Distorted Humor , 32, American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, euthanized. [ 131 ] Sergey Galkov , 60, Russian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 1988 ). [ 132 ] Richard Hynes , 81, British biologist. [ 133 ] (death announced on this date) Jim Hartung , 65, American gymnast, Olympic champion ( 1984 ), and coach. [ 134 ] Mario Jacquet [ es ] , 79, Paraguayan footballer ( Cerro Porteño , Real Oviedo , Real Valladolid ). [ 135 ] Włodzimierz Jakubowski , 86, Polish football player ( Lech Poznań ) and manager ( Mieszko Gniezno , Bałtyk Gdynia ). [ 136 ] Kathy Javner , 52, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (since 2018), breast cancer. [ 137 ] Yeison Jiménez , 34, Colombian singer, plane crash . [ 138 ] Václav Klučka , 72, Czech politician, deputy (1992–1996, 2006–2017). [ 139 ] Robert Kostelka , 92, American politician, member of the Louisiana State Senate (2003–2016). [ 140 ] Derek Martin , 92, British actor ( Law & Order , Eldorado , EastEnders ). [ 141 ] Marco Proaño Maya , 80, Ecuadorian politician, three-time deputy . [ 142 ] Davinder Singh , 73, Indian field hockey player, Olympic champion ( 1980 ). [ 143 ] Ivan Štampach , 79, Czech religionist and theologian. [ 144 ] Thierry Steimetz , 42, French footballer ( Amnéville , Metz , Homburg ), cancer. [ 145 ] Orazio Svelto , 89, Italian physicist. [ 146 ] Isabel Veloso , 19, Brazilian social media influencer, complications from bone marrow transplant. [ 147 ] Manolo Villaverde , 91, Cuban-American actor ( ¿Qué Pasa, USA? , Taina , Wiseguy ). [ 148 ] Prawase Wasi , 93, Thai hematologist. [ 149 ] Bob Weir , 78, American Hall of Fame musician ( Grateful Dead ) and songwriter (" Sugar Magnolia ", " One More Saturday Night "), complications from cancer. [ 150 ] Robert Wolgemuth , 77, American author, chairman of the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association . [ 151 ] 9 Ai , 49, Japanese Western chimpanzee , subject of cognition studies, multiple organ failure. [ 152 ] Zeno Bianu , 75, French writer. [ 153 ] Andrés Caniulef , 48, Chilean journalist, heart attack. [ 154 ] T. K. Carter , 69, American actor ( The Thing , Punky Brewster , Runaway Train ). [ 155 ] Robert Croft , 91, American freediver. [ 156 ] Jean-Louis Duplat , 88, Belgian magistrate. [ 157 ] Beatriz González , 93, Colombian painter, sculptor and art historian. [ 158 ] Ulf Granberg , 80, Swedish comics creator and editor ( The Phantom ). [ 159 ] Jitka Gruntová , 80, Czech politician, deputy (2002–2006). [ 160 ] Hans Herrmann , 97, German racing driver ( Formula One ). [ 161 ] Sandra Hester , 68, American socio-political activist. [ 162 ] Pirkko Ikonen , 98, Finnish politician, MP (1983–1991). [ 163 ] Heber Jentzsch , 90, American Scientology executive ( Church of Scientology International ), actor and journalist ( Los Angeles Free Press ). [ 164 ] (death announced on this date) Manfred Kuhmichel , 82, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (1990–2012). [ 165 ] Lê Văn Dũng , 80, Vietnamese military officer and politician, chief of the general staff (1998–2001). [ 166 ] Khawlhring Lalremruata , 38, Indian cricketer ( Mizoram ), heart attack. [ 167 ] Diane Munday , 94, British political activist, co-founder of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service . [ 168 ] Valery Noskov [ ru ] , 59, Russian biathlete. [ 169 ] Tina Packer , 87, British actress ( David Copperfield , Doctor Who ) and stage director, co-founder of Shakespeare & Company . [ 170 ] Zelico Petrovic [ it ] , 77, Yugoslav-born Italian footballer ( Taranto , Rimini , Catania ). [ 171 ] Larry Snook , 84, American politician. [ 172 ] Terry Sullivan , 87, British drummer ( Renaissance ). [ 173 ] Josep Maria Triginer , 82, Spanish politician. [ 174 ] Eleni Varikas , 76, Greek-born French political philosopher and academic, lung cancer. [ 175 ] Yao Chiang-lin [ zh ] , 75, Taiwanese politician. [ 176 ] Vincenzo Zarri , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Bologna (1976–1988) and bishop of Forlì-Bertinoro (1988–2005). [ 177 ] 8 Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki , 96, British occult writer. [ 178 ] Musa Gibril Bala Gaye , 79, Gambian economist and politician, minister of finance (2003–2009) and foreign affairs (2005). [ 179 ] Murat Bisembin , 53, Kazakh actor, cancer. [ 180 ] Loraine Braham , 87, Australian politician, member (1994–2008) and speaker (1997–1999, 2001–2005) of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly . [ 181 ] Günther Brendel , 95, German painter, graphic artist and academic. [ 182 ] Heloísa de Carvalho , 56, Brazilian writer and political activist. [ 183 ] Václav Cigler , 96, Czech sculptor and visual artist. [ 184 ] Conrado Corsalette , 47, Brazilian journalist. [ 185 ] Mieczysław Czerniawski , 77, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991, 1993–2005). [ 186 ] Nelly Chatué Diop , 41, Cameroonian computer scientist. [ 187 ] Jean-Luc Domenach , 80, French historian, sinologist and political scientist. [ 188 ] Jim Furlong , 85, Canadian football player ( Calgary Stampeders ). [ 189 ] Sergio Goizauskas , 69, Argentine-born French cartoonist. [ 190 ] Vijay Singh Gond , 68, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1980–2007, since 2024), kidney failure. [ 191 ] Dave Hitchcock , 76, English record producer ( In the Land of Grey and Pink , Foxtrot , The Snow Goose ) and accountant. [ 192 ] Jian Shuisheng [ zh ] , 96, Chinese academic. [ 193 ] Philippe Junot , 85, French venture capitalist and property developer. [ 194 ] Madalitso Kazombo , 46, Malawian politician, first deputy speaker of the National Assembly (2019–2025), asthma attack. [ 195 ] Dieudonné Larose , 80, Haitian singer. [ 196 ] Rhoda Levine , 93, American opera director and choreographer. [ 197 ] (death announced on this date) Elisa Lisboa [ pt ] , 81, Portuguese actress ( Sabor da Paixão , Morangos com Açúcar , A Impostora ). [ 198 ] Evgeny Lyubivyi , 51, Russian politician. [ 199 ] Antonino Mangano [ it ] , 75, Italian marathon and middle-distance runner. [ 200 ] Guy Moon , 63, American composer ( The Fairly OddParents , Big Time Rush , Danny Phantom ), traffic collision. [ 201 ] Jafar Nainggolan , 79, Indonesian politician, MP (2009–2014). [ 202 ] Hiroshi Nakamura , 93, Japanese surrealist painter, pancreatic cancer. [ 203 ] Álvaro Peña-Rojas , 82, Chilean-German singer and songwriter. [ 204 ] Howard Riley , 87, English footballer ( Leicester City , Walsall , Barrow ). [ 205 ] Astrid Roemer , 78, Surinamese-Dutch writer and teacher. [ 206 ] Kjersti Scheen , 82, Norwegian journalist and writer. [ 207 ] Uljana Semjonova , 73, Latvian basketball player, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1980 ). [ 208 ] Sir Tim Shadbolt , 78, New Zealand politician, mayor of Waitemata City (1983–1989) and Invercargill (1993–1995, 1998–2022). [ 209 ] Meinam Bhorot Singh , 75, Indian politician, Manipur MLA (2002–2007). [ 210 ] Mojtaba Tarshiz , 47, Iranian footballer ( Shahr Khodro F.C. , Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. , Gostaresh Foulad F.C. ), shot . [ 211 ] Matthew Taylor , 57–58, American musician ( Bellini ) and artist, heart attack. [ 212 ] Wim Van Belleghem , 62, Belgian Olympic rower ( 1988 , 1992 ), world champion ( 1987 ). [ 213 ] Paul Calvin Visser , 89, American politician, mayor of Flint, Michigan (1973–1975). [ 214 ] Terry Yorath , 75, Welsh football player ( Leeds United , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 215 ] 7 Ali Ardestani , Iranian convicted spy, execution by hanging. [ 216 ] Madjoulba Batocfetou , Togolese agronomic engineer. [ 217 ] James Bernard , American music journalist and magazine editor ( The Source , XXL ). [ 218 ] (death announced on this date) Ihor Blazhkov , 89, Ukrainian conductor. [ 219 ] Albert Bourgi , 90, French jurist. [ 220 ] Raffaella Bragazzi , 66, Italian television presenter and radio host. [ 221 ] Frank S. Cerveny , 92, American Episcopalian clergyman, bishop of Florida (1974–1992). [ 222 ] Camilo Isaac Chavarría , 27, Panamanian model ( Mister Panamá ) and reality show contestant ( Calle 7 ), heart attack. [ 223 ] Martin Chivers , 80, English footballer ( Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , national team ). [ 224 ] Ángel Coerezza , 92, Argentine football referee ( AFA ). [ 225 ] John W. Derr , 84, American politician, member of the Maryland Senate (1983–1999), cancer. [ 226 ] Hiroya Ebina , 67, Japanese politician, mayor of Kushiro (2008–2024), member of the Hokkaido Legislative Assembly (1999–2008), cardiac arrest. [ 227 ] Tony Field , 79, English footballer ( Blackburn Rovers , Southport , Memphis Rogues ). [ 228 ] Vera Frances , 95, English actress ( Back-Room Boy , King Arthur Was a Gentleman , It's That Man Again ). [ 229 ] Madhav Gadgil , 83, Indian ecologist. [ 230 ] Renee Good , 37, American poet and writer, shot . [ 231 ] Domenico Graziani , 81, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Cassano all'Jonio (1999–2006) and archbishop of Crotone-Santa Severina (2006–2019). [ 232 ] Glenn Hall , 94, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings , St. Louis Blues ), Stanley Cup champion ( 1952 , 1961 ). [ 233 ] Sidney de Jong , 46, Dutch Olympic baseball player ( 2004 , 2008 ). [ 234 ] Rebecca Kilgore , 76, American jazz vocalist. [ 235 ] Jon Lindsay , 90, American politician, member of the Texas Senate (1997–2007). [ 236 ] Uri Lupolianski , 74, Israeli politician, mayor of Jerusalem (2003–2008) and founder of Yad Sarah . [ 237 ] Ian McCrae , 84, Scottish rugby union player ( Gordonians , national team ). [ 238 ] Randy McMillan , 67, American football player ( Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ). [ 239 ] Roberto Mondragón , 85, American politician, lieutenant governor of New Mexico (1971–1975, 1979–1983). [ 240 ] Kabindra Purkayastha , 94, Indian politician, MP (1991–2014). [ 241 ] Howard Sanderford , 90, American politician, member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1989–2022). [ 242 ] Dietrich Stratmann , 88, German politician, member of the Landtag of Lower Saxony (1982–2003). [ 243 ] Seydou Madani Sy , 92, Senegalese jurist and politician, minister of justice (1986–1990). [ 244 ] Kim Thorson , 93, Canadian politician, Saskatchewan MLA (1956–1960, 1971–1975). [ 245 ] Billy Truax , 82, American football player ( Los Angeles Rams , Dallas Cowboys ). [ 246 ] Chiara Valentini , 84, Italian journalist and writer. [ 247 ] Murad Wahba , 99, Egyptian writer, philosopher and academic. [ 248 ] Athol Webb , 90, Australian footballer ( Melbourne ). [ 249 ] 6 Ang Ziming [ zh ] , 65, Chinese academic. [ 250 ] Joe Arlooktoo , 86, Canadian visual artist and politician, Northwest Territories MLA (1979–1991). [ 251 ] (death announced on this date) Odette Bergoffen , 101, French resistance fighter. [ 252 ] Andrzej Bogusławski , 94, Polish philologist and semanticist. [ 253 ] Ron Boswell , 85, Australian politician, senator (1983–2014). [ 254 ] John Cunningham , 93, American actor ( Titanic , Company , Mystic Pizza ). [ 255 ] Dick Dull , 80, American athletic director ( Maryland Terrapins ). [ 256 ] V. K. Ebrahimkunju , 73, Indian politician, Kerala MLA (2011–2021). [ 257 ] Anna Eder [ de ] , 75, German politician, mayor of Deggendorf (2000–2012). [ 258 ] Johannes Fabian , 88, German anthropologist. [ 259 ] Alex Felipe , 32, Brazilian futsal player ( Sporting CP , Norilsk Nickel , national team ). [ 260 ] Angella D. Ferguson , 100, American pediatrician. [ 261 ] Edith M. Flanigen , 96, American chemist. [ 262 ] Robert Goebbels , 81, Luxembourgish politician, minister for the economy (1989–1999) and energy (1994–1999), signatory of the Schengen Agreement . [ 263 ] Suresh Kalmadi , 81, Indian politician and sports administrator, MP (1982–2014) and president of the IOA (1996–2011). [ 264 ] Doug LaMalfa , 65, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 2013), heart attack. [ 265 ] József Láyer , 70, Hungarian politician, MP (1998–2006). [ 266 ] Jim McBride , 78, American country music songwriter (" Chasing That Neon Rainbow ", " (Who Says) You Can't Have It All ", " Chattahoochee "). [ 267 ] Jack McGregor , 91, American politician and sports team owner, member of the Pennsylvania State Senate (1963–1970) and founder of the Pittsburgh Penguins . [ 268 ] Kathleen Muxel , 54, German politician, member of the Landtag of Brandenburg (since 2019). [ 269 ] Raffaele Nogaro , 92, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Sessa Aurunca (1982–1990) and of Caserta (1990–2009). [ 270 ] James E. O'Grady , 96, American law enforcement officer, Cook County sheriff (1986–1990). [ 271 ] Saeid Pirdoost , 85, Iranian actor ( Snake Fang , Son of Adam, Daughter of Eve , Great Award ), cancer. [ 272 ] Claude Pivi , 66, Guinean military officer, complications from diabetes. [ 273 ] Jaap Pop , 84, Dutch politician, mayor of Haarlem (1995–2006). [ 274 ] David Quail , 88, South African politician and educator, member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature (1999–2009). [ 275 ] Nihal Seneviratne , 91, Sri Lankan civil servant, secretary general of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1981–1994). [ 276 ] Baghir Suleimanov , 66, Azerbaijani petroleum scientist. [ 277 ] Béla Tarr , 70, Hungarian film director ( Sátántangó , Werckmeister Harmonies , The Turin Horse ). [ 278 ] Jerry Thomas , 90, American baseball player ( Minnesota Golden Gophers ). [ 279 ] Gianpaolo Tosel [ it ] , 85, Italian magistrate. [ 280 ] Robert Vicot , 94, French football player ( SC Toulon ) and manager ( Paris Saint-Germain FC , Gabon national team ). [ 281 ] Anatoly Yevtushenko , 91, Russian handball coach, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1988 ). [ 282 ] Zhang Shaokang [ zh ] , 90, Chinese scholar. [ 283 ] Zhou Liwei [ zh ] , 94, Chinese electro-optics professor. [ 284 ] 5 Ahn Sung-ki , 74, South Korean actor ( Silmido , Two Cops , Radio Star ), blood cancer. [ 285 ] Aldrich Ames , 84, American counterintelligence officer ( CIA ) and convicted Soviet-era spy. [ 286 ] Bonifacio Ávila , 75, Colombian Olympic boxer ( 1972 ). [ 287 ] Herbert Beck , 84, German art historian. [ 288 ] Andrew Bodnar , 71, English bass guitarist ( The Rumour ) and songwriter (" I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass "). [ 289 ] (death announced on this date) Andrew Carter , 86, English composer ( Benedicite ) and conductor. [ 290 ] Tom Cherones , 86, American television director ( Seinfeld , NewsRadio , Ellen ), complications from Alzheimer's disease. [ 291 ] Beatriz de Lenclós [ es ] , 102, Spanish dancer. [ 292 ] Jim Dennison , 87, American football coach ( Akron Zips , Walsh Cavaliers ). [ 293 ] Marian Diamond , 89, English actress ( Subterfuge , Goodbye Gemini , The Lord of the Rings ). [ 294 ] Miklós Dudás , 34, Hungarian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 2012 ), world champion ( 2014 ). [ 295 ] Mike Embro , 63, Canadian drummer ( Razor ). [ 296 ] (death announced on this date) Aoi Fujino , 27, Japanese gravure idol , rhabdomyosarcoma . [ 297 ] Paolo Gillet , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Albano (1993–2005). [ 298 ] Pier Francesco Guarguaglini , 88, Italian defense industry executive, chairman of Finmeccanica (2002–2011). [ 299 ] Bruce Hammock , 78, American entomologist. [ 300 ] Ad van Kempen , 81, Dutch actor ( 1-900 , 'n Beetje Verliefd , Winter in Wartime ), prostate cancer. [ 301 ] Wiktor Kinecki , 96, Polish politician, MP (1976–1980). [ 302 ] José Mingorance , 87, Spanish football player ( Espanyol , national team ) and manager ( Granada ). [ 303 ] Reza Moradi Abdolvand , 18, Iranian protester, shot. [ 304 ] Jawann Oldham , 68, American basketball player ( Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , New York Knicks ). [ 305 ] Induratana Paribatra , 103, Thai royal. [ 306 ] Molly Parkin , 93, Welsh painter, novelist and journalist. [ 307 ] Christos Politis [ el ] , 83, Greek actor ( Lampsi ). [ 308 ] Bob Pulford , 89, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Toronto Maple Leafs , Los Angeles Kings ), coach ( Chicago Blackhawks ), and executive, NHLPA president (1967–1972), four-time Stanley Cup champion. [ 309 ] Cosimo Scaglioso , 89, Italian politician, senator (1994–1996). [ 310 ] Elle Simone , 49, American chef ( America's Test Kitchen ) and food stylist. [ 311 ] Miroslav Stárek [ cs ] , 77, Czech footballer ( Sparta Prague , Slavia Prague , Mladá Boleslav ). [ 312 ] Elsje de Wijn , 82, Dutch actress ( De stille Oceaan , For a Lost Soldier , Het 14e kippetje ) and singer. [ 313 ] Ken Wilcock , 91, British sprinter. [ 314 ] (death announced on this date) Mike Wilson , 66, British kart racer, six-time world champion . [ 315 ] Jiří Witzany [ cs ] , 84, Czech academic and rector of ČVUT (2000–2006). [ 316 ] Wu Lintao [ zh ] , 105, Chinese politician. [ 317 ] 4 Forest Able , 93, American basketball player ( Syracuse Nationals ). [ 318 ] Ali Abu al-Ragheb , 79, Jordanian politician, prime minister (2000–2003). [ 319 ] Fazl-ur-Raheem Ashrafi , 81, Pakistani Islamic scholar, patron of Wifaq-ul-Madaris al-Arabia . [ 320 ] Céline Bellot , 55, Canadian criminologist and academic, breast cancer. [ 321 ] Mario Blasone [ it ] , 85, Italian basketball player. [ 322 ] Bob Boyer , 93, Canadian professional wrestler. [ 323 ] David Branch , 77, Canadian ice hockey administrator, commissioner of the OHL (1979–2024) and president of the CHL (1996–2019). [ 324 ] Calbo , 52, French rapper ( Ärsenik ). [ 325 ] Germaine Cousin-Zermatten , 100, Swiss herbalist. [ 326 ] Kamiel Dierckx [ nl ] , 84, Belgian basketball player ( Belgian Lions ). [ 327 ] Frank Dunlop , 98, British theatre director. [ 328 ] Manuel Fernández Ilarraza , 85, Spanish gynaecologist and politician, president of the Parliament of La Rioja (1987–1988). [ 329 ] Miloslav Fiala , 97, Czech Roman Catholic priest. [ 330 ] Andy Friendly , 74, American television producer ( Entertainment Tonight ). [ 331 ] L. Ganesan , 91, Indian politician, MP (1980–1986, 2004–2009). [ 332 ] Anne-Claire Goulon , 51, French businesswoman, breast cancer. [ 333 ] Vicki L. Gregory , 75, American academic and librarian. [ 334 ] Michel Griffon , 77, French agronomist. [ 335 ] Roger Guesnerie , 82–83, French economist and academic. [ 336 ] Denise Harlow , 55, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (2010–2018), cancer. [ 337 ] Bobby Holmes , 93, Scottish footballer ( St Mirren ). [ 338 ] (death announced on this date) Nora Ikstena , 56, Latvian writer and cultural manager. [ 339 ] Klaus Keitel , 86, German politician, member (1990–2002) and president (1990–1998) of the Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt . [ 340 ] Kim Young-in [ ko ] , 85, South Korean actor ( Dachimawa Lee , No Blood No Tears , Arahan ). [ 341 ] Milorad Kosanović , 75, Serbian football player ( Proleter Zrenjanin , Vojvodina ) and manager ( Malta national team ). [ 342 ] Bernard Lemoux , 83, French businessman, president of Stade Rennais FC (1973–1977). [ 343 ] George C. Lodge , 98, American politician. [ 344 ] Oscar Lofton , 87, American football player ( Boston Patriots ) and coach ( Southeastern Louisiana Lions ). [ 345 ] Naser Toure Mahama , 60, Ghanaian politician, MP (since 2012). [ 346 ] Miloslav Masopust , 101, Czech general. [ 347 ] Giorgos Papadakis [ el ] , 74, Greek journalist and television presenter, heart attack. [ 348 ] Daniel Pelletti , 77, Belgian painter. [ 349 ] Jules Radich , 71, New Zealand politician, mayor of Dunedin (2022–2025), heart attack. [ 350 ] Michael Reagan , 80, American political commentator. [ 351 ] Marissa Sanchez , 69, Filipino tennis player. [ 352 ] Jacqueline Schaeffer , 91, French psychoanalyst. [ 353 ] Steve Sheetz , 77, American convenience store operator, CEO and president of Sheetz, Inc. (1984–1995). [ 354 ] Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo , 79, Indian historian and archaeologist. [ 355 ] Ralph L. Thomas , 86, Brazilian-born Canadian film director ( The Terry Fox Story , Apprentice to Murder , Ticket to Heaven ) and screenwriter, complications from heart disease. [ 356 ] Horacio Usandizaga , 85, Argentine politician, senator (1995–2003) and mayor of Rosario (1983–1989), complications from multiple strokes. [ 357 ] Mary White , 81, Irish businesswoman and politician, senator (2002–2016). [ 358 ] Xiao Zhuang , 92–93, Chinese photographer. [ 359 ] Teresa Zalewska , 83, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991). [ 360 ] 3 Hushang Ansary , 98, Iranian-American diplomat and politician, minister of finance (1974–1977) and information (1971–1974), ambassador to the United States (1967–1969), cardiac arrest. [ 361 ] Joan Costa Armengol [ es ] , 91, Spanish journalist. [ 362 ] Jamil Azar , 89, Jordanian journalist and broadcaster, founder of Al Jazeera . [ 363 ] Dietmar Bachmann , 91, Austrian politician, member of the Landtag of Tyrol (1965–1994). [ 364 ] Claude-Inga Barbey , 64, Swiss comedian, writer, and actress ( The Death of Mario Ricci ). [ 365 ] Stephen E. Braude , 80, American philosopher. [ 366 ] Natale Carlotto , 94, Italian politician, senator (1987–1994) and deputy (1976–1987). [ 367 ] Francesco Paolo Casavola , 94, Italian jurist, president of the Constitutional Court (1992–1995). [ 368 ] Frédéric Cerdal , 81, French actor and stage director. [ 369 ] Maria Eugènia Cuenca , 78, Spanish politician, member of the Catalan parliament (1999–2006) and the Congress of Deputies (1986–1992). [ 370 ] Tony Dennis , 63, Canadian football player ( Saskatchewan Roughriders ), multiple organ failure. [ 371 ] Dong Xiaoping [ zh ] , 75, Chinese folklorist. [ 372 ] Gerry Gable , 88, British political activist and magazine editor ( Searchlight ). [ 373 ] Bret Hanna-Shuford , 46, American actor ( Paramour , Amazing Grace , The Wolf of Wall Street ), cancer. [ 374 ] Franz Herre , 99, German journalist and biographer. [ 375 ] Marvalene Hughes , 88, American educator and academic administrator. [ 376 ] Mesut İktu , 78, Turkish operatic baritone. [ 377 ] Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo , 89, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Pereira (1984–1987), bishop of Málaga–Soatá (1987–2001) and of Buga (2001–2012). [ 378 ] Nalani Kanakaʻole , 79, American kumu hula . [ 379 ] Latif Karimi , Iranian protester, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brigadier general, shot . [ 380 ] Michael Kemner , 72, German bass guitarist ( Fehlfarben ), cancer. [ 381 ] David M. Maddox , 87, American army general. [ 382 ] Guðmundur Oddur Magnússon , 70, Icelandic artist and academic. [ 383 ] Sir Graham McCamley , 93, Australian beef producer. [ 384 ] John Meredith , 85, English footballer ( Doncaster Rovers , Chesterfield , Gillingham ). [ 385 ] Errol Moorcroft , 85, South African politician, member of the House of Assembly (1981–1987, 1989–1994) and National Assembly (1999–2004). [ 386 ] Dastagir Hossain Nira , 60, Bangladeshi footballer ( Dhaka Abahani , Mohammedan , national team ), cardiac arrest. [ 387 ] Pa O'Dwyer , 40, Irish strongman. [ 388 ] Sverre Anker Ousdal , 81, Norwegian actor ( Insomnia , Flight of the Eagle , The Last Place on Earth ). [ 389 ] Andrzej Paczkowski , 87, Polish historian. [ 390 ] Dimitar Penev , 80, Bulgarian football player ( CSKA Sofia , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 391 ] Jenny Plocki , 100, French women's rights activist. [ 392 ] Rolf Riehm , 88, German composer ( Sirenen ), oboist and academic ( Musikhochschule Frankfurt ). [ 393 ] Randy Riley , 63, American librarian. [ 394 ] Eva Schloss , 96, Austrian-British Holocaust survivor and memoirist. [ 395 ] Robert K. Tanenbaum , 83, American trial attorney and novelist, mayor of Beverly Hills, California (1988–1989, 1992–1993), cancer. [ 396 ] Nam Singh Thapa , 79, Nepali Olympic boxer ( 1964 ), cancer. [ 397 ] Samuel O. Thier , 88, American doctor and academic, president of Brandeis University (1991–1994). [ 398 ] Ivan Varshavsky , 87, Russian engineer and railway track foreman. [ 399 ] Wang Zheng , 64, Chinese vice admiral. [ 400 ] Terry Wharton , 83, English footballer ( Wolverhampton Wanderers , Bolton Wanderers , Crystal Palace ). [ 401 ] William H. Yohn Jr. , 90, American jurist and politician, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (since 1991), member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1968–1980). [ 402 ] Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi , 76, Indonesian Muslim scholar. [ 403 ] Mirosław Zdanowicz [ pl ] , 88, Polish social activist. [ 404 ] Zhang Kerang [ zh ] , 78, Chinese Peking opera actor. [ 405 ] 2 Ritva Auvinen , 93, Finnish opera singer. [ 406 ] Ian Balding , 87, British horse trainer. [ 407 ] Sukumar Barua , 87, Bangladeshi poet. [ 408 ] Shyam Bihari Lal , 60, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (since 2017), heart attack. [ 409 ] Carmen Arnold Biucchi , Swiss numismatist and archaeologist. [ 410 ] Dominique Bucchini , 82, French politician, MEP (1979–1984) and mayor of Sartène (1977–2001). [ 411 ] Tony Carr , 98, Maltese session drummer and percussionist ( CCS , Hot Chocolate ). [ 412 ] Jean-Max Causse , 85, French actor ( I Stand Alone ). [ 413 ] Bohdan Chufus , 75, Ukrainian journalist, actor and singer. [ 414 ] Jenny Collins , 83, English radio presenter ( BBC Radio Merseyside ). [ 415 ] (death announced on this date) Miquel Contestí , 92, Spanish football executive, president of RCD Mallorca (1978–1992). [ 416 ] Sir Patrick Duffy , 105, British politician, MP (1963–1966, 1970–1992) and president of the NATO Assembly (1988–1990). [ 417 ] Toshio Fujii , 83, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (1998–2004), heart failure. [ 418 ] Francis Grant , 101, British marine and World War II veteran. [ 419 ] Stephen E. Haggerty , 87, American geophysicist. [ 420 ] Evan Hammond , 45, Canadian radio host and sports broadcaster ( CJAV-FM ), stroke. [ 421 ] Sidney Kibrick , 97, American actor ( Our Gang ). [ 422 ] Kristi Kiick , 58, American academic. [ 423 ] Elbert Kimbrough , 87, American football player ( San Francisco 49ers , Los Angeles Rams , New Orleans Saints ). [ 424 ] Anna Kurek , 96, Polish nurse and Warsaw Uprising participant. [ 425 ] Paul C. Lambert , 97, American diplomat, ambassador to Ecuador (1990–1992). [ 426 ] Johnny Legend , 77, American rockabilly musician, film producer and wrestling manager, stroke and heart failure. [ 427 ] Vladimir Lukić , 92, Bosnian Serb politician, prime minister of Republika Srpska (1993–1994). [ 428 ] Ashok Gajanan Modak , 85, Indian politician and academic, Maharashtra MLC (1994–2006). [ 429 ] Con Pederson , 91, American visual effects artist ( 2001: A Space Odyssey , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Garfield: The Movie ). [ 430 ] Valery Fyodorovich Plotnikov , 82, Russian photographer. [ 431 ] Tim Robertson , 81, English-born Australian actor ( Chances , Australia You're Standing In It , Stingers ). [ 432 ] (death announced on this date) Lajos Rovátkay , 92, Hungarian-born German harpsichordist and musicologist. [ 433 ] Saleh Rusheidat , 80, Jordanian politician, member of the House of Representatives (1993–1997) and Senate (since 2009). [ 434 ] Edith Renfrow Smith , 111, American supercentenarian. [ 435 ] Phoenix Spicer , 23, Australian footballer ( North Melbourne ). [ 436 ] Ivanne Trebbi , 97, Italian partisan and politician, deputy (1979–1987). [ 437 ] Jim Willis , 98, American baseball player ( Chicago Cubs ). [ 438 ] Robert Wolski , 43, Polish Olympic high jumper ( 2004 ), traffic collision. [ 439 ] Nellie Wong , 91, American poet. [ 440 ] 1 Marat Amankulov , 55, Kyrgyz politician, MP (2015–2021). [ 441 ] Yvan Aumont , 87, French engineer and journalist ( Lys rouge ). [ 442 ] Alan Baker , 81, English footballer ( Aston Villa ). [ 443 ] Allyn Bromley , 97, American visual artist and art educator. [ 444 ] Xesús Cañedo [ es ] , 67, Spanish politician, co-founder of the Partíu Asturianista . [ 445 ] Lana Chornohorska , 26, Ukrainian soldier. [ 446 ] Diane Crump , 77, American jockey and horse trainer, glioblastoma. [ 447 ] Nexhat Daci , 81, Kosovan politician, acting president (2006) and chairman of the Assembly (2001–2006). [ 448 ] Brian Doyle , 90, Canadian writer. [ 449 ] Yehezkel Dror , 97, Austrian-born Israeli political scientist. [ 450 ] Imants Freibergs , 91, Latvian computer scientist, first gentleman (1999–2007). [ 451 ] James Grauerholz , 72, American writer, pneumonia. [ 452 ] Mohamed Harbi , 92, Algerian historian. [ 453 ] Huang Dongbi , 86, Chinese diplomat. [ 454 ] Jeon Jun-ho [ ko ] , 50, South Korean baseball player ( Hyundai Unicorns , Woori Heroes , SK Wyverns ), lung cancer. [ 455 ] Victoria Jones , 34, American actress. [ 456 ] Morris Kahn , 95, South African-born Israeli telecommunications industry executive, founder of Golden Pages , Amdocs and the Aurec Group . [ 457 ] Andrey Khoroshev [ ru ] , 66, Russian actor and screenwriter ( Engineering Red , 8 ½ $ , Admiral ). [ 458 ] Harvey C. Krautschun , 76, American politician, member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (1985–1996). [ 459 ] Hiroshi Kume , 81, Japanese television host, lung cancer. [ 460 ] John Langdon , 79, American typographer and graphic designer. [ 461 ] Arno Liiver , 71, Estonian actor ( Spring , Summer , Autumn ). [ 462 ] Lin Chaoqiang , 92, Chinese aerodynamicist. [ 463 ] Arnold Long , 85, British cricketer ( Sussex , MCC , Surrey ), cancer. [ 464 ] Volodymyr Marchenko , 103, Ukrainian mathematician ( Marchenko equation , Marchenko–Pastur distribution ). [ 465 ] Hélio Mauro , 83, Brazilian politician, deputy (1975–1978), mayor of Goiânia (1978–1979), cardiac arrest. [ 466 ] Paul McCullagh Jr. , 25, Northern Irish boxer, bone cancer. [ 467 ] Colin McDonald , 95, English footballer ( Burnley , Headington United , national team ). [ 468 ] Enric Mestre , 89, Spanish sculptor. [ 469 ] Mukhsin Mukhamadiev , 59, Tajik-Russian football player ( Tajikistan national team , Russia national team ) and manager (Tajikistan national team). [ 470 ] Sir James Munby , 77, English judge, president of the Family Division (2013–2018). [ 471 ] Hubertus von Pilgrim , 94, German sculptor. [ 472 ] Gregory de Polnay , 82, English actor ( Dixon of Dock Green , Doctor Who , Howards' Way ). [ 473 ] Dame Karen Poutasi , 76, New Zealand public health official, director general of health (1995–2006). [ 474 ] Candy Raymond , 75, Australian actress ( Don's Party , Number 96 , Prisoner ). [ 475 ] (death announced on this date) Amit Saar , 47, Israeli intelligence officer, head of the Military Intelligence Research Department (2020–2024), brain cancer. [ 476 ] Roland Schäfer , 76, German politician, mayor of Bergkamen (1998–2020). [ 477 ] Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo , 80, Angolan Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Luanda (1990–1992) and bishop of Mbanza Congo (1992–2008). [ 478 ] Margaret Anne Staggers , 79, American politician, member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (2007–2014). [ 479 ] Hessy Levinsons Taft , 91, German chemist and child model. [ 480 ] Ruben Yesayan , 79, Russian-Armenian test pilot. [ 481 ] Yuen Cheung-yan , 68, Hong Kong actor ( The Miracle Fighters , Drunken Tai Chi , Flying Dagger ), director, and martial arts choreographer. [ 482 ] Valentin Zakharov , 92, Russian figure skater. [ 483 ] References ^ На 91-му році життя померла фахівчиня у галузі медичної генетики Олена Гречаніна ^ First mufti of Kazakhstan passes away ^ Plateau Imam who shielded 262 Christians during attack is dead ^ Preminuo je Ante Grgurević (51), jedan od najomiljenijih splitskih košarkaša i trenera! Bio je sinonim za borbenost (in Croatian) ^ Rafael Qvaladze vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Muere Irene de Grecia, hermana y fiel escudera de la reina Sofía (in Spanish) ^ '한국의 장 주네' 김신용 시인 별세…향년 81세 (in Korean) ^ Zimbabwean Tycoon Mutumwa Mawere Dies in SA Days After 66th Birthday ^ Siouxsie And the Banshees Drummer Kenny Morris Has Died ^ Athlétisme : décès d’Edgar Salvé, ex-champion d’Europe indoor du 1.500 m (in French) ^ বাংলার প্রাক্তন ক্রিকেটার অজয় ভার্মা প্রয়াত, শোকের ছায়া ময়দানে (in Bengali) ^ Մահացել է Գագիկ Եգանյանը (in Armenian) ^ Воспитанник ЦСКА найден мертвым в Подмосковье (in Russian) ^ Умер Дмитрий Акимов (in Russian) ^ Queer Māori Playwright Aroha Awarau Passes Away Peacefully in Ponsonby ^ Uganda mourns loss of education pioneer Namirembe Bitamazire ^ Murió el periodista colombiano Alfonso Castellanos (in Spanish) ^ Ancien député et père d'Yvan Colonna, Jean-Hugues Colonna est mort (in French) ^ È morta Valeria Fedeli, ex ministra dell’Istruzione (in Italian) ^ Помер народний депутат від "Слуги народу" Олександр Кабанов: перші подробиці (in Ukrainian) ^ Former Lotte Coach Kim Min-jae, National Team Shortstop, Dies ^ Rick Link Passes Away ^ Chinese Go legend Nie Weiping passes away ^ Adiós a Melania Pérez, voz emblema de la música argentina y del Festival de Cosquín (in Spanish) ^ Fallece el exalcalde de València Ricard Pérez Casado a los 80 años (in Spanish) ^ Jyväskylässä vaikuttanut olympiaurheilija Seppo Reijonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Décès de Jean Rossier, président de Parole et Musique (in French) ^ Ernestine Russell Weaver, two-time Canadian Olympian and legendary U.S. coach, passes away at age 87 ^ Radio-Legende Ado Schlier mit 90 Jahren in Würzburg gestorben (in German) ^ Morre a atriz e modelo Vera Barreto Leite Valdez aos 89 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Fallece el músico Quemil Yambay, ícono del folclore paraguayo (in Spanish) ^ Умер Игорь Золотовицкий (in Russian) ^ Scott Adams, Creator of the ‘Dilbert’ Comic Strip, Dies at 68 ^ Veteran journalist Iqbal Athas passes away ^ Addio a Lina Bernardi, l’attrice di Latina aveva lavorato con i più grandi registi (in Italian) ^ Alfred Blumstein ^ Former Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich dies at age 59 ^ Capoterra, addio alla calciatrice Paola Cardia, 74 anni, nota Paoletta: il centrocampo era il suo mondo (in Italian) ^ Former ECB chief executive David Collier dies aged 70 ^ Claudette Colvin, US civil rights pioneer, dies at 86 ^ Regal Nizam-era Socialite Indira Devi Passes Away ^ Mort de Catherine Duprat, historienne de la Révolution française (in French) ^ Nie żyje Barbara Eustachiewicz-Kowal, wybitna polska gimnastyczka sportowa (in Polish) ^ Odszedł Jesse Philip Flis (1933–2026) – rozmowa z 2018 r. (in Polish) ^ Assam: Retired IAS officer Bir Bhadra Hagjer passes away at 75 ^ Mozambique: Footballer Ali Hassan passes away at 61 ^ 混元禪師圓寂！曾腎臟萎縮病危、長期糖尿病 醫示警6徵兆快就醫 (in Chinese) ^ Suri endine poliitik Heiki Kranich (in Estonian) ^ 97 Play Off Champion Jason Lafreniere Passes Away, aged 59 ^ Theatre world pays tribute to Blanche Marvin, who has died aged 100 ^ Doug McConnell, longtime host of OpenRoad with Doug McConnell and Friends, dies ^ Bruce McLeod, 25th Moderator of The United Church of Canada, Dies at Age 97 ^ Addio a Rolando Nannicini, il cordoglio del mondo politico (in Italian) ^ Renowned Cork singer Seán Ó Sé dies aged 89 ^ Ушёл из жизни бывший футболист тюменского «Геолога» Иван Онуфриев (in Russian) ^ Voor theatermaker Annemarie Prins was maatschappijkritiek en engagement tweede natuur (in Dutch) ^ Lutto nel calcio, si è spento l'ex calciatore della Spal: vinse un campionato di Serie C (in Italian) ^ « Écrivain de l’agriculture » et photographe, le Mayennais Jean-Loup Trassard est décédé (in French) ^ Zomrel režisér, dramaturg a publicista Rudolf Urc, významná osobnosť slovenskej kinematografie (in Slovak) ^ Former Cyprus President George Vassiliou, who put the country on the path to EU membership, has died ^ Hong Kong corporate governance activist David Webb dies at 60 ^ ”Arne” i Kurt Olsson död (in Swedish) ^ Veteran 2GB radio announcer Bruce Wilshire has died aged 81 ^ Մահացել է հայ քաղաքական գործիչ, ՀՀԿ առանցքային ներկայացուցիչ Ռազմիկ Զոհրաբյանը (in Armenian) ^ Oba Babatunde Akran of Badagry dies at 89 ^ Israeli-backed group kills a senior Hamas police officer in Gaza, threatens more attacks ^ BBC's Good Old Days and Coronation Street star and singer Sheila Bernette dies aged 94 ^ Clauson, Paul John ^ Entraîneur français emblématique, Rolland Courbis est mort (in French) ^ George Mason Athletics Mourns The Loss of Longtime Assistant Bill Courtney ^ Mantan Bupati Bekasi Mochammad Djamhari Tutup Usia di Bandung (in Indonesian) ^ John Forté, celebrated recording artist, dies suddenly at 50 ^ Rick Garcia, activist and leader in Chicago's LGBTQ+ civil rights movement, dies at 69 ^ Ex-cricketer Mohammad Ilyas passes away in Lahore ^ สิ้น “อัษฎา ชัยนาม” อดีตเอกอัครราชทูตและผู้แทนถาวรไทยประจำUN ถึงแก่อนิจกรรม (in Thai) ^ Presentator Robert Jensen (52) overleden aan hartstilstand (in Dutch) ^ Renowned actress Jayasree Kabir passes away in London ^ Professor Emeritus Robert Kohn (1953-2026) ^ Black Midi Co-Founder Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin Dies at 26 ^ Author Jan Mårtenson dies at 92 ^ Eddie McCreadie – 1940-2026 ^ Morto Luigi Nicolais, è stato presidente della fondazione Reggia di Carditello (in Italian) ^ Alain Orsoni, ancien dirigeant nationaliste, abattu lors des obsèques de sa mère en Corse (in French) ^ Mario Rigutti (in Italian) ^ Südtirol trauert um Roland Riz (in German) ^ Décès de Catherine Samie, pilier de la Comédie-Française (in French) ^ e peintre nîmois Michel Tombereau est mort (in French) ^ Hall of Fame Trick Rider and Wife of Hall of Fame Stock Contractor Passes Away ^ „Einer der besten Debattenredner": Martin Willich ist tot (in German) ^ הפקולטה למדעי החיים מרכינה ראשה בצער על פטירתו של פרופ' יצחק (איציק) ויץ ז"ל (in Hebrew) ^ Mirė legendinis Lietuvos futbolo treneris Benjaminas Zelkevičius (in Lithuanian) ^ Умер бывший бейсболист сборной России Павел Акишев (in Russian) ^ The Passing of Dr. Gabriel Barkay ^ Addio Alberto Benzoni. Socialista di valore dallo sguardo acuto (in Italian) ^ Brus, Rice alumnus and Nobel laureate, passes away at 82 ^ Thomas Causey, Sound Mixer on ‘Dick Tracy,’ ‘Broadcast News’ and ‘Defending Your Life,’ Dies at 76 ^ [1] (in Italian) ^ Richard Codey, former governor of New Jersey, dies at 79 ^ Marcus Gilbert 1958 - 2026 RIP ^ Pirates World Series champion Dave Giusti dies at age 86 ^ Clubs pay tribute to former player Hopkins ^ Bernie Carlton Keel ^ Ueli Kestenholz, snowboarder e sportivo estremo svizzero, è morto travolto da una valanga (in Italian) ^ Ушел из жизни олимпийский чемпион по тяжелой атлетике (in Russian) ^ 児玉更太郎さん（こだま・こうたろう＝元安芸高田市長) (in Japanese) (subscription required) ^ Falleció el huancaíno Nelson Manrique, referente de las ciencias sociales del Perú (in Spanish) ^ Morre a atriz Titina Medeiros, aos 48 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Veteran Syrian Actor Ahmad Melli dies at 80 ^ Mor als 77 anys Miquel Naudí, qui va ser conseller general entre 1981 i 1983 i conseller comunal de Canillo (in Catalan) ^ Takashi Ono, 1928–2026 ^ 박순용(전 검찰총장)씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Zemřela Miroslava Pešíková, osobnost našeho baletu a sólistka Národního divadla (in Czech) ^ Clarence Pierce ^ Doliu la UTA Arad » Eugen Pojoni, dublu campion al României, a murit la 84 de ani (in Romanian) ^ Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell passes away ^ Veteran Left leader Samir Putatundu dies following prolonged illness ^ Saudi Arabia’s oldest man dies at 142, leaves 134 children and grandchildren ^ Filmskaper Grete Salomonsen Hynnekleiv er død (in Norwegian) ^ Robert G. Shulman, Yale biophysicist and pioneer of spectroscopy ^ Aniceto “Chito” Sobrepeña, veteran public servant and corporate leader, dies at 77 ^ Singer-actor Prashant Tamang passes away at 43 in Delhi ^ Addio a Sergio Tarquinio, una vita lunga un secolo tra fumetto e arte (in Italian) ^ ‘Enigmatic’ Hollyoaks star Trevor A Toussaint dies aged 65 ^ Tributes paid to 'extraordinary musician' John Wallace ^ Oud-burgemeester van Grobbendonk Herman Wouters overleden in ziekenhuis (in Dutch) ^ Andlát: Sturla Böðvarsson (in Icelandic) ^ Manoel Carlos, autor de grandes novelas da TV brasileira, morre aos 92 anos no Rio (in Portuguese) ^ Daniel Colson (1943-2026) ^ Former Burkinabe minister Viviane Compaoré found murdered ^ Schweizer Autor und Publizist Erich von Däniken ist gestorben (in German) ^ Leading Sire Distorted Humor Dies at 33 ^ Умер призер чемпионатов мира по гребле на байдарках Сергей Галков (in Russian) ^ In Memoriam: Richard Hynes ^ Husker Legend Jim Hartung Passes Away ^ Fallece el exblanquivioleta Mario Jacquet a los 79 años (in Spanish) ^ Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski (in Polish) ^ Sitting Maine representative Kathy Javner dies of cancer ^ Atención: en accidente de avioneta esta tarde en Paipa (Boyacá) muere el cantante Yeison Jiménez y sus músicos (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel opavský politik, bývalý poslanec Václav Klučka (in Czech) ^ Former Louisiana State Senator Robert Kostelka dies at 92 ^ EastEnders actor Derek Martin dies aged 92 ^ Fallece Marco Proaño Maya, exvicepresidente del Congreso Nacional (in Spanish) ^ Hockey Olympian Davinder Singh Garcha passes away ^ Zemřel religionista Ivan Štampach. Spojoval křesťanství s otevřeností a dialogem (in Czech) ^ Monsieur Thierry STEINMETZ footballeur professionnel (in French) ^ Addio a Orazio Svelto, pioniere della ricerca sui laser in Italia (in Italian) ^ Isabel Veloso Dead: Influencer Dies at Age 19 After Battling Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ^ Fallece el actor cubano Manolo Villaverde, el querido Pepe en "¿Qué pasa USA? (in Spanish) ^ Honoured health reformer Prawase dies aged 93 ^ Bob Weir, co-founder of rock group the Grateful Dead, dies at age 78 ^ Robert Wolgemuth, Best-Selling Christian Author and Husband of Nancy DeMoss, Dies at 77 ^ Genius Chimpanzee Ai Dies at Age 49, Primate Known for Enthusiastic Role in Research on Learning, Memory ^ Zéno Bianu (1950-2025) (in French) ^ Muere el periodista Andrés Caniulef a los 48 años de edad - Chilevisión (in Spanish) ^ 'The Thing' Actor T.K. Carter Dead at 69 ^ Father of American Freediving Bob Croft Dies Aged 91 ^ Décès de Jean-Louis Duplat, ancien président de la Commission bancaire (in French) ^ Murió la maestra Beatriz González, ícono del arte colombiano (in Spanish) ^ Serieskaparen Ulf Granberg död (in Swedish) ^ Zemřela PaedDr. Jitka Gruntová (in Czech) ^ Porsche mourns the loss of Hans Herrmann ^ Longtime New Orleans activist Sandra Wheeler Hester dies ^ Entinen keskisuomalainen kansanedustaja Pirkko Ikonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Heber Jentzsch Dead at 90: Scientology's Longtime 'President' Dies Years After Being Transferred to a Nursing Home ^ CDU Essen trauert um Manfred Kuhmichel (in German) ^ Đại tướng, Anh hùng LLVT nhân dân Lê Văn Dũng – Một cuộc đời trọn vẹn với non sông (in Vietnamese) ^ Former Ranji Trophy Cricketer from Mizoram Dies After Collapsing During Match ^ Humanists UK mourns Diane Munday, leading campaigner for the Abortion Act (1931-2026) ^ Ушел из жизни Валерий Носков (in Russian) ^ Shakespeare and Company Founding Artistic Director Tina Packer dies ^ Ci lascia Zelico Petrovic, stagioni meravigliose a Taranto (in Italian) ^ Larry Snook ^ Renaissance drummer Terry Sullivan has died ^ Muere Josep Maria Triginer, fundador del PSC y firmante de los Pactos de la Moncloa (in Spanish) ^ Eleni Varikas: the years with the FI in Greece ^ 前中常委「姚董」姚江臨辭世 國民黨工感念：他永遠走在第一線 (in Chinese) ^ Bishop Vincenzo Zarri † ^ Farewell to a great lady ^ Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Musa Gibril Bala Gaye ^ Танымал қазақстандық актер Мұрат Бисенбин өмірден өтті (in Kazakh) ^ Loraine Braham, trailblazing Northern Territory politician dies, aged 87 ^ Maler Günther Brendel gestorben (in German) ^ Filha de Olavo de Carvalho é encontrada morta (in Portuguese) ^ Zemřel sochař Václav Cigler, bylo mu 96 let. Poprvé v historii použil optické sklo k tvorbě uměleckého díla (in Czech) ^ Jornalista Conrado Corsalette morre em São Paulo aos 47 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Nie żyje były poseł i prezydent Łomży. Mieczysław Czerniawski miał 77 lat (in Polish) ^ Nelly Chatue-Diop, pionnière de la crypto pour tous en Afrique, est morte (in French) ^ La disparition de Jean-Luc Domenach (in French) ^ Former all-star linebacker, Grey Cup champion with Stamps, Jim Furlong, dead at 85 ^ Serguei, dessinateur au « Monde » depuis quarante-cinq ans, est mort (in French) ^ Veteran SP Leader, Eight-Time MLA Vijay Singh Gond Passes Away at 68 ^ Foxtrot producer David Hitchcock has passed away ^ 痛别！简水生院士逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Mort de l’ex-mari de Caroline de Monaco, le déchirant message de sa fille Victoria Junot : "À mon papa légendaire…" (in French) ^ Malawi Mourns Former Deputy Speaker Madalitso Kazombo ^ Larose, whose signature voice helped shape Haitian music, dies at 80 ^ Obituary: Opera Director Rhoda Levine Dies at 93 ^ Atriz Elisa Lisboa morreu aos 81 anos (in Portuguese) ^ В Кургане погиб экс-глава Калининграда Евгений Любивый (in Russian) ^ Padova piange Antonino Mangano, il maestro dell’atletica veneta (in Italian) ^ Guy Moon Dies: Emmy-Nominated ‘Fairly OddParents’ Composer Was 63 ^ Politikus Demokrat dan Mantan Ketua Komisi IV DPR RI, Kolonel (Purn) Jafar Nainggolan Wafat (in Indonesian) ^ 画家・中村宏さん死去 砂川闘争描いた「ルポルタージュ絵画」：朝日新聞 (in Japanese) ^ El Punk está de luto: falleció el gran músico Álvaro Peña Rojas (1943-2026) (in Spanish) ^ Howard Riley: 1938–2026 ^ Schrijfster Astrid Roemer overleden (in Dutch) ^ Kjersti Scheen (in Norwegian) ^ Sēru vēsts: mūžībā devusies Latvijas un pasaules basketbola leģenda Uļjana Semjonova (in Latvian) ^ Sir Tim Shadbolt has died at age 78 ^ Manipur BJP leader Meinam Bhorot Singh dies after prolonged illness in Imphal ^ جمهوری اسلامی مجتبی ترشیز، بازیکن پیشین تراکتور و همسرش را به قتل رساند (in Persian) ^ Matthew Taylor RIP ^ Le sport belge en deuil : le rameur Wim Van Belleghem, le seul Belge champion du monde en aviron, est décédé (in French) ^ Paul Visser ^ Terry Yorath obituary ^ Iran executes a man convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad ^ Madjoulba Batocfetou, patron de l'ICAT s'est éteint (in French) ^ James Bernard, founding editor of ‘The Source’ and co-founder of ‘XXL,’ dies ^ Помер український композитор Блажков, Гордон, 8.1.2026, автор - Ельчін Садаєв (in Ukrainian) ^ Mort d'Albert Bourgi, professeur de droit et figure du socialisme en Afrique (in French) ^ È morta Raffaella Bragazzi, storica voce di «Ok, il prezzo è giusto», aveva 66 anni (in Italian) ^ Frank Stanley Cerveny ^ Muere "El Chiri", excompetidor de Calle y beisbolista chiricano (in Spanish) ^ Obituary | Martin Chivers ^ Falleció Ángel Coerezza, uno de los mejores árbitros argentinos y ejemplo de persona (in Spanish) ^ John Witt Derr ^ 北海道・前釧路市長の蝦名大也さん（67）死去 議員秘書や北海道議などを経て4期16年釧路市長 防災インフラの整備に尽力 関係者からも悼む声 (in Japanese) ^ Former Memphis Rogues soccer star Tony Field dies at 79 ^ Vera Frances dead: Child star dies surrounded by family as tributes pour in ^ Madhav Gadgil (1942-2026) ^ Woman killed by ICE in Minneapolis identified ^ Morto monsignor Domenico Graziani, fu vescovo di Cassano e arcivescovo di Crotone (in Italian) ^ Hall, ironman goaltender with record 502 consecutive starts, dies at 94 ^ Sidney de Jong ^ Rebecca, Becky, Roo: Missing Miss Kilgore ^ Jon Lindsay, the longest-serving Harris County judge, dies at 90 ^ Former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski dies at 74 ^ Obituary: Ian McCrae ^ Former Colts RB Randy McMillan dies at 67 ^ New Mexico remembers former lieutenant governor, musician ^ Kabindra Purkayastha, the Patriarch of Assam BJP Passes Away at 94 ^ Former State Rep. Howard Sanderford dies at 90 ^ Dietrich Stratmann (in German) ^ Death of Seydou Madani Sy, former Minister of Justice and first Senegalese rector of UCAD ^ Kim Thorson ^ Hall of Fame tight end Billy Truax dies at 82 ^ Muore a 84 anni la giornalista parmigiana Chiara Valentini, è stata la biografa di Berlinguer (in Italian) ^ وفاة المفكر والفيلسوف المصري مراد وهبة عن 100 عام (in Arabic) ^ Vale Athol Webb | Melbourne mourns premiership hero ^ 云南省民间文艺家协会第六届副主席昂自明逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Former MLA and mayor Joe Arlooktoo passes away at 86 ^ Elle avait risqué sa vie pour en sauver d'autres : Odette Bergoffen, Juste parmi les Nations, est morte à 101 ans (in French) ^ Odszedł Profesor Andrzej Bogusławski (in Polish) ^ Former Queensland senator Ron 'Bozzie' Boswell dies aged 85 ^ John Cunningham, Veteran Broadway Actor, Dies at 93 ^ Former Maryland AD Dick Dull Passes Away ^ V.K. Ebrahim Kunju, IUML leader and former Kerala Minister, passes away ^ Deggendorfs frühere Oberbürgermeisterin Anna Eder ist gestorben (in German) ^ Johannes Fabian (in Dutch) ^ В Ухте скончался 32-летний нападающий МФК «Норильский никель» Алекс Фелипе (in Russian) ^ Angella Ferguson ^ Edith Flanigen ^ Schengen signatory Robert Goebbels passes away at 81 ^ Former Union minister Suresh Kalmadi passes away at 81 after prolonged illness ^ Doug LaMalfa, California Republican congressman, dies aged 65 ^ Elhunyt Láyer József volt országgyűlési képviselő (in Hungarian) ^ Alabama Music Hall of Famer, Huntsville native Jim McBride, dies at 78 ^ Jack McGregor, original founder of Pittsburgh Penguins, dies at 91 ^ AfD-Landtagsabgeordnete Muxel gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Raffaele Nogaro † ^ James E. O'Grady ^ Veteran Iranian actor Saeid Pirdoost passes away ^ Guinea ex-security chief convicted over crimes against humanity dies ^ Oud-burgemeester Jaap Pop overleden (in Dutch) ^ DA Gauteng mourns passing of former MPL David Quail ^ Obituary: Nihal Seneviratne ^ Bağır Süleymanov vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Meghalt Tarr Béla (in Hungarian) ^ Jerry Thomas, MVP of 1956 College World Series with Gophers, dies at 90 ^ Morto Gianpaolo Tosel, è stato per anni giudice sportivo della Serie A: aveva 85 anni (in Italian) ^ Le PSG en deuil, une figure historique du club s'est éteinte (in French) ^ Не стало Анатолия Евтушенко (in Russian) ^ 著名文艺理论家、北大中文系教授张少康逝世 (in Chinese) ^ 周立伟院士逝世：他“创立了自己的科学学派” (in Chinese) ^ South Korean Film Legend Ahn Sung-ki Dies at 75 ^ Aldrich Ames, CIA officer convicted of spying for Russia, dies at age 84 ^ Luto en el boxeo colombiano por la muerte del legendario 'Bony' Ávila (in Spanish) ^ Mustergültiger Aufklärer (in German) ^ Bassist Andrew Bodnar (o.a. Graham Parker & The Rumour) overleden (in Dutch) ^ Andrew Carter - In Memoriam ^ Tom Cherones, Emmy-Winning ‘Seinfeld’ Director and Producer, Dies at 86 ^ Fallece Beatriz de Lenclós, la gran vedette vitoriana que marcó época (in Spanish) ^ Jim Dennison, winningest football coach at Akron and Walsh, dies ^ Marian Diamond: Miriam Margolyes pays tribute to 'dear friend' after Jackanory star's death aged 89 ^ Meghalt Dudás Miki (in Hungarian) ^ Razor – Former Drummer Mike Embro Dead At 63 ^ 元グラドル藤乃あおいさんが死去、27歳 親族が発表 23年に希少がんを公表 闘病続けていた (in Japanese) ^ Bishop Paolo Gillet † ^ Morto Pier Francesco Guarguaglini, Crosetto: uomo di intelligenza e visione (in Italian) ^ Bruce Hammock: 1947-2026 ^ Acteur Ad van Kempen overleden op 81-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Odszedł na Wieczną Wartę Druh harcmistrz Wiktor Kinecki (in Polish) ^ Fallece José Mingorance, leyenda de la época dorada del Córdoba CF en Primera División (in Spanish) ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن رضا مرادی عبدالوند ششمین جانباخته اعتراضات شهر ازنا (in Persian) ^ Jawann Oldham, a basketball star at Cleveland High, Seattle U, dies at 68 ^ “พระองค์หญิงอินทุรัตนา บริพัตร” (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าอินทุรัตนา) สิ้นพระชนม์ สิริพระชันษา ๑๐๓ ปี (in Thai) ^ Artist and fashion writer Molly Parkin dies ^ Χρήστος Πολίτης: Πέθανε τη Δευτέρα και τον βρήκε ο αδελφός του νεκρό μια μέρα αργότερα (in Greek) ^ Pulford, 4-time Stanley Cup champion with Maple Leafs, dies at 89 ^ La città piange Cosimo Scaglioso. Fu docente emerito e senatore (in Italian) ^ Chef and food stylist Elle Simone Scott dies at 49 ^ Zemřel specialista na pokutové kopy. Brankář si zachytal za Slavii i Spartu (in Czech) ^ Karel-zangeres Elsje de Wijn overleden op 82-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Tribute to Sutton Harrier Ken Wilcock, who has died aged 91 ^ Mike Wilson (1959-2026): The King of Karting takes his final bow ^ Po těžké nemoci zemřel bývalý rektor ČVUT Jiří Witzany, bylo mu 84 let (in Czech) ^ 105岁东北妇运工作开拓者之一、黑龙江省妇联原主任吴琳涛逝世 (in Chinese) ^ WKU Athletics Hall of Famer Forest "Frosty" Able Passes Away ^ رئيس الوزراء الأسبق علي ابو الراغب في ذمة الله (in Arabic) ^ Jamia Ashrafia head Maulana Ashrafi passes away ^ Pionnière du travail social sur l’itinérance et le profilage, la chercheuse Céline Bellot s’éteint (in French) ^ Ci ha lasciati coach Mario Blasone. Le condoglianze del presidente Petrucci. Disposto minuto di silenzio (in Italian) ^ Robert Gerald Boyer ^ OHL, CHL Mourn the Loss of David Branch, Transformative Commissioner and Hockey Visionary ^ Le rappeur Calbo, membre du duo emblématique Ärsenik, est mort à l’âge de 52 ans (in French) ^ Gardienne des remèdes d'antan, la Valaisanne Germaine Cousin-Zermatten s'est éteinte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Le magicien de bal Kamiel Dierckx est décédé à l’âge de 84 ans (in French) ^ Edinburgh's last star director has died, at 97 ^ Muere Manuel Fernández Ilarraza, expresidente del Parlamento (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel kněz Miloslav Fiala (in Czech) ^ Andy Friendly Dies: First ‘Entertainment Tonight’ Producer, Son Of Legendary CBS Newsman Fred Friendly Was 74 ^ Veteran Dravidian ideologue L. Ganesan no more ^ Anne-Claire Goulon, ex-dirigeante du groupe Livio, s'est éteinte à 51 ans (in French) ^ Vicki Gregory ^ Hommage à Michel Griffon (in French) ^ Hommage à Roger Guesnerie (in French) ^ Former Portland lawmaker Denise Harlow dies at 55 ^ Bobby Holmes ^ Mūžībā devusies rakstniece Nora Ikstena (in Latvian) ^ Erster Landtagspräsident von Sachsen-Anhalt ist verstorben (in German) ^ '원조 스턴트맨'…60년간 배우 활동한 김영인씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Na svoj rođendan preminuo Milorad Kosanović (in Serbian) ^ Stade Rennais : l'ancien président du club Bernard Lemoux est décédé (in French) ^ George Lodge ^ Oscar Warren Lofton ^ Ayawaso East MP Mahama Naser Toure dies after short illness ^ Zemřel válečný veterán Miloslav Masopust (in Czech) ^ Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο Γιώργος Παπαδάκης ύστερα από έμφραγμα (in Greek) ^ La Louvière perd l'un de ses artistes emblématiques : Daniel Pelletti a tiré sa révérence à l'âge de 77 ans (in French) ^ Former mayor of Dunedin Jules Radich dies ^ Michael Reagan, Eldest Son Of Ronald Reagan, Has Died ^ ‘70s PHL tennis star Marissa Sanchez dies at 69 ^ Décès de Jacqueline Schaeffer (1934-2026) (in French) ^ Former Sheetz president and CEO Steve Sheetz dies at age 77 ^ Khadial King Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo Passes Away at 80 ^ Ralph L. Thomas, ‘The Terry Fox Story’ Director and Journalist, Dies at 86 ^ Murió Horacio Usandizaga, histórico dirigente de la UCR y primer intendente de Rosario tras el regreso de la democracia (in Spanish) ^ ‘She was a force of nature’ – Mary White, former senator and founder of Lir Chocolates, dies aged 81 ^ 著名摄影家、新中国第一批女摄影记者晓庄逝世，享年94岁 (in Chinese) ^ Zmarła Pani Teresa Zalewska (in Polish) ^ Hushang Ansary (98) overleden (in Dutch) ^ S’ha mort el periodista Joan Armengol a 91 anys (in Catalan) ^ وفاة الإعلامي الأردني جميل عازر أحد مؤسسي قناة “الجزيرة” القطرية (in Arabic) ^ Langjähriger Tiroler ÖVP-Mandatar Bachmann 91-jährig verstorben (in German) ^ La comédienne genevoise Claude-Inga Barbey s'en est allée (in French) ^ Stephen Edward Braude ^ Morto a 94 anni l'ex senatore Natale Carlotto (in Italian) ^ Morto Francesco Paolo Casavola, il diritto come missione (in Italian) ^ Il prêtait sa voix à une légende du cinéma : le comédien français Frédéric Cerdal nous a quittés à l'âge de 81 ans (in French) ^ Mor Maria Eugènia Cuenca, la primera dona que va ser consellera de la Generalitat (in Catalan) ^ Obit: Former Windsor CFL receiver Tony Dennis dies after multiple organ failure ^ 著名民俗学家、教育家、北京师大教授董晓萍逝世，享年75岁 (in Chinese) ^ Gerry Gable (1937–2026) ^ Broadway Alum Bret Hanna-Shuford Passes Away at 46 ^ Franz Herre (in German) ^ Marvalene Hughes ^ Opera sanatçısı Prof. Dr. Mesut İktu vefat etti (in Turkish) ^ Bishop Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo † ^ Nālani Kanakaʻole, revered Kumu Hula and cultural matriarch, passes at 79 ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن لطیف کریمی با شلیک مستقیم نیروهای حکومتی/ تلاش حکومت برای مصادره و وارونهسازی واقعیت (in Persian) ^ Zum Tod des Fehlfarben-Bassisten Michael Kemner: Ohne Atempause Rockgeschichte gemacht (in German) ^ E-News — January 2026 ^ Goddur er látinn (in Icelandic) ^ Tributes flow for founding father of Australian beef industry, Sir Graham McCamley ^ John Meredith (1940 – 2026) ^ Former DA Federal Chairperson Errol Moorcroft Has Passed Away ^ Former Bangladesh footballer Golam Dostogir no more ^ Strongman turned hilarious Instagram star dies aged 40 ^ Sverre Anker Ousdal er død (in Norwegian) ^ Zmarł prof. Andrzej Paczkowski, jeden z najwybitniejszych polskich historyków (in Polish) ^ The great coach and football player Dimitar Penev has passed away ^ Jenny Plocki, rescapée de la rafle du Vél' d'Hiv et témoin du siècle, est morte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Komponist Rolf Riehm ist gestorben: Immer mit Einspruch (in German) ^ Randy Joseph Riley ^ In memoriam – Eva Schloss-Geiringer ^ Former Deputy Chief Counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Robert K. Tanenbaum, has died at the age of 83 ^ Nam Singh Thapa, Nepal's first Olympian, dies ^ Remembering Samuel O. Thier, IOM President (1985-1991) ^ В Тынде умер легендарный строитель БАМа Иван Варшавский (in Russian) ^ 海军原副政委王征中将逝世，享年64岁 (in Chinese) ^ Terry Wharton | 1942-2026 ^ Yohn, William Hendricks, Jr. ^ Pimpinan PMDG Gontor KH Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi wafat (in Indonesian) ^ Zmarł Mirosław Zdanowicz - przedsiębiorca i legenda sportu (in Polish) ^ 著名京剧表演艺术家、马连良先生入室弟子张克让逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Ihana ja ihmeellinen karjalainen, muistelee Sinikka Sokka tätiään Ritva Auvista (in Finnish) ^ Ian Balding, legendary trainer of Mill Reef, dies aged 87 ^ Rhymester Sukumar Barua passes away ^ Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA, dies in Bareilly a day after celebrating his 60th birthday, CM Yogi expresses grief ^ In memoriam: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, respected numismatist and educator ^ Ancien président de l'Assemblée de Corse et maire de Sartène, Dominique Bucchini est décédé (in French) ^ Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies aged 98 ^ Jean-Max Causse, exploitant de cinémas et grand nom de la cinéphilie parisienne, est mort (in French) ^ Odesa reports the death of artist Bohdan Chufus ^ BBC Radio Merseyside founding member dies as tributes paid ^ Mor Miquel Contestí, històric expresident del RCE Mallorca (in Catalan) ^ Sir Patrick Duffy, Britain’s oldest living former MP, passes away at the age of 105 ^ 藤井俊男さん死去 元民主党参院議員 (in Japanese) ^ D-Day veteran who escorted allied troops landing in Normandy dies aged 101 ^ Diamond legend Steve Haggerty has died ^ 'He was awesome': Fans grieve death of beloved Island radio host ^ Sidney Kibrick, Last of the 'Our Gang' Kids, Dies at 97 ^ Kristi L. Kiick ^ Elbert Leon Kimbrough ^ Anna Kurek, medic of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, has died ^ Paul Lambert ’46, Former Trustee, Dies at 97 ^ Daily Update: NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 20, CMLL Sin Salida, Johnny Legend ^ Преминуо проф. Владимир Лукић (in Serbian) ^ Former MLC Ashok Modak passes away at 85 ^ Con Pederson, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Special Effects Supervisor, Dies at 91 ^ В Петербурге умер снимавший Высоцкого фотограф Валерий Плотников (in Russian) ^ Vale: Tim Robertson ^ Rovátkay Lajostól búcsúzunk (in Hungarian) ^ PM Mourns Former Deputy Prime Minister, Minister Saleh Irshaidat ^ Edith Renfrow Smith, a 'memory keeper' and living link to history, dies at 111 ^ Former AFL player Phoenix Spicer dies as heartbroken family and football figures pay tribute ^ Ivonne Trebbi è morta, addio alla partigiana Bruna. Aveva 97 anni (in Italian) ^ James Gladden Willis ^ Tragiczna śmierć polskiego olimpijczyka. Robert Wolski nie żyje (in Polish) ^ Remembering Nellie Wong ^ Former Speaker of Bishkek City Council Marat Amankulov passes away ^ Communiqué d'Action française – Un camelot du roi exemplaire (in French) ^ Walsall confirm death of former Saddlers and Aston Villa creative favourite Alan Baker ^ Allyn Bromley-Baron ^ Fallece Xesús Cañedo, referente del asturianismo político y cultural (in Spanish) ^ "Це велика втрата": на фронті загинула операторка дронів і мисткиня Лана Чорногорська (in Ukrainian) ^ Diane Crump, the first female jockey to race in the Kentucky Derby, dies at 77 ^ Figura e shquar e politikës dhe shkencës - liderët politikë shprehin dhimbjen dhe mirënjohjen për Nexhat Dacin (in Albanian) ^ Brian Doyle, celebrated Ottawa author, dies at age 90 ^ פרופסור יחזקאל דרור, חתן פרס ישראל, מת בגיל 98 (in Hebrew) ^ Ex-president Vīķe-Freiberga's husband Imants Freibergs dies ^ Obituary #8: James Grauerholz ^ وفاة مؤرخ الثورة الجزائرية محمد حربي (in Arabic) ^ 中国驻瓦努阿图原大使、驻美国芝加哥原总领事黄东璧逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Hyundai Dynasty's 2006 Win Rate King Jeon Joon-ho Dies ^ Victoria Jones, daughter of Tommy Lee Jones, found dead in San Francisco ^ Billionaire philanthropist Morris Kahn dies at 95 ^ Умер известный телеведущий Андрей Хорошев (in Russian) ^ Harvey C. Krautschun ^ Famed TV presenter Hiroshi Kume passes away at 81 ^ Remembering John Langdon ^ Suri Arno Talit kehastanud näitleja Arno Liiver (in Estonian) ^ 我国空气动力学界先驱、西北工业大学资深教授林超强逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Arnold Long (1940-2026) - Obituary ^ З глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 1 січня ц.р. на 104-му році пішов із життя видатний український математик та організатор науки академік НАН України Володимир Олександрович Марченко (in Ukrainian) ^ Ex-prefeito de Goiânia na década de 1970, Hélio Mauro Umbelino Lobo morre em Anápolis (in Portuguese) ^ Paul McCullagh Jr: Boxer dies age 25 as father confirms heartbreaking cause of death ^ Burnley pay tribute to their former great and England goalkeeper Colin McDonald ^ Fallece a los 89 años Enric Mestre, referente mundial de la cerámica (in Spanish) ^ Умер бывший футболист "Спартака" Мухсин Мухамадиев (in Russian) ^ Death of Sir James Munby ^ Skulpteur der Erinnerung (in German) ^ Monsieur Gregory, Peter de Polnay ^ Dame Karen Poutasi, first female director-general of health, dies aged 76 ^ Tributes paid to Australian actor Candy Raymond who has died aged 75 ^ Amit Saar, top IDF intelligence officer on Oct. 7, dies of cancer at 47 ^ 31 Jahre für Bergkamen: Früherer Bürgermeister Roland Schäfer gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo, O.F.M. Cap. † ^ Former Fayette County delegate and physician Dr. Margaret Staggers has passed away ^ Jewish woman whose baby photo was chosen by Goebbels as Aryan exemplar dies at 91 ^ Умер заслуженный летчик-испытатель Рубен Есаян, критиковавший «Сухой суперджет» (in Russian) ^ 港星病逝！享壽69歲 妻證實噩耗 (in Chinese) ^ Ушел из жизни первый советский фигурист – участник чемпионатов Европы и мира Захаров Валентин Дмитриевич (in Russian) External links The Guardian (UK) obituaries The Telegraph (UK) obituaries The Irish Times obituaries Obituaries, Irish Examiner Obituaries, Chicago Tribune Obituaries, Los Angeles Times The New York Times , obituaries The Washington Post obituaries The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) obituaries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e 2020s deaths by month v t e 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Chapter and cathedral 1.2 Albigensians 1.3 Episcopal elections and appointments of 1456 1.4 Educational establishments 1.5 French Revolution 1.6 Restoration 1.1 Chapter and cathedral 1.2 Albigensians 1.3 Episcopal elections and appointments of 1456 1.4 Educational establishments 1.5 French Revolution 1.6 Restoration 2 Bishops Toggle Bishops subsection 2.1 To 1000 2.2 1000 to 1300 2.3 1300 to 1500 2.4 1500 to 1800 2.5 From 1802 2.1 To 1000 2.2 1000 to 1300 2.3 1300 to 1500 2.4 1500 to 1800 2.5 From 1802 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography Toggle Bibliography subsection 5.1 Reference works 5.2 Studies 5.3 Collections 5.4 For further reading 5.1 Reference works 5.2 Studies 5.3 Collections 5.4 For further reading 6 External links Diocese of Carcassonne-Narbonne Català Čeština Deutsch Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Jawa Nederlands Occitan Polski Русский 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne Carcassonne Cathedral Location Country France Ecclesiastical province Montpellier Metropolitan Archdiocese of Montpellier Statistics Area 6,313 km 2 (2,437 sq mi) Population Total Catholics Total Catholics .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} (as of 2023) 375,806 229,000 (guess) (as of 2023) 375,806 229,000 (guess) Parishes 325 Information Denomination Catholic Church Sui iuris church Latin Church Rite Roman Rite Established 6th cent. (renamed as Diocese of Carcassonne et Narbonne: 14 June 2006) Cathedral Cathedral of St. Michael in Carcassonne Patron saint St. Nazarius and St. Celsus St. Michael the Archangel Secular priests 50 (Diocesan) 46 (Religious Orders) 9 Permanent Deacons Current leadership Pope Leo XIV Bishop Bruno Valentin Metropolitan Archbishop Norbert Turini Bishops emeritus Jacques Despierre Alain Planet Jacques Despierre Alain Planet Map Website Website of the Diocese The Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne ( Latin : Dioecesis Carcassonensis et Narbonensis ; French : Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne ) is a Latin Church ecclesiastical jurisdiction or diocese of the Catholic Church in France . The diocese comprises the entire department of Aude . It is suffragan to the Archdiocese of Montpellier . On the occasion of the Concordat of 1802 , the former Diocese of Carcassonne, nearly all the old Archdiocese of Narbonne , almost the entire Diocese of Saint-Papoul , a part of the ancient Diocese of Alet and ancient Diocese of Mirepoix , and the former Diocese of Perpignan , were united to make the one Diocese of Carcassonne. In 1822 the Diocese of Perpignan was re-established. In 2006 the diocese of Carcassonne was renamed the Diocese of Carcassonne and Narbonne. [ 1 ] History Carcassonne was founded by the Visigoths (the Volcaii Tectosages), who sought to compensate themselves for the loss of Lodève and Uzès by having Carcassonne made an episcopal see. The first of its bishops known to history was Sergius (589) and an Archdeacon of Carcassonne, Donnel, is recorded as having subscribed to the acts of the 4th Council of Toledo in 633. [ 2 ] In 759, Pepin the Short conquered Septimania from the Muslims and united it, Carcassonne included, to the Frankish crown. [ 3 ] The churches of Nôtre-Dame de Canabès and Nôtre-Dame de Limoux, both of which date back to the ninth century, are still visited by pilgrims. Peter of Castelnau , the Cistercian inquisitor, was murdered in January 1208, perhaps on order of Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse . St. John Francis Regis (1597-1640), the Jesuit, born at Fontcouverte, Aude , in the Diocese of Narbonne, is honored in the present Diocese of Carcassonne. Chapter and cathedral The date of the foundation of the first cathedral is unknown. [ 4 ] The Cathedral of Saints-Nazaire-et-Celse at Carcassonne was rebuilt toward the end of the eleventh century, the first work upon it being blessed by Pope Urban II , who had come to Carcassonne in 1088 to urge the Viscount Bernard Ato IV de Trincavel to join the Crusade. In that year the cathedral Chapter was already in existence and its canons followed the Rule of Saint Augustine . The Chapter had existed for a considerable time, perhaps going back to Bishop Gimerius in the tenth century, but papal sanction confirmed and strengthened its position as a corporate body living under a Rule. [ 5 ] On 26 May 1095, Pope Urban addressed a letter to Bishop Pierre, confirming the institution of Clercs Regular of Saint Augustine in the Chapter of the Cathedral and two other churches in the diocese of Carcassonne. [ 6 ] The approbation of Urban II was confirmed by Pope Anastasius IV on 5 April 1154. [ 7 ] On 11 June 1096, Pope Urban II arrived in Carcassonne from Toulouse, where he spent five days, celebrating a pontifical Mass in the unfinished cathedral. [ 8 ] The Chapter included as officers the two Archdeacons, two archpriests, a Sacristan, a Precentor, a Chamberlain, an Eleemosynary, and a master of the works. On 28 January 1227, Pope Gregory IX issued a bull in which he took the Prior and canons and cathedral of Saint-Nazaire under papal protection, along with all the churches which belonged to it, which are listed. [ 9 ] In 1439, the canons were secularized by Pope Eugenius IV , and the Chapter came to have as officers a Dean, the Archdeacon, a Precentor, and a Sacristan. There were thirty Canons, each with a prebend, and they received a new set of Statutes. [ 10 ] In 1660, there were four dignities and sixteen canons. [ 11 ] In 1730, there were three dignities and twelve canons. [ 12 ] There was a collegiate church dedicated to Saint-Vincent at Montréal, established by Pope John XXII in 1317. [ 13 ] It was administered by fifteen canons, among whom were three dignities (Dean, Sacristan, and Precentor). The Deanship was elective, but the bishop of Carcassonne had to be summoned to the electoral meeting, and he had the first vote as well as the right to confirm or decline the dean-elect. [ 14 ] Since the Synod of 2007, the diocese has been reorganized into fourteen 'new parishes'. [ 15 ] Albigensians The history of the region of Carcassonne is intimately connected with that of the Albigenses . Notre-Dame-de-Prouille Monastery , where the Spaniard Dominic de Guzman established a religious institute for converted Albigensian women in 1206, is still a place of pilgrimage. In 1206 or 1207, the Abbot Guy of Vaux de Cernay (Paris) began a preaching tour of the province of Narbonne, from which he returned to France in 1208, to help launch a crusade against the heretics of Languedoc. He was back in Languedoc in 1209, as a friend and councilor of Simon de Montfort. [ 16 ] In 1209, the people of Carcassonne, faced with the approaching forces of the Albigensian Crusade , destroyed the stalls of the canons in the cathedra, as well as the refectory and cellars of the quarters of the canons, from which they reinforced the city walls. [ 17 ] Vicomte Raymond Roger of Carcassonne died in prison, attended in his last hours by Bishop Bernard-Raimond de Roquefort, on 10 November 1209. [ 18 ] In July 1210, a massacre of Albigensians was perpetrated at a place called Minerva, under the superrvision of Simon de Montfort and Abbot Gy de Vaux, in which 140 men and women were burnt alive, after having refused Abbot Guy's exhortations to reject their heresy. On 15 April 1211, Pope Innocent III , who was a firm supporter of the crusade and of Simon de Montfort, wrote to hi papal legate, Bishop Raymond of Uzès, to accept the resignation of the bishop of Carcassonne, Bishop Bernard-Raimond, and to absolve him from pontifical responsibilities. [ 19 ] Within eight days, with the legate's assistance, a suitable successor was to be found; a second letter was directed to the Chapter of Carcassone, ordering them to elect a person who was suitable for the honor and burden ( oneri et honore ). [ 20 ] In the same year, Abbot Guy de Vaux de Cernay was named bishop of Carcassonne, with the support of Simon de Montfort. He was still bishop-elect in June and July 1211, when he participated in the siege of Toulouse. His consecration, along with that of Arnaud de Cîteaux, archbishop-elect of Narbonne, took place after 12 March 1212, [ 21 ] but before the council of Narbonne on 30 April 1212, summoned by Archbishop Arnaud and attended by Bishop Guy. [ 22 ] In February 1213, Bishop Guy de Vaux set off for Paris to secure additional support for the crusading forces; he left his diocese in the care of Dominic de Guzman as his vicar-general. [ 23 ] Simon de Montfort , Lord of Montfort (1188), Earl of Leicester (1204), Viscount of Albi, Béziers and Carcassonne (1213), and Count of Toulouse (1215), died on 26 June 1218 [ 24 ] and was buried in the cathedral of Carcassonne. [ 25 ] In 1229, the Inquisition was formally established in Carcassonne, and on 22 April 1232 (i.e. 1233) Pope Gregory IX assigned the Dominicans to staff it. [ 26 ] On June 1245, at the First Council of Lyon , Pope Innocent IV ordered six bishops including Bishop Clarus of Carcassonne to continue the operation of the Inquisition in their dioceses. [ 27 ] In 1247, Count Raymond II Trencavel of Carcassonne surrendered to King Louis IX of France , and the County of Carcassonne became part of the French kingdom. [ 28 ] In 1270, Bishop Bernard de Capendu (1265–1278) held a synod and issued constitutions. [ 29 ] Bishop Pierre de Roquefort (1300–1321) held a diocesan synod in 1309, and issued a set of statutes. [ 30 ] Episcopal elections and appointments of 1456 Following the death of Bishop Jean d’Étampes on 25 January 1456, the Chapter of the cathedral of Carcassonne met, on 3 February, to set a date for the election of the next bishop and to elect a vicar general for the period of the sede vacante . They chose instead two co-vicars, the Archdeacon-major Bartholomaeus Alqueri and the Precentor Dominique de Furcata. On 14 February, the thirteen participants unanimously chose a fellow canon, the subdeacon Geoffroy de Basilhac. [ 31 ] Since the elected had taken place by the Via inspirationis Spiritus Sancti , and since there was uncertainty as to whether the bishop-elect was of the minimal canonical age, the Chapter sent a delegation to Pope Calixtus III to seek confirmation of the election. [ 32 ] The pope replied in a decree of 25 June 1456, voiding the election. [ 33 ] On 25 June the pope also appointed to the vacant diocese of Carcassonne the Bishop of Nîmes, Jean du Chastel, [ 34 ] who was a nephew of Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy , a brother of Tanneguy de Chastel, Constable of France, and also a canon of the cathedral Chapter. Refusing to be deterred from their original intention, or their electoral rights, the Chapter held another election on 21 July 1256, and again elected Geoffroy de Basilhac, this time by voting viva voce . Geoffroy was immediately conducted to the cathedral and enthroned in the episcopal seat, and his election was proclaimed to the clergy and people by the senior canon. [ 35 ] Application was made to the metropolitan archbishop of Narbonne, and, in his absence, the Vicar-General, Raoul Bouvier, who issued letters on 14 August 1456 to Bishop Guillaume d'Estampes of Condom, a canon of Carcassonne; to Canon Jean du Chastel; and to Canon Pierre de Trillia; they were ordered to appear in Narbonne on 15 September to explain their reasons for opposing the election. [ 36 ] On 6 April 1457, Cardinal de Coëtivy, papal legate in Avignon, named Bishop-elect Jean de Chastel of Carcassonne abbot commendatory of Saint-Léonard de Ferrières in Poitou. [ 37 ] Surviving documents from Carcassonne indicate only that Jean du Chastel was recognized by the Chapter of Carcassonne by 8 December 1459. [ 38 ] He did not make his formal entry into his diocese until 13 May 1464. He died in Toulouse on 15 September 1475. [ 39 ] Geoffroy de Basilhac was never recognized by Calixtus III, or by his successor Pius II , as bishop of Carcassonne, despite extensive litigation both in France and in Rome. On 30 April 1262, Pius II named him bishop of Rieux, but he is referred to as bishop-elect of Carcassone in the documents referring to the appointment. He died in March 1480. [ 40 ] Educational establishments There was already a collège (high school) in Carcassonne in the 16th century, financed and housed by the municipal government, but its administration and staffing was haphazard. By the beginning of the 17th century, it was recognized that something better was needed. In 1605 and 1610, discussions took place, and finally the matter was submitted to King Henry IV. In April 1610, the king issued letters patent in favor of the establishment of a Jesuit collège in Carcassonne. By 1614, the method of financing it from various sources, including 1,000 livres Tournois per annum from the bishop of Carcassonne, was agreed upon. Forty-nine houses were acquired, and new construction was undertaken, and the chapel was finally consecrated in 1677. In 1764, following the expulsion of the Jesuits from France, King Louis XV handed over the collège to the Priests of Christian Doctrine, who adopted the methods of study of the University of Paris. [ 41 ] French Revolution On 2 November 1789, the French National Assembly proclaimed that all ecclesiastical property in France was confiscated by the State. [ 42 ] Even before it directed its attention to the Church directly, the National Constituent Assembly attacked the institution of monasticism. On 13 February 1790. it issued a decree which stated that the government would no longer recognize solemn religious vows taken by either men or women. In consequence, Orders and Congregations which lived under a Rule were suppressed in France. Members of either sex were free to leave their monasteries or convents if they wished, and could claim an appropriate pension by applying to the local municipal authority. [ 43 ] The National Constituent Assembly ordered the replacement of political subdivisions of the ancien régime with subdivisions called "departments" , to be characterized by a single administrative city in the center of a compact area. The decree was passed on 22 December 1789, and the boundaries fixed on 26 February 1790, with the effective date of 4 March 1790. [ 44 ] A new department was created, called "Aude", and its administrative center was fixed at Carcassonne. [ 45 ] The National Constituent Assembly then, on 6 February 1790, instructed its ecclesiastical committee to prepare a plan for the reorganization of the clergy. At the end of May, its work was presented as a draft Civil Constitution of the Clergy , which, after vigorous debate, was approved on 12 July 1790. There was to be one diocese in each department, [ 46 ] requiring the suppression of approximately fifty dioceses. [ 47 ] The former diocese of Carcassonne became the diocese of Aude, with its seat at Narbonne. [ 48 ] Ten new "metropolitanates" were created, and the diocese of Aude (formerly Carcassonne) was assigned to the Metropole du Sud, whose metropolitan was seated at Toulouse. [ 49 ] The Civil Constitution of the Clergy also abolished Chapters, canonries, prebends, and other offices both in cathedrals and in collegiate churches. [ 50 ] Restoration The French Directory fell in the coup engineered by Talleyrand and Napoleon on 10 November 1799. The coup resulted in the establishment of the French Consulate , with Napoleon as the First Consul. To advance his aggressive military foreign policy, he decided to make peace with the Catholic Church in France and with the Papacy. [ 51 ] In the concordat of 1801 with Pope Pius VII , and in the enabling papal bull, "Qui Christi Domini", the constitutional diocese of Aude and all the other dioceses in France, were suppressed. This removed all the institutional contaminations and novelties introduced by the Constitutional Church, and voided all of the episcopal appointments of both authentic and constitutional bishops. [ 52 ] The diocesan structure was then canonically re-established by the papal bull "Qui Christi Domini" of 29 November 1801, including the diocese of Carcassonne, which was named a suffragan (subordinate) of Toulouse. [ 53 ] The Concordat was registered as a French law on 8 April 1802. [ 54 ] From 1848 to 1855 the see was occupied by Bishop de Bonnechose , who was created a Cardinal by Pope Pius IX on 11 December 1863; [ 55 ] From 1855 to 1873, the see was held by the mystical writer, François-Alexandre Roullet de La Bouillerie . [ 56 ] Bishops To 1000 (589) – Sergius [ 58 ] (633) – Solemnius [ 59 ] (636) – Elpidius [ 60 ] (653) – Sylvester [ 61 ] (683) – Stephanus [ 62 ] (813) – Senior [ 64 ] (860) – Eurus [ 65 ] (883–897) – Gislerranus [ 66 ] (902–931) – Guimera [ 67 ] (933–934) – Abbo [ 68 ] (934–952) – Gisandus [ 69 ] ( c. 965–977) – Franco [ 70 ] (982–986) – Aimeric [ 71 ] 1000 to 1300 (1002–1020) – Adalbert [ 72 ] ( c. 1028) – Fulco [ 73 ] (1031–1058) – Guifred (1072–1075) – Bernard (1077–1083) – Pierre Artaud [ 74 ] (1083–1101) – Petrus (II) [ 75 ] (1106–1107?) – Guillaume Bernardi [ 76 ] (1107–1110) – Raimond (I) [ 77 ] (1113–1130) – Arnaud de Girone (1131–1141) – Raimond de Sorèze (1142–1159) – Pons de Tresmals [ 78 ] (1159–1166?) – Pons de Brugals [ 79 ] (1170?–1201) – Othon [ 80 ] (1201–1209) – Bérenger [ 81 ] (1209–1231) – Bernard-Raimond de Roquefort [ 82 ] (1212–1223) – Guy de Vaux-de-Cernay (contested) [ 83 ] (1226–1248) – Clarínus [ 84 ] (1248–1255) – Guillaume Arnaud (1256–1264) – Guillaume Rudolphe [ 85 ] (1265–1278) – Bernard de Capendu (1278–1280) – Gauthier [ 86 ] (1280) – Bérenger [ 87 ] ( c. 1286) – Isarn [ 88 ] (1291–1298) – Pierre de La Chapelle-Taillefer [ 89 ] (1298–1300) – Jean de Chevry [ 90 ] 1300 to 1500 (1300–1321) – Pierre de Roquefort (1322–1323) – Guillaume de Flavacourt (1323–1330) – Pierre Rodier (1330–1336) – Pierre Jean (1337–1346) – Gaucelmus de Jean (1347–1354) – Gilbert Jean (1354–1357) – Arnaud Aubert (1358–1361) – Geoffroi de Vayrols (1361) – Étienne Aubert [ 91 ] (1362–1370) – Jean Fabri [ 92 ] (1371) – Hugues de La Jugie [ 93 ] (1372–1391) – Pierre de Saint-Martial [ 94 ] (1391–1409) – Simon de Cramaud Administrator (Avignon Obedience) [ 95 ] (1409–1412) – Pierre Aimerici, (Avignon Obedience) [ 96 ] (1413–1420) – Géraud du Puy [ 97 ] (1420–1445) – Geoffroi de Pompadour [ 98 ] (1446–1456) – Jean d’Étampes [ 99 ] [ (1456–1459) – Geoffroi de Basilhac ] [ 100 ] (1456–1475) – Jean du Chastel [ 101 ] (1476–1497) – Guichard d'Aubusson [ 102 ] (1497–1501) – Cardinal Juan Lopez, Administrator [ 103 ] 1500 to 1800 (1497–1512) – Pierre d'Auxillon [ 104 ] (1512–1516) – Hugues de Voisins [ 105 ] (1516–1521) – Jean de Basilhac [ 106 ] (1521–1545) – Martín de Saint-André [ 107 ] (1546–1552) – Charles de Bourbon-Vendôme , Administrator [ 108 ] (1556–1565) – François de Faucon (1565–1567) – Charles de Bourbon-Vendôme , Administrator [ 109 ] (1567–1568) – Vitelli Vitelloti , Administrator [ 110 ] (1569–1601) – Annibal de Ruccellai [ 111 ] (1603–1621) – Christophe de L’Estang (1621–1652) – Vitalis de L'Estang (1653–1654) – François de Servien (1655–1679) – Louis de Nogaret de La Valette (1680) – Louis d'Anglure de Bourlemont [ 112 ] (1681–1722) – Louis Joseph de Grignan [ 113 ] (1722–1729) – Louis Joseph de Chateauneuf de Rochebonne [ 114 ] (1730–1778) – Armand Bazin de Bezons [ 115 ] (1778–1788) – Jean Auguste de Chastenet de Puységur [ 116 ] (1789–1791) – François Marie Fortuné de Vintimille [ 117 ] (1791–1801) – Guillaume Bésaucèle, Constitutional bishop [ 118 ] (1801) – Louis Belmas , (Constitutional Bishop) [ 119 ] From 1802 (1802–1824) – Arnaud-Ferdinand de La Porte [ 120 ] (1824–1847) – Joseph-Julien de Saint-Rome Gualy [ 121 ] (1848–1855) – Henri-Marie-Gaston de Bonnechose [ 122 ] (1855–1873) – François-Alexandre Roullet de La Bouillerie [ 123 ] (1873–1881) – François-Albert Leuillieux [ 124 ] (1881–1901) – Paul-Félix Arsène Billard [ 125 ] (1902–1930) – Paul-Félix Beuvain de Beauséjour (1930–1931) – Emmanuel Coste [ 126 ] (1932–1951) – Jean-Joseph Pays (1952–1982) – Pierre-Marie Joseph Puech (1982–2004) – Jacques Despierre [ 127 ] (2004–2023) – Alain Planet [ 128 ] (2023–pres.) – Bruno Valentin [ 129 ] See also Ancient Diocese of Narbonne Catholic Church in France List of Catholic dioceses in France References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Diocese of Carcassonne et Narbonne" . Catholic-Hierarchy.org . David M. Cheney . Retrieved 21 January 2015 . ^ Mahul, V, pp. 393 and 539. ^ Gaetano Moroni (ed.), Dizionario di erudizione historico-ecclesiastica (in Italian) , Volume 9 (Venice: Tip. Emiliana 1841), p. 255. Trouvé, Etats de Languedoc... Vol. 2, p. 166 . ^ Mahul V, p. 539: "Nous ne connaissons aucun monument authentique pour dater avec précision, la fondation ou même l'existence de la première église cathédrale de Carcassonne, dédiée aux SS. Nazaire et Celse, martyrs de Milan, sous Néron." ^ Mahul, V, pp. 403 , 501, and 539, insisting on a date of 1088, but the Pope was nowhere near Milan, the place from which the letter was issued, in 1088. The correct date is 21 May 1095. See Philipp Jaffé, Regesta pontificum Romanorum I (Leipzig 1885), no. 5565. ^ Gallia christiana VI, "Instrumenta", pp. 431-432, no. XXIII, with the incorrect date of 1288. ^ Mahul V, p. 543. ^ Mahul V, p. 544: "Anno Dominicæ incarnationis M.XCVI. IVO indictione, feria Iv³ , Vrbanus papa Carcassonam ingressus et missas ibidem celebravit, vivos et defunctos benedicens absolvit, etiam ecclesiæ B. Nazarii saxa benedixit; et subsequenti sexta feria super B. Mariæ semper virginis, sanctique Salvatoris altare missas celebratus, sermonem nobis fecit, cometerium propriis manibus, salis aspersione absolvit, et sic, diebus quinque nobiscum commorans, vivis ac defunctis consignatis, cum laude et gratiarum actione discesit." Gallia christiana Vol. VI, p. 841. ^ Mahul V, pp. 550-551. ^ Mahul, V, pp. 575-586 . The first Dean was Hélie de Pompadour, Canon of the Cathedral, licentiate in laws and Bachelor of Canon Law. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin V, p. 143, note 1. ^ Ritzler & Sefrin VI, p. 147, note 1. ^ Mahul III, pp. 281-288 . ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 862. Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione... volume 9, p. 256. Mahul III, p. 281. ^ Le diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, les-paroisses . Retrieved: 2016-07-29. ^ Mahul V, pp. 411-412. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 881-882. ^ Mahul V, p. 548: "Nec silendum quod cives Carcassonenses pessimi et infideles refectorium et cellarium Canonicorum Carcassonensium qui erant canonici regulares, ipsas etiam stallas ecclesiæ, quod execrabilius est, destruxerunt, ut muros Civitatis indè munirent (Petrus Vallium Cernaii, Historia Albigensium , cap. 16). ^ Mahul V, pp. 289-290. ^ August Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum Volume I (Berlin De Decker 1874), p. 364, nos. 4223-4224. He died in 1224, calling himself quondam eiscopus et Praepositus Montislongi. ^ Benedict Wiedemann, Papal Overlordship and European Princes, 1000-1270 (Oxford: OUP 2022), p. 129 . ^ Mahul V, p. 412. Eubel I, p. 356. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 62 . ^ Bede Jarrett, Life of St. Dominic (1170-1221) (London: Burns, Oates & washbourne 1924), p. 61 . Mahul V, p. 413. ^ Elaine Graham-Leigh, The Southern French Nobility and the Albigensian Crusade (Woodbridge: Boydell Press 2005), p. 45. ^ Peter of les Vaux-de-Cernay , Historia Albigensis 615. Chanson de la Croisade Albigeoise laisse 206. Rion Klawinsky, "Carcassonne," in: Trudy Ring, Noelle Watson, Paul Schellinger (edd.), Northern Europe: International Dictionary of Historic Places (London-New York: Routledge, 2013): "Also within the walls on the Cité is the basilica of Saint-Nazaire, the first stones of which were blessed by Pope Urban II and laid in 1096. The tomb of Simon the Montfort is located in the basilica, although his body is not. It has been removed from the tomb and placed at Montfort l'Amaury, west of Paris." ^ Claude-Joseph baron Trouvé, États de Languedoc et Département de l'Aude , Volume 2, pp. 170-171 . A. Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum (in Latin) , Volume 1 (Berlin: De Decker 1874), p. 784, no. 7155. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 886 . ^ Moroni, Dizionario di erudizione ... vol. 9, p. 255. ^ Mahul V, pp. 419-435. ^ Mahul V, p. 535. ^ Mahul V, p. 466. ^ Mahul, p. 467: "Dubitantes probabiliter de ætatis maturitate eiusdem modo et forma in processu dictarum electionis et postulationis contentarum, ipsamque postulationem seu electionem, sicut præmittitur factam, unà cum processu super eadem exordito, ad scitationem vestram, per certos destinauerimus ipsius ecclesiæ concanonicos...." ^ "...didiscimus, ipsa V(estra). S(anctitas). dictam postulationem ut præfertur, ex inspiratione diuina vnanimiter et concorditer factam in crastinum festi natiuitatis S. Johannis Baptistæ nouissime decursi, duxit non admittendam." ^ Eubel II, p. 201 . ^ "Et himnum Te Deum laudamus solemniter decantantes, dictum electum nostrum remittentem in ecclesiam prædictam deportantes, in episcopali cathedra ipsius ecclesiæ intronisamus, iuxta morem in talibus seruari solitum: et confestim electionem ipsam clero et populo, per prænominatum D. Heliam Magne, vice et nomine nostrum omnium, fecimus publicarj." ^ Mahul, pp. 466, 468. ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 915. ^ Mahul V, pp. 468-469 . ^ Mahul V, p. 469 . ^ Gallia christiana VI, p. 914 . Eubel II, p. 223. Eubel says that the date of appointment was 16 May 1462. ^ Claude-Joseph baron Trouvé, États de Languedoc et Département de l'Aude , (in French) . Volume 2 (Paris: Didot 1818), pp. 97-98 . ^ J. B. Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, (in French) , Volume 1 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1834), p. 64-65 : "L'Assemblée nationale décrète, 1º que tous les biens ecclésiastiques sont à la disposition de la nation, à la charge de pourvoir, d'une manière convenable, aux frais du culte, à l'entretien de ses ministres, et au soulagement des pauvres, sous la surveillance et d'après les instructions des provinces; 2º que dans les dispositions à faire pour subvenir à l'entretien des ministres de la religion, il ne pourra être assuré à la dotation d'aucune cure moins de douze cents livres par année, non compris le logement et les jardins en dépendant". Marais & Beaudoin, pp. 255-257 . ^ Duvergier, Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, règlemens avis du Conseil d'état, Volume 1, p. 118 : "La loi constitutionnelle du royaume ne reconnaitra plus de voeux monastiques solennels des personnes de l'un ni de l'autre sexe: en conséquence, les ordres et congrégations réguliers dans lesquels on fait de pareils voeux sont et demeureront supprimés en France, sans qu'il puisse en être établi de semblables à l'avenir." Michael Burleigh, Earthly Powers: The Clash of Religion and Politics in Europe, from the French Revolution to the Great War (New York: Harper Collins 2006), p. 54. ^ Pisani, pp. 10-11 . ^ Duvergier, p. 104 : "10. AUDE. L'assemblée de ce département se tiendra provisoirement à Carcassonne, et les électeurs délibéreront si elle doit alterner, et entre quelles villes cet alternat aura lieu. Ce département est divisé en six districts, dont les chefs-lieux sont: Carcassonne, Castelnaudary, la Grasse, Limoux, Narbonne, Quillan." ^ "Civil Constitution," Title I, "Article 1. Chaque département formera un seul diocèse, et chaque diocèse aura la même étendue et les mêmes limites que le département." ^ Ludovic Sciout, Histoire de la constitution civile du clergé (1790-1801): L'église et l'Assemblée constituante, (in French and Latin) , Vol. 1 (Paris: Firmin Didot 1872), p. 182 : Art. 2 "...Tous les autres évêchés existant dans les quatre-vingt-trois départements du royaume, et qui ne sont pas nommément compris au présent article, sont et demeurent supprimés." ^ Duvergier, p. 242 , col. 2. ^ Duvergier, p. 243 , col. 1: "L'arrondissement de la métropole du sud comprendra les évêchés des départemens de la Haute-Garonne, du Gers, des Basses-Pyrénées, des Hautes-Pyrénées, de l'Ariége, des Pyrénées-Orientales, de l'Aude, de l'Aveyron, du Lot, du Tarn." ^ Duvergier, Vol. 1, p. 285 : Article I, "20. Tous titres et offices, autres que ceux mentionnés en la présente constitution, les dignités, canonicats, prébendes, demi-prébendes, chapelles, chapellenies, tant des églises cathédrales que des églises collégiales, et tous chapitres réguliers et séculiers de l'un et de l'autre sexe, les abbayes et prieurés en règle ou en commende, aussi de l'un et de l'autre sexe, et tous autres bénéfices et prestimonies généralement quelconques, de quelque nature et sous quelque dénomination que ce soit, sont, à compter du jour de la publication du présent décret, éteints et supprimés, sans qu'il puisse jamais en être établi de semblables." ^ Hippolyte Taine, The Origins of Contemporary France. The Modern Régime, Volume 1 (H. Holt, 1890), p. 153. ^ J.B. Duvergier (ed.), Collection complète des lois, décrets, ordonnances, réglemens et avis du Conseil d'état, (in French and Latin) , Volume 13 (Paris: A. Guyot et Scribe, 1826), p. 372, col. 2: "L'archevêché de Narbonne et ses suffragans, les évêchés de Beziers, Agde, Nimes, Carcassonne, Montpellier, Lodève, Uzès, Saint-Pons, Alet, Alais et Elne ou Perpignan." ^ Duvergier, Vol. 13, p.375 : "L'archevêché de Toulouse, et les nouveaux évêchés de Cahors, Ágen, Carcassonne, Montpellier et Baïonne, que nous lui assignōns pour suffragans." p. 384 . ^ Duvergier, Vol. 13, p.318 . The law was published by an arrété of 18 April 1802. ^ On 22 September 1864 he was given the red hat and named Cardinal-Priest of San Clemente . David M. Cheney, Catholic-Hierarchy: Henri-Marie-Gaston Boisnormand Cardinal de Bonnechose . Retrieved: 2016-07-29. Salvador Miranda, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church Consistory of December 11, 1863. Retrieved: 2016-07-29. ^ François-Alexandre de La Bouillerie (1866). Etude sur le symbolisme de la nature interprété d'après l'Écriture sainte et les Pères... (in French) (deuxieme ed.). Paris: Libr. Martin-Beaupré Fres. ^ Both Gallia christiana VI, pp. 862-864 , and Duchesne, p. 319, note 1 , point out that the Sainte-Marthe brothers had no evidence for Hilarius, only speculation and a conjectured date. Duchesne notes that there were Hilaries at Poitiers, Arles, and Toulouse in the 4th century, and a Hilarius at Narbonne in the 5th. ^ Bishop Sergius was present at the Third Council of Toledo, summoned by the Visigothic king Reccared in May 589, and at the Council of Narbonne on 1 November 589. Duchesne, p. 319, no. 1 . Charles De Clercq, Concilia Galliae A. 511 - A. 695 , (in Latin) (Turnholt: Brepols 1963), p. 254: "...Migetius, Sedatius, Benenatus, Boetius, Pelagius, Tigridius, Agripinus et Sergis, episcopi Gallie prouincie, concilia sanctorum antiquorum patrum uel decreta obseruare cum Dei timore cupientes, nos in urbe Narbona, secundum quod sancta synodus per ordinationem gloriosissimi domni nostri Reccharedi regis in urbe Toletana finibit, die kalendas Nouembres Deo auspice in unum conuenimus...." ^ Bishop Solemnius' archdeacon Donellius participated in the fourth council of Toledo on 9 December 633. Gallia christiana VI, p. 864 . J.D. Mansi (ed.), Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima (in Latin) volume 10 (Florence: A. Zatta 1764), p. 643 . Duchesne, p. 319, no. 2 . ^ Bishop Elpidius was present at the fifth council of Toledo in 636. Garsias Loiasa, Collectio Conciliorum Hispaniae , (in Latin) , (Madrid: Petrus Madrigal 1593), p. 381 . Mansi, p. 657 . His name is omitted by Gallia christiana and by Duchesne. ^ Bishop Sylvester participated in the 8th council of Toledo on 16 December 653. Loaisa, p. 440 . Mansi, vol. 10, p. 1222 . Duchesne, p. 319, no. 3 . ^ Bishop Stephanus (Étienne, Stapin) had a delegate at the council of Toledo in 683. Duchesne, p. 319, no. 4 . Rouch de Cavanac, (Abbe) (1867). Mémoire sur Saint Stapin, cinquième évêque de Carcassonne, etc (in French). Carcassonne: Pierre Polere. ^ Hiscipio: Duchesne, p. 319, no. 5 . J.D. Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima, (in Latin) , Volume 13 (Florence: A. Zatta 1767), p. 823 . Antonio Pagi, cited by Mansi at pp. 824-825, gives numerous examples proving that the one document, "The False Council of Narbonne", in which the name Hispicio appears, is a forgery. Charlemagne, for example, is thrice called "Emperor" in a document of 788, though he did not receive the title until 25 December 800. ^ Senior (Eniar): Duchesne, p. 319, no. 6 . Élisabeth Magnou-Nortier, Recueil des chartes de l'Abbaye de La Grasse , volume I, 779-1119 (Paris, 1996), pp. 10-11. ^ Bishop Eurus was present and signed the decrees of the Council of Thuzey ( Concilium Tullense II apud Thusiacum ) on 22 October 860. Jacques Sirmond, Concilia antiqua Galliae (in Latin) , volume 3 (Paris: Sebastian Cramoisy 1629), p. 163 . Duchesne, p. 319, no. 7 . ^ Willeran attended the council of Narbonne in villa Portu , which took place on 18 November 886, according to Sirmond, p. 522 ; and J.D. Mansi Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio , editio novissima, Volume 18, pp. 44-45]. Duchesne puts the date in 897. Duchesne, p. 319, no. 8 . ^ Bishop Gimara was present at the council of Barcelona in 906 (Mansi 18, pp. 255-256 ), at the council of Maguelonne on 4 May 909 (Mansi, vol. 18, p. 261 ). On 6 February 917, Bishop Gimerra consecrated a church altar. He is said to have died on 13 February 931 (modern 932?). Gallia christiana VI, pp. 865-866 . Mansi, vol. 18, p. 261 . ^ Abbo: Gallia christiana VI, pp. 866-867 . Mahul, p. 399 . ^ Wisandus, Guisandus, Gisandus, was present at the council of Narbonne in 947. On 24 July 951, he ratified an exchange of porperty. Gallia christiana VI, p. 867 . Mahul, pp. 399-400 . ^ Franco: Mahul, p. 400 . ^ Aimeric: Mahul, p. 400 . ^ Adalbertus is attested in documents from 1002 to 1020; his episcopate may have begun earlier than that date and lasted longer than the latter date. Mahul, p. 400 . ^ In 1028 Foulques took part in the consecration of the church of Saint-Martial in Limoges. Mahul, p. 401 . ^ Petrus Artaldus Mahul, pp. 402-403 . ^ Pierre: Mahul, pp. 403-404 . ^ Guillaume was bishop before 5 November 1106, his earliest attestation. He signed a document on 2 August 1107. Mahul, p. 404 . ^ The date, even the year, of the beginning of his episcopate is unknown. On 1 April 1110, Bishop Raimond signed a document. Mahul, p. 404 . ^ Bishop Pons died on 11 February 1159. Mahul V, p. 407 . ^ Pons de Brugals was elected on 31 October 1259. His date of death is not recorded, though he was in attendance at the provincial council of Narbonne on 17 July 1166. Mahul V, p. 407 . ^ Otho was already bishop of Carcassonne on 27 June 1170. The date of his election is unknown. He died on 6 December 1201. Mahul V, p. 407 . ^ Bishop Berengarius is attested in 1201 and 1206. He was present at the deathbed of the Vicomte of Carcassonne on 10 November 1209, and died shortly thereafter. Mahul V, p. 409 . Eubel I, p. 166. ^ Bishop Bernard-Raimond was elected in March 1209. He resigned in 1211, and was still alive in 1224. Eubel I, p. 166 with note 1. ^ Guy died in March 1223. Mahul, pp. 411-414 . ^ Clarin had been chancellor of Simon de Montfort and his son Amaury. He was named bishop of Carcassonne by King Louis VIII of France during his visit to Carcassonne in September 1226. On April 1246, Clarinus participated in the provincial council held a Béziers to formulate rules for the Inquisition, of which the bishop was a strong supporter. Bishop Clarinus died on 25 April 1248. Mahul, pp. 414-416 . ^ Jean-Pierre Cros-Mayrevieille (1840). Notice sur la chapelle et le mausolée de l'évêque Guillaume Radulphe, situés à côté de la cathédrale Saint-Nazaire dans la Cité de Carcassonne (in French). Carcassonne: L. Pomiés-Gardel. ^ called Jean Gauthier, without warrant. Mahul, V, pp. 437–439. Gauthier had previously been Archdeacon of Carcassonne. ^ Gams, p. 528, but not recognized by Eubel, I, p. 166. Cf. Mahul, V, pp. 438–439. ^ Gams, p. 528, but not recognized by Eubel, I, p. 166. Cf. Mahul, V, pp. 438–439. ^ Canon of Paris and Royal clerk; one of the royal commissioners who held the Parliament at Toulouse, 1288–1290. Mahul, V, p. 439-441. ^ Jean de Chevry had been archdeacon of Rouen when he was named Bishop of Carcassonne by Pope Boniface VIII . In 1299–1300 he was ambassador of Philip IV of France to Edward I of England . Mahul, V, p. 441. ^ Étienne Aubert was a grand-nephew of Pope Innocent VI . Named cardinal on 17 September 1361. Mahul, V, pp. 453–454 . 6 March 1361 – 17 September 1361 (never consecrated). ^ Mahul, V, pp. 454–455 . ^ Hugues de La Jugie was a nephew of Pope Clement VI . Bishop of Béziers (1350–1371). Transferred to Carcassonne by his cousin, Pope Gregory XI , on 27 June 1371. He died suddenly at Avignon, where he had gone to swear allegiance to his cousin, on 13 July 1371. He was buried in the Cathedral of Béziers. Mahul, V, p. 456 . 27 June – 13 July 1371 (never installed) ^ Mahul, V, pp. 456–459 . ^ Simon was Patriarch of Alexandria (1391–1409)On 2 July 1409, Simon Cremaud was named Archbishop of Reims. He was named a Cardinal by Antipope John XXIII on 13 April 1413. He died on 15 December 1422. Mahul, V, pp. 459–460 . Eubel, I, p. 33, 82, 166. ^ Pierre had been archbishop of Bourges (1390–1409), appointed by Pope Clement VII . Mahul, V, p. 460 . Eubel I, pp. 139, 166. ^ Mahul, V, pp. 461–463 . ^ Mahul, V, pp. 463–464 . ^ Jean d'Estampes died in Nevers on 25 January 1456 (1455 O.S.). Mahul, V, pp. 464–466 . ^ Gaufridus had been a canon and sub-Dean of the cathedral Chapter. He was twice elected bishop, but his candidacy was rejected by Pope Calixtus III. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 914-915 . Mahul, V, pp. 466–468 . ^ Jean du Chastel, nephew of Cardinal Alain de Coëtivy, was appointed bishop of Carcassonne by Pope Calixtus III on 25 June 1456. Mahul V, p. 468 . ^ Guichard was appointed on 15 July 1476. He died on 24 November 1497. Eubel III, p. 152, note 2. ^ The election by the cathedral Chapter in 1497 was contested between Pierre d'Auxillon and Jacques Hurauld. The king of France and the clergy of Carcassonne treated Pierre as the legitimate and functioning bishop. An appeal was entered in Rome, however, and the cardinal archbishop of Capua was appointed administrator of the diocese of Carcassonne on 24 December 1497. He died on 5 August 1501. The Papacy treated the matter as under judgment until 1503. Eubel II, p. 23, no. 17; III, p. 152. ^ Pierre d'Auxillon was elected by the cathedral Chapter on 6 December 1497, in competition with Jacques Hurauld. On 19 January 1504, in an agreement made with Pierre d'Auxillon, Jacques Hurauld abandoned his claim, which he was never able to establish: Register of Pope Alexander VI : "XIV cal. febr. anno 1503. Petrus canonicus Carcassonensis electus Carcassonensis episcopus, per cessionem Jacobi ejusdem ecclesiæ possessione nondum habita." Bishop Pierre died on 24 September 1512. Eubel III, p. 152. Mahul V, pp. 472-478 . ^ Hugues de Voisins: Mahul V, p. 479 . ^ Jean de Basilhac: Mahul V, pp. 479-480 . ^ Martin was elected a canon of Carcassonne in 1510, when he was not yet 13 years old. He studied at the University of Toulouse. Hugh de Vicinis was elected bishop of Carcassonne by nine of the fifteen canons of the cathedral on 28 September 1512, but Martin was chosen by four of the canons; the Council of Pisa and King Louis XII directed the Chapter to reject Hugh and elect Martin, though the Chapter rejected their intervention on 31 May and 1 June 1512. In any case, Martin was still below the canonical age for consecration. Martin was elected bishop at the assembly of Lyon in 1513, thanks to letters from King Louis XII , resigning his canonicate in favor of his brother (d. 1522), without election by the Chapter. The bishopric of Carcassonne was in litigation from 1512 to 1521. Martin was declared bishop by an arrêt of the Grand Council, on 22 March 1521, after provision of Pope Leo X and King Francis I of France . On 8 November 1523, Martin made his formal entry into Carcassonne. Gallia christiana VI, pp. 918-920 . Mahul V, pp. 480-485 . Eubel III, p. 152. ^ Cardinal de Bourbon was appointed archbishop of Rouen on 3 October 1550. Eubel III, p. 152 with notes 6 and 7; 287. ^ Cardinal de Bourbon died in prison on 9 May 1590. Eubel III, pp. 30 no. 67; 152 with note 10. ^ Cardinal Vitelloti was Chamberlain of the Holy Roman Church from 17 November 1564, and was papal envoy to King Charles IX of France in 1566. He died on 19 November 1568. Mahul V, p. 490 . Eubel III, pp. 36, no. 17; 152. ^ Ruccellai was named bishop of Carcassonne by King Charles IX, and approved by Pope Pius V in the consistory of 1 April 1569. He took possession of the diocese in person on 11 November 1572. He died in Rome on 28 January 1601. Mahul V, pp. 490-492 . Eubel III, p. 152 with note 11. ^ Louis d'Anglure: Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 143 with note 3. ^ Louis Joseph de Grignan: He died on 1 March 1722. Jean, p. 261, no. 76 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 143 with note 4. ^ Rochebonne was a doctor of theology, and had been vicar-general of Lyon, for his older brother, the archbishop. He became canon, and then Dean of the cathedral Chapter in 1713. He became titular bishop of Hierocaesarea (Lydia, Turkey) and coadjutor of his uncle Bishop de Grignan on 4 March 1720, and succeeded to the episcopal throne on 1 March 1722. He died on 31 December 1729. Guillaume Beaufils (1730). Oraison funèbre de... Louis-Joseph de Chateau-Neuf de Rochebonne, évêque de Carcassonne,... doyen, comte de Lyon... (in French). chez Claude Journet. Jean, p. 261-262, no. 77 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica V, p. 143 with note 5; 220. ^ Bazin: Jean, p. 262, no. 78 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 147 with note 2. ^ Puységur: Jean, p. 262, no. 79 . Mahul, pp. 521-522 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VI, p. 148 with note 3. ^ Monerie De Cabrens (1888). Mgr de Vintimille, des comtes de Marseille: évêque de Carcassone, d'après sa correspondance de 1788 à 1814 (in French). Marseille: Imp. marseillaise. When the Civil Constitution of the Clergy made his position impossible, subsuming his diocese into the 'Diocese of the Aude', Vintimille fled to Italy, where he found refuge with Cardinal de Bernis. He refused to resign in 1801, when Pius VII signed the Concordat with First Consul Bonaparte, even at papal request. Armand Jean (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. p. 263. . Mahul, p. 523-529 . ^ Besaucèle had been Dean of the Chapter of Carcassonne before the Revolution. He was consecrated at Toulouse by Archbishop Antoine-Pascal-Hyacinthe Sermet of the Haute-Garonne on 15 May 1791. He was 78 years old. Mahul, pp. 529-533 . Paul Pisani (1907). Répertoire biographique de l'épiscopat constitutionnel (1791–1802) (in French). Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 371–374 and 457. ^ Belmas was elected as Coadjutor to Constitutional Bishop Besaucèle, and was consecrated on 26 October 1800. Under the new Concordat of 1801 , he retracted his schismatic adherence to the Civil Constitution of the Clergy, and obtained the See of Cambrai, of which he took possession on 6 June 1802. He repeated his retraction to Pius VII personally in 1804. He died, as Bishop of Cambrai, on 21 July 1841. Mahul, V, pp. 534–535. ^ La Porte: Charpentier, pp. 170–171 . ^ Gualy: Charpentier, pp. 171-172 . ^ Charpentier, pp. 172-173 . ^ Bouillerie was named bishop of Carcassonne on 20 February 1855, and confirmed by Pope Gregory XVI on 23 March 1855; he was consecrated in Paris by Archbishop Sibour on 20 May. He was named coadjutor bishop of Bordeaux on 16 December 1872, and transferred by Pope Pius IX on 21 March 1873. He died on 8 July 1882. Antoine Ricard (1887). Vie de Mgr de La Bouillerie: évêque de Carcassonne, archevêque de Perga, coadjuteur de Bordeaux, 1810–1882 (in French). Paris: Société genérale de librairie catholique. pp. 213– 249. Charpentier, pp. 173-175 . Ritzler & Sefrin, Hierarchia catholica VIII, pp. 162, 181, 447. ^ Leuillieux: Charpentier, pp. 174-175 . translated to Chambéry inn1881. ^ Billard: Charpentier, pp. 175-176 . ^ In 1931, Coste wastransferred to the Diocese of Aix . ^ Despierre: Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, "Monseigneur Jacques DESPIERRE;" (in French) ; retrieved: 10 May 2025. ^ Planet: 2004 – 31 March 2023. "Resignations and Appointments, 31.03.2023" (Press release). Holy See Press Office. 31 March 2023 . Retrieved 1 April 2023 . . Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, "Monseigneur Alain PLANET;" (in French) ; retrieved: 10 May 2025. ^ (31 March 2023 – present) Diocèse de Carcassonne et Narbonne, "Biographie de Mgr Bruno Valentin;" (in French) ; retrieved: 10 May 2025. Bibliography Reference works Gams, Pius Bonifatius (1873). Series episcoporum Ecclesiae catholicae: quotquot innotuerunt a beato Petro apostolo . Ratisbon: Typis et Sumptibus Georgii Josephi Manz. pp. 528–529. (Use with caution; obsolete) Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1913). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 1 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus, ed. (1914). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 2 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Eubel, Conradus; Gulik, Guilelmus, eds. (1923). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 3 (second ed.). Münster: Libreria Regensbergiana. Gauchat, Patritius (Patrice) (1935). Hierarchia catholica (in Latin). Vol. 4 (1592-1667). Münster: Libraria Regensbergiana . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1952). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. V (1667-1730). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1958). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentis aevi (in Latin). Vol. VI (1730-1799). Patavii: Messagero di S. Antonio . Retrieved 6 July 2016 . Ritzler, Remigius; Sefrin, Pirminus (1968). Hierarchia Catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VII (1800–1846). Monasterii: Libr. Regensburgiana. Remigius Ritzler; Pirminus Sefrin (1978). Hierarchia catholica Medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. VIII (1846–1903). Il Messaggero di S. Antonio. Pięta, Zenon (2002). Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (in Latin). Vol. IX (1903–1922). Padua: Messagero di San Antonio. ISBN 978-88-250-1000-8 . Sainte-Marthe, Denis de; Hauréau, Barthélemy (1739). Gallia Christiana: In Provincias Ecclesiasticas Distributa, De provincia Narbonensi (in Latin). Vol. Tomus sextus (VI). Paris: Typographia Regia. Pages 860–1028; Instrumenta , pp. 411–475. Studies Bouges, Thomas Augustin (1741). Histoire ecclesiastique et civile de la ville et diocése de Carcassonne: avec les pièces justificatives & une notice ancienne & moderne de ce diocése (in French). Paris: Chez Pierre Gandouin, Pierre Emery, Pierre Piget. Carayon, Charles (1903). L'Inquisition à Carcassonne au XIIIe et au XIVe siècle (in French). Paris: C. Lacour. ISBN 978-2-84149-761-4 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Charpentier, Léon (1907). L'épiscopat français depuis le Concordat jusqu'à la Séparation (1802-1905) . Paris: Librairie des Saints-Pères. De Vic, Cl.; Vaissete, J. (1876). Histoire générale de Languedoc (in French). Vol. Tome IV. Toulouse: Edouard Privat. [Archbishops of Narbonne]. De Vic, Claude; Vaissete, J. (1745). Histoire générale de Languedoc avec des notes et les pièces justificatives (in French). Vol. 5. Paris: chez Jacques Vincent. Douais, Célestin (1900). Documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'Inquisition dans le Languedoc (in Latin and French). Vol. Deuxième partie: Textes. Paris: Renouard. Du Mege de la Haye, Alexandre (1832–1833). "Notice sur le tombeau de Saint-Hilaire, évêque de Carcassonne" . Mémoires de la Société archéologique du midi de la France . 1 : 83– 92. Duchesne, Louis (1907). Fastes épiscopaux de l'ancienne Gaule: I. Provinces du Sud-Est . Paris: Fontemoing. pp. 289– 295, 307– 308. second edition (in French) Jean, Armand (1891). Les évêques et les archevêques de France depuis 1682 jusqu'à 1801 (in French). Paris: A. Picard. Poux, Joseph (1922–1938). La cité de Carcassonne: histoire et description (in French). Vol. 5 volumes. Toulouse: É. Privat. Vidal, Jean-Marie (1903). Un Inquisiteur jugé par ses "victimes": Jean Galand et les Carcassonnais (in French). Paris: A. Picard. Collections Douais, Célestin (1900). Documents pour servir à l'histoire de l'Inquisition dans le Languedoc: publiés pour la Société de l'histoire de France (in French). Vol. 1. Paris: Honoré Champion. Fédération historique du Languedoc méditerranéen et du Roussillon (1970). Carcassonne et sa région: actes des 41e et 24e Congrès d'études régionales . Fédération historique du Languedoc et du Roussillon. [papers given at a congress] Mahul, Alphonse Jacques (1867). Cartulaire et archives des communes de l'ancien diocèse et de l'arrondissement administratif de Carcassonne: Villes-Villages-Églises-Abbayes-Prieurés-Chateaux-Seigneuries-Fiefs-Généalogies-Blasons-Métaires-Lieux bâtis- Quartiers ruraux-Notes statistiques (in French and Latin). Vol. 5. Paris: Didron. [Bishops of Carcassonne: pp. 390–535] For further reading Sparks, Chris (2014). Heresy, Inquisition and Life Cycle in Medieval Languedoc . York: Boydell & Brewer Ltd. ISBN 978-1-903153-52-9 . Strayer, Joseph Reese (1992). The Albigensian Crusades . Ann Arbor MI USA: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-06476-2 . Sumption, Jonathan (2011). The Albigensian Crusade . London: Faber & Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-26657-9 . Vaux De Cernay, Pierre (1951). P. Guebin and H. Maisonneuve (ed.). Histoire Albigeoise (in French). Paris: Vrin. ISBN 978-2-7116-0608-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) External links (in French) Centre national des Archives de l'Église de France, L’Épiscopat francais depuis 1919 Archived 2017-05-10 at the Wayback Machine , retrieved: 2016-12-24. Goyau, Georges (1908). Carcassonne (Carcassum). The Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Retrieved: 2016-07-28. (obsolete) .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 43°12′56″N 2°21′12″E / 43.21556°N 2.35333°E / 43.21556; 2.35333 .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Catholic Church in France v t e Bishops' Conference of France Province of Besançon Archdiocese of Besançon Diocese of Belfort–Montbéliard Diocese of Nancy Diocese of Saint-Claude Diocese of Saint-Dié Diocese of Verdun Archdiocese of Besançon Diocese of Belfort–Montbéliard Diocese of Nancy Diocese of Saint-Claude Diocese of Saint-Dié Diocese of Verdun Province of Bordeaux Archdiocese of Bordeaux Diocese of Agen Diocese of Aire and Dax Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron Diocese of Périgueux Archdiocese of Bordeaux Diocese of Agen Diocese of Aire and Dax Diocese of Bayonne, Lescar and Oloron Diocese of Périgueux Province of Clermont Archdiocese of Clermont Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay Diocese of Moulins Diocese of Saint-Flour Archdiocese of Clermont Diocese of Le Puy-en-Velay Diocese of Moulins Diocese of Saint-Flour Province of Dijon Archdiocese of Dijon Archdiocese of Sens Diocese of Autun Diocese of Nevers Mission de France Archdiocese of Dijon Archdiocese of Sens Diocese of Autun Diocese of Nevers Mission de France Province of Lille Archdiocese of Lille Archdiocese of Cambrai Diocese of Arras Archdiocese of Lille Archdiocese of Cambrai Diocese of Arras Province of Lyon Archdiocese of Lyon Archdiocese of Chambéry Diocese of Annecy Diocese of Belley–Ars Diocese of Grenoble–Vienne-les-Allobroges Diocese of Saint-Étienne Diocese of Valence Diocese of Viviers Archdiocese of Lyon Archdiocese of Chambéry Diocese of Annecy Diocese of Belley–Ars Diocese of Grenoble–Vienne-les-Allobroges Diocese of Saint-Étienne Diocese of Valence Diocese of Viviers Province of Marseille Archdiocese of Marseille Archdiocese of Aix-en-Provence Archdiocese of Avignon Diocese of Ajaccio Diocese of Digne Diocese of Fréjus–Toulon Diocese of Gap-Embrun Diocese of Nice Archdiocese of Marseille Archdiocese of Aix-en-Provence Archdiocese of Avignon Diocese of Ajaccio Diocese of Digne Diocese of Fréjus–Toulon Diocese of Gap-Embrun Diocese of Nice Province of Montpellier Archdiocese of Montpellier Diocese of Carcassone-Narbonne Diocese of Mende Diocese of Nîmes Diocese of Perpignan–Elne Archdiocese of Montpellier Diocese of Carcassone-Narbonne Diocese of Mende Diocese of Nîmes Diocese of Perpignan–Elne Province of Paris Archdiocese of Paris Diocese of Créteil Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes Diocese of Meaux Diocese of Nanterre Diocese of Pontoise Diocese of Saint-Denis Diocese of Versailles Archdiocese of Paris Diocese of Créteil Diocese of Évry-Corbeil-Essonnes Diocese of Meaux Diocese of Nanterre Diocese of Pontoise Diocese of Saint-Denis Diocese of Versailles Province of Poitiers Archdiocese of Poitiers Diocese of Angoulême Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes Diocese of Limoges Diocese of Tulle Archdiocese of Poitiers Diocese of Angoulême Diocese of La Rochelle and Saintes Diocese of Limoges Diocese of Tulle Province of Reims Archdiocese of Reims Diocese of Amiens Diocese of Beauvais Diocese of Châlons Diocese of Langres Diocese of Soissons Diocese of Troyes Archdiocese of Reims Diocese of Amiens Diocese of Beauvais Diocese of Châlons Diocese of Langres Diocese of Soissons Diocese of Troyes Province of Rennes Archdiocese of Rennes Diocese of Angers Diocese of Laval Diocese of Le Mans Diocese of Luçon Diocese of Nantes Diocese of Quimper Diocese of Saint-Brieuc Diocese of Vannes Archdiocese of Rennes Diocese of Angers Diocese of Laval Diocese of Le Mans Diocese of Luçon Diocese of Nantes Diocese of Quimper Diocese of Saint-Brieuc Diocese of Vannes Province of Rouen Archdiocese of Rouen Diocese of Bayeux Diocese of Coutances Diocese of Évreux Diocese of Le Havre Diocese of Séez Archdiocese of Rouen Diocese of Bayeux Diocese of Coutances Diocese of Évreux Diocese of Le Havre Diocese of Séez Province of Toulouse Archdiocese of Toulouse Archdiocese of Albi Archdiocese of Auch Diocese of Cahors Diocese of Montauban Diocese of Pamiers Diocese of Rodez Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes Archdiocese of Toulouse Archdiocese of Albi Archdiocese of Auch Diocese of Cahors Diocese of Montauban Diocese of Pamiers Diocese of Rodez Diocese of Tarbes-et-Lourdes Province of Tours Archdiocese of Tours Archdiocese of Bourges Diocese of Blois Diocese of Chartres Diocese of Orléans Archdiocese of Tours Archdiocese of Bourges Diocese of Blois Diocese of Chartres Diocese of Orléans Province of Martinique Archdiocese of Fort-de-France Diocese of Basse-Terre Diocese of Cayenne Archdiocese of Fort-de-France Diocese of Basse-Terre Diocese of Cayenne Province of Papeete Archdiocese of Papeete Diocese of Taiohae Archdiocese of Papeete Diocese of Taiohae Province of Noumea Archdiocese of Nouméa Diocese of Wallis and Futuna Diocese of Port-Vila Archdiocese of Nouméa Diocese of Wallis and Futuna Diocese of Port-Vila Directly under Holy See Archdiocese of Strasbourg Diocese of Metz Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion Military Ordinariate of France Archdiocese of Strasbourg Diocese of Metz Diocese of Saint-Denis de La Réunion Military Ordinariate of France Ordinariate for Eastern Catholics Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris Armenian Catholic Eparchy of Sainte-Croix-de-Paris Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of Paris Ukrainian Catholic Eparchy of Saint Vladimir the Great of Paris See also Cathedrals in France Apostolic Nuncio to France France–Holy See relations Former dioceses Cathedrals in France Apostolic Nuncio to France France–Holy See relations Former dioceses Catholicism France Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND ISNI VIAF GND National United States France BnF data United States France BnF data Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Roman Catholic dioceses in France Dioceses established in the 6th century Carcassonne 6th-century establishments in Francia Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Articles with Latin-language sources (la) Articles with French-language sources (fr) CS1 French-language sources (fr) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles containing Latin-language text CS1 Latin-language sources (la) CS1: long volume value CS1 errors: ISBN date Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates not on Wikidata This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 03:18 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Description 2 Substantive traditional titles 3 Monarchies that use the title of crown prince 4 Other specific traditions 5 See also 6 References Crown prince العربية Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Basa Banyumasan Беларуская Български Буряад Català Čeština Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית مصرى Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский سنڌي کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 文言 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article needs additional citations for verification . 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Find sources: "Crown prince" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( November 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Part of a series on Imperial, royal, noble, gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe Emperor, Empress dowager High king, High queen Great king, Great queen Emperor, Empress dowager dowager High king, High queen Great king, Great queen King consort dowager Queen regnant consort dowager mother Archduke, Archduchess Grand duke, Grand duchess Grand prince, Grand princess King consort dowager consort dowager Queen regnant consort dowager mother regnant consort dowager mother Archduke, Archduchess Grand duke, Grand duchess Grand prince, Grand princess Prince consort Princess consort Duke, Duchess Knyaz, Knyaginya Fürst, Fürstin Herzog Jarl Prince-elector, Princess-elector Heir apparent presumptive Prince consort consort Princess consort consort Duke, Duchess Knyaz, Knyaginya Fürst, Fürstin Herzog Jarl Prince-elector, Princess-elector Heir apparent presumptive apparent presumptive Count palatine Marquess, Marchioness Margrave, Margravine Marcher lord Landgrave Boyar Count palatine Marquess, Marchioness Margrave, Margravine Marcher lord Landgrave Boyar Voivode Count, Countess Earl Mormaer Ealdorman Viscount, Viscountess Castellan Burgrave, Burgravine Captal Voivode Count, Countess Earl Mormaer Ealdorman Viscount, Viscountess Castellan Burgrave, Burgravine Captal Vidame Starosta Baron, Baroness Lord of Parliament Lord paramount Overlord Tenant in chief Territorial lord Liege lord Mesne lord Vidame Starosta Baron, Baroness Lord of Parliament Lord paramount Overlord Tenant in chief Territorial lord Liege lord Mesne lord Lendmann Nobile Edler Primor Fidalgo Baronet, Baronetess Vavasour Imperial knight Knight/Chevalier Ritter Seigneur Lendmann Nobile Edler Primor Fidalgo Baronet, Baronetess Vavasour Imperial knight Knight/Chevalier Ritter Seigneur Knight bachelor Thane Druzhinnik Lord of the manor Vogt Esquire Gentleman, Gentlewoman Knight bachelor Thane Druzhinnik Lord of the manor Vogt Esquire Gentleman, Gentlewoman Franklin Yeoman Man at arms Edelfrei Ministerialis Franklin Yeoman Man at arms Edelfrei Ministerialis .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e A crown prince or hereditary prince is the heir apparent to the throne in a royal or imperial monarchy . [ 1 ] The female form of the title, crown princess , is held by a woman who is heir apparent or is married to the heir apparent. [ 2 ] Crown prince as a descriptive term has been used throughout history for the prince who is first-in-line to a throne and is expected to succeed (i.e. the heir apparent), barring any unforeseen future event preventing this. In certain monarchies, a more specific substantive title may be accorded and become associated with the position of heir apparent (e.g. Prince of Wales in the United Kingdom , Prince of Asturias in the Kingdom of Spain and formerly the Dauphin in France ). In these monarchies, the term crown prince may be used less often than the substantive title (or never). Until the late twentieth century, no modern monarchy adopted a system whereby females would be guaranteed to succeed to the throne (i.e. absolute primogeniture ). A crown princess would therefore be more likely to refer to the spouse of a crown prince. She would be styled crown princess, not in her own right but by courtesy . [ citation needed ] Many European countries have now abolished male primogeniture; a notable exception is Spain. [ 3 ] Description The term crown prince is not used in European monarchies if the hereditary sovereign holds a title below that of king/queen or emperor/empress (such as grand duke or prince ), although it is sometimes used as a synonym for heir apparent. [ citation needed ] In Europe, where primogeniture governed succession to all monarchies except those of the papacy and Andorra , the eldest son or (more recently) eldest child of the current monarch fills the role of crown prince or princess, depending upon whether females of the dynasty enjoy personal succession rights . Male precedence has been abolished in Belgium , Denmark , Luxembourg , Norway , Sweden and the Netherlands , as well as in the United Kingdom and other Commonwealth realms pursuant to the Succession to the Crown Act 2013 . The eldest living child of a monarch is sometimes not the heir apparent or crown prince, because that position can be held by a descendant of a deceased older child who, by "right of representation", inherits the same place in the line of succession that would be held by the ancestor if he or she were still living (for example, Carl Gustaf, Duke of Jämtland was the crown prince of Sweden from 1950 to 1973, as the senior grandson by male primogeniture of King Gustaf VI Adolf , although the former Prince Sigvard, Duke of Uppland was Gustaf VI Adolf's eldest living son, and Prince Bertil, Duke of Halland his eldest living dynastic son during those years). In some monarchies, those of the Middle East for example, in which primogeniture is not the decisive factor in dynastic succession, a person may not possess the title or status of crown prince by right of birth, but may obtain (and lose) it as a result of an official designation made on some other legal or traditional basis, such as former crown prince Hassan bin Talal of Jordan . Compare heir apparent and heir presumptive . In Scandinavian kingdoms, the heir presumptive to the crown may hold a different title from an heir apparent : hereditary prince (German: Erbprinz , French: prince héréditaire ). It is also the title borne by the heir apparent of Liechtenstein , as well as the heir apparent or presumptive of Monaco . In Luxembourg , the heir apparent bears the title of hereditary grand duke ( German : Erbgroßherzog , Luxembourgish : ierfgroussherzog ); along with hereditary prince, it was also the title borne by the heirs apparent to the thrones of the grand duchies, sovereign duchies and principalities , and of mediatized princely families in the German monarchies abolished in 1918. Substantive traditional titles Many monarchies use or did use substantive titles for their heirs apparent, often of historical origin: Bey al-Mahalla ( Kingdom of Tunisia ) Dauphin ( Kingdom of France ) Duke of Brabant ( Belgium ) Duke of Braganza ( Kingdom of Portugal ) Duke of Cornwall ( Kingdom of England ), currently one of the titles of the Prince of Wales Duke of Rothesay ( Kingdom of Scotland ), currently used by the Prince of Wales in place of his Welsh title when in Scotland Earl of Carrick ( Kingdom of Scotland ), currently one of the titles of the Prince of Wales when in Scotland Grand Prince of Tuscany ( Grand Duchy of Tuscany ) Lord of the Isles ( Kingdom of Scotland ), currently one of the titles of the Prince of Wales when in Scotland Margrave of Moravia ( Kingdom of Bohemia ) Prince of Asturias ( Castile & Spain ), also used by heirs presumptive Prince of Girona ( Aragon & Spain) Prince Imperial or Prince Napoléon ( French Empire ) Prince Imperial ( Empire of Brazil ) Prince Imperial ( Mexican Empire ) Prince of Orange (Netherlands), whether or not the equivalent title is held by the spouse of the titleholder is decided by the Dutch parliament (e.g., Queen Máxima of the Netherlands was never titled Princess of Orange by marriage for this reason) Prince of Piedmont ( Kingdom of Sardinia , and then Kingdom of Italy , when it was alternated with Prince of Naples ) once conferred by King Joseph Bonaparte Prince Royal ( France in 1789–1791 and the July Monarchy , and Portugal since 1815) Prince of the Sa'id ( Kingdom of Egypt ) Prince of Tarnovo ( Kingdom of Bulgaria ) Prince of Viana ( Navarre & Spain) Rex iunior ( Kingdom of Hungary ), lit. junior king as he was crowned during the life of the incumbent king Tsesarevich ( Russia ) Królewicz ( Poland ) Veliahd ( Ottoman Empire ) Some monarchies have used (although not always de jure ) a territorial title for heirs apparent which, though often perceived as a crown princely title, is not automatically hereditary. It generally requires a specific conferral by the sovereign, which may be withheld. Current and past titles in this category include: Caesar or Kaisar ( Roman and early Byzantine Empires ) in honor of Gaius Julius Caesar , distinguished from the senior Augustus Aetheling ( Anglo-Saxon England ) and edling ( Welsh kingdoms ), lit. of the royal family Duke of Estonia and Lolland (Denmark; during, at least, reigns of Christopher II and Valdemar IV ) Prince of Wales and Earl of Chester (England, Great Britain, United Kingdom) King of the Romans ( Holy Roman Empire ) – an elective, rather than an inherited title, for the designated successor—usually the son, but sometimes the brother—of the Emperor King of Rome ( First French Empire ) Duke of Sparta ( Kingdom of Greece ); used briefly, within Greece, only by Prince Constantine , during the reign of his father, King George I Duke of Valentinois , used by several heirs to the Monégasque throne Marquess of Baux , used by several heirs to the Monégasque throne Prince of Brazil (title of the Portuguese heir from 1645 to 1815) Tupoutoʻa ( Tonga ) Duke of Scania (Sweden during the time when Magnus IV of Sweden also was King of Terra Scania ) Prince of Ani ( Kingdom of West Armenia ) Grand Voivode of Alba Iulia ( Kingdom of Romania from 1930 to 1940) Grand Voivode of Grahovo ( Kingdom of Montenegro ) Prince of Venice (see Prince Eugène de Beauharnais ); for the heir presumptive to Napoleon I in his kingdom of Italy Duke of Calabria ( Kingdom of Naples and Kingdom of the Two Sicilies ); prior to the accession of King Robert the title of the Neapolitan heir was Prince of Salerno Pangeran Adipati Anom ( House of Mataram ) Monarchies that use the title of crown prince Currently, the following monarchies use the term "crown prince" (or "crown princess") for the heirs apparent to their thrones: Polity Title in native language Current holder Abu Dhabi (United Arab Emirates) ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Khaled bin Mohamed Al Nahyan Afro-Bolivia (Bolivia) El Príncipe heredero Rolando Pinedo Larrea Ajman (United Arab Emirates) ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Ammar bin Humaid Al Nuaimi Bahrain ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Salman bin Hamad Al Khalifa Brunei Pengiran Muda Mahkota Al-Muhtadee Billah Denmark Kronprins Christian Dubai (United Arab Emirates) ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum Fujairah (United Arab Emirates) ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Mohammed bin Hamad bin Mohammed Al Sharqi Japan 皇太子 , Kōtaishi Fumihito, Crown Prince Akishino (Holds the title of kōshi (皇嗣) since he is the Emperor's brother) Johor (Malaysia) Tunku Mahkota Tunku Ismail Idris Jordan ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Hussein bin Abdullah Kedah (Malaysia) Raja Muda Tengku Sarafudin Badlishah Kelantan (Malaysia) Tengku Mahkota Tengku Muhammad Fakhry Petra Kuwait ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Sabah Al-Khalid Al-Sabah Morocco ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Moulay Hassan Norway Kronprins Haakon Oman ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Theyazin bin Haitham Pahang (Malaysia) Tengku Mahkota Tengku Hassanal Ibrahim Alam Shah Perak (Malaysia) Raja Muda Raja Jaafar Perlis (Malaysia) Raja Muda Tuanku Syed Faizuddin Putra Jamalullail Ras Al Khaimah (United Arab Emirates) ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Mohammed bin Saud Al Qasimi Saudi Arabia ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Mohammed bin Salman Selangor (Malaysia) Raja Muda Tengku Amir Shah Sharjah (United Arab Emirates) ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Sultan bin Muhammad bin Sultan Al-Qasimi Sweden Kronprins or Kronprinsessa Victoria Terengganu (Malaysia) Yang di-Pertuan Muda Tengku Muhammad Ismail Thailand สยามมกุฎราชกุมาร , Sayammakutratchakuman Vacant Tonga Pilinisi Kalauni Tupoutoʻa ʻUlukalala Umm Al Quwain (United Arab Emirates) ولي العهد , Walī al-ʻAhd Rashid bin Saud Al Mualla Yogyakarta (Indonesia) Gusti Kanjeng Ratu Mangkubumi Princess Mangkubumi In addition, the following heirs apparent to deposed monarchies continue to use their former titles by international courtesy: Pavlos, Crown Prince of Greece Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran Paras Shah, Crown Prince of Nepal Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia Other specific traditions In Islamic tradition, the title is the Arabic term Wali al-Ahd . In Persia ( Iran ), during the Pahlavi dynasty and Qajar dynasty , the full style was Vala Hazrat-i-Humayun Vali Ahd , Shahzada (given name) (meaning "His August Imperial Highness the Heir Apparent, Prince ..."); The title was adopted by many oriental monarchies, even some non-Muslim, e.g. "Walet" as alternative title for the Nepali (Hindu) royal heir apparent; first used by Crown Prince Trailokya in the middle of the nineteenth century, taken from the Mughal title 'Vali Ahd'. Hindu tradition (Indian subcontinent): Yuvaraja was part of the full title in many princely states of India, e.g. in Jammu and Kashmir , the heir apparent was styled Maharaj Kumar Shri Yuvaraj (personal name) Singhji Bahadur Nepal , where the King was styled Maharajadhiraja : the heir apparent was styled: Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Yuvarajadhiraj ('Young King of Kings', i.e. Crown Prince) (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva ; the eldest son of the heir apparent was styled: Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Nava Yuvaraj ('Young Crown Prince') (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva the heir apparent was styled: Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Yuvarajadhiraj ('Young King of Kings', i.e. Crown Prince) (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva ; the eldest son of the heir apparent was styled: Sri Sri Sri Sri Sri Nava Yuvaraj ('Young Crown Prince') (personal name) Bir Bikram Shah Deva East Asian traditions: The cognates of Chinese Huang Taizi (皇太子, "Great Imperial Son") – if a son of the reigning emperor, and Huang Taisun (皇太孫, Great Imperial Grandson) – if a grandson of the emperor: if the heir apparent is a: son grandson Chinese Huang Taizi Huang Taisun Japanese Kōtaishi Kōtaison Korean Hwangtaeja (황태자) Hwangtaeson (황태손) Vietnamese Hoàng Thái Tử Hoàng Thái Tôn The crown prince of an emperor was sometimes referred as Dong-gong (東宮, 'East Palace') due to the location of his residence from the main palace. If the crown prince is the son of a king, he was called 世子 (Shizi). The crown prince was not necessarily the first-born son. During the Joseon dynasty in Korea , the crown prince was often referred as Dong-gung (동궁, 東宮, 'East Palace') or wangseja (王世子 왕세자); The first-born son was called wonja (元子 원자). In Japan, the Imperial Crown Prince is the son or grandson of the current emperor and is referred to as kōtaishi or kōtaison respectively. As of 2025, Japan has a crown prince, Prince Fumihito who holds the title of "kōshi" as he is not the imperial crown prince (due to him being the Emperor's brother). In the past, this title was gender neutral and has been conferred upon one woman, Princess Abe . Southeast Asian traditions: Siam Makutrajakuman (สยามมกุฎราชกุมาร) in Thailand since 1886. Krom Phrarajawangboworn Sathanmongkol or Phra Maha Uparaja or commonly called Wang Na (or Front Palace ) in Thailand prior to 1886. Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Adipati Anom in Surakarta sultanate , Indonesia . Raja Muda or Tengku Mahkota in the Malay sultanates of Malaysia . Pengiran Muda Mahkota in Brunei Equivalents in other cultures: Jaguar Prince ( Mesoamerica ) Ka Haku O Hawaiʻi or "The Lord of Hawaii" in the Hawaiian language . Aremo, "First Son and Heir" in the Yoruba language of West Africa , used as a royal title in many of the kingdoms of the region. Lee Jae-yong , South Korean billionaire and Chairman of Samsung referred to as the "Crown Prince of Samsung" See also Caesar (title) (since the tetrarchy ) and Consors imperii Princeps iuventutis Prince of the blood " Crown Prince Party " of the People's Republic of China List of heirs apparent Taizi Yuvraj References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "crown prince (noun)" . The Britannica Dictionary . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ "crown princess (noun)" . The Britannica Dictionary . Retrieved 3 November 2024 . ^ Hazell, Robert; Morris, Bob (2020). The Role of Monarchy in Modern Democracy: European Monarchies Compared . Bloomsbury Publishing . p. 13. ISBN 9781509931033 . Authority control databases International GND 2 3 GND 2 3 2 3 National Japan Japan Other İslâm Ansiklopedisi İslâm Ansiklopedisi Royal titles Crown princes Heirs apparent Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles needing additional references from November 2024 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from November 2024 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2024 Articles containing Arabic-language text Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles containing Malay (macrolanguage)-language text Articles containing Danish-language text Articles containing Japanese-language text Articles containing Norwegian-language text Articles containing Swedish-language text Articles containing Thai-language text Articles containing Tongan-language text Articles containing Indonesian-language text This page was last edited on 22 December 2025, at 03:56 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Career Toggle Career subsection 2.1 Screen 2.1.1 1970s 2.1.2 1980s 2.1.3 1990s 2.1.4 2000s 2.1.5 2010s 2.1.6 2020s 2.2 Stage 2.1 Screen 2.1.1 1970s 2.1.2 1980s 2.1.3 1990s 2.1.4 2000s 2.1.5 2010s 2.1.6 2020s 2.1.1 1970s 2.1.2 1980s 2.1.3 1990s 2.1.4 2000s 2.1.5 2010s 2.1.6 2020s 2.2 Stage 3 Awards and accolades 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Judy Davis Afrikaans العربية বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Judy Davis Davis in 2012 Born Judith Davis ( 1955-04-23 ) 23 April 1955 (age 70) Perth , Western Australia , Australia Education Curtin University National Institute of Dramatic Art ( BFA ) Occupation Actress Years active 1977–present Works Full list Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Colin Friels ( m. 1984) Children 2 Awards Full list Judith Davis (born 23 April 1955) is an Australian actress. In a career spanning over four decades of both screen and stage , she has been commended for her versatility and regarded as one of the finest actresses of her generation. Frequent collaborator Woody Allen described her as "one of the most exciting actresses in the world". [ 1 ] She is the most rewarded recipient of the AACTA Award with nine wins and has received numerous other accolades , including three Primetime Emmy Awards , two British Academy Film Awards , and two Golden Globe Awards , in addition to nominations for two Academy Awards and an Laurence Olivier Award . After graduating from the National Institute of Dramatic Art , she began her career on the stage and had her film debut in 1977. She rose to international attention with her leading role in the period drama film My Brilliant Career (1979), winning two BAFTA Awards . This led to starring roles in Hollywood projects, receiving her first Emmy nomination for the docudrama A Woman Called Golda (1982). She received nominations for the Academy Award for Best Actress for starring in the historical film A Passage to India (1984) and Best Supporting Actress for Allen's comedy-drama Husbands and Wives (1992). Davis won three Primetime Emmy Awards for starring in the television film Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story (1995), and the miniseries Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (2001) and The Starter Wife (2007). Her subsequent films include Children of the Revolution (1996), Celebrity (1998), Marie Antoinette (2006), The Eye of the Storm (2011), To Rome with Love (2012), The Dressmaker (2015), and Nitram (2021). Early life Davis was born in Perth , Western Australia, in the suburb of Floreat Park and had a strict Catholic upbringing. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] She was educated at Loreto Convent and the Western Australian Institute of Technology and graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), Sydney, Australia in 1977. Career Screen 1970s After making her feature film debut in the buddy comedy High Rolling (1977), Davis first came to prominence for her role as Sybylla Melvyn in the coming-of-age saga My Brilliant Career (1979), [ 4 ] for which she won BAFTA Awards for Best Actress and Best Newcomer. [ 5 ] Davis was particularly praised for her performance; Janet Maslin of The New York Times admired her for bringing "an unconventional vigor to every scene she's in, even in a film that's as consistently animated as this one", [ 6 ] while Luke Buckmaster, writing for The Guardian in 2014, commented that Davis gave "a rousing performance as bull-headed protagonist Sybylla Melvyn. The term "once in a lifetime" tends to be slapped around like a bumper sticker, but this meaty role lives up to the accolade." [ 7 ] 1980s Her success continued with lead roles in the Australian New Wave films Winter of Our Dreams (1981), as a waif-like heroin addict; the drama Heatwave (1982), as a radical Sydney tenant organizer; and the thriller Hoodwink (1981), as a sexually repressed clergyman's wife. [ 5 ] Of her performance in Winter of Our Dreams , Roger Ebert wrote that: "Davis brought a kind of wiry, feisty intelligence to My Brilliant Career , playing an Australian farm woman who rather felt she would do things her own way. She's wonderful again this time, in a completely different role as an insecure, distrustful, skinny street waif. [She] performs her movement magnificently. [ 8 ] Her international film career began when she played the younger version of Ingrid Bergman 's Golda Meir in the television docudrama A Woman Called Golda (1981), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie nomination. She then played a terrorist based on Vanessa Redgrave in the British film Who Dares Wins (1982). [ 4 ] [ 9 ] She was cast as Adela Quested in David Lean 's final film A Passage to India (1984), an adaptation of E. M. Forster 's novel, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress . [ 4 ] Variety praised Davis for having "the rare gift of being able to look very plain (as the role calls for) at one moment and uncommonly beautiful at another. [ 10 ] Likewise, The Washington Post wrote, "With makeup the color of smudged ivory, her pallor enhanced by the off-white linens she wears, Davis is daringly unattractive for a leading lady; that plainness is emphasized in the book. Davis' neuroticism, her way of twitching and thrusting her jaw and looking up hungrily beneath the brim of her straw hat, brings to life the ravenous sexuality beneath Miss Quested's decorous exterior." [ 11 ] She returned to Australian cinema for her next two films, Kangaroo (1986), as a German-born writer's wife, and High Tide (also 1987), as a foot-loose mother attempting to reunite with her teenage daughter who is being raised by the paternal grandmother. Her performance in the latter won her glowing praise. Pauline Kael called Davis "a genius at moods" and wrote, "As one of three backup singers for a touring Elvis imitator, Judy Davis is contemptuous of the cruddy act, contemptuous of herself. The film's emotional suggestiveness makes it almost a primal woman's picture: Judy Davis has been compared with Jeanne Moreau, and that's apt, but she's Moreau without the cultural swank, the high-fashion gloss. She speaks to us more directly." [ 12 ] She won additional Australian Film Institute Awards for both roles, and a National Society of Film Critics award for High Tide ' s brief American theatrical run. [ 13 ] Her final film of the decade, the Australian thriller Georgia (1988), saw her play dual roles, a mother, Georgia, and her daughter Nina. For her performance, Davis earned another Australian Film Institute nomination for Best Actress. 1990s Davis had a cameo in Woody Allen 's Alice (1990), her first appearance in an Allen-directed film. The following year, she was featured in Joel Coen 's Barton Fink , [ 14 ] which won the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival , and in David Cronenberg 's Naked Lunch , an adaptation of the hallucinogenic novel of the same name. [ 15 ] She returned to E. M. Forster territory in Where Angels Fear to Tread and won an Independent Spirit Award for her work as mannish woman author George Sand in Impromptu , a romantic period drama with Hugh Grant as her consumptive lover, Frédéric Chopin . Davis was especially lauded for her performance as Sand, and Hal Hinson of The Washington Post wrote, "Judy Davis makes her entrances as if she were straddling a cyclone. She doesn't just walk in, she blows in on a torrent of extravagant self-assurance and wild temperament. Sand, who's the locus of this blissfully high-spirited romp about the circle of writers and musicians in 1830s Paris, never does anything halfway; her life is an experiment in full-throttle, passionate immersion, and that's why Davis is the ideal actress for the part. She's the most atmospheric of actors, perhaps the only one around capable of streaking the screen with lightning." [ 16 ] She earned an Emmy nomination and her first Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film for her portrayal of a real-life Second World War heroine Mary Lindell in the CBS Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation One Against the Wind. Adrian Turner of Radio Times noted of her, "Judy Davis, one of the greatest and least "starry" actresses around, plays Lindell and shows the same sensitivity that she brought to her role in A Passage to India. " [ 17 ] Cast in Woody Allen's Husbands and Wives (1992), Davis performed the major role of Sally Simmons, one half of a divorcing couple. [ 14 ] Husbands and Wives was well received, and Davis's performance drew high praise. Vincent Canby of The New York Times wrote, "Sally must be one of the most endearingly impossible characters Mr. Allen has ever written, and Ms. Davis nearly purloins the film" [ 18 ] and Todd McCarthy of Variety thought Davis had revealed "a whole new side to her personality that has never surfaced onscreen before." [ 19 ] For this performance, she earned both Oscar and Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress. She next co-starred with Kevin Spacey in the comedy film The Ref (1994), portraying a married couple whose relationship is on the rocks, with Denis Leary playing a thief who counsels their marriage. [ 14 ] Roger Ebert called Davis "naturally verbal" and praised her for being able to "develop a manic counterpoint" in her arguments with Spacey "that elevates them to a sort of art form." [ 20 ] Similarly, Rolling Stone magazine's Peter Travers found Davis "combustibly funny, finding nuance even in nonsense." [ 21 ] Considered "one of the fiercest film actors around", [ 22 ] Davis's other roles have included the mysterious, schizophrenic mother of a teenager in boarding school in On My Own (1993), the lifelong Australian Communist Party member reacting to the downfall of the Soviet Union in Children of the Revolution (1996), two more Allen films, Deconstructing Harry (1997) and Celebrity (1998) and a highly-strung White House chief of staff in Absolute Power (1997). After appearing in Celebrity , The Guardian newspaper wrote that Davis "in recent years has succeeded Diane Keaton and Mia Farrow as Allen's misfit muse." [ 23 ] Much of her work in the late 90s was for television, gaining a collection of Emmy Award nominations. She won her first Emmy for portraying the woman who gently coaxes a rigid military woman, Glenn Close , out of the closet in Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story , [ 24 ] with subsequent nominations for her repressed Australian outback mother in The Echo of Thunder (1998), her portrayal of Lillian Hellman in Dash and Lilly (1999) and her frigid society matron in A Cooler Climate (1999). 2000s Davis earned a second Emmy for her portrayal of Judy Garland in the television biographical film Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (2001). [ 25 ] In 2003, she earned another Emmy nomination for her interpretation of Nancy Reagan in the controversial biopic The Reagans . In 2004 she co-starred with Richard Dreyfuss in Coast to Coast . In July 2006, she received her ninth Emmy nomination for her performance in the television film A Little Thing Called Murder . Her tenth nomination came in 2007 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in the U.S. miniseries The Starter Wife for which she was awarded the Emmy . In August 2007, she appeared opposite Sam Waterston in an episode of ABC's anthology series Masters of Science Fiction . She appeared on the TV mini-series Diamonds from 2008 to 2009. In film, she continued to earn good notices for her supporting roles in Swimming Upstream (2003), as a working-class mother, and in the films The Break-Up (2006) and Marie-Antoinette . 2010s Davis appeared as Jill Tankard in a television drama film, Page Eight (2011), for which she was nominated for an Emmy. She played Dorothy de Lascabanes in The Eye of the Storm (2011), an adaptation of Patrick White's novel of the same title , for which she won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. She also had a major role as Woody Allen's psychiatrist wife in his To Rome with Love . Davis co-starred with Helena Bonham Carter and Callum Keith Rennie in The Young and Prodigious T.S. Spivet (2013). She reprised her role of Jill Tankard in Salting the Battlefield (2014) and costarred with Kate Winslet in The Dressmaker (2015), for which she won an AACTA Award for Best Supporting Actress. [ 26 ] Although the film received mixed reviews, Davis's supporting performance was lauded by critics: Richard Ouzounian of the Toronto Star called her "sublime" [ 27 ] and Justin Chang of Variety wrote, "Davis, whose performance here as a booze-swilling, dementia-addled and infernally sharp-tongued old matriarch is enough of a hoot to make one further wonder what she might have done with the role of Violet Weston in August: Osage County , onscreen or onstage." [ 28 ] In 2017, Davis received a Primetime Emmy nomination for her supporting performance as gossip columnist Hedda Hopper in Ryan Murphy 's anthology television series Feud . The following year, Davis co-starred with Aaron Pederson in the six-part ABC TV Series, Mystery Road . Davis's performance as the local police sergeant was praised, and The New York Times wrote, "The thing that really sets Mystery Road apart is the actress who signed on to play the outback sergeant Emma James: the great Judy Davis, playing a police officer for the first time in her career and starring in an Australian TV series for the first time in nearly 40 years. Ms. Davis is so firmly identified in the American mind with intense, often neurotic city-dwelling characters that it takes an episode or two to get used to her climbing in and out of a police car in the dusty, empty landscapes, wearing a baggy blue uniform that swallows her tiny frame. It seems at first as if she might not be right for the part, but eventually you see that she's perfect. James is a formidable woman stuck in the middle of nowhere because of the bonds of family and history, and Ms. Davis's preternatural intelligence and tightly capped energy serve her well." [ 29 ] 2020s In 2020 she reunited with Ryan Murphy portraying Betsy Bucket in the drama series Ratched . [ 30 ] Also that year she acted in the Apple TV+ series Roar . The following year she acted opposite Caleb Landry Jones in the psychological drama film Nitram (2021) directed by Justin Kurzel . The film premiered at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival where it received positive reviews. Davis later earned the AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role . Stage Davis's stage work has been mostly confined to Australia. Early in her career, she played Juliet opposite Mel Gibson 's Romeo. In 1978, she appeared in Visions by Louis Nowra at the Paris Theatre Company in Sydney . In 1980, she portrayed French chanteuse Edith Piaf in Stephen Barry 's production of the Pam Gems play Piaf at the Perth Playhouse . [ 31 ] She played both Cordelia and the Fool in a 1984 staging of King Lear by the Nimrod Theatre Company , and also starred in its productions of Strindberg 's Miss Julie , Chekhov 's The Bear , Louis Nowra's Inside The Island and, in 1986, the title role of Ibsen 's Hedda Gabler for the Sydney Theatre Company . In 2004, she starred in and co-directed Howard Barker 's play Victory , as a Puritan woman determined to locate her husband's dismembered corpse. [ 32 ] Other stage directorial efforts include Sheridan 's The School For Scandal and Barrymore by William Luce [ 33 ] (all three for the Sydney Theatre Company). She created the role of The Actress in Terry Johnson 's Insignificance at the Royal Court in London, [ 34 ] receiving an Olivier Award nomination, and appeared in a brief 1989 Los Angeles production of Tom Stoppard 's Hapgood . Writing for Philadelphia magazine, David Fox found her "marvelous in the title role, as charismatic and commanding on stage as she is in film." [ 35 ] In 2011, she portrayed the role of fading actress Irina Arkadina in Anton Chekhov 's The Seagull at Sydney's Belvoir St Theatre . Paul Chai of Variety praised her performance as Irina, writing, "Davis manages to instill Irina with not only a diva's haughty air and crafty manipulation but also with the right hint of fragility, as evidenced in her concern about being upstaged by the youthful and beautiful Nina." [ 36 ] Awards and accolades Davis has received numerous accolades including nine AACTA Awards , two BAFTA Awards , three Primetime Emmy Awards , two Golden Globe Awards , an Independent Spirit Award , and a Screen Actors Guild Award . She also received nominations for two Academy Awards and a Laurence Olivier Award . She is the first Australian to receive Academy Award nominations in both categories of Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress [ a ] and the fourth Australian actress to receive an Academy Award nomination. [ b ] She has won BAFTA Awards for both Best Actress and Most Promising Newcomer for the film My Brilliant Career (1979), and later received Academy Award nominations for A Passage to India (1984) and Husbands and Wives (1992). She earned a Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress nomination for the 1982 London production of Insignificance . For her work on television, Davis won Primetime Emmy Awards for Serving in Silence: The Margarethe Cammermeyer Story (1995), for playing Judy Garland in Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows (2001) and The Starter Wife (2007) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film for Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows and One Against the Wind (1991). See also List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees Notes ^ As of 2023, only Cate Blanchett , Nicole Kidman , Heath Ledger , Margot Robbie and Geoffrey Rush have achieved this feat since Davis. ^ As of 2023, twelve Australian women have been nominated for Academy Awards for acting. See the Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress sections of List of Australian Academy Award winners and nominees for more information. References ^ Multiple sources: .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Peter Biskind (25 August 2016). Gods and Monsters: Thirty Years of Writing on Film and Culture . Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781408882160 . "Judy Davis in the Eye of the Storm" . Asia Pacific Screen Academy . 2011. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . Powers, John (3 December 2009). "Judy Davis, Inspiring 'Brilliant Career's 30 Years Later [sic]" . NPR.org . NPR . 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Gods and Monsters: Thirty Years of Writing on Film and Culture . Bloomsbury. ISBN 9781408882160 . "Judy Davis in the Eye of the Storm" . Asia Pacific Screen Academy . 2011. Archived from the original on 31 August 2021 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . Powers, John (3 December 2009). "Judy Davis, Inspiring 'Brilliant Career's 30 Years Later [sic]" . NPR.org . NPR . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ Maslin, Janet (22 February 1980). "New Face: Judy Davis Don't Call Her Sybylla; A Last-Minute Replacement 'I'm Not Good at Reading Scripts' Elizabeth Swados at Club" . The New York Times . Retrieved 7 May 2010 . ^ Rovi, Hal Erickson. "Judy Davis Biography" . TV Squad . Archived from the original on 1 June 2020 . Retrieved 10 October 2010 . ^ a b c Ryan Gilbey (25 April 2013). "Judy Davis: 'I never wanted celebrity' " . The Guardian . Retrieved 2 May 2013 . ^ a b "Judy Davis in Oscar Nominees" . The Canberra Times . 8 February 1985 . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ Maslin, Janet (6 October 1979). "Film: Australian 'Brilliant Career' by Gillian Armstrong:The Cast" . The New York Times . Retrieved 20 September 2018 . ^ Buckmaster, Luke (28 February 2014). "My Brilliant Career: rewatching classic Australian films" . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ Ebert, Roger. "Winter of Our Dreams movie review (1983) | Roger Ebert" . www.rogerebert.com . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ Vagg, Stephen (11 September 2025). "Forgotten British Film Studios: The Rank Organisation 1982-1997" . Filmink . Retrieved 11 September 2025 . ^ " Variety review" . Archived from the original on 29 February 2008 . Retrieved 10 December 2018 . ^ Allanasio, Paul (18 January 1985). "Oh, So Tasteful a Passage" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ "Pauline Kael" . geocities.ws . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ "Judy Davis wins U.S. film award" . The Canberra Times . 12 January 1989. p. 3 . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ a b c Wuntch, Phillip (12 April 1994). "Intelligence as well as wit" . The Canberra Times . p. 15 . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ Koltnow, Barry (25 September 1994). "Judy Davis writes her own script" . The Canberra Times . p. 25 . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ Hinson, Hary (3 May 1991). " 'Impromptu' Review" . The Washington Post . Retrieved 12 December 2018 . [ dead link ] ^ Turner, Adrian (2018). "Review: 'One Against the Wind - review' " . Radio Times . Archived from the original on 15 December 2018 . Retrieved 12 December 2018 . ^ Canby, Vincent (18 September 1992). "Review/Film -- Husbands and Wives; Fact? Fiction? It Doesn't Matter" . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ McCarthy, Todd (26 August 1992). "Review: 'Husbands and Wives' " . Variety . Retrieved 19 September 2015 . ^ Ebert, Roger (11 March 1994). "The Ref" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on 4 October 1999. ^ Travers, Peter . "The Ref". Rolling Stone . ^ Gilbey, Ryan (25 April 2013). "Judy Davis: 'I never wanted celebrity' " . The Guardian . ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ "Read my lips..." The Guardian . 6 June 1999. ISSN 0261-3077 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ "ER, Frasier success outshines dull ramblings by Emmy host" . The Canberra Times . 12 September 1995. p. 8 . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ Bernard Weinraub (10 December 2000). "The Rewards And the Risks of Playing an Icon" . The New York Times . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . ^ Frater, Patrick (9 December 2015). " 'Mad Max,' 'Dressmaker' Split Australia's AACTA Awards" . Variety . Retrieved 18 November 2018 . ^ "Screening at TIFF Tuesday, Sept. 15: The Dressmaker, Room, Sleeping Giant" . The Star . Toronto. 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 31 May 2020 . ^ "Toronto Film Review: 'The Dressmaker' " . 15 September 2015 . Retrieved 15 September 2015 . ^ Hale, Mike (19 August 2018). " The New York Times : 'Mystery Road' TV Review" . The New York Times . Retrieved 12 December 2018 . ^ Denise Petski (14 January 2019). " 'Ratched': Sharon Stone, Cynthia Nixon Among 10 Cast in Ryan Murphy's Netflix Series" . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 20 January 2019 . ^ Allen, Paul Stephen Barry (obituary) Archived 4 March 2017 at the Wayback Machine The Guardian , London, 9 November 2000 ^ Fitzgerald, Michael The Restoration of Judy at Time Magazine, 24 April 2004 ^ Kerry O'Brien (9 August 1999). "Judy Davies takes on directing" . ABC 7.30 report . Retrieved 3 May 2013 . ^ "Society of West End Theatre Awards 1982" Archived 29 August 2011 at the Wayback Machine at West End Theatre.com ^ "REVIEW: Espionage Meets Physics in Lantern Theater's Hapgood, But No Sparks Fly" . Philadelphia Magazine . 13 September 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . ^ Chai, Paul (20 June 2011). "The Seagull" . Variety . Retrieved 27 January 2020 . External links Judy Davis at The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia Judy Davis at IMDb Judy Davis at the TCM Movie Database Awards for Judy Davis .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role 1971–2000 Monica Maughan (1971) Jacki Weaver (1972) Judy Morris (1973) Julie Dawson (1974) Helen Morse (1976) Pat Bishop (1977) Angela Punch McGregor (1978) Michele Fawdon (1979) Tracy Mann (1980) Judy Davis (1981) Noni Hazlehurst (1982) Wendy Hughes (1983) Angela Punch McGregor (1984) Noni Hazlehurst (1985) Judy Davis (1986) Judy Davis (1987) Nadine Garner (1988) Meryl Streep (1989) Catherine McClements (1990) Sheila Florance (1991) Lisa Harrow (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Toni Collette (1994) Jacqueline McKenzie (1995) Judy Davis (1996) Pamela Rabe (1997) Deborah Mailman (1998) Sacha Horler (1999) Pia Miranda (2000) 2001–present Kerry Armstrong (2001) Maria Theodorakis (2002) Toni Collette (2003) Abbie Cornish (2004) Cate Blanchett (2005) Emily Barclay (2006) Joan Chen (2007) Monic Hendrickx (2008) Frances O'Connor (2009) Jacki Weaver (2010) Judy Davis (2011) Deborah Mailman (2012) Rose Byrne (2013) Sarah Snook (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Odessa Young (2016) Emma Booth (2017) Angourie Rice (2018) Aisling Franciosi (2019) Eliza Scanlen (2020) Judy Davis (2021) Leah Purcell (2022) Sophie Wilde (2023) Sarah Snook (2024) v t e AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role 1976–2000 Melissa Jaffer / Jacki Weaver (1976) Veronica Lang (1977) Angela Punch McGregor (1978) Pat Evison (1979) Jill Perryman (1980) Judy Davis (1981) Kris McQuade (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Anna Maria Monticelli (1984) Annie Byron (1985) Lindy Davies (1986) Jan Adele (1987) Tina Bursill (1988) Victoria Longley (1989) Julia Blake (1990) Fiona Press (1991) Pat Thomson (1992) Judy Davis (1993) Rachel Griffiths (1994) Amanda Douge (1995) Toni Collette (1996) Cate Blanchett (1997) Toni Collette (1998) Sacha Horler (1999) Greta Scacchi (2000) 2001–present Rachael Blake (2001) Judi Farr (2002) Sacha Horler (2003) Lynette Curran (2004) Noni Hazlehurst (2005) Susie Porter (2006) Emma Booth (2007) Toni Collette (2008) Rachel Griffiths (2009) Deborah Mailman (2010) Louise Harris (2011) Jessica Mauboy (2012) Elizabeth Debicki (2013) Susan Prior (2014) Judy Davis (2015) Miranda Otto (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Magnolia Maymuru (2019) Essie Davis (2020) Essie Davis (2021) Olivia DeJonge (2022) Deborah Mailman (2023) Jacki Weaver (2024) v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role 1952–1967 British Vivien Leigh (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Yvonne Mitchell (1954) Katie Johnson (1955) Virginia McKenna (1956) Heather Sears (1957) Irene Worth (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Rachel Roberts (1960) Dora Bryan (1961) Leslie Caron (1962) Rachel Roberts (1963) Audrey Hepburn (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Foreign Simone Signoret (1952) Leslie Caron (1953) Cornell Borchers (1954) Betsy Blair (1955) Anna Magnani (1956) Simone Signoret (1957) Simone Signoret (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Shirley MacLaine (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Patricia Neal (1965) Jeanne Moreau (1966) Anouk Aimée (1967) 1968–present Katharine Hepburn (1968) Maggie Smith (1969) Katharine Ross (1970) Glenda Jackson (1971) Liza Minnelli (1972) Stéphane Audran (1973) Joanne Woodward (1974) Ellen Burstyn (1975) Louise Fletcher (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Jane Fonda (1979) Judy Davis (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Katharine Hepburn (1982) Julie Walters (1983) Maggie Smith (1984) Peggy Ashcroft (1985) Maggie Smith (1986) Anne Bancroft (1987) Maggie Smith (1988) Pauline Collins (1989) Jessica Tandy (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Susan Sarandon (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Annette Bening (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Judi Dench (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Scarlett Johansson (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Emma Stone (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Joanna Scanlan (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Mikey Madison (2024) v t e BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Most Promising Newcomer to Film Claire Bloom (1952) Norman Wisdom (1953) David Kossoff (1954) Paul Scofield (1955) Eli Wallach (1956) Eric Barker (1957) Paul Massie (1958) Hayley Mills (1959) Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Albert Finney (1960) Rita Tushingham (1961) Tom Courtenay (1962) James Fox (1963) Julie Andrews (1964) Judi Dench (1965) Vivien Merchant (1966) Faye Dunaway (1967) Dustin Hoffman (1968) Jon Voight (1969) David Bradley (1970) Dominic Guard (1971) Joel Grey (1972) Peter Egan (1973) Georgina Hale (1974) Valerie Perrine (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Isabelle Huppert (1977) Christopher Reeve (1978) Dennis Christopher (1979) Most Outstanding Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Judy Davis (1980) Joe Pesci (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Most Outstanding Newcomer to Film Phyllis Logan (1983) Haing S. Ngor (1984) v t e Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Gena Rowlands (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Rosanna Arquette (1983) Judy Davis (1984) Geraldine Page (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Melanie Griffith (1988) Jessica Tandy (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Geena Davis (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Julianne Moore (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Samantha Morton (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Tilda Swinton (2001) Maggie Gyllenhaal (2002) Scarlett Johansson (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Melissa McCarthy (2018) Saoirse Ronan (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Alana Haim (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Mikey Madison (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Mary Steenburgen (1980) Mona Washbourne (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Kathy Baker (1987) Joan Cusack (1988) Brenda Fricker (1989) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Rosie Perez (1993) Kirsten Dunst (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Courtney Love (1996) Sarah Polley (1997) Joan Allen (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Cameron Diaz (2001) Toni Collette (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Laura Dern / Sharon Warren (2004) Catherine Keener (2005) Shareeka Epps (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Juliette Lewis (2010) Melissa McCarthy (2011) Sally Field (2012) June Squibb (2013) Emma Stone (2014) Kristen Stewart (2015) Lily Gladstone (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Jessie Buckley (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Danielle Deadwyler (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) v t e Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Frances McDormand (1988) Laura San Giacomo (1989) Lorraine Bracco (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Rosie Perez (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Irma P. Hall (1996) Debbi Morgan (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Cameron Diaz (2001) Meryl Streep (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Maria Bello (2005) Rinko Kikuchi (2006) Cate Blanchett (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Hailee Steinfeld (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Amy Adams (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Alicia Vikander (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Florence Pugh (2019) Maria Bakalova (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Natasha Lyonne (2024) Teyana Taylor (2025) v t e Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Rosie Perez (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Alison Elliott (1997) Joan Allen (1998) Julianne Moore (1999) Kate Hudson (2000) Marisa Tomei (2001) Kathy Bates (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Catherine Keener (2005) Cate Blanchett (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Viola Davis (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Melissa Leo (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Sally Field (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Rooney Mara (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Amanda Seyfried (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) Teyana Taylor (2025) v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie 1953–1975 Helen Hayes (1953) Judith Anderson (1954) Mary Martin (1955) Claire Trevor (1956) Polly Bergen (1957) Julie Harris (1959) Ingrid Bergman (1960) Judith Anderson (1961) Julie Harris (1962) Kim Stanley (1963) Shelley Winters (1964) Lynn Fontanne (1965) Simone Signoret (1966) Geraldine Page (1967) Maureen Stapleton (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Patty Duke (1970) Lee Grant (1971) Glenda Jackson (1972) Susan Hampshire / Cloris Leachman (1973) Mildred Natwick / Cicely Tyson (1974) Katharine Hepburn / Jessica Walter (1975) 1976–2000 Susan Clark / Rosemary Harris (1976) Patty Duke / Sally Field (1977) Meryl Streep / Joanne Woodward (1978) Bette Davis (1979) Patty Duke (1980) Vanessa Redgrave (1981) Ingrid Bergman (1982) Barbara Stanwyck (1983) Jane Fonda (1984) Joanne Woodward (1985) Marlo Thomas (1986) Gena Rowlands (1987) Jessica Tandy (1988) Holly Hunter (1989) Barbara Hershey (1990) Lynn Whitfield (1991) Gena Rowlands (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Kirstie Alley (1994) Glenn Close (1995) Helen Mirren (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Ellen Barkin (1998) Helen Mirren (1999) Halle Berry (2000) 2001–present Judy Davis (2001) Laura Linney (2002) Maggie Smith (2003) Meryl Streep (2004) S. Epatha Merkerson (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Helen Mirren (2007) Laura Linney (2008) Jessica Lange (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Laura Linney (2013) Jessica Lange (2014) Frances McDormand (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Regina King (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Regina King (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Amanda Seyfried (2022) Ali Wong (2023) Jodie Foster (2024) Cristin Milioti (2025) v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie 1975–2000 Juliet Mills (1975) Rosemary Murphy (1976) Diana Hyland (1977) Eva Le Gallienne (1978) Esther Rolle (1979) Mare Winningham (1980) Jane Alexander (1981) Penny Fuller (1982) Jean Simmons (1983) Roxana Zal (1984) Kim Stanley (1985) Colleen Dewhurst (1986) Piper Laurie (1987) Jane Seymour (1988) Colleen Dewhurst (1989) Eva Marie Saint (1990) Ruby Dee (1991) Amanda Plummer (1992) Mary Tyler Moore (1993) Cicely Tyson (1994) Judy Davis / Shirley Knight (1995) Greta Scacchi (1996) Diana Rigg (1997) Mare Winningham (1998) Anne Bancroft (1999) Vanessa Redgrave (2000) 2001–present Tammy Blanchard (2001) Stockard Channing (2002) Gena Rowlands (2003) Mary-Louise Parker (2004) Jane Alexander (2005) Kelly Macdonald (2006) Judy Davis (2007) Eileen Atkins (2008) Shohreh Aghdashloo (2009) Julia Ormond (2010) Maggie Smith (2011) Jessica Lange (2012) Ellen Burstyn (2013) Kathy Bates (2014) Regina King (2015) Regina King (2016) Laura Dern (2017) Merritt Wever (2018) Patricia Arquette (2019) Uzo Aduba (2020) Julianne Nicholson (2021) Jennifer Coolidge (2022) Niecy Nash-Betts (2023) Jessica Gunning (2024) Erin Doherty (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film Jane Seymour (1981) Ingrid Bergman (1982) Ann-Margret (1983) Ann-Margret (1984) Liza Minnelli (1985) Loretta Young (1986) Gena Rowlands (1987) Ann Jillian (1988) Christine Lahti (1989) Barbara Hershey (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Laura Dern (1992) Bette Midler (1993) Joanne Woodward (1994) Jessica Lange (1995) Helen Mirren (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Angelina Jolie (1998) Halle Berry (1999) Judi Dench (2000) Judy Davis (2001) Uma Thurman (2002) Meryl Streep (2003) Glenn Close (2004) S. Epatha Merkerson (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Queen Latifah (2007) Laura Linney (2008) Drew Barrymore (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Elisabeth Moss (2013) Maggie Gyllenhaal (2014) Lady Gaga (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Patricia Arquette (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Anya Taylor-Joy (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Amanda Seyfried (2022) Ali Wong (2023) Jodie Foster (2024) Michelle Williams (2025) v t e Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead Geraldine Page (1985) Isabella Rossellini (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Andie MacDowell (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Fairuza Balk (1992) Ashley Judd (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Shareeka Epps (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Melissa Leo (2008) Gabourey Sidibe (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Taylour Paige (2021) v t e London Film Critics' Circle Award for Actress of the Year Susan Sarandon (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Claire Danes (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Annette Bening (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Nicole Kidman (2001) Stockard Channing (2002) Julianne Moore (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Naomi Watts (2005) Meryl Streep (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Anna Paquin / Meryl Streep (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Olivia Colman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress Vanessa Redgrave (1977) Maureen Stapleton / Mona Washbourne (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Maureen Stapleton (1981) Glenn Close (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Cathy Tyson / Dianne Wiest (1986) Olympia Dukakis (1987) Geneviève Bujold (1988) Brenda Fricker (1989) Lorraine Bracco (1990) Jane Horrocks (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Anna Paquin / Rosie Perez (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Barbara Hershey (1996) Julianne Moore (1997) Joan Allen (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Kate Winslet (2001) Edie Falco (2002) Shohreh Aghdashloo (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Catherine Keener (2005) Luminița Gheorghiu (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Jacki Weaver (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Amy Adams (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Agata Kulesza (2014) Alicia Vikander (2015) Lily Gladstone (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Jennifer Lopez (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress 1954–1975 Nina Foch (1954) Marjorie Rambeau (1955) Debbie Reynolds (1956) Sybil Thorndike (1957) Kay Walsh (1958) Edith Evans (1959) Shirley Jones (1960) Ruby Dee (1961) Angela Lansbury (1962) Margaret Rutherford (1963) Edith Evans (1964) Joan Blondell (1965) Vivien Merchant (1966) Marjorie Rhodes (1967) Virginia Maskell (1968) Pamela Franklin (1969) Karen Black (1970) Cloris Leachman (1971) Marisa Berenson (1972) Sylvia Sidney (1973) Valerie Perrine (1974) Ronee Blakley (1975) 1976–present Talia Shire (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Angela Lansbury (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Eva Le Gallienne (1980) Mona Washbourne (1981) Glenn Close (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Sabine Azéma (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Olympia Dukakis (1987) Frances McDormand (1988) Mary Stuart Masterson (1989) Winona Ryder (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Winona Ryder (1993) Rosemary Harris (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Juliette Binoche / Kristin Scott Thomas (1996) Anne Heche (1997) Christina Ricci (1998) Julianne Moore (1999) Lupe Ontiveros (2000) Cate Blanchett (2001) Kathy Bates (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Laura Linney (2004) Gong Li (2005) Catherine O'Hara (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Anna Kendrick (2009) Jacki Weaver (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Ann Dowd (2012) Octavia Spencer (2013) Jessica Chastain (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Naomie Harris (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Kathy Bates (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor (2021) Janelle Monáe (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Elle Fanning (2024) Inga Ibsdotter Lilleaas (2025) v t e National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) v t e National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress Marjorie Rhodes (1967) Billie Whitelaw (1968) Siân Phillips / Delphine Seyrig (1969) Lois Smith (1970) Ellen Burstyn (1971) Jeannie Berlin (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Bibi Andersson (1974) Lily Tomlin (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Ann Wedgeworth (1977) Meryl Streep (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Maureen Stapleton (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Sandra Bernhard (1983) Melanie Griffith (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Kathy Baker (1987) Mercedes Ruehl (1988) Anjelica Huston (1989) Annette Bening (1990) Jane Horrocks (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Madeleine Stowe (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Barbara Hershey (1996) Julianne Moore (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Elaine May (2000) Helen Mirren (2001) Patricia Clarkson (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Amy Adams (2005) Meryl Streep (2006) Cate Blanchett (2007) Hanna Schygulla (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Olivia Williams (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Amy Adams (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kristen Stewart (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Maria Bakalova (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Michele Austin (2024) Teyana Taylor (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress 1969–1975 Dyan Cannon (1969) Karen Black (1970) Ellen Burstyn (1971) Jeannie Berlin (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Valerie Perrine (1974) Lily Tomlin (1975) 1976–present Talia Shire (1976) Sissy Spacek (1977) Maureen Stapleton (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Mona Washbourne (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Christine Lahti (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Vanessa Redgrave (1987) Diane Venora (1988) Lena Olin (1989) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Gong Li (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Courtney Love (1996) Joan Cusack (1997) Lisa Kudrow (1998) Catherine Keener (1999) Marcia Gay Harden (2000) Helen Mirren (2001) Patricia Clarkson (2002) Shohreh Aghdashloo (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Maria Bello (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Melissa Leo (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Sally Field (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kristen Stewart (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Tiffany Haddish (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Maria Bakalova (2020) Kathryn Hunter (2021) Keke Palmer (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Carol Kane (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) v t e Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries, Limited Series or Television Film Helen Mirren (1996) Jennifer Beals (1997) Angelina Jolie (1998) Linda Hamilton (1999) Jill Hennessy (2000) Judy Davis (2001) Vanessa Williams (2002) Meryl Streep (2003) Dianne Wiest (2004) Kristen Bell (2005) Judy Davis (2006) Samantha Morton (2007) Judi Dench (2008) Drew Barrymore (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Elisabeth Moss (2013) Frances McDormand (2014) Sarah Hay (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Amy Adams (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Cate Blanchett (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Lily James (2022) Rachel Weisz (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) v t e Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Joanne Woodward (1994) Alfre Woodard (1995) Kathy Bates (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Angelina Jolie (1998) Halle Berry (1999) Vanessa Redgrave (2000) Judy Davis (2001) Stockard Channing (2002) Meryl Streep (2003) Glenn Close (2004) S. Epatha Merkerson (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Queen Latifah (2007) Laura Linney (2008) Drew Barrymore (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Helen Mirren (2013) Frances McDormand (2014) Queen Latifah (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Patricia Arquette (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Anya Taylor-Joy (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Jessica Chastain (2022) Ali Wong (2023) Jessica Gunning (2024) .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role v t e 1971–2000 Monica Maughan (1971) Jacki Weaver (1972) Judy Morris (1973) Julie Dawson (1974) Helen Morse (1976) Pat Bishop (1977) Angela Punch McGregor (1978) Michele Fawdon (1979) Tracy Mann (1980) Judy Davis (1981) Noni Hazlehurst (1982) Wendy Hughes (1983) Angela Punch McGregor (1984) Noni Hazlehurst (1985) Judy Davis (1986) Judy Davis (1987) Nadine Garner (1988) Meryl Streep (1989) Catherine McClements (1990) Sheila Florance (1991) Lisa Harrow (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Toni Collette (1994) Jacqueline McKenzie (1995) Judy Davis (1996) Pamela Rabe (1997) Deborah Mailman (1998) Sacha Horler (1999) Pia Miranda (2000) Monica Maughan (1971) Jacki Weaver (1972) Judy Morris (1973) Julie Dawson (1974) Helen Morse (1976) Pat Bishop (1977) Angela Punch McGregor (1978) Michele Fawdon (1979) Tracy Mann (1980) Judy Davis (1981) Noni Hazlehurst (1982) Wendy Hughes (1983) Angela Punch McGregor (1984) Noni Hazlehurst (1985) Judy Davis (1986) Judy Davis (1987) Nadine Garner (1988) Meryl Streep (1989) Catherine McClements (1990) Sheila Florance (1991) Lisa Harrow (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Toni Collette (1994) Jacqueline McKenzie (1995) Judy Davis (1996) Pamela Rabe (1997) Deborah Mailman (1998) Sacha Horler (1999) Pia Miranda (2000) 2001–present Kerry Armstrong (2001) Maria Theodorakis (2002) Toni Collette (2003) Abbie Cornish (2004) Cate Blanchett (2005) Emily Barclay (2006) Joan Chen (2007) Monic Hendrickx (2008) Frances O'Connor (2009) Jacki Weaver (2010) Judy Davis (2011) Deborah Mailman (2012) Rose Byrne (2013) Sarah Snook (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Odessa Young (2016) Emma Booth (2017) Angourie Rice (2018) Aisling Franciosi (2019) Eliza Scanlen (2020) Judy Davis (2021) Leah Purcell (2022) Sophie Wilde (2023) Sarah Snook (2024) Kerry Armstrong (2001) Maria Theodorakis (2002) Toni Collette (2003) Abbie Cornish (2004) Cate Blanchett (2005) Emily Barclay (2006) Joan Chen (2007) Monic Hendrickx (2008) Frances O'Connor (2009) Jacki Weaver (2010) Judy Davis (2011) Deborah Mailman (2012) Rose Byrne (2013) Sarah Snook (2014) Kate Winslet (2015) Odessa Young (2016) Emma Booth (2017) Angourie Rice (2018) Aisling Franciosi (2019) Eliza Scanlen (2020) Judy Davis (2021) Leah Purcell (2022) Sophie Wilde (2023) Sarah Snook (2024) v t e AACTA Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role v t e 1976–2000 Melissa Jaffer / Jacki Weaver (1976) Veronica Lang (1977) Angela Punch McGregor (1978) Pat Evison (1979) Jill Perryman (1980) Judy Davis (1981) Kris McQuade (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Anna Maria Monticelli (1984) Annie Byron (1985) Lindy Davies (1986) Jan Adele (1987) Tina Bursill (1988) Victoria Longley (1989) Julia Blake (1990) Fiona Press (1991) Pat Thomson (1992) Judy Davis (1993) Rachel Griffiths (1994) Amanda Douge (1995) Toni Collette (1996) Cate Blanchett (1997) Toni Collette (1998) Sacha Horler (1999) Greta Scacchi (2000) Melissa Jaffer / Jacki Weaver (1976) Veronica Lang (1977) Angela Punch McGregor (1978) Pat Evison (1979) Jill Perryman (1980) Judy Davis (1981) Kris McQuade (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Anna Maria Monticelli (1984) Annie Byron (1985) Lindy Davies (1986) Jan Adele (1987) Tina Bursill (1988) Victoria Longley (1989) Julia Blake (1990) Fiona Press (1991) Pat Thomson (1992) Judy Davis (1993) Rachel Griffiths (1994) Amanda Douge (1995) Toni Collette (1996) Cate Blanchett (1997) Toni Collette (1998) Sacha Horler (1999) Greta Scacchi (2000) 2001–present Rachael Blake (2001) Judi Farr (2002) Sacha Horler (2003) Lynette Curran (2004) Noni Hazlehurst (2005) Susie Porter (2006) Emma Booth (2007) Toni Collette (2008) Rachel Griffiths (2009) Deborah Mailman (2010) Louise Harris (2011) Jessica Mauboy (2012) Elizabeth Debicki (2013) Susan Prior (2014) Judy Davis (2015) Miranda Otto (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Magnolia Maymuru (2019) Essie Davis (2020) Essie Davis (2021) Olivia DeJonge (2022) Deborah Mailman (2023) Jacki Weaver (2024) Rachael Blake (2001) Judi Farr (2002) Sacha Horler (2003) Lynette Curran (2004) Noni Hazlehurst (2005) Susie Porter (2006) Emma Booth (2007) Toni Collette (2008) Rachel Griffiths (2009) Deborah Mailman (2010) Louise Harris (2011) Jessica Mauboy (2012) Elizabeth Debicki (2013) Susan Prior (2014) Judy Davis (2015) Miranda Otto (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Nicole Kidman (2018) Magnolia Maymuru (2019) Essie Davis (2020) Essie Davis (2021) Olivia DeJonge (2022) Deborah Mailman (2023) Jacki Weaver (2024) v t e BAFTA Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role v t e 1952–1967 British Vivien Leigh (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Yvonne Mitchell (1954) Katie Johnson (1955) Virginia McKenna (1956) Heather Sears (1957) Irene Worth (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Rachel Roberts (1960) Dora Bryan (1961) Leslie Caron (1962) Rachel Roberts (1963) Audrey Hepburn (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Foreign Simone Signoret (1952) Leslie Caron (1953) Cornell Borchers (1954) Betsy Blair (1955) Anna Magnani (1956) Simone Signoret (1957) Simone Signoret (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Shirley MacLaine (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Patricia Neal (1965) Jeanne Moreau (1966) Anouk Aimée (1967) British Vivien Leigh (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Yvonne Mitchell (1954) Katie Johnson (1955) Virginia McKenna (1956) Heather Sears (1957) Irene Worth (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Rachel Roberts (1960) Dora Bryan (1961) Leslie Caron (1962) Rachel Roberts (1963) Audrey Hepburn (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Vivien Leigh (1952) Audrey Hepburn (1953) Yvonne Mitchell (1954) Katie Johnson (1955) Virginia McKenna (1956) Heather Sears (1957) Irene Worth (1958) Audrey Hepburn (1959) Rachel Roberts (1960) Dora Bryan (1961) Leslie Caron (1962) Rachel Roberts (1963) Audrey Hepburn (1964) Julie Christie (1965) Elizabeth Taylor (1966) Edith Evans (1967) Foreign Simone Signoret (1952) Leslie Caron (1953) Cornell Borchers (1954) Betsy Blair (1955) Anna Magnani (1956) Simone Signoret (1957) Simone Signoret (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Shirley MacLaine (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Patricia Neal (1965) Jeanne Moreau (1966) Anouk Aimée (1967) Simone Signoret (1952) Leslie Caron (1953) Cornell Borchers (1954) Betsy Blair (1955) Anna Magnani (1956) Simone Signoret (1957) Simone Signoret (1958) Shirley MacLaine (1959) Shirley MacLaine (1960) Sophia Loren (1961) Anne Bancroft (1962) Patricia Neal (1963) Anne Bancroft (1964) Patricia Neal (1965) Jeanne Moreau (1966) Anouk Aimée (1967) 1968–present Katharine Hepburn (1968) Maggie Smith (1969) Katharine Ross (1970) Glenda Jackson (1971) Liza Minnelli (1972) Stéphane Audran (1973) Joanne Woodward (1974) Ellen Burstyn (1975) Louise Fletcher (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Jane Fonda (1979) Judy Davis (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Katharine Hepburn (1982) Julie Walters (1983) Maggie Smith (1984) Peggy Ashcroft (1985) Maggie Smith (1986) Anne Bancroft (1987) Maggie Smith (1988) Pauline Collins (1989) Jessica Tandy (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Susan Sarandon (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Annette Bening (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Judi Dench (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Scarlett Johansson (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Emma Stone (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Joanna Scanlan (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Mikey Madison (2024) Katharine Hepburn (1968) Maggie Smith (1969) Katharine Ross (1970) Glenda Jackson (1971) Liza Minnelli (1972) Stéphane Audran (1973) Joanne Woodward (1974) Ellen Burstyn (1975) Louise Fletcher (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Jane Fonda (1978) Jane Fonda (1979) Judy Davis (1980) Meryl Streep (1981) Katharine Hepburn (1982) Julie Walters (1983) Maggie Smith (1984) Peggy Ashcroft (1985) Maggie Smith (1986) Anne Bancroft (1987) Maggie Smith (1988) Pauline Collins (1989) Jessica Tandy (1990) Jodie Foster (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Susan Sarandon (1994) Emma Thompson (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Judi Dench (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Annette Bening (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Judi Dench (2001) Nicole Kidman (2002) Scarlett Johansson (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Carey Mulligan (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Meryl Streep (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Emma Stone (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Joanna Scanlan (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Mikey Madison (2024) v t e BAFTA Award for Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles v t e Most Promising Newcomer to Film Claire Bloom (1952) Norman Wisdom (1953) David Kossoff (1954) Paul Scofield (1955) Eli Wallach (1956) Eric Barker (1957) Paul Massie (1958) Hayley Mills (1959) Claire Bloom (1952) Norman Wisdom (1953) David Kossoff (1954) Paul Scofield (1955) Eli Wallach (1956) Eric Barker (1957) Paul Massie (1958) Hayley Mills (1959) Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Albert Finney (1960) Rita Tushingham (1961) Tom Courtenay (1962) James Fox (1963) Julie Andrews (1964) Judi Dench (1965) Vivien Merchant (1966) Faye Dunaway (1967) Dustin Hoffman (1968) Jon Voight (1969) David Bradley (1970) Dominic Guard (1971) Joel Grey (1972) Peter Egan (1973) Georgina Hale (1974) Valerie Perrine (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Isabelle Huppert (1977) Christopher Reeve (1978) Dennis Christopher (1979) Albert Finney (1960) Rita Tushingham (1961) Tom Courtenay (1962) James Fox (1963) Julie Andrews (1964) Judi Dench (1965) Vivien Merchant (1966) Faye Dunaway (1967) Dustin Hoffman (1968) Jon Voight (1969) David Bradley (1970) Dominic Guard (1971) Joel Grey (1972) Peter Egan (1973) Georgina Hale (1974) Valerie Perrine (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Isabelle Huppert (1977) Christopher Reeve (1978) Dennis Christopher (1979) Most Outstanding Newcomer to Leading Film Roles Judy Davis (1980) Joe Pesci (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Judy Davis (1980) Joe Pesci (1981) Ben Kingsley (1982) Most Outstanding Newcomer to Film Phyllis Logan (1983) Haing S. Ngor (1984) Phyllis Logan (1983) Haing S. Ngor (1984) v t e Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress v t e Gena Rowlands (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Rosanna Arquette (1983) Judy Davis (1984) Geraldine Page (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Melanie Griffith (1988) Jessica Tandy (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Geena Davis (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Julianne Moore (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Samantha Morton (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Tilda Swinton (2001) Maggie Gyllenhaal (2002) Scarlett Johansson (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Melissa McCarthy (2018) Saoirse Ronan (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Alana Haim (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Mikey Madison (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) Gena Rowlands (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Rosanna Arquette (1983) Judy Davis (1984) Geraldine Page (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Holly Hunter (1987) Melanie Griffith (1988) Jessica Tandy (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Geena Davis (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Julianne Moore (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Brenda Blethyn (1996) Helena Bonham Carter (1997) Samantha Morton (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Tilda Swinton (2001) Maggie Gyllenhaal (2002) Scarlett Johansson (2003) Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Meryl Streep (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Melissa McCarthy (2018) Saoirse Ronan (2019) Sidney Flanigan (2020) Alana Haim (2021) Michelle Yeoh (2022) Lily Gladstone (2023) Mikey Madison (2024) Rose Byrne (2025) v t e Boston Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e Mary Steenburgen (1980) Mona Washbourne (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Kathy Baker (1987) Joan Cusack (1988) Brenda Fricker (1989) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Rosie Perez (1993) Kirsten Dunst (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Courtney Love (1996) Sarah Polley (1997) Joan Allen (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Cameron Diaz (2001) Toni Collette (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Laura Dern / Sharon Warren (2004) Catherine Keener (2005) Shareeka Epps (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Juliette Lewis (2010) Melissa McCarthy (2011) Sally Field (2012) June Squibb (2013) Emma Stone (2014) Kristen Stewart (2015) Lily Gladstone (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Jessie Buckley (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Danielle Deadwyler (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Mona Washbourne (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Kathy Baker (1987) Joan Cusack (1988) Brenda Fricker (1989) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Rosie Perez (1993) Kirsten Dunst (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Courtney Love (1996) Sarah Polley (1997) Joan Allen (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Cameron Diaz (2001) Toni Collette (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Laura Dern / Sharon Warren (2004) Catherine Keener (2005) Shareeka Epps (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Juliette Lewis (2010) Melissa McCarthy (2011) Sally Field (2012) June Squibb (2013) Emma Stone (2014) Kristen Stewart (2015) Lily Gladstone (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Jessie Buckley (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Danielle Deadwyler (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) v t e Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e Frances McDormand (1988) Laura San Giacomo (1989) Lorraine Bracco (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Rosie Perez (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Irma P. Hall (1996) Debbi Morgan (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Cameron Diaz (2001) Meryl Streep (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Maria Bello (2005) Rinko Kikuchi (2006) Cate Blanchett (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Hailee Steinfeld (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Amy Adams (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Alicia Vikander (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Florence Pugh (2019) Maria Bakalova (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Natasha Lyonne (2024) Teyana Taylor (2025) Frances McDormand (1988) Laura San Giacomo (1989) Lorraine Bracco (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Rosie Perez (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Irma P. Hall (1996) Debbi Morgan (1997) Kathy Bates (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Cameron Diaz (2001) Meryl Streep (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Maria Bello (2005) Rinko Kikuchi (2006) Cate Blanchett (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Hailee Steinfeld (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Amy Adams (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Alicia Vikander (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Florence Pugh (2019) Maria Bakalova (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Natasha Lyonne (2024) Teyana Taylor (2025) v t e Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Rosie Perez (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Alison Elliott (1997) Joan Allen (1998) Julianne Moore (1999) Kate Hudson (2000) Marisa Tomei (2001) Kathy Bates (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Catherine Keener (2005) Cate Blanchett (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Viola Davis (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Melissa Leo (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Sally Field (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Rooney Mara (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Amanda Seyfried (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) Teyana Taylor (2025) Whoopi Goldberg (1990) Mercedes Ruehl (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Rosie Perez (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Juliette Binoche (1996) Alison Elliott (1997) Joan Allen (1998) Julianne Moore (1999) Kate Hudson (2000) Marisa Tomei (2001) Kathy Bates (2002) Renée Zellweger (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Catherine Keener (2005) Cate Blanchett (2006) Tilda Swinton (2007) Viola Davis (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Melissa Leo (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Sally Field (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Rooney Mara (2015) Viola Davis (2016) Allison Janney (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Amanda Seyfried (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Zoe Saldaña (2024) Teyana Taylor (2025) v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie v t e 1953–1975 Helen Hayes (1953) Judith Anderson (1954) Mary Martin (1955) Claire Trevor (1956) Polly Bergen (1957) Julie Harris (1959) Ingrid Bergman (1960) Judith Anderson (1961) Julie Harris (1962) Kim Stanley (1963) Shelley Winters (1964) Lynn Fontanne (1965) Simone Signoret (1966) Geraldine Page (1967) Maureen Stapleton (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Patty Duke (1970) Lee Grant (1971) Glenda Jackson (1972) Susan Hampshire / Cloris Leachman (1973) Mildred Natwick / Cicely Tyson (1974) Katharine Hepburn / Jessica Walter (1975) Helen Hayes (1953) Judith Anderson (1954) Mary Martin (1955) Claire Trevor (1956) Polly Bergen (1957) Julie Harris (1959) Ingrid Bergman (1960) Judith Anderson (1961) Julie Harris (1962) Kim Stanley (1963) Shelley Winters (1964) Lynn Fontanne (1965) Simone Signoret (1966) Geraldine Page (1967) Maureen Stapleton (1968) Geraldine Page (1969) Patty Duke (1970) Lee Grant (1971) Glenda Jackson (1972) Susan Hampshire / Cloris Leachman (1973) Mildred Natwick / Cicely Tyson (1974) Katharine Hepburn / Jessica Walter (1975) 1976–2000 Susan Clark / Rosemary Harris (1976) Patty Duke / Sally Field (1977) Meryl Streep / Joanne Woodward (1978) Bette Davis (1979) Patty Duke (1980) Vanessa Redgrave (1981) Ingrid Bergman (1982) Barbara Stanwyck (1983) Jane Fonda (1984) Joanne Woodward (1985) Marlo Thomas (1986) Gena Rowlands (1987) Jessica Tandy (1988) Holly Hunter (1989) Barbara Hershey (1990) Lynn Whitfield (1991) Gena Rowlands (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Kirstie Alley (1994) Glenn Close (1995) Helen Mirren (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Ellen Barkin (1998) Helen Mirren (1999) Halle Berry (2000) Susan Clark / Rosemary Harris (1976) Patty Duke / Sally Field (1977) Meryl Streep / Joanne Woodward (1978) Bette Davis (1979) Patty Duke (1980) Vanessa Redgrave (1981) Ingrid Bergman (1982) Barbara Stanwyck (1983) Jane Fonda (1984) Joanne Woodward (1985) Marlo Thomas (1986) Gena Rowlands (1987) Jessica Tandy (1988) Holly Hunter (1989) Barbara Hershey (1990) Lynn Whitfield (1991) Gena Rowlands (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Kirstie Alley (1994) Glenn Close (1995) Helen Mirren (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Ellen Barkin (1998) Helen Mirren (1999) Halle Berry (2000) 2001–present Judy Davis (2001) Laura Linney (2002) Maggie Smith (2003) Meryl Streep (2004) S. Epatha Merkerson (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Helen Mirren (2007) Laura Linney (2008) Jessica Lange (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Laura Linney (2013) Jessica Lange (2014) Frances McDormand (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Regina King (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Regina King (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Amanda Seyfried (2022) Ali Wong (2023) Jodie Foster (2024) Cristin Milioti (2025) Judy Davis (2001) Laura Linney (2002) Maggie Smith (2003) Meryl Streep (2004) S. Epatha Merkerson (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Helen Mirren (2007) Laura Linney (2008) Jessica Lange (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Laura Linney (2013) Jessica Lange (2014) Frances McDormand (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Regina King (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Regina King (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Amanda Seyfried (2022) Ali Wong (2023) Jodie Foster (2024) Cristin Milioti (2025) v t e Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Movie v t e 1975–2000 Juliet Mills (1975) Rosemary Murphy (1976) Diana Hyland (1977) Eva Le Gallienne (1978) Esther Rolle (1979) Mare Winningham (1980) Jane Alexander (1981) Penny Fuller (1982) Jean Simmons (1983) Roxana Zal (1984) Kim Stanley (1985) Colleen Dewhurst (1986) Piper Laurie (1987) Jane Seymour (1988) Colleen Dewhurst (1989) Eva Marie Saint (1990) Ruby Dee (1991) Amanda Plummer (1992) Mary Tyler Moore (1993) Cicely Tyson (1994) Judy Davis / Shirley Knight (1995) Greta Scacchi (1996) Diana Rigg (1997) Mare Winningham (1998) Anne Bancroft (1999) Vanessa Redgrave (2000) Juliet Mills (1975) Rosemary Murphy (1976) Diana Hyland (1977) Eva Le Gallienne (1978) Esther Rolle (1979) Mare Winningham (1980) Jane Alexander (1981) Penny Fuller (1982) Jean Simmons (1983) Roxana Zal (1984) Kim Stanley (1985) Colleen Dewhurst (1986) Piper Laurie (1987) Jane Seymour (1988) Colleen Dewhurst (1989) Eva Marie Saint (1990) Ruby Dee (1991) Amanda Plummer (1992) Mary Tyler Moore (1993) Cicely Tyson (1994) Judy Davis / Shirley Knight (1995) Greta Scacchi (1996) Diana Rigg (1997) Mare Winningham (1998) Anne Bancroft (1999) Vanessa Redgrave (2000) 2001–present Tammy Blanchard (2001) Stockard Channing (2002) Gena Rowlands (2003) Mary-Louise Parker (2004) Jane Alexander (2005) Kelly Macdonald (2006) Judy Davis (2007) Eileen Atkins (2008) Shohreh Aghdashloo (2009) Julia Ormond (2010) Maggie Smith (2011) Jessica Lange (2012) Ellen Burstyn (2013) Kathy Bates (2014) Regina King (2015) Regina King (2016) Laura Dern (2017) Merritt Wever (2018) Patricia Arquette (2019) Uzo Aduba (2020) Julianne Nicholson (2021) Jennifer Coolidge (2022) Niecy Nash-Betts (2023) Jessica Gunning (2024) Erin Doherty (2025) Tammy Blanchard (2001) Stockard Channing (2002) Gena Rowlands (2003) Mary-Louise Parker (2004) Jane Alexander (2005) Kelly Macdonald (2006) Judy Davis (2007) Eileen Atkins (2008) Shohreh Aghdashloo (2009) Julia Ormond (2010) Maggie Smith (2011) Jessica Lange (2012) Ellen Burstyn (2013) Kathy Bates (2014) Regina King (2015) Regina King (2016) Laura Dern (2017) Merritt Wever (2018) Patricia Arquette (2019) Uzo Aduba (2020) Julianne Nicholson (2021) Jennifer Coolidge (2022) Niecy Nash-Betts (2023) Jessica Gunning (2024) Erin Doherty (2025) v t e Golden Globe Award for Best Actress in a Limited or Anthology Series or Television Film v t e Jane Seymour (1981) Ingrid Bergman (1982) Ann-Margret (1983) Ann-Margret (1984) Liza Minnelli (1985) Loretta Young (1986) Gena Rowlands (1987) Ann Jillian (1988) Christine Lahti (1989) Barbara Hershey (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Laura Dern (1992) Bette Midler (1993) Joanne Woodward (1994) Jessica Lange (1995) Helen Mirren (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Angelina Jolie (1998) Halle Berry (1999) Judi Dench (2000) Judy Davis (2001) Uma Thurman (2002) Meryl Streep (2003) Glenn Close (2004) S. Epatha Merkerson (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Queen Latifah (2007) Laura Linney (2008) Drew Barrymore (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Elisabeth Moss (2013) Maggie Gyllenhaal (2014) Lady Gaga (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Patricia Arquette (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Anya Taylor-Joy (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Amanda Seyfried (2022) Ali Wong (2023) Jodie Foster (2024) Michelle Williams (2025) Jane Seymour (1981) Ingrid Bergman (1982) Ann-Margret (1983) Ann-Margret (1984) Liza Minnelli (1985) Loretta Young (1986) Gena Rowlands (1987) Ann Jillian (1988) Christine Lahti (1989) Barbara Hershey (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Laura Dern (1992) Bette Midler (1993) Joanne Woodward (1994) Jessica Lange (1995) Helen Mirren (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Angelina Jolie (1998) Halle Berry (1999) Judi Dench (2000) Judy Davis (2001) Uma Thurman (2002) Meryl Streep (2003) Glenn Close (2004) S. Epatha Merkerson (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Queen Latifah (2007) Laura Linney (2008) Drew Barrymore (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Elisabeth Moss (2013) Maggie Gyllenhaal (2014) Lady Gaga (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Patricia Arquette (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Anya Taylor-Joy (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Amanda Seyfried (2022) Ali Wong (2023) Jodie Foster (2024) Michelle Williams (2025) v t e Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead v t e Geraldine Page (1985) Isabella Rossellini (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Andie MacDowell (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Fairuza Balk (1992) Ashley Judd (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Shareeka Epps (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Melissa Leo (2008) Gabourey Sidibe (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Taylour Paige (2021) Geraldine Page (1985) Isabella Rossellini (1986) Sally Kirkland (1987) Jodie Foster (1988) Andie MacDowell (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Fairuza Balk (1992) Ashley Judd (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Hilary Swank (1999) Ellen Burstyn (2000) Sissy Spacek (2001) Julianne Moore (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Catalina Sandino Moreno (2004) Felicity Huffman (2005) Shareeka Epps (2006) Ellen Page (2007) Melissa Leo (2008) Gabourey Sidibe (2009) Natalie Portman (2010) Michelle Williams (2011) Jennifer Lawrence (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Brie Larson (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Glenn Close (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Carey Mulligan (2020) Taylour Paige (2021) v t e London Film Critics' Circle Award for Actress of the Year v t e Susan Sarandon (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Claire Danes (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Annette Bening (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Nicole Kidman (2001) Stockard Channing (2002) Julianne Moore (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Naomi Watts (2005) Meryl Streep (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Anna Paquin / Meryl Streep (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Olivia Colman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Susan Sarandon (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Linda Fiorentino (1994) Nicole Kidman (1995) Frances McDormand (1996) Claire Danes (1997) Cate Blanchett (1998) Annette Bening (1999) Julia Roberts (2000) Nicole Kidman (2001) Stockard Channing (2002) Julianne Moore (2003) Imelda Staunton (2004) Naomi Watts (2005) Meryl Streep (2006) Marion Cotillard (2007) Kate Winslet (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Annette Bening (2010) Anna Paquin / Meryl Streep (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Julianne Moore (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Frances McDormand (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Renée Zellweger (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Olivia Colman (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Emma Stone (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) v t e Los Angeles Film Critics Association Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e Vanessa Redgrave (1977) Maureen Stapleton / Mona Washbourne (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Maureen Stapleton (1981) Glenn Close (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Cathy Tyson / Dianne Wiest (1986) Olympia Dukakis (1987) Geneviève Bujold (1988) Brenda Fricker (1989) Lorraine Bracco (1990) Jane Horrocks (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Anna Paquin / Rosie Perez (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Barbara Hershey (1996) Julianne Moore (1997) Joan Allen (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Kate Winslet (2001) Edie Falco (2002) Shohreh Aghdashloo (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Catherine Keener (2005) Luminița Gheorghiu (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Jacki Weaver (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Amy Adams (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Agata Kulesza (2014) Alicia Vikander (2015) Lily Gladstone (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Jennifer Lopez (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) Vanessa Redgrave (1977) Maureen Stapleton / Mona Washbourne (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Maureen Stapleton (1981) Glenn Close (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Peggy Ashcroft (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Cathy Tyson / Dianne Wiest (1986) Olympia Dukakis (1987) Geneviève Bujold (1988) Brenda Fricker (1989) Lorraine Bracco (1990) Jane Horrocks (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Anna Paquin / Rosie Perez (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Barbara Hershey (1996) Julianne Moore (1997) Joan Allen (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Frances McDormand (2000) Kate Winslet (2001) Edie Falco (2002) Shohreh Aghdashloo (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Catherine Keener (2005) Luminița Gheorghiu (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Jacki Weaver (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Amy Adams (2012) Lupita Nyong'o (2013) Agata Kulesza (2014) Alicia Vikander (2015) Lily Gladstone (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Jennifer Lopez (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Ariana DeBose (2021) v t e National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e 1954–1975 Nina Foch (1954) Marjorie Rambeau (1955) Debbie Reynolds (1956) Sybil Thorndike (1957) Kay Walsh (1958) Edith Evans (1959) Shirley Jones (1960) Ruby Dee (1961) Angela Lansbury (1962) Margaret Rutherford (1963) Edith Evans (1964) Joan Blondell (1965) Vivien Merchant (1966) Marjorie Rhodes (1967) Virginia Maskell (1968) Pamela Franklin (1969) Karen Black (1970) Cloris Leachman (1971) Marisa Berenson (1972) Sylvia Sidney (1973) Valerie Perrine (1974) Ronee Blakley (1975) Nina Foch (1954) Marjorie Rambeau (1955) Debbie Reynolds (1956) Sybil Thorndike (1957) Kay Walsh (1958) Edith Evans (1959) Shirley Jones (1960) Ruby Dee (1961) Angela Lansbury (1962) Margaret Rutherford (1963) Edith Evans (1964) Joan Blondell (1965) Vivien Merchant (1966) Marjorie Rhodes (1967) Virginia Maskell (1968) Pamela Franklin (1969) Karen Black (1970) Cloris Leachman (1971) Marisa Berenson (1972) Sylvia Sidney (1973) Valerie Perrine (1974) Ronee Blakley (1975) 1976–present Talia Shire (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Angela Lansbury (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Eva Le Gallienne (1980) Mona Washbourne (1981) Glenn Close (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Sabine Azéma (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Olympia Dukakis (1987) Frances McDormand (1988) Mary Stuart Masterson (1989) Winona Ryder (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Winona Ryder (1993) Rosemary Harris (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Juliette Binoche / Kristin Scott Thomas (1996) Anne Heche (1997) Christina Ricci (1998) Julianne Moore (1999) Lupe Ontiveros (2000) Cate Blanchett (2001) Kathy Bates (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Laura Linney (2004) Gong Li (2005) Catherine O'Hara (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Anna Kendrick (2009) Jacki Weaver (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Ann Dowd (2012) Octavia Spencer (2013) Jessica Chastain (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Naomie Harris (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Kathy Bates (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor (2021) Janelle Monáe (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Elle Fanning (2024) Inga Ibsdotter Lilleaas (2025) Talia Shire (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Angela Lansbury (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Eva Le Gallienne (1980) Mona Washbourne (1981) Glenn Close (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Sabine Azéma (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Olympia Dukakis (1987) Frances McDormand (1988) Mary Stuart Masterson (1989) Winona Ryder (1990) Kate Nelligan (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Winona Ryder (1993) Rosemary Harris (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Juliette Binoche / Kristin Scott Thomas (1996) Anne Heche (1997) Christina Ricci (1998) Julianne Moore (1999) Lupe Ontiveros (2000) Cate Blanchett (2001) Kathy Bates (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Laura Linney (2004) Gong Li (2005) Catherine O'Hara (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Anna Kendrick (2009) Jacki Weaver (2010) Shailene Woodley (2011) Ann Dowd (2012) Octavia Spencer (2013) Jessica Chastain (2014) Jennifer Jason Leigh (2015) Naomie Harris (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Kathy Bates (2019) Youn Yuh-jung (2020) Aunjanue Ellis-Taylor (2021) Janelle Monáe (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Elle Fanning (2024) Inga Ibsdotter Lilleaas (2025) v t e National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Actress v t e Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) Sylvie (1966) Bibi Andersson (1967) Liv Ullmann (1968) Vanessa Redgrave (1969) Glenda Jackson (1970) Jane Fonda (1971) Cicely Tyson (1972) Liv Ullmann (1973) Liv Ullmann (1974) Isabelle Adjani (1975) Sissy Spacek (1976) Diane Keaton (1977) Ingrid Bergman (1978) Sally Field (1979) Sissy Spacek (1980) Marília Pêra (1981) Meryl Streep (1982) Debra Winger (1983) Vanessa Redgrave (1984) Vanessa Redgrave (1985) Chloe Webb (1986) Emily Lloyd (1987) Judy Davis (1988) Michelle Pfeiffer (1989) Anjelica Huston (1990) Alison Steadman (1991) Emma Thompson (1992) Holly Hunter (1993) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1994) Elisabeth Shue (1995) Emily Watson (1996) Julie Christie (1997) Ally Sheedy (1998) Reese Witherspoon (1999) Laura Linney (2000) Naomi Watts (2001) Diane Lane (2002) Charlize Theron (2003) Imelda Staunton / Hilary Swank (2004) Reese Witherspoon (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Julie Christie (2007) Sally Hawkins (2008) Yolande Moreau (2009) Giovanna Mezzogiorno (2010) Kirsten Dunst (2011) Emmanuelle Riva (2012) Cate Blanchett (2013) Marion Cotillard (2014) Charlotte Rampling (2015) Isabelle Huppert (2016) Sally Hawkins (2017) Olivia Colman (2018) Mary Kay Place (2019) Frances McDormand (2020) Penélope Cruz (2021) Cate Blanchett (2022) Sandra Hüller (2023) Marianne Jean-Baptiste (2024) Kathleen Chalfant (2025) v t e National Society of Film Critics Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e Marjorie Rhodes (1967) Billie Whitelaw (1968) Siân Phillips / Delphine Seyrig (1969) Lois Smith (1970) Ellen Burstyn (1971) Jeannie Berlin (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Bibi Andersson (1974) Lily Tomlin (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Ann Wedgeworth (1977) Meryl Streep (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Maureen Stapleton (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Sandra Bernhard (1983) Melanie Griffith (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Kathy Baker (1987) Mercedes Ruehl (1988) Anjelica Huston (1989) Annette Bening (1990) Jane Horrocks (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Madeleine Stowe (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Barbara Hershey (1996) Julianne Moore (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Elaine May (2000) Helen Mirren (2001) Patricia Clarkson (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Amy Adams (2005) Meryl Streep (2006) Cate Blanchett (2007) Hanna Schygulla (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Olivia Williams (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Amy Adams (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kristen Stewart (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Maria Bakalova (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Michele Austin (2024) Teyana Taylor (2025) Marjorie Rhodes (1967) Billie Whitelaw (1968) Siân Phillips / Delphine Seyrig (1969) Lois Smith (1970) Ellen Burstyn (1971) Jeannie Berlin (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Bibi Andersson (1974) Lily Tomlin (1975) Jodie Foster (1976) Ann Wedgeworth (1977) Meryl Streep (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Maureen Stapleton (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Sandra Bernhard (1983) Melanie Griffith (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Kathy Baker (1987) Mercedes Ruehl (1988) Anjelica Huston (1989) Annette Bening (1990) Jane Horrocks (1991) Judy Davis (1992) Madeleine Stowe (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Joan Allen (1995) Barbara Hershey (1996) Julianne Moore (1997) Judi Dench (1998) Chloë Sevigny (1999) Elaine May (2000) Helen Mirren (2001) Patricia Clarkson (2002) Patricia Clarkson (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Amy Adams (2005) Meryl Streep (2006) Cate Blanchett (2007) Hanna Schygulla (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Olivia Williams (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Amy Adams (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kristen Stewart (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Laurie Metcalf (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Maria Bakalova (2020) Ruth Negga (2021) Kerry Condon (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Michele Austin (2024) Teyana Taylor (2025) v t e New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actress v t e 1969–1975 Dyan Cannon (1969) Karen Black (1970) Ellen Burstyn (1971) Jeannie Berlin (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Valerie Perrine (1974) Lily Tomlin (1975) Dyan Cannon (1969) Karen Black (1970) Ellen Burstyn (1971) Jeannie Berlin (1972) Valentina Cortese (1973) Valerie Perrine (1974) Lily Tomlin (1975) 1976–present Talia Shire (1976) Sissy Spacek (1977) Maureen Stapleton (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Mona Washbourne (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Christine Lahti (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Vanessa Redgrave (1987) Diane Venora (1988) Lena Olin (1989) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Gong Li (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Courtney Love (1996) Joan Cusack (1997) Lisa Kudrow (1998) Catherine Keener (1999) Marcia Gay Harden (2000) Helen Mirren (2001) Patricia Clarkson (2002) Shohreh Aghdashloo (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Maria Bello (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Melissa Leo (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Sally Field (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kristen Stewart (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Tiffany Haddish (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Maria Bakalova (2020) Kathryn Hunter (2021) Keke Palmer (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Carol Kane (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) Talia Shire (1976) Sissy Spacek (1977) Maureen Stapleton (1978) Meryl Streep (1979) Mary Steenburgen (1980) Mona Washbourne (1981) Jessica Lange (1982) Linda Hunt (1983) Christine Lahti (1984) Anjelica Huston (1985) Dianne Wiest (1986) Vanessa Redgrave (1987) Diane Venora (1988) Lena Olin (1989) Jennifer Jason Leigh (1990) Judy Davis (1991) Miranda Richardson (1992) Gong Li (1993) Dianne Wiest (1994) Mira Sorvino (1995) Courtney Love (1996) Joan Cusack (1997) Lisa Kudrow (1998) Catherine Keener (1999) Marcia Gay Harden (2000) Helen Mirren (2001) Patricia Clarkson (2002) Shohreh Aghdashloo (2003) Virginia Madsen (2004) Maria Bello (2005) Jennifer Hudson (2006) Amy Ryan (2007) Penélope Cruz (2008) Mo'Nique (2009) Melissa Leo (2010) Jessica Chastain (2011) Sally Field (2012) Jennifer Lawrence (2013) Patricia Arquette (2014) Kristen Stewart (2015) Michelle Williams (2016) Tiffany Haddish (2017) Regina King (2018) Laura Dern (2019) Maria Bakalova (2020) Kathryn Hunter (2021) Keke Palmer (2022) Da'Vine Joy Randolph (2023) Carol Kane (2024) Amy Madigan (2025) v t e Satellite Award for Best Actress in a Miniseries, Limited Series or Television Film v t e Helen Mirren (1996) Jennifer Beals (1997) Angelina Jolie (1998) Linda Hamilton (1999) Jill Hennessy (2000) Judy Davis (2001) Vanessa Williams (2002) Meryl Streep (2003) Dianne Wiest (2004) Kristen Bell (2005) Judy Davis (2006) Samantha Morton (2007) Judi Dench (2008) Drew Barrymore (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Elisabeth Moss (2013) Frances McDormand (2014) Sarah Hay (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Amy Adams (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Cate Blanchett (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Lily James (2022) Rachel Weisz (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) Helen Mirren (1996) Jennifer Beals (1997) Angelina Jolie (1998) Linda Hamilton (1999) Jill Hennessy (2000) Judy Davis (2001) Vanessa Williams (2002) Meryl Streep (2003) Dianne Wiest (2004) Kristen Bell (2005) Judy Davis (2006) Samantha Morton (2007) Judi Dench (2008) Drew Barrymore (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Elisabeth Moss (2013) Frances McDormand (2014) Sarah Hay (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Amy Adams (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Cate Blanchett (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Lily James (2022) Rachel Weisz (2023) Cate Blanchett (2024) v t e Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie v t e Joanne Woodward (1994) Alfre Woodard (1995) Kathy Bates (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Angelina Jolie (1998) Halle Berry (1999) Vanessa Redgrave (2000) Judy Davis (2001) Stockard Channing (2002) Meryl Streep (2003) Glenn Close (2004) S. Epatha Merkerson (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Queen Latifah (2007) Laura Linney (2008) Drew Barrymore (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Helen Mirren (2013) Frances McDormand (2014) Queen Latifah (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Patricia Arquette (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Anya Taylor-Joy (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Jessica Chastain (2022) Ali Wong (2023) Jessica Gunning (2024) Joanne Woodward (1994) Alfre Woodard (1995) Kathy Bates (1996) Alfre Woodard (1997) Angelina Jolie (1998) Halle Berry (1999) Vanessa Redgrave (2000) Judy Davis (2001) Stockard Channing (2002) Meryl Streep (2003) Glenn Close (2004) S. Epatha Merkerson (2005) Helen Mirren (2006) Queen Latifah (2007) Laura Linney (2008) Drew Barrymore (2009) Claire Danes (2010) Kate Winslet (2011) Julianne Moore (2012) Helen Mirren (2013) Frances McDormand (2014) Queen Latifah (2015) Sarah Paulson (2016) Nicole Kidman (2017) Patricia Arquette (2018) Michelle Williams (2019) Anya Taylor-Joy (2020) Kate Winslet (2021) Jessica Chastain (2022) Ali Wong (2023) Jessica Gunning (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Korea Poland Israel United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Netherlands Norway Latvia Korea Poland Israel Artists MusicBrainz Emmy Awards FID MusicBrainz Emmy Awards FID People Trove Australian Women's Register Deutsche Synchronkartei Trove Australian Women's Register Deutsche Synchronkartei Other IdRef SNAC Yale LUX IdRef SNAC Yale LUX 1955 births Living people 20th-century Australian actresses 21st-century Australian actresses Actresses from Perth, Western Australia Australian film actresses Australian stage actresses Australian television actresses Australian theatre directors Australian women theatre directors Most Promising Newcomer to Leading Film Roles BAFTA Award winners Best Actress AACTA Award winners Best Actress BAFTA Award winners Best Miniseries or Television Movie Actress Golden Globe winners Best Supporting Actress AACTA Award winners Curtin University alumni National Institute of Dramatic Art alumni Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie Screen Actors Guild Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Lead Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners Outstanding Performance by a Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or Movie Primetime Emmy Award winners Best Female Lead Independent Spirit Award winners Australian expatriate actresses in the United States All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2021 Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use Australian English from February 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English Use dmy dates from November 2020 Articles with hCards TCMDb name template using numeric ID from Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 October 2025, at 12:18 (UTC) . 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To limit the number of search results: Replace general search terms with more specific ones (e.g., low back pain instead of back pain). Include additional terms in your query. Use the sidebar filters to restrict results by publication date, full text availability, article type, and more. I retrieved too few citations. How can I expand my search? On the abstract page for a citation, see the Similar Articles section for a pre-calculated set of additional PubMed citations closely related to that article. Remove extraneous or specific terms from the search box. Try using alternative terms to describe the concepts you are searching. Find a specific citation Paste the article title into the search box, or enter citation details such as the author, journal name and the year the article was published in the search box and the PubMed citation sensor will automatically analyze your query for citation information to return the correct citation. The citation sensor incorporates a fuzzy matching algorithm and will retrieve the best match even if a search includes an incorrect term. You do not need to use field tags or Boolean operators. Searching by author Enter the author’s last name and initials without punctuation in the search box, and click Search. If you only know the author’s last name, use the author search field tag [au], e.g., brody[au]. Names entered using either the lastname+initials format (e.g., smith ja) or the full name format (john a smith) and no search tag are searched as authors as well as collaborators, if they exist in PubMed. Enter a full author name in natural or inverted order, e.g., julia s wong or wong julia s. Prior to 2002, full author names were not included on PubMed citations, so full author name searches will only retrieve citations from 2002 forward, when the full author name was published in the article. A comma following the last name for searching is optional. For some names, however, it is necessary to distinguish which name is the last name by using the comma following the last name, e.g., james, ryan. Omit periods after initials and put all suffixes at the end, e.g., vollmer charles jr Initials and suffixes are not required. If you include a middle initial or suffix, you will only retrieve citations for articles that were published using the middle initial or suffix. More information about author searching: To search by author using the search builder, click Advanced search and then select Author from the All Fields menu. The author search box includes an autocomplete feature. You may click an author link on the abstract display to execute a search for the author in PubMed. Results will display using a ranking algorithm if the author name is computationally similar for additional PubMed citations. If an author name includes only stopwords , use the author search field tag [au] to search in combination with other terms, e.g., just by[au] seizure. Author names are automatically truncated to account for varying initials and designations such as Jr. To turn off the truncation, use double quotes around the author's name with the author search field tag [au], e.g., "smith j"[au]. Use the search field tag [1au] to search for the first personal author or [lastau] to search for the last personal author name in a citation. For additional information on author names in PubMed, please see the journal article, " Author Name Disambiguation for PubMed ." Searching by journal Enter one of the following in the search box: full journal title (e.g., molecular biology of the cell) title abbreviation (e.g., mol biol cell) ISSN number, a standardized international code (e.g., 1059-1524) More information about journal searching: To search by journal using the search builder, click Advanced search and then select Journal from the All Fields menu. The journal search box includes an autocomplete feature. To find full journal names, use the NLM Catalog , or mouseover the journal title abbreviation on the citation (available in abstract view). Click Journals in NCBI Databases on the PubMed homepage. Enter the journal name and click Search. Click Journals in NCBI Databases on the PubMed homepage. Enter the journal name and click Search. Use the journal search field tag [ta] to limit your search to the journal only, e.g., gene therapy[ta], scanning[ta] Searching with the full journal title or abbreviation is recommended for complete retrieval of indexed items; older citations may not have an ISSN. If a journal title or abbreviation includes a special character (e.g., parentheses, brackets, &), enter the title or abbreviation without the special characters. For example, to search by the journal abbreviation j hand surg [am], enter j hand surg am. Searching for a journal will automatically map to the official journal title and the title associated with an alternative title, if one exists. To turn off this automatic mapping enter the journal in double quotes and tag with [ta], e.g., "science"[ta]. A list of journals included in PubMed is available by FTP. Searching by date Using the results timeline Using the search builder Searching by a single date in the search box Searching for a date range in the search box Searching for a relative date range Using the results timeline Click and drag the sliders on the Publication Date timeline to change the date range for your search. Note: The Publication Date timeline counts all publication dates for a citation as supplied by the publisher, e.g., print and electronic publication dates. These dates may span more than one year; for example, an article that was published online in November 2018 and published in a print issue in January 2019. This means the sum of results represented in the timeline may differ from the search results count. Using the search builder Click Advanced search and use the search builder. Select a date field from the All Fields menu, e.g., Date – Publication, and enter a single date or a date range in the fill-in-the-blank boxes. Month and day are optional. If you want to search for a date range up to the current date, do not edit the ‘Present’ date box. Add the date from the builder to the query box. Once you have finished adding terms to the query box, click Search (or Add to History) to run the search. Searching by a single date in the search box Enter dates using the format yyyy/mm/dd [date field]. The month and day are optional. Use a Boolean operator when combining a date with other search terms. Use the Boolean operator AND to limit your search to a specific publication date. The available date fields are: Date of Publication [dp] - Includes both print and electronic dates of publication except for electronic publication dates occurring after the print publication date. Electronic Date of Publication (if applicable) [epdat] Print Date of Publication (if applicable) [ppdat] Entry Date [edat] - Date used for PubMed processing, such as “Most Recent” sort order. MeSH Date [mhda] - The date the citation was indexed with MeSH terms. Create Date [crdt] - The date the PubMed record was first created. Searching for a date range in the search box Enter date ranges using a colon (:) between each date followed by a [date field]. Use a Boolean operator when combining a date range with other search terms. Use the Boolean operator AND to limit your search to a date range. Date range searching includes both print and electronic dates of publication, except for electronic publication dates occurring after the print publication date. Searching for a relative date range Use the following format to search for a relative date range: term="last X days" [date field] term="last X months" [date field] term="last X years" [date field] where X is the number of days, months or years immediately preceding today’s date and [date field] is the date field tag: [dp], [edat] or [crdt]. The relative date range search for publication dates will also include citations with publication dates after today's date; therefore, citations with publication dates in the future will be included in the results. Filters You can use filters to narrow your search results by publication date , text availability , article attribute , article type , article language , species , sex , age , and other . To apply a filter: Run a search in PubMed. Click the filter you would like to activate from the sidebar. A check mark will appear next to the activated filter(s). Subsequent searches will be filtered until the selected filters are turned off, or until your browser data is cleared. A green "Filters applied" message will display at the top of the results page when filters are applied to your search. The most frequently used filters appear on the sidebar by default. More filters are available for some categories: Click the "See all … filters" link for a filter category. A pop-up menu will appear showing all available filters for that category. Select the filter(s) you would like to apply to your search. To cancel your selections, click Cancel or click on the X in the upper right corner to close the pop-up and return to your search results. To cancel your selections, click Cancel or click on the X in the upper right corner to close the pop-up and return to your search results. Click Apply. This will close the pop-up menu, apply the selected filter(s) to your search, and display your selection(s) on the sidebar. The selected filter(s) will appear on the sidebar in addition to the default filters until your browser cookies are cleared, or you click the "Reset filters display" button at the bottom of the sidebar. The selected filter(s) will appear on the sidebar in addition to the default filters until your browser cookies are cleared, or you click the "Reset filters display" button at the bottom of the sidebar. Clearing applied filters: To turn off all currently applied filters, click the "Clear filters" link in the green "Filters applied" message at the top of the page, or click the "Clear all filters" button at the bottom of the sidebar. To turn off individual filters, click the filter on the sidebar. To reset the filters shown on the sidebar to the default filter list, click the "Reset filters display" button at the bottom of the sidebar. This will also clear any currently applied filters. More information about filters: Many filters under the Additional Filters section limit your search results to citations that have been assigned specific MeSH terms during MEDLINE indexing. This means these filters may exclude some otherwise relevant results that do not include the associated MeSH terms. See Filter search strategies for the equivalent PubMed query for each filter. You can activate additional filters with My Custom filters . Once activated, these filters will appear at the top of your sidebar under "My Custom Filters". Publication date filters To filter your results by Publication Date, click 1 year, 5 years, 10 years, or enter a custom range. The 1 year, 5 years, and 10 years filters search for a relative date range based on today's date. Publication Date filters include both electronic and print publication dates. Text availability filters To filter your results to only citations that include a link to full text, a link to free full text, or an abstract, click the appropriate selections. Alternatively, you may search for citations with links to full text, free full text or include an abstract using the values: full text[sb], free full text[sb], or 'hasabstract'. No search field tag is required for hasabstract. You may also search for all citations with a structured abstract with ‘hasstructuredabstract’. Note: Most citations in PubMed to articles published before 1975 do not include abstracts. Article attribute filter Use the associated data filter to find citations that include secondary source databanks and accession numbers. These data links connect to records in other NLM databases (for example: GenBank, ClinicalTrials.gov) or external data repositories (for example: figshare, Dryad). Data links are provided by the publisher and/or by data repositories through participation in NCBI’s LinkOut service. Article type filters Use article type filters to narrow your results based on the content or style of the article, such as: Clinical Trial or Review. Article types are also called publication types. You can add more article type filters to the sidebar using the "See all article type filters" link. The complete list of publication types found in PubMed is available. Article type filters rely on citations' Publication Type [pt] data except for the Systematic Review filter , which uses a search strategy in addition to the publication type. Publication type data may be supplied by the publisher or assigned during the MEDLINE indexing process. Therefore, these filters may exclude some citations that have not yet completed the MEDLINE indexing process. Systematic reviews To search for systematic reviews in PubMed, use the Systematic Review article type filter on the sidebar, or enter your search terms followed by AND systematic[sb] in the search box. For example, lyme disease AND systematic[sb]. The Systematic Review filter uses a search strategy in addition to the Systematic Review publication type [pt] to find systematic reviews in PubMed. To limit your search to only those citations with the Systematic Review publication type, use the publication type search tag[pt], i.e., systematic review[pt]; however, this may exclude some relevant citations that have not yet completed the MEDLINE indexing process. Article language filters Language filters restrict your search to articles published in the selected language(s). You can add more language filters to the sidebar using the "See all article language filters" link. By default, PubMed displays English language titles and abstracts when provided by the publisher. Check the Abstract display for links to view the abstract in other languages (when available). Article language filters are located under the Additional Filters section. Species filters Species filters restrict your results to human or animal studies: Humans Other Animals Species filters limit your search results to citations that were assigned the associated MeSH terms for species during MEDLINE indexing. These filters will typically deliver precise results but can also exclude some otherwise relevant results that do not include the associated MeSH terms on their PubMed record. For example, some citations are not indexed for MEDLINE, such as preprints, Online Ahead of Print citations, and U.S. government-funded research published in journals that are not indexed for MEDLINE. Species filters are located under the Additional Filters section. Sex filters Sex filters restrict your search results to a specific sex for an animal or human study: Female Male Sex filters limit your search results to citations that were assigned the associated MeSH terms for sex during MEDLINE indexing. These filters will typically deliver precise results but can also exclude some otherwise relevant results that do not include the associated MeSH terms on their PubMed record. For example, some citations are not indexed for MEDLINE, such as preprints, Online Ahead of Print citations, and U.S. government-funded research published in journals that are not indexed for MEDLINE. Sex filters are located under the Additional Filters section. Age filters Age filters restrict results to a specific age group for a human study. Age filters limit your search results to citations that were assigned the associated MeSH terms for age during MEDLINE indexing. These filters will typically deliver precise results but can also exclude some otherwise relevant results that do not include the associated MeSH terms on their PubMed record. For example, some citations are not indexed for MEDLINE, such as preprints, Online Ahead of Print citations, and U.S. government-funded research published in journals that are not indexed for MEDLINE. Age filters are located under the Additional Filters section. You can add more age filters to the sidebar using the "See all age filters" link. Age filters include: Child: birth-18 years Newborn: birth-1 month Infant: birth-23 months Infant: 1-23 months Preschool Child: 2-5 years Child: 6-12 years Adolescent: 13-18 years Adult: 19+ years Young Adult: 19-24 years Adult: 19-44 years Middle Aged + Aged: 45+ years Middle Aged: 45-64 years Aged: 65+ years 80 and over: 80+ years Other filters & more subsets Exclude preprints The Exclude preprints filter will exclude preprint citations from your search results. Alternatively, you can exclude preprints from your search results by including NOT preprint[pt] at the end of your query. See Preprints for more information about preprint citations in PubMed. The Exclude preprints filter is located under the Additional Filters section. MEDLINE Subset The MEDLINE filter limits results to citations that are indexed for MEDLINE. To use this filter in a query, add medline[sb] to your search. The MEDLINE filter is located under the Additional Filters section. PubMed Central Subset To restrict retrieval to citations that have a free full text article available in PubMed Central (PMC), search "pubmed pmc"[sb]. Use the PMID/PMCID/NIHMSID Converter to convert IDs for publications referenced in PubMed and PMC. To retrieve citations that include an NIHMS ID use the query, hasnihmsid. Citation Status Subsets The citation status indicates the internal processing stage of an article in the PubMed database (see PubMed Citation Status Subsets ). To search for a particular citation status, enter one of the search terms below followed by the [sb] search tag: publisher inprocess medline pubmednotmedline To search for the total number of PubMed citations, enter all[sb] in the search box. Ahead of Print Citations Publishers may submit citations for articles that appear on the web prior to their publication in final or print format. To search for these ahead-of-print citations, enter pubstatusaheadofprint. Searching for a phrase Many phrases are recognized by the subject translation table used in PubMed's Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) . For example, if you enter fever of unknown origin, PubMed recognizes this phrase as a MeSH Term. You can bypass ATM and search for a specific phrase using the following formats: Enclose the phrase in double quotes: "kidney allograft" If you use quotes and the phrase is not found in the phrase index , the quotes are ignored and the terms are processed using automatic term mapping. The message "Quoted phrase not found in phrase index" will display at the top of your search results. If you use quotes and the phrase is not found in the phrase index , the quotes are ignored and the terms are processed using automatic term mapping. The message "Quoted phrase not found in phrase index" will display at the top of your search results. Use a search tag: kidney allograft[tw] If you use a search tag and the phrase is not found in the phrase index , the phrase will be broken into separate terms. For example, "psittacine flight" is not in the phrase index, so a search for psittacine flight[tw] is broken up and translated as: ((("psittaciformes"[MeSH Terms] OR "psittaciformes"[All Fields]) OR "psittacine"[All Fields]) OR "psittacines"[All Fields]) AND "flight"[Text Word] Terms tagged with [All] are processed using Automatic Term Mapping (ATM). This means phrases tagged with [All] matching a MeSH term or entry term will also include those terms in the search translation. If you want to prevent such mapping, put the phrase inside double quotes: "heart attack"[All] If you use a search tag and the phrase is not found in the phrase index , the phrase will be broken into separate terms. For example, "psittacine flight" is not in the phrase index, so a search for psittacine flight[tw] is broken up and translated as: ((("psittaciformes"[MeSH Terms] OR "psittaciformes"[All Fields]) OR "psittacine"[All Fields]) OR "psittacines"[All Fields]) AND "flight"[Text Word] Terms tagged with [All] are processed using Automatic Term Mapping (ATM). This means phrases tagged with [All] matching a MeSH term or entry term will also include those terms in the search translation. If you want to prevent such mapping, put the phrase inside double quotes: "heart attack"[All] Use a hyphen: kidney-allograft If you use a hyphen and the phrase is not found in the phrase index , the search will not return any results for that phrase. Hyphenated phrases matching a MeSH term or entry term will include those terms in the search translation. If you want to prevent such mapping, put the hyphenated phrase inside double quotes: "heart-attack" If you use a hyphen and the phrase is not found in the phrase index , the search will not return any results for that phrase. Hyphenated phrases matching a MeSH term or entry term will include those terms in the search translation. If you want to prevent such mapping, put the hyphenated phrase inside double quotes: "heart-attack" When you enter search terms as a phrase, PubMed will not perform automatic term mapping that includes the MeSH term and any specific terms indented under that term in the MeSH hierarchy. For example, "health planning" will include citations that are indexed to the MeSH term, Health Planning, but will not include the more specific terms, e.g., Health Care Rationing, Health Care Reform, Health Plan Implementation, that are included in the automatic MeSH mapping. Phrase index PubMed uses a phrase index to provide phrase searching. To browse the phrase index, use the Show Index feature included in the Advanced Search builder: select a search field, enter the beginning of a phrase, and then click Show Index. Quoted phrase not found Phrases may appear in a PubMed record but not be in the phrase index. To search for a phrase that is not found in the phrase index, use a proximity search with a distance of 0 (e.g., "cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis"[tiab:~0] ); this will search for the quoted terms appearing next to each other, in any order. Automated processes regularly add new phrases to the index based on standard criteria such as phrase frequency and length. If you would like to request a phrase be added to the phrase index, please write to the NLM Help Desk . Wildcards and truncation To create a wildcard search in PubMed, use an asterisk (*) to substitute for 0 or more characters in a term or phrase. For example, "vaccin* schedul*" will find results that include "vaccine schedule", "vaccine scheduling", "vaccination schedules", and more variations of this phrase. A wildcard (*) substitutes for 0 or more characters Terms must begin with at least 4 characters before the first wildcard: colo* Multiple wildcards can be used in the same term: organi*ation* To use wildcards in a phrase search, use any of the following formats: Enclose the phrase in double quotes: "breast feed*" Use a search tag: breast feed*[tiab] Use a hyphen: breast-feed* Phrases can include more than one wildcard: "colo* cancer*" Wildcards turn off Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) and the process that includes the MeSH term and any specific terms indented under that term in the MeSH hierarchy. For example, "heart attack*" will not map to the MeSH term Myocardial Infarction or include any of the more specific terms, e.g., Myocardial Stunning; Shock, Cardiogenic. Wildcards can be particularly useful to capture variations of a phrase, since phrase searches already turn off automatic term mapping and do not otherwise include alternate spellings or singular/plural forms. For example, searching for "tumo*r associated macrophage*" retrieves variations of the phrase such as: "tumor associated macrophage", "tumour associated macrophage", "tumor associated macrophages", and "tumour associated macrophages". Combining search terms with Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) PubMed applies an AND operator between concepts, e.g., "vitamin c common cold" is translated as vitamin c AND common cold. Enter Boolean operators in uppercase characters to combine or exclude search terms: AND retrieves results that include all the search terms. OR retrieves results that include at least one of the search terms. NOT excludes the retrieval of terms from your search. PubMed processes searches in a left-to-right sequence. Use parentheses to "nest" concepts that should be processed as a unit and then incorporated into the overall search. PubMed uses automatic term mapping to identify concepts. For example, for the search air bladder fistula, PubMed will search "air bladder" as a phrase. If you do not want this automatic phrase parsing, enter each term separated by the Boolean operator AND, e.g., air AND bladder AND fistula. Search Details show how a search was translated. Using search field tags You can search for a term in a specific field by including a search field tag after the term; for example, UCLA[ad] will search for the term “UCLA” in the affiliation field only. More information about using search field tags: The search field tag must be enclosed in square brackets. Case and spacing do not matter: crabs [mh] = Crabs[mh]. Search field tags turn off Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) , limiting your search to the specified term only. Using a search field tag after multiple terms will attempt to search those terms as a phrase : kidney allograft[tiab]. To search multiple terms in the same field, each term must be tagged individually: covid-19[ti] vaccine[ti] children[ti]. The Advanced Search builder can help you search for terms in specific fields and build large, complex search strings. Search field tags Affiliation [ad] All Fields [all] Article Identifier [aid] Author [au] Author Identifier [auid] Book [book] Comment Correction Type Completion Date [dcom] Conflict of Interest Statement [cois] Corporate Author [cn] Create Date [crdt] EC/RN Number [rn] Editor [ed] Entry Date [edat] Filter [filter] [sb] First Author Name [1au] Full Author Name [fau] Full Investigator Name [fir] Grants and Funding [gr] Investigator [ir] ISBN [isbn] Issue [ip] Journal [ta] Language [la] Last Author Name [lastau] Location ID [lid] MeSH Date [mhda] MeSH Major Topic [majr] MeSH Subheadings [sh] MeSH Terms [mh] Modification Date [lr] NLM Unique ID [jid] Other Term [ot] Owner Pagination [pg] Personal Name as Subject [ps] Pharmacological Action [pa] Place of Publication [pl] PMCID and MID PMID [pmid] Publication Date [dp] Publication Type [pt] Publisher [pubn] Secondary Source ID [si] Subset [sb] Supplementary Concept [nm] Text Words [tw] Title [ti] Title/Abstract [tiab] Transliterated Title [tt] Volume [vi] Proximity searching You can use proximity searching to search for multiple terms appearing in any order within a specified distance of one another in the [Title], [Title/Abstract], or [Affiliation] fields. To create a proximity search in PubMed, enter your terms using the following format: "search terms"[field:~N] Search terms = Two or more words enclosed in double quotes. There is no limit to the number of words you can search together in proximity; however, the more terms you enter, the more restrictive your search becomes. Using the Boolean operator AND to combine terms may be more appropriate than combining many terms into one proximity search. There is no limit to the number of words you can search together in proximity; however, the more terms you enter, the more restrictive your search becomes. Using the Boolean operator AND to combine terms may be more appropriate than combining many terms into one proximity search. Field = The search field tag for [Title], [Title/Abstract], or [Affiliation] fields. Proximity searching is only available in the Title , Title/Abstract , and Affiliation search fields. You can use the full search field tags [Title], [Title/Abstract], and [Affiliation], or the abbreviated versions [ti], [tiab], and [ad]. Proximity searching is only available in the Title , Title/Abstract , and Affiliation search fields. You can use the full search field tags [Title], [Title/Abstract], and [Affiliation], or the abbreviated versions [ti], [tiab], and [ad]. N = The maximum number of words appearing between your search terms. What N value to use will depend on your search. Try changing the N value and comparing the results to find what works best for your search. A higher N creates a broader, more comprehensive search; this will typically retrieve more results overall, but some of these results may be less relevant. Using the Boolean operator AND to combine terms may be more appropriate than proximity searching with a large N value. A lower N creates a narrower, more precise search; this will typically retrieve fewer results that are highly relevant, but may exclude other relevant results. If N=0, the quoted terms will appear next to each other--with no other words in between. For the affiliation field only, an N value of 1,000 or less will search for the double quoted terms together within the same affiliation, rather than spread across all affiliations on the record. See Affiliation [ad] for an example proximity search in the affiliation field and more information about searching for affiliations. What N value to use will depend on your search. Try changing the N value and comparing the results to find what works best for your search. A higher N creates a broader, more comprehensive search; this will typically retrieve more results overall, but some of these results may be less relevant. Using the Boolean operator AND to combine terms may be more appropriate than proximity searching with a large N value. A lower N creates a narrower, more precise search; this will typically retrieve fewer results that are highly relevant, but may exclude other relevant results. If N=0, the quoted terms will appear next to each other--with no other words in between. For the affiliation field only, an N value of 1,000 or less will search for the double quoted terms together within the same affiliation, rather than spread across all affiliations on the record. See Affiliation [ad] for an example proximity search in the affiliation field and more information about searching for affiliations. More information about proximity searching: Results will include your quoted terms in any order. If you would like to search for an exact phrase with terms appearing in a specific order, use a phrase search instead. Automatic Term Mapping is not applied to the quoted terms. Proximity searching is not compatible with wildcards (*). If the double quoted terms in a proximity search include a wildcard (*), the proximity operator will be ignored. You can combine proximity searches with other terms using Boolean operators; for example, "hip pain"[Title:~4] AND stretching Booleans and stopwords included in quoted terms for proximity search are searched like regular keywords. Search PubMed for citations with the terms "rationing" and "healthcare" appearing within 2 words of each other--in any order--in the Title field: Search results may include: rationing healthcare, healthcare rationing, rationing of healthcare, rationing in healthcare, rationing universal healthcare, rationing strategies in healthcare, rationing limited healthcare… and more. Search PubMed for citations with the terms "patient," "physician," and "relationship" appearing next to each other—in any order—in the Title/Abstract fields: Since N=0, the quoted terms must appear next to each other with no other words in between them, although they can still appear in any order. You can build queries that combine proximity searches with other terms using Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT): Display, Sort, and Navigate Understanding your search results Display an abstract Changing the display format of search results Showing more results Sorting your results Finding the full text article Figures Similar articles Cited by References Grants and funding Navigating searches with more than 10,000 results Discovering related data in NCBI databases Find related resources using LinkOut Reporting broken or problem links Understanding your search results Citations are initially displayed 10 items per page and sorted by Best Match. By default, PubMed search results are displayed in a summary format and include snippets from the citation abstract. Snippets and highlighted terms are selected based on relatedness to your query. To see the abstract for an individual citation, click the title of the citation to go to its abstract page. Journal names are shown using the journal title abbreviation. When viewing citations in Abstract format, you can mouseover a journal’s title abbreviation to display the full journal name. Display an abstract Click the title of the citation to go to its abstract page, or change the search results display to Abstract format using the Display options button in the upper right corner of the search results page. PubMed may include non-English abstracts if supplied by the publisher. The abstract text defaults to English when a citation has an accompanying non-English abstract. Links to display the additional language(s) are available on the Abstract display. To retrieve citations with non-English abstracts, use the query hasnonenglishabstract. Changing the display format of search results Results are displayed in the summary format by default, except a single citation result will go directly to the abstract page. You can change the results format using the Display options button: Click the Display options button in the upper right corner of the search results page Select the display format you would like to use Results will be displayed in the new format Selecting one or more items and changing the display format will display only the selected result(s) in the new format. By default, the summary format includes snippets from the citation abstract. You can turn off snippets under Display options by deselecting Abstract snippets. Additional display preferences are available when logged into My NCBI, such as choosing a highlighting color or automatically displaying search results in Abstract format. Please see our online help for more information: My NCBI Help: Using Preferences My NCBI Help: What is My NCBI? Showing more results The results page indicates the total number of items retrieved. Ten items are displayed per page by default. You can change the number of items displayed per page using the Display options button: Click the Display options button in the upper right corner of the search results page Select the number of items to display per page: 10, 20, 50, 100, or 200 Your selection will be active for subsequent searches until your browser cookies are cleared. Click "Show more" to display the next page of results, or click "Jump to page" to navigate directly to a specific page of results. Sorting your results The default sort order in PubMed is Best Match. You can use the "Sort by" drop-down menu at the top of the search results page to change the sort order. If you change the sort order, your new selection will be active for subsequent searches until your browser cookies are cleared. Sort orders You can sort your search results by: Best Match: The Best Match sort order is based on an algorithm that analyzes each PubMed citation found with your search terms. For each search query, "weight" is calculated for citations depending on how many search terms are found and in which fields they are found. In addition, recently-published articles are given a somewhat higher weight for sorting. The top articles returned by the weighted term frequency algorithm above are then re-ranked for better relevance by a new machine-learning algorithm. Please see the Algorithm for finding best matching citations in PubMed for more information. Most Recent: Citations sorted by Most Recent are displayed in reverse date added order: last in, first out. The Most Recent date is the date a record was initially added to PubMed, not the publication date. The secondary sort is PMID. Publication Date: Citations sorted by Publication Date are displayed in reverse chronological order: newest to oldest. Citations with more than one publication date, such as electronic and print, are sorted by their earliest publication date. Publication dates without a month are set to January, multiple months (e.g., Oct-Dec) are set to the first month, and dates without a day are set to the first day of the month. Dates with a season are set as: winter = January, spring = April, summer = July and fall = October. First Author: Citations are sorted alphabetically by first author name. The secondary sort order within a group with the same first author is PMID. Journal: Citations are sorted alphabetically by journal name. The secondary sort order within a group with the same journal name is PMID. Reverse sort order When sorting by Most Recent, Publication Date, First Author, or Journal, you can reverse the sort order by clicking the up/down arrow next to the selected sort option to toggle between ascending or descending order. The reverse sort option will not display when Best Match sort order is selected. Computed author sort Clicking an author name link on the abstract display runs a search for the author in PubMed. If an author name is computationally similar with an author name for additional PubMed citations, the results will display those citations first, in ranked order, followed by the non-similar citations. Author name disambiguation details are available in Liu W and Wilbur WJ . Finding the full text article PubMed records contain citation information (e.g., title, authors, journal, publication date) and abstracts of published articles and books. PubMed search results do not include the full text of the journal article, but the abstract view in PubMed includes links to the full text from other sources when available, such as the publisher’s website or the PubMed Central (PMC) database. The full text journal site may require a fee or subscription, however online journals sometimes provide free access. Access may also be available through your organization, or local medical library. You may be able to obtain free copies of full text articles in these ways: Free full text filter On the filter sidebar, click "Free full text" to narrow results to resources that are available for free on the web, including PubMed Central, Bookshelf, and publishers' websites. Alternately, include free full text[Filter] in your query. PubMed Central When full text is available in PubMed Central (PMC) , the "Free in PMC" icon will appear on the citation's abstract display under Full Text Links. Click the icon to view the article in PMC. PubMed Central (PMC) is the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) free digital archive of biomedical and life sciences journal literature. From the publisher Journal publishers or related organizations may provide access to articles for free, for free after registering as an individual or guest, or for a fee. When provided by the publisher or other organization, icons linking to these sources can be found on the citation's abstract display under the "Full Text Links" and/or "LinkOut" sections. Icons will often indicate free full text when the article is available for free. Note: When you click a full text icon or link in PubMed, you leave PubMed and are directed to the full text at an external provider's site. NCBI does not hold the copyright to this material, and cannot give permission for its use. Users should review all copyright restrictions set forth by the full text provider before reproducing, redistributing, or making commercial use of material accessed through LinkOut. Please see the Copyright and Disclaimers page for additional information. If you are affiliated with a hospital, university, or other institution Your local medical library is your best option. If you see icons for your library on the abstract view this indicates that your library provides a link to the article, has the journal in its collection, or may otherwise obtain the article for you through interlibrary loan. If your library does not have access to the article you need, ask a librarian about ordering the article from another institution. Local library Some local libraries have copies of medical journals or can get a copy of an article for you. Ask your local librarian about inter-library loan options and fees. Figures PubMed abstracts include figures when the full text article is available in PubMed Central (PMC) . Click the thumbnail to view a larger version of the image, caption, and link to the figure and copyright information in PMC. Figures correspond to the article version archived in PMC, which in some cases may be the Author Manuscript version. Similar articles The abstract page for a citation includes links to PubMed citations for similar articles. The "See all similar articles" link will retrieve a pre-calculated set of PubMed citations that are closely related to the selected article: Similar articles are displayed in ranked order from most to least relevant, with the "linked from" citation displayed first. Similar articles are generated by comparing words from the title, abstract, and MeSH terms using a word-weighted algorithm. Filters are not activated for similar articles. You can refine the list of similar articles using your search History , where the similar articles retrieval is represented as a list of PMIDs. Use this search number in a search. Refining the list removes the ranked order and may remove citations that are most relevant. See Computation of similar articles for more information. Cited by PubMed abstracts include links to other publications citing the current item. For items with more than 5 citing publications linked in PubMed, a "See all 'cited by' articles" link will retrieve the list of citing publications with the cited article displayed as the first result. "Cited by" is generated using data submitted by publishers and from NCBI resources, when available. "Cited by" may not be a complete list of works citing a particular item. References PubMed abstracts include references when available. Reference lists are available for citations to full text articles included in the open access subset of PMC and for citations where the publisher supplied references in the citation data sent to PubMed. Grants and funding PubMed displays grant numbers, contract numbers, and intramural research identifiers that have been associated with a publication by: Publishers when depositing data in PubMed and PubMed Central; An author, principal investigator, or project director when: depositing a manuscript through the NIH Manuscript Submission (NIHMS) or Europe PMC Plus system; or when adding a publication to My Bibliography ; and/or depositing a manuscript through the NIH Manuscript Submission (NIHMS) or Europe PMC Plus system; or when adding a publication to My Bibliography ; and/or NLM text mining and indexing processes. A grant award or contract may be acknowledged in an article and, therefore, displayed in PubMed, for various reasons, including support for activities that contributed directly to the publication as well as support for the generation of an underlying dataset or another shared resource. Additionally, some articles may not explicitly acknowledge intramural research support, yet the authors may be affiliated with a funding agency and may have associated their intramural support with a PubMed record at the time of manuscript deposit to PMC. Funding information in PubMed is collected in or converted to a standardized format when possible to enable broad discovery and impact monitoring. For example, if a publication acknowledges support from NIH grant number 1R01 GM987654-01-A1 or GM987654 or ROI GM987654 in a publication, in PubMed the funding information would be normalized to R01 GM987654, consistent with NIH requirements for proper grant number format. Funding associations made in a manuscript submission, grant reporting, or indexing system use standardized project identifiers provided to NLM by the organization administering the funding. To learn about searching funding information, see the search field section on Grants and funding [gr] . The scope of funding information included in PubMed has expanded over time to support the public access policies of NIH and other funding organizations . Since 1981, NLM has included grant or contract numbers or both that designate financial support by any agency of the United States Public Health Service (PHS), including NIH. Until 2000, only up to three grant numbers were included. Beginning in March 2006, funding information was expanded in PubMed to include grant, contract, and intramural funding assertions made in NIHMS and My Bibliography to support the NIH Public Access Policy. Publishers have been able to supply funding information directly to PubMed since January 2017. Reporting funding information errors Some publications may be inadvertently linked to the wrong funding information. For example, the association of a publication to NIH-funded extramural research requires that the author(s) acknowledge NIH support in the article and that the acknowledgement be in a form that can be readily associated with a specific grant or contract. Variations in the format used to cite NIH funding may lead to either an inability to make an association or erroneous matches of publications to grants and contracts. If you identify an error in funding information associated with a PubMed record, please contact the NLM help desk . NLM will not remove funding associations that reflect the acknowledged funding in the article without a published correction to ensure alignment with the scientific record. If an award association was provided by the author, principal investigator, or project director in My Bibliography or the NIHMS for formal NIH progress and public access compliance reporting, removing the association requires the principal investigator be notified and confirm the lack of direct support. Navigating searches with more than 10,000 results PubMed can display up to 10,000 results. The following options can help you navigate searches with more than 10,000 results: Reverse the sort order to see the last results first. Divide the result set into smaller chunks using the results timeline or custom date range filter . Adjust your search to retrieve fewer results. For programmatic use and bulk downloads, PubMed data is available via FTP . Discovering related data in NCBI databases When available, links to other related NCBI databases are included on a citation's Abstract page under the Related information section. The complete list of database options is provided in Entrez Link Descriptions . MEDLINE indexed citations include additional supplemental information on the Abstract page such as MeSH terms, publication types, and substances with links to search for these data in PubMed and the MeSH Database. To simultaneously search all NCBI databases, use the NCBI Search page . Find related resources using LinkOut Most PubMed records include LinkOut resources to a variety of websites including publishers, aggregators, libraries, biological databases, and sequence centers. LinkOut resources link to providers’ sites to obtain the full text of articles or related information, e.g., consumer health. There may be a charge to access the text or information from a provider's site. To view LinkOut resources, navigate to the LinkOut section at the end of an individual citation's abstract page. To find citations with links to free full text articles, apply the "Free full text" filter to your search results. To find citations with links to full text articles, enter search terms followed by AND full text[sb]. More information about Links: LinkOut resource categories such as "free full text" have been selected by the LinkOut provider. The current list of LinkOut providers is available. A publisher's icon link may display on the abstract format if they have electronically provided their citation data to NCBI. Links are only available for publishers that are participating in LinkOut; publishers are responsible for providing working links. Reporting broken or problem links LinkOut links are supplied by the LinkOut providers. Publishers who electronically supply their data to PubMed may include an icon that links to a site providing the full text. Corrections and changes to links are made by the providers and are their responsibility. To report problem links or inquire about online journal subscriptions, contact the provider directly. Contact information is typically available at a provider's web site. Cite, Save, and Share Save citations temporarily using the Clipboard Save citations indefinitely using My NCBI Collections Save citations as a text file Cite an article Export citations into citation management software Email citations Create an email alert for a search Create an RSS feed for a search Print your search results Get a permalink to bookmark or share your search Download PubMed data Save citations temporarily using the Clipboard The Clipboard provides a place to collect up to 500 items from one or more searches. Items saved to the Clipboard are stored in your browser cookies and will expire after 8 hours of inactivity. If you would like to save items for longer than 8 hours or to view on another device, please use Send to: Collections . To add items to the Clipboard: Use the check boxes to select items from your search results. To save all results (up to a maximum of 500), do not tick any check boxes. Use the Send to button and choose Clipboard. Selected items will be added to the Clipboard. If no items were selected, a drop-down menu of options will display where you may add selected items, all results on the page, or all results (up to a maximum limit of 500 citations) to the Clipboard. An individual item can also be added to the Clipboard from its abstract page. If no items were selected, a drop-down menu of options will display where you may add selected items, all results on the page, or all results (up to a maximum limit of 500 citations) to the Clipboard. An individual item can also be added to the Clipboard from its abstract page. To view your selections, click the Clipboard link under the Search bar. This link will only appear after one or more items have been added to the Clipboard; the link is not present when the Clipboard is empty. To delete items from the Clipboard: On the Clipboard page, click "Remove from Clipboard" below each item to delete the item from the Clipboard. Select one or more items using the check boxes next to each item, then click "Remove selected items." To delete all items from the Clipboard, click "Remove all." More information about the Clipboard: Citations added to the Clipboard are marked with the message "Item in Clipboard" in search results. The maximum number of items that can be sent to the Clipboard is 500. If you select Clipboard from send to without selecting citations, PubMed will add all (up to 500 citations) of your search results to the Clipboard. The Clipboard will not add a citation that is currently in the Clipboard; it will not create duplicate entries. Your web browser must accept cookies to use the Clipboard. Citations in the Clipboard are represented by the search number #0, which may be used in Boolean search statements. For example, to limit the citations you have collected in the Clipboard to English language articles, use the following search: #0 AND english [la]. This does not affect or replace the Clipboard contents. Save citations indefinitely using My NCBI Collections Search results can be saved in My NCBI using the Collections feature. There is no limit to the number of collections you may store in My NCBI. In addition, collections can be made public to share with others. To save results to a new collection: Sign into My NCBI. Run a search in PubMed. Use the check boxes to select items from your search results or Clipboard. To save all results (up to a maximum of 1,000), do not tick any check boxes. Use the Send to button and choose Collections. Selected items will be added to a Collection. If no items were selected, a drop-down menu of options will display where you may add selected items, all results on the page, or all results (up to a maximum limit of 1,000 citations) to a Collection. An individual item can also be added to a Collection from its abstract page. If no items were selected, a drop-down menu of options will display where you may add selected items, all results on the page, or all results (up to a maximum limit of 1,000 citations) to a Collection. An individual item can also be added to a Collection from its abstract page. Choose Create a new collection. Name your collection using a short, meaningful title. The name must be unique and less than 100 characters. Identical names for different Collections are not allowed. Click Add to finish. As you continue to build collections, you may want to add new items to an existing collection. To add search results to an existing collection: Follow steps 1 - 4 above. Add to an existing collection will be the default selection. Use the pull-down menu to choose a collection. Click Add to finish. For more information on viewing, sorting, editing, merging, sharing, and deleting collections, see Collections in My NCBI Help. Save citations as a text file Use the Save button to download citations to a text file. Use the check boxes to select citations from your search results or Clipboard. You may move to other pages to continue your selections. If you do not make any selections, you can choose to save “All results on this page” or “All results” from the Save menu. Click Save and choose a Selection and Format from the menu that appears. Selection: The citations you would like to save. Selection: The number of selected items will be shown, for example: Selection (87). All results on this page All results (up to a maximum of 10,000 citations) Format: Summary (text), PubMed , PMID list, Abstract (text), or CSV Selection: The citations you would like to save. Selection: The number of selected items will be shown, for example: Selection (87). All results on this page All results (up to a maximum of 10,000 citations) Selection: The number of selected items will be shown, for example: Selection (87). All results on this page All results (up to a maximum of 10,000 citations) Format: Summary (text), PubMed , PMID list, Abstract (text), or CSV Click Create file. Your web browser will prompt you to save the file on your computer. More information about saving citations to a file: Saving a large set of results may take several minutes. To save citations in HTML format, use the "Save" or "Save as" function of your browser and change the file extension to html. When saving as HTML, only those citations displayed on the page will be saved; therefore, consider showing more results . Cite an article The Cite button makes it easy to retrieve styled citations that you can copy and paste into a document, or download an .nbib file to use with your reference manager software. Using the Cite button for an item will open a pop-up window where you can copy the citation formatted in four popular styles: AMA (American Medical Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), APA (American Psychological Association), or NLM (National Library of Medicine). You can also download the citation as an .nbib file, which most bibliographic reference management software can import. Note: In all citation styles, there are certain capitalization rules that machines cannot handle. For example, there is no way to identify proper nouns, acronyms, abbreviations, etc., that is 100% accurate and complies with all rules at all times. Capitalization of article titles and other citation elements should be checked for compliance with a particular reference style when required. To export multiple citations: follow the instructions for saving citations as a text file and choose the format Summary (text) to save a list of citations in NLM style, or follow the instructions to export citations into your citation management software program . Export citations into citation management software Use Send to: Citation Manager to export citations as an .nbib file that can be used by many citation management programs: Use the check boxes to select citations from your search results or Clipboard. You may move to other pages to continue your selections. Alternately, you can choose to save all results on this page or all results from the Send to: Citation Manager menu. Click Send to and choose Citation Manager. Confirm the citations you want to export: selection, all results on this page, or all results (up to a maximum of 10,000). Click Create file. Your web browser will prompt you to save the file on your computer. Import this saved file into your citation management program. You can also download an .nbib file for individual citations using the Cite button. Questions regarding citation management software should be directed to the respective companies. Email citations Use the check boxes to select citations from your search results or Clipboard. You may move to other pages and continue your selections. You may also choose to email all citations shown on the page without making any selections. Click the Email button. Enter an email address. Select which citations to send and the format. Click Send email. The system returns you to your results page and displays a confirmation e-mail sent message. More information about emailing citations: Your citations will be sent from the NCBI automatic mail server with the sender's email address [nobody@ncbi.nlm.nih.gov]. Do not reply to this message, as this is not a functioning customer service email address and is not monitored. The CAPTCHA image does not display for users who are signed in to My NCBI. Create an email alert for a search Click "Create alert" under the search bar to create an automatic email update for searches. You must sign in to My NCBI to use this feature. See Saving and Managing Searches for more information. Create an RSS feed for a search Click on Create RSS under the search box at the top of the page to create an RSS feed for your search. The RSS feed name will default to the search terms. You can edit the RSS feed name as needed. Use the pull-down menu to select the number of items displayed. You may manually edit the limit= parameter in the RSS feed link created in Step 4 to display up to a maximum of 1000 items. Please note that increasing this limit will also increase the loading time. Click the Create RSS button. The RSS Feed Link will appear; click on Copy to copy the link. Use this link with your feed reader or other application. Print your search results Use the print function of your web browser. To print citations from different searches, save the citations in PubMed’s Clipboard , and then print. See also: Showing more results Changing the display format Get a permalink to bookmark or share your search To get the URL for an individual citation: From an abstract page, click the Permalink button on the right sidebar and click "Copy". From the search results, right click an article title and choose the copy link option; exact wording and functionality may change depending on your operating system and browser. From a mobile device, use your device’s native share functionality to copy a link. To get the URL for your search results, copy the URL from your web browser's address bar or bookmark the URL using your web browser's bookmark function. To create a URL manually: Use the base URL: Replace “search” in the base URL with your query terms Escape spaces by converting them to plus signs (+); for example, Biochem Soc Trans should be entered as: Biochem+Soc+Trans The number of characters you can use may be limited by your browser’s maximum URL length (which may be different for each browser). Search PubMed for articles about antioxidant and chocolate: Optional search parameters: format=summary, abstract, pubmed, pmid sort=relevance, date, pubdate, fauth, jour sort_order=asc size=10, 20, 50, 100, 200 Search PubMed for articles about breast cancer, sorted by ascending publication date (oldest to newest), and display 50 citations per page: More information about PubMed links: Some settings in PubMed rely on cookies and other session data that may not be present in the URL. For example, searches that were created using a search number in Advanced History (e.g., #1 OR #2 AND human[mh]) cannot be saved using the URL because the search will be lost when your History expires. Users intending to send frequent queries or retrieve large numbers of records from the NCBI databases should use E-Utilities . Users must comply with the usage guidelines and requirements to prevent overloading NCBI systems. The NCBI Disclaimer and Copyright notice must be evident to users. Users are advised to consult legal counsel to ensure compliance with intellectual property laws. NLM cannot provide advice about copyright issues. Download PubMed data Once a year, NLM releases a complete (baseline) set of PubMed citation records in XML format for download from our FTP servers. Incremental update files are released daily and include new, revised, and deleted citations. The PubMed DTD states any changes to the structure and allowed elements from year to year. Note: Binary mode must be used when downloading data from our FTP servers. Documentation: PubMed XML Elements and Attributes Terms and Conditions PubMed Baseline PubMed Update Files PubMed DTD For more information, please see Download PubMed Data . Advanced Search Searching in a specific field Browsing the index of terms History Previewing the number of search results Combining searches using History Viewing the Search Details Tools included on the Advanced Search page help users to: search for terms in a specific field, combine searches and build large, complex search strings, see how each query was translated by PubMed, and compare number of results for different queries. Searching in a specific field Use the Advanced Search Builder to search for terms in a specific field, such as author or journal. For some fields, an autocomplete feature will provide suggestions as you type. From the "All Fields" drop-down menu, select the field you would like to search. Add terms from the builder to the query box to construct your search. The default Boolean operator is AND; if desired, choose OR or NOT from the pull-down menu. Once you have finished adding terms to the query box, click Search (or Add to History) to run the search. You may also search a specific field -- and bypass Automatic Term Mapping -- by adding a search field tag to a term. Browsing the index of terms The Advanced Search Builder includes the Show Index feature, which provides an alphabetical display of terms appearing in selected PubMed search fields. You can browse by all fields or within specific fields such as MeSH Terms. Click Advanced to navigate to the Advanced Search page, and use the Builder to select a search field from the All Fields menu. Note: Show Index is not available for every search field. The Show Index link will only display for fields that are compatible with this feature. Enter a term in the search box, then click Show Index. The index displays an alphabetic list of search terms and the approximate number of citations for each term (the actual citation count is returned when the search is executed). Scroll until you find a term you want to include in your search, and then highlight it to add it to the search box. Multiple terms may be selected from the list and added to the search box. Add terms from the builder to the query box to construct your search. Once you have finished adding terms to the query box, click Search (or Add to History) to run the search. More information about using the index: PubMed processes all Boolean operators left to right. The builder will automatically OR (and add parentheses) for multiple terms selected from the index. A slash will display after a space. For example, the MeSH Term and Subheading "zika virus/analysis" will display after "zika virus infection/virology." Enter MeSH terms followed by a slash to go directly to the display for the MeSH/Subheading combination counts in the index. Show Index is not available for date fields. History Your PubMed search history appears on the Advanced Search page under History. This feature requires your web browser to accept cookies. Descriptions of each column in the History table appear below: Search: Searches are numbered in chronological order. Search numbers may be used in place of the search string itself when combining queries (e.g., #1 OR #2). A repeated query will move to the top of History but will retain its original numbering. History is limited to the last 100 searches. Once the maximum number is reached, PubMed will remove the oldest search from history and add the most current search. Search numbers may be used in place of the search string itself when combining queries (e.g., #1 OR #2). A repeated query will move to the top of History but will retain its original numbering. History is limited to the last 100 searches. Once the maximum number is reached, PubMed will remove the oldest search from history and add the most current search. Actions: Add, delete, or save a query. Adding queries from History places the search string into the Query box to be used in the next search. Deleting a query removes it from History. Query: This column shows previous search strings as entered by the user. Details: PubMed may modify or add search terms to a search to optimize retrieval, e.g., using automatic term mapping. Click the chevron icon " > " to expand search details and see how the search was translated. Results: The total number of citations retrieved for that query. Click the number to run the search and see the results in PubMed. Time: Timestamp of when the search was conducted. Download: Click Download to generate a CSV file of current History items. Please note, Microsoft Excel is typically unable to display or print more than a maximum of 1024 characters in a cell; therefore, you may want to open the CSV file with a text editor to display your complete searches. Please note, Microsoft Excel is typically unable to display or print more than a maximum of 1024 characters in a cell; therefore, you may want to open the CSV file with a text editor to display your complete searches. Delete: Click "Delete" to remove all queries from History; otherwise, History expires after 8 hours of inactivity. Previewing the number of search results Click Advanced to navigate to the Advanced Search page. Use the builder to add search terms to the query box, or type your search directly into the query box. Use the split button to toggle the button function from "Search" to "Add to History". Click Add to History. This will run the search without leaving the Advanced Search page. See your query including the number of results in the History table. Combining searches using History Searches can be combined or used in later searches using your search History. Click Advanced to navigate to the Advanced Search page. In the History table, click the More Actions icon " ... " next to your query. From the available options, select "Add query" to copy the query to the Query box. After you've added content to the Query box, options to use the Boolean operators AND, OR, or NOT will appear when adding more queries to the Query box. Edit your query in the Query box if you would like to make any changes before running the search. Click Search (or Add to History). More information about combining searches from your History: Search numbers may be used in place of the search string itself when combining queries (e.g., #1 OR #2). Citations in the Clipboard are represented by the search number #0, which may be used in searches. For example, to limit the citations you have collected in the clipboard to English language citations, use the following search: #0 AND english [la]. This does not change or replace the Clipboard contents. Viewing the Search Details PubMed may modify or add additional search terms to your search to optimize retrieval, such as: MeSH terms, British/American spellings, singular/plural word forms, and other synonyms. Search Details are included on the Advanced Search page under History. Click the chevron icon " > " next to a query in History to expand the Search Details. When expanded, the details below a query in the History table show the search strategy used to run the search. More information about search details: Translations show individual term mappings using PubMed's search rules and syntax. Query terms without translations will not be listed in this section; for example, exact phrases bypass Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) . Warnings are displayed for the original query with potential errors in bold and red type, such as syntax errors, terms not found, or invalid tags. Warnings also appear as a highlighted message in PubMed when the search is run or added to History. Other services Clinical Queries Single Citation Matcher Search PubMed using the MeSH database Search for journal information in the NLM Catalog Using the E-utilities API tools Citation Matcher API Batch Citation Matcher Consumer health Clinical Queries PubMed Clinical Queries provides specialized searches for: COVID-19 Articles Clinical Study Categories Medical Genetics Search for COVID-19 articles The COVID-19 article filters limit retrieval to citations about the 2019 novel coronavirus. Results are displayed in a column filtered by research topic categories. See COVID-19 article filters for the filter search strategies; these may evolve over time. To find citations using the COVID-19 article filters: Click Clinical Queries from the PubMed homepage Enter your search terms in the search box Click Search Select a Category: General, Mechanism, Transmission, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Case Report, Forecasting, or Long COVID Preview results in the COVID-19 Articles column To view the results in PubMed, click the "See all" link below the results preview To use the COVID-19 article filters in a query, add the filter name to your search with the search field tag [Filter], e.g., LitCPrevention[Filter]. The available filters are: LitCGeneral LitCMechanism LitCTransmission LitCDiagnosis LitCTreatment LitCPrevention LitCCaseReport LitCForecasting LitCLongCOVID Search PubMed for Remdesivir with the COVID-19 General filter: Search by clinical study category Clinical Study Categories use a specialized search method with built-in search filters that limit retrieval to citations reporting research conducted with specific methodologies, including those that report applied clinical research. See Clinical Study Categories filters for the filter search strategies. To find citations using the Clinical Study Categories: Click Clinical Queries from the PubMed homepage Enter your search terms in the search box Click Search Select a Category: Therapy, Diagnosis, Etiology, Prognosis, or Clinical Prediction Guides Select a Scope: Narrow (specific search) or Broad (sensitive search) Preview results in the Clinical Study Categories column To view the results in PubMed, click the "See all" link below the results preview Medical genetics searches The Medical Genetics filters limit retrieval to citations related to various topics in medical genetics. See Medical genetics search filters for the filter search strategies. To use a Medical Genetics filter, add the filter name to your search with the search field tag [Filter], e.g., Genetic Testing[Filter]. The available filters are: Diagnosis Differential Diagnosis Clinical Description Management Genetic Counseling Molecular Genetics Genetic Testing Medical Genetics Search PubMed for sickle cell anemia using the Genetic Counseling filter: Single Citation Matcher The Single Citation Matcher has a fill-in-the-blank form for searching for a citation when you have some bibliographic information, such as journal name, volume, or page number. Click Single Citation Matcher on the PubMed homepage. Enter the citation information. Click Go. More information about using the Single Citation Matcher: The journal box includes an autocomplete feature that suggests titles as you enter a title abbreviation or full title. Titles displayed by the autocomplete menu are in ranked order based on the number of citations in PubMed. After selecting a journal with special characters (e.g., ampersand, colon) when using the Back button to return to the Single Citation Matcher you must clear and reenter the title. The author box also includes an autocomplete feature that suggests author names in ranked order based on the number of citations. Full author names may be searched for citations published from 2002 forward if the full author name is available in the article. Click either the 'Only as first author' or ‘Only as last author’ check box to limit an author name to the first or last author. Search PubMed using the MeSH database MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) is the NLM controlled vocabulary thesaurus used for indexing PubMed citations. Use the MeSH database to find MeSH terms, including Subheadings, Publication Types, Supplementary Concepts and Pharmacological Actions, and then build a PubMed search. The MeSH database can be searched by MeSH term, MeSH Entry Term, Subheading, Publication Type, Supplementary Concept, or MeSH Scope Note. More information about the MeSH database: An autocomplete feature is available from the search box. Search results are displayed in relevance-ranked order, therefore, when a user’s search exactly matches a MeSH Term, that Term is displayed first. Click the MeSH term from the Summary display or choose Full from the display format menu to view additional information and search specifications, such as Subheadings, restrict to Major MeSH Topic, or exclude terms below the term in the MeSH hierarchy. Year Introduced is the year the term was added to MeSH. If more than one year is shown, the term was available for indexing back to the earliest year noted. Articles are indexed using the vocabulary in place at the time of indexing, therefore, the year introduced for a term and the date of publication of a citation indexed with that term may not agree. Launch PubMed searches from the MeSH database To build a PubMed search from MeSH: Run a search in the MeSH database . Select terms using the check boxes. Click "Add to search builder" in the PubMed search builder portlet. You may continue searching and including additional terms to the PubMed search builder using the "Add to search builder" and Boolean pull-down menu. When you are finished, click "Search PubMed." Search for journal information in the NLM Catalog The NLM Catalog includes information about the journals in PubMed and the other NCBI databases. Click Journals in NCBI Databases on the homepage of NLM Catalog or the Journals link on the PubMed homepage to limit your NLM Catalog results to the subset of journals that are referenced in NCBI database records. See the NLM Catalog help for additional information. Other journal resources include: PubMed journals with links to full text List of all journals included in PubMed via FTP List of Serials Indexed for Online Users Using the E-utilities API tools E-utilities are tools that provide access to data outside of the regular NCBI web search interface. This may be helpful for retrieving search results for use in another environment. If you are interested in large-scale data mining on PubMed data, you may download the data for free from our FTP server . Please see the terms and conditions for data users. Citation Matcher API API root Fielded search Heuristic search Auto search Rate control The PubMed Citation Matcher API finds PubMed identifiers (PMIDs) for citation data in structured or raw form. The interface supports three retrieval methods: field - runs a fielded search using core bibliographic information, such as journal, date, or volume. heuristic - collects all input elements into a single string and returns the closest matching documents. auto - combines the two above methods and switches to heuristic mode if the fielded search has not yielded a result. This is the default method. More information about the Citation Matcher API: The API supports both GET and POST requests. Data is exchanged in JSON. Input data should be UTF-8 encoded. The API returns a maximum of 20 PMIDs; queries returning more than 20 PMIDs are treated as bad requests. API root The API root is: Fielded search method=field runs a fielded search using core bibliographic information, such as journal, date, or volume. This functionality is similar to E-utilities ESearch ; users should select the API that best suits their needs. For a structured search, the following fields can be used: journal - the name of the journal pdat - the publication date, in the format YYYY/MM/DD volume - the volume of the publication issue - the volume of the publication authors - one or more author names, in the format "Surname Initial" (Doe J). Optionally, the position may be specified as first, last, or auto. Example fielded search: GET request URL: POST request data: Response: Heuristic search method=heuristic collects all input elements into a single string and returns the closest matching documents. It is sufficient to supply a raw citation string, such as: "The role of drag in insect hovering. J. Exp. Biol. 2004;207:4147–4155." Example heuristic search: GET request URL: POST request data: Response: Auto search method=auto first runs a fielded search , and if no results are found, it combines the fields and runs a heuristic search . This is the default method. For a structured search, the following fields can be used: journal - the name of the journal pdat - the publication date, in the format YYYY/MM/DD volume - the volume of the publication issue - the volume of the publication authors - one or more author names, in the format "Surname Initial" (Doe J). Optionally, the position may be specified as first, last, or auto. Example auto search: First, a fielded search is run but no results are found due to the specified author not appearing on the citation: Then it concatenates the fields and runs a heuristic search, which returns the closest matching document(s): Rate control When using the PubMed Citation Matcher API programmatically, we request that you limit your application's rate to 3 requests / sec and do not make concurrent requests to this service, even at off-peak times. Additionally, requests must contain the name of the calling project in the User-Agent HTTP header value; e.g. Hydra/1.3.15 . Batch Citation Matcher Use the Batch Citation Matcher to retrieve PMIDs for multiple citations. The Batch Citation Matcher requires that you enter the bibliographic information (journal, volume, page, etc.) in a specific format. To retrieve PubMed PMIDs: Create citation strings for the items you would like to retrieve using the following format: journal_title|year|volume|first_page|author_name|your_key| Fields must be separated by a vertical bar with a final bar at the end of the string. Enter your email address. Email messages may take several minutes to process and be sent to your email address. Upload your citation strings as a text file (.txt) or enter each citation string on a separate line in the text box. If citation strings are entered in the text box and a file is uploaded, the results will be an aggregate of both. Click search. If a match is not found the citation string will display one of the following: your_key|NOT_FOUND;INVALID_JOURNAL - The journal name is not valid. See the journal lists or the NLM Catalog to find the correct journal abbreviation. NOT_FOUND - The journal name is valid, but the citation string did not find a match. AMBIGUOUS - The information provided matches more than one citation. Citation information with 3 or fewer matches include the PMIDs, and more than 3 matches include the total PMID match count. Use the Single Citation Matcher or ESearch to retrieve all citations for searched fields. Notes: Text (.txt) format must be used when uploading a file. You may receive multiple emails for searches containing more than 2,000 citation strings. Enter author names without punctuation as smith jc. Initials are optional. Your key is any string you choose to tag the citation, it is returned unaltered. The journal title field may include the full journal title or the NLM title abbreviation. Each citation field is searched starting with the journal title until a unique match is found. The journal title is a required field however you may omit other fields. If you omit fields you must retain the vertical bars in the citation string. For example, if you omit the volume number 88 from the first example below it should be entered as: proc natl acad sci u s a|1991||3248|mann bj|P32022-1| Example input: proc natl acad sci u s a|1991|88|3248|mann bj|P32022-1| proc natl acad sci u s a|1992|89|3271|gould se|P26261-1| proc natl acad sci u s a|1970|89|3271|smith|P26261-1| res microbiol|1992|143|467|ivey dm|P25966-1| science|1987|235|182|palmenberg ac|P12296-2| eschatology|1993|12|22|public jq|C12233-2| virology|1993|193|492|hardy me|Q02945-1| virus genes|1992|6|393||P27423-1| yeast|1992|8|253|sasnauskas k|P24813-1| Example output: proc natl acad sci u s a|1991|88|3248|mann bj|P32022-1|2014248 proc natl acad sci u s a|1992|89|3271|gould se|P26261-1|1565618 proc natl acad sci u s a|1970|89|3271|smith|P26261-1|NOT_FOUND res microbiol|1992|143|467|ivey dm|P25966-1|1448623 science|1987|235|182|palmenberg ac|P12296-2|3026048 C12233-2|NOT_FOUND;INVALID_JOURNAL virology|1993|193|492|hardy me|Q02945-1|8382410 virus genes|1992|6|393||P27423-1|1335631 yeast|1992|8|253|sasnauskas k|P24813-1|1514324 Consumer health The National Library of Medicine cannot provide specific medical advice. NLM urges you to consult a qualified health care professional for answers to your medical questions. NLM does not have pamphlets or other materials to mail. MedlinePlus and MedlinePlus en español are specifically designed for consumers, containing hundreds of topic pages including NIH-written descriptive information, videos, health check tools, drug, herb and supplement info, links to Fact Sheets from other NIH Institutes, the CDC, etc., and more. Appendices Further assistance and training How PubMed works: Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) Algorithm for finding best matching citations in PubMed PubMed coverage PubMed format PubMed data field descriptions NLM author indexing policy Error messages Cookies MeSH Subheadings Stopwords PubMed character conversions Publication Types Status Subsets Filter search strategies Clinical Queries filters Computation of similar articles Journal lists Further assistance and training Contact customer support E-mail the PubMed Help Desk Call the NLM Customer service desk: 1-888-FIND-NLM (1-888-346-3656) Other NLM publications PubMed Online Training PubMed Trainer's Toolkit NLM Technical Bulletin How PubMed works: Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) Untagged terms that are entered in the search box are matched (in this order) against a Subject translation table (including MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) ), a Journals translation table, the Author index, and an Investigator (Collaborator) index. When a match is found for a term or phrase in a translation table the mapping process is complete and does not continue on to the next translation table. To see how your terms were translated, check the Search Details available on the Advanced Search page for each query under History. If you want to report a translation that does not seem accurate for your search topic, please e-mail the information to the NLM Help Desk . 1. Subject translation table The Subject Translation Table contains: British and American spellings Pairs: singular and plural word forms, synonyms, and other closely related terms Drug brand name to generic name translations MeSH terms The See-Reference mappings (also known as entry terms) for MeSH terms MeSH Subheadings Publication Types Pharmacologic action terms Terms derived from the Unified Medical Language System (UMLS) that have equivalent synonyms or lexical variants in English Supplementary concept (substance) names and their synonyms. If a match is found in this translation table, the term will be searched as MeSH (that includes the MeSH term and any specific terms indented under that term in the MeSH hierarchy), and in all fields. For example, if you enter child rearing in the search box, PubMed will translate this search to: "child rearing"[MeSH Terms] OR ("child"[All Fields] AND "rearing"[All Fields]) OR "child rearing"[All Fields] If you enter a MeSH Term that is also a Pharmacologic Action PubMed will search the term as [MeSH Terms], [Pharmacologic Action], and [All Fields]. If you enter an entry term for a MeSH term the translation will also include an all fields search for the MeSH term associated with the entry term. For example, a search for odontalgia will translate to: "toothache"[MeSH Terms] OR "toothache"[All Fields] OR "odontalgia"[All Fields] OR "odontalgias"[All Fields] because Odontalgia is an entry term for the MeSH term toothache. Substance name mappings do not include a mapping for individual terms in a phrase, e.g., IL-22 will not include IL[All Fields] AND 22[All Fields]. MeSH term mappings that include a standalone number or single character do not include a mapping for individual terms in a phrase, e.g., Protein C will not include Protein[All Fields] or C[All Fields]. 2. Journals translation table The Journals translation table contains the: full journal title title abbreviation ISSN and eISSN number. These will automatically map to the journal abbreviation that is used to search journals in PubMed and in all fields. For example, a search for endocrine pathology will translate to: "Endocr Pathol"[Journal] OR ("endocrine"[All Fields] AND "pathology"[All Fields]) OR "endocrine pathology"[All Fields] 3. Author index If the term is not found in the above tables, and is not a single term, PubMed checks the author index for a match. The author index includes author names and initials, as well as full author names for articles published from 2002 forward, if available. More information about author searching: PubMed automatically truncates a search for an author's name to account for varying initials, e.g., o'brien j retrieves o'brien ja, o'brien jb, o'brien jc jr, as well as o'brien j. When combining multiple authors, to avoid a match with full author names, include initials or use the [au] search tag, e.g., ryan[au] james[au]. Author names comprised of only stopwords, e.g., as a, are not searched as authors if they are part of phrase, chemical burn as a danger, unless the search only includes the author name, e.g., as a. Enter a full author name in natural or inverted order, e.g., julia s wong or wong julia s. A comma following the last name for searching is optional. For some names, however, it is necessary to distinguish which name is the last name by using the comma following the last name, e.g., james, ryan. Omit periods after initials and put all suffixes at the end, e.g., vollmer charles jr Initials and suffixes are not required, if you include a middle initial or suffix, you will only retrieve citations for articles that were published using the middle initial or suffix. To distinguish author initials that may match a full author name use the [fau] search tag, e.g., peterson do[fau]. 4. Investigator (Collaborator) index If the term is not found in the above tables, except for Author, and is not a single term, the investigator index is consulted for a match. The investigator (collaborator) index includes full names, if available. Enter a full investigator name in natural or inverted order, e.g., harry janes or janes harry. 5. If no match is found? PubMed breaks apart the phrase and repeats the above automatic term mapping process until a match is found. PubMed ignores stopwords in searches. If there is no match, the individual terms will be combined (ANDed) together and searched in all fields. When a search includes terms that were tagged with a search field during the automatic term mapping process and retrieves zero results, the system triggers a subsequent search using "Schema: all ." "Schema: all" modifies the search by removing the automatically added search field tags, and then searches each term in all fields. Algorithm for finding best matching citations in PubMed The learned ranking algorithm combines over 150 signals that are helpful for finding best matching results. Most of these signals are computed from the query-document term pairs (e.g., number of term matches between the query and the document) while others are either specific to a document (e.g., publication type; publication year) or query (e.g., query length). The new ranking model was built on relevance data extracted from the anonymous and aggregated PubMed search logs over an extended period of time. For more information about the Best Match algorithm, please see: Technical details in the paper Best Match: New relevance search for PubMed by Fiorini N, Canese K, Starchenko G, et al. in PLoS Biol (2018). NLM Technical Bulletin article: Updated Algorithm for the PubMed Best Match Sort Order PubMed coverage The PubMed database contains citations and abstracts to biomedical literature, facilitating searching across several NLM literature resources: MEDLINE PubMed Central (PMC) NCBI Bookshelf For additional information, please see the webpages About PubMed and About NLM's Literature Databases . PubMed includes citations to original research articles, literature reviews, case reports, letters, editorials, commentaries, and other selected publications on scientific and medical topics (see: publication types found in PubMed ). Some categories of content are out of scope for PubMed, such as: book reviews, individual conference abstracts, obituaries and in memoriam articles , news and announcements, and brief summaries of research articles. More examples are included in XML Help for PubMed Data Providers: What types of articles are accepted? . MEDLINE MEDLINE contains citations to journal articles in the life sciences with a concentration on biomedicine. The MEDLINE database contains citations from the late 1940s to the present , with some older material. New citations from MEDLINE journals are received electronically from publishers and appear in PubMed daily. Most citations progress to in-process, and then to indexed for MEDLINE; however, not all citations will be indexed for MEDLINE. PubMed includes some citations from MEDLINE journals that are not indexed for MEDLINE, such as: Citations preceding the date that a journal was selected for MEDLINE indexing. Out-of-scope citations (e.g., articles on plate tectonics or astrophysics) from certain MEDLINE journals, primarily general science and chemistry journals, for which the life sciences articles are indexed for MEDLINE. Citations that have been indexed for MEDLINE and updated with NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) , publication types, GenBank accession numbers, and other indexing data are available daily. To limit your search to MEDLINE citations, add medline[sb] to your search. Indexing method The method used to assign Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) has changed over time. For more information, please see Incorporating Values for Indexing Method in MEDLINE/PubMed XML . Use the following searches to find citations indexed with each method: Automated - MeSH indexing is provided algorithmically. Search: indexingmethod_automated Curated - MeSH indexing is provided algorithmically and a human reviewed (and possibly modified) the algorithm results. Search: indexingmethod_curated Manual – MeSH indexing is provided by humans with no algorithmic suggestions. Search: indexingmethod_manual PubMed Central (PMC) PubMed Central (PMC) is a full text archive that includes articles from journals reviewed and selected by NLM for archiving (current and historical), as well as individual articles and preprints collected for archiving in compliance with funder policies. Some PMC content is not cited in PubMed, such as book reviews and conference abstracts (see: PubMed coverage ). Preprints As of June 2020, PubMed Central (PMC) includes preprints that report NIH-funded research results. Citations to these preprints are deposited in PubMed. To learn more, see: NIH Preprint Pilot . To search for preprints in PubMed, include preprint[filter] in your query. To exclude preprints from your search results in PubMed, use the Boolean operator NOT. NCBI Bookshelf Bookshelf is a full text archive of books, reports, databases, and other documents related to biomedical, health, and life sciences. PubMed includes citations for books and some individual chapters available on Bookshelf. PubMed format The PubMed Format tags table defines the data tags that compose the PubMed format. The tags are presented in alphabetical order. Some of the tags (e.g., CIN) are not mandatory and therefore will not be found in every record. Other tags (e.g., AU, MH, and RN) may occur multiple times in one record. You can download records in PubMed format as a text file (.txt) or as an .nbib file for exporting into citation management software programs . Not all fields are searchable in PubMed. See Search field tags for the list of searchable fields. PubMed Format tags Tag Name Description AB Abstract English language abstract taken directly from the published article AD Affiliation Author or corporate author addresses AID Article Identifier Article ID values supplied by the publisher may include the pii (controlled publisher identifier), doi (digital object identifier), or book accession AU Author Authors AUID Author Identifier Unique identifier associated with an author, corporate author, or investigator name BTI Book Title Book Title CI Copyright Information Copyright statement provided by the publisher CIN Comment In Reference containing a comment about the article CN Corporate Author Corporate author or group names with authorship responsibility COI Conflict of Interest Conflict of interest statement CON Comment On Reference upon which the article comments CP Chapter Book chapter CRDT Create Date The date the citation record was first created CRF Corrected and republished from Final, correct version of an article CRI Corrected and republished in Original article that was republished in corrected form CTDT Contribution Date Book contribution date CTI Collection Title Collection Title DCOM Completion Date NLM internal processing completion date DDIN Dataset described in Citation for the primary article resulting from a dataset DRIN Dataset use reported in Citation for an article that uses a dataset from another scientific article DEP Date of Electronic Publication Electronic publication date DP Publication Date The date the article was published DRDT Date Revised Book Revision Date ECF Expression of Concern For Reference containing an expression of concern for an article ECI Expression of Concern In Cites the original article for which there is an expression of concern EDAT Entry Date The date the citation was added to PubMed; the date is set to the publication date if added more than 1 year after the date published EFR Erratum For Cites the original article for which there is a published erratum; as of 2016, partial retractions are considered errata EIN Erratum In Cites a published erratum to the article ED Editor Book editors EN Edition Book edition FAU Full Author Name Full author names FED Full Editor Name Full editor names FIR Full Investigator Name Full investigator or collaborator names FPS Full Personal Name as Subject Full Personal Name of the subject of the article GN General Note Supplemental or descriptive information related to the document GR Grants and Funding Grant numbers, contract numbers, and intramural research identifiers associated with a publication GS Gene Symbol Abbreviated gene names (used 1991 through 1996) IP Issue The number of the issue, part, or supplement of the journal in which the article was published IR Investigator Investigator or collaborator IRAD Investigator Affiliation Investigator or collaborator addresses IS ISSN International Standard Serial Number of the journal ISBN ISBN International Standard Book Number JID NLM Unique ID Unique journal ID in the NLM catalog of books, journals, and audiovisuals JT Full Journal Title Full journal title from NLM cataloging data LA Language The language in which the article was published LID Location ID The pii or doi that serves the role of pagination LR Modification Date Citation last revision date MH MeSH Terms NLM Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) controlled vocabulary MHDA MeSH Date The date MeSH terms were added to the citation. The MeSH date is the same as the Entrez date until MeSH are added MID Manuscript Identifier Identifier assigned to an author manuscript submitted to the NIH Manuscript Submission System NM Substance Name Supplementary Concept Record (SCR) data OAB Other Abstract Abstract supplied by an NLM collaborating organization OABL Other Abstract Language Language of an abstract available from the publisher OCI Other Copyright Information Copyright owner OID Other ID Identification numbers provided by organizations supplying citation data ORI Original Report In Cites the original article associated with the patient summary OT Other Term Non-MeSH subject terms (keywords) either assigned by an organization identified by the Other Term Owner, or generated by the author and submitted by the publisher OTO Other Term Owner Organization that may have provided the Other Term data OWN Owner Organization acronym that supplied citation data PB Publisher Publishers of Books & Documents citations PG Pagination The full pagination of the article PHST Publication History Status Date Publisher supplied dates regarding the article publishing process and PubMed date stamps: received: manuscript received for review revised: manuscript revised by publisher or author accepted: manuscript accepted for publication aheadofprint: published electronically prior to final publication entrez: PubMed Create Date [crdt] pubmed: PubMed Entry Date [edat] medline: PubMed MeSH Date [mhda] received: manuscript received for review revised: manuscript revised by publisher or author accepted: manuscript accepted for publication aheadofprint: published electronically prior to final publication entrez: PubMed Create Date [crdt] pubmed: PubMed Entry Date [edat] medline: PubMed MeSH Date [mhda] PL Place of Publication Journal's (country only) or book’s place of publication PMC PubMed Central Identifier Unique identifier for the cited article in PubMed Central (PMC) PMCR PMC Release Availability of PMC article PMID PubMed Unique Identifier Unique number assigned to each PubMed citation PS Personal Name as Subject Individual is the subject of the article PST Publication Status Publication status PT Publication Type The type of material the article represents RF Number of References Number of bibliographic references for Review articles RIN Retraction In Retraction of the article RN EC/RN Number Includes chemical, protocol or disease terms. May also include a number assigned by the Enzyme Commission or by the Chemical Abstracts Service. ROF Retraction Of Article being retracted RPF Republished From Article being cited has been republished or reprinted in either full or abridged form from another source RPI Republished In Article being cited also appears in another source in either full or abridged form RRI Retracted and Republished In Final, republished version of an article RRF Retracted and Republished From Original article that was retracted and republished SB Subset Journal or citation subset values representing specialized topics SFM Space Flight Mission NASA-supplied data space flight/mission name and/or number SI Secondary Source ID Identifies secondary source databanks and accession numbers of molecular sequences discussed in articles SO Source Composite field containing bibliographic information SPIN Summary For Patients In Cites a patient summary article STAT Status Tag Used for internal processing at NLM TA Journal Title Abbreviation Standard journal title abbreviation TI Title The title of the article TT Transliterated Title Title of the article originally published in a non-English language, in that language UIN Update In Update to the article UOF Update Of The article being updated VI Volume Volume number of the journal VTI Volume Title Book Volume Title PubMed data field descriptions This documentation describes the fields found in PubMed records. If a field is searchable, the search tag appears after the field name in square brackets: Affiliation [ad]. A small number of searchable fields do not correspond to a specific field in the PubMed format . See Search field tags for a list of searchable fields. See PubMed format for a quick table view of the fields found in PubMed records. Affiliation [ad] Affiliation may be included for authors, corporate authors and investigators, e.g., cleveland [ad] AND clinic [ad], if submitted by the publisher. Multiple affiliations were added to citations starting from 2014, previously only the first author’s affiliation was included. PubMed includes the note "Contributed equally" in the affiliation field when this information is supplied by publishers. Searching for terms in the affiliation field searches in all author affiliations on a citation. For example, a search for Hopkins[ad] AND Bloomberg[ad] can find these terms spread across multiple authors’ affiliations on the same citation. To search for multiple terms appearing within the same affiliation, use a proximity search . You can also search affiliations using a phrase search ; however, we suggest using a proximity search for more comprehensive results because affiliation data may be provided in a variety of ways for the same institution. Use proximity searching to find citations with authors from the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health: This search will find any citation where the words "Hopkins," "Bloomberg," and "Public" appear in the same affiliation, with no more than forty-five words between each term. Search results may include: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health ...and more! All Fields [all] Untagged terms and terms tagged with [all] are processed using Automatic Term Mapping (ATM) . Terms that do not map are searched in all search fields except for Place of Publication, Create Date, Completion Date, Entry Date, MeSH Date, and Modification Date. Terms enclosed in double quotes or including wildcards (*) will be searched in all fields and not processed using automatic term mapping. PubMed ignores stopwords . Article Identifier [aid] Includes article identifiers submitted by journal publishers such as DOI (digital object identifier). Author [au] The format to search for this field is: last name followed by a space and up to the first two initials followed by a space and a suffix abbreviation, if applicable, all without periods or a comma after the last name (e.g., fauci as or o'brien jc jr). Initials and suffixes may be omitted when searching. PubMed automatically truncates a search for an author's name to account for varying initials, e.g., o'brien j [au] will retrieve o'brien ja, o'brien jb, o'brien jc jr, as well as o'brien j. To turn off automatic truncation, enclose the author's name in double quotes and tag with [au] in brackets, e.g., "o'brien j" [au] to retrieve just o'brien j. Searching by full author name for articles published from 2002 forward is also possible, if available. See NLM policy on author names . Author Identifier [auid] The author identifier includes a unique identifier associated with an author, corporate or investigator name, if supplied by a publisher. The field includes the organization authority that established the unique identifier, such as, ORCID, ISNI, VIAF, e.g., orcid 0000-0001-5027-4446 [auid]. Book [book] The book search field includes book citations, e.g., genereviews [book]. Use the following untagged searches to retrieve all book or book chapters, e.g., ataxia AND pmcbookchapter books and chapters: pmcbook books: pmcbooktitle book chapters: pmcbookchapter The above searches capture book records provided by the NCBI Bookshelf database; they exclude a small number of documents from other providers that appear in both PubMed and Bookshelf. For the most comprehensive search of records appearing in both PubMed and Bookshelf, search "pubmed books"[sb]. Comment Correction Type The data in these fields are citations to other associated journal publications, e.g., comments or errata. Often these link to the respective citation. Comments/Corrections data can be retrieved by the search term that follows each type: Comment in: hascommentin Comment on: hascommenton Corrected and republished in: hascorrectedrepublishedin Corrected and republished from: hascorrectedrepublishedfrom Dataset use reported in: hasassociatedpublication Dataset described in: hasassociateddataset Erratum in: haserratumin Erratum for: haserratumfor Expression of concern in: hasexpressionofconcernin Expression of concern for: hasexpressionofconcernfor Original Report in: hasoriginalreportin Republished in: hasrepublishedin Republished from: hasrepublishedfrom Retracted and republished in: hasretractedandrepublishedin Retracted and republished from: hasretractedandrepublishedfrom Retraction in: hasretractionin Retraction of: hasretractionof Summary for patients in: hassummaryforpatientsin Update in: hasupdatein Update of: hasupdateof Completion Date [dcom] Used by NLM for internal processing. Completon Date is not included in All Fields retrieval; the [dcom] search tag is required. Conflict of Interest Statement [cois] The conflict of interest statement from the published article. Conflict of interest statements are available when supplied by the publisher in the citation data sent to PubMed, or when included in full text articles in PubMed Central (PMC). To retrieve all citations that contain conflict of interest statements, use the query hascois. Corporate Author [cn] Corporate author identifies the corporate or collective authorship of an article. Corporate names display exactly as they appear in the journal. Note: Citations indexed pre-2000 and some citations indexed in 2000-2001 retain corporate authors at the end of the title field. For comprehensive searches, consider including terms and/or words searched in the title field [ti]. Create Date [crdt] The date the citation record was first created in PubMed. Create Date can be helpful when checking PubMed for citations added since the last time a query was run. Create Date is not included in All Fields retrieval; the [crdt] search tag is required. EC/RN Number [rn] EC/RN numbers are assigned by: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Substance Registration System for Unique Ingredient Identifiers (UNIIs), e.g., Y92OUS2H9B The Enzyme Commission (EC) to designate a particular enzyme, e.g., EC 1.1.1.57 The Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) for Registry Numbers, e.g., 2751-14-6 The EC/RN number search field includes both the Registry Number and the Related Registry Number (available in the NLM MeSH Browser). Editor [ed] The editor search field includes the editors for book or chapter citations. Entry Date [edat] Entry date (EDAT) is used for PubMed processing, such as “Most Recent” sort order (i.e., last in, first out). EDAT is typically set within 24 hours of the citation’s availability in PubMed. Exceptions: As of December 15, 2008, citations added to PubMed more than twelve months after the date of publication have the EDAT set to the date of publication, except for book citations. Prior to this, the Entry Date was set to the Publication Date on citations published before September 1997. Entry Date is not included in All Fields retrieval; the [edat] search tag is required. Note: Entry Date was called Entrez Date in the legacy PubMed system (retired in 2020). Filter [filter] [sb] Technical tags used by LinkOut, filters include: loall[sb] - citations with LinkOut links in PubMed free full text[sb] - citations that include a link to a free full text article full text[sb] - citations that include a link to a full text article First Author Name [1au] The first personal author name in a citation. Full Author Name [fau] The full author name for articles published from 2002 forward, if available. Full author searches can be entered in natural or inverted order, e.g., julia s wong or wong julia s. Full Investigator Name [fir] The index for the article's full investigator or collaborator name, if available. Full investigator searches can be entered in natural or inverted order, e.g., harry janes or janes harry. Grants and Funding [gr] The Grants and funding [gr] search field (previously Grant Number) includes grant numbers, contract numbers, or other intramural research identifiers associated with a publication. The most common type of funding information associated with a publication in PubMed are grant numbers. Data in the Grants and funding search field can consist of up to four parts: Number contains the grant, contract, intramural project number (or both) that designates financial support by any agency of the United States Public Health Service (US PHS), any institute of the National Institutes of Health, or other organization. Funder code contains the 2-letter grant code or funding organization acronym, for example: CA for National Cancer Institute or DDCF for Doris Duke Charitable Foundation. See Grant Number Information Found in the GR Field in MEDLINE/PubMed (Archived) for the 2-character abbreviations, PHS agency acronyms, and other US and non-US funding organizations. Agency includes the acronym or mnemonic in the case of US PHS agencies, or full organization name. As of 2009 this includes the agency's hierarchical structure from lower to higher entity, when known. For example, NCI NIH HHS for National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Country contains the home country of the funding agency, for example: United States. Each individual part can be searched using [gr], for example: CA101211[gr], CA[gr], NCI[gr], NIH[gr], or United States[gr]. This field can also be searched to find articles with intramural support; e.g., "intramural nih"[gr] finds all journal citations authored by intramural NIH staff. Completeness of funding information in PubMed will vary by source. See Grants and funding for more information about data in this field. Investigator [ir] Names of principal investigator(s) or collaborators who contributed to the research. Search names following the author field format, for example: soller b[ir]. ISBN [isbn] The ISBN for book or book chapters. Issue [ip] The number of the journal issue in which the article was published. Journal [ta] The journal search field includes the journal title abbreviation, full journal title, or ISSN/eISSN number (e.g., J Biol Chem, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 0021-9258). If a journal title contains special characters, e.g., parentheses, brackets, enter the name without these characters, e.g., enter J Hand Surg [Am] as J Hand Surg Am. Language [la] The language search field includes the language in which the article was published. Note that many non-English articles have English language abstracts. You may search using either the language or the first three characters of most languages, e.g., chi [la] retrieves the same results as chinese [la]. The most notable exception is jpn [la] for Japanese. Last Author Name [lastau] The last personal author name in a citation. Location ID [lid] Location ID includes the DOI or publisher ID that serves the role of pagination to locate an online article. MeSH Date [mhda] The date MeSH terms were added to the citation. MeSH Date is initially set to the Entry Date [EDAT] when the citation is added to PubMed; citations added to PubMed more than twelve months after the date of publication have EDAT and MHDA set to the date of publication. MeSH Date is not included in All Fields retrieval; the [mhda] search tag is required. Dates must be entered using the format YYYY/MM/DD [mhda], e.g., 2000/03/15 [mhda]. The month and day are optional (e.g., 2000 [mhda] or 2000/03 [mhda]). To enter a date range, insert a colon (:) between each date, e.g., 1999:2000 [mhda] or 2000/03:2000/04 [mhda]. MeSH Major Topic [majr] A MeSH term that is one of the main topics discussed in the article denoted by an asterisk on the MeSH term or MeSH/Subheading combination, e.g., Cytokines/physiology* See MeSH Terms [mh] below. MeSH Subheadings [sh] MeSH Subheadings are used with MeSH terms to help describe more completely a particular aspect of a subject. For example, the drug therapy of asthma is displayed as asthma/drug therapy; see MeSH/Subheading Combinations in MeSH Terms [mh] below. The MeSH Subheading field allows users to "free float" Subheadings, e.g., hypertension [mh] AND toxicity [sh]. MeSH Subheadings automatically include the more specific Subheading terms under the term in a search. To turn off this automatic feature, use the search syntax [sh:noexp], e.g., therapy [sh:noexp]. In addition, you can enter the two-letter MeSH Subheading abbreviations rather than spelling out the Subheading, e.g., dh [sh] = diet therapy [sh]. MeSH Terms [mh] The NLM Medical Subject Headings controlled vocabulary of biomedical terms that is used to describe the subject of each journal article in MEDLINE. MeSH is updated annually to reflect changes in medicine and medical terminology. MeSH terms are arranged hierarchically by subject categories with more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms. PubMed allows you to view this hierarchy and select terms for searching in the MeSH Database. MEDLINE articles are automatically indexed with MeSH terms using a well-refined algorithm. Applying the MeSH vocabulary ensures that articles are uniformly indexed by subject, whatever the author's words. For more information, see Frequently Asked Questions about Indexing for MEDLINE . More information about MeSH Terms and Major MeSH Topic search fields: To search the term only as a MeSH term, it must be tagged using the search field, e.g., [mh] for MeSH Terms or [majr] for MeSH Major Topic. A tagged term is checked against the subject translation table , and then mapped to the appropriate MeSH term(s); entry terms tagged with [mh] also map to the appropriate MeSH term(s), increasing the access points to the citations since a searcher may not know the exact preferred term for a MeSH Descriptor. To search for the exact term only and turn off mapping to multiple MeSH terms, enter the tagged MeSH term in double quotes. MeSH terms are arranged hierarchically by subject categories with more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms. MeSH terms in PubMed automatically include the more specific MeSH terms in a search. To turn off this automatic feature, use the search syntax [mh:noexp], e.g., neoplasms [mh:noexp].For more detailed information about MeSH vocabulary including the hierarchical structure, please see the MeSH homepage . MeSH/Subheading Combinations: To directly attach MeSH Subheadings, use the format MeSH Term/Subheading, e.g., neoplasms/diet therapy. You may also use the two-letter MeSH Subheading abbreviations , e.g., neoplasms/dh. The [mh] tag is not required, however [majr] may be used, e.g., plants/genetics[majr]. Only one Subheading may be directly attached to a MeSH term. For a MeSH/Subheading combination, PubMed always includes the more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms for the MeSH term and also includes the more specific terms arranged beneath broader Subheadings . The broader Subheading, or one of its indentions, will be directly attached to the MeSH term or one of its indentions. For example, hypertension/therapy also retrieves hypertension/diet therapy; hypertension/drug therapy; hypertension, malignant/therapy; hypertension, malignant/drug therapy, and so on, as well as hypertension/therapy. To turn off the automatic inclusion of the more specific terms, use the syntax [field:noexp], e.g., hypertension [mh:noexp], or hypertension [majr:noexp], or hypertension/therapy [mh:noexp]. The latter example turns off the more specific terms in both parts, searching for only the one Subheading therapy attached directly to only the one MeSH term hypertension. If parentheses are embedded in a MeSH term, replace the parentheses with a space and tag with [mh] e.g., enter the MeSH term Benzo(a)pyrene as benzo a pyrene [mh]. MeSH terms can be selected for searching in the MeSH database and from the advanced search builder index. Modification Date [lr] Modification date is a completed citation’s most recent revision date. Modification Date is not included in All Fields retrieval; the [lr] search tag is required. NLM Unique ID [jid] The NLM ID is the alpha-numeric identifier for the cited journal that was assigned by the NLM Integrated Library System LocatorPlus, e.g., 0375267 [jid]. Other Term [ot] The author keyword field (OT field) is searchable with the title/abstract [tiab], text word [tw] and other term [ot] search tags. To retrieve all citations that have keywords, use the query haskeyword. Other term data may display an asterisk to indicate a major concept; however, you cannot search other terms with a major concept tag. Owner The owner search field includes the acronym that identifies the organization that supplied the citation data. Search using owner + the owner acronym, e.g., ownernasa. Pagination [pg] Enter only the first page number that the article appears on. The citation will display the full pagination of the article but this field is searchable using only the first page number. Personal Name as Subject [ps] Use this search field tag to limit retrieval to where the name is the subject of the article, e.g., varmus h[ps]. Search for personal names as subject using the author field format, e.g., varmus h[ps]. Pharmacological Action [pa] Substances known to have a particular pharmacologic action. Each pharmacologic action term index is created with the drug/substance terms known to have that effect. This includes both MeSH terms and terms for Supplementary Concept Records. Place of Publication [pl] Indicates the cited journal's country of publication. Geographic place of publication regions are not searchable. In order to retrieve records for all countries in a region (e.g., North America) it is necessary to OR together the countries of interest. Note: This field is not included in all fields or text word retrieval. PMCID and MID Search for PMC or NIH manuscript identifiers using the appropriate prefix followed by the ID number, e.g., PMC2600426. To retrieve all NIH manuscript citations, use the query hasnihmsid. PMID [pmid] To search for a PubMed Identifier (PMID), enter the ID with or without the search field tag [pmid]. You can search for several PMIDs by entering each number in the search box separated by a space (e.g., 17170002 16381840); PubMed will OR the PMIDs together. To search PMIDs in combination with other terms, the search field tag is required: lipman AND 16381840[pmid]. PMIDs do not change over time or during processing and are never reused. Publication Date [dp] Publication date is the date that the article was published. The search field tags [dp] and [pdat] may be used interchangeably for publication date searching. Dates or date ranges must be searched using the format yyyy/mm/dd [dp], e.g., 1998/03/06 [dp]. The month and day are optional (e.g., 1998 [dp] or 1998/03 [dp]). To enter a date range search, insert a colon (:) between each date, e.g., 1996:1998 [dp] or 1998/01:1998/04 [dp]. Use the following format to search X days, months or years immediately preceding today’s date where X = numeric value: "last X days"[dp] "last X months"[dp] "last X year"[dp] More information about publication dates: The time between an article’s publication and the citation’s availability in PubMed varies depending on when the publisher deposits the citation to PubMed. Because of this, searching with Create Date [crdt] (the date a citation was created in PubMed) is often more comprehensive than Publication Date [dp] when checking PubMed on a regular basis for new citations. Journals vary in the way the publication date appears on an issue. Some journals include just the year, whereas others include the year plus month or year plus month plus day. And, some journals use the year and season (e.g., Winter 1997). The publication date in the citation is recorded as it appears in the journal. Publication dates without a month are set to January, multiple months (e.g., Oct-Dec) are set to the first month, and dates without a day are set to the first day of the month. Dates with a season are set as: winter = January, spring = April, summer = July and fall = October. If an article is published electronically and in print on different dates both dates are searchable and may be included on the citation prefaced with an Epub or Print label. Note: The electronic date is not included in a Publication Date [DP] search if the electronic date is later than the print date. To search for electronic dates only use the search tag [EPDAT], for print dates only tag with [PPDAT]. Most journals now publish articles online on a continuous basis, as soon as they are ready for publication (after peer review and editing, etc.) instead of, or in addition to, publishing collections of articles as an "issue" on a periodic basis. When a journal deposits a citation for an "online first" article in PubMed, NLM appends the note "[Online ahead of print]" to the online publication date. The citation is updated, and the ahead of print notation removed, when the article is included in a journal issue. The lag between the "online first" and "issue" publication dates may be days, weeks, months, or more than a year. In many cases, depending on the journal, the online first version is considered to be the version of record. The "[Online ahead of print]" note in PubMed should not be taken to mean that the cited article is not the version of record. Bookshelf citation publication dates are generated from the book’s original publication date. Publication date searches include Contribution Date (CTDT) and Date Revised (DRDT) in addition to Publication Date (DP) for Book citations. Publication Type [pt] Describes the material presented in the article (e.g., Review, Clinical Trial, Retracted Publication, Letter). Citations may include multiple Publication Types. Use the search tag [pt] with any PubMed Publication Type , e.g., review[pt]. Publication Types are arranged hierarchically with more specific terms arranged beneath broader terms, and publication types automatically include the more specific publication types in a search. To turn off this automatic feature, use the search syntax [pt:noexp], e.g., review [pt:noexp]. To view the publication type hierarchy, see the Publication Formats: MeSH Tree Structures in the MeSH Browser. Publisher [pubn] Includes publisher names for Bookshelf citations. Secondary Source ID [si] The SI field identifies secondary source databanks and accession numbers, e.g., GenBank, GEO, PubChem, ClinicalTrials.gov , ISRCTN. The field is composed of the source followed by a slash followed by an accession number and can be searched with one or both components, e.g., genbank [si], AF001892 [si], genbank/AF001892 [si]. To retrieve all citations with an SI value, search hasdatabanklist. Subset [sb] The subset field is a method of restricting retrieval by subject, citation status and journal category, with the search tag [SB]. See also filters and Find related resources using LinkOut. Supplementary Concept [nm] Includes chemical, protocol, disease or organism terms. Synonyms to the supplementary concepts will automatically map when tagged with [nm]. This field was implemented in mid-1980; however, many chemical names are searchable as MeSH terms before that date. Text Words [tw] Includes all words and numbers in the title, abstract, other abstract, MeSH terms, MeSH Subheadings, Publication Types, Substance Names, Personal Name as Subject, Corporate Author, Secondary Source, Comment/Correction Notes, and Other Terms (see Other Term [OT] above) typically non-MeSH subject terms (keywords), including NASA Space Flight Mission, assigned by an organization other than NLM. Title [ti] Words and numbers included in the title of a citation, as well as the collection title for book citations. Title/Abstract [tiab] Words and numbers included in a citation's title, collection title, abstract, other abstract and author keywords ( Other Term [ot] field). English language abstracts are taken directly from the published article. If an article does not have a published abstract, NLM does not create one. Transliterated Title [tt] Words and numbers in title originally published in a non-English language, in that language. Non-Roman alphabet language titles may be transliterated. Transliterated title is not included in Text Word [TW] retrieval. Volume [vi] The number of the journal volume in which an article is published. NLM author indexing policy NLM author indexing policy is as follows: 1966 - 1984: MEDLINE did not limit the number of authors. 1984 - 1995: The NLM limited the number of authors to 10, with "et al" as the eleventh occurrence. 1996 - 1999: The NLM increased the limit from 10 to 25. If there were more than 25 authors, the first 24 were listed, the last author was used as the 25th, and the twenty-sixth and beyond became "et al." 2000 - Present: MEDLINE does not limit the number of authors. More information: Beginning in mid-2005, the policy restrictions on number of author names in past years were lifted so that on an individual basis, a citation may be edited to include all author names in the published article, regardless of the limitation in effect when the citation was created. Effective with 1992 date of publication, letters are indexed individually with authors rather than as an anonymous group. Until 1990, NLM transliterated up to five authors' Cyrillic or Japanese names to the Roman alphabet. Between 1990 and 2016, the first ten Cyrillic or Japanese names are transliterated. Chinese ideograms were not transliterated by NLM, but if transliterations of the authors names are available in the journal article or table of contents, they were included in the citation, even if that includes only one author in a multi-author article. Beginning in 2016, author names are published in Roman characters in all MEDLINE journals, and NLM no longer transliterates Cyrillic or Japanese names. All author names are included as published. Error messages System error messages Please provide your IT staff with the technical browser advice for NCBI web pages to ensure your browser, firewall, and servers are enabled for JavaScript, cookies, pop-ups, and HTTP 1.1. Antivirus software may affect page caching which can result in unexpected page expired messages. Also, nlm.nih.gov should be added as a browser exception and be considered a trusted site by your system and network. You may have to delete your browser's cache (temporary files) before trying to access PubMed again. Typographical errors Please contact the journal publisher directly to report an error and initiate a correction to PubMed citations for content other than MeSH. To report a MeSH error in a PubMed citation, please contact the NLM Help Desk and include the PMID number (e.g., PMID: 12345678), and an indication of the incorrect and correct information. NLM provides data to vendors around the world. Other products and services will not necessarily immediately reflect corrections made to PubMed records. If you search through a vendor's system, please contact your vendor about their maintenance schedules. Cookies A "cookie" is information stored by a web site server on your computer. See the NLM Privacy Policy for additional information. In the case of PubMed, cookies store information about your interactions that may be needed later to perform a function. To use these interactive features you need to enable cookies on your computer. Consult your browser's help for information on enabling cookies. If you have problems using cookie-dependent features of PubMed, even after enabling cookies, possible reasons may include: Cookies are blocked by your provider or institution. Check with your Internet provider and/or the system administrator at your institution to see if cookies can be accepted. Even if you have them enabled in your web browser, if they are blocked by your provider or institution (e.g., by a firewall, proxy server, etc.), cookie-dependent features of PubMed won't work. Your computer's date and time settings are incorrect. Check your computer's time settings to ensure that they are correct. MeSH Subheadings See the MeSH Subheadings table below and scope notes and allowable categories on the NLM website. Abbreviation MeSH Subheading Abbreviation MeSH Subheading AB Abnormalities IR Innervation AD Administration and Dosage IS Instrumentation AE Adverse Effects IP Isolation and Purification AG Agonists LJ Legislation and Jurisprudence AA Analogs and Derivatives ME Metabolism AN Analysis MT Methods AH Anatomy and Histology MI Microbiology AI Antagonists and Inhibitors MO Mortality BI Biosynthesis NU Nursing BS Blood Supply OG Organization and Administration BL Blood PS Parasitology CF Cerebrospinal Fluid PY Pathogenicity CS Chemical Synthesis PA Pathology CI Chemically Induced PK Pharmacokinetics CH Chemistry PD Pharmacology CL Classification PH Physiology CO Complications PP Physiopathology CN Congenital PO Poisoning CY Cytology PC Prevention and Control DF Deficiency PX Psychology DI Diagnosis RE Radiation Effects DH Diet Therapy RT Radiotherapy DG Diagnostic Imaging RH Rehabilitation DE Drug Effects SC Secondary DT Drug Therapy ST Standards EC Economics SN Statistics and Numerical Data ED Education SD Supply and Distribution EM Embryology SU Surgery EN Enzymology TU Therapeutic Use EP Epidemiology TH Therapy ES Ethics TO Toxicity EH Ethnology TM Transmission ET Etiology TR Transplantation GE Genetics TD Trends GD Growth and Development UL Ultrastructure HI History UR Urine IM Immunology VE Veterinary IN Injuries VI Virology Stopwords Stopwords A a, about, again, all, almost, also, although, always, among, an, and, another, any, are, as, at B be, because, been, before, being, between, both, but, by C can, could D did, do, does, done, due, during E each, either, enough, especially, etc F for, found, from, further H had, has, have, having, here, how, however I i, if, in, into, is, it, its, itself J just K kg, km M made, mainly, make, may, mg, might, ml, mm, most, mostly, must N nearly, neither, no, nor O obtained, of, often, on, our, overall P perhaps, pmid Q quite R rather, really, regarding S seem, seen, several, should, show, showed, shown, shows, significantly, since, so, some, such T than, that, the, their, theirs, them, then, there, therefore, these, they, this, those, through, thus, to U upon V various, very W was, we, were, what, when, which, while, with, within, without, would PubMed character conversions Certain characters have special meaning in searches, others are converted to spaces. Searches that include the following characters are translated as follows: parentheses ( ) - used to create Boolean nesting square brackets [ ] - search field tag qualification ampersand & - Boolean operator AND pipe | - Boolean operator OR forward slash / - MeSH/Subheading combinations colon : - designates a range operation double quotes " - used to force a phrase search pound sign # - designates a History search statement when immediately followed by a number, e.g., #1 AND cat asterisk * - wildcard symbol, e.g., toxicol* Characters converted to spaces in search queries: exclamation mark ! pound sign # dollar sign $ percentage sign % asterisk * (if it cannot be used in a wildcard search, for example, when a term is too short) plus symbol + minus symbol - period . comma , semi-colon ; angle brackets < > equal sign = question mark ? backslash \ caret ^ underscore _ curly brackets { } approximately ~ single quotes ' Some characters have special meaning in MeSH fields: forward slash / hypens - comma , Publication Types Publication types found in PubMed are listed below. See Publication Type [PT] and MeSH Publication Types with Scope Notes for more information; however, not all MeSH Publication Types are included in PubMed. Discontinued Publication Types are marked in the list below with an asterisk (*). Discontinued Publication Types continue to exist in MeSH, appear on existing citations, and are searchable in PubMed; however, they are not applied to new citations during MEDLINE indexing. Adaptive Clinical Trial Address Autobiography * Bibliography * Biography Case Reports Classical Article Clinical Conference Clinical Study Clinical Trial Clinical Trial, Phase I Clinical Trial, Phase II Clinical Trial, Phase III Clinical Trial, Phase IV Clinical Trial Protocol Clinical Trial, Veterinary Collected Work Comment Comparative Study Congress Consensus Development Conference Consensus Development Conference, NIH * Controlled Clinical Trial Corrected and Republished Article Dataset Dictionary * Directory * Duplicate Publication Editorial Electronic Supplementary Materials English Abstract Equivalence Trial Evaluation Study Expression of Concern Festschrift Government Publication * Guideline Historical Article Interactive Tutorial * Interview Introductory Journal Article Journal Article (Default value when no more descriptive PT is provided or assigned) Lecture Legal Case * Legislation * Letter Meta-Analysis Multicenter Study Network Meta-Analysis News Newspaper Article * Observational Study Observational Study, Veterinary Overall * Patient Education Handout Periodical Index * Personal Narrative Portrait * Practice Guideline Preprint Pragmatic Clinical Trial Published Erratum Randomized Controlled Trial Randomized Controlled Trial, Veterinary Research Support, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. Research Support, U.S. Gov't, P.H.S. Retracted Publication Retraction Notice Review Scientific Integrity Review * Scoping Review Systematic Review Technical Report * Twin Study Validation Study Video-Audio Media Webcast Status Subsets How to Search Citation Status publisher[sb] NOT pubstatusnihms NOT pubstatuspmcsd NOT pmcbook Citations recently added to PubMed via electronic submission from a publisher, and are soon to proceed to the next stage, PubMed - in process (see below). Also for citations received before late 2003 if they are from journals not indexed for MEDLINE, or from a journal that was accepted for MEDLINE after the citations' publication date. These citations bibliographic data have not been reviewed. inprocess[sb] MeSH terms will be assigned if the subject of the article is within the scope of MEDLINE. medline[sb] Citations that have been indexed with MeSH terms, Publication Types, Substance Names, etc. pubstatusnihms AND publisher[sb] Author manuscripts submitted to PMC that fall under the NIH Public Access Policy. pubstatuspmcsd AND publisher[sb] Records for selective deposit articles in PMC. These are articles published in non-MEDLINE journals where the publisher has chosen to deposit in PMC only those articles that fall under the NIH Public Access Policy. pmcbook Book and book chapter citations available on the NCBI Bookshelf. pubmednotmedline[sb] Citations that will not receive MEDLINE indexing because they are for articles in non-MEDLINE journals, or they are for articles in MEDLINE journals but the articles are out of scope, or they are from issues published prior to the date the journal was selected for indexing, or citations to articles from journals that deposit their full text articles in PMC but have not yet been recommended for indexing in MEDLINE. Filter search strategies Publication date Text availability Article attribute Article type Article language Species Sex Age Other Publication date Filter name PubMed equivalent 1 year "last year"[dp] 5 years "last 5 years"[dp] 10 years "last 10 years"[dp] Custom range See: Searching for a date range Text availability Filter name PubMed equivalent Abstract hasabstract Free full text free full text[sb] Full text full text[sb] Article attribute Filter name PubMed equivalent Associated data data[sb] Article type Most article type filters use the article type name with the publication type [pt] search field tag; for example, "multicenter study"[pt]. The Systematic Review filter uses a search strategy in addition to the publication type [pt]. The Books and Documents filter uses the following query: "pubmed books"[sb]. Article language The article language filters use the language name with the language [la] search field tag; for example, esperanto[la]. Species Filter name PubMed equivalent Humans humans[mh] Other animals "animals"[mh:noexp] Sex Filter name PubMed equivalent Female female[mh] Male male[mh] Age Filter name PubMed equivalent Child: birth-18 years (infant[mh] OR child[mh] OR adolescent[mh]) Newborn: birth-1 month infant, newborn[mh] Infant: birth-23 months infant[mh] Infant: 1-23 months infant[mh:noexp] Preschool Child: 2-5 years child, preschool[mh] Child: 6-12 years child[mh:noexp] Adolescent: 13-18 years adolescent[mh] Adult: 19+ years adult[mh] Young Adult: 19-24 years "young adult"[mh] Adult: 19-44 years adult[mh:noexp] Middle Aged + Aged: 45+ years (middle aged[mh] OR aged[mh]) Middle Aged: 45-64 years middle aged[mh] Aged: 65+ years aged[mh] 80 and over: 80+ years aged, 80 and over[mh] Other See Other filters and more subsets . Clinical Queries filters COVID-19 Articles Clinical Study Categories Medical Genetics COVID-19 article filters The COVID-19 article filters limit retrieval to citations about the 2019 novel coronavirus; these filters may evolve over time. Category Filter name PubMed equivalent General LitCGeneral ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "COVID-19"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Vaccines" OR "COVID-19 Vaccines"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 serotherapy" OR "COVID-19 serotherapy"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing" OR "covid-19 nucleic acid testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Serological Testing" OR "covid-19 serological testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Testing" OR "covid-19 testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "sars-cov-2"[MeSH Terms] OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" OR "2019 NCOV" OR (("coronavirus"[MeSH Terms] OR "coronavirus" OR "COV" OR "NCOV") AND 2019/11/01[PDAT] : 3000/12/31[PDAT])) Mechanism LitCMechanism ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "COVID-19"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Vaccines" OR "COVID-19 Vaccines"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 serotherapy" OR "COVID-19 serotherapy"[ MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing" OR "covid-19 nucleic acid testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Serological Testing" OR "covid-19 serological testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Testing" OR "covid-19 testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "sars-cov-2"[MeSH Terms] OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" OR "2019 NCOV" OR (("coronavirus"[MeSH Terms] OR "coronavirus" OR "COV" OR "NCOV") AND 2019/11/01[PDAT] : 3000/12/31[PDAT])) AND ("metabolic"[All Fields] OR "metabolical"[All Fields] OR "metabolically"[All Fields] OR "metabolics"[All Fields] OR "metabolism"[MeSH Terms] OR "metabolism"[All Fields] OR "metabolisms"[All Fields] OR "metabolism"[MeSH Subheading] OR "metabolic networks and pathways"[MeSH Terms] OR ("metabolic"[All Fields] AND "networks"[All Fields] AND "pathways"[All Fields]) OR "metabolic networks and pathways"[All Fields] OR "metabolities"[All Fields] OR "metabolization"[All Fields] OR "metabolize"[All Fields] OR "metabolized"[All Fields] OR "metabolizer"[All Fields] OR "metabolizers"[All Fields] OR "metabolizes"[All Fields] OR "metabolizing"[All Fields] OR "virology"[MeSH Subheading] OR ("mechanism"[All Fields] OR "mechanisms"[All Fields]) OR ("etiology"[MeSH Subheading] OR "etiology"[All Fields] OR "pathogenesis"[All Fields]) OR "pathologic process*"[All Fields]) Transmission LitCTransmission ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "COVID-19"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Vaccines" OR "COVID-19 Vaccines"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 serotherapy" OR "COVID-19 serotherapy"[ MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing" OR "covid-19 nucleic acid testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Serological Testing" OR "covid-19 serological testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Testing" OR "covid-19 testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "sars-cov-2"[MeSH Terms] OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" OR "2019 NCOV" OR (("coronavirus"[MeSH Terms] OR "coronavirus" OR "COV" OR "NCOV") AND 2019/11/01[PDAT] : 3000/12/31[PDAT])) AND ("transmission"[Text Word] OR "transmission"[MeSH Subheading] OR "replication"[Text Word] OR "disease transmission, infectious"[MeSH Terms]) Diagnosis LitCDiagnosis ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "COVID-19"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Vaccines" OR "COVID-19 Vaccines"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 serotherapy" OR "COVID-19 serotherapy"[ MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing" OR "covid-19 nucleic acid testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Serological Testing" OR "covid-19 serological testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Testing" OR "covid-19 testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "sars-cov-2"[MeSH Terms] OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" OR "2019 NCOV" OR (("coronavirus"[MeSH Terms] OR "coronavirus" OR "COV" OR "NCOV") AND 2019/11/01[PDAT] : 3000/12/31[PDAT])) AND ("diagnos*"[All Fields] OR "detect*"[All Fields] OR "diagnosis"[MeSH Terms] OR "diagnostic equipment"[MeSH Terms] OR "diagnostic errors"[MeSH Terms] OR "diagnostic imaging"[MeSH Terms] OR "diagnostic services"[MeSH Terms] OR "diagnosis, differential"[MeSH Terms] OR "diagnosis"[MeSH Subheading]) Treatment LitCTreatment ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "COVID-19"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Vaccines" OR "COVID-19 Vaccines"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 serotherapy" OR "COVID-19 serotherapy"[ MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing" OR "covid-19 nucleic acid testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Serological Testing" OR "covid-19 serological testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Testing" OR "covid-19 testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "sars-cov-2"[MeSH Terms] OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" OR "2019 NCOV" OR (("coronavirus"[MeSH Terms] OR "coronavirus" OR "COV" OR "NCOV") AND 2019/11/01[PDAT] : 3000/12/31[PDAT])) AND ("therapeutics"[MeSH Terms] OR "therapeutics"[All Fields] OR "treatments"[All Fields] OR "therapy"[MeSH Subheading] OR "therapy"[All Fields] OR "treatment"[All Fields] OR "treatment s"[All Fields] OR "treat*"[All Fields] OR ("clinical trial"[Publication Type] OR "clinical trials as topic"[MeSH Terms] OR "clinical trials"[All Fields]) OR ("clinical trial"[Publication Type] OR "clinical trials as topic"[MeSH Terms] OR "clinical trial"[All Fields]) OR ("randomized controlled trial"[Publication Type] OR "randomized controlled trials as topic"[MeSH Terms] OR "randomized controlled trial"[All Fields] OR "randomised controlled trial"[All Fields]) OR ("randomized controlled trial"[Publication Type] OR "randomized controlled trials as topic"[MeSH Terms] OR "randomized controlled trials"[All Fields] OR "randomised controlled trials"[All Fields]) OR ("therapeutics"[MeSH Terms] OR "therapeutics"[All Fields] OR "therapies"[All Fields] OR "therapy"[MeSH Subheading] OR "therapy"[All Fields] OR "therapy s"[All Fields] OR "therapys"[All Fields]) OR ("therapeutical"[All Fields] OR "therapeutically"[All Fields] OR "therapeuticals"[All Fields] OR "therapeutics"[MeSH Terms] OR "therapeutics"[All Fields] OR "therapeutic"[All Fields])) Prevention LitCPrevention ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "COVID-19"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Vaccines" OR "COVID-19 Vaccines"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 serotherapy" OR "COVID-19 serotherapy"[ MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing" OR "covid-19 nucleic acid testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Serological Testing" OR "covid-19 serological testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Testing" OR "covid-19 testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "sars-cov-2"[MeSH Terms] OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" OR "2019 NCOV" OR (("coronavirus"[MeSH Terms] OR "coronavirus" OR "COV" OR "NCOV") AND 2019/11/01[PDAT] : 3000/12/31[PDAT])) AND ("transmission*"[All Fields] OR "prevent*"[All Fields] OR "intervent*"[All Fields] OR ("prognosis"[MeSH Terms] OR "prognosis"[All Fields] OR "prognoses"[All Fields]) OR "treatment outcome"[All Fields] OR "prevention and control"[MeSH Subheading] OR ("therapeutical"[All Fields] OR "therapeutically"[All Fields] OR "therapeuticals"[All Fields] OR "therapeutics"[MeSH Terms] OR "therapeutics"[All Fields] OR "therapeutic"[All Fields]) OR "therapeutic*"[All Fields]) Case Report LitCCaseReport ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "COVID-19"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Vaccines" OR "COVID-19 Vaccines"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 serotherapy" OR "COVID-19 serotherapy"[ MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing" OR "covid-19 nucleic acid testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Serological Testing" OR "covid-19 serological testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Testing" OR "covid-19 testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "sars-cov-2"[MeSH Terms] OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" OR "2019 NCOV" OR (("coronavirus"[MeSH Terms] OR "coronavirus" OR "COV" OR "NCOV") AND 2019/11/01[PDAT] : 3000/12/31[PDAT])) AND ("case report*"[All Fields] OR ("case reports"[Publication Type] OR "case reports"[All Fields]) OR "report a case"[All Fields] OR ("report*"[All Fields] AND ("ambulatory care facilities"[MeSH Terms] OR ("ambulatory"[All Fields] AND "care"[All Fields] AND "facilities"[All Fields]) OR "ambulatory care facilities"[All Fields] OR "clinic"[All Fields] OR "clinic s"[All Fields] OR "clinical"[All Fields] OR "clinically"[All Fields] OR "clinicals"[All Fields] OR "clinics"[All Fields] OR "patient*"[All Fields])) OR "reported case"[All Fields] OR "clinical presentation*"[All Fields] OR "patient management"[All Fields] OR "infected patient*"[All Fields]) Forecasting LitCForecasting ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "COVID-19"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Vaccines" OR "COVID-19 Vaccines"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 serotherapy" OR "COVID-19 serotherapy"[ MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing" OR "covid-19 nucleic acid testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Serological Testing" OR "covid-19 serological testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 Testing" OR "covid-19 testing"[MeSH Terms] OR "SARS-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "sars-cov-2"[MeSH Terms] OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2" OR "2019 NCOV" OR (("coronavirus"[MeSH Terms] OR "coronavirus" OR "COV" OR "NCOV") AND 2019/11/01[PDAT] : 3000/12/31[PDAT])) AND ("forecast*"[All Fields] OR ("forecasted"[All Fields] OR "forecaster"[All Fields] OR "forecasters"[All Fields] OR "forecasting"[MeSH Terms] OR "forecasting"[All Fields] OR "forecast"[All Fields] OR "forecasts"[All Fields] OR "trends"[MeSH Subheading] OR "trends"[All Fields]) OR "trend*"[All Fields] OR "prediction*"[All Fields]) Long COVID LitCLongCOVID "COVID-19 sequela*" OR (("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "Sars-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "2019 Novel Coronavirus" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "Coronavirus Disease 2019" OR "Coronavirus Disease-19" OR "SARS Coronavirus 2" OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2") AND sequela*) OR "post acute sequelae of Sars-CoV-2" OR ("PASC" AND ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "Sars-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "2019 Novel Coronavirus" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "Coronavirus Disease 2019" OR "Coronavirus Disease-19" OR "SARS Coronavirus 2" OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2")) OR "post acute sequelae of COVID" OR (("post-intensive care syndrome" OR "postintensive care syndrome") AND ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "Sars-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "2019 Novel Coronavirus" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "Coronavirus Disease 2019" OR "Coronavirus Disease-19" OR "SARS Coronavirus 2" OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2")) OR "post COVID condition*" OR ("PCC" AND ("COVID-19" OR "COVID19" OR "Sars-CoV-2" OR "SARSCoV2" OR "SARSCoV-2" OR "SARS-CoV2" OR "2019 Novel Coronavirus" OR "2019-nCoV" OR "Coronavirus Disease 2019" OR "Coronavirus Disease-19" OR "SARS Coronavirus 2" OR "Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2")) OR "convalescent COVID-19" OR "long haul COVID" OR "COVID long haul*" OR "long COVID" OR "long term COVID" OR "COVID-19 survivor*" OR "post COVID-19 symptom*" OR "chronic COVID syndrome" OR "post COVID syndrome" OR "post COVID-19 neurological syndrome" OR "post acute COVID-19" OR "post-acute COVID-19 syndrome"[MeSH Terms] OR "COVID-19 post-intensive care syndrome"[Supplementary Concept] Clinical Study Categories The Clinical Study Categories search filters are based on the work of Haynes RB et al. Category Optimized for Sensitive/ Specific PubMed equivalent Therapy sensitive/broad 99%/70% ((clinical[Title/Abstract] AND trial[Title/Abstract]) OR clinical trials as topic[MeSH Terms] OR clinical trial[Publication Type] OR random*[Title/Abstract] OR random allocation[MeSH Terms] OR therapeutic use[MeSH Subheading]) specific/narrow 93%/97% (randomized controlled trial[Publication Type] OR (randomized[Title/Abstract] AND controlled[Title/Abstract] AND trial[Title/Abstract])) Diagnosis sensitive/broad 98%/74% (sensitiv*[Title/Abstract] OR sensitivity and specificity[MeSH Terms] OR diagnose[Title/Abstract] OR diagnosed[Title/Abstract] OR diagnoses[Title/Abstract] OR diagnosing[Title/Abstract] OR diagnosis[Title/Abstract] OR diagnostic[Title/Abstract] OR diagnosis[MeSH:noexp] OR (diagnostic equipment[MeSH:noexp] OR diagnostic errors[MeSH:noexp] OR diagnostic imaging[MeSH:noexp] OR diagnostic services[MeSH:noexp]) OR diagnosis, differential[MeSH:noexp] OR diagnosis[Subheading:noexp]) specific/narrow 64%/98% (specificity[Title/Abstract]) Etiology sensitive/broad 93%/63% (risk*[Title/Abstract] OR risk*[MeSH:noexp] OR (risk adjustment[MeSH:noexp] OR risk assessment[MeSH:noexp] OR risk factors[MeSH:noexp] OR risk management[MeSH:noexp] OR risk taking[MeSH:noexp]) OR cohort studies[MeSH Terms] OR group[Text Word] OR groups[Text Word] OR grouped [Text Word]) specific/narrow 51%/95% ((relative[Title/Abstract] AND risk*[Title/Abstract]) OR (relative risk[Text Word]) OR risks[Text Word] OR cohort studies[MeSH:noexp] OR (cohort[Title/Abstract] AND study[Title/Abstract]) OR (cohort[Title/Abstract] AND studies[Title/Abstract])) Prognosis sensitive/broad 90%/80% (incidence[MeSH:noexp] OR mortality[MeSH Terms] OR follow up studies[MeSH:noexp] OR prognos*[Text Word] OR predict*[Text Word] OR course*[Text Word]) specific/narrow 52%/94% (prognos*[Title/Abstract] OR (first[Title/Abstract] AND episode[Title/Abstract]) OR cohort[Title/Abstract]) Clinical Prediction Guides sensitive/broad 96%/79% (predict*[Title/Abstract] OR predictive value of tests[MeSH Terms] OR score[Title/Abstract] OR scores[Title/Abstract] OR scoring system[Title/Abstract] OR scoring systems[Title/Abstract] OR observ*[Title/Abstract] OR observer variation[MeSH Terms]) specific/narrow 54%/99% (validation[Title/Abstract] OR validate[Title/Abstract]) Clinical Study Categories bibliography The Clinical Queries search strategies have been updated based on new evidence from Haynes et al. The current strategies have better performance than their predecessors . Details of methods appear in the references below. Revised December 2011 Wilczynski NL, McKibbon KA, Haynes RB. Sensitive Clinical Queries retrieved relevant systematic reviews as well as primary studies: an analytic survey. J Clin Epidemiol. 2011 Dec;64(12):1341-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2011.04.007. Epub 2011 Jul 19. PMID: 21775104 . Lokker C, Haynes RB, Wilczynski NL, McKibbon KA, Walter SD. Retrieval of diagnostic and treatment studies for clinical use through PubMed and PubMed's Clinical Queries filters. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2011 Sep-Oct;18(5):652-9. doi: 10.1136/amiajnl-2011-000233. Epub 2011 Jun 15. PMID: 21680559 ; PMCID: PMC3168323 . Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB; QI Hedges Team. Optimal search filters for detecting quality improvement studies in Medline. Qual Saf Health Care. 2010 Dec;19(6):e31. doi: 10.1136/qshc.2010.042432. Epub 2010 Jul 29. PMID: 20671080 . Kastner M, Wilczynski NL, McKibbon AK, Garg AX, Haynes RB. Diagnostic test systematic reviews: bibliographic search filters ("Clinical Queries") for diagnostic accuracy studies perform well. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009 Sep;62(9):974-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2008.11.006. Epub 2009 Feb 20. PMID: 19230607 ; PMCID: PMC2737707 . Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB. Response to Corrao et al.: Improving efficacy of PubMed clinical queries for retrieving scientifically strong studies on treatment. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2007 Mar-Apr;14(2):247-8. Epub 2007 Jan 9. PMID: 17213490 ; PMCID: PMC2213472 . Wilczynski NL, McKibbon KA, Haynes RB. Response to Glanville et al.: How to identify randomized controlled trials in MEDLINE: ten years on. J Med Libr Assoc. 2007 Apr;95(2):117-8; author reply 119-20. PMID: 17443240 ; PMCID: PMC1852612 . Wilczynski NL, Morgan D, Haynes RB; Hedges Team. An overview of the design and methods for retrieving high-quality studies for clinical care. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2005 Jun 21;5:20. doi: 10.1186/1472-6947-5-20. PMID: 15969765 ; PMCID: PMC1183213 . Haynes RB, McKibbon KA, Wilczynski NL, Walter SD, Werre SR; Hedges Team. Optimal search strategies for retrieving scientifically strong studies of treatment from Medline: analytical survey. BMJ. 2005 May 21;330(7501):1179. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38446.498542.8F. Epub 2005 May 13. PMID: 15894554 ; PMCID: PMC558012 . Montori VM, Wilczynski NL, Morgan D, Haynes RB; Hedges Team. Optimal search strategies for retrieving systematic reviews from Medline: analytical survey. BMJ. 2005 Jan 8;330(7482):68. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38336.804167.47. Epub 2004 Dec 24. PMID: 15619601 ; PMCID: PMC543864 . Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB, Lavis JN, Ramkissoonsingh R, Arnold-Oatley AE; HSR Hedges team. Optimal search strategies for detecting health services research studies in MEDLINE. CMAJ. 2004 Nov 9;171(10):1179-85. doi: 10.1503/cmaj.1040512. PMID: 15534310 ; PMCID: PMC524948 . Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB; Hedges Team. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound prognostic studies in MEDLINE: an analytic survey. BMC Med. 2004 Jun 9;2:23. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-2-23. PMID: 15189561 ; PMCID: PMC441418 . Haynes RB, Wilczynski NL. Optimal search strategies for retrieving scientifically strong studies of diagnosis from Medline: analytical survey. BMJ. 2004 May 1;328(7447):1040. doi: 10.1136/bmj.38068.557998.EE. Epub 2004 Apr 8. PMID: 15073027 ; PMCID: PMC403841 . Bhandari M, Montori VM, Devereaux PJ, Wilczynski NL, Morgan D, Haynes RB; Hedges Team. Doubling the impact: publication of systematic review articles in orthopaedic journals. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 May;86(5):1012-6. PMID: 15118046 . Wong SS, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB; Hedges Team. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically relevant qualitative studies in MEDLINE. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2004;107(Pt 1):311-6. PMID: 15360825 . Montori VM, Wilczynski NL, Morgan D, Haynes RB; Hedges Team. Systematic reviews: a cross-sectional study of location and citation counts. BMC Med. 2003 Nov 24;1:2. doi: 10.1186/1741-7015-1-2. PMID: 14633274 ; PMCID: PMC281591 . Wong SS, Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB, Ramkissoonsingh R; Hedges Team. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting sound clinical prediction studies in MEDLINE. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2003;2003:728-32. PMID: 14728269 ; PMCID: PMC1479983 . Wilczynski NL, Haynes RB; Hedges Team. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound causation studies in MEDLINE. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. 2003;2003:719-23. PMID: 14728267 ; PMCID: PMC1480286 . Wilczynski NL, McKibbon KA, Haynes RB. Enhancing retrieval of best evidence for health care from bibliographic databases: calibration of the hand search of the literature. Stud Health Technol Inform. 2001;84(Pt 1):390-3. PMID: 11604770 . Haynes RB, Wilczynski N, McKibbon KA, Walker CJ, Sinclair JC. Developing optimal search strategies for detecting clinically sound studies in MEDLINE. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 1994 Nov-Dec;1(6):447-58. doi: 10.1136/jamia.1994.95153434. PMID: 7850570 ; PMCID: PMC116228 . Medical genetics search filters The medical genetics searches were developed in conjunction with the staff of GeneReviews: Genetic Disease Online Reviews at GeneTests, University of Washington, Seattle. Category PubMed equivalent Diagnosis (Diagnosis AND Genetics) Differential Diagnosis (Differential Diagnosis[MeSH] OR Differential Diagnosis[Text Word] AND Genetics) Clinical Description (Natural History OR Mortality OR Phenotype OR Prevalence OR Penetrance AND Genetics) Management (therapy[Subheading] OR treatment[Text Word] OR treatment outcome OR investigational therapies AND Genetics) Genetic Counseling (Genetic Counseling OR Inheritance pattern AND genetics) Molecular Genetics (Medical Genetics OR genotype OR genetics[Subheading] AND genetics) Genetic Testing (DNA Mutational Analysis OR Laboratory techniques and procedures OR Genetic Markers OR diagnosis OR testing OR test OR screening OR mutagenicity tests OR genetic techniques OR molecular diagnostic techniques AND genetics) Medical Genetics ((Diagnosis AND genetics) OR (Differential Diagnosis[MeSH] OR Differential Diagnosis[Text Word] AND genetics) OR (Natural History OR Mortality OR Phenotype OR Prevalence OR Penetrance AND genetics) OR (therapy[Subheading] OR treatment[Text Word] OR treatment outcome OR investigational therapies AND genetics) OR (Genetic Counseling OR Inheritance pattern AND genetics) OR (Medical Genetics OR genotype OR genetics[Subheading] AND genetics) OR (DNA Mutational Analysis OR Laboratory techniques and procedures OR Genetic Markers OR diagnosis OR testing OR test OR screening OR mutagenicity tests OR genetic techniques OR molecular diagnostic techniques AND genetics)) Computation of similar articles The neighbors of a document are those documents in the database that are the most similar to it. The similarity between documents is measured by the words they have in common, with some adjustment for document lengths. To carry out such a program, one must first define what a word is. For us, a word is basically an unbroken string of letters and numerals with at least one letter of the alphabet in it. Words end at hyphens, spaces, new lines, and punctuation. The 132 common, but uninformative, words (also known as stopwords) are eliminated from processing at this stage. Next, a limited amount of stemming of words is done, but no thesaurus is used in processing. Words from the abstract of a document are classified as text words. Words from titles are also classified as text words, but words from titles are added in a second time to give them a small advantage in the local weighting scheme. MeSH terms are placed in a third category, and a MeSH term with a subheading qualifier is entered twice, once without the qualifier and once with it. If a MeSH term is starred (indicating a major concept in a document), the star is ignored. These three categories of words (or phrases in the case of MeSH) comprise the representation of a document. No other fields, such as Author or Journal, enter into the calculations. Having obtained the set of terms that represent each document, the next step is to recognize that not all words are of equal value. Each time a word is used, it is assigned a numerical weight. This numerical weight is based on information that the computer can obtain by automatic processing. Automatic processing is important because the number of different terms that have to be assigned weights is close to two million for this system. The weight or value of a term is dependent on three types of information: 1) the number of different documents in the database that contain the term; 2) the number of times the term occurs in a particular document; and 3) the number of term occurrences in the document. The first of these pieces of information is used to produce a number called the global weight of the term. The global weight is used in weighting the term throughout the database. The second and third pieces of information pertain only to a particular document and are used to produce a number called the local weight of the term in that specific document. When a word occurs in two documents, its weight is computed as the product of the global weight times the two local weights (one pertaining to each of the documents). The global weight of a term is greater for the less frequent terms. This is reasonable because the presence of a term that occurred in most of the documents would really tell one very little about a document. On the other hand, a term that occurred in only 100 documents of one million would be very helpful in limiting the set of documents of interest. A word that occurred in only 10 documents is likely to be even more informative and will receive an even higher weight. The local weight of a term is the measure of its importance in a particular document. Generally, the more frequent a term is within a document, the more important it is in representing the content of that document. However, this relationship is saturating, i.e., as the frequency continues to go up, the importance of the word increases less rapidly and finally comes to a finite limit. In addition, we do not want a longer document to be considered more important just because it is longer; therefore, a length correction is applied. This local weight computation is based on the Poisson distribution and the formula can be found in Lin J and Wilbur WJ . The similarity between two documents is computed by adding up the weights (local wt1 × local wt2 × global wt) of all of the terms the two documents have in common. This provides an indication of how related two documents are. The resultant score is an example of a vector score. Vector scoring was originated by Gerard Salton and has a long history in text retrieval. The interested reader is referred to Salton, Automatic Text Processing, Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1989 for further information on this topic. Our approach differs from other approaches in the way we calculate the local weights for the individual terms. Once the similarity score of a document in relation to each of the other documents in the database has been computed, that document's neighbors are identified as the most similar (highest scoring) documents found. These closely related documents are pre-computed for each document in PubMed so that when you select Similar articles, the system has only to retrieve this list. This enables a fast response time for such queries. Journal lists PubMed journals Uncompressed GNU zip UNIX Compress PKZIP PubMed and NCBI molecular biology database journals Uncompressed GNU zip UNIX Compress PKZIP NCBI Literature Resources MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited. 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Tàu Hiĕk Duâi chéu â Tiăng-dŏng Cī-bŏng gì gāi-biéng Sùi-biêng muōng káng Bŏng-cô Dà̤-giŏng Kŭi sĭng dióng-hô̤ Láuk-diē Dà̤-giŏng Kŭi sĭng dióng-hô̤ Láuk-diē Tàu Hiĕk Tàu Hiĕk Tō̤-lâung Tĕ̤k Káng nguòng-mā Káng lĭk-sṳ̄ Tĕ̤k Káng nguòng-mā Káng lĭk-sṳ̄ Diē-nē̤ lièng gáu cē̤-nē̤ Ô-găng-guó gì gāi-biéng Siông-duòng ùng-giông Īng-giū lièng-giék Hiĕk-miêng séng-sék Īng-ê̤ṳng cī piĕng ùng-ciŏng 取得短網址 下載QR碼 切換成舊版解析器 Siā siàng cṳ̆ Hâ-cāi siàng PDF Kō̤ páh-éng bēng-buōng Wikimedia Commons 維基媒體基金會 MediaWiki Meta-Wiki 維基媒體拓展 Dŏ̤-ngṳ̄-ngiòng Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata hâung-mŭk @media screen and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output td,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tr,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tbody,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table{display:block!important;width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box}} chiék-uâng Tàu Hiĕk （Bàng-uâ-cê） — 頭頁 （漢字） 切換 Wikipedia nè̤ng nè̤ng dŭ â̤ sāi siā gì báik-kuŏ-ciòng-cṳ̆ Hāi năk báik chiŏng, iū ṳ̀ng nāi dâi. —Lìng Cáik-sṳ̀ Gáu gĭng-dáng dŭ-liāng ô 16,706 piĕng ùng-ciŏng Huăng-ngìng nṳ̄ guŏng-lìng Bànguâpedia , Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ gì Wikipedia ! Wikipedia sê cê̤ṳ-iù gì báik-kuŏ-ciòng-cṳ̆, găk cŭ-uái, muōi siŏh ciáh nè̤ng dŭ â̤-sāi góng-hióng cê-gă gì dĭ-sék. Â̤ báik gōng Hók-ciŭ-uâ hĕ̤k-ciā Hók-ăng-uâ mâ̤? Huòi nṳ̄ gó găk lā̤ dīng sié-nó̤h?! Ká̤-ká̤ cà̤ lì chăng siŏh kă! Hiêng-káik-sì, Bànguâpedia dŭ-liāng ô 16,706 piĕng ùng-ciŏng. Nē̤ng-gă sāi Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ gì Bàng-uâ-cê gâe̤ng Háng-cê cà̤ siā ùng-ciŏng. Ciŏng-uâng có̤ sê-hō̤ sê-ngài? Ô sié-nó̤h é-giéng gióng-ngiê kī-dâe̤ng nṳ̄ gáu Duâi chéu â kó̤ làu uâ. 平話字是19世紀西方傳教士替閩東語福州話設計其羅馬文字。看儥來？無敆涉， Wikipedia教汝！ Mò̤ Bàng-uâ-cê gì páh-cê-huák? Mò̤-găh-siăh, kī-dâe̤ng nṳ̄ kó̤ cŭ-uái hâ-cái! Min Dong language (Eastern Min) is one of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken natively in the eastern part of Fujian Province (namely Fuzhou , Ningde and Matsu ). Not a Min Dong speaker? Please come here if you have any comments or questions. Bō̤-ciéng hō̤ ùng Guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì Guók-cié chiông-gì iâ hô̤ lā̤ să̤-iòng-gì , sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gì lôi iù-hié, diŏh gĭng-dáng guók-cié gà̤-dēng káh-dièu gì nè̤ng iā sâ̤. Guók-cié chiông-gì iù lâng ciáh nè̤ng giàng, siŏh ciáh nè̤ng niĕng băh gì cī, siŏh ciáh nè̤ng niĕng ŭ gì, gì-dṳ̆ng niĕng băh gì diŏh sĕng giàng. Muōi siŏh huŏng gì gì dâi-dŏng dŭ ô 1 lăk guók-uòng, 1 lăk uòng-hâiu, 2 lăk chiông (iâ hô̤ lā̤ gáu-sê̤ṳ), 2 tàu mā (iâ hô̤ lā̤ kiè-sê̤ṳ), 2 lăk gṳ̆ (iâ hô̤ lā̤ siàng-bō̤) gâe̤ng 8 lăk bĭng. Kó̤ páh guók-uòng hô̤ lā̤ ciŏng-gŭng, nâ sê guók-uòng ké̤ṳk nè̤ng ciŏng-gŭng ī-hâiu mò̤-dó̤i-cāu cêu hô̤ lā̤ sák-gì, ké̤ṳk nè̤ng sák-gì gì hī siŏh huŏng cêu suŏ lāu. Nâ sê hŭ-nè̤ng dŭ mò̤ bâing-huák ciŏng dó̤i-huŏng gì guók-uòng tài lâi, cêu hô̤ lā̤ huò-gì . Guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì-buàng sê siŏh cū 8*8 gì huŏng-gák, muōi siŏh ciáh gák-gák gà̤-dēng dŭ dù siông ŭ hĕ̤k-ciā báh gì ngàng-sáik , gâe̤ng găng-biáh gì gák-gák kṳ̆-biék kŭi lì. Guók-cié chiông-gì gì cū-cŭng sê Éng-dô gì Chaturanga . Chaturanga iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gì-lôi iù-hié, gâe̤ng gĭng-dáng guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì-buàng gâe̤ng gì-cī dŭ cêng-kó̤ chiông. Chaturanga chă-bók-dŏ̤ diŏh Sasanid Dá̤-guók guók-uòng Khosrau I câi-ôi gì sèng-âu diòng gáu Pŏ̤-sṳ̆ . Ciā guók-uòng dó̤i ùng-hŏk gâe̤ng diék-hŏk gāng-hĭng-ché̤ṳ, iù Éng-dô hŭ-uái dò̤ iā sâ̤ bō̤-gói gì cṳ̆ gáu Pŏ̤-sṳ̆. Éng-dô nè̤ng iâ ciŏng Chaturanga dái gáu ciā guók-uòng hŭ-uái, ĭ giéng-gáe̤k iā ô-mê, ciŏng ciā gì gāi-cô̤ siàng Shatranj dò̤ lì káh-dièu. >>Sié lŏ̤h tĕ̤k... gó sâ̤ – uâng siŏh piĕng Nṳ̄ â̤ báik mâ̤? 2022 nièng nièng-dā̤ Qatar gṳ̄-bâ̤ing guó sié-nóh kă-giù bī-suói ? Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆ găk 2022 nièng gâ̤eng Ukraine kăi-sṳ̄ páh sié-nóh ciéng-cĕng (dù) ? Diòng-siók ô siŏh-cṳ̄ng có̤ ôi-sĕng sāi gì nó̤h, huăng-giāng sìng-mā â̤ dò̤ kó̤ kià kă-bōng-giâ buŏi, găk Nĭk-buōng ĕng siŏh-báh-nièng bô kō̤-ī biéng-có̤ sìng-mìng. Cuòi sê sié-nó̤h ? Ĭng-guók gì sié-nó̤h sĭng-ùng ciŭ-bó̤ â̤ buŏng 8 bĭk bēng-buōng hióng cuòng-giù huák-hèng? Gó-dā̤ Hók-ciŭ-nè̤ng ô cê-gă gì chiū-sié biēu-sê só-cê. Ciŏng-ciŏng có̤ lī ? gó sâ̤ – gĕng-sĭng – còng-dáung Cê-mō̤ sáuk-īng Nâ sê nṳ̄ mâ̤ báik wiki ngṳ̄-huák, có̤i hō̤ sĕng kó̤ să-buàng káh-dièu lâ. Cê-mō̤ sáuk-īng: A B C CH D E F G H I J K L M N NG O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Dĕk-sṳ̀ hiĕk: Sū-iū hiĕk-miêng Sū-iū lôi-biék Dŏng-nièng gĭng-dáng Gĭng-dáng sê 2026 nièng 01 nguŏk 10 hô̤, bái-lĕ̤k. ( sáuk-sĭng ) 1 nguŏk 10 hô̤ : Sèng 49 nièng : Julius Caesar dái-liāng buô-dôi chiŏng guó Rubicon Ò̤ , Lò̤-mā Nô̤i-ciéng báuk-huák. 9 nièng : Uòng Mōng chuâng-ôi, gióng-lĭk Sĭng-dièu , Să̤-háng miĕk-uòng. 1430 nièng : Bourgogne Gŭng-ciók Hō̤-nè̤ng Philippe (dù) sìng-lĭk Gĭng-iòng-mò̤ Kiè-sê̤ṳ-tuàng . 1870 nièng : John D. Rockefeller găk Mī-guók Ohio gì Cleveland sìng-lĭk siŏh-iù gŭng-sĭ Standard Oil . gò̤-lòng nguŏk – gó sâ̤ Cáuk-gă dù-piéng Mìng-gĕ̤ng sê Hók-gióng-sēng dék duâi gì ò̤ , huák-nguòng diŏh Hók-gióng gâe̤ng Gŏng-să̤ biĕng-gái gì Ū-ì-săng -măh, hióng dĕ̤ng-nàng làu diē Dĕ̤ng-hāi . Gáng-làu dòng 577 gŭng-lī, làu-mĭk miêng-cék 60,992 bìng-huŏng gŭng-lī, mū-liŏh iéng Hók-gióng ciòng sēng miêng-cék gì 50% ī-siông. Nàng-bìng cĭ gèng sê siông-iù, Nàng-bìng gáu Kŭ-chèng Cūi-kāu sê dṳ̆ng-iù, Cūi-kāu â-dā̤ sê hâ-iù. Mìng-gĕ̤ng ô cêng sâ̤ ciĕ-làu, cūi-liông hŭng-hó, bìng-gĭng làu-liông sê 1,980 lĭk-huŏng-mī/miēu, làu-mĭk miêng-cék găk Dṳ̆ng-guók ciō-iéu gĕ̤ng-ò̤ dâi-dŏng bà̤ dâ̤ 12 ôi, nièng bìng-gĭng làu-liông bà̤ ciòng-guók dâ̤ 7 ôi. Uòng-ò̤ gì làu-mĭk miêng-cék bī Mìng-gĕ̤ng duâi 11 buôi, bók-guó cūi-liông nâ sê ĭ gì 92%. gó sâ̤ – uâng siŏh ciáh Siâ-huôi Céng-dê - Gáu-ṳ̆k - Gĭng-cá̤ - Huák-lŭk - Ìng-ŭk - Lĭk-sṳ̄ - Tā̤-ṳ̆k Ùng-huá Cŭng-gáu - Diék-hŏk - Hŭng-sṳ̆k - Ĭng-ngŏk - Īng-sĭk - Mī-sŭk - Ngṳ̄-ngiòng - Ùng-hŏk Kuŏ-hŏk Dê-cék - Dê-lī - Dông-ŭk - Huá-hŏk - Ké-chiông - Sĕng-lī - Sĕng-tái - Séng-sék - Sĭk-ŭk - Só-hŏk - Tiĕng-ùng - Ŭk-lī Sié-gái Ā-ciŭ - Báe̤k Mī-ciŭ - Dâi-iòng-ciŭ - Dṳ̆ng-guók - Ĕu-ciŭ - Hĭ-ciŭ - Nàng Mī-ciŭ Hók-gióng Hĭng-huá - Mìng-báe̤k - Mìng-dĕ̤ng - Mìng-nàng - Mìng-să̤ - Sĕk-ék Ciā-muói gĕ̤ng-tiàng Wikicommons Cê̤ṳ-iù gì muòi-tā̤ cṳ̆-lâiu-kó Wiktionary Cê-diēng gâe̤ng sṳ̀-diēng Wikisource Cê̤ṳ-iù gì dù-cṳ̆-guāng Wikispecies Tiĕng-â ék-chiék ô sĕng-mêng gì nó̤h MediaWiki Wiki niōng-giông kăi-huák Meta-Wiki Hiĕk-dièu sū-iū Wiki gĕ̤ng-tiàng Wikibooks Cê̤ṳ-iù gì kuó-buōng Wikinews Cê̤ṳ-iù gì sĭng-ùng Hiăng-diê ngṳ̄-ngiòng English (Ĭng-ngṳ̄) Nederlands (Hò̤-làng-ngṳ̄) Deutsch (Dáik-ngṳ̄) Svenska (Sôi-diēng-ngṳ̄) Français (Huák-ngṳ̄) Italiano (É-dâi-lé-ngṳ̄) Русский (Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆-ngṳ̄) Español (Să̤-băng-ngà-ngṳ̄) Português (Buò-dò̤-ngà-ngṳ̄) Polski (Pŏ̤-làng-ngṳ̄) العربية (Ā-lá-báik-ngṳ̄) Latin (Lá-dĭng-ngṳ̄) 中文 (Dṳ̆ng-ùng) 日本語 (Nĭk-buōng-ngṳ̄) 한국어 (Dièu-siēng-ngṳ̄) Tiếng Việt (Uŏk-nàng-ngṳ̄) Bahasa Melayu (Mā-lài-ngṳ̄) Bahasa Indonesia (Éng-nà̤-ngṳ̄) 文言 (Ùng-ngiòng) Bân-lâm-gú (Mìng-nàng-ngṳ̄) Hak-kâ-ngî (Káh-gă-ngṳ̄) 贛語 (Gáng-ngṳ̄) 粵語 (Uŏk-ngṳ̄) 吴语 (Ngù-ngṳ̄) ภาษาไทย (Thái-ngṳ̄) ( gó sâ̤... ) + chiék-uâng Tàu Hiĕk （Bàng-uâ-cê） — 頭頁 （漢字） 切換 Wikipedia nè̤ng nè̤ng dŭ â̤ sāi siā gì báik-kuŏ-ciòng-cṳ̆ Wikipedia nè̤ng nè̤ng dŭ â̤ sāi siā gì báik-kuŏ-ciòng-cṳ̆ Hāi năk báik chiŏng, iū ṳ̀ng nāi dâi. —Lìng Cáik-sṳ̀ Gáu gĭng-dáng dŭ-liāng ô 16,706 piĕng ùng-ciŏng Hāi năk báik chiŏng, iū ṳ̀ng nāi dâi. —Lìng Cáik-sṳ̀ Gáu gĭng-dáng dŭ-liāng ô 16,706 piĕng ùng-ciŏng Huăng-ngìng nṳ̄ guŏng-lìng Bànguâpedia , Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ gì Wikipedia ! Wikipedia sê cê̤ṳ-iù gì báik-kuŏ-ciòng-cṳ̆, găk cŭ-uái, muōi siŏh ciáh nè̤ng dŭ â̤-sāi góng-hióng cê-gă gì dĭ-sék. Â̤ báik gōng Hók-ciŭ-uâ hĕ̤k-ciā Hók-ăng-uâ mâ̤? Huòi nṳ̄ gó găk lā̤ dīng sié-nó̤h?! Ká̤-ká̤ cà̤ lì chăng siŏh kă! Hiêng-káik-sì, Bànguâpedia dŭ-liāng ô 16,706 piĕng ùng-ciŏng. Nē̤ng-gă sāi Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ gì Bàng-uâ-cê gâe̤ng Háng-cê cà̤ siā ùng-ciŏng. Ciŏng-uâng có̤ sê-hō̤ sê-ngài? Ô sié-nó̤h é-giéng gióng-ngiê kī-dâe̤ng nṳ̄ gáu Duâi chéu â kó̤ làu uâ. 平話字是19世紀西方傳教士替閩東語福州話設計其羅馬文字。看儥來？無敆涉， Wikipedia教汝！ Mò̤ Bàng-uâ-cê gì páh-cê-huák? Mò̤-găh-siăh, kī-dâe̤ng nṳ̄ kó̤ cŭ-uái hâ-cái! Min Dong language (Eastern Min) is one of the Sino-Tibetan languages spoken natively in the eastern part of Fujian Province (namely Fuzhou , Ningde and Matsu ). Not a Min Dong speaker? Please come here if you have any comments or questions. Bō̤-ciéng hō̤ ùng Guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì Guók-cié chiông-gì iâ hô̤ lā̤ să̤-iòng-gì , sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gì lôi iù-hié, diŏh gĭng-dáng guók-cié gà̤-dēng káh-dièu gì nè̤ng iā sâ̤. Guók-cié chiông-gì iù lâng ciáh nè̤ng giàng, siŏh ciáh nè̤ng niĕng băh gì cī, siŏh ciáh nè̤ng niĕng ŭ gì, gì-dṳ̆ng niĕng băh gì diŏh sĕng giàng. Muōi siŏh huŏng gì gì dâi-dŏng dŭ ô 1 lăk guók-uòng, 1 lăk uòng-hâiu, 2 lăk chiông (iâ hô̤ lā̤ gáu-sê̤ṳ), 2 tàu mā (iâ hô̤ lā̤ kiè-sê̤ṳ), 2 lăk gṳ̆ (iâ hô̤ lā̤ siàng-bō̤) gâe̤ng 8 lăk bĭng. Kó̤ páh guók-uòng hô̤ lā̤ ciŏng-gŭng, nâ sê guók-uòng ké̤ṳk nè̤ng ciŏng-gŭng ī-hâiu mò̤-dó̤i-cāu cêu hô̤ lā̤ sák-gì, ké̤ṳk nè̤ng sák-gì gì hī siŏh huŏng cêu suŏ lāu. Nâ sê hŭ-nè̤ng dŭ mò̤ bâing-huák ciŏng dó̤i-huŏng gì guók-uòng tài lâi, cêu hô̤ lā̤ huò-gì . Guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì-buàng sê siŏh cū 8*8 gì huŏng-gák, muōi siŏh ciáh gák-gák gà̤-dēng dŭ dù siông ŭ hĕ̤k-ciā báh gì ngàng-sáik , gâe̤ng găng-biáh gì gák-gák kṳ̆-biék kŭi lì. Guók-cié chiông-gì gì cū-cŭng sê Éng-dô gì Chaturanga . Chaturanga iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gì-lôi iù-hié, gâe̤ng gĭng-dáng guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì-buàng gâe̤ng gì-cī dŭ cêng-kó̤ chiông. Chaturanga chă-bók-dŏ̤ diŏh Sasanid Dá̤-guók guók-uòng Khosrau I câi-ôi gì sèng-âu diòng gáu Pŏ̤-sṳ̆ . Ciā guók-uòng dó̤i ùng-hŏk gâe̤ng diék-hŏk gāng-hĭng-ché̤ṳ, iù Éng-dô hŭ-uái dò̤ iā sâ̤ bō̤-gói gì cṳ̆ gáu Pŏ̤-sṳ̆. Éng-dô nè̤ng iâ ciŏng Chaturanga dái gáu ciā guók-uòng hŭ-uái, ĭ giéng-gáe̤k iā ô-mê, ciŏng ciā gì gāi-cô̤ siàng Shatranj dò̤ lì káh-dièu. >>Sié lŏ̤h tĕ̤k... gó sâ̤ – uâng siŏh piĕng Nṳ̄ â̤ báik mâ̤? 2022 nièng nièng-dā̤ Qatar gṳ̄-bâ̤ing guó sié-nóh kă-giù bī-suói ? Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆ găk 2022 nièng gâ̤eng Ukraine kăi-sṳ̄ páh sié-nóh ciéng-cĕng (dù) ? Diòng-siók ô siŏh-cṳ̄ng có̤ ôi-sĕng sāi gì nó̤h, huăng-giāng sìng-mā â̤ dò̤ kó̤ kià kă-bōng-giâ buŏi, găk Nĭk-buōng ĕng siŏh-báh-nièng bô kō̤-ī biéng-có̤ sìng-mìng. Cuòi sê sié-nó̤h ? Ĭng-guók gì sié-nó̤h sĭng-ùng ciŭ-bó̤ â̤ buŏng 8 bĭk bēng-buōng hióng cuòng-giù huák-hèng? Gó-dā̤ Hók-ciŭ-nè̤ng ô cê-gă gì chiū-sié biēu-sê só-cê. Ciŏng-ciŏng có̤ lī ? gó sâ̤ – gĕng-sĭng – còng-dáung Bō̤-ciéng hō̤ ùng Guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì Guók-cié chiông-gì iâ hô̤ lā̤ să̤-iòng-gì , sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gì lôi iù-hié, diŏh gĭng-dáng guók-cié gà̤-dēng káh-dièu gì nè̤ng iā sâ̤. Guók-cié chiông-gì iù lâng ciáh nè̤ng giàng, siŏh ciáh nè̤ng niĕng băh gì cī, siŏh ciáh nè̤ng niĕng ŭ gì, gì-dṳ̆ng niĕng băh gì diŏh sĕng giàng. Muōi siŏh huŏng gì gì dâi-dŏng dŭ ô 1 lăk guók-uòng, 1 lăk uòng-hâiu, 2 lăk chiông (iâ hô̤ lā̤ gáu-sê̤ṳ), 2 tàu mā (iâ hô̤ lā̤ kiè-sê̤ṳ), 2 lăk gṳ̆ (iâ hô̤ lā̤ siàng-bō̤) gâe̤ng 8 lăk bĭng. Kó̤ páh guók-uòng hô̤ lā̤ ciŏng-gŭng, nâ sê guók-uòng ké̤ṳk nè̤ng ciŏng-gŭng ī-hâiu mò̤-dó̤i-cāu cêu hô̤ lā̤ sák-gì, ké̤ṳk nè̤ng sák-gì gì hī siŏh huŏng cêu suŏ lāu. Nâ sê hŭ-nè̤ng dŭ mò̤ bâing-huák ciŏng dó̤i-huŏng gì guók-uòng tài lâi, cêu hô̤ lā̤ huò-gì . Guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì-buàng sê siŏh cū 8*8 gì huŏng-gák, muōi siŏh ciáh gák-gák gà̤-dēng dŭ dù siông ŭ hĕ̤k-ciā báh gì ngàng-sáik , gâe̤ng găng-biáh gì gák-gák kṳ̆-biék kŭi lì. Guók-cié chiông-gì gì cū-cŭng sê Éng-dô gì Chaturanga . Chaturanga iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gì-lôi iù-hié, gâe̤ng gĭng-dáng guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì-buàng gâe̤ng gì-cī dŭ cêng-kó̤ chiông. Chaturanga chă-bók-dŏ̤ diŏh Sasanid Dá̤-guók guók-uòng Khosrau I câi-ôi gì sèng-âu diòng gáu Pŏ̤-sṳ̆ . Ciā guók-uòng dó̤i ùng-hŏk gâe̤ng diék-hŏk gāng-hĭng-ché̤ṳ, iù Éng-dô hŭ-uái dò̤ iā sâ̤ bō̤-gói gì cṳ̆ gáu Pŏ̤-sṳ̆. Éng-dô nè̤ng iâ ciŏng Chaturanga dái gáu ciā guók-uòng hŭ-uái, ĭ giéng-gáe̤k iā ô-mê, ciŏng ciā gì gāi-cô̤ siàng Shatranj dò̤ lì káh-dièu. >>Sié lŏ̤h tĕ̤k... gó sâ̤ – uâng siŏh piĕng Bō̤-ciéng hō̤ ùng Guók-cié chiông-gì iâ hô̤ lā̤ să̤-iòng-gì , sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gì lôi iù-hié, diŏh gĭng-dáng guók-cié gà̤-dēng káh-dièu gì nè̤ng iā sâ̤. Guók-cié chiông-gì iù lâng ciáh nè̤ng giàng, siŏh ciáh nè̤ng niĕng băh gì cī, siŏh ciáh nè̤ng niĕng ŭ gì, gì-dṳ̆ng niĕng băh gì diŏh sĕng giàng. Muōi siŏh huŏng gì gì dâi-dŏng dŭ ô 1 lăk guók-uòng, 1 lăk uòng-hâiu, 2 lăk chiông (iâ hô̤ lā̤ gáu-sê̤ṳ), 2 tàu mā (iâ hô̤ lā̤ kiè-sê̤ṳ), 2 lăk gṳ̆ (iâ hô̤ lā̤ siàng-bō̤) gâe̤ng 8 lăk bĭng. Kó̤ páh guók-uòng hô̤ lā̤ ciŏng-gŭng, nâ sê guók-uòng ké̤ṳk nè̤ng ciŏng-gŭng ī-hâiu mò̤-dó̤i-cāu cêu hô̤ lā̤ sák-gì, ké̤ṳk nè̤ng sák-gì gì hī siŏh huŏng cêu suŏ lāu. Nâ sê hŭ-nè̤ng dŭ mò̤ bâing-huák ciŏng dó̤i-huŏng gì guók-uòng tài lâi, cêu hô̤ lā̤ huò-gì . Guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì-buàng sê siŏh cū 8*8 gì huŏng-gák, muōi siŏh ciáh gák-gák gà̤-dēng dŭ dù siông ŭ hĕ̤k-ciā báh gì ngàng-sáik , gâe̤ng găng-biáh gì gák-gák kṳ̆-biék kŭi lì. Guók-cié chiông-gì gì cū-cŭng sê Éng-dô gì Chaturanga . Chaturanga iâ sê siŏh cṳ̄ng gì-lôi iù-hié, gâe̤ng gĭng-dáng guók-cié chiông-gì gì gì-buàng gâe̤ng gì-cī dŭ cêng-kó̤ chiông. Chaturanga chă-bók-dŏ̤ diŏh Sasanid Dá̤-guók guók-uòng Khosrau I câi-ôi gì sèng-âu diòng gáu Pŏ̤-sṳ̆ . Ciā guók-uòng dó̤i ùng-hŏk gâe̤ng diék-hŏk gāng-hĭng-ché̤ṳ, iù Éng-dô hŭ-uái dò̤ iā sâ̤ bō̤-gói gì cṳ̆ gáu Pŏ̤-sṳ̆. Éng-dô nè̤ng iâ ciŏng Chaturanga dái gáu ciā guók-uòng hŭ-uái, ĭ giéng-gáe̤k iā ô-mê, ciŏng ciā gì gāi-cô̤ siàng Shatranj dò̤ lì káh-dièu. >>Sié lŏ̤h tĕ̤k... gó sâ̤ – uâng siŏh piĕng Nṳ̄ â̤ báik mâ̤? 2022 nièng nièng-dā̤ Qatar gṳ̄-bâ̤ing guó sié-nóh kă-giù bī-suói ? Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆ găk 2022 nièng gâ̤eng Ukraine kăi-sṳ̄ páh sié-nóh ciéng-cĕng (dù) ? Diòng-siók ô siŏh-cṳ̄ng có̤ ôi-sĕng sāi gì nó̤h, huăng-giāng sìng-mā â̤ dò̤ kó̤ kià kă-bōng-giâ buŏi, găk Nĭk-buōng ĕng siŏh-báh-nièng bô kō̤-ī biéng-có̤ sìng-mìng. Cuòi sê sié-nó̤h ? Ĭng-guók gì sié-nó̤h sĭng-ùng ciŭ-bó̤ â̤ buŏng 8 bĭk bēng-buōng hióng cuòng-giù huák-hèng? Gó-dā̤ Hók-ciŭ-nè̤ng ô cê-gă gì chiū-sié biēu-sê só-cê. Ciŏng-ciŏng có̤ lī ? gó sâ̤ – gĕng-sĭng – còng-dáung Nṳ̄ â̤ báik mâ̤? 2022 nièng nièng-dā̤ Qatar gṳ̄-bâ̤ing guó sié-nóh kă-giù bī-suói ? Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆ găk 2022 nièng gâ̤eng Ukraine kăi-sṳ̄ páh sié-nóh ciéng-cĕng (dù) ? Diòng-siók ô siŏh-cṳ̄ng có̤ ôi-sĕng sāi gì nó̤h, huăng-giāng sìng-mā â̤ dò̤ kó̤ kià kă-bōng-giâ buŏi, găk Nĭk-buōng ĕng siŏh-báh-nièng bô kō̤-ī biéng-có̤ sìng-mìng. Cuòi sê sié-nó̤h ? Ĭng-guók gì sié-nó̤h sĭng-ùng ciŭ-bó̤ â̤ buŏng 8 bĭk bēng-buōng hióng cuòng-giù huák-hèng? Gó-dā̤ Hók-ciŭ-nè̤ng ô cê-gă gì chiū-sié biēu-sê só-cê. Ciŏng-ciŏng có̤ lī ? gó sâ̤ – gĕng-sĭng – còng-dáung Cê-mō̤ sáuk-īng Nâ sê nṳ̄ mâ̤ báik wiki ngṳ̄-huák, có̤i hō̤ sĕng kó̤ să-buàng káh-dièu lâ. Cê-mō̤ sáuk-īng: A B C CH D E F G H I J K L M N NG O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Dĕk-sṳ̀ hiĕk: Sū-iū hiĕk-miêng Sū-iū lôi-biék Dŏng-nièng gĭng-dáng Gĭng-dáng sê 2026 nièng 01 nguŏk 10 hô̤, bái-lĕ̤k. ( sáuk-sĭng ) 1 nguŏk 10 hô̤ : Sèng 49 nièng : Julius Caesar dái-liāng buô-dôi chiŏng guó Rubicon Ò̤ , Lò̤-mā Nô̤i-ciéng báuk-huák. 9 nièng : Uòng Mōng chuâng-ôi, gióng-lĭk Sĭng-dièu , Să̤-háng miĕk-uòng. 1430 nièng : Bourgogne Gŭng-ciók Hō̤-nè̤ng Philippe (dù) sìng-lĭk Gĭng-iòng-mò̤ Kiè-sê̤ṳ-tuàng . 1870 nièng : John D. Rockefeller găk Mī-guók Ohio gì Cleveland sìng-lĭk siŏh-iù gŭng-sĭ Standard Oil . gò̤-lòng nguŏk – gó sâ̤ Cáuk-gă dù-piéng Mìng-gĕ̤ng sê Hók-gióng-sēng dék duâi gì ò̤ , huák-nguòng diŏh Hók-gióng gâe̤ng Gŏng-să̤ biĕng-gái gì Ū-ì-săng -măh, hióng dĕ̤ng-nàng làu diē Dĕ̤ng-hāi . Gáng-làu dòng 577 gŭng-lī, làu-mĭk miêng-cék 60,992 bìng-huŏng gŭng-lī, mū-liŏh iéng Hók-gióng ciòng sēng miêng-cék gì 50% ī-siông. Nàng-bìng cĭ gèng sê siông-iù, Nàng-bìng gáu Kŭ-chèng Cūi-kāu sê dṳ̆ng-iù, Cūi-kāu â-dā̤ sê hâ-iù. Mìng-gĕ̤ng ô cêng sâ̤ ciĕ-làu, cūi-liông hŭng-hó, bìng-gĭng làu-liông sê 1,980 lĭk-huŏng-mī/miēu, làu-mĭk miêng-cék găk Dṳ̆ng-guók ciō-iéu gĕ̤ng-ò̤ dâi-dŏng bà̤ dâ̤ 12 ôi, nièng bìng-gĭng làu-liông bà̤ ciòng-guók dâ̤ 7 ôi. Uòng-ò̤ gì làu-mĭk miêng-cék bī Mìng-gĕ̤ng duâi 11 buôi, bók-guó cūi-liông nâ sê ĭ gì 92%. gó sâ̤ – uâng siŏh ciáh Cê-mō̤ sáuk-īng Nâ sê nṳ̄ mâ̤ báik wiki ngṳ̄-huák, có̤i hō̤ sĕng kó̤ să-buàng káh-dièu lâ. Cê-mō̤ sáuk-īng: A B C CH D E F G H I J K L M N NG O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Dĕk-sṳ̀ hiĕk: Sū-iū hiĕk-miêng Sū-iū lôi-biék Cê-mō̤ sáuk-īng Nâ sê nṳ̄ mâ̤ báik wiki ngṳ̄-huák, có̤i hō̤ sĕng kó̤ să-buàng káh-dièu lâ. Nâ sê nṳ̄ mâ̤ báik wiki ngṳ̄-huák, có̤i hō̤ sĕng kó̤ să-buàng káh-dièu lâ. Cê-mō̤ sáuk-īng: A B C CH D E F G H I J K L M N NG O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Dĕk-sṳ̀ hiĕk: Sū-iū hiĕk-miêng Sū-iū lôi-biék Cê-mō̤ sáuk-īng: A B C CH D E F G H I J K L M N NG O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Dĕk-sṳ̀ hiĕk: Sū-iū hiĕk-miêng Sū-iū lôi-biék Dŏng-nièng gĭng-dáng Gĭng-dáng sê 2026 nièng 01 nguŏk 10 hô̤, bái-lĕ̤k. ( sáuk-sĭng ) 1 nguŏk 10 hô̤ : Sèng 49 nièng : Julius Caesar dái-liāng buô-dôi chiŏng guó Rubicon Ò̤ , Lò̤-mā Nô̤i-ciéng báuk-huák. 9 nièng : Uòng Mōng chuâng-ôi, gióng-lĭk Sĭng-dièu , Să̤-háng miĕk-uòng. 1430 nièng : Bourgogne Gŭng-ciók Hō̤-nè̤ng Philippe (dù) sìng-lĭk Gĭng-iòng-mò̤ Kiè-sê̤ṳ-tuàng . 1870 nièng : John D. Rockefeller găk Mī-guók Ohio gì Cleveland sìng-lĭk siŏh-iù gŭng-sĭ Standard Oil . gò̤-lòng nguŏk – gó sâ̤ Dŏng-nièng gĭng-dáng Gĭng-dáng sê 2026 nièng 01 nguŏk 10 hô̤, bái-lĕ̤k. ( sáuk-sĭng ) 1 nguŏk 10 hô̤ : Sèng 49 nièng : Julius Caesar dái-liāng buô-dôi chiŏng guó Rubicon Ò̤ , Lò̤-mā Nô̤i-ciéng báuk-huák. 9 nièng : Uòng Mōng chuâng-ôi, gióng-lĭk Sĭng-dièu , Să̤-háng miĕk-uòng. 1430 nièng : Bourgogne Gŭng-ciók Hō̤-nè̤ng Philippe (dù) sìng-lĭk Gĭng-iòng-mò̤ Kiè-sê̤ṳ-tuàng . 1870 nièng : John D. Rockefeller găk Mī-guók Ohio gì Cleveland sìng-lĭk siŏh-iù gŭng-sĭ Standard Oil . gò̤-lòng nguŏk – gó sâ̤ Cáuk-gă dù-piéng Mìng-gĕ̤ng sê Hók-gióng-sēng dék duâi gì ò̤ , huák-nguòng diŏh Hók-gióng gâe̤ng Gŏng-să̤ biĕng-gái gì Ū-ì-săng -măh, hióng dĕ̤ng-nàng làu diē Dĕ̤ng-hāi . Gáng-làu dòng 577 gŭng-lī, làu-mĭk miêng-cék 60,992 bìng-huŏng gŭng-lī, mū-liŏh iéng Hók-gióng ciòng sēng miêng-cék gì 50% ī-siông. Nàng-bìng cĭ gèng sê siông-iù, Nàng-bìng gáu Kŭ-chèng Cūi-kāu sê dṳ̆ng-iù, Cūi-kāu â-dā̤ sê hâ-iù. Mìng-gĕ̤ng ô cêng sâ̤ ciĕ-làu, cūi-liông hŭng-hó, bìng-gĭng làu-liông sê 1,980 lĭk-huŏng-mī/miēu, làu-mĭk miêng-cék găk Dṳ̆ng-guók ciō-iéu gĕ̤ng-ò̤ dâi-dŏng bà̤ dâ̤ 12 ôi, nièng bìng-gĭng làu-liông bà̤ ciòng-guók dâ̤ 7 ôi. Uòng-ò̤ gì làu-mĭk miêng-cék bī Mìng-gĕ̤ng duâi 11 buôi, bók-guó cūi-liông nâ sê ĭ gì 92%. gó sâ̤ – uâng siŏh ciáh Cáuk-gă dù-piéng Mìng-gĕ̤ng sê Hók-gióng-sēng dék duâi gì ò̤ , huák-nguòng diŏh Hók-gióng gâe̤ng Gŏng-să̤ biĕng-gái gì Ū-ì-săng -măh, hióng dĕ̤ng-nàng làu diē Dĕ̤ng-hāi . Gáng-làu dòng 577 gŭng-lī, làu-mĭk miêng-cék 60,992 bìng-huŏng gŭng-lī, mū-liŏh iéng Hók-gióng ciòng sēng miêng-cék gì 50% ī-siông. Nàng-bìng cĭ gèng sê siông-iù, Nàng-bìng gáu Kŭ-chèng Cūi-kāu sê dṳ̆ng-iù, Cūi-kāu â-dā̤ sê hâ-iù. Mìng-gĕ̤ng ô cêng sâ̤ ciĕ-làu, cūi-liông hŭng-hó, bìng-gĭng làu-liông sê 1,980 lĭk-huŏng-mī/miēu, làu-mĭk miêng-cék găk Dṳ̆ng-guók ciō-iéu gĕ̤ng-ò̤ dâi-dŏng bà̤ dâ̤ 12 ôi, nièng bìng-gĭng làu-liông bà̤ ciòng-guók dâ̤ 7 ôi. Uòng-ò̤ gì làu-mĭk miêng-cék bī Mìng-gĕ̤ng duâi 11 buôi, bók-guó cūi-liông nâ sê ĭ gì 92%. gó sâ̤ – uâng siŏh ciáh Siâ-huôi Céng-dê - Gáu-ṳ̆k - Gĭng-cá̤ - Huák-lŭk - Ìng-ŭk - Lĭk-sṳ̄ - Tā̤-ṳ̆k Ùng-huá Cŭng-gáu - Diék-hŏk - Hŭng-sṳ̆k - Ĭng-ngŏk - Īng-sĭk - Mī-sŭk - Ngṳ̄-ngiòng - Ùng-hŏk Kuŏ-hŏk Dê-cék - Dê-lī - Dông-ŭk - Huá-hŏk - Ké-chiông - Sĕng-lī - Sĕng-tái - Séng-sék - Sĭk-ŭk - Só-hŏk - Tiĕng-ùng - Ŭk-lī Sié-gái Ā-ciŭ - Báe̤k Mī-ciŭ - Dâi-iòng-ciŭ - Dṳ̆ng-guók - Ĕu-ciŭ - Hĭ-ciŭ - Nàng Mī-ciŭ Hók-gióng Hĭng-huá - Mìng-báe̤k - Mìng-dĕ̤ng - Mìng-nàng - Mìng-să̤ - Sĕk-ék Siâ-huôi Céng-dê - Gáu-ṳ̆k - Gĭng-cá̤ - Huák-lŭk - Ìng-ŭk - Lĭk-sṳ̄ - Tā̤-ṳ̆k Ùng-huá Cŭng-gáu - Diék-hŏk - Hŭng-sṳ̆k - Ĭng-ngŏk - Īng-sĭk - Mī-sŭk - Ngṳ̄-ngiòng - Ùng-hŏk Kuŏ-hŏk Dê-cék - Dê-lī - Dông-ŭk - Huá-hŏk - Ké-chiông - Sĕng-lī - Sĕng-tái - Séng-sék - Sĭk-ŭk - Só-hŏk - Tiĕng-ùng - Ŭk-lī Sié-gái Ā-ciŭ - Báe̤k Mī-ciŭ - Dâi-iòng-ciŭ - Dṳ̆ng-guók - Ĕu-ciŭ - Hĭ-ciŭ - Nàng Mī-ciŭ Hók-gióng Hĭng-huá - Mìng-báe̤k - Mìng-dĕ̤ng - Mìng-nàng - Mìng-să̤ - Sĕk-ék Ciā-muói gĕ̤ng-tiàng Wikicommons Cê̤ṳ-iù gì muòi-tā̤ cṳ̆-lâiu-kó Wiktionary Cê-diēng gâe̤ng sṳ̀-diēng Wikisource Cê̤ṳ-iù gì dù-cṳ̆-guāng Wikispecies Tiĕng-â ék-chiék ô sĕng-mêng gì nó̤h MediaWiki Wiki niōng-giông kăi-huák Meta-Wiki Hiĕk-dièu sū-iū Wiki gĕ̤ng-tiàng Wikibooks Cê̤ṳ-iù gì kuó-buōng Wikinews Cê̤ṳ-iù gì sĭng-ùng Ciā-muói gĕ̤ng-tiàng Ciā-muói gĕ̤ng-tiàng Ciā-muói gĕ̤ng-tiàng Wikicommons Cê̤ṳ-iù gì muòi-tā̤ cṳ̆-lâiu-kó Wiktionary Cê-diēng gâe̤ng sṳ̀-diēng Wikisource Cê̤ṳ-iù gì dù-cṳ̆-guāng Wikispecies Tiĕng-â ék-chiék ô sĕng-mêng gì nó̤h MediaWiki Wiki niōng-giông kăi-huák Meta-Wiki Hiĕk-dièu sū-iū Wiki gĕ̤ng-tiàng Wikicommons Cê̤ṳ-iù gì muòi-tā̤ cṳ̆-lâiu-kó Wiktionary Cê-diēng gâe̤ng sṳ̀-diēng Wikisource Cê̤ṳ-iù gì dù-cṳ̆-guāng Wikispecies Tiĕng-â ék-chiék ô sĕng-mêng gì nó̤h MediaWiki Wiki niōng-giông kăi-huák Meta-Wiki Hiĕk-dièu sū-iū Wiki gĕ̤ng-tiàng Wikibooks Cê̤ṳ-iù gì kuó-buōng Wikinews Cê̤ṳ-iù gì sĭng-ùng Hiăng-diê ngṳ̄-ngiòng Hiăng-diê ngṳ̄-ngiòng Hiăng-diê ngṳ̄-ngiòng English (Ĭng-ngṳ̄) Nederlands (Hò̤-làng-ngṳ̄) Deutsch (Dáik-ngṳ̄) Svenska (Sôi-diēng-ngṳ̄) Français (Huák-ngṳ̄) Italiano (É-dâi-lé-ngṳ̄) Русский (Ngò̤-lò̤-sṳ̆-ngṳ̄) Español (Să̤-băng-ngà-ngṳ̄) Português (Buò-dò̤-ngà-ngṳ̄) Polski (Pŏ̤-làng-ngṳ̄) العربية (Ā-lá-báik-ngṳ̄) Latin (Lá-dĭng-ngṳ̄) 中文 (Dṳ̆ng-ùng) 日本語 (Nĭk-buōng-ngṳ̄) 한국어 (Dièu-siēng-ngṳ̄) Tiếng Việt (Uŏk-nàng-ngṳ̄) Bahasa Melayu (Mā-lài-ngṳ̄) Bahasa Indonesia (Éng-nà̤-ngṳ̄) 文言 (Ùng-ngiòng) Bân-lâm-gú (Mìng-nàng-ngṳ̄) Hak-kâ-ngî (Káh-gă-ngṳ̄) 贛語 (Gáng-ngṳ̄) 粵語 (Uŏk-ngṳ̄) 吴语 (Ngù-ngṳ̄) ภาษาไทย (Thái-ngṳ̄) ( gó sâ̤... ) + العربية བོད་ཡིག Нохчийн Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Deutsch ཇོང་ཁ English Esperanto Español Suomi Français 贛語 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî עברית Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Қазақша ភាសាខ្មែរ 한국어 Кыргызча Latina ລາວ Монгол Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ नेपाली Nederlands Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Српски / srpski Svenska ไทย Tagalog Türkçe Татарча / tatarça ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tiếng Việt 吴语 Хальмг Vahcuengh 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 Ciā hiĕk-miêng sê diŏh 10:06, 2025 nièng 9 nguŏk 25 hô̤ (bái-sé) có̤i-hâiu siŭ-gāi gì. 頁面使用 Parsoid 呈現。 Buōng câng cuòng-buô ùng-cê găk «Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License» gì dèu-kuāng â-dā̤ tì-gṳ̆ng; hó-gă dèu-kuāng kō̤-nèng iâ sék-ê̤ṳng. 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Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Home News Sport Business Innovation Health Culture Arts Travel Earth Audio Video Live Documentaries Israel-Gaza War War in Ukraine US & Canada UK Africa Asia Australia Europe Latin America Middle East In Pictures BBC InDepth BBC Verify News News War in Ukraine Zelensky declares energy emergency as biting cold persists The move comes as US President Donald Trump said Ukraine is "less ready" than the Russian president to make a peace deal. 1 day ago Europe No power or water and -19C: Kyiv seeks relief from Russian strikes and cold Residents of Ukraine's capital talk about their difficulties keeping warm and enduring power outages, as Russian attacks deepen the energy crisis. 2 days ago Europe Zelensky says he does not have clear security pledge from allies The comments come after the UK and France said they would deploy troops to Ukraine if a peace deal with Russia is agreed. 7 Jan 2026 Europe Zelensky replaces Ukraine's powerful security service chief The Ukrainian president has come under heavy criticism for his reshuffling of one the country's most successful security agencies. 6 Jan 2026 Europe 'We were tricked': How one woman lures foreign men to fight on Russia's front line Recruits tell the BBC an ex-teacher who operates on Telegram misled them, saying they could avoid combat. 3 days ago Europe Last year was Ukraine's deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says Conflict-related violence killed at least 2,514 civilians last year, the UN's monitoring mission in Ukraine said. 3 days ago Europe Romance and parenthood feel remote in Ukraine: 'I haven't had a date since before the war' Tumbling marriage and birth rates are shaping the future of a country whose population was already falling. 6 days ago Europe Analysis The 'thorny' issues that threaten to derail a Russia-Ukraine peace deal Two of the main sticking points involve territory and the fate of Europe's biggest nuclear plant, which is currently occupied by Russia. Rich and voiceless: How Putin has kept Russia's billionaires on side in the war Western sanctions have failed to turn the uber-rich into opponents, and Putin's policies have turned them into silent backers. Trump and Zelensky appear more upbeat - but show little evidence that peace is near for Ukraine Although both leaders express optimism in Florida there is no indication of progress, writes the BBC's Vitaliy Shevchenko. Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia How Russia's gradual gains in the face of fierce Ukrainian opposition have affected the front line in recent months. EU agrees €90bn loan for Ukraine as Putin tells BBC the West is 'making Russia the enemy' European leaders reached the deal after failing to agree on using frozen Russian assets valued at €210bn. On the ground Inside Kyiv's 'invincibility train' for residents left without power The trains are designed to boost public morale and provide some comfort, as a bitter winter coincides with intensifying Russian attacks. Russia's losses in Ukraine rise faster than ever as US pushes for peace deal A steep rise in soldiers' obituaries is documented by the BBC as part of its work in counting Russian war losses. Border villagers abducted and taken to Russia, says Ukraine Ukraine has tried to evacuate areas of Sumy region near the Russian border, but many civilians have refused to leave. In this secret missile factory, Ukraine is ramping up its domestic arms industry The BBC goes to a secret Ukrainian factory, where they are manufacturing new long-range missiles. British paratrooper killed in Ukraine 'lived life of courage' Lance Corporal George Hooley is remembered by colleagues as a "born soldier" after the Ministry of Defence said the 28-year-old died in a "tragic accident". Latest updates 1 day ago Zelensky declares energy emergency as biting cold persists The move comes as US President Donald Trump said Ukraine is "less ready" than the Russian president to make a peace deal. 1 day ago 2 days ago Inside Kyiv's 'invincibility train' for residents left without power The trains are designed to boost public morale and provide some comfort, as a bitter winter coincides with intensifying Russian attacks. 2 days ago 2 days ago No power or water and -19C: Kyiv seeks relief from Russian strikes and cold Residents of Ukraine's capital talk about their difficulties keeping warm and enduring power outages, as Russian attacks deepen the energy crisis. 2 days ago 2 days ago Only Trump can stop Putin, Polish president tells BBC Europe should do everything it can to help the US president in his efforts to end the war in Ukraine, Karol Nawrocki said. 2 days ago 3 days ago Last year was Ukraine's deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says Conflict-related violence killed at least 2,514 civilians last year, the UN's monitoring mission in Ukraine said. 3 days ago 3 days ago 'We were tricked': How one woman lures foreign men to fight on Russia's front line Recruits tell the BBC an ex-teacher who operates on Telegram misled them, saying they could avoid combat. 3 days ago 6 days ago Romance and parenthood feel remote in Ukraine: 'I haven't had a date since before the war' Tumbling marriage and birth rates are shaping the future of a country whose population was already falling. 6 days ago 7 days ago Russia hits Ukraine with rarely used Oreshnik missile in fresh strikes It is only the second time Moscow has deployed the hypersonic ballistic missile, which was first used to hit Dnipro in November. 7 days ago 7 days ago Swinney would send Scots troops to Ukraine if peace agreed The first minister also warned that the post-war peace in western Europe could be under threat. 7 days ago ... News News War in Ukraine Zelensky declares energy emergency as biting cold persists The move comes as US President Donald Trump said Ukraine is "less ready" than the Russian president to make a peace deal. 1 day ago Europe No power or water and -19C: Kyiv seeks relief from Russian strikes and cold Residents of Ukraine's capital talk about their difficulties keeping warm and enduring power outages, as Russian attacks deepen the energy crisis. 2 days ago Europe Zelensky says he does not have clear security pledge from allies The comments come after the UK and France said they would deploy troops to Ukraine if a peace deal with Russia is agreed. 7 Jan 2026 Europe Zelensky replaces Ukraine's powerful security service chief The Ukrainian president has come under heavy criticism for his reshuffling of one the country's most successful security agencies. 6 Jan 2026 Europe 'We were tricked': How one woman lures foreign men to fight on Russia's front line Recruits tell the BBC an ex-teacher who operates on Telegram misled them, saying they could avoid combat. 3 days ago Europe Last year was Ukraine's deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says Conflict-related violence killed at least 2,514 civilians last year, the UN's monitoring mission in Ukraine said. 3 days ago Europe Romance and parenthood feel remote in Ukraine: 'I haven't had a date since before the war' Tumbling marriage and birth rates are shaping the future of a country whose population was already falling. 6 days ago Europe Zelensky declares energy emergency as biting cold persists The move comes as US President Donald Trump said Ukraine is "less ready" than the Russian president to make a peace deal. No power or water and -19C: Kyiv seeks relief from Russian strikes and cold Residents of Ukraine's capital talk about their difficulties keeping warm and enduring power outages, as Russian attacks deepen the energy crisis. Zelensky says he does not have clear security pledge from allies The comments come after the UK and France said they would deploy troops to Ukraine if a peace deal with Russia is agreed. Zelensky replaces Ukraine's powerful security service chief The Ukrainian president has come under heavy criticism for his reshuffling of one the country's most successful security agencies. 'We were tricked': How one woman lures foreign men to fight on Russia's front line Recruits tell the BBC an ex-teacher who operates on Telegram misled them, saying they could avoid combat. Last year was Ukraine's deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says Conflict-related violence killed at least 2,514 civilians last year, the UN's monitoring mission in Ukraine said. Romance and parenthood feel remote in Ukraine: 'I haven't had a date since before the war' Tumbling marriage and birth rates are shaping the future of a country whose population was already falling. Analysis The 'thorny' issues that threaten to derail a Russia-Ukraine peace deal Two of the main sticking points involve territory and the fate of Europe's biggest nuclear plant, which is currently occupied by Russia. Rich and voiceless: How Putin has kept Russia's billionaires on side in the war Western sanctions have failed to turn the uber-rich into opponents, and Putin's policies have turned them into silent backers. Trump and Zelensky appear more upbeat - but show little evidence that peace is near for Ukraine Although both leaders express optimism in Florida there is no indication of progress, writes the BBC's Vitaliy Shevchenko. Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia How Russia's gradual gains in the face of fierce Ukrainian opposition have affected the front line in recent months. EU agrees €90bn loan for Ukraine as Putin tells BBC the West is 'making Russia the enemy' European leaders reached the deal after failing to agree on using frozen Russian assets valued at €210bn. Analysis The 'thorny' issues that threaten to derail a Russia-Ukraine peace deal Two of the main sticking points involve territory and the fate of Europe's biggest nuclear plant, which is currently occupied by Russia. Rich and voiceless: How Putin has kept Russia's billionaires on side in the war Western sanctions have failed to turn the uber-rich into opponents, and Putin's policies have turned them into silent backers. Trump and Zelensky appear more upbeat - but show little evidence that peace is near for Ukraine Although both leaders express optimism in Florida there is no indication of progress, writes the BBC's Vitaliy Shevchenko. Ukraine in maps: Tracking the war with Russia How Russia's gradual gains in the face of fierce Ukrainian opposition have affected the front line in recent months. EU agrees €90bn loan for Ukraine as Putin tells BBC the West is 'making Russia the enemy' European leaders reached the deal after failing to agree on using frozen Russian assets valued at €210bn. On the ground Inside Kyiv's 'invincibility train' for residents left without power The trains are designed to boost public morale and provide some comfort, as a bitter winter coincides with intensifying Russian attacks. Russia's losses in Ukraine rise faster than ever as US pushes for peace deal A steep rise in soldiers' obituaries is documented by the BBC as part of its work in counting Russian war losses. Border villagers abducted and taken to Russia, says Ukraine Ukraine has tried to evacuate areas of Sumy region near the Russian border, but many civilians have refused to leave. In this secret missile factory, Ukraine is ramping up its domestic arms industry The BBC goes to a secret Ukrainian factory, where they are manufacturing new long-range missiles. British paratrooper killed in Ukraine 'lived life of courage' Lance Corporal George Hooley is remembered by colleagues as a "born soldier" after the Ministry of Defence said the 28-year-old died in a "tragic accident". On the ground Inside Kyiv's 'invincibility train' for residents left without power The trains are designed to boost public morale and provide some comfort, as a bitter winter coincides with intensifying Russian attacks. Russia's losses in Ukraine rise faster than ever as US pushes for peace deal A steep rise in soldiers' obituaries is documented by the BBC as part of its work in counting Russian war losses. Border villagers abducted and taken to Russia, says Ukraine Ukraine has tried to evacuate areas of Sumy region near the Russian border, but many civilians have refused to leave. In this secret missile factory, Ukraine is ramping up its domestic arms industry The BBC goes to a secret Ukrainian factory, where they are manufacturing new long-range missiles. British paratrooper killed in Ukraine 'lived life of courage' Lance Corporal George Hooley is remembered by colleagues as a "born soldier" after the Ministry of Defence said the 28-year-old died in a "tragic accident". Latest updates Zelensky declares energy emergency as biting cold persists The move comes as US President Donald Trump said Ukraine is "less ready" than the Russian president to make a peace deal. Inside Kyiv's 'invincibility train' for residents left without power The trains are designed to boost public morale and provide some comfort, as a bitter winter coincides with intensifying Russian attacks. No power or water and -19C: Kyiv seeks relief from Russian strikes and cold Residents of Ukraine's capital talk about their difficulties keeping warm and enduring power outages, as Russian attacks deepen the energy crisis. Only Trump can stop Putin, Polish president tells BBC Europe should do everything it can to help the US president in his efforts to end the war in Ukraine, Karol Nawrocki said. Last year was Ukraine's deadliest for civilians since 2022, UN says Conflict-related violence killed at least 2,514 civilians last year, the UN's monitoring mission in Ukraine said. 'We were tricked': How one woman lures foreign men to fight on Russia's front line Recruits tell the BBC an ex-teacher who operates on Telegram misled them, saying they could avoid combat. Romance and parenthood feel remote in Ukraine: 'I haven't had a date since before the war' Tumbling marriage and birth rates are shaping the future of a country whose population was already falling. Russia hits Ukraine with rarely used Oreshnik missile in fresh strikes It is only the second time Moscow has deployed the hypersonic ballistic missile, which was first used to hit Dnipro in November. Swinney would send Scots troops to Ukraine if peace agreed The first minister also warned that the post-war peace in western Europe could be under threat. 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Kpataki Kperegi Dukunta ezhi Worozhi Kperegi eye kama Banjinre Kperegi kayinzhi Twaria Kpe esobagi Gan dan Twaria Kpe esobagi Gan dan Enyanzhi Chaba 1 Nupe Wikipedia Tatacin feregi Kpataki Kperegi Eza zhi Gba Wuwu yewa Wu etan Gba Wuwu yewa Wu etan Gunye kicizhi'o? Ebanzhe bekanbazhi La nyan tabo Gunye Cincinnati koman fifeci Egan yekpe Kperegi Zhe Kperegi nana La tinya/wa tinya Fifecin nya egikagi-pagi QR Switch to legacy parser Create a book Ku ke PDF Daka dinwochi Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata yangagi Nupe Wikipedia Woga e wagan wo a gangan Nupe Wikipedia o, ka eyigi u kinbo woci o ka egan na woga e wagan wo a gan na. Kubetun i na wo e lo Nupe Wikipedia na 575 Shidugi nyan yina Eka Kano (Hausa: Jihar Kano جِهَرْ كَنُوَ; Fula: 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤳𞤢𞤲𞤮𞥅, romanized: Leydi Kano), kin Kano toh borozhi a gazhi yi ezhimi na zhi wun Kano na'o), un ma kezhe yi nini dan mini eka gbanwo be gutsawyin na yi de kin Nigeria na, un ma chi mini yilazhi nyan kin bo. Eba nyan zana zhi eh, ba ekundo nyan zawangi, zhi na'o mini eya kpautsun guba be gutsawyin (2006), a ga'n gan eka Kano wun tiye mini kin Nigeria . Fifingi den Sheikh Dahiru Usman Bauchi Ahmaoun ego eshibegutwanin, 29 Etswa gutswayin, 6 1927. Wunyi ma'an wunchiko Nigeria . Wungama keyi nusa yan Tijjaniya yan Nigeria . Wo'e de kpikpe? Argungu; ezhiko yi'o dan kin Kebbi'o, na ta eti edu nyan Sokoto na, ela nya (2007), Argungu de eza sunsun nan la mi pa kputsun eda gutwaba ce tu shita be guni (47,064). Ezhiko wuncin ga yi esadunfe nyan mulki nyan argungu'o, ezhiko wuncin ga yi kpankoro nyan enu eka baga'o, be nyagici ke kpokpo, Shinkafa, Kpayi, Alkama, ah be mayi. Ezhiko wuncin de zhizhi eya nyan ewon yikan gi, na ah be'a batu eya guwo be ni nan, ewon gi nyan argungu kezhe de jinjin be eya (2020), bagan tswafo guwo be ni nyan March da wan tswafo gwegi din nni. Banba nyangban wo'e Nupe, (ah kpe'u ye be Anufe, Nupenci, Nyinfe,Tapa), ezhimi eka Niger wun yi'o nyan gwata Nupe nan de tita misun Nupencizhi nyan tacin Nigeria nan. Edunfe nyan eza ezhimi ga yi Niger ah be kwara, Nasarawa toh Abuja (Federal Capital Territory). Lamitu yi ya zazhi zhi Wo'e de kpika wangi gan wo'e la nyan be Nupe Wikipedia, wun'a yi achin de kpikpe loye babo Gan dan Etun Wikimedia ndocizhi yi Wikipedia de kika gwata ezaloci nyan banba zhi’o gwata Wikimedia Foundation bo, dana nan jin nyan ele’a che kezhe lo etun Kaman zhi nan Commons Edunyefe esan efya MediaWiki Eyelo esofegi Wiki Meta-Wiki Tsutwashishi kunkun Wikimedia Wikibooks Dakagi efya be ebawuzhi Wikidata Edokpe kpikpe efya Wikinews Bantigi nya esan efya Wikiquote Gugo nya wungazhi Wikisource Kata bantigi efya Wikispecies Ebawugi nya gwalagizhi Wikiversity Tsukun kpikpewu efya a Wikivoyage Ebawu ezhilo efya a Wiktionary Eganyekpe be egankuba e Wikipedia ezhimi ndocizhi kin Africa'o Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Ɛʋɛ · Dagbani · Fulfude · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Hausa · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Luganda · Malagasy · مصرى · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · Taqbaylit · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yoruba . Kanuri Nupe Wikipedia Woga e wagan wo a gangan Nupe Wikipedia o, ka eyigi u kinbo woci o ka egan na woga e wagan wo a gan na. Kubetun i na wo e lo Nupe Wikipedia na 575 Shidugi nyan yina Eka Kano (Hausa: Jihar Kano جِهَرْ كَنُوَ; Fula: 𞤤𞤫𞤴𞤣𞤭 𞤳𞤢𞤲𞤮𞥅, romanized: Leydi Kano), kin Kano toh borozhi a gazhi yi ezhimi na zhi wun Kano na'o), un ma kezhe yi nini dan mini eka gbanwo be gutsawyin na yi de kin Nigeria na, un ma chi mini yilazhi nyan kin bo. Eba nyan zana zhi eh, ba ekundo nyan zawangi, zhi na'o mini eya kpautsun guba be gutsawyin (2006), a ga'n gan eka Kano wun tiye mini kin Nigeria . Fifingi den Sheikh Dahiru Usman Bauchi Ahmaoun ego eshibegutwanin, 29 Etswa gutswayin, 6 1927. Wunyi ma'an wunchiko Nigeria . Wungama keyi nusa yan Tijjaniya yan Nigeria . Wo'e de kpikpe? Argungu; ezhiko yi'o dan kin Kebbi'o, na ta eti edu nyan Sokoto na, ela nya (2007), Argungu de eza sunsun nan la mi pa kputsun eda gutwaba ce tu shita be guni (47,064). Ezhiko wuncin ga yi esadunfe nyan mulki nyan argungu'o, ezhiko wuncin ga yi kpankoro nyan enu eka baga'o, be nyagici ke kpokpo, Shinkafa, Kpayi, Alkama, ah be mayi. Ezhiko wuncin de zhizhi eya nyan ewon yikan gi, na ah be'a batu eya guwo be ni nan, ewon gi nyan argungu kezhe de jinjin be eya (2020), bagan tswafo guwo be ni nyan March da wan tswafo gwegi din nni. Banba nyangban wo'e Nupe, (ah kpe'u ye be Anufe, Nupenci, Nyinfe,Tapa), ezhimi eka Niger wun yi'o nyan gwata Nupe nan de tita misun Nupencizhi nyan tacin Nigeria nan. Edunfe nyan eza ezhimi ga yi Niger ah be kwara, Nasarawa toh Abuja (Federal Capital Territory). Lamitu yi ya zazhi zhi Wo'e de kpika wangi gan wo'e la nyan be Nupe Wikipedia, wun'a yi achin de kpikpe loye babo Gan dan Etun Wikimedia ndocizhi yi Wikipedia de kika gwata ezaloci nyan banba zhi’o gwata Wikimedia Foundation bo, dana nan jin nyan ele’a che kezhe lo etun Kaman zhi nan Commons Edunyefe esan efya MediaWiki Eyelo esofegi Wiki Meta-Wiki Tsutwashishi kunkun Wikimedia Wikibooks Dakagi efya be ebawuzhi Wikidata Edokpe kpikpe efya Wikinews Bantigi nya esan efya Wikiquote Gugo nya wungazhi Wikisource Kata bantigi efya Wikispecies Ebawugi nya gwalagizhi Wikiversity Tsukun kpikpewu efya a Wikivoyage Ebawu ezhilo efya a Wiktionary Eganyekpe be egankuba e Wikipedia ezhimi ndocizhi kin Africa'o Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Ɛʋɛ · Dagbani · Fulfude · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Hausa · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Luganda · Malagasy · مصرى · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · Taqbaylit · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yoruba . Kanuri Lamitu yi ya zazhi zhi Wo'e de kpika wangi gan wo'e la nyan be Nupe Wikipedia, wun'a yi achin de kpikpe loye babo Gan dan Etun Wikimedia ndocizhi yi Wikipedia de kika gwata ezaloci nyan banba zhi’o gwata Wikimedia Foundation bo, dana nan jin nyan ele’a che kezhe lo etun Kaman zhi nan Commons Edunyefe esan efya MediaWiki Eyelo esofegi Wiki Meta-Wiki Tsutwashishi kunkun Wikimedia Wikibooks Dakagi efya be ebawuzhi Wikidata Edokpe kpikpe efya Wikinews Bantigi nya esan efya Wikiquote Gugo nya wungazhi Wikisource Kata bantigi efya Wikispecies Ebawugi nya gwalagizhi Wikiversity Tsukun kpikpewu efya a Wikivoyage Ebawu ezhilo efya a Wiktionary Eganyekpe be egankuba e Wikipedia ezhimi ndocizhi kin Africa'o Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Ɛʋɛ · Dagbani · Fulfude · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Hausa · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Luganda · Malagasy · مصرى · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · Taqbaylit · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yoruba . Kanuri Wikipedia de kika gwata ezaloci nyan banba zhi’o gwata Wikimedia Foundation bo, dana nan jin nyan ele’a che kezhe lo etun Kaman zhi nan Commons Edunyefe esan efya MediaWiki Eyelo esofegi Wiki Meta-Wiki Tsutwashishi kunkun Wikimedia Wikibooks Dakagi efya be ebawuzhi Wikidata Edokpe kpikpe efya Wikinews Bantigi nya esan efya Wikiquote Gugo nya wungazhi Wikisource Kata bantigi efya Wikispecies Ebawugi nya gwalagizhi Wikiversity Tsukun kpikpewu efya a Wikivoyage Ebawu ezhilo efya a Wiktionary Eganyekpe be egankuba e Afrikaans · Akan · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · chiShona · chiTumbuka · Ɛʋɛ · Dagbani · Fulfude · Gĩkũyũ · هَوُسَ · isiXhosa · isiZulu · Hausa · Kinyarwanda · Kirundi · Kiswahili · Kongo · Lingala · Luganda · Malagasy · مصرى · Oromoo · Sängö · seSotho · Setswana · SiSwati · Soomaaliga · Taqbaylit · ትግርኛ · Tshivenda · Twi · Wolof · Xitsonga · Yoruba . Kanuri Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Awowa təlamma sammason təwandinma Kasida Kuyǝ Nakka kura Kimiya lan faidatǝ Architecture • Communication • Electronics • Engineering • Farming • Health • Industry • Medicine • Transport • Weather Am'a kǝra naptǝram jama bǝwa Anthropology • Archaeology • Geography • Education • History • Language • Philosophy • Psychology • Sociology • Teaching Kǝnǝnga sambiso yǝ, art and culture:kisandi'a ada,A Animation • Art • Book • Cooking • Custom • Culture • Dance • Family • Games • Gardening • Leisure • Movies and films • Music • Radio • Sports • Theater • Travel • Television kimiya asal yǝwa isawu wa Algebra • Astronomy • Biology • Chemistry • Computer science • Earth science • Ecology • Geometry • Mathematics • Physics • Statistics • Zoology Gumnati'a Shara'a Copyright • Defense • Economics • Government • Human rights • Laws • Military • Politics • Trade Adin'a imana'a Atheism • Bahá'í • Buddhism • Christianity • Esotericism • Hinduism • Islam • Jainism • Judaism • Mythology • Paganism • Sect • Sikhism • Taoism • Theology Cida'wa gadǝ lan Cida'wa gadǝ lan Meta-Wikipedia - Wikiquote - Wikibooks - WikiSource Wikipedia tǝlam'wa Africa yǝ gadǝ lan Afar · Afrikaans · አማርኛ · Bamanankan · Chi-Chewa · Ɛʋɛ · Fulfude · Luganda · هَوُسَ · Otsiherero · Ìgbo · Kongo · Kuanyama · Gĩkũyũ · Malagasy · Lingala · Kinyarwanda · Oromoo · Kirundi · Sängö · chiShona · Soomaaliga · Kiswahili · ትግርኛ · chiTumbuka · Twi · Oshiwambo · Wolof · Yorùbá · List all ( Tǝlam'wa gadǝ Wikipedia yǝ kuru manumin ma shiti adǝ rui. ) Central Kanuri Wikipedia Wushe kinshero Wikipedia tǝlam kanuri yǝn. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Industrialization 1.2 Conflict 1.3 Post World War 2 era 1.4 Russo-Ukrainian War 1.1 Industrialization 1.2 Conflict 1.3 Post World War 2 era 1.4 Russo-Ukrainian War 2 Geography 3 Demographics 4 Notable people 5 Twin towns – sister cities 6 Gallery 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 External links Huliaipole العربية تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Català Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ирон Italiano ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Nederlands 日本語 Нохчийн Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Qırımtatarca Română Русиньскый Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Volapük 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Huliaipole Гуляйполе City Museum of Local Lore .mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top} Coat of arms Etymology: "Walk-about field" Nickname: Makhnograd [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Interactive map of Huliaipole .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Huliaipole Huliaipole Show map of Zaporizhzhia Oblast Huliaipole Huliaipole (Ukraine) Show map of Ukraine Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 47°39′N 36°16′E / 47.650°N 36.267°E / 47.650; 36.267 Country Ukraine Oblast Zaporizhzhia Oblast Raion Polohy Raion Hromada Huliaipole urban hromada Established 1785 ; 241 years ago ( 1785 ) City status 1938 ; 88 years ago ( 1938 ) Government • Body Huliaipole City Council • Mayor Serhiy Oleksandrovych Yarmak Area • Total 23.1 km 2 (8.9 sq mi) Elevation 109 m (358 ft) Population (2024) [ 3 ] • Total 2,000 • Density 87/km 2 (220/sq mi) Postal code 70200 Area code +380 6145 Climate Dfa Website gpmrada .gov .ua [ dead link ] Huliaipole ( Ukrainian : Гуляйполе [ɦʊlʲɐjˈpɔle] ; lit. ' walk-about field ' ) is a small city in Polohy Raion , Zaporizhzhia Oblast , Ukraine . It is known as the birthplace of Ukrainian anarchist revolutionary Nestor Makhno . In January 2022, it had an estimated population of 12,786. [ 4 ] After the Russian invasion of Ukraine , Huliaipole was attacked , placing it on one of the lines of contact separating Ukrainian and Russian forces. Since late 2025, it was contested after a Russian offensive towards the city. By 28 December 2025, the Russian Ministry of Defense and other sources have reported complete control of its forces over Huliaipole . History Prior to the annexation of the Crimean Khanate by the Russian Empire , the area was mostly settled by the Zaporozhian Cossacks and the nomadic Lesser Nogai Horde . The settlement arose during the 1770s, [ 5 ] after the construction of the Dnieper defensive line [ ru ] on the former lands of the Zaporozhian Sich , as part of the Russian Empire 's policy to populate and develop the conquered Zaporozhian lands. When Catherine the Great dissolved the Sich, the local Cossacks either fled into exile or were brought into serfdom , with the residents of what is now Huliaipole falling under the yoke of the Shabelskiys . [ 6 ] In 1785, the board of the Yekaterinoslav Governorate ordered the Novomoskovsk Zemstvo Court to establish the Huliaipole state military settlement for protection from the Crimean Khanate. Archival data confirmed that the first settlers came to the newly formed settlement from the territory of Starodubsky District , and later Kyiv region , Chernihiv region , Poltava region and Sloboda Ukraine . The name "Huliaipole" ( lit. ' walk-about field ' ) reflected the nature of the area where it was founded, which had frequently played host to fairs for a long time before the settlement's foundation. The settlement was traditionally divided into centuries , administrative-territorial units formed along military lines. [ 1 ] Hundreds of people from Podolia , Pishchanka , Guryan , Verbiv , Bokhansky , Kherson and later Poland settled in this way. In 1794 the settlement had 150 yards. The inhabitants of the region were actively engaged in agriculture and animal husbandry . In 1797 the wooden Orthodox Church "Exaltation of the Honest and Life-Giving Christ" was built, and Huliaipole became the township center of Alexandrovsky Uyezd . Industrialization From the middle of the 19th to the beginning of the 20th century, the village of Huliaipole was transformed into a commercial and industrial town. In 1859, the first trades fair took place in Huliaipole. There were more than fifty trading companies with a total turnover of 1 million rubles . Next to them there were a large number of shops. The increased trade contributed to a large influx of population. In the post- reform period, industrial enterprises emerged one after another in Huliaipole. In 1882, Krieger's factory of agricultural machinery began operating. Ten years later, another such plant and steam mill was opened by the industrialist Kerner. Both factories produced harvesters , horse threshers , choppers , and so on. The landowner Schroeder also had a large steam mill. In the following years, distilleries , several oil mills , and warehouses were put into operation. There were 18 shops in the village, and about three dozen merchants traded. In 1898, the Chaplyne – Berdyansk railway was laid nearby, which had a positive effect on the economic development of the village. There were two agricultural machinery factories, four distilleries and one brewery in Huliaipole. There were three steam mills in Huliaipole and dozens more in the surrounding villages and economies that were part of Huliaipole parish. Besides them, there were a large number of peasant " windmills " around. In addition, there were two brick and tile factories in Huliaipole and twelve in villages and hamlets. Along with industrial enterprises, in the village there were a dozen small, semi-artisanal productions - a crew workshop, several potters, as well as oil mills, smithies, carpentry and other workshops. From 1884 until the First World War, Zemstvo exhibitions and auctions of agricultural and industrial products took place in Huliaipole every three years. Conflict After World War I , new socio-economic transformations took place in Huliaipole, caused by the change of state power and political regime. Between 1917 and 1921, reflective of the turbulence in the region brought about by the Russian Civil War (and concurrent Ukrainian War of Independence ), the town changed hands no fewer than sixteen times. During this period, Huliaipole was variously held by Austro-Hungarian forces, the Red Army , the Ukrainian People's Republic , the Hetmanate , Anton Denikin 's White Army and the Nestor Makhno 's Insurgent Army , among others. [ citation needed ] During the conflict, Huliaipole became widely known as the headquarters of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine and the capital of the Makhnovshchina . [ 7 ] During the industrialization of the 1930s , a rapid industrial development began to take place in Huliaipole, [ 5 ] resulting in it gaining city status in 1938. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Meanwhile, at least 108 residents of Huliaipole died during the Holodomor of 1932–1933. [ 10 ] On 5 October 1941, as a result of the German offensive , Soviet troops fled the city and it was occupied by the Wehrmacht . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] On 16 September 1943, it was liberated by the Soviet troops of the Southern Front during the Donbas strategic offensive . Post World War 2 era In 1952, a brick factory, a butter factory, a garment and footwear factory, a pedagogical school, a secondary school, four seven-year schools, six elementary schools, a cinema and a club functioned here. [ 5 ] In 1970, there was an agricultural machinery plant, a paint and varnish plant, an auto repair plant, a household goods plant, a cheese-making plant and a shoe factory. [ 8 ] By the time of the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine , the basis of the city's economy was an agricultural machinery plant, a paints and varnishes plant, a shoe factory and food industry enterprises. [ 5 ] In May 1995, the Government of Ukraine approved the decision on the privatization of the agricultural machinery plant, [ 13 ] the paints and varnishes plant, regional agricultural and chemistry plants. [ 14 ] In July 1995, a decision was approved on the privatization of the state farm . [ 15 ] On 17 December 2004, the economic court of the Zaporizhzhia Oblast filed a bankruptcy case against a privatized agricultural machinery plant. [ 16 ] On 17 July 2020, as a result of administrative-territorial reform and liquidation of Huliaipole Raion , the city became a part of Polohy Raion . [ 17 ] Russo-Ukrainian War Since 2022, Huliaipole has been severely affected by the Russo-Ukrainian war . [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Under constant bombardment by Russian forces , [ 20 ] many of Huliaipole's residents have been evacuated by the local administration, [ 21 ] while a number of residential buildings and civilian infrastructure has been damaged or destroyed. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] On 25 December 2025, Russian forces captured the headquarters of a Ukrainian Armed Forces battalion in the center of Huliaipole, as well as equipment and documentation. [ 25 ] On 27 December 2025, Russian forces claimed capture of the city. According to the Ukrainian side, this was false. The Institute for the Study of War found evidence that Russian troops controlled 55% of the town. [ 26 ] According to Euromaidan Press , the city had fallen into Russian hands. [ 27 ] Geography The town of Huliaipole is located in the Haichul river valley [ 5 ] [ 8 ] (the name of the reservoir is etymologized from the Turkic languages : gai "free" + chur "steppe" [ 28 ] ), upstream at a distance of 3.5 km is the village of Marfopil , downstream at a distance of 1.5 km is the village of Zelene . It is located 8 km from the railway station of the same name and 98 km from the regional center of Zaporizhzhia (via highways H08 and T 0814). In the north, Polohy Raion borders with Synelnykove Raion of the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast , in the east - with Donetsk . Demographics Ethnic and linguistic composition according to the 2001 Ukrainian census : percent Ukrainians 93.71% Russians 5.45% Belarusians 0.23% Armenians 0.15% Tatars 0.05% Languages percent Ukrainian 94.5% Russian 5.2% others 0.2% Year 1810 1859 1900 1913 1917 1926 1970 1989 2013 2021 2024 Population 1,852 2,521 10,000 [ 6 ] 16,150 25,000 [ 6 ] [ 7 ] 12,027 [ 7 ] 16,000 [ 8 ] 19,198 [ 31 ] [ 9 ] 14,358 [ 32 ] 13,070 ~2,000 Notable people Voldemar Antoni (1886–1974), Ukrainian anarchist intellectual, founder of the Union of Poor Peasants Vilen Kalyuta (1930–1999), Ukrainian cinematographer Semen Karetnyk (1893–1920), Ukrainian anarchist, commander of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine Nestor Makhno (1888–1934), Ukrainian anarchist, commander-in-chief of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine Oleksiy Marchenko (1880s–1921), Ukrainian anarchist, commander of the Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine Oleksandr Semenyuta (1883–1910), Ukrainian insurrectionary anarchist, leader of the Union of Poor Peasants Twin towns – sister cities Huliaipole is twinned with: Chernivtsi , Ukraine (2025) [ 33 ] Horishni Plavni , Ukraine (2025) [ 34 ] Ivano-Frankivsk , Ukraine (2025) [ 35 ] Gallery Former boys' gymnasium Old mill, originally owned by the German Krieger company [ 2 ] Local history museum References ^ a b Skirda 2004 , p. 2. ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Rudenko, Eugene; Sarakhman, Eldar (9 October 2020). "Воля або смерть. Чим живе Гуляйполе – батьківщина анархіста Нестора Махна" ["We are from Makhnograd." What do they think about Zelensky in Huliaipole and how do they treat the anarchist Nestor Makhno]. Ukrayinska Pravda (in Ukrainian). Huliaipole: East View Publications . OCLC 1066371688 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ "Як виглядає Гуляйполе у лютому 2024. ФОТОРЕПОРТАЖ" . 21 February 2024. ^ Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2022 [ Number of Present Population of Ukraine, as of January 1, 2022 ] (PDF) (in Ukrainian and English). Kyiv: State Statistics Service of Ukraine . Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2022. ^ a b c d e Гуляй Поле // Большая Советская Энциклопедия. / редколл., гл. ред. Б. А. Введенский. 2-е изд. том 13. М., Государственное научное издательство «Большая Советская энциклопедия», 1952. стр.194 ^ a b c Skirda 2004 , p. 17. ^ a b c Skirda 2004 , p. 358. ^ a b c d Гуляйполе // Большая Советская Энциклопедия. / под ред. А. М. Прохорова. 3-е изд. том 7. М., «Советская энциклопедия», 1972. ^ a b Гуляйполе // Большой энциклопедический словарь (в 2-х тт.). / редколл., гл. ред. А. М. Прохоров. том 1. М., "Советская энциклопедия", 1991. стр.349 ^ "Гуляйполе" . Геоінформаційна система місць «Голодомор 1932—1933 років в Україні» . Ukrainian Institute of National Memory . Archived from the original on 17 December 2021 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ Справочник «Освобождение городов: Справочник по освобождению городов в период Великой Отечественной войны 1941—1945». М. Л. Дударенко, Ю. Г. Перечнев, В. Т. Елисеев и др. М.: Воениздат, 1985. 598 с. ^ Исаев А. В. От Дубно до Ростова. — М.: АСТ; Транзиткнига, 2004. ^ « 235803 Гуляйпольський дослідно-експериментальний завод сільськогосподарських машин » Постанова Кабінету міністрів України № 343а від 15 травня 1995 р. «Перелік об'єктів, що підлягають обов’язковій приватизації у 1995 році» ^ Постанова Кабінету міністрів України № 343б від 15 травня 1995 р. «Перелік об'єктів, що підлягають обов’язковій приватизації у 1995 році» ^ « 03572808 Радгосп „Зарічний“, м. Гуляйполе » Постанова Кабінету міністрів України № 538 від 20 липня 1995 р. «Про доповнення переліку об'єктів, що підлягають обов’язковій приватизації у 1995 році» ^ Господарським судом в Запорізькій області 17.12.2004 року порушено провадження у справі № 19/222 (04) про банкрутство ВАТ "Гуляйпільський завод «Сільмаш» // газета « Голос України », № 25 (3525) від 10 лютого 2005 ^ "Про утворення та ліквідацію районів" . Resolutions (in Ukrainian). No. 807–IX. Verkhovna Rada . 17 July 2020 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ Gibbons-Neff, Thomas; Yermak, Natalia (30 March 2022). " 'Like Living in a Horror Movie': A Ukraine Town Dying a Slow Death" . New York Times . Retrieved 31 March 2022 . ^ Gerasimova, Tanya (15 March 2022). "Russian Military Experiencing Problems With Supply Of Ammunition To Firing Positions" . Ukrainian News Agency . Retrieved 15 March 2022 . ^ "Enemy attacks Huliaipole from artillery and aircraft" . Ukrinform . 6 May 2022 . Retrieved 20 May 2022 . ^ "Mayor of Huliaipole urges people to evacuate to safer places in Ukraine" . The New Voice of Ukraine . 11 May 2022 . Retrieved 20 May 2022 . ^ "Residential houses damaged and destroyed in Russia's shelling of Huliaipole" . Ukrinform . 15 May 2022 . Retrieved 20 May 2022 . ^ Vaniyan, Roman (16 May 2022). "Occupiers Destroy Road Between Polohy And Huliaipole" . Ukrainian News Agency . Retrieved 20 May 2022 . ^ "In Zaporizhzhya, the Russian invaders blew up the road between Huliaipole and Polohy" . Television Service of News . 16 May 2022 . Retrieved 20 May 2022 . ^ "Vostok fighters showed the captured Ukrainian Armed Forces headquarters in the center of Hulyaipole" . Vzglyad . 26 December 2025 . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ Sleiman, Nadia (29 December 2025). "Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, December 28, 2025" . Institute for the Study of War . Retrieved 29 December 2025 . ^ Axe, David (30 December 2025). "Outgunned territorials retreat. Now the path to Zaporizhzhia is open" . EuromaidanPress . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ "Гуляйполе — столиця степів" . Zaporizhzhia Regional Tourist Information Center (in Ukrainian). Zaporizhzhia Oblast . Archived from the original on 15 November 2009 . Retrieved 17 December 2021 . ^ "Національний склад міст" . ^ "Рідні мови в об'єднаних територіальних громадах України" . ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность городского населения союзных республик, их территориальных единиц, городских поселений и городских районов по полу ^ "Чисельність наявного населення України на 1 січня 2013 року. Державна служба статистики України. Київ, 2013. стор.63" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 October 2013 . Retrieved 5 August 2019 . ^ "Керівництво Чернівців та Гуляйполя підписали угоду про співпрацю між містами" . Гуляйполе.City (in Ukrainian) . Retrieved 25 July 2025 . ^ "Новини / Гуляйполе та Горішні Плавні налагоджують співпрацю завдяки проєкту «Пліч-о-пліч: згуртовані громади»" . Запорізька обласна державна адміністрація (in Ukrainian). 22 January 2025 . Retrieved 25 July 2025 . ^ Басалига, Маріана (2 March 2023). "Івано-Франківськ, Гуляйполе та селище Покровське підписали угоду про співпрацю" . Суспільне | Новини (in Ukrainian) . Retrieved 25 July 2025 . Bibliography Skirda, Alexandre (2004) [1982]. Nestor Makhno–Anarchy's Cossack: The Struggle for Free Soviets in the Ukraine 1917–1921 . Translated by Sharkey, Paul. Oakland : AK Press . ISBN 978-1-902593-68-5 . OCLC 60602979 . External links The murder of the Jews of Huliaipole during World War II , at Yad Vashem website. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Polohy Raion v t e Administrative center : Polohy Cities Huliaipole Orikhiv Molochansk Polohy Tokmak Huliaipole Orikhiv Molochansk Polohy Tokmak Coat of arms of Polohy Raion Rural settlements Kamianka Komysh-Zoria Rozivka Zaliznychne Kamianka Komysh-Zoria Rozivka Zaliznychne Villages Dorozhnianka Fedorivka Inzhenerne Kinski Rozdory Kopani Levadne Mala Tokmachka Malynivka Myrne Nesterianka Nove Zaporizhzhia Novodanylivka Novodarivka Novofedorivka Novopokrovka Novoprokopivka Ocheretuvate (Kamianka) Ocheretuvate (Tokmak) Pryiutne Robotyne Smyrnove Solodke Temyrivka Verbove Dorozhnianka Fedorivka Inzhenerne Kinski Rozdory Kopani Levadne Mala Tokmachka Malynivka Myrne Nesterianka Nove Zaporizhzhia Novodanylivka Novodarivka Novofedorivka Novopokrovka Novoprokopivka Ocheretuvate (Kamianka) Ocheretuvate (Tokmak) Pryiutne Robotyne Smyrnove Solodke Temyrivka Verbove Hromadas Fedorivka Huliaipole Kamianka Komysh-Zoria Mala Tokmachka Malynivka Molochansk Orikhiv Polohy Preobrazhenka Rozivka Smyrnove Tokmak Voskresenka Vozdvyzhivka Fedorivka Huliaipole Kamianka Komysh-Zoria Mala Tokmachka Malynivka Molochansk Orikhiv Polohy Preobrazhenka Rozivka Smyrnove Tokmak Voskresenka Vozdvyzhivka v t e Administrative divisions of Zaporizhzhia Oblast v t e Administrative center : Zaporizhzhia Raions Berdiansk Melitopol Polohy Vasylivka Zaporizhzhia Berdiansk Melitopol Polohy Vasylivka Zaporizhzhia Hromadas Andriivka Andrivka Berdiansk Berestove Bilenke Blahovishchenka Chernihivka Chkalove Dniprorudne Dolynske Enerhodar Fedorivka Huliaipole Kamianka Kamianka-Dniprovska Komysh-Zoria Komyshuvakha Kostiantynivka Kushuhum Kyrylivka Mala Bilozerka Mala Tokmachka Malynivka Matviivka Melitopol Molochansk Mykhailivka rural Mykhailivka settlement Mykhailo-Lukasheve Myrne Nove Novobohdanivka Novomykolaivka Novooleksandrivka Novouspenivka Novovasylivka Oleksandrivka Orikhiv Osypenko Pavlivske Petro-Mykhailivka Plodorodne Polohy Preobrazhenka Pryazovske Prymorsk Rozdol Rozivka Semenivka Shyroke Smyrnove Sofiivka Stepne Stepnohirsk Tavriiske Ternuvate Terpinnia Tokmak Vasylivka Velyka Bilozerka Vesele Vilniansk Vodiane Voskresenka Vozdvyzhivka Yakymivka Zaporizhzhia Andriivka Andrivka Berdiansk Berestove Bilenke Blahovishchenka Chernihivka Chkalove Dniprorudne Dolynske Enerhodar Fedorivka Huliaipole Kamianka Kamianka-Dniprovska Komysh-Zoria Komyshuvakha Kostiantynivka Kushuhum Kyrylivka Mala Bilozerka Mala Tokmachka Malynivka Matviivka Melitopol Molochansk Mykhailivka rural Mykhailivka settlement Mykhailo-Lukasheve Myrne Nove Novobohdanivka Novomykolaivka Novooleksandrivka Novouspenivka Novovasylivka Oleksandrivka Orikhiv Osypenko Pavlivske Petro-Mykhailivka Plodorodne Polohy Preobrazhenka Pryazovske Prymorsk Rozdol Rozivka Semenivka Shyroke Smyrnove Sofiivka Stepne Stepnohirsk Tavriiske Ternuvate Terpinnia Tokmak Vasylivka Velyka Bilozerka Vesele Vilniansk Vodiane Voskresenka Vozdvyzhivka Yakymivka Zaporizhzhia Cities Berdiansk Dniprorudne Enerhodar Huliaipole Kamianka-Dniprovska Melitopol Molochansk Orikhiv Polohy Prymorsk Tokmak Vasylivka Vilniansk Zaporizhzhia Berdiansk Dniprorudne Enerhodar Huliaipole Kamianka-Dniprovska Melitopol Molochansk Orikhiv Polohy Prymorsk Tokmak Vasylivka Vilniansk Zaporizhzhia v t e Hero Cities of Ukraine v t e Bashtanka Bucha Chernihiv Druzhkivka Hostomel Huliaipole Irpin Kharkiv Kherson Kostiantynivka Kramatorsk Kupiansk Marhanets Mariupol Mykolaiv Nikopol Okhtyrka Orikhiv Pavlohrad Pokrovsk Sloviansk Starokostiantyniv Sumy Trostianets Volnovakha Voznesensk Bashtanka Bucha Chernihiv Druzhkivka Hostomel Huliaipole Irpin Kharkiv Kherson Kostiantynivka Kramatorsk Kupiansk Marhanets Mariupol Mykolaiv Nikopol Okhtyrka Orikhiv Pavlohrad Pokrovsk Sloviansk Starokostiantyniv Sumy Trostianets Volnovakha Voznesensk Authority control databases National United States Israel United States Israel Other Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine 47°39′N 36°16′E / 47.650°N 36.267°E / 47.650; 36.267 Cities in Zaporizhzhia Oblast Alexandrovsky Uyezd (Yekaterinoslav Governorate) Makhnovshchina Cities of district significance in Ukraine Populated places established in the Russian Empire Populated places established in the 1770s Holocaust locations in Ukraine 1785 establishments in the Russian Empire 1938 establishments in the Soviet Union Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments CS1 Ukrainian-language sources (uk) CS1 uses Ukrainian-language script (uk) Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2023 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2022 Articles containing Ukrainian-language text Pages with 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January Toggle January subsection 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 2 References 3 External links Deaths in 2026 العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano کٲشُر Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The following notable deaths occurred in 2026. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. January 17 16 Olena Grechanina , 90, Ukrainian scientist. [ 1 ] Ratbek hadji Nysanbayev , 85, Kazakh religious figure, supreme mufti of Kazakhstan (1990–2000). [ 2 ] (death announced on this date) 15 Abdullahi Abubakar , 90, Nigerian Islamic cleric and humanitarian. [ 3 ] Ante Grgurević , 50, Croatian basketball player ( Split , Lugano Tigers ) and coach (Split). [ 4 ] Rafael Gvaladze , 78, Azerbaijani jurist, judge of the Constitutional Court (1998–2025). [ 5 ] Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark , 83, Greek-Spanish royal. [ 6 ] Kim Sin-yong , 80, South Korean writer. [ 7 ] Mutumwa Mawere , 66, Zimbabwean-South African mining industry executive. [ 8 ] Kenny Morris , 68, English drummer ( Siouxsie and the Banshees ). [ 9 ] (death announced on this date) Edgar Salvé , 79, Belgian Olympic middle-distance runner ( 1968 , 1972 ). [ 10 ] Ajay Varma , 62, Indian cricketer ( Bengal ). [ 11 ] Gagik Yeganyan , 69, Armenian politician. [ 12 ] 14 Layonel Adams , 31, Russian footballer ( Banants , Cerceda , Isloch Minsk Raion ), fall. [ 13 ] Dmitri Akimov , 45, Russian footballer ( Metallurg Lipetsk , Sibir Novosibirsk , Rostov ). [ 14 ] Aroha Awarau , 49, New Zealand playwright and journalist. [ 15 ] Namirembe Bitamazire , 84, Ugandan academic and politician, MP (2001–2011). [ 16 ] Alfonso Castellanos , 91, Colombian radio broadcaster and journalist. [ 17 ] Jean-Hugues Colonna , 91, French politician, deputy (1981–1988). [ 18 ] (death announced on this date) Valeria Fedeli , 76, Italian politician, minister of education (2016–2018) and senator (2013–2022). [ 19 ] Oleksandr Kabanov , 52, Ukrainian politician, deputy (since 2019). [ 20 ] Kim Min-jae , 53, South Korean baseball player ( Lotte Giants , Hanwha Eagles ) and coach ( Doosan Bears ), cancer. [ 21 ] Rick Link , 66, American professional wrestler, trainer and promoter. [ 22 ] Nie Weiping , 73, Chinese Go player. [ 23 ] Melania Pérez [ es ] , 76, Argentine singer. [ 24 ] Ricard Pérez Casado , 80, Spanish politician, mayor of Valencia (1979–1988) and deputy (2000–2004). [ 25 ] Seppo Reijonen , 81, Finnish Olympic ski jumper ( 1968 ). [ 26 ] Jean Rossier , 81, Belgian biologist and academic. [ 27 ] (death announced on this date) Ernestine Russell , 87, Canadian Olympic gymnast ( 1956 , 1960 ). [ 28 ] Ado Schlier , 90, German radio personality ( Radio Salzburg , Bayerischer Rundfunk ). [ 29 ] Vera Valdez , 89, Brazilian model. [ 30 ] Quemil Yambay , 87, Paraguayan musician and composer. [ 31 ] Igor Zolotovitskiy , 64, Russian actor ( Taxi Blues , Luna Park , Composition for Victory Day ), academic and television director, cancer. [ 32 ] 13 Scott Adams , 68, American cartoonist ( Dilbert ), prostate cancer. [ 33 ] Iqbal Athas , 81, Sri Lankan journalist ( The Sunday Times , Jane's Defence Weekly ). [ 34 ] Lina Bernardi [ it ] , 87, Italian actress ( The Story of Piera , The Last Kiss , The Embalmer ). [ 35 ] Alfred Blumstein , 95, American scientist. [ 36 ] Mark Brnovich , 59, American politician and attorney, Arizona attorney general (2015–2023), heart attack. [ 37 ] Paola Cardia [ it ] , 73, Italian footballer ( national team ). [ 38 ] David Collier , 70, English sports administrator, chief executive of the England and Wales Cricket Board (2004–2014). [ 39 ] Claudette Colvin , 86, American civil rights activist ( Browder v. Gayle ). [ 40 ] Indira Devi Dhanrajgir , 95, Indian poet and socialite. [ 41 ] Catherine Duprat , 89, French historian. [ 42 ] Barbara Eustachiewicz , 87, Polish Olympic gymnast ( 1960 , 1964 ). [ 43 ] Jesse Flis , 92, Canadian politician, MP (1979–1984, 1988–1997). [ 44 ] Bir Bhadra Hagjer , 75, Indian politician, Assam MLA (2016–2021). [ 45 ] Ali Hassan , 61, Mozambican footballer ( Sporting , Vitória de Setúbal , national team ), cancer. [ 46 ] Hun Yuan , 81, Taiwanese religious leader, founder of Weixinism . [ 47 ] Heiki Kranich , 64, Estonian politician, twice MP , minister of finance (1994) and environment (1999–2003). [ 48 ] Jason Lafreniere , 59, Canadian ice hockey player ( Quebec Nordiques , Tampa Bay Lightning , New York Rangers ). [ 49 ] (death announced on this date) Blanche Marvin , 100, American-born British theatre critic, producer and writer. [ 50 ] Doug McConnell , 80, American television journalist. [ 51 ] Bruce McLeod , 96, Canadian clergyman, moderator of the United Church of Canada (1972–1974). [ 52 ] Rolando Nannicini , 79, Italian politician, deputy (2001–2013). [ 53 ] Seán Ó Sé , 89, Irish tenor singer. [ 54 ] Ivan Onufriyev , 58, Russian footballer ( Geolog Tyumen , MTsOP-Metallurg Verkhnyaya Pyshma , Dynamo Stavropol ). [ 55 ] Annemarie Prins , 93, Dutch actress ( Accused , Memory Lane ), director and writer. [ 56 ] Renzo Ragonesi [ it ] , 82, Italian footballer ( Venezia , Reggiana , Modena ). [ 57 ] Jean-Loup Trassard , 92, French photographer. [ 58 ] (death announced on this date) Rudolf Urc [ sk ] , 88, Slovak director of documentary and animated films and academic. [ 59 ] George Vassiliou , 94, Cypriot politician, president (1988–1993) and MP (1996–2001), respiratory infection. [ 60 ] David Webb , 60, British-born Hong Kong activist investor, prostate cancer. [ 61 ] Hans Wiktorsson [ sv ] , 75, Swedish actor ( The Painter , Kurt Olssons julkalender ), complications from a brain injury. [ 62 ] Brian Wilshire , 81, Australian radio broadcaster ( 2GB ). [ 63 ] Razmik Zohrabyan , 75, Armenian politician, MP (2007–2017). [ 64 ] 12 Oba C. D. Akran , 89, Nigerian politician and traditional ruler. [ 65 ] Mahmoud Al-Astal , Palestinian police chief, shot. [ 66 ] Sheila Bernette , 94, English singer ( The Good Old Days , The Black and White Minstrel Show ) and actress ( The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ). [ 67 ] Paul Clauson , 76, Australian politician, Queensland MP (1985–1989), attorney-general (1986–1989). [ 68 ] Rolland Courbis , 72, French football player ( Monaco ) and manager ( Bordeaux , Marseille ). [ 69 ] Bill Courtney , 55, American college basketball coach ( Cornell Big Red , Miami Hurricanes , Temple Owls ). [ 70 ] Mochammad Djamhari , 82, Indonesian military officer and politician, Regent of Bekasi Regency (1993–1998). [ 71 ] John Forté , 50, American rapper ( Refugee Camp All-Stars ) and producer ( The Score ). [ 72 ] Rick Garcia , 69, American LGBTQ activist. [ 73 ] Mohammad Ilyas , 79, Pakistani cricketer ( Lahore , Pakistan International Airlines , national team ), cancer. [ 74 ] Asda Jayanama , 84, Thai diplomat. [ 75 ] Robert Jensen , 52, Dutch television personality ( Jensen! ), cardiac arrest. [ 76 ] Jayashree Kabir , 73, Indian actress ( Pratidwandi , Simana Periye , Rupali Saikate ). [ 77 ] Robert V. Kohn , 72, American mathematician, cancer. [ 78 ] Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin , 26, British guitarist ( Black Midi ). [ 79 ] (death announced on this date) Jan Mårtenson , 92, Swedish author and diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (1993–1995). [ 80 ] Eddie McCreadie , 85, Scottish football player ( Chelsea , national team ) and manager (Chelsea). [ 81 ] Luigi Nicolais , 83, Italian engineer and politician, minister for public administration (2006–2008), deputy (2008–2012), and president of the National Research Council (2012–2016). [ 82 ] Alain Orsoni , 71, French politician, Corsican independence militant ( FLNC ) and football executive ( AC Ajaccio ), shot. [ 83 ] Mario Rigutti , 99, Italian astronomer. [ 84 ] Roland Riz , 98, Italian politician, deputy (1958–1963, 1968–1987), senator (1987–1996). [ 85 ] Catherine Samie , 92, French actress ( Lovers of Paris , The Old Maid , They Came Back ). [ 86 ] Michel Tombereau , 80, French painter, complications from influenza. [ 87 ] Karen Vold , 86, American Hall of Fame trick rider. [ 88 ] Martin Willich , 80, German politician, member of the Hamburg Parliament (1974–1995). [ 89 ] Isaac Witz , 91, Austrian-born Israeli immunologist. [ 90 ] Benjaminas Zelkevičius , 81, Lithuanian football player ( Žalgiris Vilnius , Shakhtar Donetsk ) and manager ( national team ). [ 91 ] 11 Pavel Akishev , 42, Russian baseball player ( national team ). [ 92 ] (death announced on this date) Gabriel Barkay , 81, Israeli archaeologist. [ 93 ] Alberto Benzoni , 90, Italian journalist and politician. [ 94 ] Louis E. Brus , 82, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (2023). [ 95 ] Thomas Causey , 76, American sound engineer ( Dick Tracy , Star Trek Generations , Escape from New York ). [ 96 ] Giancarlo Cauteruccio , 69, Italian theatre actor and director. [ 97 ] Richard Codey , 79, American politician, governor of New Jersey (2004–2006), member of the New Jersey Senate (1982–2024). [ 98 ] Marcus Gilbert , 67, British actor ( Army of Darkness , The Masks of Death , Rambo III ), throat cancer. [ 99 ] Dave Giusti , 86, American baseball player ( Houston Astros , Pittsburgh Pirates ), World Series champion ( 1971 ). [ 100 ] Robert Hopkins , 64, English footballer ( Birmingham City , West Bromwich Albion , Shrewsbury Town ). [ 101 ] Bennie Carlton Keel , 91, American archaeologist. [ 102 ] Ueli Kestenholz , 50, Swiss snowboarder, Olympic bronze medallist ( 1998 ), avalanche. [ 103 ] Mukharby Kirzhinov , 77, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion ( 1972 ). [ 104 ] Kōtarō Kodama , 91, Japanese politician, mayor of Akitakata (1980–2008). [ 105 ] Nelson Manrique , 78, Peruvian historian and sociologist. [ 106 ] Titina Medeiros , 48, Brazilian actress ( Cheias de Charme , A Lei do Amor , Now Generation ), pancreatic cancer. [ 107 ] Ahmad Melli , 76–77, Syrian actor. [ 108 ] Miquel Naudí , 77, Andorran politician, member of the General Council (1981–1983). [ 109 ] Takashi Ono , 97, Japanese-born American mathematician. [ 110 ] Park Soon-yong , 81, South Korean lawyer, prosecutor general (1999–2001). [ 111 ] Miroslava Pešíková , 79, Czech dancer and ballet master. [ 112 ] Clarence Pierce , 97, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1952–1984). [ 113 ] Eugen Pojoni , 84, Romanian footballer ( Viitorul București , Crișul Oradea , UTA Arad ). [ 114 ] Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell , Samoan politician, MLA (2021–2025). [ 115 ] Samir Putatundu , 73, Indian politician. [ 116 ] Nasser bin Radan Al Rashid Al Wadaei , Saudi longevity claimant. [ 117 ] Grete Salomonsen , 74, Norwegian film director ( Kamilla and the Thief , Yohan: The Child Wanderer ). [ 118 ] Robert G. Shulman , 101, American biophysicist. [ 119 ] Aniceto Sobrepeña , 77, Filipino banker and public servant. [ 120 ] Prashant Tamang , 43, Indian singer ( Indian Idol ) and actor ( Paatal Lok ), cardiac arrest. [ 121 ] Sergio Tarquinio , 100, Italian painter. [ 122 ] Trevor A. Toussaint , 65, British actor ( Hollyoaks ). [ 123 ] John Wallace , 76, Scottish trumpeter, composer and arts educator. [ 124 ] Herman Wouters , 85, Belgian politician, mayor of Grobbendonk (1989–1997). [ 125 ] 10 Sturla Böðvarsson , 80, Icelandic politician, minister of communications and transportation (1999–2007), president of the Althing (2007–2009). [ 126 ] Manoel Carlos , 92, Brazilian television writer ( Por Amor , Laços de Família , Mulheres Apaixonadas ). [ 127 ] Daniel Colson , 82, French sociologist and academic. [ 128 ] Yolande Viviane Compaoré , Burkinabe politician, governor of Nord Region . [ 129 ] Erich von Däniken , 90, Swiss author and ufologist ( Chariots of the Gods? ). [ 130 ] Distorted Humor , 32, American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, euthanized. [ 131 ] Sergey Galkov , 60, Russian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 1988 ). [ 132 ] Richard Hynes , 81, British biologist. [ 133 ] (death announced on this date) Jim Hartung , 65, American gymnast, Olympic champion ( 1984 ), and coach. [ 134 ] Mario Jacquet [ es ] , 79, Paraguayan footballer ( Cerro Porteño , Real Oviedo , Real Valladolid ). [ 135 ] Włodzimierz Jakubowski , 86, Polish football player ( Lech Poznań ) and manager ( Mieszko Gniezno , Bałtyk Gdynia ). [ 136 ] Kathy Javner , 52, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (since 2018), breast cancer. [ 137 ] Yeison Jiménez , 34, Colombian singer, plane crash . [ 138 ] Václav Klučka , 72, Czech politician, deputy (1992–1996, 2006–2017). [ 139 ] Robert Kostelka , 92, American politician, member of the Louisiana State Senate (2003–2016). [ 140 ] Derek Martin , 92, British actor ( Law & Order , Eldorado , EastEnders ). [ 141 ] Marco Proaño Maya , 80, Ecuadorian politician, three-time deputy . [ 142 ] Davinder Singh , 73, Indian field hockey player, Olympic champion ( 1980 ). [ 143 ] Ivan Štampach , 79, Czech religionist and theologian. [ 144 ] Thierry Steimetz , 42, French footballer ( Amnéville , Metz , Homburg ), cancer. [ 145 ] Orazio Svelto , 89, Italian physicist. [ 146 ] Isabel Veloso , 19, Brazilian social media influencer, complications from bone marrow transplant. [ 147 ] Manolo Villaverde , 91, Cuban-American actor ( ¿Qué Pasa, USA? , Taina , Wiseguy ). [ 148 ] Prawase Wasi , 93, Thai hematologist. [ 149 ] Bob Weir , 78, American Hall of Fame musician ( Grateful Dead ) and songwriter (" Sugar Magnolia ", " One More Saturday Night "), complications from cancer. [ 150 ] Robert Wolgemuth , 77, American author, chairman of the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association . [ 151 ] 9 Ai , 49, Japanese Western chimpanzee , subject of cognition studies, multiple organ failure. [ 152 ] Zeno Bianu , 75, French writer. [ 153 ] Andrés Caniulef , 48, Chilean journalist, heart attack. [ 154 ] T. K. Carter , 69, American actor ( The Thing , Punky Brewster , Runaway Train ). [ 155 ] Robert Croft , 91, American freediver. [ 156 ] Jean-Louis Duplat , 88, Belgian magistrate. [ 157 ] Beatriz González , 93, Colombian painter, sculptor and art historian. [ 158 ] Ulf Granberg , 80, Swedish comics creator and editor ( The Phantom ). [ 159 ] Jitka Gruntová , 80, Czech politician, deputy (2002–2006). [ 160 ] Hans Herrmann , 97, German racing driver ( Formula One ). [ 161 ] Sandra Hester , 68, American socio-political activist. [ 162 ] Pirkko Ikonen , 98, Finnish politician, MP (1983–1991). [ 163 ] Heber Jentzsch , 90, American Scientology executive ( Church of Scientology International ), actor and journalist ( Los Angeles Free Press ). [ 164 ] (death announced on this date) Manfred Kuhmichel , 82, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (1990–2012). [ 165 ] Lê Văn Dũng , 80, Vietnamese military officer and politician, chief of the general staff (1998–2001). [ 166 ] Khawlhring Lalremruata , 38, Indian cricketer ( Mizoram ), heart attack. [ 167 ] Diane Munday , 94, British political activist, co-founder of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service . [ 168 ] Valery Noskov [ ru ] , 59, Russian biathlete. [ 169 ] Tina Packer , 87, British actress ( David Copperfield , Doctor Who ) and stage director, co-founder of Shakespeare & Company . [ 170 ] Zelico Petrovic [ it ] , 77, Yugoslav-born Italian footballer ( Taranto , Rimini , Catania ). [ 171 ] Larry Snook , 84, American politician. [ 172 ] Terry Sullivan , 87, British drummer ( Renaissance ). [ 173 ] Josep Maria Triginer , 82, Spanish politician. [ 174 ] Eleni Varikas , 76, Greek-born French political philosopher and academic, lung cancer. [ 175 ] Yao Chiang-lin [ zh ] , 75, Taiwanese politician. [ 176 ] Vincenzo Zarri , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Bologna (1976–1988) and bishop of Forlì-Bertinoro (1988–2005). [ 177 ] 8 Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki , 96, British occult writer. [ 178 ] Musa Gibril Bala Gaye , 79, Gambian economist and politician, minister of finance (2003–2009) and foreign affairs (2005). [ 179 ] Murat Bisembin , 53, Kazakh actor, cancer. [ 180 ] Loraine Braham , 87, Australian politician, member (1994–2008) and speaker (1997–1999, 2001–2005) of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly . [ 181 ] Günther Brendel , 95, German painter, graphic artist and academic. [ 182 ] Heloísa de Carvalho , 56, Brazilian writer and political activist. [ 183 ] Václav Cigler , 96, Czech sculptor and visual artist. [ 184 ] Conrado Corsalette , 47, Brazilian journalist. [ 185 ] Mieczysław Czerniawski , 77, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991, 1993–2005). [ 186 ] Nelly Chatué Diop , 41, Cameroonian computer scientist. [ 187 ] Jean-Luc Domenach , 80, French historian, sinologist and political scientist. [ 188 ] Jim Furlong , 85, Canadian football player ( Calgary Stampeders ). [ 189 ] Sergio Goizauskas , 69, Argentine-born French cartoonist. [ 190 ] Vijay Singh Gond , 68, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1980–2007, since 2024), kidney failure. [ 191 ] Dave Hitchcock , 76, English record producer ( In the Land of Grey and Pink , Foxtrot , The Snow Goose ) and accountant. [ 192 ] Jian Shuisheng [ zh ] , 96, Chinese academic. [ 193 ] Philippe Junot , 85, French venture capitalist and property developer. [ 194 ] Madalitso Kazombo , 46, Malawian politician, first deputy speaker of the National Assembly (2019–2025), asthma attack. [ 195 ] Dieudonné Larose , 80, Haitian singer. [ 196 ] Rhoda Levine , 93, American opera director and choreographer. [ 197 ] (death announced on this date) Elisa Lisboa [ pt ] , 81, Portuguese actress ( Sabor da Paixão , Morangos com Açúcar , A Impostora ). [ 198 ] Evgeny Lyubivyi , 51, Russian politician. [ 199 ] Antonino Mangano [ it ] , 75, Italian marathon and middle-distance runner. [ 200 ] Guy Moon , 63, American composer ( The Fairly OddParents , Big Time Rush , Danny Phantom ), traffic collision. [ 201 ] Jafar Nainggolan , 79, Indonesian politician, MP (2009–2014). [ 202 ] Hiroshi Nakamura , 93, Japanese surrealist painter, pancreatic cancer. [ 203 ] Álvaro Peña-Rojas , 82, Chilean-German singer and songwriter. [ 204 ] Howard Riley , 87, English footballer ( Leicester City , Walsall , Barrow ). [ 205 ] Astrid Roemer , 78, Surinamese-Dutch writer and teacher. [ 206 ] Kjersti Scheen , 82, Norwegian journalist and writer. [ 207 ] Uljana Semjonova , 73, Latvian basketball player, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1980 ). [ 208 ] Sir Tim Shadbolt , 78, New Zealand politician, mayor of Waitemata City (1983–1989) and Invercargill (1993–1995, 1998–2022). [ 209 ] Meinam Bhorot Singh , 75, Indian politician, Manipur MLA (2002–2007). [ 210 ] Mojtaba Tarshiz , 47, Iranian footballer ( Shahr Khodro F.C. , Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. , Gostaresh Foulad F.C. ), shot . [ 211 ] Matthew Taylor , 57–58, American musician ( Bellini ) and artist, heart attack. [ 212 ] Wim Van Belleghem , 62, Belgian Olympic rower ( 1988 , 1992 ), world champion ( 1987 ). [ 213 ] Paul Calvin Visser , 89, American politician, mayor of Flint, Michigan (1973–1975). [ 214 ] Terry Yorath , 75, Welsh football player ( Leeds United , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 215 ] 7 Ali Ardestani , Iranian convicted spy, execution by hanging. [ 216 ] Madjoulba Batocfetou , Togolese agronomic engineer. [ 217 ] James Bernard , American music journalist and magazine editor ( The Source , XXL ). [ 218 ] (death announced on this date) Ihor Blazhkov , 89, Ukrainian conductor. [ 219 ] Albert Bourgi , 90, French jurist. [ 220 ] Raffaella Bragazzi , 66, Italian television presenter and radio host. [ 221 ] Frank S. Cerveny , 92, American Episcopalian clergyman, bishop of Florida (1974–1992). [ 222 ] Camilo Isaac Chavarría , 27, Panamanian model ( Mister Panamá ) and reality show contestant ( Calle 7 ), heart attack. [ 223 ] Martin Chivers , 80, English footballer ( Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , national team ). [ 224 ] Ángel Coerezza , 92, Argentine football referee ( AFA ). [ 225 ] John W. Derr , 84, American politician, member of the Maryland Senate (1983–1999), cancer. [ 226 ] Hiroya Ebina , 67, Japanese politician, mayor of Kushiro (2008–2024), member of the Hokkaido Legislative Assembly (1999–2008), cardiac arrest. [ 227 ] Tony Field , 79, English footballer ( Blackburn Rovers , Southport , Memphis Rogues ). [ 228 ] Vera Frances , 95, English actress ( Back-Room Boy , King Arthur Was a Gentleman , It's That Man Again ). [ 229 ] Madhav Gadgil , 83, Indian ecologist. [ 230 ] Renee Good , 37, American poet and writer, shot . [ 231 ] Domenico Graziani , 81, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Cassano all'Jonio (1999–2006) and archbishop of Crotone-Santa Severina (2006–2019). [ 232 ] Glenn Hall , 94, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings , St. Louis Blues ), Stanley Cup champion ( 1952 , 1961 ). [ 233 ] Sidney de Jong , 46, Dutch Olympic baseball player ( 2004 , 2008 ). [ 234 ] Rebecca Kilgore , 76, American jazz vocalist. [ 235 ] Jon Lindsay , 90, American politician, member of the Texas Senate (1997–2007). [ 236 ] Uri Lupolianski , 74, Israeli politician, mayor of Jerusalem (2003–2008) and founder of Yad Sarah . [ 237 ] Ian McCrae , 84, Scottish rugby union player ( Gordonians , national team ). [ 238 ] Randy McMillan , 67, American football player ( Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ). [ 239 ] Roberto Mondragón , 85, American politician, lieutenant governor of New Mexico (1971–1975, 1979–1983). [ 240 ] Kabindra Purkayastha , 94, Indian politician, MP (1991–2014). [ 241 ] Howard Sanderford , 90, American politician, member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1989–2022). [ 242 ] Dietrich Stratmann , 88, German politician, member of the Landtag of Lower Saxony (1982–2003). [ 243 ] Seydou Madani Sy , 92, Senegalese jurist and politician, minister of justice (1986–1990). [ 244 ] Kim Thorson , 93, Canadian politician, Saskatchewan MLA (1956–1960, 1971–1975). [ 245 ] Billy Truax , 82, American football player ( Los Angeles Rams , Dallas Cowboys ). [ 246 ] Chiara Valentini , 84, Italian journalist and writer. [ 247 ] Murad Wahba , 99, Egyptian writer, philosopher and academic. [ 248 ] Athol Webb , 90, Australian footballer ( Melbourne ). [ 249 ] 6 Ang Ziming [ zh ] , 65, Chinese academic. [ 250 ] Joe Arlooktoo , 86, Canadian visual artist and politician, Northwest Territories MLA (1979–1991). [ 251 ] (death announced on this date) Odette Bergoffen , 101, French resistance fighter. [ 252 ] Andrzej Bogusławski , 94, Polish philologist and semanticist. [ 253 ] Ron Boswell , 85, Australian politician, senator (1983–2014). [ 254 ] John Cunningham , 93, American actor ( Titanic , Company , Mystic Pizza ). [ 255 ] Dick Dull , 80, American athletic director ( Maryland Terrapins ). [ 256 ] V. K. Ebrahimkunju , 73, Indian politician, Kerala MLA (2011–2021). [ 257 ] Anna Eder [ de ] , 75, German politician, mayor of Deggendorf (2000–2012). [ 258 ] Johannes Fabian , 88, German anthropologist. [ 259 ] Alex Felipe , 32, Brazilian futsal player ( Sporting CP , Norilsk Nickel , national team ). [ 260 ] Angella D. Ferguson , 100, American pediatrician. [ 261 ] Edith M. Flanigen , 96, American chemist. [ 262 ] Robert Goebbels , 81, Luxembourgish politician, minister for the economy (1989–1999) and energy (1994–1999), signatory of the Schengen Agreement . [ 263 ] Suresh Kalmadi , 81, Indian politician and sports administrator, MP (1982–2014) and president of the IOA (1996–2011). [ 264 ] Doug LaMalfa , 65, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 2013), heart attack. [ 265 ] József Láyer , 70, Hungarian politician, MP (1998–2006). [ 266 ] Jim McBride , 78, American country music songwriter (" Chasing That Neon Rainbow ", " (Who Says) You Can't Have It All ", " Chattahoochee "). [ 267 ] Jack McGregor , 91, American politician and sports team owner, member of the Pennsylvania State Senate (1963–1970) and founder of the Pittsburgh Penguins . [ 268 ] Kathleen Muxel , 54, German politician, member of the Landtag of Brandenburg (since 2019). [ 269 ] Raffaele Nogaro , 92, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Sessa Aurunca (1982–1990) and of Caserta (1990–2009). [ 270 ] James E. O'Grady , 96, American law enforcement officer, Cook County sheriff (1986–1990). [ 271 ] Saeid Pirdoost , 85, Iranian actor ( Snake Fang , Son of Adam, Daughter of Eve , Great Award ), cancer. [ 272 ] Claude Pivi , 66, Guinean military officer, complications from diabetes. [ 273 ] Jaap Pop , 84, Dutch politician, mayor of Haarlem (1995–2006). [ 274 ] David Quail , 88, South African politician and educator, member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature (1999–2009). [ 275 ] Nihal Seneviratne , 91, Sri Lankan civil servant, secretary general of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1981–1994). [ 276 ] Baghir Suleimanov , 66, Azerbaijani petroleum scientist. [ 277 ] Béla Tarr , 70, Hungarian film director ( Sátántangó , Werckmeister Harmonies , The Turin Horse ). [ 278 ] Jerry Thomas , 90, American baseball player ( Minnesota Golden Gophers ). [ 279 ] Gianpaolo Tosel [ it ] , 85, Italian magistrate. [ 280 ] Robert Vicot , 94, French football player ( SC Toulon ) and manager ( Paris Saint-Germain FC , Gabon national team ). [ 281 ] Anatoly Yevtushenko , 91, Russian handball coach, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1988 ). [ 282 ] Zhang Shaokang [ zh ] , 90, Chinese scholar. [ 283 ] Zhou Liwei [ zh ] , 94, Chinese electro-optics professor. [ 284 ] 5 Ahn Sung-ki , 74, South Korean actor ( Silmido , Two Cops , Radio Star ), blood cancer. [ 285 ] Aldrich Ames , 84, American counterintelligence officer ( CIA ) and convicted Soviet-era spy. [ 286 ] Bonifacio Ávila , 75, Colombian Olympic boxer ( 1972 ). [ 287 ] Herbert Beck , 84, German art historian. [ 288 ] Andrew Bodnar , 71, English bass guitarist ( The Rumour ) and songwriter (" I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass "). [ 289 ] (death announced on this date) Andrew Carter , 86, English composer ( Benedicite ) and conductor. [ 290 ] Tom Cherones , 86, American television director ( Seinfeld , NewsRadio , Ellen ), complications from Alzheimer's disease. [ 291 ] Beatriz de Lenclós [ es ] , 102, Spanish dancer. [ 292 ] Jim Dennison , 87, American football coach ( Akron Zips , Walsh Cavaliers ). [ 293 ] Marian Diamond , 89, English actress ( Subterfuge , Goodbye Gemini , The Lord of the Rings ). [ 294 ] Miklós Dudás , 34, Hungarian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 2012 ), world champion ( 2014 ). [ 295 ] Mike Embro , 63, Canadian drummer ( Razor ). [ 296 ] (death announced on this date) Aoi Fujino , 27, Japanese gravure idol , rhabdomyosarcoma . [ 297 ] Paolo Gillet , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Albano (1993–2005). [ 298 ] Pier Francesco Guarguaglini , 88, Italian defense industry executive, chairman of Finmeccanica (2002–2011). [ 299 ] Bruce Hammock , 78, American entomologist. [ 300 ] Ad van Kempen , 81, Dutch actor ( 1-900 , 'n Beetje Verliefd , Winter in Wartime ), prostate cancer. [ 301 ] Wiktor Kinecki , 96, Polish politician, MP (1976–1980). [ 302 ] José Mingorance , 87, Spanish football player ( Espanyol , national team ) and manager ( Granada ). [ 303 ] Reza Moradi Abdolvand , 18, Iranian protester, shot. [ 304 ] Jawann Oldham , 68, American basketball player ( Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , New York Knicks ). [ 305 ] Induratana Paribatra , 103, Thai royal. [ 306 ] Molly Parkin , 93, Welsh painter, novelist and journalist. [ 307 ] Christos Politis [ el ] , 83, Greek actor ( Lampsi ). [ 308 ] Bob Pulford , 89, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Toronto Maple Leafs , Los Angeles Kings ), coach ( Chicago Blackhawks ), and executive, NHLPA president (1967–1972), four-time Stanley Cup champion. [ 309 ] Cosimo Scaglioso , 89, Italian politician, senator (1994–1996). [ 310 ] Elle Simone , 49, American chef ( America's Test Kitchen ) and food stylist. [ 311 ] Miroslav Stárek [ cs ] , 77, Czech footballer ( Sparta Prague , Slavia Prague , Mladá Boleslav ). [ 312 ] Elsje de Wijn , 82, Dutch actress ( De stille Oceaan , For a Lost Soldier , Het 14e kippetje ) and singer. [ 313 ] Ken Wilcock , 91, British sprinter. [ 314 ] (death announced on this date) Mike Wilson , 66, British kart racer, six-time world champion . [ 315 ] Jiří Witzany [ cs ] , 84, Czech academic and rector of ČVUT (2000–2006). [ 316 ] Wu Lintao [ zh ] , 105, Chinese politician. [ 317 ] 4 Forest Able , 93, American basketball player ( Syracuse Nationals ). [ 318 ] Ali Abu al-Ragheb , 79, Jordanian politician, prime minister (2000–2003). [ 319 ] Fazl-ur-Raheem Ashrafi , 81, Pakistani Islamic scholar, patron of Wifaq-ul-Madaris al-Arabia . [ 320 ] Céline Bellot , 55, Canadian criminologist and academic, breast cancer. [ 321 ] Mario Blasone [ it ] , 85, Italian basketball player. [ 322 ] Bob Boyer , 93, Canadian professional wrestler. [ 323 ] David Branch , 77, Canadian ice hockey administrator, commissioner of the OHL (1979–2024) and president of the CHL (1996–2019). [ 324 ] Calbo , 52, French rapper ( Ärsenik ). [ 325 ] Germaine Cousin-Zermatten , 100, Swiss herbalist. [ 326 ] Kamiel Dierckx [ nl ] , 84, Belgian basketball player ( Belgian Lions ). [ 327 ] Frank Dunlop , 98, British theatre director. [ 328 ] Manuel Fernández Ilarraza , 85, Spanish gynaecologist and politician, president of the Parliament of La Rioja (1987–1988). [ 329 ] Miloslav Fiala , 97, Czech Roman Catholic priest. [ 330 ] Andy Friendly , 74, American television producer ( Entertainment Tonight ). [ 331 ] L. Ganesan , 91, Indian politician, MP (1980–1986, 2004–2009). [ 332 ] Anne-Claire Goulon , 51, French businesswoman, breast cancer. [ 333 ] Vicki L. Gregory , 75, American academic and librarian. [ 334 ] Michel Griffon , 77, French agronomist. [ 335 ] Roger Guesnerie , 82–83, French economist and academic. [ 336 ] Denise Harlow , 55, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (2010–2018), cancer. [ 337 ] Bobby Holmes , 93, Scottish footballer ( St Mirren ). [ 338 ] (death announced on this date) Nora Ikstena , 56, Latvian writer and cultural manager. [ 339 ] Klaus Keitel , 86, German politician, member (1990–2002) and president (1990–1998) of the Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt . [ 340 ] Kim Young-in [ ko ] , 85, South Korean actor ( Dachimawa Lee , No Blood No Tears , Arahan ). [ 341 ] Milorad Kosanović , 75, Serbian football player ( Proleter Zrenjanin , Vojvodina ) and manager ( Malta national team ). [ 342 ] Bernard Lemoux , 83, French businessman, president of Stade Rennais FC (1973–1977). [ 343 ] George C. Lodge , 98, American politician. [ 344 ] Oscar Lofton , 87, American football player ( Boston Patriots ) and coach ( Southeastern Louisiana Lions ). [ 345 ] Naser Toure Mahama , 60, Ghanaian politician, MP (since 2012). [ 346 ] Miloslav Masopust , 101, Czech general. [ 347 ] Giorgos Papadakis [ el ] , 74, Greek journalist and television presenter, heart attack. [ 348 ] Daniel Pelletti , 77, Belgian painter. [ 349 ] Jules Radich , 71, New Zealand politician, mayor of Dunedin (2022–2025), heart attack. [ 350 ] Michael Reagan , 80, American political commentator. [ 351 ] Marissa Sanchez , 69, Filipino tennis player. [ 352 ] Jacqueline Schaeffer , 91, French psychoanalyst. [ 353 ] Steve Sheetz , 77, American convenience store operator, CEO and president of Sheetz, Inc. (1984–1995). [ 354 ] Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo , 79, Indian historian and archaeologist. [ 355 ] Ralph L. Thomas , 86, Brazilian-born Canadian film director ( The Terry Fox Story , Apprentice to Murder , Ticket to Heaven ) and screenwriter, complications from heart disease. [ 356 ] Horacio Usandizaga , 85, Argentine politician, senator (1995–2003) and mayor of Rosario (1983–1989), complications from multiple strokes. [ 357 ] Mary White , 81, Irish businesswoman and politician, senator (2002–2016). [ 358 ] Xiao Zhuang , 92–93, Chinese photographer. [ 359 ] Teresa Zalewska , 83, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991). [ 360 ] 3 Hushang Ansary , 98, Iranian-American diplomat and politician, minister of finance (1974–1977) and information (1971–1974), ambassador to the United States (1967–1969), cardiac arrest. [ 361 ] Joan Costa Armengol [ es ] , 91, Spanish journalist. [ 362 ] Jamil Azar , 89, Jordanian journalist and broadcaster, founder of Al Jazeera . [ 363 ] Dietmar Bachmann , 91, Austrian politician, member of the Landtag of Tyrol (1965–1994). [ 364 ] Claude-Inga Barbey , 64, Swiss comedian, writer, and actress ( The Death of Mario Ricci ). [ 365 ] Stephen E. Braude , 80, American philosopher. [ 366 ] Natale Carlotto , 94, Italian politician, senator (1987–1994) and deputy (1976–1987). [ 367 ] Francesco Paolo Casavola , 94, Italian jurist, president of the Constitutional Court (1992–1995). [ 368 ] Frédéric Cerdal , 81, French actor and stage director. [ 369 ] Maria Eugènia Cuenca , 78, Spanish politician, member of the Catalan parliament (1999–2006) and the Congress of Deputies (1986–1992). [ 370 ] Tony Dennis , 63, Canadian football player ( Saskatchewan Roughriders ), multiple organ failure. [ 371 ] Dong Xiaoping [ zh ] , 75, Chinese folklorist. [ 372 ] Gerry Gable , 88, British political activist and magazine editor ( Searchlight ). [ 373 ] Bret Hanna-Shuford , 46, American actor ( Paramour , Amazing Grace , The Wolf of Wall Street ), cancer. [ 374 ] Franz Herre , 99, German journalist and biographer. [ 375 ] Marvalene Hughes , 88, American educator and academic administrator. [ 376 ] Mesut İktu , 78, Turkish operatic baritone. [ 377 ] Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo , 89, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Pereira (1984–1987), bishop of Málaga–Soatá (1987–2001) and of Buga (2001–2012). [ 378 ] Nalani Kanakaʻole , 79, American kumu hula . [ 379 ] Latif Karimi , Iranian protester, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brigadier general, shot . [ 380 ] Michael Kemner , 72, German bass guitarist ( Fehlfarben ), cancer. [ 381 ] David M. Maddox , 87, American army general. [ 382 ] Guðmundur Oddur Magnússon , 70, Icelandic artist and academic. [ 383 ] Sir Graham McCamley , 93, Australian beef producer. [ 384 ] John Meredith , 85, English footballer ( Doncaster Rovers , Chesterfield , Gillingham ). [ 385 ] Errol Moorcroft , 85, South African politician, member of the House of Assembly (1981–1987, 1989–1994) and National Assembly (1999–2004). [ 386 ] Dastagir Hossain Nira , 60, Bangladeshi footballer ( Dhaka Abahani , Mohammedan , national team ), cardiac arrest. [ 387 ] Pa O'Dwyer , 40, Irish strongman. [ 388 ] Sverre Anker Ousdal , 81, Norwegian actor ( Insomnia , Flight of the Eagle , The Last Place on Earth ). [ 389 ] Andrzej Paczkowski , 87, Polish historian. [ 390 ] Dimitar Penev , 80, Bulgarian football player ( CSKA Sofia , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 391 ] Jenny Plocki , 100, French women's rights activist. [ 392 ] Rolf Riehm , 88, German composer ( Sirenen ), oboist and academic ( Musikhochschule Frankfurt ). [ 393 ] Randy Riley , 63, American librarian. [ 394 ] Eva Schloss , 96, Austrian-British Holocaust survivor and memoirist. [ 395 ] Robert K. Tanenbaum , 83, American trial attorney and novelist, mayor of Beverly Hills, California (1988–1989, 1992–1993), cancer. [ 396 ] Nam Singh Thapa , 79, Nepali Olympic boxer ( 1964 ), cancer. [ 397 ] Samuel O. Thier , 88, American doctor and academic, president of Brandeis University (1991–1994). [ 398 ] Ivan Varshavsky , 87, Russian engineer and railway track foreman. [ 399 ] Wang Zheng , 64, Chinese vice admiral. [ 400 ] Terry Wharton , 83, English footballer ( Wolverhampton Wanderers , Bolton Wanderers , Crystal Palace ). [ 401 ] William H. Yohn Jr. , 90, American jurist and politician, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (since 1991), member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1968–1980). [ 402 ] Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi , 76, Indonesian Muslim scholar. [ 403 ] Mirosław Zdanowicz [ pl ] , 88, Polish social activist. [ 404 ] Zhang Kerang [ zh ] , 78, Chinese Peking opera actor. [ 405 ] 2 Ritva Auvinen , 93, Finnish opera singer. [ 406 ] Ian Balding , 87, British horse trainer. [ 407 ] Sukumar Barua , 87, Bangladeshi poet. [ 408 ] Shyam Bihari Lal , 60, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (since 2017), heart attack. [ 409 ] Carmen Arnold Biucchi , Swiss numismatist and archaeologist. [ 410 ] Dominique Bucchini , 82, French politician, MEP (1979–1984) and mayor of Sartène (1977–2001). [ 411 ] Tony Carr , 98, Maltese session drummer and percussionist ( CCS , Hot Chocolate ). [ 412 ] Jean-Max Causse , 85, French actor ( I Stand Alone ). [ 413 ] Bohdan Chufus , 75, Ukrainian journalist, actor and singer. [ 414 ] Jenny Collins , 83, English radio presenter ( BBC Radio Merseyside ). [ 415 ] (death announced on this date) Miquel Contestí , 92, Spanish football executive, president of RCD Mallorca (1978–1992). [ 416 ] Sir Patrick Duffy , 105, British politician, MP (1963–1966, 1970–1992) and president of the NATO Assembly (1988–1990). [ 417 ] Toshio Fujii , 83, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (1998–2004), heart failure. [ 418 ] Francis Grant , 101, British marine and World War II veteran. [ 419 ] Stephen E. Haggerty , 87, American geophysicist. [ 420 ] Evan Hammond , 45, Canadian radio host and sports broadcaster ( CJAV-FM ), stroke. [ 421 ] Sidney Kibrick , 97, American actor ( Our Gang ). [ 422 ] Kristi Kiick , 58, American academic. [ 423 ] Elbert Kimbrough , 87, American football player ( San Francisco 49ers , Los Angeles Rams , New Orleans Saints ). [ 424 ] Anna Kurek , 96, Polish nurse and Warsaw Uprising participant. [ 425 ] Paul C. Lambert , 97, American diplomat, ambassador to Ecuador (1990–1992). [ 426 ] Johnny Legend , 77, American rockabilly musician, film producer and wrestling manager, stroke and heart failure. [ 427 ] Vladimir Lukić , 92, Bosnian Serb politician, prime minister of Republika Srpska (1993–1994). [ 428 ] Ashok Gajanan Modak , 85, Indian politician and academic, Maharashtra MLC (1994–2006). [ 429 ] Con Pederson , 91, American visual effects artist ( 2001: A Space Odyssey , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Garfield: The Movie ). [ 430 ] Valery Fyodorovich Plotnikov , 82, Russian photographer. [ 431 ] Tim Robertson , 81, English-born Australian actor ( Chances , Australia You're Standing In It , Stingers ). [ 432 ] (death announced on this date) Lajos Rovátkay , 92, Hungarian-born German harpsichordist and musicologist. [ 433 ] Saleh Rusheidat , 80, Jordanian politician, member of the House of Representatives (1993–1997) and Senate (since 2009). [ 434 ] Edith Renfrow Smith , 111, American supercentenarian. [ 435 ] Phoenix Spicer , 23, Australian footballer ( North Melbourne ). [ 436 ] Ivanne Trebbi , 97, Italian partisan and politician, deputy (1979–1987). [ 437 ] Jim Willis , 98, American baseball player ( Chicago Cubs ). [ 438 ] Robert Wolski , 43, Polish Olympic high jumper ( 2004 ), traffic collision. [ 439 ] Nellie Wong , 91, American poet. [ 440 ] 1 Marat Amankulov , 55, Kyrgyz politician, MP (2015–2021). [ 441 ] Yvan Aumont , 87, French engineer and journalist ( Lys rouge ). [ 442 ] Alan Baker , 81, English footballer ( Aston Villa ). [ 443 ] Allyn Bromley , 97, American visual artist and art educator. [ 444 ] Xesús Cañedo [ es ] , 67, Spanish politician, co-founder of the Partíu Asturianista . [ 445 ] Lana Chornohorska , 26, Ukrainian soldier. [ 446 ] Diane Crump , 77, American jockey and horse trainer, glioblastoma. [ 447 ] Nexhat Daci , 81, Kosovan politician, acting president (2006) and chairman of the Assembly (2001–2006). [ 448 ] Brian Doyle , 90, Canadian writer. [ 449 ] Yehezkel Dror , 97, Austrian-born Israeli political scientist. [ 450 ] Imants Freibergs , 91, Latvian computer scientist, first gentleman (1999–2007). [ 451 ] James Grauerholz , 72, American writer, pneumonia. [ 452 ] Mohamed Harbi , 92, Algerian historian. [ 453 ] Huang Dongbi , 86, Chinese diplomat. [ 454 ] Jeon Jun-ho [ ko ] , 50, South Korean baseball player ( Hyundai Unicorns , Woori Heroes , SK Wyverns ), lung cancer. [ 455 ] Victoria Jones , 34, American actress. [ 456 ] Morris Kahn , 95, South African-born Israeli telecommunications industry executive, founder of Golden Pages , Amdocs and the Aurec Group . [ 457 ] Andrey Khoroshev [ ru ] , 66, Russian actor and screenwriter ( Engineering Red , 8 ½ $ , Admiral ). [ 458 ] Harvey C. Krautschun , 76, American politician, member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (1985–1996). [ 459 ] Hiroshi Kume , 81, Japanese television host, lung cancer. [ 460 ] John Langdon , 79, American typographer and graphic designer. [ 461 ] Arno Liiver , 71, Estonian actor ( Spring , Summer , Autumn ). [ 462 ] Lin Chaoqiang , 92, Chinese aerodynamicist. [ 463 ] Arnold Long , 85, British cricketer ( Sussex , MCC , Surrey ), cancer. [ 464 ] Volodymyr Marchenko , 103, Ukrainian mathematician ( Marchenko equation , Marchenko–Pastur distribution ). [ 465 ] Hélio Mauro , 83, Brazilian politician, deputy (1975–1978), mayor of Goiânia (1978–1979), cardiac arrest. [ 466 ] Paul McCullagh Jr. , 25, Northern Irish boxer, bone cancer. [ 467 ] Colin McDonald , 95, English footballer ( Burnley , Headington United , national team ). [ 468 ] Enric Mestre , 89, Spanish sculptor. [ 469 ] Mukhsin Mukhamadiev , 59, Tajik-Russian football player ( Tajikistan national team , Russia national team ) and manager (Tajikistan national team). [ 470 ] Sir James Munby , 77, English judge, president of the Family Division (2013–2018). [ 471 ] Hubertus von Pilgrim , 94, German sculptor. [ 472 ] Gregory de Polnay , 82, English actor ( Dixon of Dock Green , Doctor Who , Howards' Way ). [ 473 ] Dame Karen Poutasi , 76, New Zealand public health official, director general of health (1995–2006). [ 474 ] Candy Raymond , 75, Australian actress ( Don's Party , Number 96 , Prisoner ). [ 475 ] (death announced on this date) Amit Saar , 47, Israeli intelligence officer, head of the Military Intelligence Research Department (2020–2024), brain cancer. [ 476 ] Roland Schäfer , 76, German politician, mayor of Bergkamen (1998–2020). [ 477 ] Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo , 80, Angolan Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Luanda (1990–1992) and bishop of Mbanza Congo (1992–2008). [ 478 ] Margaret Anne Staggers , 79, American politician, member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (2007–2014). [ 479 ] Hessy Levinsons Taft , 91, German chemist and child model. [ 480 ] Ruben Yesayan , 79, Russian-Armenian test pilot. [ 481 ] Yuen Cheung-yan , 68, Hong Kong actor ( The Miracle Fighters , Drunken Tai Chi , Flying Dagger ), director, and martial arts choreographer. [ 482 ] Valentin Zakharov , 92, Russian figure skater. [ 483 ] References ^ На 91-му році життя померла фахівчиня у галузі медичної генетики Олена Гречаніна ^ First mufti of Kazakhstan passes away ^ Plateau Imam who shielded 262 Christians during attack is dead ^ Preminuo je Ante Grgurević (51), jedan od najomiljenijih splitskih košarkaša i trenera! Bio je sinonim za borbenost (in Croatian) ^ Rafael Qvaladze vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Muere Irene de Grecia, hermana y fiel escudera de la reina Sofía (in Spanish) ^ '한국의 장 주네' 김신용 시인 별세…향년 81세 (in Korean) ^ Zimbabwean Tycoon Mutumwa Mawere Dies in SA Days After 66th Birthday ^ Siouxsie And the Banshees Drummer Kenny Morris Has Died ^ Athlétisme : décès d’Edgar Salvé, ex-champion d’Europe indoor du 1.500 m (in French) ^ বাংলার প্রাক্তন ক্রিকেটার অজয় ভার্মা প্রয়াত, শোকের ছায়া ময়দানে (in Bengali) ^ Մահացել է Գագիկ Եգանյանը (in Armenian) ^ Воспитанник ЦСКА найден мертвым в Подмосковье (in Russian) ^ Умер Дмитрий Акимов (in Russian) ^ Queer Māori Playwright Aroha Awarau Passes Away Peacefully in Ponsonby ^ Uganda mourns loss of education pioneer Namirembe Bitamazire ^ Murió el periodista colombiano Alfonso Castellanos (in Spanish) ^ Ancien député et père d'Yvan Colonna, Jean-Hugues Colonna est mort (in French) ^ È morta Valeria Fedeli, ex ministra dell’Istruzione (in Italian) ^ Помер народний депутат від "Слуги народу" Олександр Кабанов: перші подробиці (in Ukrainian) ^ Former Lotte Coach Kim Min-jae, National Team Shortstop, Dies ^ Rick Link Passes Away ^ Chinese Go legend Nie Weiping passes away ^ Adiós a Melania Pérez, voz emblema de la música argentina y del Festival de Cosquín (in Spanish) ^ Fallece el exalcalde de València Ricard Pérez Casado a los 80 años (in Spanish) ^ Jyväskylässä vaikuttanut olympiaurheilija Seppo Reijonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Décès de Jean Rossier, président de Parole et Musique (in French) ^ Ernestine Russell Weaver, two-time Canadian Olympian and legendary U.S. coach, passes away at age 87 ^ Radio-Legende Ado Schlier mit 90 Jahren in Würzburg gestorben (in German) ^ Morre a atriz e modelo Vera Barreto Leite Valdez aos 89 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Fallece el músico Quemil Yambay, ícono del folclore paraguayo (in Spanish) ^ Умер Игорь Золотовицкий (in Russian) ^ Scott Adams, Creator of the ‘Dilbert’ Comic Strip, Dies at 68 ^ Veteran journalist Iqbal Athas passes away ^ Addio a Lina Bernardi, l’attrice di Latina aveva lavorato con i più grandi registi (in Italian) ^ Alfred Blumstein ^ Former Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich dies at age 59 ^ Capoterra, addio alla calciatrice Paola Cardia, 74 anni, nota Paoletta: il centrocampo era il suo mondo (in Italian) ^ Former ECB chief executive David Collier dies aged 70 ^ Claudette Colvin, US civil rights pioneer, dies at 86 ^ Regal Nizam-era Socialite Indira Devi Passes Away ^ Mort de Catherine Duprat, historienne de la Révolution française (in French) ^ Nie żyje Barbara Eustachiewicz-Kowal, wybitna polska gimnastyczka sportowa (in Polish) ^ Odszedł Jesse Philip Flis (1933–2026) – rozmowa z 2018 r. (in Polish) ^ Assam: Retired IAS officer Bir Bhadra Hagjer passes away at 75 ^ Mozambique: Footballer Ali Hassan passes away at 61 ^ 混元禪師圓寂！曾腎臟萎縮病危、長期糖尿病 醫示警6徵兆快就醫 (in Chinese) ^ Suri endine poliitik Heiki Kranich (in Estonian) ^ 97 Play Off Champion Jason Lafreniere Passes Away, aged 59 ^ Theatre world pays tribute to Blanche Marvin, who has died aged 100 ^ Doug McConnell, longtime host of OpenRoad with Doug McConnell and Friends, dies ^ Bruce McLeod, 25th Moderator of The United Church of Canada, Dies at Age 97 ^ Addio a Rolando Nannicini, il cordoglio del mondo politico (in Italian) ^ Renowned Cork singer Seán Ó Sé dies aged 89 ^ Ушёл из жизни бывший футболист тюменского «Геолога» Иван Онуфриев (in Russian) ^ Voor theatermaker Annemarie Prins was maatschappijkritiek en engagement tweede natuur (in Dutch) ^ Lutto nel calcio, si è spento l'ex calciatore della Spal: vinse un campionato di Serie C (in Italian) ^ « Écrivain de l’agriculture » et photographe, le Mayennais Jean-Loup Trassard est décédé (in French) ^ Zomrel režisér, dramaturg a publicista Rudolf Urc, významná osobnosť slovenskej kinematografie (in Slovak) ^ Former Cyprus President George Vassiliou, who put the country on the path to EU membership, has died ^ Hong Kong corporate governance activist David Webb dies at 60 ^ ”Arne” i Kurt Olsson död (in Swedish) ^ Veteran 2GB radio announcer Bruce Wilshire has died aged 81 ^ Մահացել է հայ քաղաքական գործիչ, ՀՀԿ առանցքային ներկայացուցիչ Ռազմիկ Զոհրաբյանը (in Armenian) ^ Oba Babatunde Akran of Badagry dies at 89 ^ Israeli-backed group kills a senior Hamas police officer in Gaza, threatens more attacks ^ BBC's Good Old Days and Coronation Street star and singer Sheila Bernette dies aged 94 ^ Clauson, Paul John ^ Entraîneur français emblématique, Rolland Courbis est mort (in French) ^ George Mason Athletics Mourns The Loss of Longtime Assistant Bill Courtney ^ Mantan Bupati Bekasi Mochammad Djamhari Tutup Usia di Bandung (in Indonesian) ^ John Forté, celebrated recording artist, dies suddenly at 50 ^ Rick Garcia, activist and leader in Chicago's LGBTQ+ civil rights movement, dies at 69 ^ Ex-cricketer Mohammad Ilyas passes away in Lahore ^ สิ้น “อัษฎา ชัยนาม” อดีตเอกอัครราชทูตและผู้แทนถาวรไทยประจำUN ถึงแก่อนิจกรรม (in Thai) ^ Presentator Robert Jensen (52) overleden aan hartstilstand (in Dutch) ^ Renowned actress Jayasree Kabir passes away in London ^ Professor Emeritus Robert Kohn (1953-2026) ^ Black Midi Co-Founder Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin Dies at 26 ^ Author Jan Mårtenson dies at 92 ^ Eddie McCreadie – 1940-2026 ^ Morto Luigi Nicolais, è stato presidente della fondazione Reggia di Carditello (in Italian) ^ Alain Orsoni, ancien dirigeant nationaliste, abattu lors des obsèques de sa mère en Corse (in French) ^ Mario Rigutti (in Italian) ^ Südtirol trauert um Roland Riz (in German) ^ Décès de Catherine Samie, pilier de la Comédie-Française (in French) ^ e peintre nîmois Michel Tombereau est mort (in French) ^ Hall of Fame Trick Rider and Wife of Hall of Fame Stock Contractor Passes Away ^ „Einer der besten Debattenredner": Martin Willich ist tot (in German) ^ הפקולטה למדעי החיים מרכינה ראשה בצער על פטירתו של פרופ' יצחק (איציק) ויץ ז"ל (in Hebrew) ^ Mirė legendinis Lietuvos futbolo treneris Benjaminas Zelkevičius (in Lithuanian) ^ Умер бывший бейсболист сборной России Павел Акишев (in Russian) ^ The Passing of Dr. Gabriel Barkay ^ Addio Alberto Benzoni. Socialista di valore dallo sguardo acuto (in Italian) ^ Brus, Rice alumnus and Nobel laureate, passes away at 82 ^ Thomas Causey, Sound Mixer on ‘Dick Tracy,’ ‘Broadcast News’ and ‘Defending Your Life,’ Dies at 76 ^ [1] (in Italian) ^ Richard Codey, former governor of New Jersey, dies at 79 ^ Marcus Gilbert 1958 - 2026 RIP ^ Pirates World Series champion Dave Giusti dies at age 86 ^ Clubs pay tribute to former player Hopkins ^ Bernie Carlton Keel ^ Ueli Kestenholz, snowboarder e sportivo estremo svizzero, è morto travolto da una valanga (in Italian) ^ Ушел из жизни олимпийский чемпион по тяжелой атлетике (in Russian) ^ 児玉更太郎さん（こだま・こうたろう＝元安芸高田市長) (in Japanese) (subscription required) ^ Falleció el huancaíno Nelson Manrique, referente de las ciencias sociales del Perú (in Spanish) ^ Morre a atriz Titina Medeiros, aos 48 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Veteran Syrian Actor Ahmad Melli dies at 80 ^ Mor als 77 anys Miquel Naudí, qui va ser conseller general entre 1981 i 1983 i conseller comunal de Canillo (in Catalan) ^ Takashi Ono, 1928–2026 ^ 박순용(전 검찰총장)씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Zemřela Miroslava Pešíková, osobnost našeho baletu a sólistka Národního divadla (in Czech) ^ Clarence Pierce ^ Doliu la UTA Arad » Eugen Pojoni, dublu campion al României, a murit la 84 de ani (in Romanian) ^ Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell passes away ^ Veteran Left leader Samir Putatundu dies following prolonged illness ^ Saudi Arabia’s oldest man dies at 142, leaves 134 children and grandchildren ^ Filmskaper Grete Salomonsen Hynnekleiv er død (in Norwegian) ^ Robert G. Shulman, Yale biophysicist and pioneer of spectroscopy ^ Aniceto “Chito” Sobrepeña, veteran public servant and corporate leader, dies at 77 ^ Singer-actor Prashant Tamang passes away at 43 in Delhi ^ Addio a Sergio Tarquinio, una vita lunga un secolo tra fumetto e arte (in Italian) ^ ‘Enigmatic’ Hollyoaks star Trevor A Toussaint dies aged 65 ^ Tributes paid to 'extraordinary musician' John Wallace ^ Oud-burgemeester van Grobbendonk Herman Wouters overleden in ziekenhuis (in Dutch) ^ Andlát: Sturla Böðvarsson (in Icelandic) ^ Manoel Carlos, autor de grandes novelas da TV brasileira, morre aos 92 anos no Rio (in Portuguese) ^ Daniel Colson (1943-2026) ^ Former Burkinabe minister Viviane Compaoré found murdered ^ Schweizer Autor und Publizist Erich von Däniken ist gestorben (in German) ^ Leading Sire Distorted Humor Dies at 33 ^ Умер призер чемпионатов мира по гребле на байдарках Сергей Галков (in Russian) ^ In Memoriam: Richard Hynes ^ Husker Legend Jim Hartung Passes Away ^ Fallece el exblanquivioleta Mario Jacquet a los 79 años (in Spanish) ^ Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski (in Polish) ^ Sitting Maine representative Kathy Javner dies of cancer ^ Atención: en accidente de avioneta esta tarde en Paipa (Boyacá) muere el cantante Yeison Jiménez y sus músicos (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel opavský politik, bývalý poslanec Václav Klučka (in Czech) ^ Former Louisiana State Senator Robert Kostelka dies at 92 ^ EastEnders actor Derek Martin dies aged 92 ^ Fallece Marco Proaño Maya, exvicepresidente del Congreso Nacional (in Spanish) ^ Hockey Olympian Davinder Singh Garcha passes away ^ Zemřel religionista Ivan Štampach. Spojoval křesťanství s otevřeností a dialogem (in Czech) ^ Monsieur Thierry STEINMETZ footballeur professionnel (in French) ^ Addio a Orazio Svelto, pioniere della ricerca sui laser in Italia (in Italian) ^ Isabel Veloso Dead: Influencer Dies at Age 19 After Battling Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ^ Fallece el actor cubano Manolo Villaverde, el querido Pepe en "¿Qué pasa USA? (in Spanish) ^ Honoured health reformer Prawase dies aged 93 ^ Bob Weir, co-founder of rock group the Grateful Dead, dies at age 78 ^ Robert Wolgemuth, Best-Selling Christian Author and Husband of Nancy DeMoss, Dies at 77 ^ Genius Chimpanzee Ai Dies at Age 49, Primate Known for Enthusiastic Role in Research on Learning, Memory ^ Zéno Bianu (1950-2025) (in French) ^ Muere el periodista Andrés Caniulef a los 48 años de edad - Chilevisión (in Spanish) ^ 'The Thing' Actor T.K. Carter Dead at 69 ^ Father of American Freediving Bob Croft Dies Aged 91 ^ Décès de Jean-Louis Duplat, ancien président de la Commission bancaire (in French) ^ Murió la maestra Beatriz González, ícono del arte colombiano (in Spanish) ^ Serieskaparen Ulf Granberg död (in Swedish) ^ Zemřela PaedDr. Jitka Gruntová (in Czech) ^ Porsche mourns the loss of Hans Herrmann ^ Longtime New Orleans activist Sandra Wheeler Hester dies ^ Entinen keskisuomalainen kansanedustaja Pirkko Ikonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Heber Jentzsch Dead at 90: Scientology's Longtime 'President' Dies Years After Being Transferred to a Nursing Home ^ CDU Essen trauert um Manfred Kuhmichel (in German) ^ Đại tướng, Anh hùng LLVT nhân dân Lê Văn Dũng – Một cuộc đời trọn vẹn với non sông (in Vietnamese) ^ Former Ranji Trophy Cricketer from Mizoram Dies After Collapsing During Match ^ Humanists UK mourns Diane Munday, leading campaigner for the Abortion Act (1931-2026) ^ Ушел из жизни Валерий Носков (in Russian) ^ Shakespeare and Company Founding Artistic Director Tina Packer dies ^ Ci lascia Zelico Petrovic, stagioni meravigliose a Taranto (in Italian) ^ Larry Snook ^ Renaissance drummer Terry Sullivan has died ^ Muere Josep Maria Triginer, fundador del PSC y firmante de los Pactos de la Moncloa (in Spanish) ^ Eleni Varikas: the years with the FI in Greece ^ 前中常委「姚董」姚江臨辭世 國民黨工感念：他永遠走在第一線 (in Chinese) ^ Bishop Vincenzo Zarri † ^ Farewell to a great lady ^ Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Musa Gibril Bala Gaye ^ Танымал қазақстандық актер Мұрат Бисенбин өмірден өтті (in Kazakh) ^ Loraine Braham, trailblazing Northern Territory politician dies, aged 87 ^ Maler Günther Brendel gestorben (in German) ^ Filha de Olavo de Carvalho é encontrada morta (in Portuguese) ^ Zemřel sochař Václav Cigler, bylo mu 96 let. Poprvé v historii použil optické sklo k tvorbě uměleckého díla (in Czech) ^ Jornalista Conrado Corsalette morre em São Paulo aos 47 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Nie żyje były poseł i prezydent Łomży. Mieczysław Czerniawski miał 77 lat (in Polish) ^ Nelly Chatue-Diop, pionnière de la crypto pour tous en Afrique, est morte (in French) ^ La disparition de Jean-Luc Domenach (in French) ^ Former all-star linebacker, Grey Cup champion with Stamps, Jim Furlong, dead at 85 ^ Serguei, dessinateur au « Monde » depuis quarante-cinq ans, est mort (in French) ^ Veteran SP Leader, Eight-Time MLA Vijay Singh Gond Passes Away at 68 ^ Foxtrot producer David Hitchcock has passed away ^ 痛别！简水生院士逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Mort de l’ex-mari de Caroline de Monaco, le déchirant message de sa fille Victoria Junot : "À mon papa légendaire…" (in French) ^ Malawi Mourns Former Deputy Speaker Madalitso Kazombo ^ Larose, whose signature voice helped shape Haitian music, dies at 80 ^ Obituary: Opera Director Rhoda Levine Dies at 93 ^ Atriz Elisa Lisboa morreu aos 81 anos (in Portuguese) ^ В Кургане погиб экс-глава Калининграда Евгений Любивый (in Russian) ^ Padova piange Antonino Mangano, il maestro dell’atletica veneta (in Italian) ^ Guy Moon Dies: Emmy-Nominated ‘Fairly OddParents’ Composer Was 63 ^ Politikus Demokrat dan Mantan Ketua Komisi IV DPR RI, Kolonel (Purn) Jafar Nainggolan Wafat (in Indonesian) ^ 画家・中村宏さん死去 砂川闘争描いた「ルポルタージュ絵画」：朝日新聞 (in Japanese) ^ El Punk está de luto: falleció el gran músico Álvaro Peña Rojas (1943-2026) (in Spanish) ^ Howard Riley: 1938–2026 ^ Schrijfster Astrid Roemer overleden (in Dutch) ^ Kjersti Scheen (in Norwegian) ^ Sēru vēsts: mūžībā devusies Latvijas un pasaules basketbola leģenda Uļjana Semjonova (in Latvian) ^ Sir Tim Shadbolt has died at age 78 ^ Manipur BJP leader Meinam Bhorot Singh dies after prolonged illness in Imphal ^ جمهوری اسلامی مجتبی ترشیز، بازیکن پیشین تراکتور و همسرش را به قتل رساند (in Persian) ^ Matthew Taylor RIP ^ Le sport belge en deuil : le rameur Wim Van Belleghem, le seul Belge champion du monde en aviron, est décédé (in French) ^ Paul Visser ^ Terry Yorath obituary ^ Iran executes a man convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad ^ Madjoulba Batocfetou, patron de l'ICAT s'est éteint (in French) ^ James Bernard, founding editor of ‘The Source’ and co-founder of ‘XXL,’ dies ^ Помер український композитор Блажков, Гордон, 8.1.2026, автор - Ельчін Садаєв (in Ukrainian) ^ Mort d'Albert Bourgi, professeur de droit et figure du socialisme en Afrique (in French) ^ È morta Raffaella Bragazzi, storica voce di «Ok, il prezzo è giusto», aveva 66 anni (in Italian) ^ Frank Stanley Cerveny ^ Muere "El Chiri", excompetidor de Calle y beisbolista chiricano (in Spanish) ^ Obituary | Martin Chivers ^ Falleció Ángel Coerezza, uno de los mejores árbitros argentinos y ejemplo de persona (in Spanish) ^ John Witt Derr ^ 北海道・前釧路市長の蝦名大也さん（67）死去 議員秘書や北海道議などを経て4期16年釧路市長 防災インフラの整備に尽力 関係者からも悼む声 (in Japanese) ^ Former Memphis Rogues soccer star Tony Field dies at 79 ^ Vera Frances dead: Child star dies surrounded by family as tributes pour in ^ Madhav Gadgil (1942-2026) ^ Woman killed by ICE in Minneapolis identified ^ Morto monsignor Domenico Graziani, fu vescovo di Cassano e arcivescovo di Crotone (in Italian) ^ Hall, ironman goaltender with record 502 consecutive starts, dies at 94 ^ Sidney de Jong ^ Rebecca, Becky, Roo: Missing Miss Kilgore ^ Jon Lindsay, the longest-serving Harris County judge, dies at 90 ^ Former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski dies at 74 ^ Obituary: Ian McCrae ^ Former Colts RB Randy McMillan dies at 67 ^ New Mexico remembers former lieutenant governor, musician ^ Kabindra Purkayastha, the Patriarch of Assam BJP Passes Away at 94 ^ Former State Rep. Howard Sanderford dies at 90 ^ Dietrich Stratmann (in German) ^ Death of Seydou Madani Sy, former Minister of Justice and first Senegalese rector of UCAD ^ Kim Thorson ^ Hall of Fame tight end Billy Truax dies at 82 ^ Muore a 84 anni la giornalista parmigiana Chiara Valentini, è stata la biografa di Berlinguer (in Italian) ^ وفاة المفكر والفيلسوف المصري مراد وهبة عن 100 عام (in Arabic) ^ Vale Athol Webb | Melbourne mourns premiership hero ^ 云南省民间文艺家协会第六届副主席昂自明逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Former MLA and mayor Joe Arlooktoo passes away at 86 ^ Elle avait risqué sa vie pour en sauver d'autres : Odette Bergoffen, Juste parmi les Nations, est morte à 101 ans (in French) ^ Odszedł Profesor Andrzej Bogusławski (in Polish) ^ Former Queensland senator Ron 'Bozzie' Boswell dies aged 85 ^ John Cunningham, Veteran Broadway Actor, Dies at 93 ^ Former Maryland AD Dick Dull Passes Away ^ V.K. Ebrahim Kunju, IUML leader and former Kerala Minister, passes away ^ Deggendorfs frühere Oberbürgermeisterin Anna Eder ist gestorben (in German) ^ Johannes Fabian (in Dutch) ^ В Ухте скончался 32-летний нападающий МФК «Норильский никель» Алекс Фелипе (in Russian) ^ Angella Ferguson ^ Edith Flanigen ^ Schengen signatory Robert Goebbels passes away at 81 ^ Former Union minister Suresh Kalmadi passes away at 81 after prolonged illness ^ Doug LaMalfa, California Republican congressman, dies aged 65 ^ Elhunyt Láyer József volt országgyűlési képviselő (in Hungarian) ^ Alabama Music Hall of Famer, Huntsville native Jim McBride, dies at 78 ^ Jack McGregor, original founder of Pittsburgh Penguins, dies at 91 ^ AfD-Landtagsabgeordnete Muxel gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Raffaele Nogaro † ^ James E. O'Grady ^ Veteran Iranian actor Saeid Pirdoost passes away ^ Guinea ex-security chief convicted over crimes against humanity dies ^ Oud-burgemeester Jaap Pop overleden (in Dutch) ^ DA Gauteng mourns passing of former MPL David Quail ^ Obituary: Nihal Seneviratne ^ Bağır Süleymanov vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Meghalt Tarr Béla (in Hungarian) ^ Jerry Thomas, MVP of 1956 College World Series with Gophers, dies at 90 ^ Morto Gianpaolo Tosel, è stato per anni giudice sportivo della Serie A: aveva 85 anni (in Italian) ^ Le PSG en deuil, une figure historique du club s'est éteinte (in French) ^ Не стало Анатолия Евтушенко (in Russian) ^ 著名文艺理论家、北大中文系教授张少康逝世 (in Chinese) ^ 周立伟院士逝世：他“创立了自己的科学学派” (in Chinese) ^ South Korean Film Legend Ahn Sung-ki Dies at 75 ^ Aldrich Ames, CIA officer convicted of spying for Russia, dies at age 84 ^ Luto en el boxeo colombiano por la muerte del legendario 'Bony' Ávila (in Spanish) ^ Mustergültiger Aufklärer (in German) ^ Bassist Andrew Bodnar (o.a. Graham Parker & The Rumour) overleden (in Dutch) ^ Andrew Carter - In Memoriam ^ Tom Cherones, Emmy-Winning ‘Seinfeld’ Director and Producer, Dies at 86 ^ Fallece Beatriz de Lenclós, la gran vedette vitoriana que marcó época (in Spanish) ^ Jim Dennison, winningest football coach at Akron and Walsh, dies ^ Marian Diamond: Miriam Margolyes pays tribute to 'dear friend' after Jackanory star's death aged 89 ^ Meghalt Dudás Miki (in Hungarian) ^ Razor – Former Drummer Mike Embro Dead At 63 ^ 元グラドル藤乃あおいさんが死去、27歳 親族が発表 23年に希少がんを公表 闘病続けていた (in Japanese) ^ Bishop Paolo Gillet † ^ Morto Pier Francesco Guarguaglini, Crosetto: uomo di intelligenza e visione (in Italian) ^ Bruce Hammock: 1947-2026 ^ Acteur Ad van Kempen overleden op 81-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Odszedł na Wieczną Wartę Druh harcmistrz Wiktor Kinecki (in Polish) ^ Fallece José Mingorance, leyenda de la época dorada del Córdoba CF en Primera División (in Spanish) ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن رضا مرادی عبدالوند ششمین جانباخته اعتراضات شهر ازنا (in Persian) ^ Jawann Oldham, a basketball star at Cleveland High, Seattle U, dies at 68 ^ “พระองค์หญิงอินทุรัตนา บริพัตร” (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าอินทุรัตนา) สิ้นพระชนม์ สิริพระชันษา ๑๐๓ ปี (in Thai) ^ Artist and fashion writer Molly Parkin dies ^ Χρήστος Πολίτης: Πέθανε τη Δευτέρα και τον βρήκε ο αδελφός του νεκρό μια μέρα αργότερα (in Greek) ^ Pulford, 4-time Stanley Cup champion with Maple Leafs, dies at 89 ^ La città piange Cosimo Scaglioso. Fu docente emerito e senatore (in Italian) ^ Chef and food stylist Elle Simone Scott dies at 49 ^ Zemřel specialista na pokutové kopy. Brankář si zachytal za Slavii i Spartu (in Czech) ^ Karel-zangeres Elsje de Wijn overleden op 82-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Tribute to Sutton Harrier Ken Wilcock, who has died aged 91 ^ Mike Wilson (1959-2026): The King of Karting takes his final bow ^ Po těžké nemoci zemřel bývalý rektor ČVUT Jiří Witzany, bylo mu 84 let (in Czech) ^ 105岁东北妇运工作开拓者之一、黑龙江省妇联原主任吴琳涛逝世 (in Chinese) ^ WKU Athletics Hall of Famer Forest "Frosty" Able Passes Away ^ رئيس الوزراء الأسبق علي ابو الراغب في ذمة الله (in Arabic) ^ Jamia Ashrafia head Maulana Ashrafi passes away ^ Pionnière du travail social sur l’itinérance et le profilage, la chercheuse Céline Bellot s’éteint (in French) ^ Ci ha lasciati coach Mario Blasone. Le condoglianze del presidente Petrucci. Disposto minuto di silenzio (in Italian) ^ Robert Gerald Boyer ^ OHL, CHL Mourn the Loss of David Branch, Transformative Commissioner and Hockey Visionary ^ Le rappeur Calbo, membre du duo emblématique Ärsenik, est mort à l’âge de 52 ans (in French) ^ Gardienne des remèdes d'antan, la Valaisanne Germaine Cousin-Zermatten s'est éteinte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Le magicien de bal Kamiel Dierckx est décédé à l’âge de 84 ans (in French) ^ Edinburgh's last star director has died, at 97 ^ Muere Manuel Fernández Ilarraza, expresidente del Parlamento (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel kněz Miloslav Fiala (in Czech) ^ Andy Friendly Dies: First ‘Entertainment Tonight’ Producer, Son Of Legendary CBS Newsman Fred Friendly Was 74 ^ Veteran Dravidian ideologue L. Ganesan no more ^ Anne-Claire Goulon, ex-dirigeante du groupe Livio, s'est éteinte à 51 ans (in French) ^ Vicki Gregory ^ Hommage à Michel Griffon (in French) ^ Hommage à Roger Guesnerie (in French) ^ Former Portland lawmaker Denise Harlow dies at 55 ^ Bobby Holmes ^ Mūžībā devusies rakstniece Nora Ikstena (in Latvian) ^ Erster Landtagspräsident von Sachsen-Anhalt ist verstorben (in German) ^ '원조 스턴트맨'…60년간 배우 활동한 김영인씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Na svoj rođendan preminuo Milorad Kosanović (in Serbian) ^ Stade Rennais : l'ancien président du club Bernard Lemoux est décédé (in French) ^ George Lodge ^ Oscar Warren Lofton ^ Ayawaso East MP Mahama Naser Toure dies after short illness ^ Zemřel válečný veterán Miloslav Masopust (in Czech) ^ Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο Γιώργος Παπαδάκης ύστερα από έμφραγμα (in Greek) ^ La Louvière perd l'un de ses artistes emblématiques : Daniel Pelletti a tiré sa révérence à l'âge de 77 ans (in French) ^ Former mayor of Dunedin Jules Radich dies ^ Michael Reagan, Eldest Son Of Ronald Reagan, Has Died ^ ‘70s PHL tennis star Marissa Sanchez dies at 69 ^ Décès de Jacqueline Schaeffer (1934-2026) (in French) ^ Former Sheetz president and CEO Steve Sheetz dies at age 77 ^ Khadial King Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo Passes Away at 80 ^ Ralph L. Thomas, ‘The Terry Fox Story’ Director and Journalist, Dies at 86 ^ Murió Horacio Usandizaga, histórico dirigente de la UCR y primer intendente de Rosario tras el regreso de la democracia (in Spanish) ^ ‘She was a force of nature’ – Mary White, former senator and founder of Lir Chocolates, dies aged 81 ^ 著名摄影家、新中国第一批女摄影记者晓庄逝世，享年94岁 (in Chinese) ^ Zmarła Pani Teresa Zalewska (in Polish) ^ Hushang Ansary (98) overleden (in Dutch) ^ S’ha mort el periodista Joan Armengol a 91 anys (in Catalan) ^ وفاة الإعلامي الأردني جميل عازر أحد مؤسسي قناة “الجزيرة” القطرية (in Arabic) ^ Langjähriger Tiroler ÖVP-Mandatar Bachmann 91-jährig verstorben (in German) ^ La comédienne genevoise Claude-Inga Barbey s'en est allée (in French) ^ Stephen Edward Braude ^ Morto a 94 anni l'ex senatore Natale Carlotto (in Italian) ^ Morto Francesco Paolo Casavola, il diritto come missione (in Italian) ^ Il prêtait sa voix à une légende du cinéma : le comédien français Frédéric Cerdal nous a quittés à l'âge de 81 ans (in French) ^ Mor Maria Eugènia Cuenca, la primera dona que va ser consellera de la Generalitat (in Catalan) ^ Obit: Former Windsor CFL receiver Tony Dennis dies after multiple organ failure ^ 著名民俗学家、教育家、北京师大教授董晓萍逝世，享年75岁 (in Chinese) ^ Gerry Gable (1937–2026) ^ Broadway Alum Bret Hanna-Shuford Passes Away at 46 ^ Franz Herre (in German) ^ Marvalene Hughes ^ Opera sanatçısı Prof. Dr. Mesut İktu vefat etti (in Turkish) ^ Bishop Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo † ^ Nālani Kanakaʻole, revered Kumu Hula and cultural matriarch, passes at 79 ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن لطیف کریمی با شلیک مستقیم نیروهای حکومتی/ تلاش حکومت برای مصادره و وارونهسازی واقعیت (in Persian) ^ Zum Tod des Fehlfarben-Bassisten Michael Kemner: Ohne Atempause Rockgeschichte gemacht (in German) ^ E-News — January 2026 ^ Goddur er látinn (in Icelandic) ^ Tributes flow for founding father of Australian beef industry, Sir Graham McCamley ^ John Meredith (1940 – 2026) ^ Former DA Federal Chairperson Errol Moorcroft Has Passed Away ^ Former Bangladesh footballer Golam Dostogir no more ^ Strongman turned hilarious Instagram star dies aged 40 ^ Sverre Anker Ousdal er død (in Norwegian) ^ Zmarł prof. Andrzej Paczkowski, jeden z najwybitniejszych polskich historyków (in Polish) ^ The great coach and football player Dimitar Penev has passed away ^ Jenny Plocki, rescapée de la rafle du Vél' d'Hiv et témoin du siècle, est morte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Komponist Rolf Riehm ist gestorben: Immer mit Einspruch (in German) ^ Randy Joseph Riley ^ In memoriam – Eva Schloss-Geiringer ^ Former Deputy Chief Counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Robert K. Tanenbaum, has died at the age of 83 ^ Nam Singh Thapa, Nepal's first Olympian, dies ^ Remembering Samuel O. Thier, IOM President (1985-1991) ^ В Тынде умер легендарный строитель БАМа Иван Варшавский (in Russian) ^ 海军原副政委王征中将逝世，享年64岁 (in Chinese) ^ Terry Wharton | 1942-2026 ^ Yohn, William Hendricks, Jr. ^ Pimpinan PMDG Gontor KH Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi wafat (in Indonesian) ^ Zmarł Mirosław Zdanowicz - przedsiębiorca i legenda sportu (in Polish) ^ 著名京剧表演艺术家、马连良先生入室弟子张克让逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Ihana ja ihmeellinen karjalainen, muistelee Sinikka Sokka tätiään Ritva Auvista (in Finnish) ^ Ian Balding, legendary trainer of Mill Reef, dies aged 87 ^ Rhymester Sukumar Barua passes away ^ Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA, dies in Bareilly a day after celebrating his 60th birthday, CM Yogi expresses grief ^ In memoriam: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, respected numismatist and educator ^ Ancien président de l'Assemblée de Corse et maire de Sartène, Dominique Bucchini est décédé (in French) ^ Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies aged 98 ^ Jean-Max Causse, exploitant de cinémas et grand nom de la cinéphilie parisienne, est mort (in French) ^ Odesa reports the death of artist Bohdan Chufus ^ BBC Radio Merseyside founding member dies as tributes paid ^ Mor Miquel Contestí, històric expresident del RCE Mallorca (in Catalan) ^ Sir Patrick Duffy, Britain’s oldest living former MP, passes away at the age of 105 ^ 藤井俊男さん死去 元民主党参院議員 (in Japanese) ^ D-Day veteran who escorted allied troops landing in Normandy dies aged 101 ^ Diamond legend Steve Haggerty has died ^ 'He was awesome': Fans grieve death of beloved Island radio host ^ Sidney Kibrick, Last of the 'Our Gang' Kids, Dies at 97 ^ Kristi L. Kiick ^ Elbert Leon Kimbrough ^ Anna Kurek, medic of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, has died ^ Paul Lambert ’46, Former Trustee, Dies at 97 ^ Daily Update: NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 20, CMLL Sin Salida, Johnny Legend ^ Преминуо проф. Владимир Лукић (in Serbian) ^ Former MLC Ashok Modak passes away at 85 ^ Con Pederson, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Special Effects Supervisor, Dies at 91 ^ В Петербурге умер снимавший Высоцкого фотограф Валерий Плотников (in Russian) ^ Vale: Tim Robertson ^ Rovátkay Lajostól búcsúzunk (in Hungarian) ^ PM Mourns Former Deputy Prime Minister, Minister Saleh Irshaidat ^ Edith Renfrow Smith, a 'memory keeper' and living link to history, dies at 111 ^ Former AFL player Phoenix Spicer dies as heartbroken family and football figures pay tribute ^ Ivonne Trebbi è morta, addio alla partigiana Bruna. Aveva 97 anni (in Italian) ^ James Gladden Willis ^ Tragiczna śmierć polskiego olimpijczyka. Robert Wolski nie żyje (in Polish) ^ Remembering Nellie Wong ^ Former Speaker of Bishkek City Council Marat Amankulov passes away ^ Communiqué d'Action française – Un camelot du roi exemplaire (in French) ^ Walsall confirm death of former Saddlers and Aston Villa creative favourite Alan Baker ^ Allyn Bromley-Baron ^ Fallece Xesús Cañedo, referente del asturianismo político y cultural (in Spanish) ^ "Це велика втрата": на фронті загинула операторка дронів і мисткиня Лана Чорногорська (in Ukrainian) ^ Diane Crump, the first female jockey to race in the Kentucky Derby, dies at 77 ^ Figura e shquar e politikës dhe shkencës - liderët politikë shprehin dhimbjen dhe mirënjohjen për Nexhat Dacin (in Albanian) ^ Brian Doyle, celebrated Ottawa author, dies at age 90 ^ פרופסור יחזקאל דרור, חתן פרס ישראל, מת בגיל 98 (in Hebrew) ^ Ex-president Vīķe-Freiberga's husband Imants Freibergs dies ^ Obituary #8: James Grauerholz ^ وفاة مؤرخ الثورة الجزائرية محمد حربي (in Arabic) ^ 中国驻瓦努阿图原大使、驻美国芝加哥原总领事黄东璧逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Hyundai Dynasty's 2006 Win Rate King Jeon Joon-ho Dies ^ Victoria Jones, daughter of Tommy Lee Jones, found dead in San Francisco ^ Billionaire philanthropist Morris Kahn dies at 95 ^ Умер известный телеведущий Андрей Хорошев (in Russian) ^ Harvey C. Krautschun ^ Famed TV presenter Hiroshi Kume passes away at 81 ^ Remembering John Langdon ^ Suri Arno Talit kehastanud näitleja Arno Liiver (in Estonian) ^ 我国空气动力学界先驱、西北工业大学资深教授林超强逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Arnold Long (1940-2026) - Obituary ^ З глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 1 січня ц.р. на 104-му році пішов із життя видатний український математик та організатор науки академік НАН України Володимир Олександрович Марченко (in Ukrainian) ^ Ex-prefeito de Goiânia na década de 1970, Hélio Mauro Umbelino Lobo morre em Anápolis (in Portuguese) ^ Paul McCullagh Jr: Boxer dies age 25 as father confirms heartbreaking cause of death ^ Burnley pay tribute to their former great and England goalkeeper Colin McDonald ^ Fallece a los 89 años Enric Mestre, referente mundial de la cerámica (in Spanish) ^ Умер бывший футболист "Спартака" Мухсин Мухамадиев (in Russian) ^ Death of Sir James Munby ^ Skulpteur der Erinnerung (in German) ^ Monsieur Gregory, Peter de Polnay ^ Dame Karen Poutasi, first female director-general of health, dies aged 76 ^ Tributes paid to Australian actor Candy Raymond who has died aged 75 ^ Amit Saar, top IDF intelligence officer on Oct. 7, dies of cancer at 47 ^ 31 Jahre für Bergkamen: Früherer Bürgermeister Roland Schäfer gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo, O.F.M. Cap. † ^ Former Fayette County delegate and physician Dr. Margaret Staggers has passed away ^ Jewish woman whose baby photo was chosen by Goebbels as Aryan exemplar dies at 91 ^ Умер заслуженный летчик-испытатель Рубен Есаян, критиковавший «Сухой суперджет» (in Russian) ^ 港星病逝！享壽69歲 妻證實噩耗 (in Chinese) ^ Ушел из жизни первый советский фигурист – участник чемпионатов Европы и мира Захаров Валентин Дмитриевич (in Russian) External links The Guardian (UK) obituaries The Telegraph (UK) obituaries The Irish Times obituaries Obituaries, Irish Examiner Obituaries, Chicago Tribune Obituaries, Los Angeles Times The New York Times , obituaries The Washington Post obituaries The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) obituaries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e 2020s deaths by month v t e 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2000s ← 2010s ← Lists of deaths by year 2026 deaths Lists of deaths in 2026 Articles with Croatian-language sources (hr) Articles with Azerbaijani-language sources (az) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with Korean-language sources (ko) Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with Bengali-language sources (bn) Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy) Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk) Articles with Finnish-language sources (fi) Articles with German-language sources (de) Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with Estonian-language sources (et) 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Main topics TOC systems by Fundamental categories v t e Information Information • Knowledge • Library and information science Reference (c) Information Information • Knowledge • Library and information science Reference (c) Information • Knowledge • Library and information science Reference (c) Reference (c) Nature Nature (c) Science (ctK, va) • Academic disciplines Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Earth • Physical sciences (c, v1) • Planetary science Earth sciences (c) • Academic disciplines • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) • Structure Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Physical sciences • Night • Space : Astronomy : … Planets of the Solar System Earth (v1) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Life • Science (ctK, va) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Healthcare • Health (c, va) Health sciences • Biology (fa, v1) • Humans • Health (c, va) Medicine (fa, v1, va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Information • Interdisciplinary fields Information science • Sociology of scientific knowledge • Interdisciplinary fields • Education Library and information science • Information • Knowledge Reference (c) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Humans • Science (ctK, va) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Science (ctK, va) • Matter Physical sciences (c, v1) • Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Chemistry (fa) • Atoms • Chemical substances • Matter Chemical elements (ctK) Science (ctK, va) • Academic disciplines • Human sciences • Society (c, v1) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Science (ctK, va) • Abstraction • Academic disciplines • Structure Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Abstraction • Branches of philosophy • Intelligence • Interdisciplinary fields Logic (c) Science (ctK, va) • Observation • Data collection Scientific observation • Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Engineering • Experimental physics • Manufacturing • Physical property Measurement (va) Nature Nature (c) Science (ctK, va) • Academic disciplines Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Earth • Physical sciences (c, v1) • Planetary science Earth sciences (c) • Academic disciplines • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) • Structure Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Physical sciences • Night • Space : Astronomy : … Planets of the Solar System Earth (v1) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Life • Science (ctK, va) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Healthcare • Health (c, va) Health sciences • Biology (fa, v1) • Humans • Health (c, va) Medicine (fa, v1, va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Information • Interdisciplinary fields Information science • Sociology of scientific knowledge • Interdisciplinary fields • Education Library and information science • Information • Knowledge Reference (c) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Humans • Science (ctK, va) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Science (ctK, va) • Matter Physical sciences (c, v1) • Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Chemistry (fa) • Atoms • Chemical substances • Matter Chemical elements (ctK) Science (ctK, va) • Academic disciplines • Human sciences • Society (c, v1) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Science (ctK, va) • Abstraction • Academic disciplines • Structure Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Abstraction • Branches of philosophy • Intelligence • Interdisciplinary fields Logic (c) Science (ctK, va) • Observation • Data collection Scientific observation • Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Engineering • Experimental physics • Manufacturing • Physical property Measurement (va) Nature (c) Science (ctK, va) • Academic disciplines Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Earth • Physical sciences (c, v1) • Planetary science Earth sciences (c) • Academic disciplines • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) • Structure Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Physical sciences • Night • Space : Astronomy : … Planets of the Solar System Earth (v1) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Life • Science (ctK, va) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Healthcare • Health (c, va) Health sciences • Biology (fa, v1) • Humans • Health (c, va) Medicine (fa, v1, va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Information • Interdisciplinary fields Information science • Sociology of scientific knowledge • Interdisciplinary fields • Education Library and information science • Information • Knowledge Reference (c) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Humans • Science (ctK, va) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Science (ctK, va) • Matter Physical sciences (c, v1) • Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Chemistry (fa) • Atoms • Chemical substances • Matter Chemical elements (ctK) Science (ctK, va) • Academic disciplines • Human sciences • Society (c, v1) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Science (ctK, va) • Abstraction • Academic disciplines • Structure Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Abstraction • Branches of philosophy • Intelligence • Interdisciplinary fields Logic (c) Science (ctK, va) • Observation • Data collection Scientific observation • Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Engineering • Experimental physics • Manufacturing • Physical property Measurement (va) Science (ctK, va) • Academic disciplines Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Earth • Physical sciences (c, v1) • Planetary science Earth sciences (c) • Academic disciplines • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) • Structure Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Physical sciences • Night • Space : Astronomy : … Planets of the Solar System Earth (v1) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Life • Science (ctK, va) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Healthcare • Health (c, va) Health sciences • Biology (fa, v1) • Humans • Health (c, va) Medicine (fa, v1, va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Information • Interdisciplinary fields Information science • Sociology of scientific knowledge • Interdisciplinary fields • Education Library and information science • Information • Knowledge Reference (c) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Humans • Science (ctK, va) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Earth • Physical sciences (c, v1) • Planetary science Earth sciences (c) • Academic disciplines • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) • Structure Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Earth sciences (c) • Academic disciplines • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) • Structure Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Physical sciences • Night • Space : Astronomy : … Planets of the Solar System Earth (v1) Earth (v1) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Life • Science (ctK, va) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Healthcare • Health (c, va) Health sciences • Biology (fa, v1) • Humans • Health (c, va) Medicine (fa, v1, va) Health sciences • Biology (fa, v1) • Humans • Health (c, va) Medicine (fa, v1, va) Medicine (fa, v1, va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Information • Interdisciplinary fields Information science • Sociology of scientific knowledge • Interdisciplinary fields • Education Library and information science • Information • Knowledge Reference (c) Information science • Sociology of scientific knowledge • Interdisciplinary fields • Education Library and information science • Information • Knowledge Reference (c) Library and information science • Information • Knowledge Reference (c) Reference (c) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Humans • Science (ctK, va) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Science (ctK, va) • Matter Physical sciences (c, v1) • Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Chemistry (fa) • Atoms • Chemical substances • Matter Chemical elements (ctK) Physical sciences (c, v1) • Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Chemistry (fa) • Atoms • Chemical substances • Matter Chemical elements (ctK) Chemistry (fa) • Atoms • Chemical substances • Matter Chemical elements (ctK) Chemical elements (ctK) Science (ctK, va) • Academic disciplines • Human sciences • Society (c, v1) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Science (ctK, va) • Abstraction • Academic disciplines • Structure Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Abstraction • Branches of philosophy • Intelligence • Interdisciplinary fields Logic (c) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Abstraction • Branches of philosophy • Intelligence • Interdisciplinary fields Logic (c) Logic (c) Science (ctK, va) • Observation • Data collection Scientific observation • Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Engineering • Experimental physics • Manufacturing • Physical property Measurement (va) Scientific observation • Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Engineering • Experimental physics • Manufacturing • Physical property Measurement (va) Measurement (va) Society Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Academic disciplines • Interdisciplinary fields Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Creativity • Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Arts (c, v0.5, va) • Documents • Creative works • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Writing Literature (fa, v0.5) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Behavior • Information • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Communication • Human communication Language (fa, v0.5) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Academic disciplines • Human sciences • Science (ctK, va) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) • Academic disciplines • Earth sciences • Structure Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Branches of geography • Politics • Human geography • Subfields of political science • Administration Political geography • Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Countries (ctK) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Interdisciplinary fields • Life • Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Interdisciplinary fields • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • Planning • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Time Events (c) • 2007 • News Current events (ce) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Humans People (c, va) • Genres • History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • History publications Biography (ctK) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Apes Humans • Metaphysics • Psychology • Sociology Self (c) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Humans • Personality • Self (c) • Human behavior Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Society Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Academic disciplines • Interdisciplinary fields Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Creativity • Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Arts (c, v0.5, va) • Documents • Creative works • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Writing Literature (fa, v0.5) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Behavior • Information • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Communication • Human communication Language (fa, v0.5) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Academic disciplines • Human sciences • Science (ctK, va) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) • Academic disciplines • Earth sciences • Structure Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Branches of geography • Politics • Human geography • Subfields of political science • Administration Political geography • Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Countries (ctK) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Interdisciplinary fields • Life • Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Interdisciplinary fields • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • Planning • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Time Events (c) • 2007 • News Current events (ce) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Humans People (c, va) • Genres • History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • History publications Biography (ctK) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Apes Humans • Metaphysics • Psychology • Sociology Self (c) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Humans • Personality • Self (c) • Human behavior Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Academic disciplines • Interdisciplinary fields Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Creativity • Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Arts (c, v0.5, va) • Documents • Creative works • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Writing Literature (fa, v0.5) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Academic disciplines • Interdisciplinary fields Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Creativity • Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Arts (c, v0.5, va) • Documents • Creative works • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Writing Literature (fa, v0.5) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Creativity • Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Arts (c, v0.5, va) • Documents • Creative works • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Writing Literature (fa, v0.5) Arts (c, v0.5, va) • Documents • Creative works • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Writing Literature (fa, v0.5) Literature (fa, v0.5) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Behavior • Information • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Communication • Human communication Language (fa, v0.5) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Communication • Human communication Language (fa, v0.5) Language (fa, v0.5) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Academic disciplines • Human sciences • Science (ctK, va) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) • Academic disciplines • Earth sciences • Structure Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Branches of geography • Politics • Human geography • Subfields of political science • Administration Political geography • Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Countries (ctK) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) • Academic disciplines • Earth sciences • Structure Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Branches of geography • Politics • Human geography • Subfields of political science • Administration Political geography • Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Countries (ctK) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Branches of geography • Politics • Human geography • Subfields of political science • Administration Political geography • Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Countries (ctK) Branches of geography • Politics • Human geography • Subfields of political science • Administration Political geography • Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Countries (ctK) Political geography • Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Countries (ctK) Countries (ctK) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Interdisciplinary fields • Life • Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Interdisciplinary fields • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • Planning • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Time Events (c) • 2007 • News Current events (ce) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • Planning • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Time Events (c) • 2007 • News Current events (ce) Events (c) • 2007 • News Current events (ce) Current events (ce) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Humans People (c, va) • Genres • History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • History publications Biography (ctK) People (c, va) • Genres • History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • History publications Biography (ctK) Biography (ctK) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Apes Humans • Metaphysics • Psychology • Sociology Self (c) Humans • Metaphysics • Psychology • Sociology Self (c) Self (c) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Humans • Personality • Self (c) • Human behavior Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Humans • Personality • Self (c) • Human behavior Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Structure Structure • Academic disciplines • Earth sciences • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Structure • Abstraction • Academic disciplines • Category:Science (ctK) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Abstraction • Branches of philosophy • Intelligence • Interdisciplinary fields Logic (c) Structure Structure • Academic disciplines • Earth sciences • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Structure • Abstraction • Academic disciplines • Category:Science (ctK) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Abstraction • Branches of philosophy • Intelligence • Interdisciplinary fields Logic (c) Structure • Academic disciplines • Earth sciences • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Structure • Abstraction • Academic disciplines • Category:Science (ctK) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Abstraction • Branches of philosophy • Intelligence • Interdisciplinary fields Logic (c) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Abstraction • Branches of philosophy • Intelligence • Interdisciplinary fields Logic (c) Logic (c) Thought Thought (c) Abstraction • Belief • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Thought (c) • Cognition Belief (c) • Spirituality Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Thought Thought (c) Abstraction • Belief • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Thought (c) • Cognition Belief (c) • Spirituality Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Thought (c) Abstraction • Belief • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Abstraction • Belief • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Thought (c) • Cognition Belief (c) • Spirituality Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Belief (c) • Spirituality Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Full outline Nature (c) Science (ctK, va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Architecture (fa) Computing (fa) Engineering (fa) Health sciences Medicine (fa, v1, va) Information science Library and information science Reference (c) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Transport → Transportation (fa) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Geology (fa) Geophysics (fa) Meteorology (fa) Mineralogy (fa) Physical sciences (c, v1) Astronomy (fa) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Physics (fa) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Logic (c) Scientific observation Measurement (va) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Business (fa) Finance (fa) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) Awards and decorations (fa) Food and drink (fa) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Art → Visual Arts (fa) Literature (fa, v0.5) Music (fa) Theatre (fa) Language (fa, v0.5) Linguistics (fa)*** Vexillology (fa) Education (fa) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) Archaeology (fa) Events (c) Current events (ce) Heraldry (fa) Humans Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Recreation (fa) Sports (fa) Video games (fa) Self (c) Law (fa) Media → Mass media (fa) People (c, va) Biography (ctK) Nobility (fa) Royalty (fa) Politics (fa) Government (fa) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) Economics (fa) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Political geography Countries (ctK) Psychology (fa) Warfare → Warfare by type (fa) Thought (c) Abstraction Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Belief (c) Mysticism (fa) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Mythology (fa) Full outline Nature (c) Science (ctK, va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Architecture (fa) Computing (fa) Engineering (fa) Health sciences Medicine (fa, v1, va) Information science Library and information science Reference (c) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Transport → Transportation (fa) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Geology (fa) Geophysics (fa) Meteorology (fa) Mineralogy (fa) Physical sciences (c, v1) Astronomy (fa) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Physics (fa) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Logic (c) Scientific observation Measurement (va) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Business (fa) Finance (fa) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) Awards and decorations (fa) Food and drink (fa) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Art → Visual Arts (fa) Literature (fa, v0.5) Music (fa) Theatre (fa) Language (fa, v0.5) Linguistics (fa)*** Vexillology (fa) Education (fa) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) Archaeology (fa) Events (c) Current events (ce) Heraldry (fa) Humans Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Recreation (fa) Sports (fa) Video games (fa) Self (c) Law (fa) Media → Mass media (fa) People (c, va) Biography (ctK) Nobility (fa) Royalty (fa) Politics (fa) Government (fa) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) Economics (fa) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Political geography Countries (ctK) Psychology (fa) Warfare → Warfare by type (fa) Thought (c) Abstraction Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Belief (c) Mysticism (fa) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Mythology (fa) Nature (c) Science (ctK, va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Architecture (fa) Computing (fa) Engineering (fa) Health sciences Medicine (fa, v1, va) Information science Library and information science Reference (c) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Transport → Transportation (fa) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Geology (fa) Geophysics (fa) Meteorology (fa) Mineralogy (fa) Physical sciences (c, v1) Astronomy (fa) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Physics (fa) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Logic (c) Scientific observation Measurement (va) Science (ctK, va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Architecture (fa) Computing (fa) Engineering (fa) Health sciences Medicine (fa, v1, va) Information science Library and information science Reference (c) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Transport → Transportation (fa) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Geology (fa) Geophysics (fa) Meteorology (fa) Mineralogy (fa) Physical sciences (c, v1) Astronomy (fa) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Physics (fa) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Logic (c) Scientific observation Measurement (va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Architecture (fa) Computing (fa) Engineering (fa) Health sciences Medicine (fa, v1, va) Information science Library and information science Reference (c) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Transport → Transportation (fa) Architecture (fa) Computing (fa) Engineering (fa) Health sciences Medicine (fa, v1, va) Medicine (fa, v1, va) Information science Library and information science Reference (c) Library and information science Reference (c) Reference (c) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Transport → Transportation (fa) Transport → Transportation (fa) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Geology (fa) Geophysics (fa) Meteorology (fa) Mineralogy (fa) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Geology (fa) Geophysics (fa) Meteorology (fa) Mineralogy (fa) Earth sciences Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Geology (fa) Geophysics (fa) Meteorology (fa) Mineralogy (fa) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Geology (fa) Geophysics (fa) Meteorology (fa) Mineralogy (fa) Physical sciences (c, v1) Astronomy (fa) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Physics (fa) Astronomy (fa) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Chemical elements (ctK) Physics (fa) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Logic (c) Logic (c) Scientific observation Measurement (va) Measurement (va) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Business (fa) Finance (fa) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) Awards and decorations (fa) Food and drink (fa) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Art → Visual Arts (fa) Literature (fa, v0.5) Music (fa) Theatre (fa) Language (fa, v0.5) Linguistics (fa)*** Vexillology (fa) Education (fa) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) Archaeology (fa) Events (c) Current events (ce) Heraldry (fa) Humans Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Recreation (fa) Sports (fa) Video games (fa) Self (c) Law (fa) Media → Mass media (fa) People (c, va) Biography (ctK) Nobility (fa) Royalty (fa) Politics (fa) Government (fa) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) Economics (fa) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Political geography Countries (ctK) Psychology (fa) Warfare → Warfare by type (fa) Business (fa) Finance (fa) Finance (fa) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) Awards and decorations (fa) Food and drink (fa) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Art → Visual Arts (fa) Literature (fa, v0.5) Music (fa) Theatre (fa) Language (fa, v0.5) Linguistics (fa)*** Vexillology (fa) Awards and decorations (fa) Food and drink (fa) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Art → Visual Arts (fa) Literature (fa, v0.5) Music (fa) Theatre (fa) Language (fa, v0.5) Linguistics (fa)*** Vexillology (fa) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Art → Visual Arts (fa) Literature (fa, v0.5) Music (fa) Theatre (fa) Art → Visual Arts (fa) Literature (fa, v0.5) Music (fa) Theatre (fa) Language (fa, v0.5) Linguistics (fa)*** Vexillology (fa) Linguistics (fa)*** Vexillology (fa) Education (fa) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) Archaeology (fa) Events (c) Current events (ce) Heraldry (fa) Archaeology (fa) Events (c) Current events (ce) Current events (ce) Heraldry (fa) Humans Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Recreation (fa) Sports (fa) Video games (fa) Self (c) Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) Recreation (fa) Sports (fa) Video games (fa) Recreation (fa) Sports (fa) Video games (fa) Sports (fa) Video games (fa) Self (c) Law (fa) Media → Mass media (fa) People (c, va) Biography (ctK) Nobility (fa) Royalty (fa) Biography (ctK) Nobility (fa) Royalty (fa) Royalty (fa) Politics (fa) Government (fa) Government (fa) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) Economics (fa) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Political geography Countries (ctK) Psychology (fa) Economics (fa) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Political geography Countries (ctK) Political geography Countries (ctK) Countries (ctK) Psychology (fa) Warfare → Warfare by type (fa) Thought (c) Abstraction Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Belief (c) Mysticism (fa) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Mythology (fa) Abstraction Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Belief (c) Mysticism (fa) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Mythology (fa) Mysticism (fa) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Mythology (fa) Mythology (fa) Basic outline Nature (c) – (nps) Science (ctK, va) – (nps) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) – (tas) Health sciences – (hf) Medicine (fa, v1, va) – (hf) Information science – (r) Library and information science – (r) Reference (c) – (r) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (tas) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) – (nps) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) – (nps) Earth (v1) – (nps) Earth sciences – (nps) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Physical sciences (c, v1) – (nps) Chemical elements (ctK) – (nps) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) – (sss) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) – (ml) Logic (c) – (ml) Scientific observation – (ml) Measurement (va) – (ml) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) – (sss) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) – (ca) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) – (ca) Arts (c, v0.5, va) – (ca) Literature (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Language (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Health (c, va) – (hf) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) – (hf) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) – (he) Events (c) – (he) Current events (ce) – (he) Humans – (ps) Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) – (ps) Self (c) – (ps) People (c, va) – (ps) Biography (ctK) – (ps) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) – (sss) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Political geography – (gp) Countries (ctK) – (gp) Thought (c) – (pt) Abstraction – (pt) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) – (pt) Belief (c) – (rbs) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) – (rbs) Basic outline Nature (c) – (nps) Science (ctK, va) – (nps) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) – (tas) Health sciences – (hf) Medicine (fa, v1, va) – (hf) Information science – (r) Library and information science – (r) Reference (c) – (r) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (tas) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) – (nps) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) – (nps) Earth (v1) – (nps) Earth sciences – (nps) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Physical sciences (c, v1) – (nps) Chemical elements (ctK) – (nps) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) – (sss) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) – (ml) Logic (c) – (ml) Scientific observation – (ml) Measurement (va) – (ml) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) – (sss) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) – (ca) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) – (ca) Arts (c, v0.5, va) – (ca) Literature (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Language (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Health (c, va) – (hf) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) – (hf) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) – (he) Events (c) – (he) Current events (ce) – (he) Humans – (ps) Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) – (ps) Self (c) – (ps) People (c, va) – (ps) Biography (ctK) – (ps) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) – (sss) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Political geography – (gp) Countries (ctK) – (gp) Thought (c) – (pt) Abstraction – (pt) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) – (pt) Belief (c) – (rbs) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) – (rbs) Nature (c) – (nps) Science (ctK, va) – (nps) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) – (tas) Health sciences – (hf) Medicine (fa, v1, va) – (hf) Information science – (r) Library and information science – (r) Reference (c) – (r) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (tas) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) – (nps) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) – (nps) Earth (v1) – (nps) Earth sciences – (nps) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Physical sciences (c, v1) – (nps) Chemical elements (ctK) – (nps) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) – (sss) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) – (ml) Logic (c) – (ml) Scientific observation – (ml) Measurement (va) – (ml) Science (ctK, va) – (nps) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) – (tas) Health sciences – (hf) Medicine (fa, v1, va) – (hf) Information science – (r) Library and information science – (r) Reference (c) – (r) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (tas) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) – (nps) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) – (nps) Earth (v1) – (nps) Earth sciences – (nps) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Physical sciences (c, v1) – (nps) Chemical elements (ctK) – (nps) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) – (sss) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) – (ml) Logic (c) – (ml) Scientific observation – (ml) Measurement (va) – (ml) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) – (tas) Health sciences – (hf) Medicine (fa, v1, va) – (hf) Information science – (r) Library and information science – (r) Reference (c) – (r) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (tas) Health sciences – (hf) Medicine (fa, v1, va) – (hf) Medicine (fa, v1, va) – (hf) Information science – (r) Library and information science – (r) Reference (c) – (r) Library and information science – (r) Reference (c) – (r) Reference (c) – (r) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (tas) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) – (nps) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) – (nps) Earth (v1) – (nps) Earth sciences – (nps) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) – (nps) Earth (v1) – (nps) Earth sciences – (nps) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Earth sciences – (nps) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Physical sciences (c, v1) – (nps) Chemical elements (ctK) – (nps) Chemical elements (ctK) – (nps) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) – (sss) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) – (ml) Logic (c) – (ml) Logic (c) – (ml) Scientific observation – (ml) Measurement (va) – (ml) Measurement (va) – (ml) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) – (sss) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) – (ca) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) – (ca) Arts (c, v0.5, va) – (ca) Literature (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Language (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Health (c, va) – (hf) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) – (hf) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) – (he) Events (c) – (he) Current events (ce) – (he) Humans – (ps) Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) – (ps) Self (c) – (ps) People (c, va) – (ps) Biography (ctK) – (ps) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) – (sss) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Political geography – (gp) Countries (ctK) – (gp) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) – (ca) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) – (ca) Arts (c, v0.5, va) – (ca) Literature (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Language (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) – (ca) Arts (c, v0.5, va) – (ca) Literature (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Language (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Arts (c, v0.5, va) – (ca) Literature (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Literature (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Language (fa, v0.5) – (ca) Health (c, va) – (hf) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) – (hf) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) – (hf) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) – (he) Events (c) – (he) Current events (ce) – (he) Events (c) – (he) Current events (ce) – (he) Current events (ce) – (he) Humans – (ps) Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) – (ps) Self (c) – (ps) Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) – (ps) Self (c) – (ps) People (c, va) – (ps) Biography (ctK) – (ps) Biography (ctK) – (ps) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) – (sss) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Political geography – (gp) Countries (ctK) – (gp) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) – (gp) Political geography – (gp) Countries (ctK) – (gp) Political geography – (gp) Countries (ctK) – (gp) Countries (ctK) – (gp) Thought (c) – (pt) Abstraction – (pt) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) – (pt) Belief (c) – (rbs) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) – (rbs) Abstraction – (pt) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) – (pt) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) – (pt) Belief (c) – (rbs) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) – (rbs) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) – (rbs) Portals outline Culture and the arts (Arts) – (ca) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Literature (fa, v0.5) Language (fa, v0.5) Geography and places (Geography) – (gp) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Political geography Countries (ctK) Health and fitness (Health) – (hf) Health sciences Medicine (fa, v1, va) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) History and events (History) – (he) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) Events (c) Current events (ce) Mathematics and logic (Mathematics) – (ml) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Logic (c) Scientific observation Measurement (va) Natural and physical sciences (Nature) – (nps) Nature (c) Science (ctK, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Physical sciences (c, v1) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) People and self (People) – (ps) Humans Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) People (c, va) Biography (ctK) Self (c) Philosophy and thinking (Philosophy) – (pt) Thought (c) Abstraction Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Reference (Reference) – (r) Information science Library and information science Reference (c) Religion and belief systems (Religion) – (rbs) Belief (c) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Social sciences and society (Society) – (sss) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Technology and applied sciences (Technology) – (tas) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Portals outline Culture and the arts (Arts) – (ca) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Literature (fa, v0.5) Language (fa, v0.5) Geography and places (Geography) – (gp) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Political geography Countries (ctK) Health and fitness (Health) – (hf) Health sciences Medicine (fa, v1, va) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) History and events (History) – (he) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) Events (c) Current events (ce) Mathematics and logic (Mathematics) – (ml) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Logic (c) Scientific observation Measurement (va) Natural and physical sciences (Nature) – (nps) Nature (c) Science (ctK, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Physical sciences (c, v1) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) People and self (People) – (ps) Humans Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) People (c, va) Biography (ctK) Self (c) Philosophy and thinking (Philosophy) – (pt) Thought (c) Abstraction Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Reference (Reference) – (r) Information science Library and information science Reference (c) Religion and belief systems (Religion) – (rbs) Belief (c) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Social sciences and society (Society) – (sss) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Technology and applied sciences (Technology) – (tas) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Culture and the arts (Arts) – (ca) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Literature (fa, v0.5) Language (fa, v0.5) Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Literature (fa, v0.5) Language (fa, v0.5) Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Literature (fa, v0.5) Language (fa, v0.5) Arts (c, v0.5, va) Literature (fa, v0.5) Literature (fa, v0.5) Language (fa, v0.5) Geography and places (Geography) – (gp) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Political geography Countries (ctK) Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Political geography Countries (ctK) Political geography Countries (ctK) Countries (ctK) Health and fitness (Health) – (hf) Health sciences Medicine (fa, v1, va) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) Health sciences Medicine (fa, v1, va) Medicine (fa, v1, va) Health (c, va) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) Health specialties : Health promotion : Health effectors : Prevention : Physical fitness (c) (article) History and events (History) – (he) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) Events (c) Current events (ce) History (c, fa, v0.5, va) Events (c) Current events (ce) Events (c) Current events (ce) Current events (ce) Mathematics and logic (Mathematics) – (ml) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Logic (c) Scientific observation Measurement (va) Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Logic (c) Logic (c) Scientific observation Measurement (va) Measurement (va) Natural and physical sciences (Nature) – (nps) Nature (c) Science (ctK, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Physical sciences (c, v1) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Nature (c) Science (ctK, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Physical sciences (c, v1) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Science (ctK, va) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Physical sciences (c, v1) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Life science → Biology (fa, v1) Earth (v1) Earth sciences Earth sciences Physical sciences (c, v1) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Chemistry (fa) Chemical elements (ctK) Chemical elements (ctK) People and self (People) – (ps) Humans Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) People (c, va) Biography (ctK) Self (c) Humans Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) People (c, va) Biography (ctK) Self (c) Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) People (c, va) Biography (ctK) Biography (ctK) Self (c) Philosophy and thinking (Philosophy) – (pt) Thought (c) Abstraction Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Thought (c) Abstraction Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Abstraction Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) Reference (Reference) – (r) Information science Library and information science Reference (c) Information science Library and information science Reference (c) Library and information science Reference (c) Reference (c) Religion and belief systems (Religion) – (rbs) Belief (c) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Belief (c) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) Social sciences and society (Society) – (sss) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5, va) Technology and applied sciences (Technology) – (tas) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) Basic list Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Arts (c, v0.5, va) • Belief (c) • Biography (ctK) • Chemical elements (ctK) • Countries (ctK) • Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Current events (ce) • Earth (v1) • Events (c) • Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) • Fitness → Physical fitness (c) (article) • Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) • Health (c, va) • History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Language (fa, v0.5) • Life science → Biology (fa, v1) • Literature (fa, v0.5) • Logic (c) • Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Measurement (va) • Medicine (fa, v1, va) • Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Nature (c) • People (c, va) • Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) • Physical sciences (c, v1) • Reference (c) • Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) • Science (ctK, va) • Self (c) • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) • Thought (c) Basic list Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Arts (c, v0.5, va) • Belief (c) • Biography (ctK) • Chemical elements (ctK) • Countries (ctK) • Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Current events (ce) • Earth (v1) • Events (c) • Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) • Fitness → Physical fitness (c) (article) • Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) • Health (c, va) • History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Language (fa, v0.5) • Life science → Biology (fa, v1) • Literature (fa, v0.5) • Logic (c) • Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Measurement (va) • Medicine (fa, v1, va) • Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Nature (c) • People (c, va) • Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) • Physical sciences (c, v1) • Reference (c) • Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) • Science (ctK, va) • Self (c) • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) • Thought (c) Applied sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Arts (c, v0.5, va) • Belief (c) • Biography (ctK) • Chemical elements (ctK) • Countries (ctK) • Culture (c, ctK, fa, v1) • Current events (ce) • Earth (v1) • Events (c) • Everyday life → Personal life (ct, v0.5, va) • Fitness → Physical fitness (c) (article) • Geography (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) • Health (c, va) • History (c, fa, v0.5, va) • Humanities (ct, ctK, v1) • Language (fa, v0.5) • Life science → Biology (fa, v1) • Literature (fa, v0.5) • Logic (c) • Mathematics (c, ct, ctK, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Measurement (va) • Medicine (fa, v1, va) • Natural sciences (c, ct, v0.5) • Nature (c) • People (c, va) • Philosophy (c, ct, fa, v0.5, va) • Physical sciences (c, v1) • Reference (c) • Religion (c, fa, v0.5, va) • Science (ctK, va) • Self (c) • Social sciences (c, ct, ctK, v0.5) • Society (c, fa, v0.5, v1, va) • Technology (c, ctK, fa, v0.5, va) • Thought (c) Notes This table represents the network of articles category classification systems as they relate to a number of high-level main topic TOC systems . Specifically, these TOC main topics are traced back to the fundamental categories that form the core of the main topic classifications group of categories . Only the fundamental articles categories are not subcategories of broader main topic classifications themselves. To create the network of classification systems, each TOC main topic was placed under all of its own topical parent categories. This process was repeated until a fundamental category was reached. When more than one parent was present, those one or two most related to other TOC topics were selected for the next higher level. The result is a hierarchical article topics classification system that includes references to the network of parents for a topic while also describing a clearer tree structure from each TOC topic to the fundamental categories. Because the Featured articles TOC amounts to an alphabetical index, those topics unique to it are included only under a previously existing Basic outline category, without adding any intervening categories. A basic outline that includes only the main tree elements was constructed from the more detailed outlines. It includes several TOC topics and a few placeholders. That outline then was cross-referenced with the set of Portal TOC headers and Browsebar labels . The topics from the basic outline then were rearranged to create the portals outline. A few of the characteristics of the basic and portals outlines are listed below. Excluding items only in the TOC of Featured articles , 36 unique main topics were found. They are included in a separate list. All main topics under Information and Structure also are listed under one of the other fundamental categories, making these two categories unnecessary for completing the basic network of classification systems. Nature includes 16 main topics, one a 2nd-level topic – Science . It includes five subdivisions: Applied sciences , Natural sciences , Physical sciences , Social sciences , and Mathematics . Each field of science is divided into additional subfields as well (Social sciences and Geography are repeated in the following section). Society includes 18 main topics, six of which are 2nd-level with subtopics. These 2nd-level main topics include: Culture , Health , History , the Humans placeholder, People , and Social sciences . Thought includes four main topics under two 2nd-level groups. The Abstraction placeholder includes Philosophy . Belief includes Religion . The twelve Portal TOC headers (with Browsebar labels ) were used to organize each of the 36 unique main topics and related placeholders under exactly one heading. This means the existing set of Portal TOC sections is sufficient to uniquely organize each topic under all Main topic TOC systems . This was accomplished by placing a topic under the lowest available heading in a topical classification tree. The terms used in Portal TOC headers and Browsebar labels do not always reflect the highest topics included in their respective classifications. Adjustments to some of these terms merit further discussion. The following notations are used to help describe how the outlines were formed. Bold categories are included in at least one Main topic TOC system. Italic categories are used as the parent/child in the tree when more than one is present on a line. Applicable main topic TOC systems: (c) = Contents ; (ce) = Current events ; (ct) = Core topics ; (ctK) = Core topics - 1,000 ; (fa) = Featured articles ; (v0.5) = Version 0.5 ; (v1) = Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Core topics , Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Core topics/Supplement ; (va) = Vital articles , Vital articles/Expanded Codes for each portal section header are included with the portals outline. For more discussions about Wikipedia's categories as a network of classification systems (a thesaurus), see Talk:Library of Congress Classification#Using LC to organize category pages and Collaborative thesaurus tagging the Wikipedia way . Notes This table represents the network of articles category classification systems as they relate to a number of high-level main topic TOC systems . Specifically, these TOC main topics are traced back to the fundamental categories that form the core of the main topic classifications group of categories . Only the fundamental articles categories are not subcategories of broader main topic classifications themselves. To create the network of classification systems, each TOC main topic was placed under all of its own topical parent categories. This process was repeated until a fundamental category was reached. When more than one parent was present, those one or two most related to other TOC topics were selected for the next higher level. The result is a hierarchical article topics classification system that includes references to the network of parents for a topic while also describing a clearer tree structure from each TOC topic to the fundamental categories. Because the Featured articles TOC amounts to an alphabetical index, those topics unique to it are included only under a previously existing Basic outline category, without adding any intervening categories. A basic outline that includes only the main tree elements was constructed from the more detailed outlines. It includes several TOC topics and a few placeholders. That outline then was cross-referenced with the set of Portal TOC headers and Browsebar labels . The topics from the basic outline then were rearranged to create the portals outline. A few of the characteristics of the basic and portals outlines are listed below. Excluding items only in the TOC of Featured articles , 36 unique main topics were found. They are included in a separate list. All main topics under Information and Structure also are listed under one of the other fundamental categories, making these two categories unnecessary for completing the basic network of classification systems. Nature includes 16 main topics, one a 2nd-level topic – Science . It includes five subdivisions: Applied sciences , Natural sciences , Physical sciences , Social sciences , and Mathematics . Each field of science is divided into additional subfields as well (Social sciences and Geography are repeated in the following section). Society includes 18 main topics, six of which are 2nd-level with subtopics. These 2nd-level main topics include: Culture , Health , History , the Humans placeholder, People , and Social sciences . Thought includes four main topics under two 2nd-level groups. The Abstraction placeholder includes Philosophy . Belief includes Religion . The twelve Portal TOC headers (with Browsebar labels ) were used to organize each of the 36 unique main topics and related placeholders under exactly one heading. This means the existing set of Portal TOC sections is sufficient to uniquely organize each topic under all Main topic TOC systems . This was accomplished by placing a topic under the lowest available heading in a topical classification tree. The terms used in Portal TOC headers and Browsebar labels do not always reflect the highest topics included in their respective classifications. Adjustments to some of these terms merit further discussion. The following notations are used to help describe how the outlines were formed. Bold categories are included in at least one Main topic TOC system. Italic categories are used as the parent/child in the tree when more than one is present on a line. Applicable main topic TOC systems: (c) = Contents ; (ce) = Current events ; (ct) = Core topics ; (ctK) = Core topics - 1,000 ; (fa) = Featured articles ; (v0.5) = Version 0.5 ; (v1) = Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Core topics , Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Core topics/Supplement ; (va) = Vital articles , Vital articles/Expanded Codes for each portal section header are included with the portals outline. For more discussions about Wikipedia's categories as a network of classification systems (a thesaurus), see Talk:Library of Congress Classification#Using LC to organize category pages and Collaborative thesaurus tagging the Wikipedia way . This table represents the network of articles category classification systems as they relate to a number of high-level main topic TOC systems . Specifically, these TOC main topics are traced back to the fundamental categories that form the core of the main topic classifications group of categories . Only the fundamental articles categories are not subcategories of broader main topic classifications themselves. To create the network of classification systems, each TOC main topic was placed under all of its own topical parent categories. This process was repeated until a fundamental category was reached. When more than one parent was present, those one or two most related to other TOC topics were selected for the next higher level. The result is a hierarchical article topics classification system that includes references to the network of parents for a topic while also describing a clearer tree structure from each TOC topic to the fundamental categories. Because the Featured articles TOC amounts to an alphabetical index, those topics unique to it are included only under a previously existing Basic outline category, without adding any intervening categories. A basic outline that includes only the main tree elements was constructed from the more detailed outlines. It includes several TOC topics and a few placeholders. That outline then was cross-referenced with the set of Portal TOC headers and Browsebar labels . The topics from the basic outline then were rearranged to create the portals outline. A few of the characteristics of the basic and portals outlines are listed below. Excluding items only in the TOC of Featured articles , 36 unique main topics were found. They are included in a separate list. All main topics under Information and Structure also are listed under one of the other fundamental categories, making these two categories unnecessary for completing the basic network of classification systems. Nature includes 16 main topics, one a 2nd-level topic – Science . It includes five subdivisions: Applied sciences , Natural sciences , Physical sciences , Social sciences , and Mathematics . Each field of science is divided into additional subfields as well (Social sciences and Geography are repeated in the following section). Society includes 18 main topics, six of which are 2nd-level with subtopics. These 2nd-level main topics include: Culture , Health , History , the Humans placeholder, People , and Social sciences . Thought includes four main topics under two 2nd-level groups. The Abstraction placeholder includes Philosophy . Belief includes Religion . The twelve Portal TOC headers (with Browsebar labels ) were used to organize each of the 36 unique main topics and related placeholders under exactly one heading. This means the existing set of Portal TOC sections is sufficient to uniquely organize each topic under all Main topic TOC systems . This was accomplished by placing a topic under the lowest available heading in a topical classification tree. The terms used in Portal TOC headers and Browsebar labels do not always reflect the highest topics included in their respective classifications. Adjustments to some of these terms merit further discussion. The following notations are used to help describe how the outlines were formed. Bold categories are included in at least one Main topic TOC system. Italic categories are used as the parent/child in the tree when more than one is present on a line. Applicable main topic TOC systems: (c) = Contents ; (ce) = Current events ; (ct) = Core topics ; (ctK) = Core topics - 1,000 ; (fa) = Featured articles ; (v0.5) = Version 0.5 ; (v1) = Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Core topics , Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Core topics/Supplement ; (va) = Vital articles , Vital articles/Expanded Codes for each portal section header are included with the portals outline. For more discussions about Wikipedia's categories as a network of classification systems (a thesaurus), see Talk:Library of Congress Classification#Using LC to organize category pages and Collaborative thesaurus tagging the Wikipedia way . Main topics classification systems – Update as changes are made Topics Wikipedia:Contents Megaportals Wikipedia:Core topics, inner levels Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Core topics Wikipedia:Version 1.0 Editorial Team/Core topics/Supplement Wikipedia:1,000 core topics Arts and culture Arts and culture Arts , Culture Humanities, 15 Culture; Humanities, 24 Cultural topics (120) Culture; Humanities, 162 Geography and places Geography and places Geography Geography, 65; Countries Health and fitness Health and fitness Health Medicine History and events History and events History , Current events Mathematics and logic Mathematics and logic Mathematics , Logic Mathematics Mathematics, 5 Math Natural and physical sciences Natural and physical sciences Science Natural Science Earth, 16; Life science; Physical science, 29 Science; Chemical elements, 118 People and self People and self Biography , Personal life Everyday life, 9 Biographies, 201 Philosophy and thinking Philosophy and thinking Philosophy , Thinking Philosophy Religion and belief systems Religion Religion Reference Reference Library and information science Miscellaneous (50) Miscellaneous, 1 Social sciences and society Social sciences and society Science , Society Social Sciences, 10 Social science, 22; society, 15 Social sciences, 173 Technology and applied sciences Technology and applied sciences Technology and applied sciences Applied Arts and Sciences, 14 Technology, 18 Technical topics (135) Technology Topics Wikipedia:Version 0.5 Wikipedia:Vital articles Wikipedia:Vital articles/Expanded Wikipedia:Featured articles Arts and culture Arts, Language and literature Arts Arts Art; Awards, decorations and vexillology; Culture; Food and drink; Language and linguistics; Literature and theatre; Music Geography and places Geography Geography Geography Geography and places Health and fitness Health, Medicine Health, Medicine Medicine History and events History History History Archaeology, History, Heraldry Mathematics and logic Mathematics Mathematics, Measurement Mathematics, Measurement Mathematics Natural and physical sciences Natural sciences Science Science Biology; Chemistry and mineralogy; Geology, geophysics and meteorology; Physics and astronomy People and self Everyday life People, Everyday life People, Everyday life Royalty and nobility; Sport and recreation, Video games Philosophy and thinking Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy Philosophy Religion and belief systems Religion Religion Religion Religion, mysticism and mythology Reference Social sciences and society Society and social sciences Society and social sciences Society and social sciences Business and finance, Economics, Education, Law, Media, Politics and government, Psychology, Society, Warfare Technology and applied sciences Applied sciences and technology Technology Technology Architecture, Computing, Engineering and technology, Transport Category:Fundamental categories Topics Category:Main topic classifications Category:Wikipedia core topics Category:Top-importance articles Information 766 Subcats Nature Mathematics and logic Mathematics Math Natural and physical sciences Astronomy, Biology, Chemistry, Earth sciences, Environment, Geology, Nature, Physics, Science Ecology, Science Reference Technology and applied sciences Agriculture, Applied sciences, Architecture, Computing, Technology Construction, Technology Society Arts and culture Arts, Crafts, Culture, Film, Language, Literature, Music, Visual arts Culture, Film Geography and places Geography Health and fitness Health, Medicine Health sciences, Nutrition History and events Archaeology, Events, History People and self Entertainment, People, Radio Biography Social sciences and society Business, Economics, Education, Law, Military, Politics, Psychology, Society Society Structure Thought Philosophy and thinking Philosophy, Thought Religion and belief systems Religion Machar Achiek Boma Machar Achiek Boma is a boma in Adior payam of Yirol East County , Lakes State South Sudan it has a population of 8,000 people (2017 Estimate) it borders Panyijar county to the north, Duk and Twic East county to the east, Ayiem Boma to the South Billing Boma to the Southwest and Tinagau Payam to the West. Names in TOCs – Update as changes are made Topics Overviews Topics Basic topics Glossaries Portals Categories Reference Reference Reference N N N Reference Arts and culture Arts and culture Arts and culture Arts and culture Arts and culture Arts and culture Arts and culture Geography and places Geography and places Geography and places Geography and places Geography and places Geography and places Geography and places Health and fitness Health and fitness Health and health science Health and fitness Health Health Health and fitness History and events History and events History and events History and events History and events History and Current events History and events Mathematics and logic Mathematics and logic Mathematics and logic Mathematics and logic Mathematics and logic Mathematics and Logic Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences Natural sciences and nature Natural and physical sciences Natural sciences and nature Natural sciences and nature Natural and physical sciences Natural sciences and nature People and self People and self People and self People and self N N People and self Philosophy and thinking Philosophy and thinking Philosophy Philosophy and thinking Philosophy, religion, and spirituality Philosophy, religion, and spirituality Philosophy and thinking Religion and belief systems Religion and belief systems Religion and spirituality Religion and spirituality Religion and belief systems Social sciences and society Social sciences and society Social sciences and society Social sciences and society Social sciences and society Social sciences and Society Social sciences and society Technology and applied sciences Technology and applied sciences Technology and applied sciences Technology and applied sciences Technology and applied sciences Technology and Engineering Technology and applied sciences Topic Names & Labels – Update as changes are made Subpages, TOCs, Sections Main Page , Browse bars Reference Reference Culture and the arts Culture, arts Geography and places Geography Health and fitness Health History and events History Mathematics and logic Mathematics Natural and physical sciences Nature People and self People Philosophy and thinking Philosophy Religion and belief systems Religion Social sciences and society Society Technology and applied sciences Technology Changing the order of pages What do you think of this edit right here? I think it would be better to consolidate sections with vital articles at the top since it is a good way to organize the list. Please discuss here. Interstellarity ( talk ) 02:13, 2 December 2023 (UTC) [ reply ] Wikipedia:Contents/Reference Wikipedia:Contents/Culture and the arts Wikipedia:Contents/Geography and places Wikipedia:Contents/Health and fitness Wikipedia:Contents/History and events Wikipedia:Contents/Human activities Wikipedia:Contents/Mathematics and logic Wikipedia:Contents/Natural and physical sciences Wikipedia:Contents/People and self Wikipedia:Contents/Philosophy and thinking Wikipedia:Contents/Religion and belief systems Wikipedia:Contents/Society and social sciences Wikipedia:Contents/Technology and applied sciences Moxy - 14:35, 21 December 2023 (UTC) [ reply ] Discussion at Wikipedia talk:Contents/Lists There is a discussion at Wikipedia talk:Contents/Lists ( Standardized template ) about introducing a standardized and accessible format for its subpages that may be of interest. – Brandon XLF ( talk ) 21:32, 24 April 2024 (UTC) [ reply ] My edits to this page I feel like that I've been trying to improve this page, but my edits keep getting reverted. I would ideally like people to build off my edits rather than throw all my edits away. My question to you is are there any edits to the page that you are fine with, and which ones would you like to not be implemented? Interstellarity ( talk ) 11:42, 12 July 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Repeated links The links from Wikipedia:Contents/TOC navbar , Template:Wikipedia directories and Template:Contents pages (footer box) are too redundant with the content of the page. Per Wikipedia:Redundancy , wouldn't it be better to remove them? Someone with more experience with this page could rethink the header and footer; it is not very visually appealing, and the repeated links are useless. Guilherme Burn ( talk ) 20:01, 19 September 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Following up on no consensus for removal from main menu It doesn't look like it was linked here previously, but Wikipedia:Village pump (proposals)#RfC: Remove the Contents link from the sidebar found no consensus to remove the link to this page from the main menu (the one that is hamburgered next to the Wikipedia logo), where it currently has pride of place just below the Main page. The close noted that even oppose votes suggested improvement, so the question then is how to do this. One item raised was a lack of utility, and in that regard I agree the Browse by subject does not seem very useful. While the way this is all put together makes it a bit hard to follow, the various lists and outlines do not seem very regularly edited (even including a few disambiguation pages). This is a contrast to Wikipedia:Vital articles/Level/3 , which is regularly updated and also provides division into categories. These categories map together quite well (see table below), suggesting two sets of pages working towards the same purpose of directing readers to important articles within particular topics. WP:Contents is more thorough with outlines, lists, portals, etc. in addition to the overview, but in terms of "Browse by subject" VA will provide a better reflection of current content. Table mapping Wikipedia:Categories to Vital articles Wikipedia:Contents Vital articles Culture and the arts Arts Geography and places Geography Health and fitness Health, medicine and disease History and events History Human activities Everyday life Mathematics and logic Mathematics Natural and physical sciences Science People and self People Philosophy and thinking Philosophy and religion Reference works Religion and belief systems Philosophy and religion Society and social sciences Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences Technology Wikipedia:Contents Vital articles Culture and the arts Arts Geography and places Geography Health and fitness Health, medicine and disease History and events History Human activities Everyday life Mathematics and logic Mathematics Natural and physical sciences Science People and self People Philosophy and thinking Philosophy and religion Reference works Religion and belief systems Philosophy and religion Society and social sciences Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences Technology Browse by format is a bit more unique, and perhaps more useful from the meta-perspective of introducing readers to Wikipedia's structure, rather than just what article it has. I would keep it for that reason, but we could be more informative and explain what those types of contents are. Further, this seems a useful place to merge Spoken articles, as they are another format through which content can be accessed. For Articles by quality, firstly Vital articles and List of articles every Wikipedia should have are not about quality, so seem a bit misplaced. List of articles every Wikipedia should have is not even about the contents of en.wiki, so perhaps should be removed entirely from a Contents page about en.wiki. The Featured content and Good content sections are a bit more helpful, providing a very short explanation to readers about what those processes are. Again from a meta-perspective, I would keep these for improvement. Alphabetical lists of articles could perhaps be renamed ot be a more general grab-bag, but a grab-bag section seems likely unavoidable in this project. As for Template:Contents pages (footer box) , I'm not really sure what to do with that, it's a very strange mix of project pages, lists of lists, and actual lists and articles. CMD ( talk ) 04:18, 25 September 2025 (UTC) [ reply ] Old requests for peer review WikiProject Contents pages Wikipedia semi-protected talk pages This page was last edited on 19 December 2025, at 10:30 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. Privacy policy About Wikipedia Disclaimers Contact Wikipedia Legal & safety contacts Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Piäsivu Yhtevyksen portualu Uvvet kohendukset Piävydähine sivu Ohje Lahjoitukset Luaji käyttäjäntunnus Piäzy Lahjoitukset Luaji käyttäjäntunnus Piäzy Piäsivu Piäsivu Pagin Luve Kohenda Kohenda tekstu Ozuta histourii Luve Kohenda Kohenda tekstu Ozuta histourii Linkat tänne Linkutettuloin sivuloin muutokset Tallenda tiijosto Pyzyi linku Sivun tiijot Viittua täh sivuh Suaja lyhendetty URL-adressi Lataa QR-koodi Vaihda vanhaan jäsentimeen Luaji kniigu Tallenda PDF-tiijostonnu Painanduversii Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia-säätiö MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Monikielinen Wikiaineisto Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata-elementu Terveh tulgua livvinkarjalan Wikipedieh ! Livvinkarjalan Wikipedies on nygöi 4 664 artikkelii. Päivän kuva Šablonu:Potd/2026-01-10 (olo) Wiki-kalenduaru Rodivunnuot 18. pakkaskuudu ( 1884 ) — Juho Kujola , suomelaine lyydin da karjalan kielen tutkii. vie ... Kuolluot vie ... Kategouriet: Yhteiskundu Rahvahat • Kieli • Muat • Kazvatus da opastus • Politiekku • Talohus Tiedo Tiähtitiedo • Fiihii • Matematiekku • Biolougii • Geolougii • Muantiedo Histourii Hronolougii • Arheolougii • Ristikanzat Muailmannägemys Filosoufii • Eloksenkäzitys • Uskondot Tehniekku Rakendustehniekku • Biotehniekku • Sähkötehniekku • Tiedotehniekku Kul'tuuru Muuzikku • Kirjalližus • Kuvataideh • Kino • Arhitektuuru • Ristikanzat • Syömizet Sportu da joudoaigu Sportu • Himoruado • Joudo Karjal Kieli • Karjalazet • Karjalan nähtävykset • Karjalaine kul'tuuru • Muuzikku • Kirjalližus • Syömizet Päivän multimedia Šablonu:Motd/2026-01-10 (olo) Luaji uuzi kirjutus Etgo keksi mih näh kirjuttua? Kačahtai Vältämättömien Wikipedii-kirjutuksien luvettelo . Terveh tulgua livvinkarjalan Wikipedieh ! Livvinkarjalan Wikipedies on nygöi 4 664 artikkelii. Terveh tulgua livvinkarjalan Wikipedieh ! Livvinkarjalan Wikipedies on nygöi 4 664 artikkelii. Terveh tulgua livvinkarjalan Wikipedieh ! Päivän kuva Šablonu:Potd/2026-01-10 (olo) Päivän kuva Päivän kuva Wiki-kalenduaru Rodivunnuot 18. pakkaskuudu ( 1884 ) — Juho Kujola , suomelaine lyydin da karjalan kielen tutkii. vie ... Kuolluot vie ... Wiki-kalenduaru Wiki-kalenduaru Rodivunnuot 18. pakkaskuudu ( 1884 ) — Juho Kujola , suomelaine lyydin da karjalan kielen tutkii. vie ... Rodivunnuot 18. pakkaskuudu ( 1884 ) — Juho Kujola , suomelaine lyydin da karjalan kielen tutkii. vie ... Kuolluot vie ... Kuolluot vie ... Kategouriet: Yhteiskundu Rahvahat • Kieli • Muat • Kazvatus da opastus • Politiekku • Talohus Tiedo Tiähtitiedo • Fiihii • Matematiekku • Biolougii • Geolougii • Muantiedo Histourii Hronolougii • Arheolougii • Ristikanzat Muailmannägemys Filosoufii • Eloksenkäzitys • Uskondot Tehniekku Rakendustehniekku • Biotehniekku • Sähkötehniekku • Tiedotehniekku Kul'tuuru Muuzikku • Kirjalližus • Kuvataideh • Kino • Arhitektuuru • Ristikanzat • Syömizet Sportu da joudoaigu Sportu • Himoruado • Joudo Karjal Kieli • Karjalazet • Karjalan nähtävykset • Karjalaine kul'tuuru • Muuzikku • Kirjalližus • Syömizet Kategouriet: Kategouriet: Yhteiskundu Rahvahat • Kieli • Muat • Kazvatus da opastus • Politiekku • Talohus Tiedo Tiähtitiedo • Fiihii • Matematiekku • Biolougii • Geolougii • Muantiedo Histourii Hronolougii • Arheolougii • Ristikanzat Muailmannägemys Filosoufii • Eloksenkäzitys • Uskondot Tehniekku Rakendustehniekku • Biotehniekku • Sähkötehniekku • Tiedotehniekku Kul'tuuru Muuzikku • Kirjalližus • Kuvataideh • Kino • Arhitektuuru • Ristikanzat • Syömizet Sportu da joudoaigu Sportu • Himoruado • Joudo Karjal Kieli • Karjalazet • Karjalan nähtävykset • Karjalaine kul'tuuru • Muuzikku • Kirjalližus • Syömizet Yhteiskundu Tiedo Histourii Muailmannägemys Tehniekku Kul'tuuru Sportu da joudoaigu Karjal Päivän multimedia Šablonu:Motd/2026-01-10 (olo) Luaji uuzi kirjutus Etgo keksi mih näh kirjuttua? Kačahtai Vältämättömien Wikipedii-kirjutuksien luvettelo . Päivän multimedia Päivän multimedia Luaji uuzi kirjutus Luaji uuzi kirjutus Etgo keksi mih näh kirjuttua? Kačahtai Vältämättömien Wikipedii-kirjutuksien luvettelo . Wikipedii Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Tädä sivuu on jälgimäzekse muutettu 11. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 Foundation 1.2 1990s 1.3 2000s 1.4 2010s 1.5 From Finmeccanica to Leonardo 1.6 2020s 1.1 Foundation 1.2 1990s 1.3 2000s 1.4 2010s 1.5 From Finmeccanica to Leonardo 1.6 2020s 2 Organization Toggle Organization subsection 2.1 Areas of business 2.2 Subsidiaries 2.3 Joint ventures 2.4 Future subsidiaries 2.1 Areas of business 2.2 Subsidiaries 2.3 Joint ventures 2.4 Future subsidiaries 3 Shareholder structure 4 Key budget items (2007–2022) 5 Criticisms 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Leonardo (company) العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Català Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Piemontèis Polski Português Română Русский Shqip کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Formerly Finmeccanica (1948–2016) Leonardo-Finmeccanica (2016) Company type Public Traded as .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} BIT : LDO FTSE MIB Component BIT : LDO FTSE MIB Component Industry Aerospace · Defence Founded 1948 ; 78 years ago ( 1948 ) Headquarters Rome , Italy Area served Worldwide Key people Stefano Pontecorvo ( chairman ) Roberto Cingolani ( CEO and general manager ) Stefano Pontecorvo ( chairman ) Roberto Cingolani ( CEO and general manager ) Revenue € 17.763 billion (2024) Operating income €1.271 billion (2024) Net income €1.159 billion (2024) Total assets €33.673 billion (2024) Total equity €10.2 billion (2024) Owner Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze (30.2%) [ 1 ] Number of employees 60,500 (2024) Subsidiaries Leonardo DRS (72.3%) ATR (50%) Avio (29.63%) Eurofighter GmbH (21%) Hensoldt (22.8%) LRMV (50%) MBDA (25%) NHIndustries (32%) Telespazio (67%) Thales Alenia Space (33%) Leonardo DRS (72.3%) ATR (50%) Avio (29.63%) Eurofighter GmbH (21%) Hensoldt (22.8%) LRMV (50%) MBDA (25%) NHIndustries (32%) Telespazio (67%) Thales Alenia Space (33%) Website www .leonardo .com Footnotes / references [ 2 ] Leonardo S.p.A. , is an Italian multinational company specialising in aerospace , defence and security . Headquartered in Rome , the company has 180 sites worldwide. [ 3 ] It is the 12th largest defence contractor in the world based on 2020 revenues. [ 4 ] The company is partially owned by the Italian government, which holds 30.2% of the company's shares and is its largest shareholder. On 1 January 2016, Leonardo-Finmeccanica became a single industrial company by integrating the activities of its subsidiaries AgustaWestland , Alenia Aermacchi , DRS Technologies , Selex ES , OTO Melara and WASS . The company is organised into five divisions (Helicopters, Aircraft, Aerostructures, Electronics, Cybersecurity). It is also the parent company and corporate centre for the subsidiaries and joint ventures Telespazio , Thales Alenia Space , MBDA and ATR . Leonardo is listed on the Borsa Italiana and is a constituent of the FTSE MIB and Dow Jones Sustainability Indices . The company changed its name to Leonardo S.p.A. on 1 January 2017, after the Italian inventor Leonardo da Vinci . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] History Foundation Società Finanziaria Meccanica, "Finmeccanica", was established in 1948 as the mechanical engineering subholding of the state-owned Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI). Finmeccanica has held for years some historic Italian enterprises, as Alfa Romeo (automobiles), Aeritalia (aerospace) and Ansaldo (engineering). [ 3 ] From the 1960s to the 1980s Italy's defence and aerospace industry was split into state-holding entities: EFIM [ it ] owned the helicopters manufacturer Agusta , the defence company Oto Melara and the electronic enterprise Officine Galileo . STET (another IRI subsidiary) held Selenia , Elsag and SGS Thomson , all electronic enterprises with specializations in security and defense. In 1989, an internal IRI reorganization process brought STET electronic enterprises to Finmeccanica, and the Aeritalia-Selenia merger constituted its aerospace subsidiary Alenia . [ 4 ] 1990s In 1992, EFIM was wound up because of its troubled financial situation; and Agusta, Oto Melara, Officine Galileo and Breda passed to Finmeccanica, which became one of the main Italian industrial groups. Finmeccanica, which was previously fully state owned by IRI, became partly privatized in 1993, when it was listed on the Milan Borsa Italiana stock exchange. In 1992, Finmeccanica's Agusta became a 32% partner in NHIndustries , the prime contractor for the NH90 helicopter , along with Eurocopter (62.5%) and Fokker (5.5%). 2000s In July 2000 Finmeccanica and the British GKN agreed to merge their respective helicopter subsidiaries ( Agusta and GKN-Westland Helicopters ) to form AgustaWestland . In December 2001, the missile business of Alenia Marconi Systems (AMS), a joint Finmeccanica/ BAE Systems company, was merged with other European missile manufacturers to form MBDA , which became the world's second largest missile manufacturer. [ 7 ] In July 2003 Finmeccanica and BAE Systems announced their intention to set up three joint venture companies, to be collectively known as Eurosystems . These companies would have pooled the avionics, C4ISTAR and communications businesses of the two companies. [ 8 ] In March 2007, BAE Systems sold its 25% share to Finmeccanica for €400 million. [ 9 ] In January 2013 the company merged with Finmeccanica's other defence electronics companies, SELEX Elsag and SELEX Sistemi Integrati , to become Selex ES . In May 2008 Finmeccanica announced its intention to purchase the U.S. defense contractor DRS Technologies for nearly $5.2 billion. In October 2008 the sale of DRS Technologies was finalized. [ 10 ] 2010s During 2011–2013, Finmeccanica emails were published by WikiLeaks and Finmeccanica was subject to judicial inquiries on several fronts and management changes. According to Finmeccanica emails published in the Syria Files release by WikiLeaks on 5 July 2012, [ 11 ] Finmeccanica increased its sale of mobile communications equipment to Syrian authorities during 2011, delivering 500 of these to the Damascus suburb Muadamia in May 2011, [ 12 ] [ 13 ] after the Syrian uprising had started, and sending engineers to Damascus in February 2012 to provide training in using the communications equipment in helicopter terminals, [ 14 ] while the uprising continued. [ 15 ] Finmeccanica stated that the equipment sales were legal, they occurred "before the outbreak of conflict inside Syria", and the equipment "was designed for use by emergency responders" for civilian use only. [ 15 ] On 12 February 2013, the chief executive, Giuseppe Orsi , was arrested on corruption charges. Prosecutors alleged that he paid bribes to ensure the sale of 12 helicopters to the Indian government, when he was head of the group's AgustaWestland unit. [ 16 ] [ 17 ] In July 2013, the Letta government appointed former police chief Giovanni De Gennaro as Chairman of Finmeccanica. In December 2013 Finmeccanica sold 39.55% of its share capital in Ansaldo Energia to Fondo Strategico Italiano. In the first half of 2014, Finmeccanica's new chief executive officer and General Manager Mauro Moretti started a significant process of change for the Group, both in terms of strategic choices and organizational structure. The goal was to create a more cohesive and efficient group in which all processes (research, marketing and sales, engineering, procurement, strategies and governance) are centralized and integrated and can interact each other. [ 18 ] This encompasses the 100% owned companies of the core aerospace and defence business (AgustaWestland, Alenia Aermacchi, Oto Melara, Selex ES and WASS) being transformed into seven new Finmeccanica divisions. The current holding company will then become an operating company based on seven major business areas, maintaining its parent company and corporate centre function for the Group companies excluded from the model (DRS Technologies, Telespazio, Thales Alenia Space, MBDA and ATR). At the end of 2014, Finmeccanica transferred its stake in BredaMenarinibus to the newco Industria Italiana Autobus (20% Finmeccanica and 80% King Long), thereby taking a further step in the Group's portfolio rationalization process. In 2015, Hitachi signed a binding agreement with Finmeccanica for Hitachi's acquisition of the AnsaldoBreda business , excluding some revamping activities and residual contracts, and of the entire Finmeccanica stake in the share capital of Ansaldo STS , approximately 40% of the total capital. FATA, another subsidiary of the Finmeccanica Group since 2004 that was not part of the core business, was sold in 2015 to the Gruppo Danieli, dealing in the production of steel plants [ citation needed ] . On 1 January 2016, Finmeccanica became a single integrated industrial entity, that absorbed the activities of AgustaWestland, Alenia Aermacchi, Selex ES, OTO Melara and WASS. [ 19 ] From Finmeccanica to Leonardo A company rebranding operation led by Mauro Moretti began in March 2016, with a proposal to change the company name. From 1 January 2017 Finmeccanica officially became Leonardo, a name inspired by the Italian savant Leonardo da Vinci . [ 6 ] [ 20 ] [ 21 ] In March 2017 the Italian Treasury proposed that the veteran banker Alessandro Profumo replace Mauro Moretti as CEO of Leonardo. [ 22 ] In May 2017 the Board appointed Alessandro Profumo to the role. [ 23 ] 2020s On 10 May 2023 the Board of Directors appointed Mr. Roberto Cingolani to the position of chief executive officer and General Manager, Mr. Stefano Pontecorvo to the role of chairman, Mr. Lorenzo Mariani to the role of Co-General Manager. [ 24 ] Turkish defense firm Baykar and Leonardo have decided to cooperate in the field of unmanned aerial vehicles. [ 25 ] Organization Areas of business Leonardo is present worldwide in about 20 countries (42% in Italy and 58% abroad). Commercially, there are about 150 countries in the world that use products, systems and services supplied by Leonardo. Its production activities and its main industrial and commercial bases are located in Italy, the United Kingdom, Poland and the United States. Leonardo has gained a significant presence in France and Germany, and is a partner for various international industrial collaborations. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The company is an ITER supplier. [ citation needed ] In December 2021, Leonardo Electronics announced it would be building a semiconductor device fabrication facility in Oro Valley, Arizona with construction beginning in the first half of 2022. [ 31 ] Leonardo's ongoing supply of equipment for Israel's military has attracted controversy. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] In June 2025, Leonardo was identified in a UN expert's report on corporations aiding Israel that "may be embedded in an economy of genocide ". [ 34 ] Subsidiaries 100% Leonardo Global Solutions 100% Leonardo International 100% Leonardo Logistics 100% Leonardo UK 72.3% Leonardo DRS 100% KOPTER Group 100% PZL-Świdnik Joint ventures 67% Telespazio SpA 60% Larimart SpA 50% ATR 50% Leonardo Rheinmetall Military Vehicles (LRMV) [ 35 ] 49% Orizzonte Sistemi Navali 33% Thales Alenia Space SAS 32% NHIndustries [ 36 ] 31.33% ELT Group 30% GEM Elettronica [ 37 ] 29.63% Avio SpA 25% MBDA 22.8% Hensoldt 21% Eurofighter GmbH [ 38 ] Future subsidiaries Acquisition of IDV (Iveco Defence Vehicles) in 2025, for a value of €1.7 billion. [ 39 ] The products of IDV include: Heavy vehicles: [ 40 ] Ariete C2 (in collaboration with Leonardo) [ 41 ] VBM Freccia [ 42 ] Centauro 2 , an 8×8 fire support vehicle equipped with a Hitfact Mk2 turret with a 105 or 120 mm canon. [ 43 ] SuperAV Land , an 8×8 multi-role armoured vehicle. [ 44 ] Ariete C2 (in collaboration with Leonardo) [ 41 ] VBM Freccia [ 42 ] Centauro 2 , an 8×8 fire support vehicle equipped with a Hitfact Mk2 turret with a 105 or 120 mm canon. [ 43 ] SuperAV Land , an 8×8 multi-role armoured vehicle. [ 44 ] Amphibious vehicles: [ 45 ] SuperAV , an 8×8 multi-role amphibious armoured vehicle. [ 46 ] Guarani , a 6×6 multi-role amphibious armoured vehicle. [ 47 ] SuperAV , an 8×8 multi-role amphibious armoured vehicle. [ 46 ] Guarani , a 6×6 multi-role amphibious armoured vehicle. [ 47 ] Medium - light vehicles [ 48 ] MTV (multirole tactical vehicle) , a 6×6 multi-role armoured vehicle. [ 49 ] LMV 2 (light multirole vehicle) [ fr ] , a 4×4 multi-role armoured vehicle. [ 50 ] MUV (military utility vehicle) [ fr ] , based on the Iveco Daily 4×4. [ 51 ] MTV (multirole tactical vehicle) , a 6×6 multi-role armoured vehicle. [ 49 ] LMV 2 (light multirole vehicle) [ fr ] , a 4×4 multi-role armoured vehicle. [ 50 ] MUV (military utility vehicle) [ fr ] , based on the Iveco Daily 4×4. [ 51 ] Defence trucks: [ 52 ] Modular military range, a family of tactical trucks, armoured and unarmoured, available in 4×4, 6×6, 8×8 and 10×10 configurations. [ 53 ] EuroCargo , a civilian vehicle family transformed by IDV. [ 54 ] Daily (homeland security / police). [ 55 ] Modular military range, a family of tactical trucks, armoured and unarmoured, available in 4×4, 6×6, 8×8 and 10×10 configurations. [ 53 ] EuroCargo , a civilian vehicle family transformed by IDV. [ 54 ] Daily (homeland security / police). [ 55 ] UGV (uncrewed ground vehicles) Viking [ 56 ] Viking [ 56 ] Shareholder structure As of March 2025, Leonardo's largest shareholder was the Italian Ministry of Economy and Finances with 30.20%. [ 57 ] Key budget items (2007–2022) In million of € 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2013* 2014 2014** 2015 2016 [ 58 ] 2017 [ 59 ] 2018 [ 60 ] 2019 2020 [ 61 ] 2021 [ 62 ] [ 63 ] 2022 [ 64 ] New Orders 17,916 17,575 21,099 22,453 17,434 15,869 17,571 15,059 15,619 12,667 12,371 19,951 11,595 15,124 14,105 13,754 14,307 17,266 Order backlog 39,304 42,937 45,143 48,668 46,005 44,908 42,697 36,831 38,234 29,383 28,793 34,798 33,578 36,118 36,513 35,516 35,534 37,506 Revenues 13,429 16,504 18,176 18,695 17,318 16,504 16,033 13,690 14,663 12,764 12,995 12,002 11,527 12,240 13,784 13,410 14,135 14,713 Ebita 7.8% 8.7% 8.7% 8.5% -216 1,006 949 878 1,080 980 1,208 1,252 1,066 1,120 1,251 938 1,123 1,218 Net result before extraordinary transactions nd nd nd nd nd nd 74 (649) 70 15 253 545 274 421 722 241 587 697 Net Result 521 621 718 557 -2.306 -792 74 74 20 20 527 507 274 510 822 243 587 932 Group Net Debt 1,158 3,383 3,070 3,133 3,443 3,382 3,316 3,902 3,962 3,962 3,278 2,845 2,579 2,351 2,847 3,318 3,122 3,016 FOCF 375 469 563 443 -358 91 (307) (220) (137) 65 307 706 537 336 241 40 209 539 Employees 60,748 73,398 73,056 75,197 70,474 67,408 63,835 56,282 54,380 54,380 47,156 45,631 45,134 46,462 49,530 49,882 50,413 51,392 * Restated figures due to the adoption of IFRS 11, which resulted in the dissolution of the joint ventures' group. **Restated figures as a result of the reclassification of the transport sector as a discontinued operation. Sources: [ 65 ] [ 66 ] Criticisms In 2018, the British NGO Corruption Watch published a report entitled Anglo Italian Job, which analysed million-pound contracts, lobbyists and prominent politicians, bribes, consultancy contracts and private intercessions by the former Finmeccanica group. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The Government Pension Fund of Norway , which owned 1.3% of listed shares worldwide in 2018, excluded Leonardo from its investment portfolio because it did not meet its ethical standards. [ 67 ] See also Arms industry Conglomerate companies of Italy Defence companies of Italy International Flight Training School Leonardo Sistemi di Difesa Companies Aviation Italy References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Shareholders base" . www.leonardo.com . 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Retrieved 6 July 2012 . ^ a b Mackenzie, James; Andrew Roche; Pravin Char (5 July 2012). "Finmeccanica sold radio equipment to Syria: report" . Reuters. Archived from the original on 6 July 2012 . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . ^ Finmeccanica's Giuseppe Orsi held on corruption charges Archived 27 April 2023 at the Wayback Machine BBC ^ Emilio Parodi; Stephen Jewkes (12 February 2013). "Finmeccanica head arrested over India bribe allegations" . Reuters . Archived from the original on 19 July 2019 . Retrieved 5 July 2021 . ^ "Finmeccanica, dal primo gennaio nasce la One Company" . Repubblica.it . Archived from the original on 26 October 2022 . Retrieved 25 July 2019 . ^ "Selex ES and AgustaWestland integrated into Finmeccanica's 'One Company' - ADS Advance" . www.adsadvance.co.uk . Retrieved 30 June 2025 . ^ "Finmeccanica: Shareholders' Meeting approves the change of the Company's name and the 2015 Financial Statements" . Leonardo. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . ^ "Finmeccanica meeting approves new name, 'Leonardo' " . ANSA . Archived from the original on 1 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 April 2016 . ^ "Italy proposes Profumo as new Leonardo CEO, confirms Eni, Enel chiefs" . Reuters . 18 March 2017. Archived from the original on 20 March 2023 . Retrieved 24 March 2017 . ^ "LEONARDO: IL CONSIGLIO DI AMMINISTRAZIONE NOMINA ALESSANDRO PROFUMO AMMINISTRATORE DELEGATO" . Archived from the original on 16 June 2018 . Retrieved 17 May 2017 . ^ "Leonardo: Il Consiglio di Amministrazione Nomina Roberto Cingolani Amministratore Delegato e Direttore Generale, Lorenzo Mariani Condirettore Generale e Conferisce Alcune Attribuzioni al Presidente Stefano Pontecorvo" . Archived from the original on 16 May 2023 . Retrieved 10 May 2023 . ^ "Leonardo and Baykar sign a partnership for unmanned technologies" . Leonardo Official website . 6 March 2025 . Retrieved 6 March 2025 . ^ "New brand VIP Augusta" . Archived from the original on 30 May 2024 . Retrieved 28 October 2021 . ^ Oliver, Matt (7 January 2025). "Royal Navy to test submarine-hunting robot helicopter" . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 March 2025 . ^ Oliver, Matt (23 March 2025). "The former Spitfire factory building Britain's drone army" . The Telegraph . London . Retrieved 23 March 2025 . ^ "Leonardo in the world" . Leonardo Company . Archived from the original on 5 July 2017 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ "Leonardo (ex Finmeccanica)" . Il Sole 24 Ore . Archived from the original on 28 October 2018 . Retrieved 11 July 2017 . ^ Brown, David M. (20 December 2021). "Leonardo Electronics US to Build Semiconductor Manufacturing Facility Near Tucson" . ENRSouthwest . Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 . Retrieved 21 December 2021 . ^ "Scottish weapons factory urged to stop providing arms to Israel" . The National . 15 December 2023. ^ "Leonardo UK profile as Southampton factory roof occupied by Palestine Action" . Daily Echo . 16 November 2023. ^ Marsi, Federica (1 July 2025). "UN report lists companies complicit in Israel's 'genocide': Who are they?" . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 1 July 2025 . ^ "New player in European tank production: Leonardo and Rheinmetall establish Joint Venture" . leonardo.com . 15 October 2024. ^ "The partnership" . nhindustries.com . 25 March 2025. ^ "Leonardo expands its naval electronics offer with the acquisition of 30% of GEM elettronica" . leonardo.com . 21 April 2021. ^ "The Programme" . eurofighter.com . 25 March 2025. ^ "Leonardo to acquire Iveco Group's defence business for EUR 1.7 billion - European Security & Defence" . 30 July 2025 . Retrieved 31 July 2025 . ^ "Land armoured Vehicles" . ^ "Ariete C2" . ^ "VBM FRECCIA AIFV/ATGM" . ^ "Centauro II" . ^ "SUPERAV Land" . ^ "Amphibious armoured vehicles" . ^ "SUPERAV" . ^ "GUARANI" . ^ "Multirole Vehicles" . ^ "MTV - MULTIROLE TACTICAL VEHICLE" . ^ "LMV2 - Light multirole vehicle" . ^ "MUV - Military Utility Vehicle 4x4" . ^ "Defence trucks" . ^ "Modular military range" . ^ "Eurocargo" . ^ "Daily" . ^ "VIKING UNCREWED GROUND VEHICLE" . ^ "Shareholders base" . Leonardo S.p.A . Archived from the original on 16 December 2023 . Retrieved 31 March 2025 . ^ "Leonardo: the BoD proposes the distribution of a € 14 cent. dividend after six years" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2017 . Retrieved 23 March 2017 . ^ "L'Assemblea degli Azionisti di Leonardo approva il Bilancio 2017, il pagamento del dividendo pari a € 14 cent. per azione e nomina il nuovo Collegio Sindacale per il triennio 2018-2020 - DETTAGLIO - Leonardo - Aerospace, Defence and Security" . www.leonardocompany.com (in Italian). Archived from the original on 6 July 2018 . Retrieved 6 July 2018 . ^ "Leonardo's Shareholders' Meeting approves 2018 Financial Statements, the distribution of a € 0.14 dividend p.s. and the Remuneration Report" . Leonardo Company . 16 May 2019. Archived from the original on 26 June 2019 . Retrieved 26 June 2019 . ^ "Leonardo: FY 2020 results confirm robust and resilient business performance, Orders at € 13.8 bn. Successful execution with positive FOCF at € 40 mln. Continued confidence in medium-long term core business fundamentals" . www.leonardocompany.com . Archived from the original on 9 March 2021 . Retrieved 12 March 2021 . ^ "Leonardo's 2021 results. Profumo: "A solid and global company, the driving force behind technological development" " . www.leonardo.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2022 . Retrieved 23 March 2022 . ^ "2021FY Financial Results" . www.leonardo.com . Archived from the original on 23 March 2022 . Retrieved 23 March 2022 . ^ Leonardo Results and Report Archived 17 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Results and Reports 2007 - 2018" . Leonardo Company . Archived from the original on 30 May 2024 . Retrieved 26 June 2019 . ^ "Results and reports" . www.leonardocompany.com . Archived from the original on 4 January 2020 . Retrieved 28 December 2019 . ^ a b "Corea, India e Panama: Leonardo Spa e gli incroci pericolosi tra corruzione e armi" . lespresso.it (in Italian) . Retrieved 29 September 2025 . ^ Report Anglo Italian Job External links Official website Media from Commons Data from Wikidata .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 See also 2 Notes 3 External links The World's Work Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikisource Wikidata item Former editors .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Walter Hines Page Arthur W. Page Walter Hines Page Arthur W. Page Frequency Monthly Founded 1900 Final issue 1932 Country United States Based in New York City Language English The World's Work (1900–1932) was a monthly magazine that covered national affairs from a pro-business point of view. It was produced by the publishing house Doubleday, Page and Company , which provided the first editor, Walter Hines Page . The first issue appeared in November 1900, with an initial press run of 35,000. [ 1 ] With the backing of the mail order department at Doubleday, Page, the magazine climbed to a circulation of 100,000. In 1913, Page's son Arthur became the editor. [ citation needed ] The World's Work cost 25 cents an issue and was a physically attractive product; there were photo essays, some of which after 1916 contained color images. The magazine tracked closely with Page's ideas: the feature articles worried about immigration from non-English-speaking countries and the declining birth rate among more educated Americans. Concerns about the spread of labor unions and socialism also played out in the magazine. But the overarching editorial purpose of World's Work was to defend the integrity of big business, even as other magazines were beginning the muckraking tradition. [ 2 ] There were sections each issue highlighting industries' contributions to society. The more people knew about how business operated, World's Work argued, the more they would approve. The spirit of that message was captured in a multipart article from 1911 by Arthur Wallace Dunn, "How a Business Man Would Run the Government: The Specific Items in Which He Would Save 300 Millions a Year." [ 3 ] In 1932, The World's Work was purchased by and merged into the journal Review of Reviews . [ 4 ] But its vision lived on in Arthur, who later became a vice president and director at AT&T, where he is credited as the "father of corporate public relations ." See also The Bookman Harper's Magazine McClure's Magazine Munsey's Magazine The Outlook Notes ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Noel Griese (2001). Arthur W. Page: Publisher, Public Relations Pioneer, Patriot . Anvil Publishers, Inc. pp. 21– 22. ^ Lora, Ronald; Longton, William Henry (1999). The Conservative Press in Twentieth-century America . Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 47– 50. ^ Page, Walter Hines; Page, Arthur Wilson (1911). "The World's Work: A History of Our Time" . ^ Edward M. Block. "The Legacy of Public Relations Excellence Behind The Name" . Arthur W. Page Society . Retrieved December 19, 2015 . External links List of available issues on Internet Archive 1900 establishments in New York (state) 1932 disestablishments in New York (state) Defunct agricultural magazines published in the United States Monthly magazines published in the United States Defunct business magazines published in the United States Defunct magazines published in New York City Magazines established in 1900 Magazines disestablished in 1932 Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Use mdy dates from March 2025 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2020 Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 04:31 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Initial adaptations Toggle Initial adaptations subsection 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 1.1 Early films 1.2 Limbo 2 Original film series Toggle Original film series subsection 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 2.1 Batman (1989) 2.2 Batman Returns (1992) 2.3 Batman Forever (1995) 2.4 Batman & Robin (1997) 2.5 Unrealized proposals 3 Planned relaunch 4 The Dark Knight trilogy Toggle The Dark Knight trilogy subsection 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 4.1 Batman Begins (2005) 4.2 The Dark Knight (2008) 4.3 The Dark Knight Rises (2012) 5 DC Extended Universe Toggle DC Extended Universe subsection 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.1 Title roles 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.1.1 Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) 5.2 Ensemble roles 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 5.2.1 Justice League (2017) 5.2.2 Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) 5.2.3 Other DCEU films 6 The Batman Epic Crime Saga Toggle The Batman Epic Crime Saga subsection 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 6.1 The Batman (2022) 6.2 The Batman: Part II (2027) 7 DC Universe Toggle DC Universe subsection 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 7.1 The Brave and the Bold 8 Joker duology 9 Animated film 10 Recurring cast and characters 11 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.1 Box office performance 11.2 Critical and public response 11.3 Accolades 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 11.3.1 Academy Awards 11.3.2 British Academy Film Awards 11.3.3 Saturn Awards 12 See also 13 Footnotes 14 Notes 15 References Toggle References subsection 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 15.1 Citations 15.2 Bibliography 16 External links Batman in film العربية Български Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本語 Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Adaptations of Batman in other media Batman actors since 1943. Top to bottom, left to right: Lewis Wilson , Adam West , Michael Keaton , Val Kilmer , George Clooney , Christian Bale , Ben Affleck , Robert Pattinson . Created by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Bob Kane Bill Finger Bob Kane Bill Finger Original source Comics published by DC Comics First appearance Detective Comics #27 ( 1939 ) Films and television Film(s) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin (1949) Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Catwoman (2004) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Suicide Squad (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) Justice League (2017) Joker (2019) Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) The Batman (2022) DC League of Super-Pets (2022) The Flash (2023) [ a ] Batgirl (unreleased) Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) The Batman: Part II (2027) The Brave and the Bold (TBA) Batman , a superhero created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger for comic books published by DC Comics , has appeared in nearly every form of media , including film since the 1940s. Columbia Pictures supervised the first film adaptations with Batman (1943) and Batman and Robin (1949), deviating significantly from the source material. 20th Century Fox then released a theatrical spinoff of the American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) live-action television series about the character in the 1960s, starring Adam West . After several years in limbo, Warner Bros. Pictures purchased the copyrights and developed a succession of Batman films in the late twentieth century, two directed by Tim Burton and another pair by Joel Schumacher . Michael Keaton portrays Batman in the Burton films, while Val Kilmer and George Clooney feature as the titular hero in the Schumacher films. Warner Bros. spent the turn of the millennium in another protracted development period, leading to the production of a reboot trilogy featuring Christian Bale as Batman: Batman Begins (2005), The Dark Knight (2008), and The Dark Knight Rises (2012). The creation of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU), a media franchise bound by a shared universe , spawned additional works. Ben Affleck plays the character in the DCEU films, beginning with the Zack Snyder -directed entry Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016). Affleck, Keaton, and Clooney's Batmen have also appeared in crossover films within the DCEU. The Batman (2022) and The Brave and the Bold will revamp the established continuity of the live-action films with new incarnations of Batman portrayed by Robert Pattinson and another actor. Joker (2019) features a depiction of the character as a civilian, predating his transformation into a vigilante. Numerous actors voice Batman in animated film. The Batman films are generally successful and comprise one of the highest-grossing franchises of all time, grossing over $6.8 billion globally. Critical opinion of films vary substantially. For example, The Dark Knight trilogy was critically acclaimed, whereas other films, such as Batman & Robin (1997) and those of the DCEU, were not well reviewed in the media. Occasionally, Batman films attract Academy Award recognition for acting and technical achievement. Initial adaptations Early films Following the success of comic books featuring Batman in the early 1940s, three major Hollywood studios approached DC Comics [ b ] to purchase the film rights. [ 2 ] Columbia Pictures bought the rights shortly afterward, and, in 1943, released a fifteen-chapter serial film directed by Lambert Hillyer and starring Lewis Wilson as Batman. [ 3 ] The story follows Batman and Robin's attempts to sabotage a Japanese spy's plot to aid Axis conquest of the United States by producing a super weapon. [ 4 ] Elements of Batman deviate from the source material in significant respects, most notably the addition of a Japanese villain, underscoring the film's propaganda function . [ 5 ] Conceived eighteen months after the December 1941 attack on Pearl Harbor , Batman reflected a wider cultural shift to arouse mass support for US intervention in World War II . [ 6 ] Nevertheless, the serial introduced the Batcave and the Wayne Manor 's secret grandfather clock entrance in Batman mythology. [ 7 ] It was re-released in theaters in 1965 under the title An Evening with Batman and Robin . [ 8 ] In 1949, Columbia developed another fifteen-part serial, Batman and Robin , as the sequel to Batman , compelled by the success of Superman the previous year. [ 8 ] Robert Lowery was Wilson's replacement as Batman, leading a new ensemble of actors opposite Johnny Duncan as Robin. [ 9 ] Batman and Robin details the duo's retrieval of a stolen remote control machine from criminal mastermind Wizard , whose schemes threaten to disrupt Gotham City's transportation networks. [ 10 ] Producer Sam Katzman sought to keep the cost of filming low, and the diminished budget led to further changes to the onscreen world. [ 8 ] As a consequence, Batman and Robin fared poorly in reviews from the press. [ 11 ] The American Broadcasting Company 's (ABC) creation of a live-action TV adaptation of Batman in the mid-1960s resurrected the character's popularity. [ 11 ] 20th Century Fox released a theatrical film intended to be a precursor to the show in 1966. [ 12 ] Featuring Adam West as the superhero, author Matthew J. Smith viewed the projects as campy , yet more faithful interpretations of the comics than the serials. [ 11 ] West stated he was hesitant to consider the part because he feared being typecast , but was convinced by his agent. [ 13 ] In the film, Batman and Robin ( Burt Ward ) confront the main antagonists of the series: the Joker ( Cesar Romero ), Penguin ( Burgess Meredith ), the Riddler ( Frank Gorshin ), and Catwoman ( Lee Meriwether ). [ 14 ] Limbo The cancellation of Batman decreased Hollywood interest in further film adaptations. [ 11 ] A concerted effort to produce another film did not begin until a year after the release of Superman (1978). [ 15 ] Producers Michael Uslan and Benjamin Melniker purchased the rights with the aim of conceiving a more faithful adaptation of the comics. [ 16 ] Superman was another catalyst for Uslan and Melniker's vision of a Batman film. [ 17 ] Uslan pitched to multiple studios unsuccessfully, including Columbia and United Artists , prompting him to devise an outline, Return of the Batman , to better articulate his idea. [ 16 ] [ 18 ] By November 1979, Uslan and Melniker obtained funding through a joint venture with Peter Guber , chairman of the film division of Casablanca Records . [ 19 ] Under the arrangement, the producers were entitled to 40 percent of profits yielded by Casablanca. [ 20 ] They commissioned a Batman film with a $15 million budget in 1981, but a series of corporate acquisitions prolonged negotiations over the film's distribution, stalling development. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Casablanca's preexisting distribution agreement with Universal Pictures dissolved after the company was acquired by PolyGram Pictures . [ 20 ] By this point, PolyGram faced bankruptcy after investing $80 million to increase their rate of output, and Guber brokered an agreement to transfer ownership of the Batman film rights to him and associate Jon Peters . [ 23 ] Another associate pitched the project to Warner Bros. Pictures executive Frank Wells , and afterwards Peters signed a deal with studio president Terry Semel which overlapped with the Casablanca contract. [ 21 ] [ 23 ] However, because Uslan and Melniker were unaware of the dealings, they challenged Warner Bros. over the claim that it had breached the Casablanca agreement. [ 20 ] Screenwriter Tom Mankiewicz completed the project's first draft in June 1983, titled The Batman . [ 24 ] The draft focused on an origin story chronicling Bruce Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 24 ] Moreover, Mankiewicz developed the story to indicate a sequel following Batman and Dick Grayson as a crimefighting duo. [ 24 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from Batman: Strange Apparitions , a multi-issue limited series by Steve Englehart and Marshall Rogers . [ 25 ] Though The Batman was announced with a mid-1985 release date, revisions to the script impeded progress on the film. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] In total, the script underwent nine rewrites from nine separate screenwriters. [ 27 ] Original film series Batman (1989) Warner Bros. appointed Tim Burton as Batman director in 1988. [ 28 ] The studio approached Burton as early as 1985, but had no formalized deal until a week after Beetlejuice opened in theaters. [ 28 ] Burton discarded Mankiewicz's screenplay as he found the tone too similar to Superman . [ 26 ] Englehart and Julie Hickson prepared film treatments which Sam Hamm reworked into the script. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns (1986) guided Hamm's script, reflecting a darker approach than previous interpretations to that point. [ 30 ] When the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to resign, Warner Bros. engaged Warren Skaaren , Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems for additional rewrites to lighten the tone. [ 15 ] Burton chose Michael Keaton among a number of leading men as Batman / Bruce Wayne , despite resistance from studio executives. [ 26 ] [ 31 ] Keaton was a controversial casting choice; he had been mainly known as a comedic actor and was not perceived to fit the Batman archetype. [ 32 ] Jack Nicholson stars opposite Keaten as the Joker , earning as much as $50–$90 million for his work. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Principal photography occurred from October 1988 to January 1989 on constructed sets at the backlot of Pinewood Studios in London. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] After its June 1989 release, Batman received mostly positive reviews and finished the theatrical run as the year's second highest-grossing film , with a box office take of $400 million. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] At the 62nd Academy Awards , the film won Best Art Direction . [ 39 ] Batman Returns (1992) Studio executives prioritized a sequel to Batman beginning in late-1989. [ 40 ] Warner Bros. secured Burton's commitment as director for Batman Returns in 1991. [ 41 ] Burton was reluctant to return for another film because he was cynical about sequels. [ 40 ] He had also been frustrated with the authority Guber and Peters exerted over the original film, agreeing to Batman Returns only on the condition of greater independence. [ 42 ] Daniel Waters replaced Hamm as screenwriter based on Burton's preference for a writer that had no involvement with Batman . [ 43 ] Waters developed the script with greater emphasis on the villains—including Catwoman ( Michelle Pfeiffer ) and the Penguin ( Danny DeVito ). [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Burton brought on Wesley Strick for an uncredited rewrite before assigning Waters further script editing duties. [ 40 ] Keaton reprised his role for a $10 million salary. [ 40 ] [ 43 ] Filmmakers shot Batman Returns from September 1991 to February 1992, and the film was released in theaters that June. [ 40 ] [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Batman Returns polarized critics and, to the dismay of Warner Bros., saw diminished returns at the box office. [ 40 ] [ 47 ] Batman Forever (1995) To improve their profit-making potential, Warner Bros. developed Batman Forever with a more family-friendly tone. [ 46 ] The studio did not want to continue the series with Burton and encouraged the filmmaker to seek other projects, though Burton remained involved as an executive producer. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] They hired Joel Schumacher as Burton's replacement, believing he could better realize a film conducive to advertising toys. [ 50 ] The screenplay was conceived by Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife writing team, and Akiva Goldsman . [ 51 ] Keaton at first supported the changes but in time dropped out, objecting to the script. [ 46 ] [ 52 ] Ethan Hawke , Daniel Day-Lewis , Ralph Fiennes , and Kurt Russell were among those considered to play Batman, which inevitably went to Val Kilmer . [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Kilmer came to Schumacher's attention for his work in the Western film Tombstone (1993). [ 56 ] Shooting took place from September 1994 to March 1995, [ 49 ] [ 57 ] followed by the theatrical rollout in June 1995. [ 58 ] Batman Forever finished the year as the sixth highest-grossing film by amassing $350 million globally, but drew a tepid critical response. [ 59 ] Nonetheless, the film received three nominations at the 68th Academy Awards . [ 60 ] Batman & Robin (1997) Schumacher was signed as director of Batman & Robin while Batman Forever ran in theaters. [ 61 ] Goldman and Chris O'Donnell returned, the former as the film's sole screenwriter. [ 62 ] [ 63 ] Kilmer did not reappear, and reports give conflicting accounts about the circumstance of the actor's departure. Schumacher maintained in a 1996 interview that producers "sort of fired" Kilmer because he was volatile on the set of Batman Forever . [ 64 ] On the other hand, Kilmer cited scheduling conflicts that arose as a result of prior commitments to Heat (1995) and The Saint (1997). [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In his documentary film Val (2021), the actor clarified further that the experience working in the Batsuit, which he found cumbersome, influenced his decision to leave. [ 65 ] Executive Bob Daly mentioned George Clooney in casting discussions, leading to Clooney's hiring based on his performance in From Dusk till Dawn (1996) and his likeness to Batman's comic book counterpart. [ 67 ] Filming for Batman & Robin began in September 1996 and finished two weeks ahead of schedule in January 1997, [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 70 ] and the theatrical release was scheduled in June 1997. [ 71 ] Batman & Robin was a critical and commercial failure and is cited as one the worst blockbuster films ever made. [ 59 ] [ 72 ] Unrealized proposals Warner Bros. initiated plans to expand the franchise with several films, including a third Schumacher Batman film commissioned as Batman & Robin was in production. The studio announced the project with Mark Protosevich as screenwriter. [ 61 ] Schumacher said he planned to revisit a darker storytelling approach, contradicting a Los Angeles Times piece that claimed he would continue the direction of his other Batman films. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Protosevich's treatment, a 150-page script named Batman Unchained , revolves around Wayne's efforts to confront figures of his turmoiled past, chiefly the Scarecrow , Harley Quinn , and, ultimately, the Joker through a drug-induced hallucination. [ 73 ] [ 74 ] In the film's final scene, Wayne is besieged by a swarm of bats as a symbol of triumph over his fears. [ 73 ] Warner Bros. cast Coolio to play Scarecrow, introducing the character in a cameo in Batman & Robin . [ 75 ] Sequel development collapsed after the failure of Batman & Robin . [ 47 ] Around the same time, another project titled Batman: DarKnight was approved by Warner Bros., from a script conceived by novice writers Lee Shapiro and Stephen Wise. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Shapiro and Wise pitched to the studio on learning that they were contemplating a new direction for Batman. [ 73 ] Their story was inspired by The Dark Knight Returns , featuring Wayne, disillusioned by crimefighting, retreating from the public, and encouraging Grayson to pursue college. [ 76 ] Grayson has an adversarial relationship with professor Jonathan Crane, civilian persona of Scarecrow, who kidnaps and tortures Grayson in psychological experiments in Arkham Asylum . [ 73 ] Man-Bat features in DarKnight as a secondary villain whose crimes are erroneously blamed on Batman, luring Wayne out of hiding. [ 76 ] By 2001, Warner Bros. brought on Jeff Robinov to commence plans for a reboot, ending all active development of their original Batman series. [ 73 ] [ 76 ] Planned relaunch At the turn of the millennium, Warner Bros. entered a protracted development period over a Batman film. [ 47 ] Three reboot proposals emerged during this time, the earliest being an adaptation of Miller's comic book story arc Batman: Year One (1987). [ 73 ] Schumacher made the suggestion to Warner Bros. in 1998, and within a year, the studio solicited the then-relatively unknown filmmaker Darren Aronofsky for ideas to approach a remake. [ 73 ] [ 77 ] According to Aronofsky, the studio was receptive after he quipped, "I'd cast Clint Eastwood as the Dark Knight, and shoot it in Tokyo, doubling for Gotham City." [ 78 ] He joined as director in 2000. [ 79 ] Aronofsky worked with Miller to write the Batman: Year One script in their second collaboration; their first work together was an undeveloped screenplay of Miller's multi-issue series Ronin . [ 80 ] Their script re-conceptualized Batman with working class origins and placed greater emphasis on the character's psychological profile. [ 47 ] [ 73 ] Christian Bale and Freddie Prinze, Jr. were discussed to star, and Aronofsky campaigned to hire Joaquin Phoenix against studio intent, but Batman: Year One never went into production. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] Owing to creative disagreements with Aronofsky and Miller, Warner Bros. abandoned efforts on the project. [ 83 ] Alan Horn succeeded Terry Semel and Bob Daly as COO and president of Warner Bros. in 1999. There he implemented plans to relaunch the Batman and Superman franchises as part of a broader measure to increase the studio's output of blockbuster films. [ 47 ] The efforts may have been shaped in part by a corporate merger between parent company Time Warner and AOL in 2001. [ 84 ] Although the idea of a crossover film portraying Batman and Superman as foes long circulated in the press, it was screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker who first brought forward the concept in earnest in August 2001. [ 85 ] Warner Bros. engaged Wolfgang Petersen to direct Batman Vs. Superman , who then secured Walker's services to prepare a draft. [ 47 ] Goldman was brought on for a rewrite when the studio rejected Walker's draft, but the successive script drew mixed reactions. [ 85 ] Thereafter Petersen left to make another Warner project, the historical drama Troy (2004), and Horn clashed with producer Lorenzo di Bonaventura because they had competing visions for the franchises. [ 47 ] [ 85 ] Ultimately, the studio proceeded with plans for solo films and development of Batman Vs. Superman unraveled. [ 85 ] In 2000, Warner Bros. oversaw a live-action adaptation of their animated TV program Batman Beyond . [ 47 ] They commissioned Boaz Yakin and Batman Beyond creators Paul Dini and Alan Burnett to write a draft, but found the direction unsatisfactory and severed further commitment. [ 47 ] Little else is known about the project and filmmakers involved seldom discuss information in interviews with the media. [ 73 ] A younger Wayne played by Armie Hammer was a subject of a Justice League film known as Justice League: Mortal , which was meant to launch a franchise independent of the mainline Batman films in the late 2000s. [ 86 ] [ 87 ] Several problems beset the production. Warner Bros. suspended filming in the wake of an industrywide labor strike by the Writers Guild of America and again over disputes concerning the studio's request for tax subsidies from the government of Australia, which was denied by the Australian Film Commission . [ 88 ] [ 89 ] [ 90 ] In turn, Warner Bros. relocated the film's administrative operations to Canada, before cancelling production to mandate solo films of the DC characters, enacted after the release of The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] [ 92 ] The Dark Knight trilogy The Dark Knight trilogy was ranked as one of the greatest film trilogies by /Film , Time Out , and CBR . [ 93 ] [ 94 ] [ 95 ] Batman Begins (2005) Christopher Nolan was signed to a pay-or-play contract as director of Batman Begins in early 2003, [ 47 ] [ 96 ] after approaching Warner Bros. with the idea of making a Batman film centered on the character's origins. [ 97 ] What's more, the studio wanted to reconcile relations with the filmmaker after Petersen took his place as Troy director. [ 98 ] Nolan said he aimed to develop a more realistic, grittier film setting to differentiate Batman Begins from Warner's original Batman movies. [ 99 ] This encompassed the creation of an updated Batmobile and an all-black Batsuit designed for more agile movement. [ 100 ] [ 101 ] Nolan and David S. Goyer produced the film's completed script. [ 102 ] Management cast Bale, at the time a largely-unknown actor, under Nolan's belief that he exuded "exactly the balance of darkness and light" they desired for the character. [ 47 ] [ 103 ] To prepare for the role, Bale was given martial arts training, regained the weight he lost for The Machinist (2004), and increased his muscle mass, weighing about 220 pounds (100 kg). [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The filmmaking crew spent 2004 shooting Batman Begins in Iceland, the United Kingdom and Chicago, the lattermost within a three-week period. [ 106 ] They relied on miniature effects and traditional stunts during the production, using computer-generated imagery (CGI) only sparingly. [ 107 ] Despite a poor box office prognosis, the film was released in June 2005 to improved results, grossing $375.4 million worldwide. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Reviews from critics were very positive, and Batman Begins became a candidate for Best Cinematography at the 78th Academy Awards . [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The Dark Knight (2008) Nolan did not plan to make a sequel, but nevertheless brainstormed ideas with Goyer during the filming of Batman Begins . [ 112 ] The men worked together to outline The Dark Knight 's essential plot points for three months. [ 113 ] Nolan next assisted his brother Jonathan with development of the script, starting with a draft screenplay finished in six months. [ 113 ] The brothers spent another six months collaborating on the final script. [ 113 ] Filmmakers again redesigned the Batsuit to make it more comfortable to wear. [ 114 ] [ 115 ] Bale reprised his role as Batman, performing many of his own stunts. [ 116 ] The film story sees Batman battling his arch-nemesis the Joker ( Heath Ledger ), who obstructs efforts to control organized crime by his newly-forged alliance with district attorney Harvey Dent ( Aaron Eckhart ) and police lieutenant James Gordon ( Gary Oldman ). The Dark Knight was shot on a 127-day schedule from April to November 2007, and opened to widespread critical acclaim in July 2008. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] It broke numerous box office records, becoming the highest-grossing film of 2008 and exceeding $1 billion by February 2009. [ 119 ] [ 120 ] Near the end of its global rollout, the film entered the 81st Academy Awards season as a frontrunner with eight nominations, winning two. [ 121 ] Ledger's posthumous win for Best Supporting Actor made The Dark Knight the first comic book film to win an Academy Award for acting. [ 122 ] In 2020, the United States Library of Congress selected the film for preservation in the National Film Registry . [ 123 ] The Dark Knight Rises (2012) After initial hesitation, Nolan returned to direct The Dark Knight Rises , and, with his brother and Goyer, conceived a story he believed would conclude the trilogy on a satisfying note. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] He contemplated story and character ideas with Goyer before tasking Jonathan with the scriptwriting. [ 126 ] Warner Bros. proposed a character similar to Ledger's Joker as the film's primary villain, but Nolan picked Bane ( Tom Hardy ), favoring a physically imposing figure as antagonist. [ 102 ] [ 127 ] The director cited Metropolis (1927), Doctor Zhivago (1965), The Battle of Algiers (1966), Prince of the City (1981), and Blade Runner (1982) as major influences on The Dark Knight Rises 's artistic direction. [ 128 ] One of Nolan's main goals was to shoot the film with IMAX cameras as he wanted visual uniformity between The Dark Knight projects. [ 129 ] Production lasted from May to November 2011, and The Dark Knight Rises debuted in North American theaters in July 2012. [ 130 ] [ 131 ] The film eventually surpassed The Dark Knight 's box office gross and drew highly positive reviews from critics. [ 132 ] [ 133 ] DC Extended Universe Title roles Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Press speculation about a sequel to Man of Steel (2013) preceded the 46th San Diego Comic-Con . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] At that event, director Zack Snyder announced Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice as Man of Steel 's follow-up, based on a narrative inspired by The Dark Knight Returns . [ 136 ] Goyer returned to develop a screenplay that was rewritten at least three times, including once by Chris Terrio , because he was working concurrently on other projects of the DC Extended Universe (DCEU). [ 137 ] [ 138 ] Terrio's script was influenced by The Dark Knight trilogy and "Musée des Beaux Arts", an allegorical poem by English poet W. H. Auden . [ 139 ] Nolan worked as an executive producer, albeit in an advisory role, but Warner Bros. did not approach Bale to reprise Batman. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] Ben Affleck stars in said role in Dawn of Justice , news of which was confirmed in August 2013. [ 142 ] The casting choice was contingent on studio demands for an older Batman whose age could juxtapose the story. [ 142 ] Snyder and Affleck also had a strong professional relationship. [ 140 ] Filming occurred in 2014, and following multiples changes in the exhibition schedule, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2016. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] [ 145 ] Dawn of Justice was derided in professional reviews, while the film fared better with audiences. [ 146 ] At the box office, it emerged as the seventh highest-grossing film of 2016 with $874 million. [ 147 ] Ensemble roles Justice League (2017) Warner Bros. filed a lawsuit against the estate of Joe Shuster over the execution of a termination clause barring the disposition of the estate's share of the copyrights to Superman. [ 148 ] [ 149 ] The US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled in favor of Warner Bros. in October 2012, and the studio immediately moved forward with plans to create a Justice League film. [ 150 ] They hired Will Beall to conceive the initial draft, which was replaced when Goyer took over as the scriptwriter the following year. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] Goyer's work was discarded for a rewritten script completed by Terrio in July 2015. [ 153 ] [ 154 ] Afterwards, Justice League fell into a drawn-out development phase involving a succession of rewrites and a dispute concerning the budget, delaying the film's production. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Affleck returned as Batman, and Snyder continued his duties as director until his departure due to his daughter's death in 2017. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] His replacement, Joss Whedon , made substantial changes to the script and supervised reshoots, though only Snyder is billed as Justice League director. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] The film was shot from April to October 2016, [ 162 ] [ 163 ] and was released in November 2017 to largely negative reviews. [ 164 ] It was also a box office disappointment by failing to recoup enough money to break-even . [ 165 ] After Justice League 's release, Whedon was criticized for his treatment of the actors, and Terrio disavowed the film, citing studio interference. [ 166 ] [ 167 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Given the negative reaction to Justice League , a fan campaign went viral on social media under the hashtag "#ReleaseTheSnyderCut", calling for the release of Snyder's version of the film. [ 160 ] [ 168 ] Snyder had an unedited cut of this film version saved on his laptop around the time of his departure, which was presented to Warner Bros. executives in February 2020 in an event he organized with his wife Deborah . [ 166 ] [ 169 ] That May, it was announced as an official project, a director's cut titled Zack Snyder's Justice League ; the film premiered on HBO Max in March 2021. [ 170 ] [ 171 ] Warner Bros. allocated a $70 million budget to complete work related mostly to visual effects. [ 172 ] The film does not share continuity with the DCEU. [ 173 ] Zack Snyder's Justice League features a newly filmed scene with Affleck's Batman. [ 174 ] Other DCEU films In Suicide Squad (2016), Affleck features in flashback scenes depicting the arrests of Floyd Lawton / Deadshot ( Will Smith ) and Harley Quinn ( Margot Robbie ). [ 175 ] Keaton and Clooney's Batmen appear in supporting roles in The Flash (2023). [ 176 ] [ 177 ] Both actors play alternate versions of DCEU's main-continuity Batman (Affleck). [ 177 ] West makes a posthumous cameo appearance in a multiverse sequence developed with a combination of archival footage, deepfake effects, and artificial intelligence . [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Keaton was set to return to the DCEU in an expanded capacity in Batgirl until the film's cancellation in August 2022. [ 180 ] [ 181 ] The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman (2022) Work on a standalone Batman film was well underway once Warner Bros. cast Affleck in 2014. [ 182 ] He was signed as director, writer, and the film's starring actor, but stepped down amidst various personal and professional struggles. [ 183 ] [ 184 ] Matt Reeves replaced Affleck as director and writer, [ 185 ] creating the story anew with Mattson Tomlin and Peter Craig . [ 186 ] [ 187 ] [ 188 ] Reeves focused on a younger Batman, borrowing from the tradition of a detective story, [ 189 ] [ 190 ] [ 191 ] and expunged connections to the DCEU in the script. [ 192 ] To conceptualize the film world, and to bolster the plot, the director sought inspiration from an array of Batman comics and New Hollywood era films. [ c ] The Batman universe is separate from the DC Universe (DCU), and hence will exist simultaneously with a DCU Batman within the continuity of a multiverse. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] The search for an actor to play Batman was described as "intense", but unusually quick for a superhero film. [ 200 ] Speculation in the media favored Robert Pattinson , and Warner Bros. signed the actor in May 2019, prompting backlash from some fans. [ 200 ] [ 201 ] [ 202 ] Reeves said he wrote the character with Pattinson in mind, having been impressed with his performances in Good Time (2017) and High Life (2018). [ 200 ] [ 203 ] Pattinson received a $3 million salary for his work. [ 204 ] Filmmakers spent over a year shooting The Batman thanks to the COVID-19 pandemic , which halted production for five-and-a-half months. [ 205 ] Postponed twice, Warner Bros. released the film in March 2022. [ 206 ] [ 207 ] The Batman: Part II (2027) A sequel, The Batman: Part II , was announced in April 2022; Reeves, Tomlin, and Pattinson will reprise their respective roles. [ 208 ] [ 209 ] The production was delayed to accommodate changes in the writing, and a completed script was submitted in June 2025. [ 210 ] [ 211 ] Part II is slated to be released on October 1, 2027. [ 212 ] DC Universe The Brave and the Bold In October 2022, Warner Bros. Discovery formed DC Studios , with filmmakers James Gunn and Peter Safran as its co-chairmen and CEOs, to facilitate development of film and TV adaptations within the context of a new shared universe, the DCU. [ 213 ] [ 214 ] A Batman film gleaning comic books by Grant Morrison , titled The Brave and the Bold , was confirmed as one of the DCU projects in active development in January 2023. The story will concentrate on Wayne and his relationship with his teenage son Damian . [ 214 ] Warner Bros. enlisted Andy Muschietti as the film's director, with his sister Barbara set to produce through their production company Double Dream, alongside Gunn and Safran. [ 215 ] [ 216 ] Joker duology Beginning in 2019, Warner Bros. distributed two standalone films based on the Joker, directed by Todd Phillips . [ 217 ] [ 218 ] Both films predate Wayne's transformation into Batman. [ 219 ] Joker depicts an origin story about a failed comedian's (Phoenix) descent into madness, culminating in the murders of Wayne's parents by a masked rioter. [ 220 ] [ 221 ] The film portrays Wayne as a young child (played by Dante Pereira-Olson ). [ 222 ] Animated film Batman has appeared in a variety of animated film adaptations since the early 1990s. [ 223 ] His first appearance was in Batman: Mask of the Phantasm (1993), voiced by Kevin Conroy . [ 224 ] It originated as a direct-to-video release, following the breakout success of Fox 's TV adaptation of the character, Batman: The Animated Series , itself influenced by the live-action Burton films. [ 225 ] Mask of Phantasm received notice for its subject matter, animation style, and music. [ 226 ] Conroy continued voicing the character in various productions up to his death in 2022. [ 227 ] Batman is the titular lead in 39 films and features in another 35 in a supporting capacity, generally as part of an ensemble for the Justice League. [ 223 ] Warner Bros. occasionally produces theatrical features, as is the case with Batman: The Killing Joke (2016) and films of The Lego Movie franchise , in which Will Arnett portrays the character. [ 228 ] [ 229 ] Numerous actors voice Batman in animation, including Jensen Ackles , Michael C. Hall , Roger Craig Smith , and Troy Baker . [ 230 ] [ 231 ] Further development of animated Batman films is ongoing as of 2025. [ 232 ] Recurring cast and characters This section includes characters who will appear or have appeared in multiple Batman or Batman-centered films that received a wide theatrical release. An empty grey cell indicates the character was not in the film, or that the character's official presence has not yet been confirmed. A indicates an appearance through archival footage or audio. C indicates a cameo role. P indicates an appearance in onscreen photographs. S indicates an appearance through use of special effects. U indicates an uncredited appearance. V indicates a voice-only role. Y indicates a younger version of the character. L indicates the actor or actress lent only their likeness for the film. Character Serial films Batman Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films Batman: Mask of the Phantasm The Dark Knight trilogy Batman: The Killing Joke DC Extended Universe films The Lego Batman Movie Joker films The Batman films 1943, 1949 1966 1989–1997 1993 2005–2012 2016 2016–2023 2017 2019, 2024 2022, 2027 Batman Lewis Wilson Robert Lowery Adam West Michael Keaton Charles Roskilly Y Val Kilmer Ramsey Ellis Y George Clooney Eric Lloyd Y Kevin Conroy V Christian Bale Gus Lewis Y Kevin Conroy V Ben Affleck Brandon Spink Y Michael Keaton [ i ] George Clooney [ i ] Adam West L [ ii ] Will Arnett V Adam West [ ii ] A Dante Pereira-Olson [ iii ] Robert Pattinson Oscar Novak Y Alfred Pennyworth William Austin U Eric Wilton U Alan Napier Michael Gough Jon Simmons Y Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. V Michael Caine Brian George V Jeremy Irons Ralph Fiennes V Douglas Hodge Andy Serkis James "Jim" Gordon Lyle Talbot Neil Hamilton Pat Hingle Bob Hastings V Gary Oldman Ray Wise V J. K. Simmons Héctor Elizondo V Jeffrey Wright Robin Douglas Croft Johnny Duncan Burt Ward Chris O'Donnell Joseph Gordon-Levitt [ iv ] Burt Ward L Michael Cera V Vicki Vale Jane Adams Kim Basinger Appeared Joker Cesar Romero Jack Nicholson [ v ] Hugo E. Blick Y David U. Hodges U Y Mark Hamill V Heath Ledger Mark Hamill V Jared Leto Jack Nicholson L [ i ] Cesar Romero L [ ii ] Zach Galifianakis V Joaquin Phoenix [ vi ] Connor Storrie [ vii ] Barry Keoghan [ viii ] Catwoman Lee Meriwether Michelle Pfeiffer Anne Hathaway Eartha Kitt L [ ii ] Zoë Kravitz V Zoë Kravitz Penguin Burgess Meredith Danny DeVito John Venzon V Colin Farrell Riddler Frank Gorshin Jim Carrey Conan O'Brien V Paul Dano Joseph Walker Y Two-Face Billy Dee Williams [ ix ] Tommy Lee Jones Aaron Eckhart Billy Dee Williams V Harry Lawtey [ ix ] Thomas Wayne David Baxt Michael Scranton C Linus Roache Jeffrey Dean Morgan P Brett Cullen Luke Roberts Martha Wayne Sharon Holm Eileen Seeley C Sara Stewart Lauren Cohan P Carrie Louise Putrello Stella Stocker Joe Chill Clyde Gatell [ x ] Richard Brake Damon Caro U U Sal Maroni Dennis Paladino Eric Roberts Rick D. Wasserman V Mr. Freeze Arnold Schwarzenegger David Burrows V Poison Ivy Uma Thurman Riki Lindhome V Batgirl Alicia Silverstone [ xi ] Hannah Gunn [ xii ] Tara Strong V Rosario Dawson V Bane Robert Swenson Michael Reid MacKay [ xiii ] Tom Hardy Doug Benson V Harvey Bullock Robert Costanzo V Robin Atkin Downes V Scarecrow Cillian Murphy Jason Mantzoukas V Carmine Falcone Tom Wilkinson John Turturro Superman Henry Cavill Channing Tatum V The Flash Ezra Miller Adam Devine V Harley Quinn Margot Robbie Jenny Slate V Lady Gaga Killer Croc Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Matt Villa V Additionally, President pro tempore of the United States Senate Patrick Leahy has a brief role as himself in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin , an unnamed Wayne Enterprise board member in The Dark Knight and The Dark Knight Rises , and as Senator Purrington in Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice . [ 234 ] Reception Box office performance Film Release date Box office revenue All-time ranking Budget Ref. North America Other territories Worldwide U.S. and Canada Worldwide Batman (1966) July 30, 1966 $1,700,000 — .mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px;white-space:nowrap} N/a $1,700,000 — N/a — N/a $1.5 million [ 235 ] [ 236 ] Batman (1989) June 23, 1989 $251,409,241 $160,160,000 $411,569,241 #131 #308 $35 million [ 237 ] Batman Returns June 19, 1992 $162,924,631 $103,990,656 $266,915,287 #334 #592 $80 million [ 238 ] Batman: Mask of the Phantasm December 25, 1993 $5,635,204 — N/a $5,635,204 #6,208 #9,093 — N/a [ 239 ] Batman Forever June 16, 1995 $184,069,126 $152,498,032 $336,567,158 #253 #438 $100 million [ 240 ] Batman & Robin June 20, 1997 $107,353,792 $130,881,927 $238,235,719 #681 #685 $125 million [ 241 ] Batman Begins June 15, 2005 $206,863,479 $166,809,514 $373,672,993 #206 #363 $150 million [ 242 ] The Dark Knight July 18, 2008 $534,987,076 $471,115,201 $1,006,102,277 #13 #33 (A) #49 $185 million [ 243 ] The Dark Knight Rises July 20, 2012 $448,149,584 $633,003,513 $1,081,153,097 #22 #73 (A) #32 $250 million [ 244 ] Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice March 25, 2016 $330,360,194 $543,277,334 $873,637,528 #71 #212 (A) #73 $250 million [ 245 ] Batman: The Killing Joke July 25, 2016 $3,775,000 $687,034 $4,462,034 — N/a — N/a $3.5 million [ 246 ] The Lego Batman Movie February 10, 2017 $175,936,671 $136,200,000 $312,136,671 #287 #489 $80 million [ 247 ] Joker October 4, 2019 $335,477,657 $738,968,073 $1,074,445,730 #65 #33 $55 million [ 248 ] The Batman March 4, 2022 $369,313,618 $401,000,000 $770,313,618 #50 #106 $200 million [ 249 ] Total $ 3,117,955,273 $ 3,798,799,766 $ 6,756,546,557 #5 #4 (A) #10 $1.915 billion [ 250 ] List indicator (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. (A) indicates the adjusted totals based on current ticket prices (calculated by Box Office Mojo ). Batman Begins and The Dark Knight gross includes 2012 re-releases. Critical and public response Film Critical Public Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic CinemaScore [ 251 ] Batman: The Movie 81% (36 reviews) [ 252 ] 71 (4 reviews) [ 253 ] — N/a Batman 77% (142 reviews) [ 254 ] 69 (21 reviews) [ 255 ] A Batman Returns 82% (93 reviews) [ 256 ] 68 (23 reviews) [ 257 ] B Batman: Mask of the Phantasm 81% (52 reviews) [ 258 ] — N/a — N/a Batman Forever 40% (70 reviews) [ 259 ] 51 (23 reviews) [ 260 ] A− Batman & Robin 12% (97 reviews) [ 261 ] 28 (21 reviews) [ 262 ] C+ Batman Begins 85% (285 reviews) [ 263 ] 70 (41 reviews) [ 264 ] A The Dark Knight 94% (341 reviews) [ 265 ] 84 (39 reviews) [ 266 ] A The Dark Knight Rises 87% (376 reviews) [ 267 ] 78 (45 reviews) [ 268 ] A Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice 29% (439 reviews) [ 269 ] 44 (51 reviews) [ 270 ] B Batman: The Killing Joke 36% (44 reviews) [ 271 ] — N/a — N/a The Lego Batman Movie 89% (313 reviews) [ 272 ] 75 (48 reviews) [ 273 ] A− Justice League 39% (411 reviews) [ 274 ] 45 (52 reviews) [ 275 ] B+ Joker 68% (603 reviews) [ 276 ] 59 (60 reviews) [ 277 ] B+ Zack Snyder's Justice League 71% (314 reviews) [ 278 ] 54 (45 reviews) [ 279 ] — N/a The Batman 85% (528 reviews) [ 280 ] 72 (68 reviews) [ 281 ] A– Accolades Academy Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Picture Nominated Director Nominated Actor Won Supporting Actor Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Film Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Score Won Production Design Won Nominated Sound [ d ] Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Editing [ d ] Nominated Won Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated British Academy Film Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Film Nominated Direction Nominated Actor in a Leading Role Won Supporting Actor Nominated Won Adapted Screenplay Nominated Casting Won Cinematography Nominated Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Editing Nominated Nominated Makeup and Hair Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Original Music Nominated Won Production Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Sound Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Visual Effects Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Saturn Awards Award Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology The Dark Knight trilogy DC Extended Universe Joker films The Batman films Batman Batman Returns Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Justice League Joker The Batman Fantasy Film Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Action / Adventure / Thriller Film Won Nominated Comic-to-Film Motion Picture Nominated Won Nominated Director Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Actor Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Actress Nominated Supporting Actor Nominated Nominated Won [ e ] Nominated Nominated [ f ] Supporting Actress Nominated Nominated Won Nominated Writing Won Won Nominated Nominated Costume Design Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Won Editing Nominated Make-up Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Nominated Nominated Music Nominated Won Nominated Nominated Production Design Nominated Nominated Special Effects Nominated Nominated Won See also Speculative fiction portal Film portal United States portal Batman franchise media Category:Fan films based on Batman Superman in film Catwoman (film) Footnotes ^ a b c Version from Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher films continuity. ^ a b c d Version from 1966 film continuity. ^ This version of the character does not appear as Batman. ^ In The Dark Knight Rises , Gordon-Levitt portrays "Robin John Blake", a detective working for the GCPD whom Bruce Wayne deems an ally and entrusts the Batcave to. ^ In the Tim Burton / Joel Schumacher continuity, the character's real name is Jack Napier. ^ In the Joker film continuity, the character's real name is Arthur Fleck. ^ Joker: Folie à Deux implies that Storrie’s character is the real Joker. [ 233 ] ^ Credited as "Unseen Arkham Prisoner". ^ a b Two-Face identity not used. ^ Credited as "Other Mugger". ^ This version of the character appears using the name Barbara Wilson. ^ Credited as "Gordon's daughter" ^ MacKay portrays Antonio Diego, an Arkham Asylum inmate who is transformed into Bane. Notes ^ Features different versions of the Bruce Wayne/Batman character: the DCEU version played by Ben Affleck , the 1989 series version played by Michael Keaton , the Batman & Robin version played by George Clooney , and the 1960s version in archival footage of Adam West ^ At the time, DC was known as Detective Comics, one of at least two imprints of National Comics Publications . [ 1 ] ^ Attributed to multiple sources: [ 191 ] [ 193 ] [ 194 ] [ 195 ] [ 196 ] [ 197 ] ^ a b Starting with the 93rd Academy Awards (2021), the Best Sound Mixing and Best Sound Editing categories were consolidated into a single Best Sound category. ^ Received one award out of two nominations in this category. ^ Received two nominations in this category. 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External links Batman franchise overview at Box Office Mojo .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Early legal career 3 Mexican–American War 4 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 5 American Civil War Toggle American Civil War subsection 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 6 Escape and exile 7 Return to the U.S. and death 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links John C. Breckinridge العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item John C. Breckinridge Breckinridge in 1860 14th Vice President of the United States In office March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 President James Buchanan Preceded by William R. King Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin 5th Confederate States Secretary of War In office February 6, 1865 – May 10, 1865 President Jefferson Davis Preceded by James Seddon Succeeded by Office abolished United States Senator from Kentucky In office March 4, 1861 – December 4, 1861 Preceded by John J. Crittenden Succeeded by Garrett Davis Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th district In office March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1855 Preceded by Charles Morehead Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Fayette County In office 1849–1850 Personal details Born John Cabell Breckinridge ( 1821-01-16 ) January 16, 1821 Lexington, Kentucky , U.S. Died May 17, 1875 (1875-05-17) (aged 54) Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Party Democratic Other political affiliations Southern Democratic ( 1860 ) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Mary Burch ( m. 1843) Children 6, including Clifton and John Parents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Relatives Breckinridge family Education Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Signature Military service Allegiance United States Confederate States United States Confederate States Branch/service United States Volunteers Confederate States Army United States Volunteers Confederate States Army Years of service 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) Rank Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Battles/wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American politician who served as the 14th vice president of the United States , with President James Buchanan , from 1857 to 1861. Assuming office at the age of 36, Breckinridge is the youngest vice president in U.S. history . He was also the Southern Democratic candidate in the 1860 presidential election , losing to antislavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln . Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky , to a prominent local family . After serving as a noncombatant during the Mexican–American War , he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a pro-slavery stance. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act . After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan . The Democrats won the election , but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan, and as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the proslavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention , the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party , nominated John Bell . These three men split the Southern vote, while Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, winning the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky . After fleeing behind Confederate lines, Breckinridge was commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, Breckinridge was promoted to major general , and in October, he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg . After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stones River and Missionary Ridge , and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department , where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market . After participating in Jubal Early 's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley , Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia . In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet . Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the fall of Richmond , Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for over three years. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander, but historians have panned his contributions to the Confederacy. Early life John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his family's estate near Lexington, Kentucky, on January 16, 1821, [ 1 ] the fourth of six children and only son of Joseph "Cabell" Breckinridge from the Breckinridge family and Mary Clay (Smith) Breckinridge. [ 2 ] His mother was a daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith , who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . [ 1 ] Having previously served as speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Breckinridge's father had been appointed Kentucky's secretary of state just prior to his son's birth. [ 3 ] In February 1821, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governor's Mansion in Frankfort , so his father could better attend to his duties as secretary of state. [ 4 ] In August 1823, an illness referred to as "the prevailing fever" struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. [ 4 ] On his return, both his wife and he fell ill. Cabell Breckinridge died, but she survived. [ 5 ] His assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his widow joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law. [ 6 ] While in Lexington, Breckinridge attended Pisgah Academy in Woodford County . [ 7 ] His grandmother taught him the political philosophies of her late husband, John Breckinridge , who served in the U.S. Senate and as attorney general under President Thomas Jefferson . [ 8 ] As a state legislator, Breckinridge had introduced the Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, which stressed states' rights and endorsed the doctrine of nullification in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts . [ 9 ] After an argument between Breckinridge's mother and grandmother in 1832, his mother, his sister Laetitia, and he moved to Danville, Kentucky , to live with his sister Frances and her husband, John C. Young , who was president of Centre College . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Breckinridge's uncle, William Breckinridge, was also on the faculty there, prompting him to enroll in November 1834. [ 8 ] Among his schoolmates were Beriah Magoffin , William Birney , Theodore O'Hara , Thomas L. Crittenden , and Jeremiah Boyle . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] After earning a Bachelor of Arts in September 1838, he spent the following winter as a "resident graduate" at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Returning to Kentucky in mid-1839, he read law with Judge William Owsley . [ 14 ] In November 1840, he enrolled in the second year of the law course at Transylvania University in Lexington, where his instructors included George Robertson and Thomas A. Marshall of the Kentucky Court of Appeals . [ 15 ] On February 25, 1841, he received a Bachelor of Laws and was licensed to practice the next day. [ 16 ] Early legal career Breckinridge remained in Lexington while deciding where to begin practice, borrowing law books from the library of John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden's father. [ 17 ] Deciding that Lexington was overcrowded with lawyers, he moved to Frankfort, but was unable to find an office. After being spurned by a love interest, former classmate Thomas W. Bullock and he departed for the Iowa Territory on October 10, 1841, seeking better opportunities. [ 18 ] They considered settling on land Breckinridge had inherited in Jacksonville, Illinois , but they found the bar stocked with able men such as Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln . [ 19 ] They continued on to Burlington, Iowa , and by the winter of 1842–1843, Breckinridge reported to family members that his firm handled more cases than almost any other in Burlington. [ 20 ] Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the Democratic Party , and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of Des Moines County . [ 21 ] Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were Whigs , and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, "I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored." [ 22 ] Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843. [ 23 ] His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit, and after he contracted influenza , he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate. [ 23 ] He met Bullock's cousin, Mary Cyrene Burch , and by September, they were engaged. [ 23 ] In October, Breckinridge went to Iowa to close out his business, then returned to Kentucky and formed a law partnership with Samuel Bullock, Thomas's cousin. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He married on December 12, 1843, and settled in Georgetown, Kentucky . [ 23 ] The couple had six children – Joseph Cabell (b. 1844), Clifton Rodes (b. 1846; later a Congressman from Arkansas ), Frances (b. 1848), John Milton (b. 1849), John Witherspoon (b. 1850), and Mary Desha (b. 1854). [ 23 ] Gaining confidence in his ability as a lawyer, Breckinridge moved his family back to Lexington in 1845 and formed a partnership with future U.S. Senator James B. Beck . [ 26 ] Mexican–American War A supporter of the Mexican–American War, Breckinridge sought appointment to the staff of Major General William Orlando Butler , a prominent Kentucky Democrat, but Butler could only offer him an unpaid aide position and advised him to decline it. [ 27 ] In July 1847, Breckinridge delivered an address at a mass military funeral in Frankfort to honor Kentuckians killed in the Battle of Buena Vista . The oration brought Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, whose son was among the dead, to tears, and inspired Theodore O'Hara to write " Bivouac of the Dead ". [ 28 ] Breckinridge again applied for a military commission after William Owsley , the governor of Kentucky, called for two additional regiments on August 31, 1847. [ 29 ] Owsley's advisors encouraged the Whig governor to commission at least one Democrat, and Whig Senator John J. Crittenden supported Breckinridge's application. [ 30 ] On September 6, 1847, Owsley appointed Manlius V. Thomson as colonel, Thomas Crittenden as lieutenant colonel, and Breckinridge as major of the Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The regiment left Kentucky on November 1 and reached Veracruz by November 21. [ 31 ] After a serious epidemic of la Vomito, or yellow fever , broke out at Veracruz, [ 32 ] the regiment hurried to Mexico City . Reports indicate that Breckinridge walked all but two days of the journey, allowing weary soldiers to use his horse. [ 31 ] When they reached Mexico City on December 18, the fighting was almost over; they participated in no combat and remained as an army of occupation until May 30, 1848. [ 31 ] [ 33 ] In demand more for his legal expertise than his military training, he was named as assistant counsel for Gideon Johnson Pillow during a court of inquiry initiated against him by Winfield Scott . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Seeking to derail Scott's presidential ambitions, Pillow and his supporters composed and published letters that lauded Pillow, not Scott, for the American victories at Contreras and Churubusco . To hide his involvement, Pillow convinced a subordinate to take credit for the letter he wrote. Breckinridge biographer William C. Davis writes that it was "most unlikely" that Breckinridge knew the details of Pillow's intrigue. [ 36 ] His role in the proceedings was limited to questioning a few witnesses; records show that Pillow represented himself during the court's proceedings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Returning to Louisville on July 16, the Third Kentucky mustered out on July 21. [ 37 ] During their time in Mexico, over 100 members of the 1,000-man regiment died of illness. [ 28 ] Although he saw no combat, Breckinridge's military service proved an asset to his political prospects. [ 28 ] Political career Early political career Breckinridge campaigned for Democratic presidential nominee James K. Polk in the 1844 election . [ 37 ] He decided against running for county clerk of Scott County after his law partner complained that he spent too much time in politics. [ 38 ] In 1845, some local Democrats encouraged him to seek the Eighth District 's congressional seat, but he declined, supporting Alexander Keith Marshall , the party's unsuccessful nominee. [ 27 ] [ 38 ] As a private citizen, he opposed the Wilmot Proviso that would have banned slavery in the territory acquired in the war with Mexico. [ 39 ] In the 1848 presidential election , he backed the unsuccessful Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William Butler. [ 27 ] He did not vote in the election. Defending his decision during a speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860, Breckinridge explained: But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] Kentucky House of Representatives In August 1849, Kentuckians elected delegates to a state constitutional convention in addition to state representatives and senators . [ 41 ] Breckinridge's abolitionist uncles, William and Robert , joined with Cassius Marcellus Clay to nominate slates of like-minded candidates for the constitutional convention and the legislature. [ 35 ] In response, a bipartisan group of proslavery citizens organized its own slate of candidates, including Breckinridge for one of Fayette County 's two seats in the House of Representatives. [ 42 ] Breckinridge, who by this time enslaved five humans, had publicly opposed "impairing in any form" the legal protection of slavery . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Despite his endorsement of slavery protections, he was a member of the Freemasons and the First Presbyterian Church in Lexington , both of which officially opposed slavery. [ 44 ] He had also previously represented free blacks in court, expressed support for voluntary emancipation , and supported the Kentucky Colonization Society, which was dedicated to the relocation of free blacks to Liberia . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Breckinridge received 1,481 votes, over 400 more than his nearest competitor, making this the first time that Fayette County had elected a Democrat to the state House of Representatives. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Between the election and the legislative session, Breckinridge formed a new law partnership with Owsley's former secretary of state, George B. Kinkead, his previous partner having died in a cholera epidemic earlier in the year. [ 47 ] He also co-founded the Kentucky Statesman , a semiweekly Democratic newspaper, and visited his step-cousin, Mary Todd , where he met her husband, Abraham Lincoln, for the first time; despite their political differences, they became friends. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] When the House convened, Breckinridge received a plurality of votes for speaker, but fell at least eight votes short of a majority. [ 45 ] Unable to break the deadlock, he withdrew, and the position went to Whig Thomas Reilly. [ 49 ] Biographer Frank H. Heck wrote that Breckinridge was the leader of the House Democratic caucus during the session, during which time most of the measures considered were "local or personal and in any case, petty". [ 50 ] Breckinridge was assigned to the House's standing committees on federal relations and the judiciary. [ 45 ] He supported bills allocating funding for internal improvements , a traditionally Whig stance. [ 49 ] As Congress debated Henry Clay's proposed Compromise of 1850 , the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a "fair, equitable, and just basis" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all laid on the table . [ 51 ] On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18. [ 52 ] Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the proposed constitution at a series of meetings around the state. [ 53 ] His only concern with the document was its lack of an amendment process. [ 52 ] The constitution was overwhelmingly ratified in May. Democrats wanted to nominate him for re-election, but he declined, citing problems "of a private and imperative character". Davis wrote "his problem – besides continuing sadness over his son's death – was money." [ 54 ] U.S. Representative First term (1851–1853) Breckinridge was a delegate to the January 8, 1851, state Democratic convention, which nominated Lazarus W. Powell for governor. [ 55 ] A week later, he announced that he would seek election to Congress from Kentucky's Eighth District. [ 45 ] Nicknamed the "Ashland district" because it contained Ashland , the estate of Whig Party founder Henry Clay, and much of the area Clay once represented, the district was a Whig stronghold. [ 26 ] In the previous congressional election, Democrats had not even nominated a candidate. [ 55 ] Breckinridge's opponent, Leslie Combs , was a former state legislator whose popularity was bolstered by his association with Clay and his participation in the War of 1812 ; he was expected to win the election easily. [ 45 ] In April, the candidates held a debate in Frankfort, and in May, they jointly canvassed the district, making daily speeches. [ 56 ] Breckinridge reiterated his strict constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution and denounced the protective tariffs advocated by the Whigs, stating that "free thought needs free trade". [ 57 ] His strong voice and charismatic personality contrasted with the campaign style of the much older Combs. [ 58 ] On election day, he carried only three of the district's seven counties, but accumulated a two-to-one victory margin in Owen County , winning the county by 677 votes and the election by 537. [ 59 ] Democrats carried five of Kentucky's 10 congressional districts, and Powell was elected as the first Democratic governor since 1834. [ 60 ] Supporters promoted Breckinridge for Speaker of the House , but he refused to allow his own nomination and voted with the majority to elect fellow Kentuckian Linn Boyd . [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite this, the two were factional enemies, and Boyd assigned Breckinridge to the lightly regarded Committee on Foreign Affairs . [ 58 ] [ 63 ] Breckinridge's first speech, and several subsequent ones, were made to defend William Butler, again a presidential aspirant in 1852 , from charges leveled by proponents of the Young America movement that he was too old and had not made his stance on slavery clear. [ 64 ] The attacks came from the pages of George Nicholas Sanders 's Democratic Review , and on the House floor from several men, nearly all of whom supported Stephen Douglas for the nomination. These men included California 's Edward C. Marshall , who was Breckinridge's cousin. [ 64 ] Their attacks ultimately hurt Douglas's chances for the nomination, and Breckinridge's defense of Butler enhanced his own reputation. [ 65 ] After this controversy, he was more active in the chamber's debates, but introduced few significant pieces of legislation. He defended the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 against attacks by Ohio Representative Joshua Giddings , and opposed Andrew Johnson's proposed Homestead Act out of concern that it would create more territories that excluded slavery. [ 65 ] Despite his campaign rhetoric that federal funds should only be used for internal improvements "of a national character", he sought to increase Kentucky's federal allocation for construction and maintenance of rivers and harbors, and supported bills that benefited his district's hemp farmers. [ 62 ] Returning home from the legislative session, Breckinridge made daily visits with Henry Clay, who lay dying in Lexington, and was chosen to deliver Clay's eulogy in Congress when the next session commenced. [ 66 ] The eulogy enhanced his popularity and solidified his position as Clay's political heir apparent. [ 62 ] He also campaigned for the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as president. [ 67 ] Although Pierce lost Kentucky by 3,200 votes, Breckinridge wielded more influence with him than he had with outgoing Whig President Millard Fillmore . [ 68 ] A week after his inauguration, Pierce offered Breckinridge an appointment as governor of Washington Territory . He had initially sought the appointment, securing letters of recommendation from Powell and Butler, but by the time it was offered, he had decided to stay in Kentucky and seek re-election to the House. [ 69 ] Second term (1853–1855) The Whigs, seeking to recapture Breckinridge's seat, nominated Attorney General of Kentucky James Harlan , but some Whig factions opposed him, and he withdrew in March. [ 70 ] Robert P. Letcher , a former congressman and governor who had won 14 elections in Kentucky without a loss, was the party's second choice. [ 71 ] Both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout the Eighth District, making multiple speeches a day between May and August. [ 72 ] Letcher was an experienced campaigner, but his popular, anecdote-filled oratory was unpolished, and he was prone to outbursts of anger when frustrated. [ 73 ] By contrast, Breckinridge delivered calm, well-reasoned speeches. [ 74 ] Cassius Clay, a political enemy of Letcher's for years, endorsed Breckinridge, despite their differences on slavery. [ 60 ] Citing this endorsement and the abolitionism of Breckinridge's uncles, Letcher tried to paint Breckinridge as an enemy of slavery. Breckinridge pointed to his consistent support for slavery and claimed Letcher was actually hostile to the interests of slaveholders. [ 74 ] Although the district had gone for Whig candidate Winfield Scott by over 600 votes in the previous year's presidential election , Breckinridge defeated Letcher by 526 votes. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Once again, he received a large margin in Owen County, which reported 123 more votes than eligible voters living in the county. [ 75 ] Grateful for the support of the reliably Democratic county, he gave his son John Witherspoon Breckinridge the nickname "Owen". [ 74 ] Of the 234 members of the House, Breckinridge was among the 80 who were returned to their seats for the Thirty-third Congress . [ 67 ] Due to his increased seniority, he was assigned to the more prestigious Ways and Means Committee , but he was not given a committee chairmanship as many had expected. [ 62 ] Although he supported Pierce's proslavery agenda on the principle of states' rights and believed that secession was legal, he opposed secession as a remedy to the country's immediate problems. [ 26 ] This, coupled with his earlier support of manumission and African colonization, balanced his support for slavery; most still considered him a moderate legislator. [ 48 ] An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage. [ 48 ] During the debate on the House floor, New York 's Francis B. Cutting , incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to duel . Under code duello , the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at 60 paces. [ 72 ] He also specified that the duel should be held at Silver Spring, Maryland , the home of his friend Francis Preston Blair . [ 48 ] Cutting, who had not intended his initial remark as a challenge, believed that Breckinridge's naming of terms constituted a challenge; he chose to use pistols at a distance of 10 paces. While the two men attempted to clarify who had issued the challenge and who reserved the right to choose the terms, mutual friends resolved the issue, preventing the duel. [ 72 ] The recently adopted Kentucky Constitution prevented anyone who participated in a duel from holding elected office, and the peaceful resolution of the issue may have saved Breckinridge's political career. [ 76 ] Retirement from the House In February 1854, the Whig majority in the Kentucky General Assembly passed – over Powell's veto – a reapportionment bill that redrew Breckinridge's district, removing Owen County and replacing it with Harrison and Nicholas Counties. [ 77 ] This, combined with the rise of the Know Nothing Party in Kentucky, left Breckinridge with little hope of re-election, and he decided to retire from the House at the expiration of his term. [ 78 ] Following the December 1854 resignation of Pierre Soulé , the U.S. Minister to Spain , who failed to negotiate a U.S. annexation of Cuba following the controversial Ostend Manifesto , Pierce nominated Breckinridge to the position. [ 78 ] Although the Senate confirmed the nomination, Breckinridge declined it on February 8, 1855, telling Pierce only that his decision was "of a private and domestic nature." His term in the house expired on March 4. [ 79 ] Desiring to care for his sick wife and rebuild his personal wealth, Breckinridge returned to his law practice in Lexington. [ 48 ] In addition to his legal practice, he engaged in land speculation in Minnesota territory and Wisconsin . [ 80 ] When Governor Willis A. Gorman of the Minnesota Territory thwarted an attempt by Breckinridge's fellow investors (not including Breckinridge) to secure approval of a railroad connecting Dubuque, Iowa , with their investments near Superior, Wisconsin , they petitioned Pierce to remove Gorman and appoint Breckinridge in his place. In 1855, Pierce authorized two successive investigations of Gorman, but failed to uncover any wrongdoing that would justify his removal. [ 81 ] During his time away from politics, Breckinridge also promoted the advancement of horse racing in his native state and was chosen president of the Kentucky Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses. [ 82 ] Vice presidency (1857–1861) As a delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati , Ohio, Breckinridge favored Pierce's renomination for president. When Pierce's hopes of securing the nomination faltered, Breckinridge joined other erstwhile Pierce backers by throwing his support behind his friend, Stephen Douglas. Even with this additional support, Douglas was still unable to garner two third's majority of the delegates' votes, and he withdrew, leaving James Buchanan as the Democratic presidential nominee. [ 82 ] William Alexander Richardson , a Kentucky-born Representative from Illinois, then suggested that nominating Breckinridge for vice president would balance Buchanan's ticket and placate disgruntled supporters of Douglas or Pierce. [ 83 ] A delegate from Louisiana placed his name before the convention, and although Breckinridge desired the vice presidential nomination, he declined, citing his deference to fellow Kentuckian and former House Speaker Linn Boyd, who was supported by the Kentucky delegation. [ 48 ] Ten men received votes on the first vice-presidential ballot. Mississippi 's John A. Quitman had the most support with 59 votes. Eight state delegations – with a total of 55 votes – voted for Breckinridge in spite of his refusal of the nomination, making him the second-highest vote getter. Kentucky cast its 12 votes for Boyd, bringing his third-place total to 33 votes. Seeing Breckinridge's strength on the first ballot, large numbers of delegates voted for him on the second ballot, and those who did not soon saw that his nomination was inevitable and changed their votes to make it unanimous. [ 84 ] Unlike many political nominees of his time, Breckinridge actively campaigned for Buchanan and his election. [ 26 ] During the first 10 days of September 1856, he spoke in Hamilton and Cincinnati, Ohio; Lafayette and Indianapolis , Indiana ; Kalamazoo, Michigan ; Covington, Kentucky ; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . [ 85 ] His speeches stressed the idea that Republicans were fanatically devoted to emancipation, and their election would prompt the dissolution of the Union. [ 83 ] Breckinridge's presence on the ticket helped the Democrats carry his home state of Kentucky, which the party had not won since 1828 , by 6,000 votes. [ 26 ] [ 86 ] Buchanan and Breckinridge received 174 electoral votes to 114 for Republicans John C. Frémont and William L. Dayton and eight for Know Nothing candidates Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson . [ 87 ] Thirty-six years old at the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1857, Breckinridge was the youngest vice president in U.S. history, exceeding the minimum age required under the Constitution by only a year. [ 33 ] [ 48 ] Buchanan resented that Breckinridge had supported both Pierce and Douglas before endorsing his nomination. [ 88 ] Relations between the two were further strained, when upon asking for a private interview with Buchanan, Breckinridge was told to come to the White House and ask for Harriet Lane , who acted as the mansion's host for the unmarried president. Feeling slighted by the response, Breckinridge refused to carry out these instructions; later, three of Buchanan's intimates informed Breckinridge that requesting to speak to Miss Lane was actually a secret instruction to White House staff to usher the requestor into a private audience with the president. [ 89 ] They also conveyed Buchanan's apologies for the misunderstanding. [ 90 ] Buchanan rarely consulted Breckinridge when making patronage appointments, and meetings between the two were infrequent. [ 88 ] When Buchanan and Breckinridge endorsed the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state instead of allowing the people to vote, they managed to alienate most Northern Democrats, including Douglas. [ 48 ] [ 91 ] This disagreement ended plans for Breckinridge, Douglas, and Minnesota's Henry Mower Rice to build a series of three elaborate, conjoined row houses in which to live during their time in Washington, DC . [ 48 ] In November 1857, after Breckinridge found alternative lodging in Washington, he sold a slave woman and her young infant, which according to historian James C. Klotter , probably ended his days as a slaveholder. [ 43 ] When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened. [ 92 ] Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding "gracefully and impartially." [ 48 ] On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the Old Senate Chamber ; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union. [ 86 ] During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the Constitution had "survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity" to protect "the larger personal freedom compatible with public order." Breckinridge expressed hope that eventually "another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger Chamber, this Constitution vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the Representatives of American States, still united, prosperous, and free." [ 48 ] [ 93 ] Breckinridge then led a procession to the new chamber. [ 48 ] Breckinridge opposed the idea that the federal government could coerce action by a state, but maintained that secession, while legal, was not the solution to the country's problems. [ 26 ] Although John Crittenden's Senate term did not expire until 1861, the Kentucky General Assembly met to choose his successor in 1859. [ 88 ] Until just days before the election, the contest was expected to be between Breckinridge and Boyd, who had been elected lieutenant governor in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over Joshua Fry Bell , the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53. [ 94 ] In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, and insisted that John Brown 's recent raid on Harpers Ferry was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either "negro equality" or violence. [ 88 ] [ 95 ] Resistance in some form, he predicted, would eventually be necessary. [ 43 ] He still urged the assembly against secession – "God forbid that the step shall ever be taken!" – but his discussion of growing sectional conflict bothered some, including his uncle Robert. [ 96 ] Presidential campaign of 1860 Early in 1859, Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina reported to a friend that Breckinridge was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, but as late as January 1860, Breckinridge told family members that he had no desire for the nomination. [ 97 ] A New York Times editorial noted that while Buchanan was falling "in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher above the clouds." [ 48 ] Douglas, considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, was convinced that Breckinridge would be a candidate; this, combined with Buchanan's reluctant support of Breckinridge and Breckinridge's public support for a federal slave code, deepened the rift between the two. [ 97 ] Among Breckinridge's supporters at the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina , were several prominent Kentuckians. They were former Kentucky Governor and current Senator Lazarus W. Powell , former Kentucky Representative William Preston (a distant relative), law partner James Brown Clay , and James B. Beck . [ 97 ] Breckinridge did not attend the convention, but instructed his supporters not to nominate him as long as James Guthrie remained a candidate. [ 98 ] Accordingly, when a delegate from Arkansas nominated Breckinridge for president on the 36th ballot, Beck asked that it be withdrawn, and the request was honored. [ 99 ] Over the course of 57 ballots, Douglas maintained a wide plurality, but failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority; Guthrie consistently ran second. [ 97 ] Unable to nominate a candidate, delegates voted to reconvene in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18. [ 99 ] Pro-Southern delegates, who had walked out of the Charleston convention in protest of its failure to adopt a federal slave code plank in its platform, did not participate in the Baltimore convention. [ 98 ] [ 100 ] The delegates from Alabama and Louisiana – all of whom had walked out at Charleston – had been replaced, after five days of debate and holding votes on the issue, with Douglas supporters from those states, leading to the nomination of Douglas and Herschel Vespasian Johnson for president and vice president, respectively, on the sixth day. [ 101 ] The protesting delegates convened on the same day in Baltimore. [ 100 ] On the first ballot, Breckinridge received 81 votes, with 24 going to former senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York. Dickinson supporters gradually changed their support to Breckinridge to make his nomination unanimous, and Joseph Lane of Oregon was chosen by acclamation as his vice presidential running mate. [ 102 ] Despite concerns about the breakup of the party, Breckinridge accepted the presidential nomination. [ 26 ] In August, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to broker a compromise under which Douglas, Breckinridge, and Tennessee's John Bell , the nominee of the Constitutional Union Party , would all withdraw in favor of a compromise candidate. Both Breckinridge and Bell readily agreed to the plan, but Douglas was opposed to compromising with the "Bolters", and his supporters retained an intense dislike for Breckinridge that made them averse to Davis's proposal. [ 48 ] [ 100 ] Opponents knew Breckinridge believed in the right of secession and accused him of favoring the breakup of the Union; he denied the latter during a speech in Frankfort: "I am an American citizen, a Kentuckian who never did an act nor cherished a thought that was not full of devotion to the Constitution and the Union." [ 103 ] While he had very little support in the northern states, most, if not all, of the southern states were expected to go for Breckinridge. [ 104 ] This would give him only 120 of 303 electoral votes, but to gain support from any northern states, he had to minimize his connections with the southern states and risked losing their support to Bell. [ 105 ] Some Breckinridge supporters believed his best hope was for the election to be thrown to the House of Representatives; if he could add the support of some Douglas or Bell states to the 13 believed to support him, he could beat Lincoln, who was believed to carry the support of 15 states. [ 104 ] To Davis's wife, Varina , Breckinridge wrote, "I trust I have the courage to lead a forlorn hope." [ 106 ] In the four-way contest, Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote, with 18.1%, but second in the Electoral College . [ 33 ] The final electoral vote was 180 for Lincoln, 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. [ 105 ] Although Breckinridge won the states of the Deep South , his support in those states came mostly from rural areas with low slave populations; the urban areas with higher slave populations generally went for Bell or Douglas. [ 106 ] Breckinridge also carried the border states of Maryland and Delaware. Historian James C. Klotter points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was "not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession. [ 107 ] He lost to Douglas in Missouri and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee. [ 108 ] Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky. [ 105 ] Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although New Jersey split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas. [ 104 ] As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in Pennsylvania and received support comparable to Douglas in Connecticut , although he received very little support elsewhere in the North. It was Breckinridge's duty as vice president to announce Lincoln as the winner of the electoral college vote on February 13, 1861. [ 105 ] On February 24, Breckinridge visited Lincoln at Willard's Hotel in Washington, DC, and frequently thereafter he visited his step-cousin, now the First Lady , at the White House. [ 48 ] [ 109 ] In the lame duck session following the election, Congress adopted a resolution authored by Lazarus Powell, now in the Senate, calling for a committee of thirteen (Committee of Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country) "to consider that portion of the President's message relating to the disturbances of the country." Frank Heck wrote that Breckinridge appointed "an able committee, representing every major faction." [ 110 ] He endorsed Crittenden's proposed compromise , a collection of constitutional amendments designed to avert secession and appease the South. Breckinridge used his influence as the Senate's presiding officer in an unsuccessful attempt to get it approved by either the committee or the Senate. [ 26 ] Ultimately, the committee reported that they were unable to agree on a recommendation. [ 111 ] On March 4, 1861, the last day of the session, Breckinridge swore in Hannibal Hamlin as his successor as vice president. Hamlin, in turn, swore in the newly elected senators, including Breckinridge. [ 107 ] U.S. Senator Seven states had already seceded when Breckinridge took his seat as a senator, leaving the remaining Southern senators more outnumbered in their defense of slavery. [ 107 ] Seeking to find a compromise that would reunite the states under constitutional principles, he urged Lincoln to withdraw federal forces from the Confederate states to avert war. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The congressional session ended on March 28, and in an April 2 address to the Kentucky General Assembly, he continued to advocate peaceful reconciliation of the states and proposed a conference of border states to seek a solution. [ 114 ] On April 12, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter , ending plans for the conference. [ 115 ] Breckinridge recommended that Governor Beriah Magoffin call a sovereignty convention to determine whether Kentucky would side with the Union or the Confederacy. [ 116 ] On May 10, he was chosen by the legislature as one of six delegates to a conference to decide the state's next action. [ 26 ] The states' rights delegates were Breckinridge, Magoffin, and Richard Hawes ; the Unionist delegates were Crittenden, Archibald Dixon , and S.S. Nicholas . [ 116 ] Unable to agree on substantial issues, the delegates recommended that Kentucky adopt a neutral stance in the Civil War and arm itself to prevent invasion by either federal or Confederate forces. [ 117 ] Breckinridge did not support this recommendation, but he agreed to abide by it once it was approved by the legislature. [ 26 ] In special elections in June, pro-Union candidates captured 9 of 10 seats in Kentucky's House delegation. [ 116 ] Returning to the Senate for a special session in July, Breckinridge was regarded as a traitor by most of his fellow legislators because of his Confederate sympathies. [ 118 ] He condemned as unconstitutional Lincoln's enlistment and arming of men for a war Congress had not officially declared, his expending funds for the war that had not been allocated by Congress, and his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus . [ 112 ] He was the only senator to vote against a resolution authorizing Lincoln to use "the entire resources of the government" for the war. [ 119 ] Asked what he would do if he were president, he replied, "I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life. But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom." On August 1, he declared that, if Kentucky sided with the federal government against the Confederacy, "she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate." [ 118 ] Kentucky's neutrality was breached by both federal and Confederate forces in early September 1861 (the Federal forces maintained that there had been no breach, as Kentucky was an integral part of the Union). [ 118 ] Confederate forces invaded Kentucky on September 3; they were followed by a Union force commanded by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant , which on the morning of September 6 occupied the town of Paducah on the Ohio River . [ 120 ] Soon after, Unionists in the state arrested former governor Charles S. Morehead for his suspected Confederate sympathies and shut down the Louisville Courier because of its pro-Confederate editorials. [ 119 ] Word reached Breckinridge that Union General Thomas E. Bramlette intended to arrest him next. [ 119 ] To avoid detainment, on September 19, 1861, he left Lexington. Joined in Prestonsburg by Confederate sympathizers George W. Johnson , George Baird Hodge , William Preston, and William E. Simms , he continued to Abingdon, Virginia , and from there by rail to Confederate-held Bowling Green, Kentucky . [ 121 ] The state legislature immediately requested his resignation. [ 118 ] In an open letter to his constituents dated October 8, 1861, Breckinridge maintained that the Union no longer existed and that Kentucky should be free to choose her own course; he defended his sympathy to the Southern cause and denounced the Unionist state legislature, declaring, "I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier." [ 118 ] [ 122 ] He was indicted for treason in U.S. federal district court in Frankfort on November 6, 1861, having officially enlisted in the Confederate army days earlier. [ 26 ] On December 2, 1861, he was declared a traitor by the U.S. Senate. [ 123 ] A resolution stating "Whereas John C. Breckinridge, a member of this body from the State of Kentucky, has joined the enemies of his country, and is now in arms against the government he had sworn to support: Therefore—Resolved, That said John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, be, and he hereby is, expelled from the Senate," was adopted by a vote of 36–0 on December 4. [ 48 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ten Southern Senators had been expelled earlier that year in July. [ 126 ] American Civil War Service in the Western Theater On the recommendation of Simon Bolivar Buckner , the former commander of the Kentucky State Militia who had also joined the Confederate Army, Breckinridge was commissioned as a brigadier general on November 2, 1861. [ 127 ] On November 16, he was given command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade. [ 128 ] Nicknamed the Orphan Brigade because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston . [ 129 ] For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional Confederate government for the state . [ 127 ] Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861. [ 130 ] Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862. [ 127 ] During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps. [ 26 ] Johnston decided to attack Ulysses S. Grant 's forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862, by advancing North from his base in Corinth, Mississippi . Breckinridge's reserves soon joined the Battle of Shiloh as Johnston tried to force Grant's troops into the river. [ 127 ] Despite Johnston being killed in the fighting, the Confederates made steady progress against Grant's troops until P. G. T. Beauregard – who assumed command after Johnston's death – ordered his generals to break off the fighting at about 6 o'clock in the afternoon. [ 131 ] The next day, the Union forces regrouped and repelled the Confederates. [ 127 ] Breckinridge's division formed the Confederate rearguard, stationing itself on the ground that the Confederates held the night before the first day of the battle while the rest of the army retreated. Union troops did not pursue them. [ 132 ] Of the 7,000 troops under Breckinridge's command at the battle, 386 were killed and 1,628 were wounded, Breckinridge among the latter. [ 123 ] [ 133 ] Breckinridge's performance earned him a promotion to major general on April 14, 1862. [ 134 ] After his promotion, he joined Earl Van Dorn near Vicksburg, Mississippi . [ 130 ] The Confederate forces awaited a Union attack throughout most of July. [ 135 ] Finally, Van Dorn ordered Breckinridge to attempt to recapture Baton Rouge, Louisiana , from federal forces. Despite having his forces reduced to around 3,000 by illness and desertions, on the morning of August 5, he attacked the Union garrison , capturing several prisoners, destroying its supplies, and driving it from the city. Union troops were forced to take shelter under cover of their gunboats. The ironclad CSS Arkansas was intended to support Breckinridge's attack by moving down the Red River , but it was immobilized by a mechanical failure and its crew set it on fire before letting it loose downriver to threaten oncoming Union vessels and to prevent its capture. Without naval support, the Confederates were unable to hold the city. Breckinridge withdrew his troops at 10 o'clock. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Later that month, Breckinridge served as an independent commander in the lower Mississippi Valley , securing Confederate control of the area by taking Port Hudson , which helped halt the federal advance down the Mississippi River. [ 26 ] Meanwhile, General Braxton Bragg , commanding the Army of Mississippi, was preparing an invasion of Kentucky, and Breckinridge was ordered to join him. Confederate leaders believed that Breckinridge's presence in the state could spur enlistments. Van Dorn was reluctant to lose command of Breckinridge and his men, and by the time he relented on October 15, Bragg was already retreating from the state after being defeated at the Battle of Perryville . Breckinridge and his division of 7,000 men met Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tennessee . [ 135 ] With Kentucky solidly under Union control, Breckinridge's wife and children moved south and followed his troops as closely as was safely possible. [ 137 ] Bragg resented Breckinridge's close ties to Confederate commanders, particularly Joseph E. Johnston , Wade Hampton , John B. Floyd , and William Preston, all of whom were related to Breckinridge. [ 138 ] Furthermore, he thought Breckinridge's late arrival for the Kentucky campaign had contributed to the lack of Confederate volunteers he found in the state. [ 139 ] In December, Bragg ordered the execution of Kentucky Corporal Asa Lewis after a court martial had convicted him of desertion . [ 140 ] Lewis's enlistment had expired, but he continued to serve with the 6th Kentucky Infantry Regiment until his impoverished mother and siblings begged him to return home. [ 141 ] Although Lewis claimed he was returning to the army at the time of his arrest, Bragg was insistent on reducing desertions by making him an example. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] After witnessing the execution, Breckinridge reportedly became nauseated and fell forward on his horse, requiring assistance from members of his staff. [ 142 ] He protested Bragg's "military murder" and was barely able to prevent open mutiny by his Kentucky soldiers. [ 143 ] Relations between Breckinridge and Bragg continued to deteriorate; Breckinridge's opinion that Bragg was incompetent was shared by many Confederate officers. [ 144 ] At Murfreesboro, Breckinridge's Division was assigned to Lieutenant General William J. Hardee 's Corps and was stationed on the east side of the Stones River . When the Union Army of the Cumberland , commanded by Major General William Rosecrans , attacked on December 31, 1862, beginning the Battle of Stones River, Bragg's main force initially repelled the attack. [ 135 ] Bragg ordered Breckinridge to reinforce him on the west side of the river, but Brigadier General John Pegram , who commanded a cavalry brigade, erroneously reported that a large Union force was advancing along the east bank, and Breckinridge was slow to comply with Bragg's order. When he finally crossed the river, his attacks were ineffective, and Bragg ordered him back across the river. [ 141 ] On January 2, a Union division under Brigadier General Horatio P. Van Cleve crossed the river and took a ridge. The position endangered Leonidas Polk 's corps, which was positioned ahead of the rest of the Confederate lines in the center of the battlefield. Against Breckinridge's advice, Bragg ordered his division to launch a frontal attack on the federal position. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Prior to the attack, Breckinridge wrote to Preston, "if [the attack] should result in disaster and I be among the killed, I want you to do justice to my memory and tell the people that I believed this attack to be very unwise and tried to prevent it." [ 143 ] Launching their attack at 4 P.M., Breckinridge's men initially broke the Union line and forced them across the river. Artillery on the opposite side of the river then opened fire on Breckinridge's men, and a fresh Union division under Brigadier General James S. Negley arrived to reinforce the fleeing troops. In just over an hour, nearly one-third of Breckinridge's troops were killed, wounded, or captured. One anecdote holds that, as he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, "My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans," bringing recognition to the Orphan Brigade. [ 143 ] [ 147 ] Bragg's official report criticized the conduct of Breckinridge's division and assigned to Breckinridge most of the blame for the Confederate defeat. [ 142 ] [ 145 ] [ 148 ] Breckinridge asserted to his superiors that Bragg's report "fails to do justice to the behavior of my Division"; he requested a court of inquiry, but the request was denied. [ 142 ] Several Kentuckians under Breckinridge's command, who already blamed Bragg for the failed invasion of their native state, encouraged him to resign his commission and challenge Bragg to a duel. [ 144 ] In May 1863, Breckinridge was reassigned to Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the Battle of Jackson in an unsuccessful attempt to break the siege of Vicksburg . [ 26 ] Vicksburg fell to Grant's forces on July 4, and Breckinridge was returned to Bragg's command on August 28, 1863. After seeing no action on the first day of the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia on September 19, he led a division of D.H. Hill 's corps in an attack on the Union forces the next morning. [ 144 ] The Confederate troops succeeded in breaking the Union line, [ 130 ] but the main army escaped back to Tennessee. Of Breckinridge's 3,769 men, 166 were killed in the battle; 909 were wounded and 165 were missing. [ 149 ] In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the Battles for Chattanooga . [ 130 ] Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of Joseph Hooker and George Henry Thomas on Missionary Ridge . [ 150 ] His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a prisoner exchange . [ 137 ] In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian Lowell H. Harrison noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg removed Breckinridge from command. [ 144 ] It would be almost two years – on May 1, 1865 – before the two would reconcile. [ 151 ] Service in the Eastern Theater On December 15, 1863, Breckinridge took leave in Richmond. [ 152 ] Premature rumors of his death prompted The New York Times to print a quite vituperative obituary suggesting that Breckinridge had been a hypocrite for supporting states' rights, then abandoning his home state when it chose to remain in the Union. [ 153 ] Confederate leaders were skeptical of Bragg's claims against Breckinridge, and in February 1864, Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned him to the Eastern Theater and put him in charge of the Trans-Allegheny Department (later known as the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia ). [ 130 ] On May 5, General Robert E. Lee , commander of the Army of Northern Virginia , ordered Breckinridge to take command of a reconnaissance mission to scout the federal forces under Franz Sigel near Winchester, Virginia as part of the Lynchburg Campaign . [ 154 ] With a force of about 4,800 men, including 261 cadets from the Virginia Military Institute , he defeated Sigel's 6,300 men at the Battle of New Market on May 15, driving them west across the Shenandoah River . In doing so, Breckinridge's troops protected Lee's flank, defended a crucial railroad junction, and protected the valuable wheat supply. [ 155 ] Lee had suggested that Breckinridge invade Maryland, but he was unable to do so because floodwaters had made the Potomac River virtually impassable. [ 156 ] The victory was considered one of his best performances as a general. [ 157 ] Since then, many in the South have viewed him as a "worthy successor" of the late Stonewall Jackson . Breckinridge would draw more comparisons at the Second Battle of Kernstown , the scene of the first fight in Jackson's Valley Campaign two years earlier. In the Second Battle, which occurred on July 24, 13,000 Confederate troops commanded by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early attacked and defeated 10,000 Federal troops under the command of Brig. Gen. George Crook . The victory allowed the Confederates to resume their invasion of the North. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Shortly thereafter, Breckinridge's Division reinforced Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and played an important role in halting Grant's advance at the Battle of Cold Harbor . [ 130 ] During the battle, his troops repulsed a powerful Union attack. [ 160 ] Breckinridge was wounded when a cannonball struck his horse and he was pinned underneath. [ 161 ] He was still unable to walk or ride when Lee ordered him to take command of the survivors of the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Piedmont . [ 162 ] Traveling by rail to Rockfish Gap on June 10, he marched his forces into the city of Lynchburg, Virginia . [ 162 ] He was joined there by General Early's troops, who arrived just in time to save the Confederate forces from an assault by Union forces under David Hunter at the Battle of Lynchburg . [ 163 ] After Early and Breckinridge (who was now able to ride a horse) chased Hunter more than sixty miles away from the city, Lee ordered them to clear the Union forces from the Shenandoah Valley , then cross into Maryland and probe the defenses of Washington, D.C. Union forces' only serious attempt to turn back the expedition came at the Battle of Monocacy on July 9. Confederate troops were delayed, but ultimately prevailed and continued toward Washington. [ 163 ] They were defeated at the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11–12, partially with reinforcements brought in by the United States Government with the time gained from the Battle of Monocacy. [ 164 ] Since Lincoln was watching the fight from the ramparts of Fort Stevens, this marked the only time in American history in which two former opponents in a presidential election faced one another across battle lines. [ 165 ] Following the battle, Early decided to withdraw rather than assault the well-fortified federal capital. [ 164 ] Early and Breckinridge were able to hold the Shenandoah Valley through July and August, but on September 19, 1864, Philip Sheridan forced their retreat at the Third Battle of Winchester . [ 165 ] Responding to General John Brown Gordon 's admonition to be careful in the fight, Breckinridge responded, "Well, general, there is little left for me if our cause is to fail." [ 48 ] After the death of John Hunt Morgan , Breckinridge again took command of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia. [ 130 ] He reorganized the department, which was in great disarray. On October 2, 1864, at the First Battle of Saltville , his troops were able to protect critical Confederate salt works from United States forces under Stephen G. Burbridge , despite a lack of resources. [ 130 ] The next morning, he discovered that soldiers under his command had begun killing an estimated 45 to 100 wounded black Union soldiers of the 5th United States Colored Cavalry . [ 166 ] Hearing the gunfire, he rushed to stop the massacre. [ 167 ] Brigadier General Felix Huston Robertson was suspected of involvement and bragged about killing the negroes. General Lee instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial", but no trial ever took place. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] In mid-November, Breckinridge led a raid into northeastern Tennessee, driving Alvan Cullem Gillem 's forces back to Knoxville at the Battle of Bull's Gap . On December 17–18, he faced a two-pronged attack from Union cavalry under Major General George Stoneman at the Battle of Marion in Virginia. Badly outnumbered on either flank, Breckinridge resisted Stoneman's forces until he ran low on ammunition. Stoneman's forces were able to damage Confederate salt works, lead mines, and railroads in the area, and destroy supply depots at Bristol and Abingdon. Finally restocked with ammunition after three days, Breckinridge was able to drive Stoneman – whose men were now short of ammunition themselves – out of the area. [ 170 ] Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon resigned his position as the Confederate Secretary of War on January 19, 1865. On February 6, Davis appointed Breckinridge to the vacant position, partially to quiet growing opposition to his administration. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Initially opposed by several members of the Confederate Congress because he had waited to join the Confederacy, he eventually gained their support by administering his office more efficiently than his predecessors. [ 167 ] With their support, he was able to expand the post's influence to include making officer assignments and promotion recommendations and advising field generals regarding strategy. [ 167 ] His first act as secretary was to promote Robert E. Lee to general-in-chief of all Confederate forces. [ 172 ] After Lee reported a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of Lucius B. Northrop , the Confederate commissary general . Northrop's successor, Isaac M. St. John , improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field. [ 173 ] By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, John Archibald Campbell , he began laying the groundwork for surrender. [ 171 ] Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, "This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce." [ 48 ] On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of Richmond. [ 174 ] Ordering Campbell to organize the flight of the Confederate cabinet to Danville, Virginia , Breckinridge remained in the city to oversee the destruction of facilities and supplies to prevent their use by the invading federal forces. [ 171 ] However, he did not destroy Confederate archives and records, which were preserved for history. [ 130 ] Upon his exit from the city, he ordered that the bridges over the James River be burned. His son Clifton, then serving in the Confederate Navy at Richmond, resigned his post and joined his father as he moved southward to meet Davis. [ 167 ] After overseeing the transfer of Richmond, Breckinridge joined Lee's forces at Farmville, Virginia , on the night of April 5 and remained there until April 7. [ 174 ] He continued on to Danville, arriving on April 11 to discover that Lee had surrendered on April 9 and the Confederate cabinet had already fled to Greensboro, North Carolina . [ 175 ] Arriving in Greensboro on April 13, he advised the cabinet that the remaining Confederate armies should be surrendered; only Davis and Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin disagreed. [ 175 ] At Bennett Place , he assisted Joseph E. Johnston in his surrender negotiations with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman . [ 129 ] Sherman later praised Breckinridge's negotiating skills, and the surrender terms agreed to were later rejected by Washington as too generous, forcing Sherman to offer the same terms as Grant had at Appomattox, which were accepted. [ 176 ] On April 18, Breckinridge heard from Sherman and Johnston of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln four days earlier; the President had died in the Petersen House , where Breckinridge briefly resided in late 1852 as a U.S. representative. The Kentuckian was visibly devastated. Eyewitness accounts recall him to have said, "Gentlemen, the South has lost its best friend." [ 177 ] Breckinridge rode into Abbeville, South Carolina , on the morning of April 28. [ 151 ] While there, Breckinridge and Brigadier General Basil W. Duke convinced Davis that continuing the war was hopeless. [ 178 ] Breckinridge was put in charge of the $150,000 in gold specie remaining in the Confederate treasury; traveling southward by rail toward Washington, Georgia , a group of soldiers in his military escort – unpaid for months – threatened to divide the gold among themselves before it could be captured by federal troops. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Breckinridge convinced them to abandon their scheme after paying them their wages from the treasury, but some of them refused to escort Breckinridge and the bullion any further. [ 178 ] Breckinridge's party arrived in Washington on May 4 and, after paying out several requisitions from the treasury, deposited the rest in banks there. He also composed a letter to his remaining deputies in which he disbanded the War Department. [ 180 ] Escape and exile On May 5, the same day that Jefferson Davis officially dissolved the Confederate Government, [ 181 ] Breckinridge discharged most of the men escorting him, retaining only a small contingent of Kentuckians under the command of his cousin, William Campbell Preston Breckinridge . Feeling honor bound to protect Davis, he attempted to create a diversion that would allow him to escape. The next day, his party encountered a large Federal force; while his cousin negotiated with the force's commander, Breckinridge and a small detachment escaped. [ 180 ] Riding southward across Georgia, they reached Milltown (now Lakeland ) by May 11 and remained there for a few days. [ 182 ] Learning of Davis's capture, he left Milltown with only a military aide, a personal servant, and his son Cabell. [ 183 ] On May 15, 1865, in Madison, Florida , he was joined by fellow fugitive John Taylor Wood , who had been a captain in the Confederate Navy . [ 183 ] Breckinridge and Wood decided to flee to the Bahamas , but because Cabell was allergic to mosquitoes, Breckinridge told him to surrender to the nearest federal officer. [ 184 ] At Gainesville, Florida , the group found Confederate Colonel John Jackson Dickison , who gave them a lifeboat he had taken from a captured federal gunboat. [ 184 ] Traveling down the St. Johns River , they reached Fort Butler on May 29. From there, they continued on the St. Johns to Lake Harney where the boat was loaded on a wagon and hauled about 12 miles (19 km) to Sand Point (today's Titusville) on the Indian River. [ 185 ] They reached the river by May 31, but as they followed its course southward, they had to drag the boat across the river's mudflats and sandbars . [ 183 ] They stopped at the John C. Houston place on Elbow Creek (Melbourne), where their boat was brought ashore and caulked. When the repairs were completed, Colonel John Taylor Wood, again led the party south. [ 185 ] Transferring the boat to the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter Inlet , they continued along the Florida coast and landed near present-day Palm Beach on June 4. Strong winds prevented them from navigating the small craft out to sea, so they continued southward down the coast. [ 186 ] On June 5, the party was spotted by a federal steamer, but convinced the crew they were hunters scavenging the coast. [ 186 ] Two days later, they encountered a larger boat with a mast and rigging; chasing it down, they disarmed the occupants and hijacked the craft. [ 186 ] As compensation, they gave their old boat and twenty dollars in gold to the owners of the larger craft, and returned some of their weapons after the exchange was complete. [ 186 ] With this more seaworthy craft, they decided to flee to Cuba . Departing from Fort Dallas , they survived an encounter with pirates, two significant storms, and a dangerous lack of provisions before arriving in Cárdenas on June 11, 1865. [ 183 ] A Kentuckian living in the city recognized Breckinridge, introduced him to the locals, and served as his interpreter. The refugees were given food and stayed the night in a local hotel. [ 187 ] The next morning, they traveled by rail to Havana , where Breckinridge was offered a house. [ 188 ] He declined the offer, choosing to travel with Charles J. Helm, a fellow Kentuckian who had been operating as a Confederate agent in the Caribbean, to Great Britain. [ 183 ] Arriving in Britain in late July, he consulted with former Confederate agents there and arranged communication with his wife, then in Canada. Re-crossing the Atlantic, he was reunited with his wife and all of his children except Clifton in Toronto on September 13, 1865. [ 189 ] The family spent the winter there, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were enough Confederate exiles in the city, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, "to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves." [ 190 ] [ 191 ] The family moved to Niagara in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York. [ 192 ] The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in Paris , Versailles , and Vevey , Switzerland . From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe and the Middle East – including visits to Germany , Austria , Turkey , Greece , Syria , Egypt , and the Holy Land ; because of her poor health, his wife remained in France until February 1868, when she joined him in Naples . During their tour of Italy, Breckinridge met with Pope Pius IX in Rome , and also visited Pompeii . [ 189 ] Desiring to return to the U.S. but still fearing capture, Breckinridge moved his family back to Niagara in June 1868. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] He steadfastly refused to seek a pardon , although 70 members of the Kentucky General Assembly had requested one on his behalf from President Andrew Johnson on February 10, 1866. [ 193 ] On January 8, 1868, the Louisville City Council instructed the state's congressional delegation to seek assurance that Breckinridge would not be prosecuted on his return. [ 193 ] James Beck, Breckinridge's old law partner, was then in Congress and wrote to him on December 11, 1868, that it appeared likely that Johnson would issue a general pardon for all former Confederates; he advised Breckinridge to return to the U.S. before the pardon was issued because he feared it might only apply to those in the country. [ 195 ] Return to the U.S. and death Johnson proclaimed amnesty for all former Confederates on December 25, 1868. [ 130 ] Still in Canada, Breckinridge lingered for a few weeks to receive assurance that it still applied to him even though he had not been in the U.S. when it was issued. [ 195 ] Departing Canada on February 10, 1869, he made several stops to visit family and friends, arriving in Lexington on March 9. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Although he resided in Kentucky for the rest of his life, he never bought a home there after the war, living first in hotels and then renting a home on West Second Street. [ 196 ] Many insurance companies in the south asked Breckinridge to join them. In August 1868, he became manager of the Kentucky branch of Virginia's Piedmont Life Insurance Company (which soon became the Piedmont and Arlington Insurance Company). Washington College (now Washington and Lee University ) offered him a professorship. He was urged to accept by former Confederate Colonel William Preston Johnston , who was already a faculty member, [ 197 ] but Breckinridge declined. [ 198 ] He resumed his law practice, taking as a partner Robert A. Thornton, a 27-year-old Confederate veteran. [ 196 ] He served as general counsel for the proposed Cincinnati Southern Railway , which would connect Cincinnati to Chattanooga via Lexington. [ 26 ] [ 199 ] Officials in Louisville tried to block the move, which would break the near-monopoly that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad had on southern trade. [ 199 ] On January 25, 1870, he presented his case to the House and Senate railroad committees; although they rejected it at that time, they approved it two years later. [ 199 ] Construction began in 1873. [ 200 ] Breckinridge's other railroad ventures were less successful. During his lifetime, he was unable to secure the construction of railroads to his real estate investments in and around Superior, Wisconsin . [ 201 ] As president of the newly formed Elizabethtown, Lexington, and Big Sandy Railroad company, he secured financial backing from Collis Potter Huntington for a railroad connecting Elizabethtown and Lexington to the Big Sandy River as part of a route linking those cities with the Atlantic Ocean. When Huntington invested in June 1871, he became president of the company, and Breckinridge became vice president. [ 202 ] A line from Lexington to Mount Sterling was all that could be completed before the Panic of 1873 dried up the needed investment capital. The proposed line was finally completed in 1881. [ 203 ] Breckinridge refused all requests – including one by President Ulysses S. Grant – to return to politics, insisting, "I no more feel the political excitements that marked the scenes of my former years than if I were an extinct volcano." [ 48 ] Under the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment , a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress would have been needed to allow him to hold office because he had sided with the Confederacy. He never expressed interest in seeking such approval. [ 195 ] Speaking as a private citizen in March 1870, he publicly denounced the actions of the Ku Klux Klan . In 1872, he supported passage of a state statute which successfully legalized black testimony against whites in court. [ 204 ] By 1873, Breckinridge began to experience health problems which he referred to as "pleuro-pneumonia". [ 205 ] Repeated surgeries and visits to the New York coast and the Virginia mountains did not improve his condition. [ 206 ] In May 1875, he consulted surgeons Lewis Sayre and Samuel D. Gross , who concluded that his ill health was caused by cirrhosis brought on by injuries to his liver suffered during the war. Of more immediate concern was the fluid that filled two-thirds of one of his lungs. On May 11, Sayre attempted to create an artificial opening through which the fluid could drain; although he had to stop before completing the operation, some of the fluid was drained, bringing a measure of relief. Assisted by Beck and Frank K. Hunt, Breckinridge completed his will. [ 207 ] Sayre further alleviated Breckinridge's pain via another surgery on the morning of May 17, but by the afternoon, his condition rapidly worsened, and he died at approximately 5:45 p.m. at the age of 54. [ 208 ] Basil Duke led the funeral procession to Lexington Cemetery where Breckinridge's body was buried. [ 209 ] Legacy Historical reputation As a military commander, Breckinridge was highly respected by some. Fellow Confederate George M. Edgar, describing Breckinridge's performance, wrote: General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] On May 20, 1875, the Louisville Courier Journal declared that it was Breckinridge who was "truly representative of the rebellion as an actual force and its underlying causes." [ 211 ] He was viewed poorly in the North. The premature New York Times 1863 obituary labelled "him one of the basest and wickedest of traitors." [ 153 ] His strengths included a reputation for dignity and integrity, and especially his tall, graceful and handsome appearance, with cordial manner, pleasing voice and eloquent address that was highly appreciated by voters, soldiers, and women alike. He was hailed as the personification of Kentucky chivalry. Observers said he was a "most noble looking man – a ladies man – such piercing blue eyes I never saw before. His very looks show his superiority over most men." [ 212 ] Monuments and memorials Despite differences in spelling, the towns of Breckenridge, Minnesota , [ 213 ] Breckenridge, Missouri , [ 214 ] Breckenridge, Texas , [ 215 ] and Breckenridge, Colorado were named in Breckinridge's honor. The Colorado town changed the spelling of its name when its namesake joined the Confederacy. [ 216 ] Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory (1860 to 1865) was named in honor of the Vice President. During the Civil War, its name was changed to Fort Stanford in honor of California Governor Leland Stanford , before being changed back to Fort Breckinridge. After the Civil War, the name was changed once again to Camp Grant. [ 217 ] Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County , Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County. [ 218 ] Breckinridge was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2014 film Field of Lost Shoes , which depicted the Battle of New Market. [ 219 ] A memorial to Breckinridge was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887. [ 220 ] In November 2015, the Urban County Arts Review Board voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and one of John Hunt Morgan . Amy Murrell Taylor , the T. Marshall Hahn Jr. Professor of History at the University of Kentucky , claimed that the "statues are not and have never been neutral representations of the Civil War past but instead they are embodiments of a racially charged postwar interpretation of it." [ 221 ] The relocation of the memorial to the Lexington Cemetery was completed in July 2018, funded by private donations. Breckinridge's memorial was placed in his family's burial area in Section G. [ 222 ] See also American Civil War portal Biography portal Breckinridge family in the American Civil War Kentucky in the American Civil War List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of United States senators expelled or censured References ^ a b Harrison 1973 , p. 125. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 10. ^ Klotter 1992 , p. 117. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 3. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 4. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 5. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Breckinridge, John Cabell" . Biographical Directory of the United States Congress . United States Congress. Archived from the original on September 3, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 97. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 1. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 6. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 14. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 9. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 15. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 10. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 10–11. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 11. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 99. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 21–22. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 22. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 12. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 13–14. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 14. ^ a b c d e Klotter 1986 , p. 102. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 29. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 16. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Dictionary of America Biography: John Cabell Breckinridge" . Charles Scribner's Sons. 1936. Archived from the original on February 9, 2020 . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 20. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 103. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 21. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 34. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 22. ^ Tschanz, David W. "Yellow Fever and the Strategy of the Mexican-American War" . Montana State University. Archived from the original on May 1, 2017 . Retrieved June 10, 2017 . ^ a b c Sifakis 1988 , p. 71. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 37. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 23. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 38. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 30. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 31. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 33. ^ Breckinridge, John C. (September 5, 1860). "The Presidency.; Speech of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, at Lexingtion, Ky" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on August 14, 2017 . Retrieved June 6, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 26. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 24. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 113. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 43. ^ a b c d e Klotter 1986 , p. 104. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 45. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s "John Cabell Breckinridge, 14th Vice President (1857–1861)" . United States Senate. Archived from the original on October 21, 2017 . Retrieved February 16, 2018 . ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 46. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 29. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 30. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 48. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 31. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 49. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 33. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 33–34. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 53. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 105. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 55–56. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 34. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 58. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 107. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 59. ^ a b Davis 2010 , pp. 65–68. ^ a b Davis 2010 , p. 68. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 69–70. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 37. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 38. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 76. ^ Davis 2010 , pp. 76–77. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 77. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 126. ^ Klotter 1986 , pp. 105–106. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 106. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 35. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 45. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 46–47. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 47. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 48. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 50–52. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 51. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 110. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 111. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 59. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 61. ^ a b Harrison 1973 , p. 127. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 63. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 112. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 67. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 68. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 72. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 75. ^ Breckinridge, John C. (January 4, 1859). "Address of the Hon. John C. Breckinridge, vice president of the United States" . Retrieved June 11, 2017 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 79. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 208. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 209. ^ a b c d Klotter 1986 , p. 114. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 82. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 83. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 115. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 83–84. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 84. ^ Harrison 1973 , p. 128. ^ a b c Heck 1976 , p. 90. ^ a b c d Klotter 1992 , p. 118. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 117. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 118. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 91. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 97. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 94. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 95. ^ a b Klotter 1986 , p. 119. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 98. ^ Heck 1976 , pp. 98–99. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 100. ^ a b c Harrison 1973 , p. 129. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 101. ^ a b c d e Harrison 1973 , p. 130. ^ a b c Klotter 1986 , p. 120. ^ "Important from Kentucky: Paducah in Possession of the National Troops" . The New York Times . September 7, 1861. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017 . Retrieved August 12, 2017 – via Newspapers.com . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 104. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 105. ^ a b Eicher & Eicher 2001 , p. 143. ^ U.S. Senate Historical Office (1995). United States Senate Election, Expulsion and Censure Cases: 1793–1990 . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. pp. 102– 103. ISBN 0-1606-3264-1 . ^ "Senate Journal. 37th Cong., 2nd sess., 4 December 1861, 23" . Archived from the original on February 25, 2021 . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . ^ "July 11, 1861: Ten Senators Expelled" . United States Senate. Archived from the original on June 23, 2016 . Retrieved July 17, 2016 . ^ a b c d e Harrison 1973 , p. 131. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 108. ^ a b Sifakis 1988 , p. 72. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Richard Nelson Current, ed. (1993). "John C. Breckinridge". Encyclopedia of the Confederacy . New York City: Simon & Schuster . Retrieved November 20, 2012 . ^ Heck 1976 , p. 109. ^ Pollard 1866 , p. 242. ^ Klotter 1986 , p. 121. ^ "John C. Breckinridge | Biography, Facts, & Party" . 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Retrieved June 21, 2017 . ^ Breckenridge or Breckinridge: Local Historian Breaks it Down Archived July 17, 2011, at the Wayback Machine , by Robert Allen, Vail (Colorado) Daily , June 13, 2009 ^ "Fort Breckinridge: Built Again and Again" . Legends of America. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016 . Retrieved July 28, 2016 . ^ "Kansas Counties: Breckinridge County, Kansas [defunct]" . The Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on August 14, 2017 . Retrieved August 13, 2017 . ^ Scheck, Frank (September 25, 2014). " 'Field of Lost Shoes': Film Review" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 11, 2016 . Retrieved July 20, 2016 . ^ "Honoring the Dead" . The Maysville Evening Bulletin. November 15, 1887. Archived from the original on August 13, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2016 . ^ Musgrave, Beth (May 26, 2017). "New Orleans removed its Confederate monuments. What will Lexington do?" . Lexington Herald Leader. Archived from the original on May 30, 2017 . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ Bertram, Charles. "Confederate statues quietly moved to Lexington Cemetery" . kentucky . Archived from the original on June 17, 2019 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Bibliography Davis, William C. (2010). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8071-0068-4 . Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named . Columbia, Missouri: The State Historical Society of Missouri. ISBN 1-120-29618-8 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 . Harrison, Lowell H. (1973). "John C. Breckinridge: Nationalist, Confederate, Kentuckian". Filson Club History Quarterly . 47 (2). Heck, Frank H. (1976). Proud Kentuckian: John C. Breckinridge, 1821–1875 . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0217-0 . Klotter, James C. (1986). The Breckinridges of Kentucky . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9165-3 . Klotter, James C. (1992). "Breckinridge, John Cabell". In John E. Kleber (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark , Lowell H. Harrison , and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Archived from the original on July 17, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . McKnight, Brian D. (2006). Contested Borderland: Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia . Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2389-5 . Pollard, Edward A. (1866). The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates: Comprising a Full and Authentic Account of the Rise and Progress of the Late Southern Confederacy--the Campaigns, Battles, Incidents, and Adventures of the Most Gigantic Struggle of the World's History . New York, NY: E.B. Treat & Co., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-10131-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Sifakis, Stewart (1988). Who was Who in the Civil War . New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance . Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 1-115-33741-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Further reading Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders . Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8 . External links Mary Breckinridge , Wife Of General John C. Breckinridge New York Times premature obituary Biographical sketches of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, Democratic nominee for president : and General Joseph Lane, Democratic nominee for Vice President U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Charles Morehead Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th congressional district 1851–1855 Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Party political offices Preceded by William King Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1856 Succeeded by Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1) Withdrew Succeeded by Joseph Lane Preceded by James Buchanan Democratic nominee for President of the United States (1) 1860 Succeeded by George McClellan Political offices Preceded by William King Vice President of the United States 1857–1861 Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin Preceded by James Seddon Confederate States Secretary of War 1865 Position abolished U.S. Senate Preceded by John Crittenden United States Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky 1861 Served alongside: Lazarus Powell Succeeded by Garrett Davis Notes and references 1. The Democratic party split in 1860, producing two presidential candidates. Breckinridge was nominated by the rebel Southern Democrats; Stephen Douglas was the official nominee by the Northern Democrats. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vice presidents of the United States v t e John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) Category List Category List v t e United States senators from Kentucky v t e Class 2 Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Class 3 Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul v t e Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis (1861–1865) v t e Vice President Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Secretary of State Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Secretary of the Treasury C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) Secretary of War Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Postmaster-General John H. Reagan (1861–65) John H. Reagan (1861–65) Attorney-General Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) v t e ( ← 1852 ) 1856 United States presidential election ( 1860 → ) v t e Democratic Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton American Party Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law George Law Other 1856 elections : House Senate Other 1856 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1856 ) 1860 United States presidential election ( 1864 → ) v t e Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party (Southern) ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Daniel S. Dickinson Constitutional Union Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Democratic Party (Northern) ( Conventions ) Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Other 1860 elections : House Senate Other 1860 elections : House Senate v t e Confederate States of America v t e Political leaders Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Other individuals John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith Member states (in order of secession) South Carolina Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Georgia Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina Declaration Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Convention Georgia Ordinance Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Places American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia Related Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles v t e American Civil War v t e Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Related topics Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Category Portal Category Portal v t e Democratic Party v t e History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System National conventions , presidential tickets , and presidential primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. 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Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee National Democratic Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 1974 1978 1982 v t e The Breckinridge family v t e First generation James Breckinridge John Breckinridge James Breckinridge John Breckinridge Second generation Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Third generation John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge Fourth generation Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Fifth generation James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long Sixth generation John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson v t e Kentucky 's delegation(s) to the 32nd–37th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) v t e 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States United States People US Congress US Congress Other Open Library NARA SNAC 2 Yale LUX Open Library NARA SNAC 2 2 Yale LUX John C. Breckinridge 1821 births 1875 deaths 19th-century vice presidents of the United States 1856 United States vice-presidential candidates Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election Politicians from Lexington, Kentucky Breckinridge family American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American Presbyterians Burials at Lexington Cemetery Vice presidents of the United States Vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States Presidency of James Buchanan Democratic Party United States representatives from Kentucky Democratic Party United States senators from Kentucky Expelled United States senators Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives Lexington in the American Civil War Orphan Brigade Politicians from Danville, Kentucky Kentucky Democrats Kentucky lawyers Slave owners from Kentucky Iowa lawyers American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Centre College alumni Transylvania University alumni Confederate States Army major generals People of Kentucky in the American Civil War Confederate expatriates Deaths from cirrhosis American expatriates in Canada Alcohol-related deaths in Kentucky United States senators who owned slaves United States representatives who owned slaves 19th-century United States senators 19th-century members of the Kentucky General Assembly 19th-century United States representatives Southern Historical Society members Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from January 2023 Use American English from May 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English CS1 errors: ISBN date Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 18:05 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Difficulties and clashes 3.5 Design and visual effects 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Filming 3.4 Difficulties and clashes 3.5 Design and visual effects 4 Music 5 Release Toggle Release subsection 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Video games 5.3 Home media 5.3.1 Deleted scenes 5.1 Marketing 5.2 Video games 5.3 Home media 5.3.1 Deleted scenes 5.3.1 Deleted scenes 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.3 Accolades 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Director's cut 7.2 Batman '89 7.1 Director's cut 7.2 Batman '89 8 Notes 9 References 10 Bibliography 11 External links Batman Forever العربية Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Forever Theatrical release poster by John Alvin Directed by Joel Schumacher Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Akiva Goldsman Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Akiva Goldsman Story by Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Lee Batchler Janet Scott Batchler Based on Characters appearing in magazines published by DC Comics Batman characters by Bob Kane & Bill Finger Characters appearing in magazines published by DC Comics Batman characters by Bob Kane & Bill Finger Produced by Tim Burton Peter MacGregor-Scott Tim Burton Peter MacGregor-Scott Starring Val Kilmer Tommy Lee Jones Jim Carrey Nicole Kidman Chris O'Donnell Michael Gough Pat Hingle Val Kilmer Tommy Lee Jones Jim Carrey Nicole Kidman Chris O'Donnell Michael Gough Pat Hingle Cinematography Stephen Goldblatt Edited by Dennis Virkler Music by Elliot Goldenthal Production companies PolyGram Pictures [ 1 ] Tim Burton Productions [ 1 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 1 ] Tim Burton Productions [ 1 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 9, 1995 ( 1995-06-09 ) ( Mann Village Theater ) June 16, 1995 ( 1995-06-16 ) (United States) June 9, 1995 ( 1995-06-09 ) ( Mann Village Theater ) June 16, 1995 ( 1995-06-16 ) (United States) Running time 122 minutes [ 3 ] Country United States Language English Budget $100 million [ 4 ] Box office $336.6 million [ 4 ] Batman Forever is a 1995 American superhero film based on the DC Comics character Batman by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . [ a ] It is the third installment of the Batman film series , acting as a standalone sequel to Batman Returns . Directed by Joel Schumacher and produced by Tim Burton and Peter MacGregor-Scott , it stars Val Kilmer as Bruce Wayne / Batman , replacing Michael Keaton , [ 6 ] alongside Tommy Lee Jones , Jim Carrey , Nicole Kidman , and Chris O'Donnell . The film follows Batman as he attempts to prevent Two-Face (Jones) and the Riddler (Carrey) from uncovering his secret identity and extracting information from the minds of Gotham City 's residents, while at the same time navigating his feelings for psychologist Dr. Chase Meridian (Kidman) and adopting orphaned acrobat Dick Grayson (O'Donnell)—who becomes his partner and best friend, Robin . Schumacher mostly eschewed the dark, dystopian atmosphere of Burton's films by drawing inspiration from the Batman comic books of the Dick Sprang era, as well as the 1960s television series . After Keaton chose not to reprise his role, William Baldwin and Ethan Hawke were considered as a replacement, before Kilmer joined the cast. Batman Forever was released on June 16, 1995, to mixed reviews from critics, who praised the visuals, action sequences, and soundtrack, but criticized the screenplay and tonal departure from the previous two films. The film was a box office success, grossing over $336 million worldwide and becoming the sixth-highest-grossing film of 1995 . It was followed by Batman & Robin in 1997, with Schumacher returning as the director, O'Donnell returning as Robin, and George Clooney replacing Kilmer as Batman. Plot In Gotham City , Batman defuses a hostage situation orchestrated by the criminal Two-Face , formerly district attorney Harvey Dent , who escapes. Flashbacks reveal that Dent, once one of Batman's biggest supporters, was horribly disfigured with acid by mobster Sal Maroni , the trauma of the incident causing Dent to develop a split personality , make decisions based on the flip of a coin, and swear vengeance against Batman for failing to prevent the incident. Edward Nygma , an eccentric and egotistical researcher at Wayne Enterprises , approaches his employer, Bruce Wayne, to present an invention that can beam television signals directly into the brain, demanding immediate approval directly from Bruce. Bruce rejects the device as he is concerned that the technology could manipulate minds . After killing his abusive supervisor and staging it as a suicide, Nygma resigns and plots revenge against Bruce, sending him riddles . Criminal psychologist Chase Meridian diagnoses Nygma as psychotic . Bruce attends a circus with Chase. Two-Face hijacks the event and threatens to detonate a bomb unless Batman reveals his identity. Dick Grayson , the youngest member of the Flying Graysons family of acrobats, prevents the bomb from killing anyone by throwing it into a river with the help of his family; however, Two-Face kills all of them except Dick in the process. Bruce invites the now-orphaned Dick to live at Wayne Manor as his ward , where he later discovers that Bruce is Batman. Seeking to avenge the death of his family, Dick demands to join Batman in crime-fighting , hoping to kill Two-Face, but Bruce declines in order to help Dick move on instead, as he is considering retirement. Nygma becomes the Riddler and teams up with Two-Face. They commit a series of robberies to finance Nygma's new company and mass-produce his brainwave device dubbed the Box, which steals information from minds and transfers it to Nygma's, increasing his intelligence but also slowly causing him to lose his grip on reality. At a party hosted by Nygma, Batman pursues Two-Face and is almost killed until Dick saves him. Batman visits Chase, who explains that she has fallen in love with Bruce, and Bruce reveals his secret identity to her. Having discovered Bruce's secret through the Box, on Halloween night, Two-Face and the Riddler destroy the Batcave , shoot Bruce, and abduct Chase. As Bruce recovers, he and his butler, Alfred Pennyworth , deduce that Nygma is the Riddler through clues he left in his riddles, while Chase is held prisoner in the Riddler's lair. Bruce finally accepts Dick as his best friend and partner, Robin . At the Riddler's lair, Robin defeats Two-Face but chooses to spare him, which allows Two-Face to capture Robin at gunpoint. The Riddler reveals his final riddle: Chase and Robin, representing the two sides of Batman's personality, are trapped in tubes above a deadly drop, and he only has the time to save one. Batman distracts the Riddler with a riddle himself, before destroying the Riddler's brainwave receiver with a Batarang , damaging the Riddler's mind and enabling Batman to rescue both when he sees the floor is an optical illusion. Two-Face corners them and flips his coin to decide their fate, but loses his balance after Batman throws multiple identical coins in the air, and falls to his death. Committed to Arkham Asylum , a now-delusional Nygma exclaims that he is Batman. Bruce, the real Batman, resumes his crusade with Robin as his partner. Cast .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Val Kilmer, Tommy Lee Jones (both 2005) and Jim Carrey (in 2008) Val Kilmer as Bruce Wayne / Batman : A wealthy industrialist who duly works as Gotham City's vigilante protector but now struggles with his dual identity, becoming romantically involved with Dr. Chase Meridian and questioning his act of vengeance. Kilmer replaces Michael Keaton from the previous two films . Tommy Lee Jones as Harvey Dent / Two-Face : The district attorney of Gotham City , who becomes a gangster bent on killing Batman for failing to save him when a crime boss throws acid at him during a trial , scarring half his face and damaging his brain . Billy Dee Williams , who played the role in the 1989 film , was supposed to reprise the role, but Schumacher wanted to work with Jones again after working with him on The Client . Jim Carrey as Edward Nygma / The Riddler : A Wayne Enterprises employee who becomes a criminal mastermind leaving riddles and puzzles at crime scenes after his newest invention is personally rejected by Bruce. Nicole Kidman as Dr. Chase Meridian : A virtuous psychologist and love interest of Bruce who can use martial arts . Chris O'Donnell as Richard "Dick" Grayson / Robin : A circus acrobat taken in by Bruce after Two-Face murders his family, who becomes Batman's sidekick Robin upon discovering the Batcave and learning Bruce's secret identity. Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth : The Wayne family's faithful butler and Bruce's confidant. Pat Hingle as James Gordon : The police commissioner of Gotham City. Drew Barrymore as Sugar: Two-Face's "good" angel-esque assistant. Debi Mazar as Spice: Two-Face's "bad" goth assistant. Elizabeth Sanders as Gossip Gerty: Gotham's top gossip columnist. René Auberjonois as Dr. Burton: Head Doctor of Arkham Asylum . Joe Grifasi as Hawkins: A bank guard and Two-Face's hostage during the opening scene. Michael Paul Chan as executive Jon Favreau as assistant Glory Fioramonti as Mary Grayson : Dick Grayson's mother. Larry A. Lee as John Grayson : Dick Grayson's father and leader of the Flying Graysons. George Wallace as the mayor: The unnamed mayor of Gotham City and the successor of Roscoe Jenkins. En Vogue as girls on the corner who are hoping to see Batman Ofer Samra as Harvey's thug Ed Begley Jr. as Fred Stickley: Edward Nygma's ill-tempered supervisor at Wayne Enterprises, whom Nygma kills after Stickley discovers the true nature of Nygma's invention. Begley was uncredited for this role. Additionally, United States Senator and Batman fan Patrick Leahy makes an uncredited appearance as himself. [ 7 ] Production Development Batman Returns was released in 1992 with financial success and generally favorable reviews from critics, but Warner Bros. was disappointed with its box office run, having made $150 million less than the first film. After Batman Returns was deemed too dark and inappropriate for children, with McDonald's even recalling their Happy Meal tie-in, Warner Bros. decided that this was the primary cause of the film's financial results. [ 8 ] After the film's release, Warner Bros. was not interested in Tim Burton 's return as director. [ 9 ] Burton noted he was unsure about returning to direct, writing: "I don't think Warner Bros. wanted me to direct a third Batman . I even said that to them." [ 10 ] Burton and Warner Bros. mutually agreed to part ways, though Burton would stay on as producer. John McTiernan turned down an offer to direct. [ 11 ] In June 1993, Joel Schumacher was selected by Warner Bros. while he was filming The Client (1994), and with Burton's approval. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] Lee and Janet Scott-Batchler, a husband-and-wife screenwriting team, were hired to write the script. Warner Bros. had lost a bidding war for their spec script titled Smoke and Mirrors to Disney 's Hollywood Pictures . The project ultimately fell through, [ 14 ] [ 15 ] and Warner Bros. offered the Batchlers several of their film properties to write. Being familiar with the Batman comics from their childhood, the Batchlers chose to work on the next Batman film as their next project. [ 16 ] In a meeting with Burton, they agreed that "the key element to Batman is his duality. And it's not just that Batman is Bruce Wayne". [ 17 ] "I always hated those titles like Batman Forever . That sounds like a tattoo that somebody would get when they're on drugs or something. Or something some kid would write in the yearbook." "I always hated those titles like Batman Forever . That sounds like a tattoo that somebody would get when they're on drugs or something. Or something some kid would write in the yearbook." Their original script introduced a psychotic Riddler, real name Lyle Heckendorf, with a pet rat accompanying him. A scene cut from the final film included Heckendorf obtaining his costume from a fortune-telling leprechaun at the circus. Instead of NygmaTech, the company would have been named HeckTech. [ 19 ] The story elements and much of the dialogue still remained in the finished film, though Schumacher felt it could be "lighte[ne]d down". Keaton initially approved the selection of Schumacher as director and planned on reprising his role as Batman from the first two films. [ 20 ] Schumacher claims he originally had in mind an adaptation of Frank Miller 's Batman: Year One and Keaton claimed that he was enthusiastic about the idea. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Warner Bros. rejected the idea as they wanted a sequel , not a prequel , though Schumacher was able to include very brief events in Bruce Wayne's childhood with some events of the comic The Dark Knight Returns . Akiva Goldsman , who worked with Schumacher on The Client , was brought in to rewrite the script. Burton, who now was more interested in directing Ed Wood (1994), later reflected he was taken aback by some of the focus group meetings for Batman Forever , a title he hated. Producer Peter MacGregor-Scott represented the studio's aim in making a film for the MTV Generation , with full merchandising appeal. [ 21 ] Casting Production went on fast track with Rene Russo cast as Chase Meridian , but Keaton decided not to reprise Batman because he did not like the direction the series was headed in, and rejected the script. Keaton's departure was announced in July 1994. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] Keaton also wanted to pursue "more interesting roles", [ 25 ] turning down $15 million. [ 26 ] A decision was made to go with a younger actor for Bruce Wayne, and an offer was made to Ethan Hawke , who turned it down, but eventually regretted the decision. [ 27 ] Schumacher had seen Val Kilmer in Tombstone (1993), but was also interested in William Baldwin , Ralph Fiennes (who would later voice Alfred Pennyworth in The Lego Batman Movie in 2017), and Daniel Day-Lewis . [ 28 ] While Burton pushed for Johnny Depp to get the role, Kurt Russell was also considered. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] Kilmer, who as a child visited the studios where the 1960s series was recorded, and shortly before had visited a bat cave in Africa, was contacted by his agent for the role. Kilmer signed on by July 1994 without reading the script or knowing who the director was. [ 31 ] [ 32 ] With Kilmer's casting, Warner Bros. dropped Russo, considering her too old to be paired with Kilmer. [ 23 ] Jeanne Tripplehorn and Linda Hamilton were considered for the role, which was eventually recast with Nicole Kidman . [ 33 ] [ 30 ] Kidman later revealed she took the role because she "wanted to kiss Batman." [ 34 ] Billy Dee Williams took the role of Harvey Dent in the 1989 film on the possibility of portraying Two-Face in a sequel, but Schumacher instead cast Tommy Lee Jones in the role. Al Pacino , Clint Eastwood , Martin Sheen and Robert De Niro were also considered. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Jones was reluctant to accept the role, [ 21 ] but did so at his son's insistence. [ 37 ] Robin Williams was in discussions to be the Riddler at one point, [ 38 ] [ 39 ] and was reportedly in competition for the role with John Malkovich . [ 9 ] [ 40 ] In June 1994, the role was given to Jim Carrey after Williams had reportedly turned it down. [ 33 ] According to Goldsman, Williams backed out after he and Schumacher couldn't see eye to eye. [ 39 ] In a 2003 interview, Schumacher stated Michael Jackson had lobbied hard for the role, but was turned down before Carrey was cast. [ 41 ] Brad Dourif (who was Burton's original choice to portray the Joker and Scarecrow after), Kelsey Grammer , Micky Dolenz , Matthew Broderick , Phil Hartman and Steve Martin were said to have been considered. [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Robin had appeared in the shooting script for Batman Returns but was deleted due to the production having too many characters. Marlon Wayans had been cast in the role and signed on for a potential sequel, but when Schumacher took over, he decided to open up casting to other actors. [ 44 ] Leonardo DiCaprio was considered, but decided not to pursue the role after a meeting with Schumacher. [ 45 ] Among others, Matt Damon , Corey Haim , Corey Feldman , Mark Wahlberg , Michael Worth , Toby Stephens , Ewan McGregor , Jude Law , Alan Cumming and Scott Speedman were considered. [ b ] Chris O'Donnell was cast and Mitch Gaylord served as his stunt double . Gaylord also portrayed Mitch Grayson, Dick's older brother, who was created for the film. [ 33 ] Schumacher attempted to create a cameo role for Bono as his MacPhisto character, but both came to agree it was not suitable for the film. [ 53 ] Filming Principal photography began on September 24, 1994, and wrapped on March 5, 1995. [ 13 ] [ 9 ] Schumacher hired Barbara Ling for production design, claiming that the film needed a "force" and good design. Ling could "advance on it". Schumacher wanted a design in no way connected to the previous films, and instead inspired by the images from the Batman comic books seen in the 1940s and early 1950s and New York City architecture in the 1930s, with a combination of modern Tokyo . He also wanted a "city with personality," with more statues, as well as various amounts of neon. Difficulties and clashes Schumacher and Kilmer clashed during the making of the film; Schumacher described Kilmer as "childish and impossible," reporting that he fought with various crewmen, and refused to speak to Schumacher for two weeks after the director told him to stop being rude. [ 54 ] [ 55 ] Schumacher also mentioned Tommy Lee Jones as a source of trouble: "Jim Carrey was a gentleman, and Tommy Lee was threatened by him. I'm tired of defending overpaid, overprivileged actors. I pray I don't work with them again." [ 56 ] In a 2014 interview, Carrey acknowledged that Jones was not friendly to him, and recounted an incident wherein Jones told him: "I hate you. I really don't like you ... I cannot sanction your buffoonery." [ 57 ] Design and visual effects Rick Baker designed the prosthetic makeup . John Dykstra , Andrew Adamson , Jim Rygiel and Ariel Velasco-Shaw served as visual effects supervisors , with Rhythm & Hues Studios (R&H) and Pacific Data Images also contributing to visual effects work. R&H and PDI provided a CGI Batman for complicated stunts. [ 58 ] For the costume design, producer Peter MacGregor-Scott claimed that 146 workers were at one point working together. Batman's costume was redesigned along the lines of a more "MTV organic, and edgier feel" to the suit. [ 59 ] Sound design and mixing was created and supervised by Bruce Stambler and John Levesque, which included trips to caves to record bat sounds. [ 60 ] A new Batmobile was designed for Batman Forever , with two cars being constructed, one for stunt purposes and one for close-ups. [ 61 ] Chris O'Donnell had the area around his eyes painted black and then the Robin mask glued on him. [ 62 ] Swiss surrealist painter H. R. Giger provided his version for the Batmobile but it was considered too sinister for the film. [ 63 ] The film used some motion capture for certain visual effects. Warner Bros. had acquired motion capture technology from arcade video game company Acclaim Entertainment for use in the film's production. [ 64 ] Music Elliot Goldenthal was hired by Schumacher to compose the film score before the screenplay was written. In discussions with Schumacher, the director wanted Goldenthal to avoid taking inspiration from Danny Elfman , and requested an original composition. [ 65 ] The film's promotional teaser trailer however used the main title theme from Elfman's score from the 1989 film . [ 66 ] The soundtrack was commercially successful, selling almost as many copies as Prince 's soundtrack to the 1989 Batman film. Only five of the songs on the soundtrack are actually featured in the movie. Hit singles from the soundtrack include " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " by U2 and " Kiss from a Rose " by Seal , both of which were nominated for MTV Movie Awards. "Kiss from a Rose" (whose music video was also directed by Joel Schumacher) reached No. 1 in the U.S. charts as well. The soundtrack itself, featuring additional songs by The Flaming Lips , Brandy (both songs also included in the film), Method Man , Nick Cave , Michael Hutchence (of INXS ), PJ Harvey and Massive Attack , was an attempt to (in producer Peter MacGregor-Scott's words) make the film more "pop". Release Marketing This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) In addition to a large line of toys, video games and action figures from Kenner , the McDonald's food chain released several collectibles and mugs to coincide with the release of the film. Peter David and Alan Grant wrote separate novelizations of the film. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] Dennis O'Neil authored a comic book adaptation, with art by Michal Dutkiewicz . [ 69 ] Six Flags Great Adventure theme park re-themed their "Axis Chemical" arena, home of the Batman stunt show, to resemble Batman Forever , and the new show featured props from the film. Six Flags Over Texas featured a one-time fireworks show to promote the movie, and replica busts of Batman, Robin, Two-Face, and the Riddler could be found in the Justice League store in the Looney Tunes U.S.A. section until they were removed in 2023. Batman: The Ride opened at Six Flags St. Louis to promote the movie. At Six Flags Over Georgia , The Mind Bender roller coaster was redesigned to look as though it were the creation of The Riddler and some images and props were used in the design of the roller coaster and its queue. Video games Video games based on the film were released. A tie-in video game , was released in 1995 for Super Nintendo Entertainment System , Game Boy , Sega Genesis , Game Gear , R-Zone and MS-DOS , it was followed by Batman & Robin for the PlayStation , to promote the release of the 1997 film . Two arcade versions, Batman Forever: The Arcade Game , was released in 1996 and was ported to the three consoles, and a pinball machine based on the film was released in 1995 by Sega Pinball . Home media Batman Forever was released on VHS and LaserDisc on October 31, 1995. [ 70 ] Over 3 million VHS copies were sold during the first week of release. [ 71 ] The film was then released on DVD on May 20, 1997. This release was a double sided disc containing both widescreen (1.85:1) and full screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. Batman Forever made its Blu-ray debut on April 20, 2010. [ 72 ] This was followed by an Ultra HD Blu-ray release on June 4, 2019. [ 73 ] Deleted scenes Batman Forever went through a few major edits before its release. Originally darker than the final product, the film's original length was closer to two hours and forty minutes, according to Schumacher. There was talk of an extended cut being released to DVD for the film's tenth anniversary in 2005. While all four previous Batman films were given special-edition DVD releases on the same day as the Batman Begins DVD release, none of them were given extended cuts, although some scenes were in a deleted scenes section in the special features. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] [ 76 ] In the United Kingdom, almost two minutes of cuts were made to ensure the film a PG cinema certificate; these cuts were waived for the 2024 cinema re-release, which was instead rated 12 . [ 77 ] Reception Box office Batman Forever opened in a record 2,842 theaters and 4,300 screens in the United States and Canada on June 16, 1995, grossing $52.8 million in its opening weekend, [ 78 ] [ 4 ] [ 79 ] taking Jurassic Park ' s record for having the highest opening-weekend gross of all time (it was surpassed two years later by The Lost World: Jurassic Park ' s $72.1 million). [ 80 ] For six years, it had the largest opening weekend for a Warner Bros. film until 2001, when it was surpassed by Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone . [ 81 ] The film also achieved the highest June opening weekend, holding that record until it was beaten by Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me in 1999. [ 82 ] It was the first film to gross $20 million in one day, on its opening day on Friday. [ 83 ] The film also beat out Congo to reach the number one spot. [ 80 ] It grossed $77.4 million in its first week, which was below the record $81.7 million set by Jurassic Park . [ 79 ] Additionally, the film held the record for having the highest opening weekend for a superhero film until it was taken by X-Men in 2000. [ 84 ] [ 85 ] That year, How the Grinch Stole Christmas broke Batman Forever ' s record for scoring the biggest opening weekend for any film starring Jim Carrey. [ 86 ] While the film was overtaken by Pocahontas during its second weekend, it still made $29.2 million. [ 87 ] It then became the first film of 1995 to reach $100 million domestically. [ 88 ] The film started its international roll out in Japan on June 17, 1995, and grossed $2.2 million in 5 days from 167 screens, which was only 80% of the gross of its predecessor Batman Returns . [ 89 ] The film went on to gross $184 million in the United States and Canada, and $152.5 million in other countries, totaling $336.53 million. The film grossed more than Batman Returns , [ 90 ] and is the second-highest-grossing film from 1995 in the United States, behind Toy Story , as well as the sixth-highest-grossing film of that year worldwide. Critical response On Rotten Tomatoes , Batman Forever has an approval rating of 41% based on 73 reviews, with an average rating of 5.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Loud, excessively busy, and often boring, Batman Forever nonetheless has the charisma of Jim Carrey and Tommy Lee Jones to offer mild relief." [ 91 ] On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on 23 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. [ 92 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. [ 93 ] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote: " Batman Forever still gets in its licks. There's no fun machine this summer that packs more surprises." Travers criticized the film's excessive commercialism and felt that "the script misses the pain Tim Burton caught in a man tormented by the long-ago murder of his parents", but praised Kilmer's performance as having a "deftly understated [...] comic edge". [ 94 ] James Berardinelli of ReelViews enjoyed the film, writing: "It's lighter, brighter, funnier, faster-paced, and a whole lot more colorful than before." [ 95 ] On the television program Siskel & Ebert , Gene Siskel of the Chicago Tribune and Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times both gave the film mixed reviews, but with the former giving it a thumbs up and the latter a thumbs down . [ 96 ] In his written review, Ebert wrote: "Is the movie better entertainment? Well, it's great bubblegum for the eyes. Younger children will be able to process it more easily; some kids were led bawling from Batman Returns where the PG-13 rating was a joke." [ 97 ] Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle had a mixed reaction, concluding: "a shot of Kilmer's rubber buns at one point is guaranteed to bring squeals from the audience." [ 98 ] Brian Lowry of Variety believed: "One does have to question the logic behind adding nipples to the hard-rubber batsuit . Whose idea was that supposed to be anyway, Alfred 's? Some of the computer-generated Gotham cityscapes appear too obviously fake. Elliot Goldenthal 's score, while serviceable, also isn't as stirring as Danny Elfman 's work in the first two films." [ 99 ] Some observers thought Schumacher, a gay man, added possible homoerotic innuendo in the storyline. [ 100 ] Regarding the costume design, Schumacher stated: "I had no idea that putting nipples on the Batsuit and Robin suit were going to spark international headlines. The bodies of the suits come from Ancient Greek statues , which display perfect bodies. They are anatomically correct." [ 100 ] O'Donnell felt: "it wasn't so much the nipples that bothered me. It was the codpiece. The press obviously played it up and made it a big deal, especially with Joel directing. I didn't think twice about the controversy, but going back and looking and seeing some of the pictures, it was very unusual." [ 100 ] Accolades This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( December 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) At the 68th Academy Awards , Batman Forever was nominated for Cinematography (lost to Braveheart ), Sound ( Donald O. Mitchell , Frank A. Montaño , Michael Herbick and Petur Hliddal ; lost to Apollo 13 ) and Sound Effects Editing ( John Leveque and Bruce Stambler ; also lost to Braveheart ). [ 101 ] [ 102 ] " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " by U2 was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song (lost to " Colors of the Wind " from Pocahontas ), but was also nominated for the Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Original Song (lost to "Walk into the Wind" from Showgirls ). At the 22nd Saturn Awards , the film was nominated for Best Fantasy Film (lost to Babe ), Make-up (lost to Seven ), Special Effects (lost to Jumanji ) and Costume Design (lost to 12 Monkeys ). Composer Elliot Goldenthal was given a Grammy Award nomination . Batman Forever received six nominations at the 1996 MTV Movie Awards , four of which were divided between two categories (Carrey and Lee Jones for Best Villain ; and Seal's "Kiss from a Rose" and U2's "Hold Me" in Best Song from a Movie ). However, it won in just one category: Best Song from a Movie for Seal's "Kiss from a Rose". Legacy Director's cut Cuts were made to the film based on audience reactions during test screenings, like the rest of the Batman films. Photographs from these scenes have always been available since the film's release, shown in magazines such as Starlog . Some excerpts from these scenes appear in the music video for " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me ". [ 103 ] In 2005, Batman Forever was the only film in the franchise to include a dedicated deleted scenes selection among its bonus content on the special edition DVD. [ 75 ] After Schumacher died on June 22, 2020, media outlets started reporting the possible existence of an extended cut, with the first rumors being thrown in by American journalist Marc Bernardin . Bernardin claimed it to be darker and contain less camp than the theatrical cut. Some of the differences include Bruce having a vision of a human-sized bat, less of an emphasis on Dick Grayson, and a focus on Bruce's psychological issues with Chase. The cut uses about 50 minutes of additional footage. Warner Bros. confirmed that alternative test screening cuts existed after an interview with Variety , although they have no plans to release it and are unsure about what, if any, footage remains. Later that year on August 7, Kilmer's appearance at DC FanDome fueled fan speculation about the release of a so-called "Schumacher Cut". [ 104 ] Batman Forever screenwriter Akiva Goldsman revealed in a YouTube interview in April 2021 that he had recently seen the original cut of the film (dubbed "Preview Cut: One") and that he expects a rebirth coming up, suggesting all the footage needed to make the Schumacher cut still exists and that the release of a director's cut might be possible. [ 105 ] In July 2023, following a private screening of a workprint version by director Kevin Smith , Goldsman confirmed that the original cut does exist. Even though Warner Bros. currently has no plans to release it, he said he was hopeful for a possible distribution in the future. [ 106 ] Some of the aforementioned deleted scenes made up a portion of this footage. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] In July 2024, Goldsman reaffirmed the existence of the director's cut, while also declaring that work to restore it has been put on hold following Warner Bros.' recent internal turmoil. [ 109 ] In May 2025, an independent Los Angeles theater announced that a screening of the workprint of the director's cut at their venue later that month. However, on May 24, the screening was cancelled following a cease and desist letter from Warner Bros. [ 110 ] In July 2025, during an interview about his career, Goldsman declared that while Warner Bros isn't currently interested in releasing the director's cut, he's still lobbying for it. [ 111 ] In September 2025, during the celebrations for Batman Day, executive producer Michael E. Uslan confirmed the existence of the unreleased footage and urged the fans to continue to voice their support for the release of the alternate cut of the film. [ 112 ] Batman '89 An alternate six-issue comic book continuation of Batman Returns titled Batman '89 , which ignores the events of Batman Forever and Batman & Robin and brings back Keaton's Batman along with Burton's dark setting seen in his first two Batman films, along with elements of his failed third Batman film (particularly, the return of Billy Dee Williams ' Harvey Dent and transformation into Two-Face, the introductions of new versions of Robin and Barbara Gordon , and the return of Catwoman), was launched on August 10, 2021, with its issues releasing monthly before ending in July 2022. [ 113 ] [ importance? ] In response to a question as to whether Schumacher's Batman films are canon to the world of Batman '89 , the first two films' screenwriter Sam Hamm , who also serves as the comics' writer, confirmed that the latter two films take place in a diverging timeline and they are not building toward that fate. [ 114 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger was not credited for his role in the creation of Batman until 2015. [ 5 ] ^ Attributed to multiple references. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] [ 52 ] References ^ a b .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Batman Forever (1995)" . 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Official website (DC Comics) Batman Forever at IMDb Batman Forever at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Batman Forever .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category v t e Batman franchise media Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints v t e Batman in film Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Joel Schumacher Films directed The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981) D.C. Cab (1983, also wrote) St. Elmo's Fire (1985, also wrote) The Lost Boys (1987) Cousins (1989) Flatliners (1990) Dying Young (1991) Falling Down (1993) The Client (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) 8mm (1999) Flawless (1999, also wrote) Tigerland (2000) Bad Company (2002) Phone Booth (2002) Veronica Guerin (2003) The Phantom of the Opera (2004, also wrote) The Number 23 (2007) Blood Creek (2009) Twelve (2010) Trespass (2011) Written only Sparkle (1976) Car Wash (1976) The Wiz (1978) Sparkle (2012) TV series created Code Name: Foxfire (1985) Related Unrealized projects v t e Akiva Goldsman Films directed Winter's Tale (2014; also wrote and produced) Stephanie (2017) Films written The Client (1994) Silent Fall (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) Lost in Space (1998; also produced) Practical Magic (1998) A Beautiful Mind (2001) I, Robot (2004) Cinderella Man (2005) The Da Vinci Code (2006) I Am Legend (2007; also produced) Angels & Demons (2009) The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015) The 5th Wave (2016) Rings (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Dark Tower (2017; also produced) Practical Magic 2 (2026) Films produced Deep Blue Sea (1999) Starsky & Hutch (2004) Mindhunters (2004) Constantine (2005) Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) Poseidon (2006) Hancock (2008) The Losers (2010) Fair Game (2010) Jonah Hex (2010) Lone Survivor (2013) King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017) The Map of Tiny Perfect Things (2021) Without Remorse (2021) Firestarter (2022) Meet Cute (2022) Billion Dollar Spy (TBA) TV series created Titans (2018–2023) Star Trek: Picard (2020–2023) Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022) The Crowded Room (2023) Category .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Joel Schumacher v t e Films directed The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981) D.C. Cab (1983, also wrote) St. Elmo's Fire (1985, also wrote) The Lost Boys (1987) Cousins (1989) Flatliners (1990) Dying Young (1991) Falling Down (1993) The Client (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) 8mm (1999) Flawless (1999, also wrote) Tigerland (2000) Bad Company (2002) Phone Booth (2002) Veronica Guerin (2003) The Phantom of the Opera (2004, also wrote) The Number 23 (2007) Blood Creek (2009) Twelve (2010) Trespass (2011) The Incredible Shrinking Woman (1981) D.C. Cab (1983, also wrote) St. Elmo's Fire (1985, also wrote) The Lost Boys (1987) Cousins (1989) Flatliners (1990) Dying Young (1991) Falling Down (1993) The Client (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) 8mm (1999) Flawless (1999, also wrote) Tigerland (2000) Bad Company (2002) Phone Booth (2002) Veronica Guerin (2003) The Phantom of the Opera (2004, also wrote) The Number 23 (2007) Blood Creek (2009) Twelve (2010) Trespass (2011) Written only Sparkle (1976) Car Wash (1976) The Wiz (1978) Sparkle (2012) Sparkle (1976) Car Wash (1976) The Wiz (1978) Sparkle (2012) TV series created Code Name: Foxfire (1985) Code Name: Foxfire (1985) Related Unrealized projects Unrealized projects v t e Akiva Goldsman v t e Films directed Winter's Tale (2014; also wrote and produced) Stephanie (2017) Winter's Tale (2014; also wrote and produced) Stephanie (2017) Films written The Client (1994) Silent Fall (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) Lost in Space (1998; also produced) Practical Magic (1998) A Beautiful Mind (2001) I, Robot (2004) Cinderella Man (2005) The Da Vinci Code (2006) I Am Legend (2007; also produced) Angels & Demons (2009) The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015) The 5th Wave (2016) Rings (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Dark Tower (2017; also produced) Practical Magic 2 (2026) The Client (1994) Silent Fall (1994) Batman Forever (1995) A Time to Kill (1996) Batman & Robin (1997) Lost in Space (1998; also produced) Practical Magic (1998) A Beautiful Mind (2001) I, Robot (2004) Cinderella Man (2005) The Da Vinci Code (2006) I Am Legend (2007; also produced) Angels & Demons (2009) The Divergent Series: Insurgent (2015) The 5th Wave (2016) Rings (2017) Transformers: The Last Knight (2017) The Dark Tower (2017; also produced) Practical Magic 2 (2026) Films produced Deep Blue Sea (1999) Starsky & Hutch (2004) Mindhunters (2004) Constantine (2005) Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) Poseidon (2006) Hancock (2008) The Losers (2010) Fair Game (2010) Jonah Hex (2010) Lone Survivor (2013) King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017) The Map of Tiny Perfect Things (2021) Without Remorse (2021) Firestarter (2022) Meet Cute (2022) Billion Dollar Spy (TBA) Deep Blue Sea (1999) Starsky & Hutch (2004) Mindhunters (2004) Constantine (2005) Mr. & Mrs. Smith (2005) Poseidon (2006) Hancock (2008) The Losers (2010) Fair Game (2010) Jonah Hex (2010) Lone Survivor (2013) King Arthur: Legend of the Sword (2017) The Map of Tiny Perfect Things (2021) Without Remorse (2021) Firestarter (2022) Meet Cute (2022) Billion Dollar Spy (TBA) TV series created Titans (2018–2023) Star Trek: Picard (2020–2023) Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022) The Crowded Room (2023) Titans (2018–2023) Star Trek: Picard (2020–2023) Star Trek: Strange New Worlds (2022) The Crowded Room (2023) Category United States 1990s Film Comics Speculative fiction Authority control databases International VIAF GND VIAF GND National France BnF data France BnF data 1995 films 1995 action films 1990s superhero films Batman (1989 film series) American action films American sequel films American superhero films PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Warner Bros. films American films about Halloween American films about revenge Casting controversies in film Films produced by Tim Burton Films directed by Joel Schumacher Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films about stalking Films adapted into comics Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in New York City Films shot in Oregon Films shot in San Francisco Films with screenplays by Akiva Goldsman Films scored by Elliot Goldenthal Joker (character) in other media American mad scientist films Films produced by Peter MacGregor-Scott Patrick Leahy Robin (character) films 1990s English-language films 1995 American films English-language action films Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award–winning films Fictional duos CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from June 2023 Template film date with 2 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Articles needing additional references from December 2020 All articles needing additional references Commons category link from Wikidata Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 10:07 (UTC) . 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Kratafa titiriw Amansan nhyiamu Nea yɛ sesa nkyɛe Kratafa biaa Mmoa Kratafa soronko Yi ma Bue account foforo Kɔ mu Yi ma Bue account foforo Kɔ mu Kratafa Titiriw Kratafa Titiriw Nkitahode Kenkan Hwe bebia efiri Hwɛ abakɔsɛm Kenkan Hwe bebia efiri Hwɛ abakɔsɛm Deɛ ɛka ha bɔ mu Nsesa a ɛsɛ Fa biribi to so Link a ɛwɔ hɔ daa Kratafa no ho asɛm Kyerɛ bebiaa nneɛma a ɛwɔ kratafa yi so fi Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create a book Twe no sɛ PDF Nea yɛtumi horo Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata ade .mw-parser-output .MainPage{font-family:Verdana,Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;font-size:110%} Akwaaba ba Twi Wikipedia so! Nimdeebuukuu a wontua ka, a obiara tumi de ne nimdeɛ ɛkaho. Mprenpren yɛwɔ atwerɛsɛm bɛyɛ 4,616 ɛwɔ Twi kasa mu. Atwerɛsɛm a yɛn apaw ato hɔ Jane Naana Opoku Agyeman (awoda Obubuo 22, 1951 Oguaa Gaana) yε Gaana Nwomasua Soafoɔ a watwamu na ɔyε Soafoɔ wɔ John Dramani Mahama aban no mu. Wodii saa diberε yi kosii Ɔbenεm 2017 berε a na wato aba ama John Dramani Mahama adi nkoguo wo afe 2012 abatoɔ no mu ama Nana Akufo-Addo aban betenaa Gana baanwa no so. Ansa na ɔbεdi saa diberε yi na ɔno na ɔyε Obenfo a ɔda University of Cape Coast ano. Wɔdɔm Amanyɔkuo National Democratic Congress. Toa so kan wɔ ha... Atwerɛsɛm a adikan aba Atwerɛwsɛm a ɛyɛ Hajia Alima Mahama (wɔwoo no Obubuo da a ɛtɔ 7, afe 1957 wɔ Walewale, Atifi-Apuei manatam mu) yɛ mmaranimfo. Na ɔyɛ mmarahyɛbaguamuni a ogyina hɔ ma Nalerigu/Gambaga mpesua. Ɔyɛ amanyɔkuo New Patriotic Party muni. Alima Mahama nyaa kɔɔ ntoaso sukuu wɔ Wesly Girls Senior High School a ɛwɔ Cape Coast. Ɔtoaa so kɔɔ suapɔn a ɛne University of Ghana. Ɛhɔ no onyaa abodin krataa wɔ mmaranim mu. Ɔsan nso kɔɔ suapɔn a wɔfrɛ no Institute of Social Studies a ɛwo Netherlands na ɛhɔ nso onyaa abodin krataa foforo kaa nea ɔwɔ dedaw no ho. Toa so kan wɔ ha..... Atwerɛsɛm a adikan aba So wonim...? Ghana manpanyin ahyɛnsode Sɛ wɔ Ghana mmra 1960 mu, a ɛyɛ Ghana mmra homa a ɛdi kan wɔ Ghana no, ɔmanpanyin no bɛsi ahenni amanmuo no anan. Mmrahyɛbadwamfo yi ɔmampanyin sɛ ɔnni Ghana so mfe anum. Sɛ obiara nni hɔ sɛ ɔmanpanyin a, wɔpaw nnipa abiesa sɛ wɔn gyina mu sɛ ɔmanpanyin? Sɛ General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong de coup d'état ɛtuu ɔmanpanyin Akufo-Addo ne Prime Minister Abrefa Busia ne n'ban nyinaa? Atwerɛsɛm a adikan aba Mfoni a yapaw ato hɔ Accra - Ghana . Mfoni a adikan aba Nkratafa soronko Kasa kyerɛ adwuma kwankyerɛfo • Sɛ wo pɛ sɛ wo ni adwuma kwankyerɛfo kasa a, kɔ Adwuma akwankyerɛfo kratafa yi so Nkitahode • Di nkɔmɔ wɔ ha Mmoa • Mmoa a wo hia wɔ ha • Wikipedia mmra num • Sɛnea yɛ kyerɛw Twi Atwerɛsɛm • Te atwerɛsɛm foforo • Nkratafa dodow a ɛwɔ ha Wikimedia dwumadi ahorow Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination View total pages Akwaaba ba Twi Wikipedia so! Nimdeebuukuu a wontua ka, a obiara tumi de ne nimdeɛ ɛkaho. Mprenpren yɛwɔ atwerɛsɛm bɛyɛ 4,616 ɛwɔ Twi kasa mu. Jane Naana Opoku Agyeman (awoda Obubuo 22, 1951 Oguaa Gaana) yε Gaana Nwomasua Soafoɔ a watwamu na ɔyε Soafoɔ wɔ John Dramani Mahama aban no mu. Wodii saa diberε yi kosii Ɔbenεm 2017 berε a na wato aba ama John Dramani Mahama adi nkoguo wo afe 2012 abatoɔ no mu ama Nana Akufo-Addo aban betenaa Gana baanwa no so. Ansa na ɔbεdi saa diberε yi na ɔno na ɔyε Obenfo a ɔda University of Cape Coast ano. Wɔdɔm Amanyɔkuo National Democratic Congress. Hajia Alima Mahama (wɔwoo no Obubuo da a ɛtɔ 7, afe 1957 wɔ Walewale, Atifi-Apuei manatam mu) yɛ mmaranimfo. Na ɔyɛ mmarahyɛbaguamuni a ogyina hɔ ma Nalerigu/Gambaga mpesua. Ɔyɛ amanyɔkuo New Patriotic Party muni. Alima Mahama nyaa kɔɔ ntoaso sukuu wɔ Wesly Girls Senior High School a ɛwɔ Cape Coast. Ɔtoaa so kɔɔ suapɔn a ɛne University of Ghana. Ɛhɔ no onyaa abodin krataa wɔ mmaranim mu. Ɔsan nso kɔɔ suapɔn a wɔfrɛ no Institute of Social Studies a ɛwo Netherlands na ɛhɔ nso onyaa abodin krataa foforo kaa nea ɔwɔ dedaw no ho. Sɛ wɔ Ghana mmra 1960 mu, a ɛyɛ Ghana mmra homa a ɛdi kan wɔ Ghana no, ɔmanpanyin no bɛsi ahenni amanmuo no anan. Mmrahyɛbadwamfo yi ɔmampanyin sɛ ɔnni Ghana so mfe anum. Sɛ obiara nni hɔ sɛ ɔmanpanyin a, wɔpaw nnipa abiesa sɛ wɔn gyina mu sɛ ɔmanpanyin? Sɛ General Ignatius Kutu Acheampong de coup d'état ɛtuu ɔmanpanyin Akufo-Addo ne Prime Minister Abrefa Busia ne n'ban nyinaa? Atwerɛsɛm a adikan aba Nkratafa soronko Kasa kyerɛ adwuma kwankyerɛfo • Sɛ wo pɛ sɛ wo ni adwuma kwankyerɛfo kasa a, kɔ Adwuma akwankyerɛfo kratafa yi so Nkitahode • Di nkɔmɔ wɔ ha Mmoa • Mmoa a wo hia wɔ ha • Wikipedia mmra num • Sɛnea yɛ kyerɛw Twi Atwerɛsɛm • Te atwerɛsɛm foforo • Nkratafa dodow a ɛwɔ ha Nkratafa soronko Kasa kyerɛ adwuma kwankyerɛfo • Sɛ wo pɛ sɛ wo ni adwuma kwankyerɛfo kasa a, kɔ Adwuma akwankyerɛfo kratafa yi so Nkitahode • Di nkɔmɔ wɔ ha Mmoa • Mmoa a wo hia wɔ ha • Wikipedia mmra num • Sɛnea yɛ kyerɛw Twi Atwerɛsɛm • Te atwerɛsɛm foforo • Nkratafa dodow a ɛwɔ ha Kasa kyerɛ adwuma kwankyerɛfo • Sɛ wo pɛ sɛ wo ni adwuma kwankyerɛfo kasa a, kɔ Adwuma akwankyerɛfo kratafa yi so • Sɛ wo pɛ sɛ wo ni adwuma kwankyerɛfo kasa a, kɔ Adwuma akwankyerɛfo kratafa yi so Nkitahode • Di nkɔmɔ wɔ ha • Di nkɔmɔ wɔ ha Mmoa • Mmoa a wo hia wɔ ha • Wikipedia mmra num • Sɛnea yɛ kyerɛw Twi • Mmoa a wo hia wɔ ha • Wikipedia mmra num • Sɛnea yɛ kyerɛw Twi Atwerɛsɛm • Te atwerɛsɛm foforo • Nkratafa dodow a ɛwɔ ha • Te atwerɛsɛm foforo • Nkratafa dodow a ɛwɔ ha Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Nsesae ba kratafa yi so da 26 Ahinime 2022, mmere 15:40. Page was rendered with Parsoid . Nkyerɛw yi hyɛ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ase; mmra bi bɛtumi asan aka ho bio. Nkyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ Terms of Use . Nkyerɛw yi hyɛ Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ase; mmra bi bɛtumi asan aka ho bio. Nkyerɛkyerɛ mu wɔ Terms of Use . Kokoam ntiase Wikipedia ho asɛm Ntiase a ɛkyerɛ sɛ yɛn ho nni mu Dwumadie no ho Mmara Developers Mmɔden mmɔ Nsɛm a yɛ gyaw ɛwɔ ɛfiri yi so Sɛnea wohu no wɔ ahomatorofo so
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January Toggle January subsection 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 2 References 3 External links Deaths in 2026 العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano کٲشُر Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The following notable deaths occurred in 2026. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. January 17 16 Olena Grechanina , 90, Ukrainian scientist. [ 1 ] Ratbek hadji Nysanbayev , 85, Kazakh religious figure, supreme mufti of Kazakhstan (1990–2000). [ 2 ] (death announced on this date) 15 Abdullahi Abubakar , 90, Nigerian Islamic cleric and humanitarian. [ 3 ] Ante Grgurević , 50, Croatian basketball player ( Split , Lugano Tigers ) and coach (Split). [ 4 ] Rafael Gvaladze , 78, Azerbaijani jurist, judge of the Constitutional Court (1998–2025). [ 5 ] Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark , 83, Greek-Spanish royal. [ 6 ] Kim Sin-yong , 80, South Korean writer. [ 7 ] Mutumwa Mawere , 66, Zimbabwean-South African mining industry executive. [ 8 ] Kenny Morris , 68, English drummer ( Siouxsie and the Banshees ). [ 9 ] (death announced on this date) Edgar Salvé , 79, Belgian Olympic middle-distance runner ( 1968 , 1972 ). [ 10 ] Ajay Varma , 62, Indian cricketer ( Bengal ). [ 11 ] Gagik Yeganyan , 69, Armenian politician. [ 12 ] 14 Layonel Adams , 31, Russian footballer ( Banants , Cerceda , Isloch Minsk Raion ), fall. [ 13 ] Dmitri Akimov , 45, Russian footballer ( Metallurg Lipetsk , Sibir Novosibirsk , Rostov ). [ 14 ] Aroha Awarau , 49, New Zealand playwright and journalist. [ 15 ] Namirembe Bitamazire , 84, Ugandan academic and politician, MP (2001–2011). [ 16 ] Alfonso Castellanos , 91, Colombian radio broadcaster and journalist. [ 17 ] Jean-Hugues Colonna , 91, French politician, deputy (1981–1988). [ 18 ] (death announced on this date) Valeria Fedeli , 76, Italian politician, minister of education (2016–2018) and senator (2013–2022). [ 19 ] Oleksandr Kabanov , 52, Ukrainian politician, deputy (since 2019). [ 20 ] Kim Min-jae , 53, South Korean baseball player ( Lotte Giants , Hanwha Eagles ) and coach ( Doosan Bears ), cancer. [ 21 ] Rick Link , 66, American professional wrestler, trainer and promoter. [ 22 ] Nie Weiping , 73, Chinese Go player. [ 23 ] Melania Pérez [ es ] , 76, Argentine singer. [ 24 ] Ricard Pérez Casado , 80, Spanish politician, mayor of Valencia (1979–1988) and deputy (2000–2004). [ 25 ] Seppo Reijonen , 81, Finnish Olympic ski jumper ( 1968 ). [ 26 ] Jean Rossier , 81, Belgian biologist and academic. [ 27 ] (death announced on this date) Ernestine Russell , 87, Canadian Olympic gymnast ( 1956 , 1960 ). [ 28 ] Ado Schlier , 90, German radio personality ( Radio Salzburg , Bayerischer Rundfunk ). [ 29 ] Vera Valdez , 89, Brazilian model. [ 30 ] Quemil Yambay , 87, Paraguayan musician and composer. [ 31 ] Igor Zolotovitskiy , 64, Russian actor ( Taxi Blues , Luna Park , Composition for Victory Day ), academic and television director, cancer. [ 32 ] 13 Scott Adams , 68, American cartoonist ( Dilbert ), prostate cancer. [ 33 ] Iqbal Athas , 81, Sri Lankan journalist ( The Sunday Times , Jane's Defence Weekly ). [ 34 ] Lina Bernardi [ it ] , 87, Italian actress ( The Story of Piera , The Last Kiss , The Embalmer ). [ 35 ] Alfred Blumstein , 95, American scientist. [ 36 ] Mark Brnovich , 59, American politician and attorney, Arizona attorney general (2015–2023), heart attack. [ 37 ] Paola Cardia [ it ] , 73, Italian footballer ( national team ). [ 38 ] David Collier , 70, English sports administrator, chief executive of the England and Wales Cricket Board (2004–2014). [ 39 ] Claudette Colvin , 86, American civil rights activist ( Browder v. Gayle ). [ 40 ] Indira Devi Dhanrajgir , 95, Indian poet and socialite. [ 41 ] Catherine Duprat , 89, French historian. [ 42 ] Barbara Eustachiewicz , 87, Polish Olympic gymnast ( 1960 , 1964 ). [ 43 ] Jesse Flis , 92, Canadian politician, MP (1979–1984, 1988–1997). [ 44 ] Bir Bhadra Hagjer , 75, Indian politician, Assam MLA (2016–2021). [ 45 ] Ali Hassan , 61, Mozambican footballer ( Sporting , Vitória de Setúbal , national team ), cancer. [ 46 ] Hun Yuan , 81, Taiwanese religious leader, founder of Weixinism . [ 47 ] Heiki Kranich , 64, Estonian politician, twice MP , minister of finance (1994) and environment (1999–2003). [ 48 ] Jason Lafreniere , 59, Canadian ice hockey player ( Quebec Nordiques , Tampa Bay Lightning , New York Rangers ). [ 49 ] (death announced on this date) Blanche Marvin , 100, American-born British theatre critic, producer and writer. [ 50 ] Doug McConnell , 80, American television journalist. [ 51 ] Bruce McLeod , 96, Canadian clergyman, moderator of the United Church of Canada (1972–1974). [ 52 ] Rolando Nannicini , 79, Italian politician, deputy (2001–2013). [ 53 ] Seán Ó Sé , 89, Irish tenor singer. [ 54 ] Ivan Onufriyev , 58, Russian footballer ( Geolog Tyumen , MTsOP-Metallurg Verkhnyaya Pyshma , Dynamo Stavropol ). [ 55 ] Annemarie Prins , 93, Dutch actress ( Accused , Memory Lane ), director and writer. [ 56 ] Renzo Ragonesi [ it ] , 82, Italian footballer ( Venezia , Reggiana , Modena ). [ 57 ] Jean-Loup Trassard , 92, French photographer. [ 58 ] (death announced on this date) Rudolf Urc [ sk ] , 88, Slovak director of documentary and animated films and academic. [ 59 ] George Vassiliou , 94, Cypriot politician, president (1988–1993) and MP (1996–2001), respiratory infection. [ 60 ] David Webb , 60, British-born Hong Kong activist investor, prostate cancer. [ 61 ] Hans Wiktorsson [ sv ] , 75, Swedish actor ( The Painter , Kurt Olssons julkalender ), complications from a brain injury. [ 62 ] Brian Wilshire , 81, Australian radio broadcaster ( 2GB ). [ 63 ] Razmik Zohrabyan , 75, Armenian politician, MP (2007–2017). [ 64 ] 12 Oba C. D. Akran , 89, Nigerian politician and traditional ruler. [ 65 ] Mahmoud Al-Astal , Palestinian police chief, shot. [ 66 ] Sheila Bernette , 94, English singer ( The Good Old Days , The Black and White Minstrel Show ) and actress ( The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ). [ 67 ] Paul Clauson , 76, Australian politician, Queensland MP (1985–1989), attorney-general (1986–1989). [ 68 ] Rolland Courbis , 72, French football player ( Monaco ) and manager ( Bordeaux , Marseille ). [ 69 ] Bill Courtney , 55, American college basketball coach ( Cornell Big Red , Miami Hurricanes , Temple Owls ). [ 70 ] Mochammad Djamhari , 82, Indonesian military officer and politician, Regent of Bekasi Regency (1993–1998). [ 71 ] John Forté , 50, American rapper ( Refugee Camp All-Stars ) and producer ( The Score ). [ 72 ] Rick Garcia , 69, American LGBTQ activist. [ 73 ] Mohammad Ilyas , 79, Pakistani cricketer ( Lahore , Pakistan International Airlines , national team ), cancer. [ 74 ] Asda Jayanama , 84, Thai diplomat. [ 75 ] Robert Jensen , 52, Dutch television personality ( Jensen! ), cardiac arrest. [ 76 ] Jayashree Kabir , 73, Indian actress ( Pratidwandi , Simana Periye , Rupali Saikate ). [ 77 ] Robert V. Kohn , 72, American mathematician, cancer. [ 78 ] Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin , 26, British guitarist ( Black Midi ). [ 79 ] (death announced on this date) Jan Mårtenson , 92, Swedish author and diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (1993–1995). [ 80 ] Eddie McCreadie , 85, Scottish football player ( Chelsea , national team ) and manager (Chelsea). [ 81 ] Luigi Nicolais , 83, Italian engineer and politician, minister for public administration (2006–2008), deputy (2008–2012), and president of the National Research Council (2012–2016). [ 82 ] Alain Orsoni , 71, French politician, Corsican independence militant ( FLNC ) and football executive ( AC Ajaccio ), shot. [ 83 ] Mario Rigutti , 99, Italian astronomer. [ 84 ] Roland Riz , 98, Italian politician, deputy (1958–1963, 1968–1987), senator (1987–1996). [ 85 ] Catherine Samie , 92, French actress ( Lovers of Paris , The Old Maid , They Came Back ). [ 86 ] Michel Tombereau , 80, French painter, complications from influenza. [ 87 ] Karen Vold , 86, American Hall of Fame trick rider. [ 88 ] Martin Willich , 80, German politician, member of the Hamburg Parliament (1974–1995). [ 89 ] Isaac Witz , 91, Austrian-born Israeli immunologist. [ 90 ] Benjaminas Zelkevičius , 81, Lithuanian football player ( Žalgiris Vilnius , Shakhtar Donetsk ) and manager ( national team ). [ 91 ] 11 Pavel Akishev , 42, Russian baseball player ( national team ). [ 92 ] (death announced on this date) Gabriel Barkay , 81, Israeli archaeologist. [ 93 ] Alberto Benzoni , 90, Italian journalist and politician. [ 94 ] Louis E. Brus , 82, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (2023). [ 95 ] Thomas Causey , 76, American sound engineer ( Dick Tracy , Star Trek Generations , Escape from New York ). [ 96 ] Giancarlo Cauteruccio , 69, Italian theatre actor and director. [ 97 ] Richard Codey , 79, American politician, governor of New Jersey (2004–2006), member of the New Jersey Senate (1982–2024). [ 98 ] Marcus Gilbert , 67, British actor ( Army of Darkness , The Masks of Death , Rambo III ), throat cancer. [ 99 ] Dave Giusti , 86, American baseball player ( Houston Astros , Pittsburgh Pirates ), World Series champion ( 1971 ). [ 100 ] Robert Hopkins , 64, English footballer ( Birmingham City , West Bromwich Albion , Shrewsbury Town ). [ 101 ] Bennie Carlton Keel , 91, American archaeologist. [ 102 ] Ueli Kestenholz , 50, Swiss snowboarder, Olympic bronze medallist ( 1998 ), avalanche. [ 103 ] Mukharby Kirzhinov , 77, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion ( 1972 ). [ 104 ] Kōtarō Kodama , 91, Japanese politician, mayor of Akitakata (1980–2008). [ 105 ] Nelson Manrique , 78, Peruvian historian and sociologist. [ 106 ] Titina Medeiros , 48, Brazilian actress ( Cheias de Charme , A Lei do Amor , Now Generation ), pancreatic cancer. [ 107 ] Ahmad Melli , 76–77, Syrian actor. [ 108 ] Miquel Naudí , 77, Andorran politician, member of the General Council (1981–1983). [ 109 ] Takashi Ono , 97, Japanese-born American mathematician. [ 110 ] Park Soon-yong , 81, South Korean lawyer, prosecutor general (1999–2001). [ 111 ] Miroslava Pešíková , 79, Czech dancer and ballet master. [ 112 ] Clarence Pierce , 97, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1952–1984). [ 113 ] Eugen Pojoni , 84, Romanian footballer ( Viitorul București , Crișul Oradea , UTA Arad ). [ 114 ] Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell , Samoan politician, MLA (2021–2025). [ 115 ] Samir Putatundu , 73, Indian politician. [ 116 ] Nasser bin Radan Al Rashid Al Wadaei , Saudi longevity claimant. [ 117 ] Grete Salomonsen , 74, Norwegian film director ( Kamilla and the Thief , Yohan: The Child Wanderer ). [ 118 ] Robert G. Shulman , 101, American biophysicist. [ 119 ] Aniceto Sobrepeña , 77, Filipino banker and public servant. [ 120 ] Prashant Tamang , 43, Indian singer ( Indian Idol ) and actor ( Paatal Lok ), cardiac arrest. [ 121 ] Sergio Tarquinio , 100, Italian painter. [ 122 ] Trevor A. Toussaint , 65, British actor ( Hollyoaks ). [ 123 ] John Wallace , 76, Scottish trumpeter, composer and arts educator. [ 124 ] Herman Wouters , 85, Belgian politician, mayor of Grobbendonk (1989–1997). [ 125 ] 10 Sturla Böðvarsson , 80, Icelandic politician, minister of communications and transportation (1999–2007), president of the Althing (2007–2009). [ 126 ] Manoel Carlos , 92, Brazilian television writer ( Por Amor , Laços de Família , Mulheres Apaixonadas ). [ 127 ] Daniel Colson , 82, French sociologist and academic. [ 128 ] Yolande Viviane Compaoré , Burkinabe politician, governor of Nord Region . [ 129 ] Erich von Däniken , 90, Swiss author and ufologist ( Chariots of the Gods? ). [ 130 ] Distorted Humor , 32, American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, euthanized. [ 131 ] Sergey Galkov , 60, Russian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 1988 ). [ 132 ] Richard Hynes , 81, British biologist. [ 133 ] (death announced on this date) Jim Hartung , 65, American gymnast, Olympic champion ( 1984 ), and coach. [ 134 ] Mario Jacquet [ es ] , 79, Paraguayan footballer ( Cerro Porteño , Real Oviedo , Real Valladolid ). [ 135 ] Włodzimierz Jakubowski , 86, Polish football player ( Lech Poznań ) and manager ( Mieszko Gniezno , Bałtyk Gdynia ). [ 136 ] Kathy Javner , 52, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (since 2018), breast cancer. [ 137 ] Yeison Jiménez , 34, Colombian singer, plane crash . [ 138 ] Václav Klučka , 72, Czech politician, deputy (1992–1996, 2006–2017). [ 139 ] Robert Kostelka , 92, American politician, member of the Louisiana State Senate (2003–2016). [ 140 ] Derek Martin , 92, British actor ( Law & Order , Eldorado , EastEnders ). [ 141 ] Marco Proaño Maya , 80, Ecuadorian politician, three-time deputy . [ 142 ] Davinder Singh , 73, Indian field hockey player, Olympic champion ( 1980 ). [ 143 ] Ivan Štampach , 79, Czech religionist and theologian. [ 144 ] Thierry Steimetz , 42, French footballer ( Amnéville , Metz , Homburg ), cancer. [ 145 ] Orazio Svelto , 89, Italian physicist. [ 146 ] Isabel Veloso , 19, Brazilian social media influencer, complications from bone marrow transplant. [ 147 ] Manolo Villaverde , 91, Cuban-American actor ( ¿Qué Pasa, USA? , Taina , Wiseguy ). [ 148 ] Prawase Wasi , 93, Thai hematologist. [ 149 ] Bob Weir , 78, American Hall of Fame musician ( Grateful Dead ) and songwriter (" Sugar Magnolia ", " One More Saturday Night "), complications from cancer. [ 150 ] Robert Wolgemuth , 77, American author, chairman of the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association . [ 151 ] 9 Ai , 49, Japanese Western chimpanzee , subject of cognition studies, multiple organ failure. [ 152 ] Zeno Bianu , 75, French writer. [ 153 ] Andrés Caniulef , 48, Chilean journalist, heart attack. [ 154 ] T. K. Carter , 69, American actor ( The Thing , Punky Brewster , Runaway Train ). [ 155 ] Robert Croft , 91, American freediver. [ 156 ] Jean-Louis Duplat , 88, Belgian magistrate. [ 157 ] Beatriz González , 93, Colombian painter, sculptor and art historian. [ 158 ] Ulf Granberg , 80, Swedish comics creator and editor ( The Phantom ). [ 159 ] Jitka Gruntová , 80, Czech politician, deputy (2002–2006). [ 160 ] Hans Herrmann , 97, German racing driver ( Formula One ). [ 161 ] Sandra Hester , 68, American socio-political activist. [ 162 ] Pirkko Ikonen , 98, Finnish politician, MP (1983–1991). [ 163 ] Heber Jentzsch , 90, American Scientology executive ( Church of Scientology International ), actor and journalist ( Los Angeles Free Press ). [ 164 ] (death announced on this date) Manfred Kuhmichel , 82, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (1990–2012). [ 165 ] Lê Văn Dũng , 80, Vietnamese military officer and politician, chief of the general staff (1998–2001). [ 166 ] Khawlhring Lalremruata , 38, Indian cricketer ( Mizoram ), heart attack. [ 167 ] Diane Munday , 94, British political activist, co-founder of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service . [ 168 ] Valery Noskov [ ru ] , 59, Russian biathlete. [ 169 ] Tina Packer , 87, British actress ( David Copperfield , Doctor Who ) and stage director, co-founder of Shakespeare & Company . [ 170 ] Zelico Petrovic [ it ] , 77, Yugoslav-born Italian footballer ( Taranto , Rimini , Catania ). [ 171 ] Larry Snook , 84, American politician. [ 172 ] Terry Sullivan , 87, British drummer ( Renaissance ). [ 173 ] Josep Maria Triginer , 82, Spanish politician. [ 174 ] Eleni Varikas , 76, Greek-born French political philosopher and academic, lung cancer. [ 175 ] Yao Chiang-lin [ zh ] , 75, Taiwanese politician. [ 176 ] Vincenzo Zarri , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Bologna (1976–1988) and bishop of Forlì-Bertinoro (1988–2005). [ 177 ] 8 Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki , 96, British occult writer. [ 178 ] Musa Gibril Bala Gaye , 79, Gambian economist and politician, minister of finance (2003–2009) and foreign affairs (2005). [ 179 ] Murat Bisembin , 53, Kazakh actor, cancer. [ 180 ] Loraine Braham , 87, Australian politician, member (1994–2008) and speaker (1997–1999, 2001–2005) of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly . [ 181 ] Günther Brendel , 95, German painter, graphic artist and academic. [ 182 ] Heloísa de Carvalho , 56, Brazilian writer and political activist. [ 183 ] Václav Cigler , 96, Czech sculptor and visual artist. [ 184 ] Conrado Corsalette , 47, Brazilian journalist. [ 185 ] Mieczysław Czerniawski , 77, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991, 1993–2005). [ 186 ] Nelly Chatué Diop , 41, Cameroonian computer scientist. [ 187 ] Jean-Luc Domenach , 80, French historian, sinologist and political scientist. [ 188 ] Jim Furlong , 85, Canadian football player ( Calgary Stampeders ). [ 189 ] Sergio Goizauskas , 69, Argentine-born French cartoonist. [ 190 ] Vijay Singh Gond , 68, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1980–2007, since 2024), kidney failure. [ 191 ] Dave Hitchcock , 76, English record producer ( In the Land of Grey and Pink , Foxtrot , The Snow Goose ) and accountant. [ 192 ] Jian Shuisheng [ zh ] , 96, Chinese academic. [ 193 ] Philippe Junot , 85, French venture capitalist and property developer. [ 194 ] Madalitso Kazombo , 46, Malawian politician, first deputy speaker of the National Assembly (2019–2025), asthma attack. [ 195 ] Dieudonné Larose , 80, Haitian singer. [ 196 ] Rhoda Levine , 93, American opera director and choreographer. [ 197 ] (death announced on this date) Elisa Lisboa [ pt ] , 81, Portuguese actress ( Sabor da Paixão , Morangos com Açúcar , A Impostora ). [ 198 ] Evgeny Lyubivyi , 51, Russian politician. [ 199 ] Antonino Mangano [ it ] , 75, Italian marathon and middle-distance runner. [ 200 ] Guy Moon , 63, American composer ( The Fairly OddParents , Big Time Rush , Danny Phantom ), traffic collision. [ 201 ] Jafar Nainggolan , 79, Indonesian politician, MP (2009–2014). [ 202 ] Hiroshi Nakamura , 93, Japanese surrealist painter, pancreatic cancer. [ 203 ] Álvaro Peña-Rojas , 82, Chilean-German singer and songwriter. [ 204 ] Howard Riley , 87, English footballer ( Leicester City , Walsall , Barrow ). [ 205 ] Astrid Roemer , 78, Surinamese-Dutch writer and teacher. [ 206 ] Kjersti Scheen , 82, Norwegian journalist and writer. [ 207 ] Uljana Semjonova , 73, Latvian basketball player, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1980 ). [ 208 ] Sir Tim Shadbolt , 78, New Zealand politician, mayor of Waitemata City (1983–1989) and Invercargill (1993–1995, 1998–2022). [ 209 ] Meinam Bhorot Singh , 75, Indian politician, Manipur MLA (2002–2007). [ 210 ] Mojtaba Tarshiz , 47, Iranian footballer ( Shahr Khodro F.C. , Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. , Gostaresh Foulad F.C. ), shot . [ 211 ] Matthew Taylor , 57–58, American musician ( Bellini ) and artist, heart attack. [ 212 ] Wim Van Belleghem , 62, Belgian Olympic rower ( 1988 , 1992 ), world champion ( 1987 ). [ 213 ] Paul Calvin Visser , 89, American politician, mayor of Flint, Michigan (1973–1975). [ 214 ] Terry Yorath , 75, Welsh football player ( Leeds United , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 215 ] 7 Ali Ardestani , Iranian convicted spy, execution by hanging. [ 216 ] Madjoulba Batocfetou , Togolese agronomic engineer. [ 217 ] James Bernard , American music journalist and magazine editor ( The Source , XXL ). [ 218 ] (death announced on this date) Ihor Blazhkov , 89, Ukrainian conductor. [ 219 ] Albert Bourgi , 90, French jurist. [ 220 ] Raffaella Bragazzi , 66, Italian television presenter and radio host. [ 221 ] Frank S. Cerveny , 92, American Episcopalian clergyman, bishop of Florida (1974–1992). [ 222 ] Camilo Isaac Chavarría , 27, Panamanian model ( Mister Panamá ) and reality show contestant ( Calle 7 ), heart attack. [ 223 ] Martin Chivers , 80, English footballer ( Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , national team ). [ 224 ] Ángel Coerezza , 92, Argentine football referee ( AFA ). [ 225 ] John W. Derr , 84, American politician, member of the Maryland Senate (1983–1999), cancer. [ 226 ] Hiroya Ebina , 67, Japanese politician, mayor of Kushiro (2008–2024), member of the Hokkaido Legislative Assembly (1999–2008), cardiac arrest. [ 227 ] Tony Field , 79, English footballer ( Blackburn Rovers , Southport , Memphis Rogues ). [ 228 ] Vera Frances , 95, English actress ( Back-Room Boy , King Arthur Was a Gentleman , It's That Man Again ). [ 229 ] Madhav Gadgil , 83, Indian ecologist. [ 230 ] Renee Good , 37, American poet and writer, shot . [ 231 ] Domenico Graziani , 81, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Cassano all'Jonio (1999–2006) and archbishop of Crotone-Santa Severina (2006–2019). [ 232 ] Glenn Hall , 94, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings , St. Louis Blues ), Stanley Cup champion ( 1952 , 1961 ). [ 233 ] Sidney de Jong , 46, Dutch Olympic baseball player ( 2004 , 2008 ). [ 234 ] Rebecca Kilgore , 76, American jazz vocalist. [ 235 ] Jon Lindsay , 90, American politician, member of the Texas Senate (1997–2007). [ 236 ] Uri Lupolianski , 74, Israeli politician, mayor of Jerusalem (2003–2008) and founder of Yad Sarah . [ 237 ] Ian McCrae , 84, Scottish rugby union player ( Gordonians , national team ). [ 238 ] Randy McMillan , 67, American football player ( Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ). [ 239 ] Roberto Mondragón , 85, American politician, lieutenant governor of New Mexico (1971–1975, 1979–1983). [ 240 ] Kabindra Purkayastha , 94, Indian politician, MP (1991–2014). [ 241 ] Howard Sanderford , 90, American politician, member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1989–2022). [ 242 ] Dietrich Stratmann , 88, German politician, member of the Landtag of Lower Saxony (1982–2003). [ 243 ] Seydou Madani Sy , 92, Senegalese jurist and politician, minister of justice (1986–1990). [ 244 ] Kim Thorson , 93, Canadian politician, Saskatchewan MLA (1956–1960, 1971–1975). [ 245 ] Billy Truax , 82, American football player ( Los Angeles Rams , Dallas Cowboys ). [ 246 ] Chiara Valentini , 84, Italian journalist and writer. [ 247 ] Murad Wahba , 99, Egyptian writer, philosopher and academic. [ 248 ] Athol Webb , 90, Australian footballer ( Melbourne ). [ 249 ] 6 Ang Ziming [ zh ] , 65, Chinese academic. [ 250 ] Joe Arlooktoo , 86, Canadian visual artist and politician, Northwest Territories MLA (1979–1991). [ 251 ] (death announced on this date) Odette Bergoffen , 101, French resistance fighter. [ 252 ] Andrzej Bogusławski , 94, Polish philologist and semanticist. [ 253 ] Ron Boswell , 85, Australian politician, senator (1983–2014). [ 254 ] John Cunningham , 93, American actor ( Titanic , Company , Mystic Pizza ). [ 255 ] Dick Dull , 80, American athletic director ( Maryland Terrapins ). [ 256 ] V. K. Ebrahimkunju , 73, Indian politician, Kerala MLA (2011–2021). [ 257 ] Anna Eder [ de ] , 75, German politician, mayor of Deggendorf (2000–2012). [ 258 ] Johannes Fabian , 88, German anthropologist. [ 259 ] Alex Felipe , 32, Brazilian futsal player ( Sporting CP , Norilsk Nickel , national team ). [ 260 ] Angella D. Ferguson , 100, American pediatrician. [ 261 ] Edith M. Flanigen , 96, American chemist. [ 262 ] Robert Goebbels , 81, Luxembourgish politician, minister for the economy (1989–1999) and energy (1994–1999), signatory of the Schengen Agreement . [ 263 ] Suresh Kalmadi , 81, Indian politician and sports administrator, MP (1982–2014) and president of the IOA (1996–2011). [ 264 ] Doug LaMalfa , 65, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 2013), heart attack. [ 265 ] József Láyer , 70, Hungarian politician, MP (1998–2006). [ 266 ] Jim McBride , 78, American country music songwriter (" Chasing That Neon Rainbow ", " (Who Says) You Can't Have It All ", " Chattahoochee "). [ 267 ] Jack McGregor , 91, American politician and sports team owner, member of the Pennsylvania State Senate (1963–1970) and founder of the Pittsburgh Penguins . [ 268 ] Kathleen Muxel , 54, German politician, member of the Landtag of Brandenburg (since 2019). [ 269 ] Raffaele Nogaro , 92, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Sessa Aurunca (1982–1990) and of Caserta (1990–2009). [ 270 ] James E. O'Grady , 96, American law enforcement officer, Cook County sheriff (1986–1990). [ 271 ] Saeid Pirdoost , 85, Iranian actor ( Snake Fang , Son of Adam, Daughter of Eve , Great Award ), cancer. [ 272 ] Claude Pivi , 66, Guinean military officer, complications from diabetes. [ 273 ] Jaap Pop , 84, Dutch politician, mayor of Haarlem (1995–2006). [ 274 ] David Quail , 88, South African politician and educator, member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature (1999–2009). [ 275 ] Nihal Seneviratne , 91, Sri Lankan civil servant, secretary general of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1981–1994). [ 276 ] Baghir Suleimanov , 66, Azerbaijani petroleum scientist. [ 277 ] Béla Tarr , 70, Hungarian film director ( Sátántangó , Werckmeister Harmonies , The Turin Horse ). [ 278 ] Jerry Thomas , 90, American baseball player ( Minnesota Golden Gophers ). [ 279 ] Gianpaolo Tosel [ it ] , 85, Italian magistrate. [ 280 ] Robert Vicot , 94, French football player ( SC Toulon ) and manager ( Paris Saint-Germain FC , Gabon national team ). [ 281 ] Anatoly Yevtushenko , 91, Russian handball coach, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1988 ). [ 282 ] Zhang Shaokang [ zh ] , 90, Chinese scholar. [ 283 ] Zhou Liwei [ zh ] , 94, Chinese electro-optics professor. [ 284 ] 5 Ahn Sung-ki , 74, South Korean actor ( Silmido , Two Cops , Radio Star ), blood cancer. [ 285 ] Aldrich Ames , 84, American counterintelligence officer ( CIA ) and convicted Soviet-era spy. [ 286 ] Bonifacio Ávila , 75, Colombian Olympic boxer ( 1972 ). [ 287 ] Herbert Beck , 84, German art historian. [ 288 ] Andrew Bodnar , 71, English bass guitarist ( The Rumour ) and songwriter (" I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass "). [ 289 ] (death announced on this date) Andrew Carter , 86, English composer ( Benedicite ) and conductor. [ 290 ] Tom Cherones , 86, American television director ( Seinfeld , NewsRadio , Ellen ), complications from Alzheimer's disease. [ 291 ] Beatriz de Lenclós [ es ] , 102, Spanish dancer. [ 292 ] Jim Dennison , 87, American football coach ( Akron Zips , Walsh Cavaliers ). [ 293 ] Marian Diamond , 89, English actress ( Subterfuge , Goodbye Gemini , The Lord of the Rings ). [ 294 ] Miklós Dudás , 34, Hungarian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 2012 ), world champion ( 2014 ). [ 295 ] Mike Embro , 63, Canadian drummer ( Razor ). [ 296 ] (death announced on this date) Aoi Fujino , 27, Japanese gravure idol , rhabdomyosarcoma . [ 297 ] Paolo Gillet , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Albano (1993–2005). [ 298 ] Pier Francesco Guarguaglini , 88, Italian defense industry executive, chairman of Finmeccanica (2002–2011). [ 299 ] Bruce Hammock , 78, American entomologist. [ 300 ] Ad van Kempen , 81, Dutch actor ( 1-900 , 'n Beetje Verliefd , Winter in Wartime ), prostate cancer. [ 301 ] Wiktor Kinecki , 96, Polish politician, MP (1976–1980). [ 302 ] José Mingorance , 87, Spanish football player ( Espanyol , national team ) and manager ( Granada ). [ 303 ] Reza Moradi Abdolvand , 18, Iranian protester, shot. [ 304 ] Jawann Oldham , 68, American basketball player ( Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , New York Knicks ). [ 305 ] Induratana Paribatra , 103, Thai royal. [ 306 ] Molly Parkin , 93, Welsh painter, novelist and journalist. [ 307 ] Christos Politis [ el ] , 83, Greek actor ( Lampsi ). [ 308 ] Bob Pulford , 89, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Toronto Maple Leafs , Los Angeles Kings ), coach ( Chicago Blackhawks ), and executive, NHLPA president (1967–1972), four-time Stanley Cup champion. [ 309 ] Cosimo Scaglioso , 89, Italian politician, senator (1994–1996). [ 310 ] Elle Simone , 49, American chef ( America's Test Kitchen ) and food stylist. [ 311 ] Miroslav Stárek [ cs ] , 77, Czech footballer ( Sparta Prague , Slavia Prague , Mladá Boleslav ). [ 312 ] Elsje de Wijn , 82, Dutch actress ( De stille Oceaan , For a Lost Soldier , Het 14e kippetje ) and singer. [ 313 ] Ken Wilcock , 91, British sprinter. [ 314 ] (death announced on this date) Mike Wilson , 66, British kart racer, six-time world champion . [ 315 ] Jiří Witzany [ cs ] , 84, Czech academic and rector of ČVUT (2000–2006). [ 316 ] Wu Lintao [ zh ] , 105, Chinese politician. [ 317 ] 4 Forest Able , 93, American basketball player ( Syracuse Nationals ). [ 318 ] Ali Abu al-Ragheb , 79, Jordanian politician, prime minister (2000–2003). [ 319 ] Fazl-ur-Raheem Ashrafi , 81, Pakistani Islamic scholar, patron of Wifaq-ul-Madaris al-Arabia . [ 320 ] Céline Bellot , 55, Canadian criminologist and academic, breast cancer. [ 321 ] Mario Blasone [ it ] , 85, Italian basketball player. [ 322 ] Bob Boyer , 93, Canadian professional wrestler. [ 323 ] David Branch , 77, Canadian ice hockey administrator, commissioner of the OHL (1979–2024) and president of the CHL (1996–2019). [ 324 ] Calbo , 52, French rapper ( Ärsenik ). [ 325 ] Germaine Cousin-Zermatten , 100, Swiss herbalist. [ 326 ] Kamiel Dierckx [ nl ] , 84, Belgian basketball player ( Belgian Lions ). [ 327 ] Frank Dunlop , 98, British theatre director. [ 328 ] Manuel Fernández Ilarraza , 85, Spanish gynaecologist and politician, president of the Parliament of La Rioja (1987–1988). [ 329 ] Miloslav Fiala , 97, Czech Roman Catholic priest. [ 330 ] Andy Friendly , 74, American television producer ( Entertainment Tonight ). [ 331 ] L. Ganesan , 91, Indian politician, MP (1980–1986, 2004–2009). [ 332 ] Anne-Claire Goulon , 51, French businesswoman, breast cancer. [ 333 ] Vicki L. Gregory , 75, American academic and librarian. [ 334 ] Michel Griffon , 77, French agronomist. [ 335 ] Roger Guesnerie , 82–83, French economist and academic. [ 336 ] Denise Harlow , 55, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (2010–2018), cancer. [ 337 ] Bobby Holmes , 93, Scottish footballer ( St Mirren ). [ 338 ] (death announced on this date) Nora Ikstena , 56, Latvian writer and cultural manager. [ 339 ] Klaus Keitel , 86, German politician, member (1990–2002) and president (1990–1998) of the Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt . [ 340 ] Kim Young-in [ ko ] , 85, South Korean actor ( Dachimawa Lee , No Blood No Tears , Arahan ). [ 341 ] Milorad Kosanović , 75, Serbian football player ( Proleter Zrenjanin , Vojvodina ) and manager ( Malta national team ). [ 342 ] Bernard Lemoux , 83, French businessman, president of Stade Rennais FC (1973–1977). [ 343 ] George C. Lodge , 98, American politician. [ 344 ] Oscar Lofton , 87, American football player ( Boston Patriots ) and coach ( Southeastern Louisiana Lions ). [ 345 ] Naser Toure Mahama , 60, Ghanaian politician, MP (since 2012). [ 346 ] Miloslav Masopust , 101, Czech general. [ 347 ] Giorgos Papadakis [ el ] , 74, Greek journalist and television presenter, heart attack. [ 348 ] Daniel Pelletti , 77, Belgian painter. [ 349 ] Jules Radich , 71, New Zealand politician, mayor of Dunedin (2022–2025), heart attack. [ 350 ] Michael Reagan , 80, American political commentator. [ 351 ] Marissa Sanchez , 69, Filipino tennis player. [ 352 ] Jacqueline Schaeffer , 91, French psychoanalyst. [ 353 ] Steve Sheetz , 77, American convenience store operator, CEO and president of Sheetz, Inc. (1984–1995). [ 354 ] Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo , 79, Indian historian and archaeologist. [ 355 ] Ralph L. Thomas , 86, Brazilian-born Canadian film director ( The Terry Fox Story , Apprentice to Murder , Ticket to Heaven ) and screenwriter, complications from heart disease. [ 356 ] Horacio Usandizaga , 85, Argentine politician, senator (1995–2003) and mayor of Rosario (1983–1989), complications from multiple strokes. [ 357 ] Mary White , 81, Irish businesswoman and politician, senator (2002–2016). [ 358 ] Xiao Zhuang , 92–93, Chinese photographer. [ 359 ] Teresa Zalewska , 83, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991). [ 360 ] 3 Hushang Ansary , 98, Iranian-American diplomat and politician, minister of finance (1974–1977) and information (1971–1974), ambassador to the United States (1967–1969), cardiac arrest. [ 361 ] Joan Costa Armengol [ es ] , 91, Spanish journalist. [ 362 ] Jamil Azar , 89, Jordanian journalist and broadcaster, founder of Al Jazeera . [ 363 ] Dietmar Bachmann , 91, Austrian politician, member of the Landtag of Tyrol (1965–1994). [ 364 ] Claude-Inga Barbey , 64, Swiss comedian, writer, and actress ( The Death of Mario Ricci ). [ 365 ] Stephen E. Braude , 80, American philosopher. [ 366 ] Natale Carlotto , 94, Italian politician, senator (1987–1994) and deputy (1976–1987). [ 367 ] Francesco Paolo Casavola , 94, Italian jurist, president of the Constitutional Court (1992–1995). [ 368 ] Frédéric Cerdal , 81, French actor and stage director. [ 369 ] Maria Eugènia Cuenca , 78, Spanish politician, member of the Catalan parliament (1999–2006) and the Congress of Deputies (1986–1992). [ 370 ] Tony Dennis , 63, Canadian football player ( Saskatchewan Roughriders ), multiple organ failure. [ 371 ] Dong Xiaoping [ zh ] , 75, Chinese folklorist. [ 372 ] Gerry Gable , 88, British political activist and magazine editor ( Searchlight ). [ 373 ] Bret Hanna-Shuford , 46, American actor ( Paramour , Amazing Grace , The Wolf of Wall Street ), cancer. [ 374 ] Franz Herre , 99, German journalist and biographer. [ 375 ] Marvalene Hughes , 88, American educator and academic administrator. [ 376 ] Mesut İktu , 78, Turkish operatic baritone. [ 377 ] Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo , 89, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Pereira (1984–1987), bishop of Málaga–Soatá (1987–2001) and of Buga (2001–2012). [ 378 ] Nalani Kanakaʻole , 79, American kumu hula . [ 379 ] Latif Karimi , Iranian protester, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brigadier general, shot . [ 380 ] Michael Kemner , 72, German bass guitarist ( Fehlfarben ), cancer. [ 381 ] David M. Maddox , 87, American army general. [ 382 ] Guðmundur Oddur Magnússon , 70, Icelandic artist and academic. [ 383 ] Sir Graham McCamley , 93, Australian beef producer. [ 384 ] John Meredith , 85, English footballer ( Doncaster Rovers , Chesterfield , Gillingham ). [ 385 ] Errol Moorcroft , 85, South African politician, member of the House of Assembly (1981–1987, 1989–1994) and National Assembly (1999–2004). [ 386 ] Dastagir Hossain Nira , 60, Bangladeshi footballer ( Dhaka Abahani , Mohammedan , national team ), cardiac arrest. [ 387 ] Pa O'Dwyer , 40, Irish strongman. [ 388 ] Sverre Anker Ousdal , 81, Norwegian actor ( Insomnia , Flight of the Eagle , The Last Place on Earth ). [ 389 ] Andrzej Paczkowski , 87, Polish historian. [ 390 ] Dimitar Penev , 80, Bulgarian football player ( CSKA Sofia , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 391 ] Jenny Plocki , 100, French women's rights activist. [ 392 ] Rolf Riehm , 88, German composer ( Sirenen ), oboist and academic ( Musikhochschule Frankfurt ). [ 393 ] Randy Riley , 63, American librarian. [ 394 ] Eva Schloss , 96, Austrian-British Holocaust survivor and memoirist. [ 395 ] Robert K. Tanenbaum , 83, American trial attorney and novelist, mayor of Beverly Hills, California (1988–1989, 1992–1993), cancer. [ 396 ] Nam Singh Thapa , 79, Nepali Olympic boxer ( 1964 ), cancer. [ 397 ] Samuel O. Thier , 88, American doctor and academic, president of Brandeis University (1991–1994). [ 398 ] Ivan Varshavsky , 87, Russian engineer and railway track foreman. [ 399 ] Wang Zheng , 64, Chinese vice admiral. [ 400 ] Terry Wharton , 83, English footballer ( Wolverhampton Wanderers , Bolton Wanderers , Crystal Palace ). [ 401 ] William H. Yohn Jr. , 90, American jurist and politician, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (since 1991), member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1968–1980). [ 402 ] Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi , 76, Indonesian Muslim scholar. [ 403 ] Mirosław Zdanowicz [ pl ] , 88, Polish social activist. [ 404 ] Zhang Kerang [ zh ] , 78, Chinese Peking opera actor. [ 405 ] 2 Ritva Auvinen , 93, Finnish opera singer. [ 406 ] Ian Balding , 87, British horse trainer. [ 407 ] Sukumar Barua , 87, Bangladeshi poet. [ 408 ] Shyam Bihari Lal , 60, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (since 2017), heart attack. [ 409 ] Carmen Arnold Biucchi , Swiss numismatist and archaeologist. [ 410 ] Dominique Bucchini , 82, French politician, MEP (1979–1984) and mayor of Sartène (1977–2001). [ 411 ] Tony Carr , 98, Maltese session drummer and percussionist ( CCS , Hot Chocolate ). [ 412 ] Jean-Max Causse , 85, French actor ( I Stand Alone ). [ 413 ] Bohdan Chufus , 75, Ukrainian journalist, actor and singer. [ 414 ] Jenny Collins , 83, English radio presenter ( BBC Radio Merseyside ). [ 415 ] (death announced on this date) Miquel Contestí , 92, Spanish football executive, president of RCD Mallorca (1978–1992). [ 416 ] Sir Patrick Duffy , 105, British politician, MP (1963–1966, 1970–1992) and president of the NATO Assembly (1988–1990). [ 417 ] Toshio Fujii , 83, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (1998–2004), heart failure. [ 418 ] Francis Grant , 101, British marine and World War II veteran. [ 419 ] Stephen E. Haggerty , 87, American geophysicist. [ 420 ] Evan Hammond , 45, Canadian radio host and sports broadcaster ( CJAV-FM ), stroke. [ 421 ] Sidney Kibrick , 97, American actor ( Our Gang ). [ 422 ] Kristi Kiick , 58, American academic. [ 423 ] Elbert Kimbrough , 87, American football player ( San Francisco 49ers , Los Angeles Rams , New Orleans Saints ). [ 424 ] Anna Kurek , 96, Polish nurse and Warsaw Uprising participant. [ 425 ] Paul C. Lambert , 97, American diplomat, ambassador to Ecuador (1990–1992). [ 426 ] Johnny Legend , 77, American rockabilly musician, film producer and wrestling manager, stroke and heart failure. [ 427 ] Vladimir Lukić , 92, Bosnian Serb politician, prime minister of Republika Srpska (1993–1994). [ 428 ] Ashok Gajanan Modak , 85, Indian politician and academic, Maharashtra MLC (1994–2006). [ 429 ] Con Pederson , 91, American visual effects artist ( 2001: A Space Odyssey , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Garfield: The Movie ). [ 430 ] Valery Fyodorovich Plotnikov , 82, Russian photographer. [ 431 ] Tim Robertson , 81, English-born Australian actor ( Chances , Australia You're Standing In It , Stingers ). [ 432 ] (death announced on this date) Lajos Rovátkay , 92, Hungarian-born German harpsichordist and musicologist. [ 433 ] Saleh Rusheidat , 80, Jordanian politician, member of the House of Representatives (1993–1997) and Senate (since 2009). [ 434 ] Edith Renfrow Smith , 111, American supercentenarian. [ 435 ] Phoenix Spicer , 23, Australian footballer ( North Melbourne ). [ 436 ] Ivanne Trebbi , 97, Italian partisan and politician, deputy (1979–1987). [ 437 ] Jim Willis , 98, American baseball player ( Chicago Cubs ). [ 438 ] Robert Wolski , 43, Polish Olympic high jumper ( 2004 ), traffic collision. [ 439 ] Nellie Wong , 91, American poet. [ 440 ] 1 Marat Amankulov , 55, Kyrgyz politician, MP (2015–2021). [ 441 ] Yvan Aumont , 87, French engineer and journalist ( Lys rouge ). [ 442 ] Alan Baker , 81, English footballer ( Aston Villa ). [ 443 ] Allyn Bromley , 97, American visual artist and art educator. [ 444 ] Xesús Cañedo [ es ] , 67, Spanish politician, co-founder of the Partíu Asturianista . [ 445 ] Lana Chornohorska , 26, Ukrainian soldier. [ 446 ] Diane Crump , 77, American jockey and horse trainer, glioblastoma. [ 447 ] Nexhat Daci , 81, Kosovan politician, acting president (2006) and chairman of the Assembly (2001–2006). [ 448 ] Brian Doyle , 90, Canadian writer. [ 449 ] Yehezkel Dror , 97, Austrian-born Israeli political scientist. [ 450 ] Imants Freibergs , 91, Latvian computer scientist, first gentleman (1999–2007). [ 451 ] James Grauerholz , 72, American writer, pneumonia. [ 452 ] Mohamed Harbi , 92, Algerian historian. [ 453 ] Huang Dongbi , 86, Chinese diplomat. [ 454 ] Jeon Jun-ho [ ko ] , 50, South Korean baseball player ( Hyundai Unicorns , Woori Heroes , SK Wyverns ), lung cancer. [ 455 ] Victoria Jones , 34, American actress. [ 456 ] Morris Kahn , 95, South African-born Israeli telecommunications industry executive, founder of Golden Pages , Amdocs and the Aurec Group . [ 457 ] Andrey Khoroshev [ ru ] , 66, Russian actor and screenwriter ( Engineering Red , 8 ½ $ , Admiral ). [ 458 ] Harvey C. Krautschun , 76, American politician, member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (1985–1996). [ 459 ] Hiroshi Kume , 81, Japanese television host, lung cancer. [ 460 ] John Langdon , 79, American typographer and graphic designer. [ 461 ] Arno Liiver , 71, Estonian actor ( Spring , Summer , Autumn ). [ 462 ] Lin Chaoqiang , 92, Chinese aerodynamicist. [ 463 ] Arnold Long , 85, British cricketer ( Sussex , MCC , Surrey ), cancer. [ 464 ] Volodymyr Marchenko , 103, Ukrainian mathematician ( Marchenko equation , Marchenko–Pastur distribution ). [ 465 ] Hélio Mauro , 83, Brazilian politician, deputy (1975–1978), mayor of Goiânia (1978–1979), cardiac arrest. [ 466 ] Paul McCullagh Jr. , 25, Northern Irish boxer, bone cancer. [ 467 ] Colin McDonald , 95, English footballer ( Burnley , Headington United , national team ). [ 468 ] Enric Mestre , 89, Spanish sculptor. [ 469 ] Mukhsin Mukhamadiev , 59, Tajik-Russian football player ( Tajikistan national team , Russia national team ) and manager (Tajikistan national team). [ 470 ] Sir James Munby , 77, English judge, president of the Family Division (2013–2018). [ 471 ] Hubertus von Pilgrim , 94, German sculptor. [ 472 ] Gregory de Polnay , 82, English actor ( Dixon of Dock Green , Doctor Who , Howards' Way ). [ 473 ] Dame Karen Poutasi , 76, New Zealand public health official, director general of health (1995–2006). [ 474 ] Candy Raymond , 75, Australian actress ( Don's Party , Number 96 , Prisoner ). [ 475 ] (death announced on this date) Amit Saar , 47, Israeli intelligence officer, head of the Military Intelligence Research Department (2020–2024), brain cancer. [ 476 ] Roland Schäfer , 76, German politician, mayor of Bergkamen (1998–2020). [ 477 ] Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo , 80, Angolan Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Luanda (1990–1992) and bishop of Mbanza Congo (1992–2008). [ 478 ] Margaret Anne Staggers , 79, American politician, member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (2007–2014). [ 479 ] Hessy Levinsons Taft , 91, German chemist and child model. [ 480 ] Ruben Yesayan , 79, Russian-Armenian test pilot. [ 481 ] Yuen Cheung-yan , 68, Hong Kong actor ( The Miracle Fighters , Drunken Tai Chi , Flying Dagger ), director, and martial arts choreographer. [ 482 ] Valentin Zakharov , 92, Russian figure skater. [ 483 ] References ^ На 91-му році життя померла фахівчиня у галузі медичної генетики Олена Гречаніна ^ First mufti of Kazakhstan passes away ^ Plateau Imam who shielded 262 Christians during attack is dead ^ Preminuo je Ante Grgurević (51), jedan od najomiljenijih splitskih košarkaša i trenera! Bio je sinonim za borbenost (in Croatian) ^ Rafael Qvaladze vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Muere Irene de Grecia, hermana y fiel escudera de la reina Sofía (in Spanish) ^ '한국의 장 주네' 김신용 시인 별세…향년 81세 (in Korean) ^ Zimbabwean Tycoon Mutumwa Mawere Dies in SA Days After 66th Birthday ^ Siouxsie And the Banshees Drummer Kenny Morris Has Died ^ Athlétisme : décès d’Edgar Salvé, ex-champion d’Europe indoor du 1.500 m (in French) ^ বাংলার প্রাক্তন ক্রিকেটার অজয় ভার্মা প্রয়াত, শোকের ছায়া ময়দানে (in Bengali) ^ Մահացել է Գագիկ Եգանյանը (in Armenian) ^ Воспитанник ЦСКА найден мертвым в Подмосковье (in Russian) ^ Умер Дмитрий Акимов (in Russian) ^ Queer Māori Playwright Aroha Awarau Passes Away Peacefully in Ponsonby ^ Uganda mourns loss of education pioneer Namirembe Bitamazire ^ Murió el periodista colombiano Alfonso Castellanos (in Spanish) ^ Ancien député et père d'Yvan Colonna, Jean-Hugues Colonna est mort (in French) ^ È morta Valeria Fedeli, ex ministra dell’Istruzione (in Italian) ^ Помер народний депутат від "Слуги народу" Олександр Кабанов: перші подробиці (in Ukrainian) ^ Former Lotte Coach Kim Min-jae, National Team Shortstop, Dies ^ Rick Link Passes Away ^ Chinese Go legend Nie Weiping passes away ^ Adiós a Melania Pérez, voz emblema de la música argentina y del Festival de Cosquín (in Spanish) ^ Fallece el exalcalde de València Ricard Pérez Casado a los 80 años (in Spanish) ^ Jyväskylässä vaikuttanut olympiaurheilija Seppo Reijonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Décès de Jean Rossier, président de Parole et Musique (in French) ^ Ernestine Russell Weaver, two-time Canadian Olympian and legendary U.S. coach, passes away at age 87 ^ Radio-Legende Ado Schlier mit 90 Jahren in Würzburg gestorben (in German) ^ Morre a atriz e modelo Vera Barreto Leite Valdez aos 89 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Fallece el músico Quemil Yambay, ícono del folclore paraguayo (in Spanish) ^ Умер Игорь Золотовицкий (in Russian) ^ Scott Adams, Creator of the ‘Dilbert’ Comic Strip, Dies at 68 ^ Veteran journalist Iqbal Athas passes away ^ Addio a Lina Bernardi, l’attrice di Latina aveva lavorato con i più grandi registi (in Italian) ^ Alfred Blumstein ^ Former Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich dies at age 59 ^ Capoterra, addio alla calciatrice Paola Cardia, 74 anni, nota Paoletta: il centrocampo era il suo mondo (in Italian) ^ Former ECB chief executive David Collier dies aged 70 ^ Claudette Colvin, US civil rights pioneer, dies at 86 ^ Regal Nizam-era Socialite Indira Devi Passes Away ^ Mort de Catherine Duprat, historienne de la Révolution française (in French) ^ Nie żyje Barbara Eustachiewicz-Kowal, wybitna polska gimnastyczka sportowa (in Polish) ^ Odszedł Jesse Philip Flis (1933–2026) – rozmowa z 2018 r. (in Polish) ^ Assam: Retired IAS officer Bir Bhadra Hagjer passes away at 75 ^ Mozambique: Footballer Ali Hassan passes away at 61 ^ 混元禪師圓寂！曾腎臟萎縮病危、長期糖尿病 醫示警6徵兆快就醫 (in Chinese) ^ Suri endine poliitik Heiki Kranich (in Estonian) ^ 97 Play Off Champion Jason Lafreniere Passes Away, aged 59 ^ Theatre world pays tribute to Blanche Marvin, who has died aged 100 ^ Doug McConnell, longtime host of OpenRoad with Doug McConnell and Friends, dies ^ Bruce McLeod, 25th Moderator of The United Church of Canada, Dies at Age 97 ^ Addio a Rolando Nannicini, il cordoglio del mondo politico (in Italian) ^ Renowned Cork singer Seán Ó Sé dies aged 89 ^ Ушёл из жизни бывший футболист тюменского «Геолога» Иван Онуфриев (in Russian) ^ Voor theatermaker Annemarie Prins was maatschappijkritiek en engagement tweede natuur (in Dutch) ^ Lutto nel calcio, si è spento l'ex calciatore della Spal: vinse un campionato di Serie C (in Italian) ^ « Écrivain de l’agriculture » et photographe, le Mayennais Jean-Loup Trassard est décédé (in French) ^ Zomrel režisér, dramaturg a publicista Rudolf Urc, významná osobnosť slovenskej kinematografie (in Slovak) ^ Former Cyprus President George Vassiliou, who put the country on the path to EU membership, has died ^ Hong Kong corporate governance activist David Webb dies at 60 ^ ”Arne” i Kurt Olsson död (in Swedish) ^ Veteran 2GB radio announcer Bruce Wilshire has died aged 81 ^ Մահացել է հայ քաղաքական գործիչ, ՀՀԿ առանցքային ներկայացուցիչ Ռազմիկ Զոհրաբյանը (in Armenian) ^ Oba Babatunde Akran of Badagry dies at 89 ^ Israeli-backed group kills a senior Hamas police officer in Gaza, threatens more attacks ^ BBC's Good Old Days and Coronation Street star and singer Sheila Bernette dies aged 94 ^ Clauson, Paul John ^ Entraîneur français emblématique, Rolland Courbis est mort (in French) ^ George Mason Athletics Mourns The Loss of Longtime Assistant Bill Courtney ^ Mantan Bupati Bekasi Mochammad Djamhari Tutup Usia di Bandung (in Indonesian) ^ John Forté, celebrated recording artist, dies suddenly at 50 ^ Rick Garcia, activist and leader in Chicago's LGBTQ+ civil rights movement, dies at 69 ^ Ex-cricketer Mohammad Ilyas passes away in Lahore ^ สิ้น “อัษฎา ชัยนาม” อดีตเอกอัครราชทูตและผู้แทนถาวรไทยประจำUN ถึงแก่อนิจกรรม (in Thai) ^ Presentator Robert Jensen (52) overleden aan hartstilstand (in Dutch) ^ Renowned actress Jayasree Kabir passes away in London ^ Professor Emeritus Robert Kohn (1953-2026) ^ Black Midi Co-Founder Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin Dies at 26 ^ Author Jan Mårtenson dies at 92 ^ Eddie McCreadie – 1940-2026 ^ Morto Luigi Nicolais, è stato presidente della fondazione Reggia di Carditello (in Italian) ^ Alain Orsoni, ancien dirigeant nationaliste, abattu lors des obsèques de sa mère en Corse (in French) ^ Mario Rigutti (in Italian) ^ Südtirol trauert um Roland Riz (in German) ^ Décès de Catherine Samie, pilier de la Comédie-Française (in French) ^ e peintre nîmois Michel Tombereau est mort (in French) ^ Hall of Fame Trick Rider and Wife of Hall of Fame Stock Contractor Passes Away ^ „Einer der besten Debattenredner": Martin Willich ist tot (in German) ^ הפקולטה למדעי החיים מרכינה ראשה בצער על פטירתו של פרופ' יצחק (איציק) ויץ ז"ל (in Hebrew) ^ Mirė legendinis Lietuvos futbolo treneris Benjaminas Zelkevičius (in Lithuanian) ^ Умер бывший бейсболист сборной России Павел Акишев (in Russian) ^ The Passing of Dr. Gabriel Barkay ^ Addio Alberto Benzoni. Socialista di valore dallo sguardo acuto (in Italian) ^ Brus, Rice alumnus and Nobel laureate, passes away at 82 ^ Thomas Causey, Sound Mixer on ‘Dick Tracy,’ ‘Broadcast News’ and ‘Defending Your Life,’ Dies at 76 ^ [1] (in Italian) ^ Richard Codey, former governor of New Jersey, dies at 79 ^ Marcus Gilbert 1958 - 2026 RIP ^ Pirates World Series champion Dave Giusti dies at age 86 ^ Clubs pay tribute to former player Hopkins ^ Bernie Carlton Keel ^ Ueli Kestenholz, snowboarder e sportivo estremo svizzero, è morto travolto da una valanga (in Italian) ^ Ушел из жизни олимпийский чемпион по тяжелой атлетике (in Russian) ^ 児玉更太郎さん（こだま・こうたろう＝元安芸高田市長) (in Japanese) (subscription required) ^ Falleció el huancaíno Nelson Manrique, referente de las ciencias sociales del Perú (in Spanish) ^ Morre a atriz Titina Medeiros, aos 48 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Veteran Syrian Actor Ahmad Melli dies at 80 ^ Mor als 77 anys Miquel Naudí, qui va ser conseller general entre 1981 i 1983 i conseller comunal de Canillo (in Catalan) ^ Takashi Ono, 1928–2026 ^ 박순용(전 검찰총장)씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Zemřela Miroslava Pešíková, osobnost našeho baletu a sólistka Národního divadla (in Czech) ^ Clarence Pierce ^ Doliu la UTA Arad » Eugen Pojoni, dublu campion al României, a murit la 84 de ani (in Romanian) ^ Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell passes away ^ Veteran Left leader Samir Putatundu dies following prolonged illness ^ Saudi Arabia’s oldest man dies at 142, leaves 134 children and grandchildren ^ Filmskaper Grete Salomonsen Hynnekleiv er død (in Norwegian) ^ Robert G. Shulman, Yale biophysicist and pioneer of spectroscopy ^ Aniceto “Chito” Sobrepeña, veteran public servant and corporate leader, dies at 77 ^ Singer-actor Prashant Tamang passes away at 43 in Delhi ^ Addio a Sergio Tarquinio, una vita lunga un secolo tra fumetto e arte (in Italian) ^ ‘Enigmatic’ Hollyoaks star Trevor A Toussaint dies aged 65 ^ Tributes paid to 'extraordinary musician' John Wallace ^ Oud-burgemeester van Grobbendonk Herman Wouters overleden in ziekenhuis (in Dutch) ^ Andlát: Sturla Böðvarsson (in Icelandic) ^ Manoel Carlos, autor de grandes novelas da TV brasileira, morre aos 92 anos no Rio (in Portuguese) ^ Daniel Colson (1943-2026) ^ Former Burkinabe minister Viviane Compaoré found murdered ^ Schweizer Autor und Publizist Erich von Däniken ist gestorben (in German) ^ Leading Sire Distorted Humor Dies at 33 ^ Умер призер чемпионатов мира по гребле на байдарках Сергей Галков (in Russian) ^ In Memoriam: Richard Hynes ^ Husker Legend Jim Hartung Passes Away ^ Fallece el exblanquivioleta Mario Jacquet a los 79 años (in Spanish) ^ Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski (in Polish) ^ Sitting Maine representative Kathy Javner dies of cancer ^ Atención: en accidente de avioneta esta tarde en Paipa (Boyacá) muere el cantante Yeison Jiménez y sus músicos (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel opavský politik, bývalý poslanec Václav Klučka (in Czech) ^ Former Louisiana State Senator Robert Kostelka dies at 92 ^ EastEnders actor Derek Martin dies aged 92 ^ Fallece Marco Proaño Maya, exvicepresidente del Congreso Nacional (in Spanish) ^ Hockey Olympian Davinder Singh Garcha passes away ^ Zemřel religionista Ivan Štampach. Spojoval křesťanství s otevřeností a dialogem (in Czech) ^ Monsieur Thierry STEINMETZ footballeur professionnel (in French) ^ Addio a Orazio Svelto, pioniere della ricerca sui laser in Italia (in Italian) ^ Isabel Veloso Dead: Influencer Dies at Age 19 After Battling Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ^ Fallece el actor cubano Manolo Villaverde, el querido Pepe en "¿Qué pasa USA? (in Spanish) ^ Honoured health reformer Prawase dies aged 93 ^ Bob Weir, co-founder of rock group the Grateful Dead, dies at age 78 ^ Robert Wolgemuth, Best-Selling Christian Author and Husband of Nancy DeMoss, Dies at 77 ^ Genius Chimpanzee Ai Dies at Age 49, Primate Known for Enthusiastic Role in Research on Learning, Memory ^ Zéno Bianu (1950-2025) (in French) ^ Muere el periodista Andrés Caniulef a los 48 años de edad - Chilevisión (in Spanish) ^ 'The Thing' Actor T.K. Carter Dead at 69 ^ Father of American Freediving Bob Croft Dies Aged 91 ^ Décès de Jean-Louis Duplat, ancien président de la Commission bancaire (in French) ^ Murió la maestra Beatriz González, ícono del arte colombiano (in Spanish) ^ Serieskaparen Ulf Granberg död (in Swedish) ^ Zemřela PaedDr. Jitka Gruntová (in Czech) ^ Porsche mourns the loss of Hans Herrmann ^ Longtime New Orleans activist Sandra Wheeler Hester dies ^ Entinen keskisuomalainen kansanedustaja Pirkko Ikonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Heber Jentzsch Dead at 90: Scientology's Longtime 'President' Dies Years After Being Transferred to a Nursing Home ^ CDU Essen trauert um Manfred Kuhmichel (in German) ^ Đại tướng, Anh hùng LLVT nhân dân Lê Văn Dũng – Một cuộc đời trọn vẹn với non sông (in Vietnamese) ^ Former Ranji Trophy Cricketer from Mizoram Dies After Collapsing During Match ^ Humanists UK mourns Diane Munday, leading campaigner for the Abortion Act (1931-2026) ^ Ушел из жизни Валерий Носков (in Russian) ^ Shakespeare and Company Founding Artistic Director Tina Packer dies ^ Ci lascia Zelico Petrovic, stagioni meravigliose a Taranto (in Italian) ^ Larry Snook ^ Renaissance drummer Terry Sullivan has died ^ Muere Josep Maria Triginer, fundador del PSC y firmante de los Pactos de la Moncloa (in Spanish) ^ Eleni Varikas: the years with the FI in Greece ^ 前中常委「姚董」姚江臨辭世 國民黨工感念：他永遠走在第一線 (in Chinese) ^ Bishop Vincenzo Zarri † ^ Farewell to a great lady ^ Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Musa Gibril Bala Gaye ^ Танымал қазақстандық актер Мұрат Бисенбин өмірден өтті (in Kazakh) ^ Loraine Braham, trailblazing Northern Territory politician dies, aged 87 ^ Maler Günther Brendel gestorben (in German) ^ Filha de Olavo de Carvalho é encontrada morta (in Portuguese) ^ Zemřel sochař Václav Cigler, bylo mu 96 let. Poprvé v historii použil optické sklo k tvorbě uměleckého díla (in Czech) ^ Jornalista Conrado Corsalette morre em São Paulo aos 47 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Nie żyje były poseł i prezydent Łomży. Mieczysław Czerniawski miał 77 lat (in Polish) ^ Nelly Chatue-Diop, pionnière de la crypto pour tous en Afrique, est morte (in French) ^ La disparition de Jean-Luc Domenach (in French) ^ Former all-star linebacker, Grey Cup champion with Stamps, Jim Furlong, dead at 85 ^ Serguei, dessinateur au « Monde » depuis quarante-cinq ans, est mort (in French) ^ Veteran SP Leader, Eight-Time MLA Vijay Singh Gond Passes Away at 68 ^ Foxtrot producer David Hitchcock has passed away ^ 痛别！简水生院士逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Mort de l’ex-mari de Caroline de Monaco, le déchirant message de sa fille Victoria Junot : "À mon papa légendaire…" (in French) ^ Malawi Mourns Former Deputy Speaker Madalitso Kazombo ^ Larose, whose signature voice helped shape Haitian music, dies at 80 ^ Obituary: Opera Director Rhoda Levine Dies at 93 ^ Atriz Elisa Lisboa morreu aos 81 anos (in Portuguese) ^ В Кургане погиб экс-глава Калининграда Евгений Любивый (in Russian) ^ Padova piange Antonino Mangano, il maestro dell’atletica veneta (in Italian) ^ Guy Moon Dies: Emmy-Nominated ‘Fairly OddParents’ Composer Was 63 ^ Politikus Demokrat dan Mantan Ketua Komisi IV DPR RI, Kolonel (Purn) Jafar Nainggolan Wafat (in Indonesian) ^ 画家・中村宏さん死去 砂川闘争描いた「ルポルタージュ絵画」：朝日新聞 (in Japanese) ^ El Punk está de luto: falleció el gran músico Álvaro Peña Rojas (1943-2026) (in Spanish) ^ Howard Riley: 1938–2026 ^ Schrijfster Astrid Roemer overleden (in Dutch) ^ Kjersti Scheen (in Norwegian) ^ Sēru vēsts: mūžībā devusies Latvijas un pasaules basketbola leģenda Uļjana Semjonova (in Latvian) ^ Sir Tim Shadbolt has died at age 78 ^ Manipur BJP leader Meinam Bhorot Singh dies after prolonged illness in Imphal ^ جمهوری اسلامی مجتبی ترشیز، بازیکن پیشین تراکتور و همسرش را به قتل رساند (in Persian) ^ Matthew Taylor RIP ^ Le sport belge en deuil : le rameur Wim Van Belleghem, le seul Belge champion du monde en aviron, est décédé (in French) ^ Paul Visser ^ Terry Yorath obituary ^ Iran executes a man convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad ^ Madjoulba Batocfetou, patron de l'ICAT s'est éteint (in French) ^ James Bernard, founding editor of ‘The Source’ and co-founder of ‘XXL,’ dies ^ Помер український композитор Блажков, Гордон, 8.1.2026, автор - Ельчін Садаєв (in Ukrainian) ^ Mort d'Albert Bourgi, professeur de droit et figure du socialisme en Afrique (in French) ^ È morta Raffaella Bragazzi, storica voce di «Ok, il prezzo è giusto», aveva 66 anni (in Italian) ^ Frank Stanley Cerveny ^ Muere "El Chiri", excompetidor de Calle y beisbolista chiricano (in Spanish) ^ Obituary | Martin Chivers ^ Falleció Ángel Coerezza, uno de los mejores árbitros argentinos y ejemplo de persona (in Spanish) ^ John Witt Derr ^ 北海道・前釧路市長の蝦名大也さん（67）死去 議員秘書や北海道議などを経て4期16年釧路市長 防災インフラの整備に尽力 関係者からも悼む声 (in Japanese) ^ Former Memphis Rogues soccer star Tony Field dies at 79 ^ Vera Frances dead: Child star dies surrounded by family as tributes pour in ^ Madhav Gadgil (1942-2026) ^ Woman killed by ICE in Minneapolis identified ^ Morto monsignor Domenico Graziani, fu vescovo di Cassano e arcivescovo di Crotone (in Italian) ^ Hall, ironman goaltender with record 502 consecutive starts, dies at 94 ^ Sidney de Jong ^ Rebecca, Becky, Roo: Missing Miss Kilgore ^ Jon Lindsay, the longest-serving Harris County judge, dies at 90 ^ Former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski dies at 74 ^ Obituary: Ian McCrae ^ Former Colts RB Randy McMillan dies at 67 ^ New Mexico remembers former lieutenant governor, musician ^ Kabindra Purkayastha, the Patriarch of Assam BJP Passes Away at 94 ^ Former State Rep. Howard Sanderford dies at 90 ^ Dietrich Stratmann (in German) ^ Death of Seydou Madani Sy, former Minister of Justice and first Senegalese rector of UCAD ^ Kim Thorson ^ Hall of Fame tight end Billy Truax dies at 82 ^ Muore a 84 anni la giornalista parmigiana Chiara Valentini, è stata la biografa di Berlinguer (in Italian) ^ وفاة المفكر والفيلسوف المصري مراد وهبة عن 100 عام (in Arabic) ^ Vale Athol Webb | Melbourne mourns premiership hero ^ 云南省民间文艺家协会第六届副主席昂自明逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Former MLA and mayor Joe Arlooktoo passes away at 86 ^ Elle avait risqué sa vie pour en sauver d'autres : Odette Bergoffen, Juste parmi les Nations, est morte à 101 ans (in French) ^ Odszedł Profesor Andrzej Bogusławski (in Polish) ^ Former Queensland senator Ron 'Bozzie' Boswell dies aged 85 ^ John Cunningham, Veteran Broadway Actor, Dies at 93 ^ Former Maryland AD Dick Dull Passes Away ^ V.K. Ebrahim Kunju, IUML leader and former Kerala Minister, passes away ^ Deggendorfs frühere Oberbürgermeisterin Anna Eder ist gestorben (in German) ^ Johannes Fabian (in Dutch) ^ В Ухте скончался 32-летний нападающий МФК «Норильский никель» Алекс Фелипе (in Russian) ^ Angella Ferguson ^ Edith Flanigen ^ Schengen signatory Robert Goebbels passes away at 81 ^ Former Union minister Suresh Kalmadi passes away at 81 after prolonged illness ^ Doug LaMalfa, California Republican congressman, dies aged 65 ^ Elhunyt Láyer József volt országgyűlési képviselő (in Hungarian) ^ Alabama Music Hall of Famer, Huntsville native Jim McBride, dies at 78 ^ Jack McGregor, original founder of Pittsburgh Penguins, dies at 91 ^ AfD-Landtagsabgeordnete Muxel gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Raffaele Nogaro † ^ James E. O'Grady ^ Veteran Iranian actor Saeid Pirdoost passes away ^ Guinea ex-security chief convicted over crimes against humanity dies ^ Oud-burgemeester Jaap Pop overleden (in Dutch) ^ DA Gauteng mourns passing of former MPL David Quail ^ Obituary: Nihal Seneviratne ^ Bağır Süleymanov vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Meghalt Tarr Béla (in Hungarian) ^ Jerry Thomas, MVP of 1956 College World Series with Gophers, dies at 90 ^ Morto Gianpaolo Tosel, è stato per anni giudice sportivo della Serie A: aveva 85 anni (in Italian) ^ Le PSG en deuil, une figure historique du club s'est éteinte (in French) ^ Не стало Анатолия Евтушенко (in Russian) ^ 著名文艺理论家、北大中文系教授张少康逝世 (in Chinese) ^ 周立伟院士逝世：他“创立了自己的科学学派” (in Chinese) ^ South Korean Film Legend Ahn Sung-ki Dies at 75 ^ Aldrich Ames, CIA officer convicted of spying for Russia, dies at age 84 ^ Luto en el boxeo colombiano por la muerte del legendario 'Bony' Ávila (in Spanish) ^ Mustergültiger Aufklärer (in German) ^ Bassist Andrew Bodnar (o.a. Graham Parker & The Rumour) overleden (in Dutch) ^ Andrew Carter - In Memoriam ^ Tom Cherones, Emmy-Winning ‘Seinfeld’ Director and Producer, Dies at 86 ^ Fallece Beatriz de Lenclós, la gran vedette vitoriana que marcó época (in Spanish) ^ Jim Dennison, winningest football coach at Akron and Walsh, dies ^ Marian Diamond: Miriam Margolyes pays tribute to 'dear friend' after Jackanory star's death aged 89 ^ Meghalt Dudás Miki (in Hungarian) ^ Razor – Former Drummer Mike Embro Dead At 63 ^ 元グラドル藤乃あおいさんが死去、27歳 親族が発表 23年に希少がんを公表 闘病続けていた (in Japanese) ^ Bishop Paolo Gillet † ^ Morto Pier Francesco Guarguaglini, Crosetto: uomo di intelligenza e visione (in Italian) ^ Bruce Hammock: 1947-2026 ^ Acteur Ad van Kempen overleden op 81-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Odszedł na Wieczną Wartę Druh harcmistrz Wiktor Kinecki (in Polish) ^ Fallece José Mingorance, leyenda de la época dorada del Córdoba CF en Primera División (in Spanish) ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن رضا مرادی عبدالوند ششمین جانباخته اعتراضات شهر ازنا (in Persian) ^ Jawann Oldham, a basketball star at Cleveland High, Seattle U, dies at 68 ^ “พระองค์หญิงอินทุรัตนา บริพัตร” (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าอินทุรัตนา) สิ้นพระชนม์ สิริพระชันษา ๑๐๓ ปี (in Thai) ^ Artist and fashion writer Molly Parkin dies ^ Χρήστος Πολίτης: Πέθανε τη Δευτέρα και τον βρήκε ο αδελφός του νεκρό μια μέρα αργότερα (in Greek) ^ Pulford, 4-time Stanley Cup champion with Maple Leafs, dies at 89 ^ La città piange Cosimo Scaglioso. Fu docente emerito e senatore (in Italian) ^ Chef and food stylist Elle Simone Scott dies at 49 ^ Zemřel specialista na pokutové kopy. Brankář si zachytal za Slavii i Spartu (in Czech) ^ Karel-zangeres Elsje de Wijn overleden op 82-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Tribute to Sutton Harrier Ken Wilcock, who has died aged 91 ^ Mike Wilson (1959-2026): The King of Karting takes his final bow ^ Po těžké nemoci zemřel bývalý rektor ČVUT Jiří Witzany, bylo mu 84 let (in Czech) ^ 105岁东北妇运工作开拓者之一、黑龙江省妇联原主任吴琳涛逝世 (in Chinese) ^ WKU Athletics Hall of Famer Forest "Frosty" Able Passes Away ^ رئيس الوزراء الأسبق علي ابو الراغب في ذمة الله (in Arabic) ^ Jamia Ashrafia head Maulana Ashrafi passes away ^ Pionnière du travail social sur l’itinérance et le profilage, la chercheuse Céline Bellot s’éteint (in French) ^ Ci ha lasciati coach Mario Blasone. Le condoglianze del presidente Petrucci. Disposto minuto di silenzio (in Italian) ^ Robert Gerald Boyer ^ OHL, CHL Mourn the Loss of David Branch, Transformative Commissioner and Hockey Visionary ^ Le rappeur Calbo, membre du duo emblématique Ärsenik, est mort à l’âge de 52 ans (in French) ^ Gardienne des remèdes d'antan, la Valaisanne Germaine Cousin-Zermatten s'est éteinte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Le magicien de bal Kamiel Dierckx est décédé à l’âge de 84 ans (in French) ^ Edinburgh's last star director has died, at 97 ^ Muere Manuel Fernández Ilarraza, expresidente del Parlamento (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel kněz Miloslav Fiala (in Czech) ^ Andy Friendly Dies: First ‘Entertainment Tonight’ Producer, Son Of Legendary CBS Newsman Fred Friendly Was 74 ^ Veteran Dravidian ideologue L. Ganesan no more ^ Anne-Claire Goulon, ex-dirigeante du groupe Livio, s'est éteinte à 51 ans (in French) ^ Vicki Gregory ^ Hommage à Michel Griffon (in French) ^ Hommage à Roger Guesnerie (in French) ^ Former Portland lawmaker Denise Harlow dies at 55 ^ Bobby Holmes ^ Mūžībā devusies rakstniece Nora Ikstena (in Latvian) ^ Erster Landtagspräsident von Sachsen-Anhalt ist verstorben (in German) ^ '원조 스턴트맨'…60년간 배우 활동한 김영인씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Na svoj rođendan preminuo Milorad Kosanović (in Serbian) ^ Stade Rennais : l'ancien président du club Bernard Lemoux est décédé (in French) ^ George Lodge ^ Oscar Warren Lofton ^ Ayawaso East MP Mahama Naser Toure dies after short illness ^ Zemřel válečný veterán Miloslav Masopust (in Czech) ^ Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο Γιώργος Παπαδάκης ύστερα από έμφραγμα (in Greek) ^ La Louvière perd l'un de ses artistes emblématiques : Daniel Pelletti a tiré sa révérence à l'âge de 77 ans (in French) ^ Former mayor of Dunedin Jules Radich dies ^ Michael Reagan, Eldest Son Of Ronald Reagan, Has Died ^ ‘70s PHL tennis star Marissa Sanchez dies at 69 ^ Décès de Jacqueline Schaeffer (1934-2026) (in French) ^ Former Sheetz president and CEO Steve Sheetz dies at age 77 ^ Khadial King Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo Passes Away at 80 ^ Ralph L. Thomas, ‘The Terry Fox Story’ Director and Journalist, Dies at 86 ^ Murió Horacio Usandizaga, histórico dirigente de la UCR y primer intendente de Rosario tras el regreso de la democracia (in Spanish) ^ ‘She was a force of nature’ – Mary White, former senator and founder of Lir Chocolates, dies aged 81 ^ 著名摄影家、新中国第一批女摄影记者晓庄逝世，享年94岁 (in Chinese) ^ Zmarła Pani Teresa Zalewska (in Polish) ^ Hushang Ansary (98) overleden (in Dutch) ^ S’ha mort el periodista Joan Armengol a 91 anys (in Catalan) ^ وفاة الإعلامي الأردني جميل عازر أحد مؤسسي قناة “الجزيرة” القطرية (in Arabic) ^ Langjähriger Tiroler ÖVP-Mandatar Bachmann 91-jährig verstorben (in German) ^ La comédienne genevoise Claude-Inga Barbey s'en est allée (in French) ^ Stephen Edward Braude ^ Morto a 94 anni l'ex senatore Natale Carlotto (in Italian) ^ Morto Francesco Paolo Casavola, il diritto come missione (in Italian) ^ Il prêtait sa voix à une légende du cinéma : le comédien français Frédéric Cerdal nous a quittés à l'âge de 81 ans (in French) ^ Mor Maria Eugènia Cuenca, la primera dona que va ser consellera de la Generalitat (in Catalan) ^ Obit: Former Windsor CFL receiver Tony Dennis dies after multiple organ failure ^ 著名民俗学家、教育家、北京师大教授董晓萍逝世，享年75岁 (in Chinese) ^ Gerry Gable (1937–2026) ^ Broadway Alum Bret Hanna-Shuford Passes Away at 46 ^ Franz Herre (in German) ^ Marvalene Hughes ^ Opera sanatçısı Prof. Dr. Mesut İktu vefat etti (in Turkish) ^ Bishop Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo † ^ Nālani Kanakaʻole, revered Kumu Hula and cultural matriarch, passes at 79 ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن لطیف کریمی با شلیک مستقیم نیروهای حکومتی/ تلاش حکومت برای مصادره و وارونهسازی واقعیت (in Persian) ^ Zum Tod des Fehlfarben-Bassisten Michael Kemner: Ohne Atempause Rockgeschichte gemacht (in German) ^ E-News — January 2026 ^ Goddur er látinn (in Icelandic) ^ Tributes flow for founding father of Australian beef industry, Sir Graham McCamley ^ John Meredith (1940 – 2026) ^ Former DA Federal Chairperson Errol Moorcroft Has Passed Away ^ Former Bangladesh footballer Golam Dostogir no more ^ Strongman turned hilarious Instagram star dies aged 40 ^ Sverre Anker Ousdal er død (in Norwegian) ^ Zmarł prof. Andrzej Paczkowski, jeden z najwybitniejszych polskich historyków (in Polish) ^ The great coach and football player Dimitar Penev has passed away ^ Jenny Plocki, rescapée de la rafle du Vél' d'Hiv et témoin du siècle, est morte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Komponist Rolf Riehm ist gestorben: Immer mit Einspruch (in German) ^ Randy Joseph Riley ^ In memoriam – Eva Schloss-Geiringer ^ Former Deputy Chief Counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Robert K. Tanenbaum, has died at the age of 83 ^ Nam Singh Thapa, Nepal's first Olympian, dies ^ Remembering Samuel O. Thier, IOM President (1985-1991) ^ В Тынде умер легендарный строитель БАМа Иван Варшавский (in Russian) ^ 海军原副政委王征中将逝世，享年64岁 (in Chinese) ^ Terry Wharton | 1942-2026 ^ Yohn, William Hendricks, Jr. ^ Pimpinan PMDG Gontor KH Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi wafat (in Indonesian) ^ Zmarł Mirosław Zdanowicz - przedsiębiorca i legenda sportu (in Polish) ^ 著名京剧表演艺术家、马连良先生入室弟子张克让逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Ihana ja ihmeellinen karjalainen, muistelee Sinikka Sokka tätiään Ritva Auvista (in Finnish) ^ Ian Balding, legendary trainer of Mill Reef, dies aged 87 ^ Rhymester Sukumar Barua passes away ^ Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA, dies in Bareilly a day after celebrating his 60th birthday, CM Yogi expresses grief ^ In memoriam: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, respected numismatist and educator ^ Ancien président de l'Assemblée de Corse et maire de Sartène, Dominique Bucchini est décédé (in French) ^ Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies aged 98 ^ Jean-Max Causse, exploitant de cinémas et grand nom de la cinéphilie parisienne, est mort (in French) ^ Odesa reports the death of artist Bohdan Chufus ^ BBC Radio Merseyside founding member dies as tributes paid ^ Mor Miquel Contestí, històric expresident del RCE Mallorca (in Catalan) ^ Sir Patrick Duffy, Britain’s oldest living former MP, passes away at the age of 105 ^ 藤井俊男さん死去 元民主党参院議員 (in Japanese) ^ D-Day veteran who escorted allied troops landing in Normandy dies aged 101 ^ Diamond legend Steve Haggerty has died ^ 'He was awesome': Fans grieve death of beloved Island radio host ^ Sidney Kibrick, Last of the 'Our Gang' Kids, Dies at 97 ^ Kristi L. Kiick ^ Elbert Leon Kimbrough ^ Anna Kurek, medic of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, has died ^ Paul Lambert ’46, Former Trustee, Dies at 97 ^ Daily Update: NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 20, CMLL Sin Salida, Johnny Legend ^ Преминуо проф. Владимир Лукић (in Serbian) ^ Former MLC Ashok Modak passes away at 85 ^ Con Pederson, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Special Effects Supervisor, Dies at 91 ^ В Петербурге умер снимавший Высоцкого фотограф Валерий Плотников (in Russian) ^ Vale: Tim Robertson ^ Rovátkay Lajostól búcsúzunk (in Hungarian) ^ PM Mourns Former Deputy Prime Minister, Minister Saleh Irshaidat ^ Edith Renfrow Smith, a 'memory keeper' and living link to history, dies at 111 ^ Former AFL player Phoenix Spicer dies as heartbroken family and football figures pay tribute ^ Ivonne Trebbi è morta, addio alla partigiana Bruna. Aveva 97 anni (in Italian) ^ James Gladden Willis ^ Tragiczna śmierć polskiego olimpijczyka. Robert Wolski nie żyje (in Polish) ^ Remembering Nellie Wong ^ Former Speaker of Bishkek City Council Marat Amankulov passes away ^ Communiqué d'Action française – Un camelot du roi exemplaire (in French) ^ Walsall confirm death of former Saddlers and Aston Villa creative favourite Alan Baker ^ Allyn Bromley-Baron ^ Fallece Xesús Cañedo, referente del asturianismo político y cultural (in Spanish) ^ "Це велика втрата": на фронті загинула операторка дронів і мисткиня Лана Чорногорська (in Ukrainian) ^ Diane Crump, the first female jockey to race in the Kentucky Derby, dies at 77 ^ Figura e shquar e politikës dhe shkencës - liderët politikë shprehin dhimbjen dhe mirënjohjen për Nexhat Dacin (in Albanian) ^ Brian Doyle, celebrated Ottawa author, dies at age 90 ^ פרופסור יחזקאל דרור, חתן פרס ישראל, מת בגיל 98 (in Hebrew) ^ Ex-president Vīķe-Freiberga's husband Imants Freibergs dies ^ Obituary #8: James Grauerholz ^ وفاة مؤرخ الثورة الجزائرية محمد حربي (in Arabic) ^ 中国驻瓦努阿图原大使、驻美国芝加哥原总领事黄东璧逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Hyundai Dynasty's 2006 Win Rate King Jeon Joon-ho Dies ^ Victoria Jones, daughter of Tommy Lee Jones, found dead in San Francisco ^ Billionaire philanthropist Morris Kahn dies at 95 ^ Умер известный телеведущий Андрей Хорошев (in Russian) ^ Harvey C. Krautschun ^ Famed TV presenter Hiroshi Kume passes away at 81 ^ Remembering John Langdon ^ Suri Arno Talit kehastanud näitleja Arno Liiver (in Estonian) ^ 我国空气动力学界先驱、西北工业大学资深教授林超强逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Arnold Long (1940-2026) - Obituary ^ З глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 1 січня ц.р. на 104-му році пішов із життя видатний український математик та організатор науки академік НАН України Володимир Олександрович Марченко (in Ukrainian) ^ Ex-prefeito de Goiânia na década de 1970, Hélio Mauro Umbelino Lobo morre em Anápolis (in Portuguese) ^ Paul McCullagh Jr: Boxer dies age 25 as father confirms heartbreaking cause of death ^ Burnley pay tribute to their former great and England goalkeeper Colin McDonald ^ Fallece a los 89 años Enric Mestre, referente mundial de la cerámica (in Spanish) ^ Умер бывший футболист "Спартака" Мухсин Мухамадиев (in Russian) ^ Death of Sir James Munby ^ Skulpteur der Erinnerung (in German) ^ Monsieur Gregory, Peter de Polnay ^ Dame Karen Poutasi, first female director-general of health, dies aged 76 ^ Tributes paid to Australian actor Candy Raymond who has died aged 75 ^ Amit Saar, top IDF intelligence officer on Oct. 7, dies of cancer at 47 ^ 31 Jahre für Bergkamen: Früherer Bürgermeister Roland Schäfer gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo, O.F.M. Cap. † ^ Former Fayette County delegate and physician Dr. Margaret Staggers has passed away ^ Jewish woman whose baby photo was chosen by Goebbels as Aryan exemplar dies at 91 ^ Умер заслуженный летчик-испытатель Рубен Есаян, критиковавший «Сухой суперджет» (in Russian) ^ 港星病逝！享壽69歲 妻證實噩耗 (in Chinese) ^ Ушел из жизни первый советский фигурист – участник чемпионатов Европы и мира Захаров Валентин Дмитриевич (in Russian) External links The Guardian (UK) obituaries The Telegraph (UK) obituaries The Irish Times obituaries Obituaries, Irish Examiner Obituaries, Chicago Tribune Obituaries, Los Angeles Times The New York Times , obituaries The Washington Post obituaries The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) obituaries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e 2020s deaths by month v t e 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Description Toggle Description subsection 1.1 Grains 1.2 Mud 1.3 Other characteristics 1.4 Classification 1.4.1 Folk classification 1.4.2 Dunham classification 1.4.3 Other descriptive terms 1.1 Grains 1.2 Mud 1.3 Other characteristics 1.4 Classification 1.4.1 Folk classification 1.4.2 Dunham classification 1.4.3 Other descriptive terms 1.4.1 Folk classification 1.4.2 Dunham classification 1.4.3 Other descriptive terms 2 Formation Toggle Formation subsection 2.1 Diagenesis 2.1 Diagenesis 3 Occurrence Toggle Occurrence subsection 3.1 Limestone and living organisms 3.1.1 Micritic mud mounds 3.1.2 Organic reefs 3.1 Limestone and living organisms 3.1.1 Micritic mud mounds 3.1.2 Organic reefs 3.1.1 Micritic mud mounds 3.1.2 Organic reefs 4 Limestone landscape 5 Uses Toggle Uses subsection 5.1 Scarcity 5.2 Occupational safety and health 5.2.1 United States 5.3 Graffiti 5.1 Scarcity 5.2 Occupational safety and health 5.2.1 United States 5.2.1 United States 5.3 Graffiti 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading Limestone Afrikaans Alemannisch العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kabɩyɛ ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kiswahili Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски Malagasy Malti Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Papiamentu Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Soomaaliga Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sedimentary rock Limestone outcrop in the Torcal de Antequera nature reserve of Málaga , Spain Composition Calcium carbonate : inorganic crystalline calcite or organic calcareous material Limestone is a type of carbonate sedimentary rock which is the main source of the material lime . It is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate .mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em} CaCO 3 . Limestone forms when these minerals precipitate out of water containing dissolved calcium . This can take place through both biological and nonbiological processes, though biological processes, such as the accumulation of corals and shells in the sea, have likely been more important for the last 540 million years. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Limestone often contains fossils which provide scientists with information on ancient environments and on the evolution of life. [ 3 ] About 20% to 25% of sedimentary rock is carbonate rock, and most of this is limestone. [ 4 ] [ 3 ] The remaining carbonate rock is mostly dolomite , a closely related rock, which contains a high percentage of the mineral dolomite , CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 . Magnesian limestone is an obsolete and poorly defined term used variously for dolomite, for limestone containing significant dolomite ( dolomitic limestone ), or for any other limestone containing a significant percentage of magnesium . [ 5 ] Most limestone was formed in shallow marine environments , such as continental shelves or platforms , though smaller amounts were formed in many other environments. Much dolomite is secondary dolomite, formed by chemical alteration of limestone. [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Limestone is exposed over large regions of the Earth's surface, and because limestone is slightly soluble in rainwater, these exposures often are eroded to become karst landscapes. Most cave systems are found in limestone bedrock. Limestone has numerous uses: as a chemical feedstock for the production of lime used for cement (an essential component of concrete ), as aggregate for the base of roads, as white pigment or filler in products such as toothpaste or paint, as a soil conditioner , and as a popular decorative addition to rock gardens . Limestone formations contain about 30% of the world's petroleum reservoirs . [ 3 ] Description Limestone is composed mostly of the minerals calcite and aragonite , which are different crystal forms of calcium carbonate ( CaCO 3 ). Dolomite , CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 , is an uncommon mineral in limestone, and siderite or other carbonate minerals are rare. However, the calcite in limestone often contains a few percent of magnesium . Calcite in limestone is divided into low-magnesium and high-magnesium calcite, with the dividing line placed at a composition of 4% magnesium. High-magnesium calcite retains the calcite mineral structure, which is distinct from dolomite. Aragonite does not usually contain significant magnesium. [ 8 ] Most limestone is otherwise chemically fairly pure, with clastic sediments (mainly fine-grained quartz and clay minerals ) making up less than 5% [ 9 ] to 10% [ 10 ] of the composition. Organic matter typically makes up around 0.2% of a limestone and rarely exceeds 1%. [ 11 ] Limestone often contains variable amounts of silica in the form of chert or siliceous skeletal fragments (such as sponge spicules, diatoms , or radiolarians ). [ 12 ] Fossils are also common in limestone. [ 3 ] Limestone is commonly white to gray in color. Limestone that is unusually rich in organic matter can be almost black in color, while traces of iron or manganese can give limestone an off-white to yellow to red color. The density of limestone depends on its porosity, which varies from 0.1% for the densest limestone to 40% for chalk. The density correspondingly ranges from 1.5 to 2.7 g/cm 3 . Although relatively soft, with a Mohs hardness of 2 to 4, dense limestone can have a crushing strength of up to 180 MPa . [ 13 ] For comparison, concrete typically has a crushing strength of about 40 MPa. [ 14 ] Although limestones show little variability in mineral composition, they show great diversity in texture. [ 15 ] However, most limestone consists of sand-sized grains in a carbonate mud matrix. Because limestones are often of biological origin and are usually composed of sediment that is deposited close to where it formed, classification of limestone is usually based on its grain type and mud content. [ 9 ] Grains Most grains in limestone are skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral or foraminifera . [ 16 ] These organisms secrete structures made of aragonite or calcite, and leave these structures behind when they die. Other carbonate grains composing limestones are ooids , peloids , and limeclasts ( intraclasts and extraclasts [ ca ] ). [ 17 ] Skeletal grains have a composition reflecting the organisms that produced them and the environment in which they were produced. [ 18 ] Low-magnesium calcite skeletal grains are typical of articulate brachiopods , planktonic (free-floating) foraminifera, and coccoliths . High-magnesium calcite skeletal grains are typical of benthic (bottom-dwelling) foraminifera, echinoderms , and coralline algae . Aragonite skeletal grains are typical of molluscs , calcareous green algae , stromatoporoids , corals , and tube worms . The skeletal grains also reflect specific geological periods and environments. For example, coral grains are more common in high-energy environments (characterized by strong currents and turbulence) while bryozoan grains are more common in low-energy environments (characterized by quiet water). [ 19 ] Ooids (sometimes called ooliths) are sand-sized grains (less than 2mm in diameter) consisting of one or more layers of calcite or aragonite around a central quartz grain or carbonate mineral fragment. These likely form by direct precipitation of calcium carbonate onto the ooid. Pisoliths are similar to ooids, but they are larger than 2 mm in diameter and tend to be more irregular in shape. Limestone composed mostly of ooids is called an oolite or sometimes an oolitic limestone . Ooids form in high-energy environments, such as the Bahama platform, and oolites typically show crossbedding and other features associated with deposition in strong currents. [ 20 ] [ 21 ] Oncoliths resemble ooids but show a radial rather than layered internal structure, indicating that they were formed by algae in a normal marine environment. [ 20 ] Peloids are structureless grains of microcrystalline carbonate likely produced by a variety of processes. [ 22 ] Many are thought to be fecal pellets produced by marine organisms. Others may be produced by endolithic (boring) algae [ 23 ] or other microorganisms [ 24 ] or through breakdown of mollusc shells. [ 25 ] They are difficult to see in a limestone sample except in thin section and are less common in ancient limestones, possibly because compaction of carbonate sediments disrupts them. [ 23 ] Limeclasts are fragments of existing limestone or partially lithified carbonate sediments. Intraclasts are limeclasts that originate close to where they are deposited in limestone, while extraclasts come from outside the depositional area. Intraclasts include grapestone , which is clusters of peloids cemented together by organic material or mineral cement. Extraclasts are uncommon, are usually accompanied by other clastic sediments, and indicate deposition in a tectonically active area or as part of a turbidity current . [ 26 ] Mud The grains of most limestones are embedded in a matrix of carbonate mud. This is typically the largest fraction of an ancient carbonate rock. [ 23 ] Mud consisting of individual crystals less than 5 μm (0.20 mils) in length is described as micrite . [ 27 ] In fresh carbonate mud, micrite is mostly small aragonite needles, which may precipitate directly from seawater, [ 28 ] be secreted by algae, [ 29 ] or be produced by abrasion of carbonate grains in a high-energy environment. [ 30 ] This is converted to calcite within a few million years of deposition. Further recrystallization of micrite produces microspar , with grains from 5 to 15 μm (0.20 to 0.59 mils) in diameter. [ 28 ] Limestone often contains larger crystals of calcite, ranging in size from 0.02 to 0.1 mm (0.79 to 3.94 mils), that are described as sparry calcite or sparite . Sparite is distinguished from micrite by a grain size of over 20 μm (0.79 mils) and because sparite stands out under a hand lens or in thin section as white or transparent crystals. Sparite is distinguished from carbonate grains by its lack of internal structure and its characteristic crystal shapes. [ 31 ] Geologists are careful to distinguish between sparite deposited as cement and sparite formed by recrystallization of micrite or carbonate grains. Sparite cement was likely deposited in pore space between grains, suggesting a high-energy depositional environment that removed carbonate mud. Recrystallized sparite is not diagnostic of depositional environment. [ 31 ] Other characteristics Limestone outcrops are recognized in the field by their softness (calcite and aragonite both have a Mohs hardness of less than 4, well below common silicate minerals) and because limestone bubbles vigorously when a drop of dilute hydrochloric acid is dropped on it. Dolomite is also soft but reacts only feebly with dilute hydrochloric acid, and it usually weathers to a characteristic dull yellow-brown color due to the presence of ferrous iron. This is released and oxidized as the dolomite weathers. [ 9 ] Impurities (such as clay , sand, organic remains, iron oxide , and other materials) will cause limestones to exhibit different colors, especially with weathered surfaces. The makeup of a carbonate rock outcrop can be estimated in the field by etching the surface with dilute hydrochloric acid. This etches away the calcite and aragonite, leaving behind any silica or dolomite grains. The latter can be identified by their rhombohedral shape. [ 9 ] Crystals of calcite, quartz , dolomite or barite may line small cavities ( vugs ) in the rock. Vugs are a form of secondary porosity, formed in existing limestone by a change in environment that increases the solubility of calcite. [ 32 ] Dense, massive limestone is sometimes described as "marble". For example, the famous Portoro "marble" of Italy is actually a dense black limestone. [ 33 ] True marble is produced by recrystallization of limestone during regional metamorphism that accompanies the mountain building process ( orogeny ). It is distinguished from dense limestone by its coarse crystalline texture and the formation of distinctive minerals from the silica and clay present in the original limestone. [ 34 ] Classification Two major classification schemes, the Folk and Dunham, are used for identifying the types of carbonate rocks collectively known as limestone. Folk classification Robert L. Folk developed a classification system that places primary emphasis on the detailed composition of grains and interstitial material in carbonate rocks . [ 35 ] Based on composition, there are three main components: allochems (grains), matrix (mostly micrite), and cement (sparite). The Folk system uses two-part names; the first refers to the grains and the second to the cement. For example, a limestone consisting mainly of ooids, with a crystalline matrix, would be termed an oosparite. It is helpful to have a petrographic microscope when using the Folk scheme, because it is easier to determine the components present in each sample. [ 36 ] Dunham classification Robert J. Dunham published his system for limestone in 1962. It focuses on the depositional fabric of carbonate rocks. Dunham divides the rocks into four main groups based on relative proportions of coarser clastic particles, based on criteria such as whether the grains were originally in mutual contact, and therefore self-supporting, or whether the rock is characterized by the presence of frame builders and algal mats. Unlike the Folk scheme, Dunham deals with the original porosity of the rock. The Dunham scheme is more useful for hand samples because it is based on texture, not the grains in the sample. [ 37 ] A revised classification was proposed by Wright (1992). It adds some diagenetic patterns to the classification scheme. [ 38 ] Other descriptive terms Travertine is a term applied to calcium carbonate deposits formed in freshwater environments, particularly waterfalls , cascades and hot springs . Such deposits are typically massive, dense, and banded. When the deposits are highly porous, so that they have a spongelike texture, they are typically described as tufa . Secondary calcite deposited by supersaturated meteoric waters ( groundwater ) in caves is also sometimes described as travertine. This produces speleothems , such as stalagmites and stalactites . [ 39 ] Coquina is a poorly consolidated limestone composed of abraded pieces of coral , shells , or other fossil debris. When better consolidated, it is described as coquinite . [ 40 ] Chalk is a soft, earthy, fine-textured limestone composed of the tests of planktonic microorganisms such as foraminifera, while marl is an earthy mixture of carbonates and silicate sediments. [ 40 ] Formation Limestone forms when calcite or aragonite precipitate out of water containing dissolved calcium, which can take place through both biological and nonbiological processes. [ 41 ] The solubility of calcium carbonate ( CaCO 3 ) is controlled largely by the amount of dissolved carbon dioxide ( CO 2 ) in the water. This is summarized in the reaction: Increases in temperature or decreases in pressure tend to reduce the amount of dissolved CO 2 and precipitate CaCO 3 . Reduction in salinity also reduces the solubility of CaCO 3 , by several orders of magnitude for fresh water versus seawater. [ 42 ] Near-surface water of the earth's oceans are oversaturated with CaCO 3 by a factor of more than six. [ 43 ] The failure of CaCO 3 to rapidly precipitate out of these waters is likely due to interference by dissolved magnesium ions with nucleation of calcite crystals, the necessary first step in precipitation. Precipitation of aragonite may be suppressed by the presence of naturally occurring organic phosphates in the water. Although ooids likely form through purely inorganic processes, the bulk of CaCO 3 precipitation in the oceans is the result of biological activity. [ 44 ] Much of this takes place on carbonate platforms . The origin of carbonate mud, [ 30 ] and the processes by which it is converted to micrite, [ 45 ] continue to be a subject of research. Modern carbonate mud is composed mostly of aragonite needles around 5 μm (0.20 mils) in length. Needles of this shape and composition are produced by calcareous algae such as Penicillus , making this a plausible source of mud. [ 46 ] Another possibility is direct precipitation from the water. A phenomenon known as whitings occurs in shallow waters, in which white streaks containing dispersed micrite appear on the surface of the water. It is uncertain whether this is freshly precipitated aragonite or simply material stirred up from the bottom, but there is some evidence that whitings are caused by biological precipitation of aragonite as part of a bloom of cyanobacteria or microalgae . [ 47 ] However, stable isotope ratios in modern carbonate mud appear to be inconsistent with either of these mechanisms, and abrasion of carbonate grains in high-energy environments has been put forward as a third possibility. [ 30 ] Formation of limestone has likely been dominated by biological processes throughout the Phanerozoic , the last 540 million years of the Earth's history. Limestone may have been deposited by microorganisms in the Precambrian , prior to 540 million years ago, but inorganic processes were probably more important and likely took place in an ocean more highly oversaturated in calcium carbonate than the modern ocean. [ 48 ] Diagenesis Diagenesis is the process in which sediments are compacted and turned into solid rock . During diagenesis of carbonate sediments, significant chemical and textural changes take place. For example, aragonite is converted to low-magnesium calcite. Diagenesis is the likely origin of pisoliths , concentrically layered particles ranging from 1 to 10 mm (0.039 to 0.394 inches) in diameter found in some limestones. Pisoliths superficially resemble ooids but have no nucleus of foreign matter, fit together tightly, and show other signs that they formed after the original deposition of the sediments. [ 49 ] Silicification occurs early in diagenesis, at low pH and temperature, and contributes to fossil preservation. [ 50 ] Silicification takes place through the reaction: [ 50 ] Fossils are often preserved in exquisite detail as chert. [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Cementing takes place rapidly in carbonate sediments, typically within less than a million years of deposition. Some cementing occurs while the sediments are still under water, forming hardgrounds . Cementing accelerates after the retreat of the sea from the depositional environment, as rainwater infiltrates the sediment beds, often within just a few thousand years. As rainwater mixes with groundwater, aragonite and high-magnesium calcite are converted to low-calcium calcite. Cementing of thick carbonate deposits by rainwater may commence even before the retreat of the sea, as rainwater can infiltrate over 100 km (60 miles) into sediments beneath the continental shelf. [ 52 ] As carbonate sediments are increasingly deeply buried under younger sediments, chemical and mechanical compaction of the sediments increases. Chemical compaction takes place by pressure solution of the sediments. This process dissolves minerals from points of contact between grains and redeposits it in pore space, reducing the porosity of the limestone from an initial high value of 40% to 80% to less than 10%. [ 53 ] Pressure solution produces distinctive stylolites , irregular surfaces within the limestone at which silica-rich sediments accumulate. These may reflect dissolution and loss of a considerable fraction of the limestone bed. At depths greater than 1 km (0.62 miles), burial cementation completes the lithification process. Burial cementation does not produce stylolites. [ 54 ] When overlying beds are eroded, bringing limestone closer to the surface, the final stage of diagenesis takes place. This produces secondary porosity as some of the cement is dissolved by rainwater infiltrating the beds. This may include the formation of vugs , which are crystal-lined cavities within the limestone. [ 54 ] Diagenesis may include conversion of limestone to dolomite by magnesium-rich fluids. There is considerable evidence of replacement of limestone by dolomite, including sharp replacement boundaries that cut across bedding. [ 55 ] The process of dolomitization remains an area of active research, [ 56 ] but possible mechanisms include exposure to concentrated brines in hot environments ( evaporative reflux ) or exposure to diluted seawater in delta or estuary environments ( Dorag dolomitization ). [ 57 ] However, Dorag dolomitization has fallen into disfavor as a mechanism for dolomitization, [ 58 ] with one 2004 review paper describing it bluntly as "a myth". [ 56 ] Ordinary seawater is capable of converting calcite to dolomite, if the seawater is regularly flushed through the rock, as by the ebb and flow of tides (tidal pumping). [ 55 ] Once dolomitization begins, it proceeds rapidly, so that there is very little carbonate rock containing mixed calcite and dolomite. Carbonate rock tends to be either almost all calcite/aragonite or almost all dolomite. [ 57 ] Occurrence About 20% to 25% of sedimentary rock is carbonate rock, [ 3 ] and most of this is limestone. [ 17 ] [ 3 ] Limestone is found in sedimentary sequences as old as 2.7 billion years. [ 59 ] However, the compositions of carbonate rocks show an uneven distribution in time in the geologic record. About 95% of modern carbonates are composed of high-magnesium calcite and aragonite. [ 60 ] The aragonite needles in carbonate mud are converted to low-magnesium calcite within a few million years, as this is the most stable form of calcium carbonate. [ 28 ] Ancient carbonate formations of the Precambrian and Paleozoic contain abundant dolomite, but limestone dominates the carbonate beds of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic . Modern dolomite is quite rare. There is evidence that, while the modern ocean favors precipitation of aragonite, the oceans of the Paleozoic and middle to late Cenozoic favored precipitation of calcite. This may indicate a lower Mg/Ca ratio in the ocean water of those times. [ 61 ] This magnesium depletion may be a consequence of more rapid sea floor spreading , which removes magnesium from ocean water. The modern ocean and the ocean of the Mesozoic have been described as "aragonite seas". [ 62 ] Most limestone was formed in shallow marine environments, such as continental shelves or platforms . Such environments form only about 5% of the ocean basins, but limestone is rarely preserved in continental slope and deep sea environments. The best environments for deposition are warm waters, which have both a high organic productivity and increased saturation of calcium carbonate due to lower concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide. Modern limestone deposits are almost always in areas with very little silica-rich sedimentation, reflected in the relative purity of most limestones. Reef organisms are destroyed by muddy, brackish river water, and carbonate grains are ground down by much harder silicate grains. [ 63 ] Unlike clastic sedimentary rock, limestone is produced almost entirely from sediments originating at or near the place of deposition. [ 64 ] Limestone formations tend to show abrupt changes in thickness. Large moundlike features in a limestone formation are interpreted as ancient reefs , which when they appear in the geologic record are called bioherms . Many are rich in fossils, but most lack any connected organic framework like that seen in modern reefs. The fossil remains are present as separate fragments embedded in ample mud matrix. Much of the sedimentation shows indications of occurring in the intertidal or supratidal zones, suggesting sediments rapidly fill available accommodation space in the shelf or platform. [ 65 ] Deposition is also favored on the seaward margin of shelves and platforms, where there is upwelling deep ocean water rich in nutrients that increase organic productivity. Reefs are common here, but when lacking, ooid shoals are found instead. Finer sediments are deposited close to shore. [ 66 ] The lack of deep sea limestones is due in part to rapid subduction of oceanic crust, but is more a result of dissolution of calcium carbonate at depth. The solubility of calcium carbonate increases with pressure and even more with higher concentrations of carbon dioxide, which is produced by decaying organic matter settling into the deep ocean that is not removed by photosynthesis in the dark depths. As a result, there is a fairly sharp transition from water saturated with calcium carbonate to water unsaturated with calcium carbonate, the lysocline , which occurs at the calcite compensation depth of 4,000 to 7,000 m (13,000 to 23,000 feet). Below this depth, foraminifera tests and other skeletal particles rapidly dissolve, and the sediments of the ocean floor abruptly transition from carbonate ooze rich in foraminifera and coccolith remains ( Globigerina ooze) to silicic mud lacking carbonates. [ 67 ] In rare cases, turbidites or other silica-rich sediments bury and preserve benthic (deep ocean) carbonate deposits. Ancient benthic limestones are microcrystalline and are identified by their tectonic setting . Fossils typically are foraminifera and coccoliths. No pre-Jurassic benthic limestones are known, probably because carbonate-shelled plankton had not yet evolved. [ 68 ] Limestones also form in freshwater environments. [ 69 ] These limestones are not unlike marine limestone, but have a lower diversity of organisms and a greater fraction of silica and clay minerals characteristic of marls . The Green River Formation is an example of a prominent freshwater sedimentary formation containing numerous limestone beds. [ 70 ] Freshwater limestone is typically micritic. Fossils of charophyte (stonewort), a form of freshwater green algae, are characteristic of these environments, where the charophytes produce and trap carbonates. [ 71 ] Limestones may also form in evaporite depositional environments . [ 72 ] [ 73 ] Calcite is one of the first minerals to precipitate in marine evaporites. [ 74 ] Limestone and living organisms Most limestone is formed by the activities of living organisms near reefs, but the organisms responsible for reef formation have changed over geologic time. For example, stromatolites are mound-shaped structures in ancient limestones, interpreted as colonies of cyanobacteria that accumulated carbonate sediments, but stromatolites are rare in younger limestones. [ 75 ] Organisms precipitate limestone both directly as part of their skeletons, and indirectly by removing carbon dioxide from the water by photosynthesis and thereby decreasing the solubility of calcium carbonate. [ 71 ] Limestone shows the same range of sedimentary structures found in other sedimentary rocks. However, finer structures, such as lamination , are often destroyed by the burrowing activities of organisms ( bioturbation ). Fine lamination is characteristic of limestone formed in playa lakes , which lack the burrowing organisms. [ 76 ] Limestones also show distinctive features such as geopetal structures , which form when curved shells settle to the bottom with the concave face downwards. This traps a void space that can later be filled by sparite. Geologists use geopetal structures to determine which direction was up at the time of deposition, which is not always obvious with highly deformed limestone formations. [ 77 ] The cyanobacterium Hyella balani can bore through limestone; as can the green alga Eugamantia sacculata and the fungus Ostracolaba implexa . [ 78 ] Micritic mud mounds Micricitic mud mounds are subcircular domes of micritic calcite that lacks internal structure. Modern examples are up to several hundred meters thick and a kilometer across, and have steep slopes (with slope angles of around 50 degrees). They may be composed of peloids swept together by currents and stabilized by Thalassia grass or mangroves . Bryozoa may also contribute to mound formation by helping to trap sediments. [ 79 ] Mud mounds are found throughout the geologic record, and prior to the early Ordovician , they were the dominant reef type in both deep and shallow water. These mud mounds likely are microbial in origin. Following the appearance of frame-building reef organisms, mud mounds were restricted mainly to deeper water. [ 80 ] Organic reefs Organic reefs form at low latitudes in shallow water, not more than a few meters deep. They are complex, diverse structures found throughout the fossil record. The frame-building organisms responsible for organic reef formation are characteristic of different geologic time periods: Archaeocyathids appeared in the early Cambrian ; these gave way to sponges by the late Cambrian ; later successions included stromatoporoids, corals, algae, bryozoa, and rudists (a form of bivalve mollusc). [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The extent of organic reefs has varied over geologic time, and they were likely most extensive in the middle Devonian, when they covered an area estimated at 5,000,000 km 2 (1,900,000 sq mi). This is roughly ten times the extent of modern reefs. The Devonian reefs were constructed largely by stromatoporoids and tabulate corals , which were devastated by the late Devonian extinction . [ 84 ] Organic reefs typically have a complex internal structure. Whole body fossils are usually abundant, but ooids and interclasts are rare within the reef. The core of a reef is typically massive and unbedded, and is surrounded by a talus that is greater in volume than the core. The talus contains abundant intraclasts and is usually either floatstone , with 10% or more of grains over 2mm in size embedded in abundant matrix, or rudstone , which is mostly large grains with sparse matrix. The talus grades to planktonic fine-grained carbonate mud, then noncarbonate mud away from the reef. [ 81 ] Limestone landscape Limestone is partially soluble, especially in acid, and therefore forms many erosional landforms. These include limestone pavements , pot holes , cenotes , caves and gorges. Such erosion landscapes are known as karsts . Limestone is less resistant to erosion than most igneous rocks, but more resistant than most other sedimentary rocks . It is therefore usually associated with hills and downland , and occurs in regions with other sedimentary rocks, typically clays. [ 85 ] [ 86 ] Karst regions overlying limestone bedrock tend to have fewer visible above-ground sources (ponds and streams), as surface water easily drains downward through joints in the limestone. While draining, water and organic acid from the soil slowly (over thousands or millions of years) enlarges these cracks, dissolving the calcium carbonate and carrying it away in solution . Most cave systems are through limestone bedrock. Cooling groundwater or mixing of different groundwaters will also create conditions suitable for cave formation. [ 85 ] Coastal limestones are often eroded by organisms which bore into the rock by various means. This process is known as bioerosion . It is most common in the tropics, and it is known throughout the fossil record . [ 87 ] Bands of limestone emerge from the Earth's surface in often spectacular rocky outcrops and islands. Examples include the Rock of Gibraltar , [ 88 ] the Burren in County Clare, Ireland; [ 89 ] Malham Cove in North Yorkshire and the Isle of Wight , [ 90 ] England; the Great Orme in Wales; [ 91 ] on Fårö near the Swedish island of Gotland , [ 92 ] the Niagara Escarpment in Canada/United States; [ 93 ] Notch Peak in Utah; [ 94 ] the Ha Long Bay National Park in Vietnam; [ 95 ] and the hills around the Lijiang River and Guilin city in China. [ 96 ] The Florida Keys , islands off the south coast of Florida , are composed mainly of oolitic limestone (the Lower Keys) and the carbonate skeletons of coral reefs (the Upper Keys), which thrived in the area during interglacial periods when sea level was higher than at present. [ 97 ] Unique habitats are found on alvars , extremely level expanses of limestone with thin soil mantles. The largest such expanse in Europe is the Stora Alvaret on the island of Öland , Sweden. [ 98 ] Another area with large quantities of limestone is the island of Gotland, Sweden. [ 99 ] Huge quarries in northwestern Europe, such as those of Mount Saint Peter (Belgium/Netherlands), extend for more than a hundred kilometers. [ 100 ] Uses Limestone is a raw material that is used globally in a variety of different ways including construction, agriculture and as industrial materials. [ 102 ] Limestone is very common in architecture, especially in Europe and North America. Many landmarks across the world, including the Great Pyramid and its associated complex in Giza, Egypt , were made of limestone. So many buildings in Kingston, Ontario , Canada were, and continue to be, constructed from it that it is nicknamed the 'Limestone City'. [ 103 ] Limestone, metamorphosed by heat and pressure produces marble, which has been used for many statues, buildings and stone tabletops. [ 104 ] On the island of Malta , a variety of limestone called Globigerina limestone was, for a long time, the only building material available, and is still very frequently used on all types of buildings and sculptures. [ 105 ] Limestone can be processed into many various forms such as brick, cement, powdered/crushed, or as a filler. [ 102 ] Limestone is readily available and relatively easy to cut into blocks or more elaborate carving. [ 101 ] Ancient American sculptors valued limestone because it was easy to work and good for fine detail. Going back to the Late Preclassic period (by 200–100 BCE), the Maya civilization (Ancient Mexico) created refined sculpture using limestone because of these excellent carving properties. The Maya would decorate the ceilings of their sacred buildings (known as lintels ) and cover the walls with carved limestone panels. Carved on these sculptures were political and social stories, and this helped communicate messages of the king to his people. [ 106 ] Limestone is long-lasting and stands up well to exposure, which explains why many limestone ruins survive. However, it is very heavy ( density 2.6 [ 107 ] ), making it impractical for tall buildings, and relatively expensive as a building material. Limestone was most popular in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Railway stations, banks and other structures from that era were made of limestone in some areas. It is used as a façade on some skyscrapers, but only in thin plates for covering, rather than solid blocks. In the United States, Indiana, most notably the Bloomington area, has long been a source of high-quality quarried limestone, called Indiana limestone . Many famous buildings in London are built from Portland limestone . Houses built in Odesa in Ukraine in the 19th century were mostly constructed from limestone and the extensive remains of the mines now form the Odesa Catacombs . [ 108 ] Limestone was also a very popular building block in the Middle Ages in the areas where it occurred, since it is hard, durable, and commonly occurs in easily accessible surface exposures. Many medieval churches and castles in Europe are made of limestone. Beer stone was a popular kind of limestone for medieval buildings in southern England. [ 109 ] Limestone quarry at Cedar Creek, Virginia , US Nordkalk 's limestone quarry in Pargas , Finland Cutting limestone blocks at a quarry in Gozo , Malta Limestone as building material Limestone is used worldwide as building material. Limestone is the raw material for production of lime, primarily known for treating soils, purifying water and smelting copper. Lime is an important ingredient used in chemical industries. [ 110 ] Limestone and (to a lesser extent) marble are reactive to acid solutions, making acid rain a significant problem to the preservation of artifacts made from this stone. Many limestone statues and building surfaces have suffered severe damage due to acid rain. [ 111 ] [ 112 ] Likewise limestone gravel has been used to protect lakes vulnerable to acid rain, acting as a pH buffering agent. [ 113 ] Acid-based cleaning chemicals can also etch limestone, which should only be cleaned with a neutral or mild alkali -based cleaner. [ 114 ] Other uses include: It is the raw material for the manufacture of quicklime (calcium oxide), slaked lime (calcium hydroxide), cement and mortar . [ 59 ] Pulverized limestone is used as a soil conditioner to neutralize acidic soils ( agricultural lime ). [ 115 ] Is crushed for use as aggregate —the solid base for many roads as well as in asphalt concrete . [ 59 ] As a reagent in flue-gas desulfurization , where it reacts with sulfur dioxide for air pollution control. [ 116 ] In glass making , particularly in the manufacture of soda–lime glass . [ 117 ] As an additive toothpaste, paper, plastics, paint, tiles, and other materials as both white pigment and a cheap filler. [ 118 ] As rock dust , to suppress methane explosions in underground coal mines. [ 119 ] Purified, it is added to bread and cereals as a source of calcium. [ 120 ] As a calcium supplement in livestock feed, such as for poultry (when ground up). [ 121 ] For remineralizing and increasing the alkalinity of purified water to prevent pipe corrosion and to restore essential nutrient levels. [ 122 ] In blast furnaces , limestone binds with silica and other impurities to remove them from the iron. [ 123 ] It can aid in the removal of toxic components created from coal burning plants and layers of polluted molten metals. [ 110 ] Many limestone formations are porous and permeable, which makes them important petroleum reservoirs . [ 124 ] About 20% of North American hydrocarbon reserves are found in carbonate rock. Carbonate reservoirs are very common in the petroleum-rich Middle East, [ 59 ] and carbonate reservoirs hold about a third of all petroleum reserves worldwide. [ 125 ] Limestone formations are also common sources of metal ores, because their porosity and permeability, together with their chemical activity, promotes ore deposition in the limestone. The lead - zinc deposits of Missouri and the Northwest Territories are examples of ore deposits hosted in limestone. [ 59 ] Scarcity Limestone is a major industrial raw material that is in constant demand. This raw material has been essential in the iron and steel industry since the nineteenth century. [ 126 ] Companies have never had a shortage of limestone; however, it has become a concern as the demand continues to increase [ 127 ] and it remains in high demand today. [ 128 ] The major potential threats to supply in the nineteenth century were regional availability and accessibility. [ 126 ] The two main accessibility issues were transportation and property rights. Other problems were high capital costs on plants and facilities due to environmental regulations and the requirement of zoning and mining permits. [ 104 ] These two dominant factors led to the adaptation and selection of other materials that were created and formed to design alternatives for limestone that suited economic demands. [ 126 ] Limestone was classified as a critical raw material, and with the potential risk of shortages, it drove industries to find new alternative materials and technological systems. This allowed limestone to no longer be classified as critical as replacement substances increased in production; minette ore is a common substitute, for example. [ 126 ] Occupational safety and health NFPA 704 safety square .mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-ref{float:right;padding:1px;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container{width:82px;font-family:sans-serif;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-container-ref{float:left;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-images{float:left;font-size:20px;text-align:center;position:relative;height:80px;width:80px;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-map{position:absolute;height:80px;width:80px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond .noresize{margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code{line-height:1em;text-align:center;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-code>a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-blue{width:13px;top:31px;left:15px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-red{width:12px;top:12px;left:35px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-yellow{width:13px;top:31px;left:54px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-image{position:relative;top:51px;left:0}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text{vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;line-height:80%;position:absolute;top:52px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-text a>span{position:absolute;color:black}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wors{font-size:15px;width:23px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-wox{font-size:15px;font-stretch:condensed;width:21px;line-height:80%;top:-4px;left:29px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-abcp{font-size:13.5px;font-stretch:condensed;width:28px;left:26px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-ac{font-size:10px;width:30px;left:25px}.mw-parser-output .nfpa-704-diamond-white-strike{text-decoration:line-through} [ 129 ] 1 0 0 Limestone Powdered limestone as a food additive is generally recognized as safe [ 130 ] and limestone is not regarded as a hazardous material. However, limestone dust can be a mild respiratory and skin irritant, and dust that gets into the eyes can cause corneal abrasions . Because limestone contains small amounts of silica, inhalation of limestone dust could potentially lead to silicosis or cancer . [ 129 ] United States The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has set the legal limit ( permissible exposure limit ) for limestone exposure in the workplace as 15 mg/m 3 (0.0066 gr/cu ft) total exposure and 5 mg/m 3 (0.0022 gr/cu ft) respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has set a recommended exposure limit (REL) of 10 mg/m 3 (0.0044 gr/cu ft) total exposure and 5 mg/m 3 (0.0022 gr/cu ft) respiratory exposure over an 8-hour workday. [ 131 ] Graffiti Removing graffiti from weathered limestone is difficult because it is a porous and permeable material. The surface is fragile, therefore usual abrasion methods run the risk of severe surface loss. Since it is an acid-sensitive stone, some cleaning agents cannot be used due to adverse effects. [ 132 ] Gallery A stratigraphic section of Ordovician limestone exposed in central Tennessee , U.S. The less-resistant and thinner beds are composed of shale . The vertical lines are drill holes for explosives used during road construction. Photo and etched section of a sample of fossiliferous limestone from the Kope Formation (Upper Ordovician) near Cincinnati , Ohio , U.S. biosparite limestone of the Brassfield Formation (Lower Silurian ) near Fairborn , Ohio, U.S., showing grains mainly composed of crinoid fragments A concretionary nodular (septarian) limestone at Jinshitan Coastal National Geopark, Dalian , China Limestone from Lake Tai , used in gongshi , a Chinese stone art Folded limestone layers on Cascade Mountain in Provo Canyon , Utah Fossils in limestone from the northern Black Sea region See also Coral sand – Carbonate sand formed in warm oceans Charmant Som In Praise of Limestone – Poem by W. H. Auden Kurkar – Regional name for an aeolian quartz calcrete on the Levantine coast Limepit – Old method of calcining limestone Sandstone – Type of sedimentary rock Liming (soil) – Application of minerals to soil References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Boggs, Sam (2006). 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Bibcode : 2006BAAPG..90.1719L . doi : 10.1306/01130605077 . ^ a b c d e Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 , p. 445. ^ Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 , p. 448. ^ Boggs 2006 , p. 159–161. ^ Boggs 2006 , p. 176–177. ^ Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 , p. 446, 733. ^ Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 , p. 468-470. ^ Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 , p. 446-447. ^ Blatt & Tracy 1996 , p. 306-307. ^ Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 , p. 474-479. ^ Blatt & Tracy 1996 , p. 308-309. ^ Roeser, Patricia; Franz, Sven O.; Litt, Thomas (1 December 2016). "Aragonite and calcite preservation in sediments from Lake Iznik related to bottom lake oxygenation and water column depth". Sedimentology . 63 (7): 2253– 2277. Bibcode : 2016Sedim..63.2253R . doi : 10.1111/sed.12306 . ISSN 1365-3091 . S2CID 133211098 . ^ Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 , p. 480-482. ^ a b Blatt & Tracy 1996 , p. 309-310. ^ Trewin, N. H.; Davidson, R. G. (1999). "Lake-level changes, sedimentation and faunas in a Middle Devonian basin-margin fish bed". Journal of the Geological Society . 156 (3): 535– 548. Bibcode : 1999JGSoc.156..535T . doi : 10.1144/gsjgs.156.3.0535 . S2CID 131241083 . ^ "Term 'evaporite' " . Oilfield Glossary . Archived from the original on 31 January 2012 . Retrieved 25 November 2011 . ^ Boggs 2006 , p. 662. ^ Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 , pp. 446, 471–474. ^ Blatt, Middleton & Murray 1980 , pp. 446–471. ^ Blatt & Tracy 1996 , p. 304. ^ Ehrlich, Henry Lutz; Newman, Dianne K. (2009). Geomicrobiology (5th ed.). CRC Press. pp. 181– 182. ISBN 978-0-8493-7907-9 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. ^ Blatt & Tracy 1996 , p. 307. ^ Pratt, Brian R. (1995). "The origin, biota, and evolution of deep-water mud-mounds" . Spec. Publs Int. Ass. Sediment . 23 : 49– 123. ISBN 1-4443-0412-7 . Retrieved 4 February 2021 . ^ a b Blatt & Tracy 1996 , pp. 307–308. ^ Riding, Robert (July 2002). "Structure and composition of organic reefs and carbonate mud mounds: concepts and categories". Earth-Science Reviews . 58 ( 1– 2): 163– 231. Bibcode : 2002ESRv...58..163R . doi : 10.1016/S0012-8252(01)00089-7 . ^ Wood, Rachel (1999). Reef evolution . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-857784-2 . Retrieved 5 February 2021 . ^ McGhee, George R. (2013). When the invasion of land failed : the legacy of the Devonian extinctions . New York: Columbia University Press. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-231-16057-5 . ^ a b Thornbury, William D. (1969). Principles of geomorphology (2d ed.). New York: Wiley. pp. 303– 344. ISBN 0-471-86197-9 . ^ "Karst Landscapes of Illinois: Dissolving Bedrock and Collapsing Soil" . Prairie Research Institute . Illinois State Geological Survey. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020 . Retrieved 26 December 2020 . ^ Taylor, P. D.; Wilson, M. A. (2003). "Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities" (PDF) . Earth-Science Reviews . 62 ( 1– 2): 1– 103. Bibcode : 2003ESRv...62....1T . doi : 10.1016/S0012-8252(02)00131-9 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009. ^ Rodrı́guez-Vidal, J.; Cáceres, L.M.; Finlayson, J.C.; Gracia, F.J.; Martı́nez-Aguirre, A. (October 2004). "Neotectonics and shoreline history of the Rock of Gibraltar, southern Iberia" . Quaternary Science Reviews . 23 ( 18– 19). Elsevier (2004): 2017– 2029. Bibcode : 2004QSRv...23.2017R . doi : 10.1016/j.quascirev.2004.02.008 . hdl : 11441/137125 . Retrieved 23 June 2016 . ^ McNamara, M.; Hennessy, R. (2010). "The geology of the Burren region, Co. Clare, Ireland" (PDF) . Project NEEDN, The Burren Connect Project . Ennistymon: Clare County Council . Retrieved 3 February 2021 . ^ "Isle of Wight, Minerals" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 November 2006 . Retrieved 8 October 2006 . ^ Juerges, A.; Hollis, C. E.; Marshall, J.; Crowley, S. (May 2016). "The control of basin evolution on patterns of sedimentation and diagenesis: an example from the Mississippian Great Orme, North Wales" . Journal of the Geological Society . 173 (3): 438– 456. Bibcode : 2016JGSoc.173..438J . doi : 10.1144/jgs2014-149 . ^ Cruslock, Eva M.; Naylor, Larissa A.; Foote, Yolanda L.; Swantesson, Jan O.H. (January 2010). "Geomorphologic equifinality: A comparison between shore platforms in Höga Kusten and Fårö, Sweden and the Vale of Glamorgan, South Wales, UK". Geomorphology . 114 ( 1– 2): 78– 88. Bibcode : 2010Geomo.114...78C . doi : 10.1016/j.geomorph.2009.02.019 . ^ Luczaj, John A. (2013). "Geology of the Niagara Escarpment in Wisconsin" . Geoscience Wisconsin . 22 (1): 34. doi : 10.54915/jeoi3571 . Retrieved 5 February 2021 . ^ Miller, James F. (1969). "Conodont Fauna of the Notch Peak Limestone (Cambro-Ordovician), House Range, Utah". Journal of Paleontology . 43 (2): 413– 439. JSTOR 1302317 . ^ Tran Duc Thanh; Waltham Tony (1 September 2001). "The outstanding value of the geology of Ha Long Bay" . Advances in Natural Sciences . 2 (3). ISSN 0866-708X . ^ Waltham, Tony (2010). Migon, Piotr (ed.). Guangxi Karst: The Fenglin and Fengcong Karst of Guilin and Yangshuo, in Geomorphological Landscapes of the World . Springer. pp. 293– 302. ISBN 978-90-481-3054-2 . ^ Mitchell-Tapping, Hugh J. (Spring 1980). "Depositional History of the Oolite of the Miami Limestone Formation". Florida Scientist . 43 (2): 116– 125. JSTOR 24319647 . ^ Thorsten Jansson, Stora Alvaret , Lenanders Tryckeri, Kalmar , 1999 ^ Laufeld, S. (1974). Silurian Chitinozoa from Gotland . Fossils and Strata. Universitetsforlaget. ^ Pereira, Dolores; Tourneur, Francis; Bernáldez, Lorenzo; Blázquez, Ana García (2014). "Petit Granit: A Belgian limestone used in heritage, construction and sculpture" (PDF) . Episodes . 38 (2): 30. Bibcode : 2014EGUGA..16...30P . Retrieved 5 February 2021 . ^ a b Cassar, Joann (2010). "The use of limestone in historic context". In Smith, Bernard J. (ed.). Limestone in the Built Environment: Present-day Challenges for the Preservation of the Past . Geographical Society of London. pp. 13– 23. ISBN 978-1-86239-294-6 . Retrieved 20 December 2024 . ^ a b Oates, J. A. H. (11 July 2008). "7.2 Market Overview". Lime and Limestone: Chemistry and Technology, Production and Uses . John Wiley & Sons. p. 64. ISBN 978-3-527-61201-7 . ^ "Welcome to the Limestone City" . Archived from the original on 20 February 2008 . Retrieved 13 February 2008 . ^ a b Corathers, L.A. (15 February 2019). "Lime". Metals and minerals: US Geological Survey Minerals Yearbook 2014, Volume 1 . Washington, DC: USGS (published 2018). p. 43.1. ISBN 978-1-4113-4253-8 . ^ Cassar, Joann (2010). "The use of limestone in a historic context – the experience of Malta". Geological Society, London, Special Publications . 331 (1): 13– 25. Bibcode : 2010GSLSP.331...13C . doi : 10.1144/SP331.2 . S2CID 129082854 . ^ Schele, Linda; Miller, Mary Ellen. The Blood of Kings: Dynasty and Ritual in Maya Art . Kimbell Art Museum. p. 41. ^ P. V. Sharma (1997), Environmental and Engineering Geophysics , Cambridge University Press, p. 17, doi : 10.1017/CBO9781139171168 , ISBN 1-139-17116-X ^ "Odessa catacombs" . Odessa travel guide . Retrieved 13 June 2020 . ^ Ashurst, John; Dimes, Francis G. (1998). Conservation of building and decorative stone . Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 117. ISBN 0-7506-3898-2 . ^ a b Bliss, J. D., Hayes, T. S., & Orris, G. J. (2012, August). Limestone—A Crucial and Versatile Industrial Mineral Commodity. Retrieved February 23, 2021, from ^ Reisener, A.; Stäckle, B.; Snethlage, R. (1995). "ICP on effects on materials". Water, Air, & Soil Pollution . 85 (4): 2701– 2706. Bibcode : 1995WASP...85.2701R . doi : 10.1007/BF01186242 . S2CID 94721996 . ^ "Approaches in modeling the impact of air pollution-induced material degradation" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 July 2011 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . ^ Clayton, Janet L.; Dannaway, Eric S.; Menendez, Raymond; Rauch, Henry W.; Renton, John J.; Sherlock, Sean M.; Zurbuch, Peter E. (1998). "Application of Limestone to Restore Fish Communities in Acidified Streams". North American Journal of Fisheries Management . 18 (2): 347– 360. Bibcode : 1998NAJFM..18..347C . doi : 10.1577/1548-8675(1998)018<0347:AOLTRF>2.0.CO;2 . ^ Hatch, Jonathan (18 April 2018). "How to clean limestone" . How to Clean Things . Saint Paul Media, Inc . Retrieved 5 February 2021 . ^ Oates, J. A. H. (11 July 2008). Lime and Limestone: Chemistry and Technology, Production and Uses . John Wiley & Sons . pp. 111– 3. ISBN 978-3-527-61201-7 . ^ Gutiérrez Ortiz, F. J.; Vidal, F.; Ollero, P.; Salvador, L.; Cortés, V.; Giménez, A. (February 2006). "Pilot-Plant Technical Assessment of Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization Using Limestone". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research . 45 (4): 1466– 1477. doi : 10.1021/ie051316o . ^ Kogel, Jessica Elzea (2006). Industrial Minerals & Rocks: Commodities, Markets, and Uses . SME. ISBN 0-87335-233-5 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2017. ^ Huwald, Eberhard (2001). "Calcium carbonate - pigment and filler". In Tegethoff, F. W. (ed.). Calcium Carbonate . Basel: Birkhäuser. pp. 160– 170. doi : 10.1007/978-3-0348-8245-3_7 . ISBN 3-0348-9490-2 . ^ Man, C.K.; Teacoach, K.A. (2009). "How does limestone rock dust prevent coal dust explosions in coal mines?" (PDF) . Mining Engineering : 61 . Retrieved 30 November 2020 . ^ "Why Fortified Flour?" . Wessex Mill . Retrieved 5 February 2021 . ^ "A Guide to Giving Your Layer Hens Enough Calcium" . Poultry One . Archived from the original on 3 April 2009. ^ "Nutrient minerals in drinking-water and the potential health consequences of consumption of demineralized and remineralized and altered mineral content drinking-water: Consensus of the meeting" . World Health Organization report . Archived from the original on 24 December 2007. ^ Tylecote, R. F. (1992). A history of metallurgy (2nd ed.). London: Institute of Materials. ISBN 0-901462-88-8 . ^ Archie, G.E. (1952). "Classification of Carbonate Reservoir Rocks and Petrophysical Considerations". AAPG Bulletin . 36 . doi : 10.1306/3D9343F7-16B1-11D7-8645000102C1865D . ^ Boggs 2006 , p. p=159. ^ a b c d Haumann, S. (2020). "Critical and scarce: the remarkable career of limestone 1850–1914". European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire . 27 (3): 273– 293. doi : 10.1080/13507486.2020.1737651 . S2CID 221052279 . ^ Sparenberg, O.; Heymann, M. (2020). "Introduction: resource challenges and constructions of scarcity in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries" . European Review of History: Revue européenne d'histoire . 27 (3): 243– 252. doi : 10.1080/13507486.2020.1737653 . S2CID 221055042 . ^ ResearchAndMarkets.com (9 June 2020). "Global Limestone Market Analysis and Forecasts 2020-2027 - Steady Growth Projected over the Next Few Years - ResearchAndMarkets.com" . Limestone - Global Market Trajectory & Analytics . businesswire.com . Retrieved 24 March 2021 . ^ a b Lhoist North America. "Material Safety Data Sheet: Limestone" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 February 2021 . Retrieved 5 February 2021 . ^ "CFR - Code of Federal Regulations Title 21" . US Food & Drug Administration . US Department of Health & Human Services . Retrieved 5 February 2021 . ^ "Limestone" . NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards . CDC. Archived from the original on 20 November 2015 . Retrieved 19 November 2015 . ^ Weaver, Martin E. (October 1995). "Removing Graffiti from Historic Masonry" . National Park Service. Archived from the original on 13 July 2013 . Retrieved 5 February 2019 . Further reading Boynton, Robert S. (1980). Chemistry and Technology of Lime and Limestone . Wiley. ISBN 0-471-02771-5 . .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Types of rocks v t e Igneous rock Adakite Alkali feldspar granite Andesite Anorthosite Aplite Basalt Alkali basalt Picrite basalt Basaltic trachyandesite Mugearite Shoshonite Basanite Blairmorite Boninite Carbonatite Charnockite Enderbite Dacite Diabase Diorite Napoleonite Dunite Essexite Foidolite Gabbro Granite Granodiorite Granophyre Harzburgite Hornblendite Hyaloclastite Icelandite Ijolite Kimberlite Komatiite Lamproite Lamprophyre Latite Lherzolite Monzogranite Monzonite Nepheline syenite Nephelinite Norite Obsidian Pegmatite Peridotite Phonolite Phonotephrite Porphyry Pumice Pyroxenite Websterite Quartz diorite Quartz monzonite Quartzolite Rhyodacite Rhyolite Comendite Pantellerite Scoria Shonkinite Sovite Syenite Tachylyte Tephriphonolite Tephrite Tonalite Trachyandesite Benmoreite Trachybasalt Hawaiite Trachyte Troctolite Trondhjemite Tuff Ignimbrite Wehrlite Adakite Alkali feldspar granite Andesite Anorthosite Aplite Basalt Alkali basalt Picrite basalt Alkali basalt Picrite basalt Basaltic trachyandesite Mugearite Shoshonite Mugearite Shoshonite Basanite Blairmorite Boninite Carbonatite Charnockite Enderbite Enderbite Dacite Diabase Diorite Napoleonite Napoleonite Dunite Essexite Foidolite Gabbro Granite Granodiorite Granophyre Harzburgite Hornblendite Hyaloclastite Icelandite Ijolite Kimberlite Komatiite Lamproite Lamprophyre Latite Lherzolite Monzogranite Monzonite Nepheline syenite Nephelinite Norite Obsidian Pegmatite Peridotite Phonolite Phonotephrite Porphyry Pumice Pyroxenite Websterite Websterite Quartz diorite Quartz monzonite Quartzolite Rhyodacite Rhyolite Comendite Pantellerite Comendite Pantellerite Scoria Shonkinite Sovite Syenite Tachylyte Tephriphonolite Tephrite Tonalite Trachyandesite Benmoreite Benmoreite Trachybasalt Hawaiite Hawaiite Trachyte Troctolite Trondhjemite Tuff Ignimbrite Ignimbrite Wehrlite Sedimentary rock Argillite Arkose Banded iron formation Breccia Calcarenite Chalk Chert Claystone Coal Conglomerate Coquina Diamictite Diatomite Dolomite Evaporite Flint Geyserite Greywacke Gritstone Itacolumite Jaspillite Laterite Lignite Limestone Lumachelle Marl Mudstone Oil shale Oolite Phosphorite Sandstone Shale Siltstone Sylvinite Tillite Travertine Tufa Turbidite Varve Wackestone Argillite Arkose Banded iron formation Breccia Calcarenite Chalk Chert Claystone Coal Conglomerate Coquina Diamictite Diatomite Dolomite Evaporite Flint Geyserite Greywacke Gritstone Itacolumite Jaspillite Laterite Lignite Limestone Lumachelle Marl Mudstone Oil shale Oolite Phosphorite Sandstone Shale Siltstone Sylvinite Tillite Travertine Tufa Turbidite Varve Wackestone Metamorphic rock Anthracite Amphibolite Blueschist Cataclasite Eclogite Gneiss Granulite Greenschist Hornfels Calcflinta Itabirite Litchfieldite Marble Migmatite Mylonite Metapelite Metapsammite Phyllite Pseudotachylite Quartzite Schist Serpentinite Skarn Slate Suevite Talc carbonate Soapstone Tectonite Whiteschist Anthracite Amphibolite Blueschist Cataclasite Eclogite Gneiss Granulite Greenschist Hornfels Calcflinta Calcflinta Itabirite Litchfieldite Marble Migmatite Mylonite Metapelite Metapsammite Phyllite Pseudotachylite Quartzite Schist Serpentinite Skarn Slate Suevite Talc carbonate Soapstone Soapstone Tectonite Whiteschist Specific varieties Adamellite Appinite Aphanite Borolanite Blue Granite Epidosite Felsite Flint Ganister Gossan Hyaloclastite Ijolite Jadeitite Jasperoid Kenyte Lapis lazuli Larvikite Litchfieldite Llanite Luxullianite Mangerite Novaculite Pietersite Pyrolite Rapakivi granite Rhomb porphyry Rodingite Shonkinite Taconite Tachylite Teschenite Theralite Unakite Variolite Wad Adamellite Appinite Aphanite Borolanite Blue Granite Epidosite Felsite Flint Ganister Gossan Hyaloclastite Ijolite Jadeitite Jasperoid Kenyte Lapis lazuli Larvikite Litchfieldite Llanite Luxullianite Mangerite Novaculite Pietersite Pyrolite Rapakivi granite Rhomb porphyry Rodingite Shonkinite Taconite Tachylite Teschenite Theralite Unakite Variolite Wad Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel Other Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Yale LUX Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine Yale LUX Limestone Industrial minerals Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from October 2021 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2024 Articles using infobox templates with no data rows Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 27 December 2025, at 23:19 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 National Allied Publications 1.1.1 Golden Age 1.1.2 Silver Age 1.2 National Periodical Publications 1.3 Kinney National / Warner Communications (1967–1990) 1.3.1 Bronze Age 1.4 DC Comics 1.4.1 Modern Age 1.5 Time Warner / Time Warner Entertainment / AOL Time Warner (1990–2018) 1.6 DC Entertainment 1.7 WarnerMedia / Warner Bros. Discovery unit (2018–present) 1.1 National Allied Publications 1.1.1 Golden Age 1.1.2 Silver Age 1.1.1 Golden Age 1.1.2 Silver Age 1.2 National Periodical Publications 1.3 Kinney National / Warner Communications (1967–1990) 1.3.1 Bronze Age 1.3.1 Bronze Age 1.4 DC Comics 1.4.1 Modern Age 1.4.1 Modern Age 1.5 Time Warner / Time Warner Entertainment / AOL Time Warner (1990–2018) 1.6 DC Entertainment 1.7 WarnerMedia / Warner Bros. Discovery unit (2018–present) 2 Logo Toggle Logo subsection 2.1 Gallery 2.1 Gallery 3 Imprints Toggle Imprints subsection 3.1 Active 3.2 Defunct 3.1 Active 3.2 Defunct 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Citations 7 Sources 8 External links DC Comics Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikivoyage Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page Logo used since 2024 [ a ] Parent company .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Independent (1935–1967) Kinney Services (1967–1972) Warner Communications (1972–1990) WarnerMedia (1990–2022) Warner Bros. Discovery (2022–present) Independent (1935–1967) Kinney Services (1967–1972) Warner Communications (1972–1990) WarnerMedia (1990–2022) Warner Bros. Discovery (2022–present) Status Active Founded 1935 ; 91 years ago ( 1935 ) (as National Allied Publications ) 1937 ; 89 years ago ( 1937 ) (as Detective Comics ) 1939 ; 87 years ago ( 1939 ) (as All-American Publications ) 1946 ; 80 years ago ( 1946 ) (as National Comics Publications ) 1961 ; 65 years ago ( 1961 ) (as National Periodical Publications ) 1977 ; 49 years ago ( 1977 ) (as DC Comics) 1935 ; 91 years ago ( 1935 ) (as National Allied Publications ) 1937 ; 89 years ago ( 1937 ) (as Detective Comics ) 1939 ; 87 years ago ( 1939 ) (as All-American Publications ) 1946 ; 80 years ago ( 1946 ) (as National Comics Publications ) 1961 ; 65 years ago ( 1961 ) (as National Periodical Publications ) 1977 ; 49 years ago ( 1977 ) (as DC Comics) Founder Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson Harry Donenfeld Jack Liebowitz Max Gaines Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson Harry Donenfeld Jack Liebowitz Max Gaines Country of origin United States Headquarters location 4000 Warner Boulevard , Burbank, California Distribution Lunar Distribution ( direct market ) [ 1 ] Penguin Random House Publisher Services (bookstores) Lunar Distribution ( direct market ) [ 1 ] Penguin Random House Publisher Services (bookstores) Key people Jim Lee (President, Publisher, CCO ) Anne DePies (SVP, General Manager) Marie Javins ( EIC ) Jim Lee (President, Publisher, CCO ) Anne DePies (SVP, General Manager) Marie Javins ( EIC ) Publication types List of publications Fiction genres Superhero Fantasy Science fiction Action Adventure Superhero Fantasy Science fiction Action Adventure Imprints List of imprints No. of employees approx. 230 [ 2 ] Official website dc .com DC Comics (originally DC Comics, Inc. , [ 3 ] and also known simply as DC ) is an American comic book publisher owned by Warner Bros. Discovery . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] DC is an initialism for Detective Comics , a comic book series first published in 1937. [ 6 ] DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies, the first comic under the DC banner being published in 1937. [ 7 ] The majority of its published stories are set in the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , such as Superman , [ 8 ] Batman , [ 9 ] Wonder Woman , [ 10 ] and the Flash [ 11 ] ; as well as famous fictional teams, including the Justice League , [ 12 ] the Teen Titans , [ 13 ] the Suicide Squad , [ 14 ] and the Legion of Super-Heroes . [ 15 ] The universe contains an assortment of well-known supervillains , such as Lex Luthor , [ 16 ] the Joker , [ 17 ] Darkseid , [ 18 ] and the antiheroic Catwoman . [ 19 ] The company has published non-DC Universe-related material, including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables , and many other titles, under the alternative imprint Vertigo and DC Black Label . Originally at 432 Fourth Avenue in Manhattan , New York City, the company offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue , 909 Third Avenue , 75 Rockefeller Plaza , 666 Fifth Avenue , and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC Comics was located at 1700 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan until April 2015, when DC Entertainment transferred its headquarters to Burbank, California . [ 20 ] In 2017, approximately 70% of the American comic book market was shared by DC Comics and its long-time major competitor Marvel Comics , [ 21 ] though this figure may be distorted by the fact that sales of graphic novels are excluded. When all book sales are included, DC is the second largest publisher of comic books, after Viz Media , and Marvel is third. [ 22 ] History National Allied Publications Golden Age In 1935, entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson founded National Allied Publications , intended as an American comic book publishing company. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Its debut publication was the tabloid -sized New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1 (the first of a comic series later called More Fun Comics ) with a February 1935 cover date . An anthology title, essentially for original stories not reprinted from newspaper strips , it was unlike many comic book series before it. [ 23 ] [ 27 ] While DC Comics is now primarily associated with superhero comics , the genres in the first anthology titles consisted of funnies , Western comics , and adventure-related stories. The character Doctor Occult —created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in December 1935 and included in issue No. 6 of New Fun Comics —is considered to be the earliest recurring superhero created by DC that is still being used. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] The company created a second recurring title called New Comics , first released in December 1935, which was the start of the long-running Adventure Comics series that also featured many anthology titles. [ 30 ] By 1936, the group had become Nicholson Publishing. [ 31 ] Wheeler-Nicholson's next and final title, Detective Comics , was advertised with a cover illustration dated December 1936 but eventually premiered three months late with a March 1937 cover date. The themed anthology that revolved originally around fictional detective stories became in modern times the longest-running ongoing comic series. A notable debut in the first issue was Slam Bradley , created in a collaboration between Wheeler-Nicholson, Siegel and Shuster. [ 29 ] In 1937, in debt to printing-plant owner and magazine distributor Harry Donenfeld —who also published pulp magazines and operated as a principal in the magazine distributorship Independent News —Wheeler-Nicholson had to enter into partnership with Donenfeld to publish Detective Comics No. 1, and Detective Comics, Inc. (which helped inspire the abbreviation DC) was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Donenfeld's accountant Jack S. Liebowitz listed as owners. As the company continued to experience cash-flow problems, Wheeler-Nicholson was forced out after the first year. Shortly afterwards, Detective Comics, Inc. purchased the remains of National Allied (also known as Nicholson Publishing) at a bankruptcy auction and absorbed it. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Meanwhile, Max Gaines formed the sister company All-American Publications in 1939. [ 34 ] Detective Comics, Inc. soon launched a new anthology title called Action Comics ; the first issue , cover dated June 1938, featured new characters such as Superman by Siegel and Shuster, Zatara by Fred Guardineer , and Tex Thompson by Ken Finch and Bernard Baily . Considered as the first comic book to feature the character archetype later known as the "superhero", Action Comics was a sales hit that brought to life a new age of comic books, now affectionately termed the "Golden Age" . Action Comics #1 is credited as featuring the first appearance of Superman, both on the cover illustration and inside the issue, and is now one of the most valuable and sought-after comic book issues of all time. [ 35 ] The first Superman tale included a superhero origin story with the reveal of an unnamed planet, later known as Krypton , where he is said to have originated . The issue also contained the first essential supporting character and one of the earliest female characters in any comic, with Lois Lane as Superman's first depicted romantic interest . [ 36 ] The Green Hornet -inspired character known as the Crimson Avenger by Jim Chamber was featured in Detective Comics No. 20 (October 1938). This character is known to be the first masked vigilante published by DC. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] An unnamed "office boy", retconned as Jimmy Olsen 's first appearance, was revealed in a Superman story by Siegel and Shuster in Action Comics No. 6 (November 1938). [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Starting in 1939, Siegel and Shuster's Superman was the first comic-derived character to appear in other formats, later featuring in his own newspaper comic strip , which first introduced his biological parents Jor-El and Lara . [ 41 ] All-American Publications' debut comic series, All-American Comics , was first published in April 1939. [ 36 ] The series Detective Comics made history as being the first to feature Batman —a Bob Kane and Bill Finger creation—in issue No.27 (March 1939) with the request of more superhero titles. Batman was depicted as a masked vigilante who wore a caped suit known as the Batsuit and drove a car that was later referred to as the Batmobile . The Batman story also included a supporting character called James Gordon , the police commissioner of what would later become Gotham City Police Department . [ 42 ] Despite being a parody, All-American Publications introduced the earliest female character who became the female superhero Red Tornado (though disguised as a male) in Ma Hunkel who first appeared in the "Scribbly" stories in All-American Comics No. 3 (June 1939). [ 43 ] Another important Batman debut was the introduction of the fictional mansion known as Wayne Manor first seen in Detective Comics No. 28 (June 1939). [ 42 ] The series Adventure Comics followed in the footsteps of Action Comics and Detective Comics by featuring a new recurring superhero called Sandman who first appeared in Adventure Comics No. 40 (July 1939). [ 44 ] Action Comics No. 13 (June 1939) introduced the first recurring Superman enemy referred to as the Ultra-Humanite ; created by Siegel and Shuster, this is commonly cited as one of the earliest supervillains in comic books. [ 45 ] The Superman character had another breakthrough when he was given his own comic book series , which was previously unheard of. [ 46 ] The first issue, published in June 1939, helped directly introduce Superman's adoptive parents, Jonathan and Martha Kent , also created by Siegel and Shuster. [ 39 ] Detective Comics No. 29 (July 1939) included the first mention of Batman's utility belt by Gardner Fox . [ 47 ] [ 42 ] Outside of DC's publishing, a character later integrated as DC was introduced by Fox Feature Syndicate named the Blue Beetle released in August 1939. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Fictional cities were a common theme of DC; the first revealed city was Superman's home city of Metropolis , originally named in Action Comics No. 16 (September 1939). [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Detective Comics No. 31 (September 1939) by Gardner Fox, Bob Kane and Sheldon Moldoff introduced a romantic interest for Batman named Julie Madison , as well as the Batarang weapon that Batman commonly uses, and the fictional aircraft called the Batplane . [ 42 ] The story of Batman's origin was first shown in Detective Comics No. 33 (November 1939), which depicted the death of Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne by a mugger . The origin story remained crucial for the fictional character after its inception. [ 23 ] [ 52 ] The Daily Planet (a common setting of Superman) was first named in a Superman newspaper strip around November 1939. [ 53 ] Doll Man was the first superhero to be produced by Quality Comics , which DC now owns. [ 54 ] [ clarification needed ] Fawcett Comics was formed around 1939 and became DC's original competitor company over the next decade. [ 55 ] At the end of 1944, All-American titles began using its own logo to distinguish it from the National comics. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] All-American Publications , an affiliate concern co-owned by Gaines and Liebowitz, merged with Detective Comics, Inc. on September 30, 1946, forming National Comics Publications . [ b ] The previous year, in June 1945, Gaines had allowed Liebowitz to buy him out and had retained only Picture Stories from the Bible as the foundation of his own new company, EC Comics . [ 59 ] At that point, "Liebowitz promptly orchestrated the merger of All-American and Detective Comics into National Comics... Next he took charge of organizing National Comics, [the self-distributorship] Independent News, and their affiliated firms into a single corporate entity, National Periodical Publications ". [ 60 ] National Periodical Publications became publicly traded on the stock market in 1961. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite the official names "National Comics" and "National Periodical Publications", the company began branding itself as "Superman-DC" as early as 1940 and became known colloquially as DC Comics for years before the official adoption of that name in 1977. [ 63 ] DC Comics began to move aggressively against what it saw as copyright-violating imitations from other companies, such as Fox Comics ' Wonder Man , which (according to court testimony) Fox started as a copy of Superman. This extended to DC suing Fawcett Comics over Captain Marvel , who was at the time the top-selling comic character (see National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc. ). Faced with declining sales and the prospect of bankruptcy if it lost the lawsuit, Fawcett capitulated in 1953 and ceased publishing comics. Years later, Fawcett sold the rights for Captain Marvel to DC Comics, and in 1972 the character was revived in DC's new title Shazam! , [ 64 ] which featured artwork by Captain Marvel's creator C. C. Beck . In the meantime, the abandoned 'Marvel' trademark had been seized by Marvel Comics in 1967, with the creation of their Captain Marvel , preventing DC from using the name in the title of their own comic series. While DC's Captain Marvel failed to recapture his earlier popularity, he later appeared in a Saturday morning live action TV adaptation and gained a prominent position in the mainstream continuity of the DC Universe . As the popularity of superheroes faded in the late 1940s, DC Comics focused on such genres as science fiction, Westerns , humor , and romance . The company also published crime and horror titles, although relatively tame contributions that avoided the mid-1950s backlash against such comic genres. A handful of the most popular superhero titles continued publication, including Action Comics and Detective Comics , the medium's two longest-running titles. Pioneers of DC Comics who started in the 1930s [ 65 ] Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Bob Kane Bill Finger Sheldon Mayer Gardner Fox Founder of DC Comics Creators of Superman and Lois Lane Creators of Batman and the Joker Early founder Created various characters Silver Age In the mid-1950s, editorial director Irwin Donenfeld and publisher Liebowitz directed editor Julius Schwartz (whose roots lay in the science-fiction book market) to produce a one-shot Flash story in the try-out title Showcase . Instead of reviving the old character, Schwartz had writers Robert Kanigher and John Broome , penciler Carmine Infantino , and inker Joe Kubert create Barry Allen , an entirely new super- speedster with a science-fiction bent. The Flash's reimagining in Showcase #4 (October 1956) proved sufficiently popular that it soon led to a similar revamping of the Green Lantern character, the introduction of the modern all-star team Justice League of America (JLA), and many more superheroes, heralding what historians and fans call the Silver Age of Comic Books . National radically overhauled its continuing characters—primarily Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman—rather than just reimagining them. The Superman family of titles, under editor Mort Weisinger , introduced such enduring characters as Supergirl , Bizarro , and Brainiac . The Batman titles, under editor Jack Schiff , introduced the successful Batwoman , Bat-Girl , Ace the Bat-Hound , and Bat-Mite in an attempt to modernize the strip with non-science-fiction elements. Schwartz and Infantino revitalized Batman in what the company promoted as the "New Look", with relatively down-to-earth stories re-emphasizing Batman as a detective. Meanwhile, editor Kanigher successfully introduced a whole family of Wonder Woman characters having fantastic adventures in a mythical realm. Since the 1940s, when Superman, Batman, and many of the company's other heroes began appearing in stories together, DC's characters have inhabited a shared continuity that was later dubbed the " DC Universe " by fans. With the story " Flash of Two Worlds ", in Flash #123 (September 1961), editor Schwartz (with writer Gardner Fox and artists Infantino and Joe Giella ) presented a conceptual mechanism for slotting the 1930s and 1940s Golden Age heroes into this continuity using the explanation that they inhabited an other-dimensional "Earth 2", whilst the modern heroes exist on "Earth 1", consequently laying the foundations of what was later called the DC Multiverse . [ 66 ] National Periodical Publications DC's introduction of the reimagined superheroes did not go unnoticed by their competitors. In 1961, with DC's JLA as the specific inducement, [ c ] Marvel Comics' writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby ushered in the sub-Silver Age "Marvel Age" of comics with the debut issue of The Fantastic Four . [ 68 ] Reportedly, DC dismissed the initial success of Marvel's editorial change until its consistently strengthening sales—albeit also benefiting DC's parent company Independent News, as Marvel's distributor—made it impossible to ignore. This commercial situation was highlighted by Marvel's superior sell-through percentage numbers which were typically 70% to DC's roughly 50%, meaning that DC's publications were barely making a profit after returns from the distributors were factored in, while Marvel was making a healthy profit by comparison. [ 69 ] Also in 1961, both DC and Marvel increased their cover price from ten cents to twelve cents, while the rival publisher Dell Comics was charging fifteen cents. [ 70 ] At this time, the senior DC staff were reportedly unable to explain how this small publishing house was achieving its increasingly threatening commercial strength. For instance, when Marvel's product was examined in a meeting, the emphasis on more sophisticated character-based narrative and artist-driven visual storytelling was apparently overlooked. Instead, superficial reasons were put forward to account for the brand's popularity, like the presence of the color red or word balloons on the cover, or that the perceived crudeness of the interior art was somehow more appealing to readers. When Lee learned about DC's subsequent experimental attempts to imitate these perceived details, he amused himself by arranging direct defiance of those assumptions in Marvel's publications as sales strengthened further to frustrate the competition. [ 71 ] However, this ignorance of Marvel's true appeal did not extend to some of the writing talent during this period, and attempts were made to emulate Marvel's narrative approach. For instance, there was the Doom Patrol series by Arnold Drake (who had previously warned DC's management about Marvel's strength), [ 72 ] a superhero team of outsiders who resented their freakish powers, [ 73 ] which Drake later speculated was plagiarized by Stan Lee to create The X-Men . [ 74 ] There was also the young Jim Shooter who purposely emulated Marvel's writing when he wrote for DC after studying both companies' styles, such as for the Legion of Super-Heroes feature. [ 75 ] In 1966, National Periodical Publications established its own television arm, led by Allen Ducovny, to develop and produce TV projects, with Superman TV Corporation handling the distribution of NPP's shows. [ 76 ] A 1966 Batman TV show on the ABC network sparked a temporary spike in comic book sales and a brief fad for superheroes in Saturday morning animation ( Filmation produced most of DC's initial cartoons) and other media. DC significantly lightened the tone of many of its comics—particularly Batman and Detective Comics —to better complement the "camp" tone of the TV series. This change in tone coincided with the prominent "Go-Go Checks" cover-dress that featured a black-and-white checkered strip at the top of each DC comic (all cover dates between February 1966 and August 1967), a misguided attempt by then-managing editor Irwin Donenfeld to make DC's output "stand out on the newsracks". [ 77 ] In particular, DC artist Carmine Infantino complained that the distinctive cover made it easier for readers to spot DC's titles and avoid them in favor of Marvel's titles. [ 78 ] In 1967, Infantino (who had designed popular Silver Age characters Batgirl and the Phantom Stranger ) rose from art director to become DC's editorial director. With the growing popularity of upstart rival Marvel Comics threatening to topple DC from its longtime number-one position in the comics industry, he tried to direct DC's focus towards marketing new and existing titles and characters with more adult sensibilities, aimed at an emerging older age group of superhero comic book fans; this was in response to Marvel's efforts to market their superhero line to college-aged adults. Infantino also recruited major talents such as ex-Marvel artist and Spider-Man co-creator Steve Ditko , and promising newcomers Neal Adams and Denny O'Neil , and he replaced some existing DC editors with artist-editors, including Joe Kubert and Dick Giordano , to give DC's output a more artistic critical eye. [ citation needed ] Kinney National / Warner Communications (1967–1990) In 1967, National Periodical Publications was purchased by Kinney National Company , [ 79 ] which purchased Warner Bros.-Seven Arts in 1969. Kinney National spun off its non-entertainment assets in 1972 (as National Kinney Corporation ) and changed its name to Warner Communications Inc. In 1970, Jack Kirby moved from Marvel Comics to DC, at the end of the Silver Age of Comics , in which Kirby's contributions to Marvel played a large, integral role. As artist Gil Kane described: "Jack was the single most influential figure in the turnaround in Marvel's fortunes from the time he rejoined the company ... It wasn't merely that Jack conceived most of the characters that are being done, but ... Jack's point of view and philosophy of drawing became the governing philosophy of the entire publishing company and, beyond the publishing company, of the entire field ... [Marvel took] Jack and use[d] him as a primer. They would get artists ... and they taught them the ABCs, which amounted to learning Jack Kirby ... Jack was like the Holy Scripture and they simply had to follow him without deviation. That's what was told to me ... It was how they taught everyone to reconcile all those opposing attitudes to one single master point of view." [ 80 ] Given carte blanche to write and illustrate his own stories, he created a handful of thematically-linked series he called collectively " The Fourth World ". In the existing series Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen and in his own, newly-launched series New Gods , Mister Miracle , and The Forever People , Kirby introduced such enduring characters and concepts as arch-villain Darkseid and the other-dimensional realm Apokolips . Furthermore, Kirby intended their stories to be reprinted in collected editions, in a publishing format that was later called the trade paperback , which became a standard industry practice decades later. While sales were respectable, they did not meet DC management's initially high expectations, and also suffered from a lack of comprehension and internal support from Infantino. By 1973 the "Fourth World" was all cancelled, although Kirby's conceptions soon became integral to the broadening of the DC Universe, especially after the major toy-company, Kenner Products , judged them ideal for their action-figure adaptation of the DC Universe , the Super Powers Collection . [ 81 ] Obligated by his contract, Kirby created other unrelated series for DC, including Kamandi , The Demon , and OMAC , before ultimately returning to Marvel Comics in 1976. Bronze Age Following the science-fiction innovations of the Silver Age , the comics of the 1970s and 1980s became known as the Bronze Age, as fantasy gave way to more naturalistic and sometimes darker themes. Illegal drug use, banned by the Comics Code Authority , explicitly appeared in comics for the first time in Marvel Comics' story " Green Goblin Reborn! " in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971), and after the Code's updating in response, DC offered a drug-fueled storyline in writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams ' Green Lantern , beginning with the story " Snowbirds Don't Fly " in the retitled Green Lantern/Green Arrow #85 (September 1971), which depicted Speedy , the teen sidekick of superhero archer Green Arrow , as having become a heroin addict. Jenette Kahn , a former children's magazine publisher, replaced Infantino as editorial director in January 1976. As it happened, her first task even before being formally hired, was to convince Bill Sarnoff, the head of Warner Publishing, to keep DC as a publishing concern, as opposed to simply managing their licensing of their properties. [ 82 ] With that established, DC had attempted to compete with the now-surging Marvel by dramatically increasing its output and attempting to win the market by flooding it. This included launching series featuring such new characters as Firestorm and Shade, the Changing Man , as well as an increasing array of non-superhero titles, in an attempt to recapture the pre- Wertham days of post-War comicdom. DC Comics In 1977, the company officially changed its name to DC Comics . [ 83 ] It had used the brand "Superman-DC" since the 1950s, and was colloquially known as DC Comics for years. [ 84 ] In June 1978, five months before the release of the first Superman film , Kahn expanded the line further, increasing the number of titles and story pages, and raising the price from 35 cents to 50 cents. Most series received eight-page back-up features while some had full-length twenty-five-page stories. This was a move the company called the "DC Explosion". [ 85 ] The move was not successful, however, and corporate parent Warner dramatically cut back on these largely unsuccessful titles, firing many staffers in what industry watchers dubbed "the DC Implosion ". [ 86 ] In September 1978, the line was dramatically reduced and standard-size books returned to 17-page stories but for a still increased 40 cents. [ 87 ] By 1980, the books returned to 50 cents with a 25-page story count but the story pages replaced house ads in the books. Seeking new ways to boost market share , the new team of publisher Kahn, vice president Paul Levitz , and managing editor Giordano addressed the issue of talent instability. To that end—and following the example of Atlas/Seaboard Comics [ 88 ] and such independent companies as Eclipse Comics —DC began to offer royalties in place of the industry-standard work-for-hire agreement in which creators worked for a flat fee and signed away all rights, giving talent a financial incentive tied to the success of their work. As it happened, the implementation of these incentives proved opportune considering Marvel Comics' Editor-in-Chief, Jim Shooter , was alienating much of his company's creative staff with his authoritarian manner and major talents there went to DC like Roy Thomas , Gene Colan , Marv Wolfman , and George Pérez . [ 89 ] In addition, emulating the era's new television form, the miniseries while addressing the matter of an excessive number of ongoing titles fizzling out within a few issues of their start, DC created the industry concept of the comic book limited series . This publishing format allowed for the deliberate creation of finite storylines within a more flexible publishing format that could showcase creations without forcing the talent into unsustainable open-ended commitments. The first such title was World of Krypton in 1979, and its positive results led to subsequent similar titles and later more ambitious productions like Camelot 3000 for the direct market in 1982. [ 90 ] These changes in policy shaped the future of the medium as a whole, and in the short term allowed DC to entice creators away from rival Marvel, and encourage stability on individual titles. In November 1980 DC launched the ongoing series The New Teen Titans , by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez , two popular talents with a history of success. Their superhero-team comic, superficially similar to Marvel's ensemble series X-Men , but rooted in DC history, earned significant sales [ 91 ] in part due to the stability of the creative team, who both continued with the title for six full years. In addition, Wolfman and Pérez took advantage of the limited-series option to create a spin-off title, Tales of the New Teen Titans , to present origin stories of their original characters without having to break the narrative flow of the main series or oblige them to double their work load with another ongoing title. Modern Age This successful revitalization of the Silver Age Teen Titans led DC's editors [ 92 ] to seek the same for the wider DC Universe . The result, the Wolfman/Pérez 12-issue limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths , gave the company an opportunity to realign and jettison some of the characters' complicated backstory and continuity discrepancies. A companion publication, two volumes entitled The History of the DC Universe , set out the revised history of the major DC characters. Crisis featured many key deaths that shaped the DC Universe for the following decades, and it separated the timeline of DC publications into pre- and post-"Crisis". Meanwhile, a parallel update had started in the non-superhero and horror titles. Since early 1984, the work of British writer Alan Moore had revitalized the horror series The Saga of the Swamp Thing , and soon numerous British writers, including Neil Gaiman and Grant Morrison , began freelancing for the company. The resulting influx of sophisticated horror-fantasy material led to DC in 1993 establishing the Vertigo mature-readers imprint, which did not subscribe to the Comics Code Authority . [ 93 ] Two DC limited series, Batman: The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller and Watchmen by Moore and artist Dave Gibbons , drew attention in the mainstream press for their dark psychological complexity and promotion of the antihero. [ 94 ] These titles helped pave the way for comics to be more widely accepted in literary-criticism circles and to make inroads into the book industry, with collected editions of these series as commercially successful trade paperbacks . [ 95 ] The mid-1980s also saw the end of many long-running DC war comics , including series that had been in print since the 1960s. These titles, all with over 100 issues, included Sgt. Rock , G.I. Combat , The Unknown Soldier , and Weird War Tales . Time Warner / Time Warner Entertainment / AOL Time Warner (1990–2018) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) In March 1989, Warner Communications merged with Time Inc. , making DC Comics a subsidiary of Time Warner. In June, the first Tim Burton-directed Batman film was released, and DC began publishing its hardcover series of DC Archive Editions ; these were collections of many of their early, key comics series, featuring rare and expensive stories previously unseen by the majority of modern fans. Much of the restoration work was handled by Rick Keene, with colour restoration performed by DC's long-time resident colourist Bob LeRose . The Archive Editions attempted to retroactively credit many of the writers and artists who had worked for DC without receiving much recognition during the early age of comic books when individual credits were rare. The comics industry experienced a brief boom in the early 1990s, thanks to a combination of speculative purchasing—mass purchase of the books as collectible items, with the intention to resell at a higher value (as the rising value of older issues was thought to imply that all comics would rise dramatically in price)—and several storylines gaining attention from the mainstream media. DC's extended storylines in which Superman was killed , Batman was crippled , and Green Lantern turned into the supervillain Parallax , resulted in dramatically increased sales. However, the increases were temporary, and sales dropped off as the industry went into a major slump, while manufactured " collectables " numbering in the millions replaced quality with quantity until fans and speculators alike deserted the medium in droves. [ 96 ] DC's Piranha Press and other imprints (including the mature readers' line Vertigo , and Helix , a short-lived science fiction imprint) were introduced to facilitate compartmentalized diversification and allow for specialized marketing of individual product lines. They increased the use of non-traditional contractual arrangements, including the dramatic rise of creator-owned projects, leading to a significant increase in critically lauded work (much of it for Vertigo) and the licensing of material from other companies. DC also increased publication of book-store friendly formats, including trade paperback collections of individual serial comics, as well as original graphic novels . One of the other imprints was Impact Comics from 1991 to 1992 in which the Archie Comics superheroes were licensed and revamped. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] The stories in the line were part of its own shared universe. [ 99 ] DC entered into a publishing agreement with Milestone Media that gave DC a line of comics featuring a culturally and racially diverse range of superhero characters. Although the Milestone line ceased publication after a few years, it yielded the popular animated series Static Shock . DC established Paradox Press to publish material such as the large-format Big Book of... series of multi-artist interpretations on individual themes, and such crime fiction as the graphic novel Road to Perdition . In 1998, DC purchased WildStorm Comics, Jim Lee 's imprint under the Image Comics banner, continuing it for many years as a wholly separate imprint (and fictional universe) with its own unique style and audience. As part of this purchase, DC also began to publish titles under the fledgling WildStorm sub-imprint America's Best Comics (ABC), a series of titles created by Alan Moore which included The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Tom Strong , and Promethea . Moore strongly opposed this move, and DC eventually stopped publishing ABC. In March 2003, DC acquired publishing and merchandising rights to the long-running fantasy series Elfquest , previously self-published by creators Wendy and Richard Pini under their WaRP Graphics publication banner. This series then followed another non-DC title, Tower Comics ' series T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents , in collection into DC Archive Editions. In 2004, DC temporarily acquired the North American publishing rights to graphic novels from European publishers 2000 AD and Humanoids . It also rebranded its younger-audience titles with the mascot Johnny DC and established the CMX imprint to reprint translated manga . In 2006, CMX took over from Dark Horse Comics ' publication of the webcomic Megatokyo in print form. DC also took advantage of the demise of Kitchen Sink Press and acquired the rights to much of the work of Will Eisner , such as his The Spirit series and his graphic novels. In 2004, DC began laying the groundwork for a full continuity-reshuffling sequel to Crisis on Infinite Earths , promising substantial changes to the DC Universe (and side-stepping the 1994 Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! event, which similarly tried to retcon the history of the DCU). In 2005, the critically lauded Batman Begins film was released; also, the company published several limited series establishing increasingly escalating conflicts among DC's heroes, with events climaxing in the Infinite Crisis limited series. Immediately after this event, DC's ongoing series jumped forward a full year in their in-story continuity, as DC launched a weekly series, 52 , to gradually fill in the missing time. Concurrently, DC lost the copyright to "Superboy" (while retaining the trademark) when the heirs of Jerry Siegel used a provision of the 1976 revision to the copyright law to regain ownership. In 2005, DC launched its " All-Star " line (evoking the title of the 1940s publication ), designed to feature some of the company's best-known characters in stories that eschewed the long and convoluted continuity of the DC Universe. The line began with All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder and All-Star Superman , while All-Star Wonder Woman and All-Star Batgirl were announced in 2006, but neither of these stories had been released or scheduled as of 2025. [ 100 ] By 2007, DC was licensing characters from the Archie Comics imprint Red Circle Comics . [ 101 ] They appeared in the Red Circle line, based in the DC Universe, with a series of one-shots followed by a miniseries that led into two ongoing titles that each lasted for ten issues. [ 99 ] [ 102 ] DC Entertainment In 2011, DC rebooted all of its running titles following the Flashpoint storyline. The reboot called The New 52 gave new origin stories and costume designs to many of DC's characters. DC licensed pulp characters including Doc Savage and the Spirit which it then used, along with some DC heroes, as part of the First Wave comics line launched in 2010 and lasting through fall 2011. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] In May 2011, DC announced it would begin releasing digital versions of their comics on the same day as paper versions. [ 106 ] On June 1, 2011, DC announced that it would end all ongoing series set in the DC Universe in August and relaunch its comic line with 52 issue #1s, starting with Justice League on August 31 (written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Jim Lee), with the rest to follow later on in September. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] On June 4, 2013, DC started DC 2 and DC 2 Multiverse . DC 2 was for Batman '66 while DC 2 Multiverse was for Batman: Arkham Origins . [ 109 ] In 2014, DC announced an eight-issue miniseries titled Convergence which began in April 2015. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] In 2016, DC announced a line-wide relaunch titled DC Rebirth . [ 114 ] The new line would launch with an 80-page one-shot titled DC Universe: Rebirth, written by Geoff Johns , with art from Gary Frank, Ethan Van Sciver, and more. After that, many new series would launch with a twice-monthly release schedule and new creative teams for nearly every title. The relaunch was meant to bring back the legacy and heart many felt had been missing from DC characters since the launch of the New 52. Rebirth brought huge success, both financially and critically. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] In January 2018, DC held an event in the now-defunct Newseum in Washington D.C .. The event featured a pop-up shop with autograph opportunities, panel discussions with stars and producers from Arrow , DC's Legends of Tomorrow , The Flash , Gotham , Supergirl , and Freedom Fighters: The Ray , comic book authors and artists, and premiere screenings of Black Lightning and Batman: Gotham By Gaslight . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] WarnerMedia / Warner Bros. Discovery unit (2018–present) On February 21, 2020, the Co-Publisher of DC Comics, Dan DiDio stepped down after 10 years at that position. The company did not give a reason for the move, nor did it indicate whether it was his decision or the company's. The leadership change was the latest event in the company restructuring which began the previous month, as several top executives were laid off from the company. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] However, Bleeding Cool reported that he was fired. [ 122 ] In June 2020, Warner Bros. announced a separate DC-themed online-only convention. Known as DC FanDome , the free "immersive virtual fan experience" was a 24-hour-long event held on August 22, 2020. [ 123 ] The main presentation, entitled "DC FanDome: Hall of Heroes", was held as scheduled on August 22. [ 124 ] The remaining programming was provided through a one-day video on demand experience, "DC FanDome: Explore the Multiverse", on September 12. As Warner Bros. and DC's response to San Diego Comic-Con's cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the convention featured information about DC-based content including the DC Extended Universe film franchise, the Arrowverse television franchise, comic books, and video games. The convention also returned for the virtual premiere of Wonder Woman 1984 [ 125 ] and returned once again on October 16, 2021. [ 126 ] In August 2020, roughly one-third of DC's editorial ranks were laid off, including the editor-in-chief, senior story editor, executive editor, and several senior VPs. [ 127 ] In March 2021, DC relaunched their entire line once again under the banner of Infinite Frontier . After the events of the Dark Nights: Death Metal storyline, the DC Multiverse was expanded into a larger "Omniverse" where everything is canon, effectively reversing the changes The New 52 introduced a decade prior. [ 128 ] Furthermore, AT&T spun off WarnerMedia to Discovery, forming Warner Bros. Discovery . This merger was completed on April 8, 2022. In January 2023, DC relaunched their line under the banner of Dawn of DC following the conclusion of Dark Crisis on Infinite Earths and Lazarus Planet . [ 129 ] Later that year, Jim Lee was promoted to President of DC in May. [ 130 ] Logo The November 1941 DC titles introduced an updated logo. This was almost twice the size of the previous version and the first with a white background. The name "Superman" was added to "A DC Publication", effectively acknowledging both Superman and Batman. This logo was the first to occupy the top-left corner of the cover, which is where the logo has generally resided ever since. The company began to refer to itself in its advertising as "Superman-DC". [ 131 ] When Jenette Kahn became DC's publisher in late 1976, she commissioned graphic designer Milton Glaser to design a new company logo. Popularly referred to as the "DC bullet", this logo premiered on the February 1977 titles. Although it varied in size and colour, was at times cropped by the edges of the cover, and was briefly rotated by 4 degrees, the logo remained essentially unchanged for almost three decades. Despite the various logo changes since 2005, the old "DC bullet" continues to be used only on the DC Archive Editions series. [ 132 ] On May 8, 2005, a new logo (dubbed the "DC spin") was unveiled, debuting on DC titles in June 2005 with DC Special: The Return of Donna Troy No. 1 and the rest of the titles the following week. As well as being used for comics, the new logo was designed for DC properties in other media, including films since Batman Begins (with Superman Returns showing the logo's normal variant), the TV series Smallville , the animated series Justice League Unlimited and others, as well as for collectibles and other merchandise. The "DC Spin" logo was designed by Josh Beatman of Brainchild Studios [ 133 ] and DC executive Richard Bruning . [ 134 ] In March 2012, DC unveiled a new logo designed by Landor Associates , which consists of a letter "D" peeling back to reveal the letter "C". The logo was intended to signify the concept of superheroes having "dual" identities and was adaptable across different mediums. [ 135 ] In May 2016, in conjunction with the DC Rebirth , DC replaced the "peel" logo with a circular logo reminiscent of the 1972 logo. [ 136 ] In July 2024, an updated version of Glaser's 1977 "Bullet" logo was unveiled during San Diego Comic-Con, as well as an accompanying intro sequence featuring Superman for DC Studios . [ 137 ] Gallery 1977–2005, aka the "DC Bullet" (first era logo) 2005–2012, aka the "DC Spin" 2012–2016, aka the "DC Peel" 2016–2024, logo introduced with the DC Rebirth relaunch 2024–present, aka the "DC Bullet" in blue shade (second era / return logo) Imprints Active DC (1937–present) Elseworlds (1989–2010, 2024–present) Vertigo Comics (1993–2020, 2024–present) [ 138 ] Sandman Universe (2018–present) WildStorm (1999–2010, 2017–present) Earth-M (1993–1997, 2018–present) DC Black Label (2018–present) [ 139 ] Hill House Comics (2019–present) DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults (2020–present) DC Graphic Novels for Kids (2020–present) DC Horror (2021–present) [ 140 ] DC Compact Comics (2024–present) [ 141 ] DC All In (2024–present) Elseworlds (1989–2010, 2024–present) Vertigo Comics (1993–2020, 2024–present) [ 138 ] Sandman Universe (2018–present) Sandman Universe (2018–present) WildStorm (1999–2010, 2017–present) Earth-M (1993–1997, 2018–present) DC Black Label (2018–present) [ 139 ] Hill House Comics (2019–present) Hill House Comics (2019–present) DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults (2020–present) DC Graphic Novels for Kids (2020–present) DC Horror (2021–present) [ 140 ] DC Compact Comics (2024–present) [ 141 ] DC All In (2024–present) Mad (1953–present) Defunct DC Archive Editions (1989–2014; replaced by DC Omnibus ) Piranha Press (1989–1993; renamed Paradox Press ) Impact Comics (1991–1993; licensed from Archie Comics ) Amalgam Comics (1996–1997; jointly with Marvel Comics ) Helix (1996–1998; merged with Vertigo ) Tangent Comics (1997–1998) Paradox Press (1998–2003) WildStorm Productions (1999–2010) America's Best Comics (1999–2005) Homage Comics (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) Cliffhanger (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) WildStorm Signature (2004–2006; merged with main WildStorm line) CMX Manga (2004–2010) America's Best Comics (1999–2005) Homage Comics (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) Cliffhanger (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) WildStorm Signature (2004–2006; merged with main WildStorm line) CMX Manga (2004–2010) DC Focus (2004–2005; merged with main DC line) Johnny DC (2004–2012) All Star (2005–2008) Minx (2007–2008) Zuda Comics (2007–2010) First Wave (2010–2011; licensed from Condé Nast Publications and Will Eisner Library) Young Animal (2016–2021) DC Ink (2019; replaced by DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults) DC Zoom (2019; replaced by DC Graphic Novels for Kids) Wonder Comics (2019–2021) See also Batman Day DC Collectibles DC Cosmic Cards DC Extended Universe DC Studios List of comics characters which originated in other media List of current DC Comics publications Lists of DC Comics characters List of films based on DC Comics publications List of television series based on DC Comics publications List of unproduced DC Comics projects List of video games based on DC Comics Publication history of DC Comics crossover events Notes ^ This logo was previously used from 1977 to 2005. ^ In a 1947–1948 lawsuit filed by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster against National, the presiding judge noted in a "Findings of Facts": "DETECTIVE COMICS, INC. was a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York, and was one of the constituent corporations consolidated on September 30, 1946 into defendant NATIONAL COMICS PUBLICATIONS, INC." [ 58 ] ^ Apocryphal legend has it that in 1961, either Jack Liebowitz or Irwin Donenfeld of DC Comics (then known as National Periodical Publications) bragged about DC's success with the Justice League (which had debuted in The Brave and the Bold No. 28 (February 1960) before going on to its own title) to publisher Martin Goodman (whose holdings included the nascent Marvel Comics , which was being distributed by DC's Independent News at this time) during a game of golf. However, film producer and comics historian Michael Uslan partly debunked the story in a letter published in Alter Ego No. 43 (December 2004), pp. 43–44 .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News) ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. Goodman, a publishing trend-follower who was aware of DC's strong JLA sales, confirmably directed his comics editor, Stan Lee , to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee: "Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The [ sic ] Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, 'why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes? ' " [ 67 ] Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News) ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News) ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. Goodman, a publishing trend-follower who was aware of DC's strong JLA sales, confirmably directed his comics editor, Stan Lee , to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee: "Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The [ sic ] Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, 'why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes? ' " [ 67 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} McMillan, Graeme (June 5, 2020). 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Combat The Losers (Vertigo) Men of War Our Army at War Our Fighting Forces Star Spangled War Stories The War that Time Forgot Weird War Tales Adventures in the Rifle Brigade All-Out War Blackhawks Blitzkrieg G.I. Combat The Losers (Vertigo) Men of War Our Army at War Our Fighting Forces Star Spangled War Stories The War that Time Forgot Weird War Tales Characters Blackhawk Boy Commandos Creature Commandos Easy Company Enemy Ace G.I. Robot Haunted Tank Hop Harrigan The Losers Mademoiselle Marie Sgt. Rock Unknown Soldier Blackhawk Boy Commandos Creature Commandos Easy Company Enemy Ace G.I. Robot Haunted Tank Hop Harrigan The Losers Mademoiselle Marie Sgt. Rock Unknown Soldier Editors Murray Boltinoff Archie Goodwin Robert Kanigher Joe Kubert Joe Orlando Murray Boltinoff Archie Goodwin Robert Kanigher Joe Kubert Joe Orlando Related Blackhawk (serial) Creature Commandos (TV series) DC Showcase: Sgt. Rock Front Line (video game) Hop Harrigan (serial) The Losers (2010 film) " Sgt. Rock (Is Going to Help Me) " Blackhawk (serial) Creature Commandos (TV series) DC Showcase: Sgt. Rock Front Line (video game) Hop Harrigan (serial) The Losers (2010 film) " Sgt. Rock (Is Going to Help Me) " v t e DC Comics crossover event publication history v t e 1980s " Crisis on Infinite Earths " (April 1985) " Legends " (November 1986) " Millennium " (January 1988) " Invasion! " (January 1989) " The Janus Directive " (May 1989) " Crisis on Infinite Earths " (April 1985) " Legends " (November 1986) " Millennium " (January 1988) " Invasion! " (January 1989) " The Janus Directive " (May 1989) 1990s " Armageddon 2001 " (May 1991) " War of the Gods " (September 1991) " Eclipso: The Darkness Within " (July 1992) " The Death of Superman " (October 1992) " Bloodlines " (1993) " The Children's Crusade " (December 1993) " Worlds Collide " (July 1994) " End of an Era " (August 1994) " Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! " (September 1994) " Underworld Unleashed " (November 1995) " DC vs. Marvel " (April 1996) " The Final Night " (November 1996) " Genesis " (October 1997) " DC One Million " (November 1998) " Day of Judgment " (November 1999) " JLApe: Gorilla Warfare! " (1999) " Armageddon 2001 " (May 1991) " War of the Gods " (September 1991) " Eclipso: The Darkness Within " (July 1992) " The Death of Superman " (October 1992) " Bloodlines " (1993) " The Children's Crusade " (December 1993) " Worlds Collide " (July 1994) " End of an Era " (August 1994) " Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! " (September 1994) " Underworld Unleashed " (November 1995) " DC vs. Marvel " (April 1996) " The Final Night " (November 1996) " Genesis " (October 1997) " DC One Million " (November 1998) " Day of Judgment " (November 1999) " JLApe: Gorilla Warfare! " (1999) 2000s " Our Worlds at War " (August 2001) " Joker: Last Laugh " (December 2001) " JLA/Avengers " (September 2003) " Identity Crisis " (June 2004) " Infinite Crisis " (December 2005) " Amazons Attack! " (March 2007) " Sinestro Corps War " (August 2007) " Final Crisis " (July 2008) " Blackest Night " (June 2009) " Our Worlds at War " (August 2001) " Joker: Last Laugh " (December 2001) " JLA/Avengers " (September 2003) " Identity Crisis " (June 2004) " Infinite Crisis " (December 2005) " Amazons Attack! " (March 2007) " Sinestro Corps War " (August 2007) " Final Crisis " (July 2008) " Blackest Night " (June 2009) 2010s " Brightest Day " (May 2010) " Reign of Doomsday " (January 2011) " Flashpoint " (May 2011) " The Culling " (November 2011) " Batman: Night of the Owls " (April 2012) " Death of the Family " (October 2012) " H'El on Earth " (October 2012) " Throne of Atlantis " (November 2012) " Wrath of the First Lantern " (February 2013) " Batman: Zero Year " (June 2013) " Trinity War " (July 2013) " Forever Evil " (September 2013) " Forever Evil: Blight " (October 2013) " The New 52: Futures End " (September 2014) " Convergence " (April 2015) " Darkseid War " (June 2015) " The Button " (April 2017) " Dark Nights: Metal " (June 2017) " The Lazarus Contract " (July 2017) " Doomsday Clock " (November 2017) " Milk Wars " (March 2018) " Heroes in Crisis " (September 2018) " The Terminus Agenda " (March 2019) " Year of the Villain " (May 2019) " Brightest Day " (May 2010) " Reign of Doomsday " (January 2011) " Flashpoint " (May 2011) " The Culling " (November 2011) " Batman: Night of the Owls " (April 2012) " Death of the Family " (October 2012) " H'El on Earth " (October 2012) " Throne of Atlantis " (November 2012) " Wrath of the First Lantern " (February 2013) " Batman: Zero Year " (June 2013) " Trinity War " (July 2013) " Forever Evil " (September 2013) " Forever Evil: Blight " (October 2013) " The New 52: Futures End " (September 2014) " Convergence " (April 2015) " Darkseid War " (June 2015) " The Button " (April 2017) " Dark Nights: Metal " (June 2017) " The Lazarus Contract " (July 2017) " Doomsday Clock " (November 2017) " Milk Wars " (March 2018) " Heroes in Crisis " (September 2018) " The Terminus Agenda " (March 2019) " Year of the Villain " (May 2019) 2020s " Dark Nights: Death Metal " (June 2020) " Joker War " (September 2020) " Generations " (September 2020) " Endless Winter " (December 2020) " Future State " (January 2021) " Infinite Frontier " (June 2021) " Fear State " (August 2021) " War for Earth-3 " (March 2022) " Shadow War " (April 2022) " Dark Crisis " (May 2022) " The New Golden Age " (November 2022) " Lazarus Planet " (January 2023) " Knight Terrors " (July 2023) " Gotham War " (August 2023) " Titans: Beast World " (November 2023) " House of Brainiac " (April 2024) " Absolute Power " (July 2024) " We are Yesterday " (June 2025) " DC K.O. " (October 2025) " Dark Nights: Death Metal " (June 2020) " Joker War " (September 2020) " Generations " (September 2020) " Endless Winter " (December 2020) " Future State " (January 2021) " Infinite Frontier " (June 2021) " Fear State " (August 2021) " War for Earth-3 " (March 2022) " Shadow War " (April 2022) " Dark Crisis " (May 2022) " The New Golden Age " (November 2022) " Lazarus Planet " (January 2023) " Knight Terrors " (July 2023) " Gotham War " (August 2023) " Titans: Beast World " (November 2023) " House of Brainiac " (April 2024) " Absolute Power " (July 2024) " We are Yesterday " (June 2025) " DC K.O. " (October 2025) Launch lines DC Universe DC Explosion/DC Implosion (1978) The New 52 (2011–2016) DC Rebirth (2016–2017) The New Age of DC Heroes (2018–2020) New Justice (2018–2021) The Sandman Universe (2018–2024) Infinite Frontier (2021–2023) The New Golden Age (2022–2024) Dawn of DC (2023–2024) DC All In (2024–) Other continuities Hanna-Barbera Beyond (2016–2019) Murphyverse (2017–2023) Milestone Returns (2020–2025) Absolute Universe (2024–) DC Universe DC Explosion/DC Implosion (1978) The New 52 (2011–2016) DC Rebirth (2016–2017) The New Age of DC Heroes (2018–2020) New Justice (2018–2021) The Sandman Universe (2018–2024) Infinite Frontier (2021–2023) The New Golden Age (2022–2024) Dawn of DC (2023–2024) DC All In (2024–) DC Explosion/DC Implosion (1978) The New 52 (2011–2016) DC Rebirth (2016–2017) The New Age of DC Heroes (2018–2020) New Justice (2018–2021) The Sandman Universe (2018–2024) Infinite Frontier (2021–2023) The New Golden Age (2022–2024) Dawn of DC (2023–2024) DC All In (2024–) Other continuities Hanna-Barbera Beyond (2016–2019) Murphyverse (2017–2023) Milestone Returns (2020–2025) Absolute Universe (2024–) Hanna-Barbera Beyond (2016–2019) Murphyverse (2017–2023) Milestone Returns (2020–2025) Absolute Universe (2024–) See also Intercompany crossovers in comics Intercompany crossovers in comics v t e Golden Age of Comic Books v t e Ace Comics Captain Courageous Doctor Nemesis The Flag Lash Lightning The Raven Unknown Soldier Vulcan Captain Courageous Doctor Nemesis The Flag Lash Lightning The Raven Unknown Soldier Vulcan All-American Publications The Atom Al Pratt Black Canary Doctor Mid-Nite Charles McNider Doiby Dickles The Flash Jay Garrick Gay Ghost Green Lantern Alan Scott Hawkgirl Shiera Sanders Hall Hawkman Carter Hall Hop Harrigan Johnny Thunder Justice Society of America The King Mister Terrific Terry Sloane Neptune Perkins Red Tornado Sargon the Sorcerer Terrific Whatzit Thunderbolt Ultra-Man The Whip Wildcat Ted Grant Wonder Woman The 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Chambers King Faraday The Knight Krypto Liberty Belle Manhunter Paul Kirk Paul Kirk Martian Manhunter Miss X Mr. America Newsboy Legion Phantom Stranger Rex the Wonder Dog Robin Dick Grayson Dick Grayson Robotman Rose Psychic Sandman Wesley Dodds Wesley Dodds Sandy the Golden Boy Seven Soldiers of Victory Shining Knight Sir Justin Sir Justin Slam Bradley The Spectre Jim Corrigan Jim Corrigan Speedy Roy Harper Roy Harper Squire Star-Spangled Kid Sylvester Pemberton Sylvester Pemberton Starman Ted Knight Ted Knight Stripesy Stuff the Chinatown Kid Superboy Kal-El Kal-El Superman Superwoman Lois Lane Lois Lane Tarantula TNT Tommy Tomorrow Vigilante Greg Saunders Greg Saunders Wonder Woman Zatara Nedor Comics American Crusader American Eagle Black Terror Captain Future Doc Strange Fighting Yank The Ghost Grim Reaper Judy of the Jungle Kara the Jungle Princess Lance Lewis, Space Detective Liberator The Magnet Miss Masque Princess Pantha Pyroman The Scarab The Woman in Red American Crusader 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Blackhawk Blue Tracer Bozo the Iron Man Captain Triumph Doll Girl Doll Man Firebrand Human Bomb Invisible Hood The Jester Kid Eternity Lady Luck Madame Fatal Magno Manhunter Merlin the Magician Midnight Miss America Miss Fear Mouthpiece Neon the Unknown Phantom Lady Plastic Man Quicksilver The Ray Red Bee Red Torpedo The Spider Spider Widow Uncle Sam Wildfire Wonder Boy Woozy Winks Timely Comics All-Winners Squad American Ace The Angel Black Marvel Black Widow Claire Voyant Blazing Skull Blonde Phantom Blue Blade Blue Diamond Breeze Barton Bucky Bucky Barnes Captain America Captain Wonder The Challenger Citizen V The Destroyer Dynamic Man Father Time Ferret Fiery Mask The Fin Golden Girl Human Torch Jack Frost Laughing Mask Marvel Boy Mercury Miss America Miss Fury Mister E Namor Namora The Patriot Phantom Reporter Red Raven Rockman Silver Scorpion Sun Girl Super Rabbit Thin Man Thunderer Tim Mulrooney Toro Venus Vision Whizzer Robert Frank Witness Young Allies All-Winners Squad 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Miller & Son, Ltd. Kid Marvelman Marvelman Young Marvelman Kid Marvelman Marvelman Young Marvelman Magazine Enterprises Funnyman Funnyman Maple Leaf Publishing Brok Windsor Iron Man Brok Windsor Iron Man Rural Home Publications Green Turtle Green Turtle Street & Smith The Avenger Doc Savage The Shadow Supersnipe The Avenger Doc Savage The Shadow Supersnipe United States Comics New York City Companies Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat VIAF WorldCat National United States Czech Republic Israel United States Czech Republic Israel People Trove Trove Other SNAC Yale LUX SNAC Yale LUX DC Comics Book publishing companies based in California Companies based in Burbank, California Publishing companies established in 1935 DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Discovery brands Comic book publishing companies of the United States American companies established in 1935 Culture of the United States 1935 establishments in New York City Warner Bros. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 1,161 results for author: Hu, S Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 3 4 5 … arXiv:2601.10398 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI LatentRefusal: Latent-Signal Refusal for Unanswerable Text-to-SQL Queries Authors: Xuancheng Ren , Shijing Hu , Zhihui Lu , Jiangqi Huang , Qiang Duan Abstract : In LLM-based text-to-SQL systems, unanswerable and underspecified user queries may generate not only incorrect text but also executable programs that yield misleading results or violate safety constraints, posing a major barrier to safe deployment. Existing refusal strategies for such queries either rely on output-level instruction following, which is brittle due to model hallucinations, or estima… ▽ More In LLM-based text-to-SQL systems, unanswerable and underspecified user queries may generate not only incorrect text but also executable programs that yield misleading results or violate safety constraints, posing a major barrier to safe deployment. Existing refusal strategies for such queries either rely on output-level instruction following, which is brittle due to model hallucinations, or estimate output uncertainty, which adds complexity and overhead. To address this challenge, we formalize safe refusal in text-to-SQL systems as an answerability-gating problem and propose LatentRefusal, a latent-signal refusal mechanism that predicts query answerability from intermediate hidden activations of a large language model. We introduce the Tri-Residual Gated Encoder, a lightweight probing architecture, to suppress schema noise and amplify sparse, localized cues of question-schema mismatch that indicate unanswerability. Extensive empirical evaluations across diverse ambiguous and unanswerable settings, together with ablation studies and interpretability analyses, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and show that LatentRefusal provides an attachable and efficient safety layer for text-to-SQL systems. Across four benchmarks, LatentRefusal improves average F1 to 88.5 percent on both backbones while adding approximately 2 milliseconds of probe overhead. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10398 [ pdf , ps , other ] LatentRefusal: Latent-Signal Refusal for Unanswerable Text-to-SQL Queries Authors: Xuancheng Ren , Shijing Hu , Zhihui Lu , Jiangqi Huang , Qiang Duan Abstract : In LLM-based text-to-SQL systems, unanswerable and underspecified user queries may generate not only incorrect text but also executable programs that yield misleading results or violate safety constraints, posing a major barrier to safe deployment. Existing refusal strategies for such queries either rely on output-level instruction following, which is brittle due to model hallucinations, or estima… ▽ More In LLM-based text-to-SQL systems, unanswerable and underspecified user queries may generate not only incorrect text but also executable programs that yield misleading results or violate safety constraints, posing a major barrier to safe deployment. Existing refusal strategies for such queries either rely on output-level instruction following, which is brittle due to model hallucinations, or estimate output uncertainty, which adds complexity and overhead. To address this challenge, we formalize safe refusal in text-to-SQL systems as an answerability-gating problem and propose LatentRefusal, a latent-signal refusal mechanism that predicts query answerability from intermediate hidden activations of a large language model. We introduce the Tri-Residual Gated Encoder, a lightweight probing architecture, to suppress schema noise and amplify sparse, localized cues of question-schema mismatch that indicate unanswerability. Extensive empirical evaluations across diverse ambiguous and unanswerable settings, together with ablation studies and interpretability analyses, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach and show that LatentRefusal provides an attachable and efficient safety layer for text-to-SQL systems. Across four benchmarks, LatentRefusal improves average F1 to 88.5 percent on both backbones while adding approximately 2 milliseconds of probe overhead. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10214 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.GR Beyond Inpainting: Unleash 3D Understanding for Precise Camera-Controlled Video Generation Authors: Dong-Yu Chen , Yixin Guo , Shuojin Yang , Tai-Jiang Mu , Shi-Min Hu Abstract : Camera control has been extensively studied in conditioned video generation; however, performing precisely altering the camera trajectories while faithfully preserving the video content remains a challenging task. The mainstream approach to achieving precise camera control is warping a 3D representation according to the target trajectory. However, such methods fail to fully leverage the 3D priors… ▽ More Camera control has been extensively studied in conditioned video generation; however, performing precisely altering the camera trajectories while faithfully preserving the video content remains a challenging task. The mainstream approach to achieving precise camera control is warping a 3D representation according to the target trajectory. However, such methods fail to fully leverage the 3D priors of video diffusion models (VDMs) and often fall into the Inpainting Trap, resulting in subject inconsistency and degraded generation quality. To address this problem, we propose DepthDirector, a video re-rendering framework with precise camera controllability. By leveraging the depth video from explicit 3D representation as camera-control guidance, our method can faithfully reproduce the dynamic scene of an input video under novel camera trajectories. Specifically, we design a View-Content Dual-Stream Condition mechanism that injects both the source video and the warped depth sequence rendered under the target viewpoint into the pretrained video generation model. This geometric guidance signal enables VDMs to comprehend camera movements and leverage their 3D understanding capabilities, thereby facilitating precise camera control and consistent content generation. Next, we introduce a lightweight LoRA-based video diffusion adapter to train our framework, fully preserving the knowledge priors of VDMs. Additionally, we construct a large-scale multi-camera synchronized dataset named MultiCam-WarpData using Unreal Engine 5, containing 8K videos across 1K dynamic scenes. Extensive experiments show that DepthDirector outperforms existing methods in both camera controllability and visual quality. Our code and dataset will be publicly available. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10214 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Inpainting: Unleash 3D Understanding for Precise Camera-Controlled Video Generation Authors: Dong-Yu Chen , Yixin Guo , Shuojin Yang , Tai-Jiang Mu , Shi-Min Hu Abstract : Camera control has been extensively studied in conditioned video generation; however, performing precisely altering the camera trajectories while faithfully preserving the video content remains a challenging task. The mainstream approach to achieving precise camera control is warping a 3D representation according to the target trajectory. However, such methods fail to fully leverage the 3D priors… ▽ More Camera control has been extensively studied in conditioned video generation; however, performing precisely altering the camera trajectories while faithfully preserving the video content remains a challenging task. The mainstream approach to achieving precise camera control is warping a 3D representation according to the target trajectory. However, such methods fail to fully leverage the 3D priors of video diffusion models (VDMs) and often fall into the Inpainting Trap, resulting in subject inconsistency and degraded generation quality. To address this problem, we propose DepthDirector, a video re-rendering framework with precise camera controllability. By leveraging the depth video from explicit 3D representation as camera-control guidance, our method can faithfully reproduce the dynamic scene of an input video under novel camera trajectories. Specifically, we design a View-Content Dual-Stream Condition mechanism that injects both the source video and the warped depth sequence rendered under the target viewpoint into the pretrained video generation model. This geometric guidance signal enables VDMs to comprehend camera movements and leverage their 3D understanding capabilities, thereby facilitating precise camera control and consistent content generation. Next, we introduce a lightweight LoRA-based video diffusion adapter to train our framework, fully preserving the knowledge priors of VDMs. Additionally, we construct a large-scale multi-camera synchronized dataset named MultiCam-WarpData using Unreal Engine 5, containing 8K videos across 1K dynamic scenes. Extensive experiments show that DepthDirector outperforms existing methods in both camera controllability and visual quality. Our code and dataset will be publicly available. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10193 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI GFM4GA: Graph Foundation Model for Group Anomaly Detection Authors: Jiujiu Chen , Weijun Zeng , Shaofeng Hu , Sihong Xie , Hui Xiong Abstract : Group anomaly detection is crucial in many network applications, but faces challenges due to diverse anomaly patterns. Motivated by the success of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing, graph foundation models (GFMs) is proposed to handle few-shot learning task with fewer labeling efforts. GFMs have been successfully applied to detection of individual anomalies but cannot be… ▽ More Group anomaly detection is crucial in many network applications, but faces challenges due to diverse anomaly patterns. Motivated by the success of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing, graph foundation models (GFMs) is proposed to handle few-shot learning task with fewer labeling efforts. GFMs have been successfully applied to detection of individual anomalies but cannot be generalized to group anomalies, as group anomaly patterns must be detected as a whole and individuals in an abnormal group can look rather normal. Therefore, we propose GFM4GA, a novel graph foundation model for group anomaly detection. The pipeline is pretrained via dual-level contrastive learning based on feature-based estimation and group extraction, to capture potential group anomaly structure and feature inconsistencies. In the downstream tasks, the pipeline is finetuned in parameter-constrained and group-anomaly-proportion weighted few-shot settings, and its adaptive ability to unseen group anomalies expanded via group contexts determined by labeled anomaly neighbors. Experiments show that GFM4GA surpasses group anomaly detectors and GFMs for individual anomalies, achieving average improvements of 2.85% in AUROC and 2.55% in AUPRC. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.10193 [ pdf , ps , other ] GFM4GA: Graph Foundation Model for Group Anomaly Detection Authors: Jiujiu Chen , Weijun Zeng , Shaofeng Hu , Sihong Xie , Hui Xiong Abstract : Group anomaly detection is crucial in many network applications, but faces challenges due to diverse anomaly patterns. Motivated by the success of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing, graph foundation models (GFMs) is proposed to handle few-shot learning task with fewer labeling efforts. GFMs have been successfully applied to detection of individual anomalies but cannot be… ▽ More Group anomaly detection is crucial in many network applications, but faces challenges due to diverse anomaly patterns. Motivated by the success of large language models (LLMs) in natural language processing, graph foundation models (GFMs) is proposed to handle few-shot learning task with fewer labeling efforts. GFMs have been successfully applied to detection of individual anomalies but cannot be generalized to group anomalies, as group anomaly patterns must be detected as a whole and individuals in an abnormal group can look rather normal. Therefore, we propose GFM4GA, a novel graph foundation model for group anomaly detection. The pipeline is pretrained via dual-level contrastive learning based on feature-based estimation and group extraction, to capture potential group anomaly structure and feature inconsistencies. In the downstream tasks, the pipeline is finetuned in parameter-constrained and group-anomaly-proportion weighted few-shot settings, and its adaptive ability to unseen group anomalies expanded via group contexts determined by labeled anomaly neighbors. Experiments show that GFM4GA surpasses group anomaly detectors and GFMs for individual anomalies, achieving average improvements of 2.85% in AUROC and 2.55% in AUPRC. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09493 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI doi 10.1109/TMC.2026.3655118 UAV-enabled Computing Power Networks: Design and Performance Analysis under Energy Constraints Authors: Yiqin Deng , Zhengru Fang , Senkang Hu , Yanan Ma , Xiaoyu Guo , Haixia Zhang , Yuguang Fang Abstract : This paper presents an innovative framework that boosts computing power by utilizing ubiquitous computing power distribution and enabling higher computing node accessibility via adaptive UAV positioning, establishing a UAV-enabled Computing Power Network (UAV-CPN). In a UAV-CPN, a UAV functions as a dynamic relay, outsourcing computing tasks from the request zone to an expanded service zone with d… ▽ More This paper presents an innovative framework that boosts computing power by utilizing ubiquitous computing power distribution and enabling higher computing node accessibility via adaptive UAV positioning, establishing a UAV-enabled Computing Power Network (UAV-CPN). In a UAV-CPN, a UAV functions as a dynamic relay, outsourcing computing tasks from the request zone to an expanded service zone with diverse computing nodes, including vehicle onboard units, edge servers, and dedicated powerful nodes. This approach has the potential to alleviate communication bottlenecks and overcome the "island effect" observed in multi-access edge computing. A significant challenge is to quantify computing power performance under complex dynamics of communication and computing. To address this challenge, we introduce task completion probability to capture the capability of UAV-CPNs for task computing. We further enhance UAV-CPN performance under a hybrid energy architecture by jointly optimizing UAV altitude and transmit power, where fuel cells and batteries collectively power both UAV propulsion and communication systems. Extensive evaluations show significant performance gains, highlighting the importance of balancing communication and computing capabilities, especially under dual-energy constraints. These findings underscore the potential of UAV-CPNs to significantly boost computing power. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing. This paper is an extended version of our conference paper published in IEEE GLOBECOM 2025 (arXiv:2512.15173) arXiv:2601.09493 [ pdf , ps , other ] UAV-enabled Computing Power Networks: Design and Performance Analysis under Energy Constraints Authors: Yiqin Deng , Zhengru Fang , Senkang Hu , Yanan Ma , Xiaoyu Guo , Haixia Zhang , Yuguang Fang Abstract : This paper presents an innovative framework that boosts computing power by utilizing ubiquitous computing power distribution and enabling higher computing node accessibility via adaptive UAV positioning, establishing a UAV-enabled Computing Power Network (UAV-CPN). In a UAV-CPN, a UAV functions as a dynamic relay, outsourcing computing tasks from the request zone to an expanded service zone with d… ▽ More This paper presents an innovative framework that boosts computing power by utilizing ubiquitous computing power distribution and enabling higher computing node accessibility via adaptive UAV positioning, establishing a UAV-enabled Computing Power Network (UAV-CPN). In a UAV-CPN, a UAV functions as a dynamic relay, outsourcing computing tasks from the request zone to an expanded service zone with diverse computing nodes, including vehicle onboard units, edge servers, and dedicated powerful nodes. This approach has the potential to alleviate communication bottlenecks and overcome the "island effect" observed in multi-access edge computing. A significant challenge is to quantify computing power performance under complex dynamics of communication and computing. To address this challenge, we introduce task completion probability to capture the capability of UAV-CPNs for task computing. We further enhance UAV-CPN performance under a hybrid energy architecture by jointly optimizing UAV altitude and transmit power, where fuel cells and batteries collectively power both UAV propulsion and communication systems. Extensive evaluations show significant performance gains, highlighting the importance of balancing communication and computing capabilities, especially under dual-energy constraints. These findings underscore the potential of UAV-CPNs to significantly boost computing power. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: Accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing. This paper is an extended version of our conference paper published in IEEE GLOBECOM 2025 (arXiv:2512.15173) arXiv:2601.09465 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI EvoFSM: Controllable Self-Evolution for Deep Research with Finite State Machines Authors: Shuo Zhang , Chaofa Yuan , Ryan Guo , Xiaomin Yu , Rui Xu , Zhangquan Chen , Zinuo Li , Zhi Yang , Shuhao Guan , Zhenheng Tang , Sen Hu , Liwen Zhang , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction dri… ▽ More While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction drift. We propose EvoFSM, a structured self-evolving framework that achieves both adaptability and control by evolving an explicit Finite State Machine (FSM) instead of relying on free-form rewriting. EvoFSM decouples the optimization space into macroscopic Flow (state-transition logic) and microscopic Skill (state-specific behaviors), enabling targeted improvements under clear behavioral boundaries. Guided by a critic mechanism, EvoFSM refines the FSM through a small set of constrained operations, and further incorporates a self-evolving memory that distills successful trajectories as reusable priors and failure patterns as constraints for future queries. Extensive evaluations on five multi-hop QA benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of EvoFSM. In particular, EvoFSM reaches 58.0% accuracy on the DeepSearch benchmark. Additional results on interactive decision-making tasks further validate its generalization. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.09465 [ pdf , ps , other ] EvoFSM: Controllable Self-Evolution for Deep Research with Finite State Machines Authors: Shuo Zhang , Chaofa Yuan , Ryan Guo , Xiaomin Yu , Rui Xu , Zhangquan Chen , Zinuo Li , Zhi Yang , Shuhao Guan , Zhenheng Tang , Sen Hu , Liwen Zhang , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction dri… ▽ More While LLM-based agents have shown promise for deep research, most existing approaches rely on fixed workflows that struggle to adapt to real-world, open-ended queries. Recent work therefore explores self-evolution by allowing agents to rewrite their own code or prompts to improve problem-solving ability, but unconstrained optimization often triggers instability, hallucinations, and instruction drift. We propose EvoFSM, a structured self-evolving framework that achieves both adaptability and control by evolving an explicit Finite State Machine (FSM) instead of relying on free-form rewriting. EvoFSM decouples the optimization space into macroscopic Flow (state-transition logic) and microscopic Skill (state-specific behaviors), enabling targeted improvements under clear behavioral boundaries. Guided by a critic mechanism, EvoFSM refines the FSM through a small set of constrained operations, and further incorporates a self-evolving memory that distills successful trajectories as reusable priors and failure patterns as constraints for future queries. Extensive evaluations on five multi-hop QA benchmarks demonstrate the effectiveness of EvoFSM. In particular, EvoFSM reaches 58.0% accuracy on the DeepSearch benchmark. Additional results on interactive decision-making tasks further validate its generalization. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07348 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.NE Controlled Self-Evolution for Algorithmic Code Optimization Authors: Tu Hu , Ronghao Chen , Shuo Zhang , Jianghao Yin , Mou Xiao Feng , Jingping Liu , Shaolei Zhang , Wenqi Jiang , Yuqi Fang , Sen Hu , Huacan Wang , Yi Xu Abstract : Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and… ▽ More Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and insufficient experience utilization across tasks. To address these bottlenecks, we propose Controlled Self-Evolution (CSE), which consists of three key components. Diversified Planning Initialization generates structurally distinct algorithmic strategies for broad solution space coverage. Genetic Evolution replaces stochastic operations with feedback-guided mechanisms, enabling targeted mutation and compositional crossover. Hierarchical Evolution Memory captures both successful and failed experiences at inter-task and intra-task levels. Experiments on EffiBench-X demonstrate that CSE consistently outperforms all baselines across various LLM backbones. Furthermore, CSE achieves higher efficiency from early generations and maintains continuous improvement throughout evolution. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 27 pages arXiv:2601.07348 [ pdf , ps , other ] Controlled Self-Evolution for Algorithmic Code Optimization Authors: Tu Hu , Ronghao Chen , Shuo Zhang , Jianghao Yin , Mou Xiao Feng , Jingping Liu , Shaolei Zhang , Wenqi Jiang , Yuqi Fang , Sen Hu , Huacan Wang , Yi Xu Abstract : Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and… ▽ More Self-evolution methods enhance code generation through iterative "generate-verify-refine" cycles, yet existing approaches suffer from low exploration efficiency, failing to discover solutions with superior complexity within limited budgets. This inefficiency stems from initialization bias trapping evolution in poor solution regions, uncontrolled stochastic operations lacking feedback guidance, and insufficient experience utilization across tasks. To address these bottlenecks, we propose Controlled Self-Evolution (CSE), which consists of three key components. Diversified Planning Initialization generates structurally distinct algorithmic strategies for broad solution space coverage. Genetic Evolution replaces stochastic operations with feedback-guided mechanisms, enabling targeted mutation and compositional crossover. Hierarchical Evolution Memory captures both successful and failed experiences at inter-task and intra-task levels. Experiments on EffiBench-X demonstrate that CSE consistently outperforms all baselines across various LLM backbones. Furthermore, CSE achieves higher efficiency from early generations and maintains continuous improvement throughout evolution. Our code is publicly available at △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 27 pages arXiv:2601.07206 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI LLMRouterBench: A Massive Benchmark and Unified Framework for LLM Routing Authors: Hao Li , Yiqun Zhang , Zhaoyan Guo , Chenxu Wang , Shengji Tang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Biqing Qi , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Zhen Wang , Shuyue Hu Abstract : Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 repr… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 representative routing baselines. Using LLMRouterBench, we systematically re-evaluate the field. While confirming strong model complementarity-the central premise of LLM routing-we find that many routing methods exhibit similar performance under unified evaluation, and several recent approaches, including commercial routers, fail to reliably outperform a simple baseline. Meanwhile, a substantial gap remains to the Oracle, driven primarily by persistent model-recall failures. We further show that backbone embedding models have limited impact, that larger ensembles exhibit diminishing returns compared to careful model curation, and that the benchmark also enables latency-aware analysis. All code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07206 [ pdf , ps , other ] LLMRouterBench: A Massive Benchmark and Unified Framework for LLM Routing Authors: Hao Li , Yiqun Zhang , Zhaoyan Guo , Chenxu Wang , Shengji Tang , Qiaosheng Zhang , Yang Chen , Biqing Qi , Peng Ye , Lei Bai , Zhen Wang , Shuyue Hu Abstract : Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 repr… ▽ More Large language model (LLM) routing assigns each query to the most suitable model from an ensemble. We introduce LLMRouterBench, a large-scale benchmark and unified framework for LLM routing. It comprises over 400K instances from 21 datasets and 33 models. Moreover, it provides comprehensive metrics for both performance-oriented routing and performance-cost trade-off routing, and integrates 10 representative routing baselines. Using LLMRouterBench, we systematically re-evaluate the field. While confirming strong model complementarity-the central premise of LLM routing-we find that many routing methods exhibit similar performance under unified evaluation, and several recent approaches, including commercial routers, fail to reliably outperform a simple baseline. Meanwhile, a substantial gap remains to the Oracle, driven primarily by persistent model-recall failures. We further show that backbone embedding models have limited impact, that larger ensembles exhibit diminishing returns compared to careful model curation, and that the benchmark also enables latency-aware analysis. All code and data are available at △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07023 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI CloneMem: Benchmarking Long-Term Memory for AI Clones Authors: Sen Hu , Zhiyu Zhang , Yuxiang Wei , Xueran Han , Zhenheng Tang , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : AI Clones aim to simulate an individual's thoughts and behaviors to enable long-term, personalized interaction, placing stringent demands on memory systems to model experiences, emotions, and opinions over time. Existing memory benchmarks primarily rely on user-agent conversational histories, which are temporally fragmented and insufficient for capturing continuous life trajectories. We introduce… ▽ More AI Clones aim to simulate an individual's thoughts and behaviors to enable long-term, personalized interaction, placing stringent demands on memory systems to model experiences, emotions, and opinions over time. Existing memory benchmarks primarily rely on user-agent conversational histories, which are temporally fragmented and insufficient for capturing continuous life trajectories. We introduce CloneMem, a benchmark for evaluating longterm memory in AI Clone scenarios grounded in non-conversational digital traces, including diaries, social media posts, and emails, spanning one to three years. CloneMem adopts a hierarchical data construction framework to ensure longitudinal coherence and defines tasks that assess an agent's ability to track evolving personal states. Experiments show that current memory mechanisms struggle in this setting, highlighting open challenges for life-grounded personalized AI. Code and dataset are available at △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.07023 [ pdf , ps , other ] CloneMem: Benchmarking Long-Term Memory for AI Clones Authors: Sen Hu , Zhiyu Zhang , Yuxiang Wei , Xueran Han , Zhenheng Tang , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : AI Clones aim to simulate an individual's thoughts and behaviors to enable long-term, personalized interaction, placing stringent demands on memory systems to model experiences, emotions, and opinions over time. Existing memory benchmarks primarily rely on user-agent conversational histories, which are temporally fragmented and insufficient for capturing continuous life trajectories. We introduce… ▽ More AI Clones aim to simulate an individual's thoughts and behaviors to enable long-term, personalized interaction, placing stringent demands on memory systems to model experiences, emotions, and opinions over time. Existing memory benchmarks primarily rely on user-agent conversational histories, which are temporally fragmented and insufficient for capturing continuous life trajectories. We introduce CloneMem, a benchmark for evaluating longterm memory in AI Clone scenarios grounded in non-conversational digital traces, including diaries, social media posts, and emails, spanning one to three years. CloneMem adopts a hierarchical data construction framework to ensure longitudinal coherence and defines tasks that assess an agent's ability to track evolving personal states. Experiments show that current memory mechanisms struggle in this setting, highlighting open challenges for life-grounded personalized AI. Code and dataset are available at △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06966 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI RealMem: Benchmarking LLMs in Real-World Memory-Driven Interaction Authors: Haonan Bian , Zhiyuan Yao , Sen Hu , Zishan Xu , Shaolei Zhang , Yifu Guo , Ziliang Yang , Xueran Han , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from static dialogue interfaces to autonomous general agents, effective memory is paramount to ensuring long-term consistency. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on casual conversation or task-oriented dialogue, failing to capture **"long-term project-oriented"** interactions where agents must track evolving goals. To bridge this gap, we introduce… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from static dialogue interfaces to autonomous general agents, effective memory is paramount to ensuring long-term consistency. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on casual conversation or task-oriented dialogue, failing to capture **"long-term project-oriented"** interactions where agents must track evolving goals. To bridge this gap, we introduce **RealMem**, the first benchmark grounded in realistic project scenarios. RealMem comprises over 2,000 cross-session dialogues across eleven scenarios, utilizing natural user queries for evaluation. We propose a synthesis pipeline that integrates Project Foundation Construction, Multi-Agent Dialogue Generation, and Memory and Schedule Management to simulate the dynamic evolution of memory. Experiments reveal that current memory systems face significant challenges in managing the long-term project states and dynamic context dependencies inherent in real-world projects. Our code and datasets are available at [ △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06966 [ pdf , ps , other ] RealMem: Benchmarking LLMs in Real-World Memory-Driven Interaction Authors: Haonan Bian , Zhiyuan Yao , Sen Hu , Zishan Xu , Shaolei Zhang , Yifu Guo , Ziliang Yang , Xueran Han , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from static dialogue interfaces to autonomous general agents, effective memory is paramount to ensuring long-term consistency. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on casual conversation or task-oriented dialogue, failing to capture **"long-term project-oriented"** interactions where agents must track evolving goals. To bridge this gap, we introduce… ▽ More As Large Language Models (LLMs) evolve from static dialogue interfaces to autonomous general agents, effective memory is paramount to ensuring long-term consistency. However, existing benchmarks primarily focus on casual conversation or task-oriented dialogue, failing to capture **"long-term project-oriented"** interactions where agents must track evolving goals. To bridge this gap, we introduce **RealMem**, the first benchmark grounded in realistic project scenarios. RealMem comprises over 2,000 cross-session dialogues across eleven scenarios, utilizing natural user queries for evaluation. We propose a synthesis pipeline that integrates Project Foundation Construction, Multi-Agent Dialogue Generation, and Memory and Schedule Management to simulate the dynamic evolution of memory. Experiments reveal that current memory systems face significant challenges in managing the long-term project states and dynamic context dependencies inherent in real-world projects. Our code and datasets are available at [ △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06943 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI Watching, Reasoning, and Searching: A Video Deep Research Benchmark on Open Web for Agentic Video Reasoning Authors: Chengwen Liu , Xiaomin Yu , Zhuoyue Chang , Zhe Huang , Shuo Zhang , Heng Lian , Kunyi Wang , Rui Xu , Sen Hu , Jianheng Hou , Hao Peng , Chengwei Qin , Xiaobin Hu , Hong Peng , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : In real-world video question answering scenarios, videos often provide only localized visual cues, while verifiable answers are distributed across the open web; models therefore need to jointly perform cross-frame clue extraction, iterative retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning-based verification. To bridge this gap, we construct the first video deep research benchmark, VideoDR. VideoDR centers on vi… ▽ More In real-world video question answering scenarios, videos often provide only localized visual cues, while verifiable answers are distributed across the open web; models therefore need to jointly perform cross-frame clue extraction, iterative retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning-based verification. To bridge this gap, we construct the first video deep research benchmark, VideoDR. VideoDR centers on video-conditioned open-domain video question answering, requiring cross-frame visual anchor extraction, interactive web retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning over joint video-web evidence; through rigorous human annotation and quality control, we obtain high-quality video deep research samples spanning six semantic domains. We evaluate multiple closed-source and open-source multimodal large language models under both the Workflow and Agentic paradigms, and the results show that Agentic is not consistently superior to Workflow: its gains depend on a model's ability to maintain the initial video anchors over long retrieval chains. Further analysis indicates that goal drift and long-horizon consistency are the core bottlenecks. In sum, VideoDR provides a systematic benchmark for studying video agents in open-web settings and reveals the key challenges for next-generation video deep research agents. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06943 [ pdf , ps , other ] Watching, Reasoning, and Searching: A Video Deep Research Benchmark on Open Web for Agentic Video Reasoning Authors: Chengwen Liu , Xiaomin Yu , Zhuoyue Chang , Zhe Huang , Shuo Zhang , Heng Lian , Kunyi Wang , Rui Xu , Sen Hu , Jianheng Hou , Hao Peng , Chengwei Qin , Xiaobin Hu , Hong Peng , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : In real-world video question answering scenarios, videos often provide only localized visual cues, while verifiable answers are distributed across the open web; models therefore need to jointly perform cross-frame clue extraction, iterative retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning-based verification. To bridge this gap, we construct the first video deep research benchmark, VideoDR. VideoDR centers on vi… ▽ More In real-world video question answering scenarios, videos often provide only localized visual cues, while verifiable answers are distributed across the open web; models therefore need to jointly perform cross-frame clue extraction, iterative retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning-based verification. To bridge this gap, we construct the first video deep research benchmark, VideoDR. VideoDR centers on video-conditioned open-domain video question answering, requiring cross-frame visual anchor extraction, interactive web retrieval, and multi-hop reasoning over joint video-web evidence; through rigorous human annotation and quality control, we obtain high-quality video deep research samples spanning six semantic domains. We evaluate multiple closed-source and open-source multimodal large language models under both the Workflow and Agentic paradigms, and the results show that Agentic is not consistently superior to Workflow: its gains depend on a model's ability to maintain the initial video anchors over long retrieval chains. Further analysis indicates that goal drift and long-horizon consistency are the core bottlenecks. In sum, VideoDR provides a systematic benchmark for studying video agents in open-web settings and reveals the key challenges for next-generation video deep research agents. △ Less Submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06789 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SE cs.AI MemGovern: Enhancing Code Agents through Learning from Governed Human Experiences Authors: Qihao Wang , Ziming Cheng , Shuo Zhang , Fan Liu , Rui Xu , Heng Lian , Kunyi Wang , Xiaoming Yu , Jianghao Yin , Sen Hu , Yue Hu , Shaolei Zhang , Yanbing Liu , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : While autonomous software engineering (SWE) agents are reshaping programming paradigms, they currently suffer from a "closed-world" limitation: they attempt to fix bugs from scratch or solely using local context, ignoring the immense historical human experience available on platforms like GitHub. Accessing this open-world experience is hindered by the unstructured and fragmented nature of real-wor… ▽ More While autonomous software engineering (SWE) agents are reshaping programming paradigms, they currently suffer from a "closed-world" limitation: they attempt to fix bugs from scratch or solely using local context, ignoring the immense historical human experience available on platforms like GitHub. Accessing this open-world experience is hindered by the unstructured and fragmented nature of real-world issue-tracking data. In this paper, we introduce MemGovern, a framework designed to govern and transform raw GitHub data into actionable experiential memory for agents. MemGovern employs experience governance to convert human experience into agent-friendly experience cards and introduces an agentic experience search strategy that enables logic-driven retrieval of human expertise. By producing 135K governed experience cards, MemGovern achieves a significant performance boost, improving resolution rates on the SWE-bench Verified by 4.65%. As a plug-in approach, MemGovern provides a solution for agent-friendly memory infrastructure. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06789 [ pdf , ps , other ] MemGovern: Enhancing Code Agents through Learning from Governed Human Experiences Authors: Qihao Wang , Ziming Cheng , Shuo Zhang , Fan Liu , Rui Xu , Heng Lian , Kunyi Wang , Xiaoming Yu , Jianghao Yin , Sen Hu , Yue Hu , Shaolei Zhang , Yanbing Liu , Ronghao Chen , Huacan Wang Abstract : While autonomous software engineering (SWE) agents are reshaping programming paradigms, they currently suffer from a "closed-world" limitation: they attempt to fix bugs from scratch or solely using local context, ignoring the immense historical human experience available on platforms like GitHub. Accessing this open-world experience is hindered by the unstructured and fragmented nature of real-wor… ▽ More While autonomous software engineering (SWE) agents are reshaping programming paradigms, they currently suffer from a "closed-world" limitation: they attempt to fix bugs from scratch or solely using local context, ignoring the immense historical human experience available on platforms like GitHub. Accessing this open-world experience is hindered by the unstructured and fragmented nature of real-world issue-tracking data. In this paper, we introduce MemGovern, a framework designed to govern and transform raw GitHub data into actionable experiential memory for agents. MemGovern employs experience governance to convert human experience into agent-friendly experience cards and introduces an agentic experience search strategy that enables logic-driven retrieval of human expertise. By producing 135K governed experience cards, MemGovern achieves a significant performance boost, improving resolution rates on the SWE-bench Verified by 4.65%. As a plug-in approach, MemGovern provides a solution for agent-friendly memory infrastructure. △ Less Submitted 13 January, 2026; v1 submitted 11 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06774 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.HC ImmuniFraug: A Metacognitive Intervention Anti-Fraud Approach to Enhance Undergraduate Students' Cyber Fraud Awareness Authors: Xiangzhe Yuan , Jiajun Wang , Huanchen Wang , Qian Wan , Siying Hu Abstract : Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simula… ▽ More Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simulations integrating text, voice, and visual avatars across ten prevalent fraud types. Each scenario is designed to replicate real-world persuasion tactics and psychological pressure, while post-interaction debriefs provide grounded feedback in protection motivation theory and reflective prompts to reinforce learning. In a controlled study with 846 Chinese undergraduates, ImmuniFraug was compared to official text-based materials. Linear Mixed-Effects Modeling (LMEM) reveals that the interactive intervention significantly improved fraud awareness (p = 0.026), successfully providing incremental learning value even when controlling for participants' extensive prior exposure to anti-fraud education, alongside high narrative immersion (M = 56.95/77). Thematic analysis of interviews revealed key effectiveness factors: perceived realism, adaptive deception, enforced time pressure, emotional manipulation awareness, and enhanced self-efficacy. Findings demonstrate that by shifting the focus from passive knowledge acquisition to active metacognitive engagement, LLM-based simulations offer a scalable and ecologically valid new paradigm for anti-fraud training and fostering fraud resilience. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06774 [ pdf , ps , other ] ImmuniFraug: A Metacognitive Intervention Anti-Fraud Approach to Enhance Undergraduate Students' Cyber Fraud Awareness Authors: Xiangzhe Yuan , Jiajun Wang , Huanchen Wang , Qian Wan , Siying Hu Abstract : Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simula… ▽ More Cyber fraud now constitutes over half of criminal cases in China, with undergraduate students experiencing a disproportionate rise in victimization. Traditional anti-fraud training remains predominantly passive, yielding limited engagement and retention. This paper introduces ImmuniFraug, a Large Language Model (LLM)-based metacognitive intervention that delivers immersive, multimodal fraud simulations integrating text, voice, and visual avatars across ten prevalent fraud types. Each scenario is designed to replicate real-world persuasion tactics and psychological pressure, while post-interaction debriefs provide grounded feedback in protection motivation theory and reflective prompts to reinforce learning. In a controlled study with 846 Chinese undergraduates, ImmuniFraug was compared to official text-based materials. Linear Mixed-Effects Modeling (LMEM) reveals that the interactive intervention significantly improved fraud awareness (p = 0.026), successfully providing incremental learning value even when controlling for participants' extensive prior exposure to anti-fraud education, alongside high narrative immersion (M = 56.95/77). Thematic analysis of interviews revealed key effectiveness factors: perceived realism, adaptive deception, enforced time pressure, emotional manipulation awareness, and enhanced self-efficacy. Findings demonstrate that by shifting the focus from passive knowledge acquisition to active metacognitive engagement, LLM-based simulations offer a scalable and ecologically valid new paradigm for anti-fraud training and fostering fraud resilience. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06722 [ pdf ] cs.SI Mobility Inequity and Risk Response After Hurricane Helene: Evidence from Real-Time Travel and Social Sentiment Data Authors: Qian He , Zihui Ma , Songhua Hu , Behnam Tahmasbi Abstract : Hurricanes severely disrupt infrastructure and restrict access to essential services. While the physical impacts on post-disaster mobility are well studied, less is known about how individual travel behaviors change during and after disasters, and how these responses are shaped by social and geographic disparities. This study examines mobility patterns following Hurricane Helene, a Category 4 stor… ▽ More Hurricanes severely disrupt infrastructure and restrict access to essential services. While the physical impacts on post-disaster mobility are well studied, less is known about how individual travel behaviors change during and after disasters, and how these responses are shaped by social and geographic disparities. This study examines mobility patterns following Hurricane Helene, a Category 4 storm that struck six southeastern U.S. states on September 26, 2024, causing over 230 fatalities. Using anonymized GPS mobility data, hurricane severity metrics, and county-level social media sentiment, we examine shifts in travel behavior and their implications for equity. We ask two questions: How do post-hurricane mobility patterns reflect community vulnerability and adaptive capacity? and How do sociodemographic conditions and public sentiment factors shape the direction and extent of mobility change? Results from robust linear and ordered logistic regressions indicate that evacuation orders increase mobility; however, severe storm conditions, particularly high wind speeds, can limit travel. Communities with lower incomes, located in rural areas, and with higher percentages of Black populations exhibit the steepest declines in mobility, suggesting resource constraints and infrastructural barriers, while wealthier, urban, and higher-education areas maintain greater flexibility. Results also show that positive social sentiment is associated with higher mobility and a greater likelihood of increased travel during the hurricane. Our findings highlight the need to address structural barriers and social conditions in post-disaster mobility and disaster response. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06722 [ pdf ] Mobility Inequity and Risk Response After Hurricane Helene: Evidence from Real-Time Travel and Social Sentiment Data Authors: Qian He , Zihui Ma , Songhua Hu , Behnam Tahmasbi Abstract : Hurricanes severely disrupt infrastructure and restrict access to essential services. While the physical impacts on post-disaster mobility are well studied, less is known about how individual travel behaviors change during and after disasters, and how these responses are shaped by social and geographic disparities. This study examines mobility patterns following Hurricane Helene, a Category 4 stor… ▽ More Hurricanes severely disrupt infrastructure and restrict access to essential services. While the physical impacts on post-disaster mobility are well studied, less is known about how individual travel behaviors change during and after disasters, and how these responses are shaped by social and geographic disparities. This study examines mobility patterns following Hurricane Helene, a Category 4 storm that struck six southeastern U.S. states on September 26, 2024, causing over 230 fatalities. Using anonymized GPS mobility data, hurricane severity metrics, and county-level social media sentiment, we examine shifts in travel behavior and their implications for equity. We ask two questions: How do post-hurricane mobility patterns reflect community vulnerability and adaptive capacity? and How do sociodemographic conditions and public sentiment factors shape the direction and extent of mobility change? Results from robust linear and ordered logistic regressions indicate that evacuation orders increase mobility; however, severe storm conditions, particularly high wind speeds, can limit travel. Communities with lower incomes, located in rural areas, and with higher percentages of Black populations exhibit the steepest declines in mobility, suggesting resource constraints and infrastructural barriers, while wealthier, urban, and higher-education areas maintain greater flexibility. Results also show that positive social sentiment is associated with higher mobility and a greater likelihood of increased travel during the hurricane. Our findings highlight the need to address structural barriers and social conditions in post-disaster mobility and disaster response. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.06430 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.IT eess.SP Robust and Secure Blockage-Aware Pinching Antenna-assisted Wireless Communication Authors: Ruotong Zhao , Shaokang Hu , Deepak Mishra , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng Abstract : In this work, we investigate a blockage-aware pinching antenna (PA) system designed for secure and robust wireless communication. The considered system comprises a base station equipped with multiple waveguides, each hosting multiple PAs, and serves multiple single-antenna legitimate users in the presence of multi-antenna eavesdroppers under imperfect channel state information (CSI). To safeguard… ▽ More In this work, we investigate a blockage-aware pinching antenna (PA) system designed for secure and robust wireless communication. The considered system comprises a base station equipped with multiple waveguides, each hosting multiple PAs, and serves multiple single-antenna legitimate users in the presence of multi-antenna eavesdroppers under imperfect channel state information (CSI). To safeguard confidential transmissions, artificial noise (AN) is deliberately injected to degrade the eavesdropping channels. Recognizing that conventional linear CSI-error bounds become overly conservative for spatially distributed PA architectures, we develop new geometry-aware uncertainty sets that jointly characterize eavesdroppers position and array-orientation errors. Building upon these sets, we formulate a robust joint optimization problem that determines per-waveguide beamforming and AN covariance, individual PA power-ratio allocation, and PA positions to maximize the system sum rate subject to secrecy constraints. The highly non-convex design problem is efficiently addressed via a low computational complexity iterative algorithm that capitalizes on block coordinate descent, penalty-based methods, majorization-minimization, the S-procedure, and Lipschitz-based surrogate functions. Simulation results demonstrate that sum rates for the proposed algorithm outperforms conventional fixed antenna systems by 4.7 dB, offering substantially improved rate and secrecy performance. In particular, (i) adaptive PA positioning preserves LoS to legitimate users while effectively exploiting waveguide geometry to disrupt eavesdropper channels, and (ii) neglecting blockage effects in the PA system significantly impacts the system design, leading to performance degradation and inadequate secrecy guarantees. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This work has been submitted to IEEE TMC arXiv:2601.06430 [ pdf , ps , other ] Robust and Secure Blockage-Aware Pinching Antenna-assisted Wireless Communication Authors: Ruotong Zhao , Shaokang Hu , Deepak Mishra , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng Abstract : In this work, we investigate a blockage-aware pinching antenna (PA) system designed for secure and robust wireless communication. The considered system comprises a base station equipped with multiple waveguides, each hosting multiple PAs, and serves multiple single-antenna legitimate users in the presence of multi-antenna eavesdroppers under imperfect channel state information (CSI). To safeguard… ▽ More In this work, we investigate a blockage-aware pinching antenna (PA) system designed for secure and robust wireless communication. The considered system comprises a base station equipped with multiple waveguides, each hosting multiple PAs, and serves multiple single-antenna legitimate users in the presence of multi-antenna eavesdroppers under imperfect channel state information (CSI). To safeguard confidential transmissions, artificial noise (AN) is deliberately injected to degrade the eavesdropping channels. Recognizing that conventional linear CSI-error bounds become overly conservative for spatially distributed PA architectures, we develop new geometry-aware uncertainty sets that jointly characterize eavesdroppers position and array-orientation errors. Building upon these sets, we formulate a robust joint optimization problem that determines per-waveguide beamforming and AN covariance, individual PA power-ratio allocation, and PA positions to maximize the system sum rate subject to secrecy constraints. The highly non-convex design problem is efficiently addressed via a low computational complexity iterative algorithm that capitalizes on block coordinate descent, penalty-based methods, majorization-minimization, the S-procedure, and Lipschitz-based surrogate functions. Simulation results demonstrate that sum rates for the proposed algorithm outperforms conventional fixed antenna systems by 4.7 dB, offering substantially improved rate and secrecy performance. In particular, (i) adaptive PA positioning preserves LoS to legitimate users while effectively exploiting waveguide geometry to disrupt eavesdropper channels, and (ii) neglecting blockage effects in the PA system significantly impacts the system design, leading to performance degradation and inadequate secrecy guarantees. △ Less Submitted 10 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: This work has been submitted to IEEE TMC arXiv:2601.04745 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.IR KnowMe-Bench: Benchmarking Person Understanding for Lifelong Digital Companions Authors: Tingyu Wu , Zhisheng Chen , Ziyan Weng , Shuhe Wang , Chenglong Li , Shuo Zhang , Sen Hu , Silin Wu , Qizhen Lan , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : Existing long-horizon memory benchmarks mostly use multi-turn dialogues or synthetic user histories, which makes retrieval performance an imperfect proxy for person understanding. We present \BenchName, a publicly releasable benchmark built from long-form autobiographical narratives, where actions, context, and inner thoughts provide dense evidence for inferring stable motivations and decision pri… ▽ More Existing long-horizon memory benchmarks mostly use multi-turn dialogues or synthetic user histories, which makes retrieval performance an imperfect proxy for person understanding. We present \BenchName, a publicly releasable benchmark built from long-form autobiographical narratives, where actions, context, and inner thoughts provide dense evidence for inferring stable motivations and decision principles. \BenchName~reconstructs each narrative into a flashback-aware, time-anchored stream and evaluates models with evidence-linked questions spanning factual recall, subjective state attribution, and principle-level reasoning. Across diverse narrative sources, retrieval-augmented systems mainly improve factual accuracy, while errors persist on temporally grounded explanations and higher-level inferences, highlighting the need for memory mechanisms beyond retrieval. Our data is in \href{KnowMeBench}{ △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04745 [ pdf , ps , other ] KnowMe-Bench: Benchmarking Person Understanding for Lifelong Digital Companions Authors: Tingyu Wu , Zhisheng Chen , Ziyan Weng , Shuhe Wang , Chenglong Li , Shuo Zhang , Sen Hu , Silin Wu , Qizhen Lan , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : Existing long-horizon memory benchmarks mostly use multi-turn dialogues or synthetic user histories, which makes retrieval performance an imperfect proxy for person understanding. We present \BenchName, a publicly releasable benchmark built from long-form autobiographical narratives, where actions, context, and inner thoughts provide dense evidence for inferring stable motivations and decision pri… ▽ More Existing long-horizon memory benchmarks mostly use multi-turn dialogues or synthetic user histories, which makes retrieval performance an imperfect proxy for person understanding. We present \BenchName, a publicly releasable benchmark built from long-form autobiographical narratives, where actions, context, and inner thoughts provide dense evidence for inferring stable motivations and decision principles. \BenchName~reconstructs each narrative into a flashback-aware, time-anchored stream and evaluates models with evidence-linked questions spanning factual recall, subjective state attribution, and principle-level reasoning. Across diverse narrative sources, retrieval-augmented systems mainly improve factual accuracy, while errors persist on temporally grounded explanations and higher-level inferences, highlighting the need for memory mechanisms beyond retrieval. Our data is in \href{KnowMeBench}{ △ Less Submitted 8 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03134 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL The Anatomy of Conversational Scams: A Topic-Based Red Teaming Analysis of Multi-Turn Interactions in LLMs Authors: Xiangzhe Yuan , Zhenhao Zhang , Haoming Tang , Siying Hu Abstract : As LLMs gain persuasive agentic capabilities through extended dialogues, they introduce novel risks in multi-turn conversational scams that single-turn safety evaluations fail to capture. We systematically study these risks using a controlled LLM-to-LLM simulation framework across multi-turn scam scenarios. Evaluating eight state-of-the-art models in English and Chinese, we analyze dialogue outcom… ▽ More As LLMs gain persuasive agentic capabilities through extended dialogues, they introduce novel risks in multi-turn conversational scams that single-turn safety evaluations fail to capture. We systematically study these risks using a controlled LLM-to-LLM simulation framework across multi-turn scam scenarios. Evaluating eight state-of-the-art models in English and Chinese, we analyze dialogue outcomes and qualitatively annotate attacker strategies, defensive responses, and failure modes. Results reveal that scam interactions follow recurrent escalation patterns, while defenses employ verification and delay mechanisms. Furthermore, interactional failures frequently stem from safety guardrail activation and role instability. Our findings highlight multi-turn interactional safety as a critical, distinct dimension of LLM behavior. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.03134 [ pdf , ps , other ] The Anatomy of Conversational Scams: A Topic-Based Red Teaming Analysis of Multi-Turn Interactions in LLMs Authors: Xiangzhe Yuan , Zhenhao Zhang , Haoming Tang , Siying Hu Abstract : As LLMs gain persuasive agentic capabilities through extended dialogues, they introduce novel risks in multi-turn conversational scams that single-turn safety evaluations fail to capture. We systematically study these risks using a controlled LLM-to-LLM simulation framework across multi-turn scam scenarios. Evaluating eight state-of-the-art models in English and Chinese, we analyze dialogue outcom… ▽ More As LLMs gain persuasive agentic capabilities through extended dialogues, they introduce novel risks in multi-turn conversational scams that single-turn safety evaluations fail to capture. We systematically study these risks using a controlled LLM-to-LLM simulation framework across multi-turn scam scenarios. Evaluating eight state-of-the-art models in English and Chinese, we analyze dialogue outcomes and qualitatively annotate attacker strategies, defensive responses, and failure modes. Results reveal that scam interactions follow recurrent escalation patterns, while defenses employ verification and delay mechanisms. Furthermore, interactional failures frequently stem from safety guardrail activation and role instability. Our findings highlight multi-turn interactional safety as a critical, distinct dimension of LLM behavior. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02872 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI LongBench Pro: A More Realistic and Comprehensive Bilingual Long-Context Evaluation Benchmark Authors: Ziyang Chen , Xing Wu , Junlong Jia , Chaochen Gao , Qi Fu , Debing Zhang , Songlin Hu Abstract : The rapid expansion of context length in large language models (LLMs) has outpaced existing evaluation benchmarks. Current long-context benchmarks often trade off scalability and realism: synthetic tasks underrepresent real-world complexity, while fully manual annotation is costly to scale to extreme lengths and diverse scenarios. We present LongBench Pro, a more realistic and comprehensive biling… ▽ More The rapid expansion of context length in large language models (LLMs) has outpaced existing evaluation benchmarks. Current long-context benchmarks often trade off scalability and realism: synthetic tasks underrepresent real-world complexity, while fully manual annotation is costly to scale to extreme lengths and diverse scenarios. We present LongBench Pro, a more realistic and comprehensive bilingual benchmark of 1,500 naturally occurring long-context samples in English and Chinese spanning 11 primary tasks and 25 secondary tasks, with input lengths from 8k to 256k tokens. LongBench Pro supports fine-grained analysis with task-specific metrics and a multi-dimensional taxonomy of context requirement (full vs. partial dependency), length (six levels), and difficulty (four levels calibrated by model performance). To balance quality with scalability, we propose a Human-Model Collaborative Construction pipeline: frontier LLMs draft challenging questions and reference answers, along with design rationales and solution processes, to reduce the cost of expert verification. Experts then rigorously validate correctness and refine problematic cases. Evaluating 46 widely used long-context LLMs on LongBench Pro yields three findings: (1) long-context optimization contributes more to long-context comprehension than parameter scaling; (2) effective context length is typically shorter than the claimed context length, with pronounced cross-lingual misalignment; and (3) the "thinking" paradigm helps primarily models trained with native reasoning, while mixed-thinking designs offer a promising Pareto trade-off. In summary, LongBench Pro provides a robust testbed for advancing long-context understanding. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02872 [ pdf , ps , other ] LongBench Pro: A More Realistic and Comprehensive Bilingual Long-Context Evaluation Benchmark Authors: Ziyang Chen , Xing Wu , Junlong Jia , Chaochen Gao , Qi Fu , Debing Zhang , Songlin Hu Abstract : The rapid expansion of context length in large language models (LLMs) has outpaced existing evaluation benchmarks. Current long-context benchmarks often trade off scalability and realism: synthetic tasks underrepresent real-world complexity, while fully manual annotation is costly to scale to extreme lengths and diverse scenarios. We present LongBench Pro, a more realistic and comprehensive biling… ▽ More The rapid expansion of context length in large language models (LLMs) has outpaced existing evaluation benchmarks. Current long-context benchmarks often trade off scalability and realism: synthetic tasks underrepresent real-world complexity, while fully manual annotation is costly to scale to extreme lengths and diverse scenarios. We present LongBench Pro, a more realistic and comprehensive bilingual benchmark of 1,500 naturally occurring long-context samples in English and Chinese spanning 11 primary tasks and 25 secondary tasks, with input lengths from 8k to 256k tokens. LongBench Pro supports fine-grained analysis with task-specific metrics and a multi-dimensional taxonomy of context requirement (full vs. partial dependency), length (six levels), and difficulty (four levels calibrated by model performance). To balance quality with scalability, we propose a Human-Model Collaborative Construction pipeline: frontier LLMs draft challenging questions and reference answers, along with design rationales and solution processes, to reduce the cost of expert verification. Experts then rigorously validate correctness and refine problematic cases. Evaluating 46 widely used long-context LLMs on LongBench Pro yields three findings: (1) long-context optimization contributes more to long-context comprehension than parameter scaling; (2) effective context length is typically shorter than the claimed context length, with pronounced cross-lingual misalignment; and (3) the "thinking" paradigm helps primarily models trained with native reasoning, while mixed-thinking designs offer a promising Pareto trade-off. In summary, LongBench Pro provides a robust testbed for advancing long-context understanding. △ Less Submitted 6 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02346 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Falcon-H1R: Pushing the Reasoning Frontiers with a Hybrid Model for Efficient Test-Time Scaling Authors: Falcon LLM Team , Iheb Chaabane , Puneesh Khanna , Suhail Mohmad , Slim Frikha , Shi Hu , Abdalgader Abubaker , Reda Alami , Mikhail Lubinets , Mohamed El Amine Seddik , Hakim Hacid Abstract : This work introduces Falcon-H1R, a 7B-parameter reasoning-optimized model that establishes the feasibility of achieving competitive reasoning performance with small language models (SLMs). Falcon-H1R stands out for its parameter efficiency, consistently matching or outperforming SOTA reasoning models that are $2\times$ to $7\times$ larger across a variety of reasoning-intensive benchmarks. These r… ▽ More This work introduces Falcon-H1R, a 7B-parameter reasoning-optimized model that establishes the feasibility of achieving competitive reasoning performance with small language models (SLMs). Falcon-H1R stands out for its parameter efficiency, consistently matching or outperforming SOTA reasoning models that are $2\times$ to $7\times$ larger across a variety of reasoning-intensive benchmarks. These results underscore the importance of careful data curation and targeted training strategies (via both efficient SFT and RL scaling) in delivering significant performance gains without increasing model size. Furthermore, Falcon-H1R advances the 3D limits of reasoning efficiency by combining faster inference (through its hybrid-parallel architecture design), token efficiency, and higher accuracy. This unique blend makes Falcon-H1R-7B a practical backbone for scaling advanced reasoning systems, particularly in scenarios requiring extensive chain-of-thoughts generation and parallel test-time scaling. Leveraging the recently introduced DeepConf approach, Falcon-H1R achieves state-of-the-art test-time scaling efficiency, offering substantial improvements in both accuracy and computational cost. As a result, Falcon-H1R demonstrates that compact models, through targeted model training and architectural choices, can deliver robust and scalable reasoning performance. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02346 [ pdf , ps , other ] Falcon-H1R: Pushing the Reasoning Frontiers with a Hybrid Model for Efficient Test-Time Scaling Authors: Falcon LLM Team , Iheb Chaabane , Puneesh Khanna , Suhail Mohmad , Slim Frikha , Shi Hu , Abdalgader Abubaker , Reda Alami , Mikhail Lubinets , Mohamed El Amine Seddik , Hakim Hacid Abstract : This work introduces Falcon-H1R, a 7B-parameter reasoning-optimized model that establishes the feasibility of achieving competitive reasoning performance with small language models (SLMs). Falcon-H1R stands out for its parameter efficiency, consistently matching or outperforming SOTA reasoning models that are $2\times$ to $7\times$ larger across a variety of reasoning-intensive benchmarks. These r… ▽ More This work introduces Falcon-H1R, a 7B-parameter reasoning-optimized model that establishes the feasibility of achieving competitive reasoning performance with small language models (SLMs). Falcon-H1R stands out for its parameter efficiency, consistently matching or outperforming SOTA reasoning models that are $2\times$ to $7\times$ larger across a variety of reasoning-intensive benchmarks. These results underscore the importance of careful data curation and targeted training strategies (via both efficient SFT and RL scaling) in delivering significant performance gains without increasing model size. Furthermore, Falcon-H1R advances the 3D limits of reasoning efficiency by combining faster inference (through its hybrid-parallel architecture design), token efficiency, and higher accuracy. This unique blend makes Falcon-H1R-7B a practical backbone for scaling advanced reasoning systems, particularly in scenarios requiring extensive chain-of-thoughts generation and parallel test-time scaling. Leveraging the recently introduced DeepConf approach, Falcon-H1R achieves state-of-the-art test-time scaling efficiency, offering substantial improvements in both accuracy and computational cost. As a result, Falcon-H1R demonstrates that compact models, through targeted model training and architectural choices, can deliver robust and scalable reasoning performance. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02085 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI Vision-Based Early Fault Diagnosis and Self-Recovery for Strawberry Harvesting Robots Authors: Meili Sun , Chunjiang Zhao , Lichao Yang , Hao Liu , Shimin Hu , Ya Xiong Abstract : Strawberry harvesting robots faced persistent challenges such as low integration of visual perception, fruit-gripper misalignment, empty grasping, and strawberry slippage from the gripper due to insufficient gripping force, all of which compromised harvesting stability and efficiency in orchard environments. To overcome these issues, this paper proposed a visual fault diagnosis and self-recovery f… ▽ More Strawberry harvesting robots faced persistent challenges such as low integration of visual perception, fruit-gripper misalignment, empty grasping, and strawberry slippage from the gripper due to insufficient gripping force, all of which compromised harvesting stability and efficiency in orchard environments. To overcome these issues, this paper proposed a visual fault diagnosis and self-recovery framework that integrated multi-task perception with corrective control strategies. At the core of this framework was SRR-Net, an end-to-end multi-task perception model that simultaneously performed strawberry detection, segmentation, and ripeness estimation, thereby unifying visual perception with fault diagnosis. Based on this integrated perception, a relative error compensation method based on the simultaneous target-gripper detection was designed to address positional misalignment, correcting deviations when error exceeded the tolerance threshold. To mitigate empty grasping and fruit-slippage faults, an early abort strategy was implemented. A micro-optical camera embedded in the end-effector provided real-time visual feedback, enabling grasp detection during the deflating stage and strawberry slip prediction during snap-off through MobileNet V3-Small classifier and a time-series LSTM classifier. Experiments demonstrated that SRR-Net maintained high perception accuracy. For detection, it achieved a precision of 0.895 and recall of 0.813 on strawberries, and 0.972/0.958 on hands. In segmentation, it yielded a precision of 0.887 and recall of 0.747 for strawberries, and 0.974/0.947 for hands. For ripeness estimation, SRR-Net attained a mean absolute error of 0.035, while simultaneously supporting multi-task perception and sustaining a competitive inference speed of 163.35 FPS. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.02085 [ pdf , ps , other ] Vision-Based Early Fault Diagnosis and Self-Recovery for Strawberry Harvesting Robots Authors: Meili Sun , Chunjiang Zhao , Lichao Yang , Hao Liu , Shimin Hu , Ya Xiong Abstract : Strawberry harvesting robots faced persistent challenges such as low integration of visual perception, fruit-gripper misalignment, empty grasping, and strawberry slippage from the gripper due to insufficient gripping force, all of which compromised harvesting stability and efficiency in orchard environments. To overcome these issues, this paper proposed a visual fault diagnosis and self-recovery f… ▽ More Strawberry harvesting robots faced persistent challenges such as low integration of visual perception, fruit-gripper misalignment, empty grasping, and strawberry slippage from the gripper due to insufficient gripping force, all of which compromised harvesting stability and efficiency in orchard environments. To overcome these issues, this paper proposed a visual fault diagnosis and self-recovery framework that integrated multi-task perception with corrective control strategies. At the core of this framework was SRR-Net, an end-to-end multi-task perception model that simultaneously performed strawberry detection, segmentation, and ripeness estimation, thereby unifying visual perception with fault diagnosis. Based on this integrated perception, a relative error compensation method based on the simultaneous target-gripper detection was designed to address positional misalignment, correcting deviations when error exceeded the tolerance threshold. To mitigate empty grasping and fruit-slippage faults, an early abort strategy was implemented. A micro-optical camera embedded in the end-effector provided real-time visual feedback, enabling grasp detection during the deflating stage and strawberry slip prediction during snap-off through MobileNet V3-Small classifier and a time-series LSTM classifier. Experiments demonstrated that SRR-Net maintained high perception accuracy. For detection, it achieved a precision of 0.895 and recall of 0.813 on strawberries, and 0.972/0.958 on hands. In segmentation, it yielded a precision of 0.887 and recall of 0.747 for strawberries, and 0.974/0.947 for hands. For ripeness estimation, SRR-Net attained a mean absolute error of 0.035, while simultaneously supporting multi-task perception and sustaining a competitive inference speed of 163.35 FPS. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01330 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Beyond Gemini-3-Pro: Revisiting LLM Routing and Aggregation at Scale Authors: Shengji Tang , Weihao Lin , Jingqi Ye , Hao Li , Bo Zhang , Shuyue Hu , Tao Chen , Wangli Ouyang , Lei Bai , Peng Ye Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced, with Gemini-3-Pro setting a new performance milestone. In this work, we explore collective intelligence as an alternative to monolithic scaling, and demonstrate that open-source LLMs' collaboration can surpass Gemini-3-Pro. We first revisit LLM routing and aggregation at scale and identify three key bottlenecks: (1) current train-free routers are… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced, with Gemini-3-Pro setting a new performance milestone. In this work, we explore collective intelligence as an alternative to monolithic scaling, and demonstrate that open-source LLMs' collaboration can surpass Gemini-3-Pro. We first revisit LLM routing and aggregation at scale and identify three key bottlenecks: (1) current train-free routers are limited by a query-based paradigm focusing solely on textual similarity; (2) recent aggregation methods remain largely static, failing to select appropriate aggregators for different tasks;(3) the complementarity of routing and aggregation remains underutilized. To address these problems, we introduce JiSi, a novel framework designed to release the full potential of LLMs' collaboration through three innovations: (1) Query-Response Mixed Routing capturing both semantic information and problem difficulty; (2) Support-Set-based Aggregator Selection jointly evaluating the aggregation and domain capacity of aggregators; (3) Adaptive Routing-Aggregation Switch dynamically leveraging the advantages of routing and aggregation. Comprehensive experiments on nine benchmarks demonstrate that JiSi can surpass Gemini-3-Pro with only 47% costs by orchestrating ten open-source LLMs, while outperforming mainstream baselines. It suggests that collective intelligence represents a novel path towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 12 pages arXiv:2601.01330 [ pdf , ps , other ] Beyond Gemini-3-Pro: Revisiting LLM Routing and Aggregation at Scale Authors: Shengji Tang , Weihao Lin , Jingqi Ye , Hao Li , Bo Zhang , Shuyue Hu , Tao Chen , Wangli Ouyang , Lei Bai , Peng Ye Abstract : Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced, with Gemini-3-Pro setting a new performance milestone. In this work, we explore collective intelligence as an alternative to monolithic scaling, and demonstrate that open-source LLMs' collaboration can surpass Gemini-3-Pro. We first revisit LLM routing and aggregation at scale and identify three key bottlenecks: (1) current train-free routers are… ▽ More Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly advanced, with Gemini-3-Pro setting a new performance milestone. In this work, we explore collective intelligence as an alternative to monolithic scaling, and demonstrate that open-source LLMs' collaboration can surpass Gemini-3-Pro. We first revisit LLM routing and aggregation at scale and identify three key bottlenecks: (1) current train-free routers are limited by a query-based paradigm focusing solely on textual similarity; (2) recent aggregation methods remain largely static, failing to select appropriate aggregators for different tasks;(3) the complementarity of routing and aggregation remains underutilized. To address these problems, we introduce JiSi, a novel framework designed to release the full potential of LLMs' collaboration through three innovations: (1) Query-Response Mixed Routing capturing both semantic information and problem difficulty; (2) Support-Set-based Aggregator Selection jointly evaluating the aggregation and domain capacity of aggregators; (3) Adaptive Routing-Aggregation Switch dynamically leveraging the advantages of routing and aggregation. Comprehensive experiments on nine benchmarks demonstrate that JiSi can surpass Gemini-3-Pro with only 47% costs by orchestrating ten open-source LLMs, while outperforming mainstream baselines. It suggests that collective intelligence represents a novel path towards Artificial General Intelligence (AGI). △ Less Submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 12 pages arXiv:2601.01280 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI Does Memory Need Graphs? A Unified Framework and Empirical Analysis for Long-Term Dialog Memory Authors: Sen Hu , Yuxiang Wei , Jiaxin Ran , Zhiyuan Yao , Xueran Han , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen , Lei Zou Abstract : Graph structures are increasingly used in dialog memory systems, but empirical findings on their effectiveness remain inconsistent, making it unclear which design choices truly matter. We present an experimental, system-oriented analysis of long-term dialog memory architectures. We introduce a unified framework that decomposes dialog memory systems into core components and supports both graph-base… ▽ More Graph structures are increasingly used in dialog memory systems, but empirical findings on their effectiveness remain inconsistent, making it unclear which design choices truly matter. We present an experimental, system-oriented analysis of long-term dialog memory architectures. We introduce a unified framework that decomposes dialog memory systems into core components and supports both graph-based and non-graph approaches. Under this framework, we conduct controlled, stage-wise experiments on LongMemEval and HaluMem, comparing common design choices in memory representation, organization, maintenance, and retrieval. Our results show that many performance differences are driven by foundational system settings rather than specific architectural innovations. Based on these findings, we identify stable and reliable strong baselines for future dialog memory research. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.01280 [ pdf , ps , other ] Does Memory Need Graphs? A Unified Framework and Empirical Analysis for Long-Term Dialog Memory Authors: Sen Hu , Yuxiang Wei , Jiaxin Ran , Zhiyuan Yao , Xueran Han , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen , Lei Zou Abstract : Graph structures are increasingly used in dialog memory systems, but empirical findings on their effectiveness remain inconsistent, making it unclear which design choices truly matter. We present an experimental, system-oriented analysis of long-term dialog memory architectures. We introduce a unified framework that decomposes dialog memory systems into core components and supports both graph-base… ▽ More Graph structures are increasingly used in dialog memory systems, but empirical findings on their effectiveness remain inconsistent, making it unclear which design choices truly matter. We present an experimental, system-oriented analysis of long-term dialog memory architectures. We introduce a unified framework that decomposes dialog memory systems into core components and supports both graph-based and non-graph approaches. Under this framework, we conduct controlled, stage-wise experiments on LongMemEval and HaluMem, comparing common design choices in memory representation, organization, maintenance, and retrieval. Our results show that many performance differences are driven by foundational system settings rather than specific architectural innovations. Based on these findings, we identify stable and reliable strong baselines for future dialog memory research. △ Less Submitted 7 January, 2026; v1 submitted 3 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.00583 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI cs.NI HFedMoE: Resource-aware Heterogeneous Federated Learning with Mixture-of-Experts Authors: Zihan Fang , Zheng Lin , Senkang Hu , Yanan Ma , Yihang Tao , Yiqin Deng , Xianhao Chen , Yuguang Fang Abstract : While federated learning (FL) enables fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) without compromising data privacy, the substantial size of an LLM renders on-device training impractical for resource-constrained clients, such as mobile devices. Thus, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have emerged as a computation-efficient solution, which activates only a sparse subset of experts during model traini… ▽ More While federated learning (FL) enables fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) without compromising data privacy, the substantial size of an LLM renders on-device training impractical for resource-constrained clients, such as mobile devices. Thus, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have emerged as a computation-efficient solution, which activates only a sparse subset of experts during model training to reduce computing burden without sacrificing performance. Though integrating MoE into FL fine-tuning holds significant potential, it still encounters three key challenges: i) selecting appropriate experts for clients remains challenging due to the lack of a reliable metric to measure each expert's impact on local fine-tuning performance, ii) the heterogeneous computing resources across clients severely hinder MoE-based LLM fine-tuning, as dynamic expert activations across diverse input samples can overwhelm resource-constrained devices, and iii) client-specific expert subsets and routing preference undermine global aggregation, where misaligned expert updates and inconsistent gating networks in troduce destructive interference. To address these challenges, we propose HFedMoE, a heterogeneous MoE-based FL fine-tuning framework that customizes a subset of experts to each client for computation-efficient LLM fine-tuning. Specifically, HFedMoE identifies the expert importance based on its contributions to fine-tuning performance, and then adaptively selects a subset of experts from an information bottleneck perspective to align with each client' s computing budget. A sparsity-aware model aggregation strategy is also designed to aggregate the actively fine-tuned experts and gating parameters with importance weighted contributions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that HFedMoE outperforms state-of-the-art benchmarks in training accuracy and convergence speed. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 pages, 16 figures arXiv:2601.00583 [ pdf , ps , other ] HFedMoE: Resource-aware Heterogeneous Federated Learning with Mixture-of-Experts Authors: Zihan Fang , Zheng Lin , Senkang Hu , Yanan Ma , Yihang Tao , Yiqin Deng , Xianhao Chen , Yuguang Fang Abstract : While federated learning (FL) enables fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) without compromising data privacy, the substantial size of an LLM renders on-device training impractical for resource-constrained clients, such as mobile devices. Thus, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have emerged as a computation-efficient solution, which activates only a sparse subset of experts during model traini… ▽ More While federated learning (FL) enables fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) without compromising data privacy, the substantial size of an LLM renders on-device training impractical for resource-constrained clients, such as mobile devices. Thus, Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models have emerged as a computation-efficient solution, which activates only a sparse subset of experts during model training to reduce computing burden without sacrificing performance. Though integrating MoE into FL fine-tuning holds significant potential, it still encounters three key challenges: i) selecting appropriate experts for clients remains challenging due to the lack of a reliable metric to measure each expert's impact on local fine-tuning performance, ii) the heterogeneous computing resources across clients severely hinder MoE-based LLM fine-tuning, as dynamic expert activations across diverse input samples can overwhelm resource-constrained devices, and iii) client-specific expert subsets and routing preference undermine global aggregation, where misaligned expert updates and inconsistent gating networks in troduce destructive interference. To address these challenges, we propose HFedMoE, a heterogeneous MoE-based FL fine-tuning framework that customizes a subset of experts to each client for computation-efficient LLM fine-tuning. Specifically, HFedMoE identifies the expert importance based on its contributions to fine-tuning performance, and then adaptively selects a subset of experts from an information bottleneck perspective to align with each client' s computing budget. A sparsity-aware model aggregation strategy is also designed to aggregate the actively fine-tuned experts and gating parameters with importance weighted contributions. Extensive experiments demonstrate that HFedMoE outperforms state-of-the-art benchmarks in training accuracy and convergence speed. △ Less Submitted 2 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 14 pages, 16 figures arXiv:2512.24965 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.AI cs.HC ShowUI-$π$: Flow-based Generative Models as GUI Dexterous Hands Authors: Siyuan Hu , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Mike Zheng Shou Abstract : Building intelligent agents capable of dexterous manipulation is essential for achieving human-like automation in both robotics and digital environments. However, existing GUI agents rely on discrete click predictions (x,y), which prohibits free-form, closed-loop trajectories (e.g. dragging a progress bar) that require continuous, on-the-fly perception and adjustment. In this work, we develop Show… ▽ More Building intelligent agents capable of dexterous manipulation is essential for achieving human-like automation in both robotics and digital environments. However, existing GUI agents rely on discrete click predictions (x,y), which prohibits free-form, closed-loop trajectories (e.g. dragging a progress bar) that require continuous, on-the-fly perception and adjustment. In this work, we develop ShowUI-$π$, the first flow-based generative model as GUI dexterous hand, featuring the following designs: (i) Unified Discrete-Continuous Actions, integrating discrete clicks and continuous drags within a shared model, enabling flexible adaptation across diverse interaction modes; (ii) Flow-based Action Generation for drag modeling, which predicts incremental cursor adjustments from continuous visual observations via a lightweight action expert, ensuring smooth and stable trajectories; (iii) Drag Training data and Benchmark, where we manually collect and synthesize 20K drag trajectories across five domains (e.g. PowerPoint, Adobe Premiere Pro), and introduce ScreenDrag, a benchmark with comprehensive online and offline evaluation protocols for assessing GUI agents' drag capabilities. Our experiments show that proprietary GUI agents still struggle on ScreenDrag (e.g. Operator scores 13.27, and the best Gemini-2.5-CUA reaches 22.18). In contrast, ShowUI-$π$ achieves 26.98 with only 450M parameters, underscoring both the difficulty of the task and the effectiveness of our approach. We hope this work advances GUI agents toward human-like dexterous control in digital world. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 17 pages, 15 figures arXiv:2512.24965 [ pdf , ps , other ] ShowUI-$π$: Flow-based Generative Models as GUI Dexterous Hands Authors: Siyuan Hu , Kevin Qinghong Lin , Mike Zheng Shou Abstract : Building intelligent agents capable of dexterous manipulation is essential for achieving human-like automation in both robotics and digital environments. However, existing GUI agents rely on discrete click predictions (x,y), which prohibits free-form, closed-loop trajectories (e.g. dragging a progress bar) that require continuous, on-the-fly perception and adjustment. In this work, we develop Show… ▽ More Building intelligent agents capable of dexterous manipulation is essential for achieving human-like automation in both robotics and digital environments. However, existing GUI agents rely on discrete click predictions (x,y), which prohibits free-form, closed-loop trajectories (e.g. dragging a progress bar) that require continuous, on-the-fly perception and adjustment. In this work, we develop ShowUI-$π$, the first flow-based generative model as GUI dexterous hand, featuring the following designs: (i) Unified Discrete-Continuous Actions, integrating discrete clicks and continuous drags within a shared model, enabling flexible adaptation across diverse interaction modes; (ii) Flow-based Action Generation for drag modeling, which predicts incremental cursor adjustments from continuous visual observations via a lightweight action expert, ensuring smooth and stable trajectories; (iii) Drag Training data and Benchmark, where we manually collect and synthesize 20K drag trajectories across five domains (e.g. PowerPoint, Adobe Premiere Pro), and introduce ScreenDrag, a benchmark with comprehensive online and offline evaluation protocols for assessing GUI agents' drag capabilities. Our experiments show that proprietary GUI agents still struggle on ScreenDrag (e.g. Operator scores 13.27, and the best Gemini-2.5-CUA reaches 22.18). In contrast, ShowUI-$π$ achieves 26.98 with only 450M parameters, underscoring both the difficulty of the task and the effectiveness of our approach. We hope this work advances GUI agents toward human-like dexterous control in digital world. The code is available at △ Less Submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 17 pages, 15 figures arXiv:2512.24880 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG mHC: Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections Authors: Zhenda Xie , Yixuan Wei , Huanqi Cao , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Jiashi Li , Damai Dai , Huazuo Gao , Jiang Chang , Kuai Yu , Liang Zhao , Shangyan Zhou , Zhean Xu , Zhengyan Zhang , Wangding Zeng , Shengding Hu , Yuqing Wang , Jingyang Yuan , Lean Wang , Wenfeng Liang Abstract : Recently, studies exemplified by Hyper-Connections (HC) have extended the ubiquitous residual connection paradigm established over the past decade by expanding the residual stream width and diversifying connectivity patterns. While yielding substantial performance gains, this diversification fundamentally compromises the identity mapping property intrinsic to the residual connection, which causes… ▽ More Recently, studies exemplified by Hyper-Connections (HC) have extended the ubiquitous residual connection paradigm established over the past decade by expanding the residual stream width and diversifying connectivity patterns. While yielding substantial performance gains, this diversification fundamentally compromises the identity mapping property intrinsic to the residual connection, which causes severe training instability and restricted scalability, and additionally incurs notable memory access overhead. To address these challenges, we propose Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections (mHC), a general framework that projects the residual connection space of HC onto a specific manifold to restore the identity mapping property, while incorporating rigorous infrastructure optimization to ensure efficiency. Empirical experiments demonstrate that mHC is effective for training at scale, offering tangible performance improvements and superior scalability. We anticipate that mHC, as a flexible and practical extension of HC, will contribute to a deeper understanding of topological architecture design and suggest promising directions for the evolution of foundational models. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; v1 submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24880 [ pdf , ps , other ] mHC: Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections Authors: Zhenda Xie , Yixuan Wei , Huanqi Cao , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Jiashi Li , Damai Dai , Huazuo Gao , Jiang Chang , Kuai Yu , Liang Zhao , Shangyan Zhou , Zhean Xu , Zhengyan Zhang , Wangding Zeng , Shengding Hu , Yuqing Wang , Jingyang Yuan , Lean Wang , Wenfeng Liang Abstract : Recently, studies exemplified by Hyper-Connections (HC) have extended the ubiquitous residual connection paradigm established over the past decade by expanding the residual stream width and diversifying connectivity patterns. While yielding substantial performance gains, this diversification fundamentally compromises the identity mapping property intrinsic to the residual connection, which causes… ▽ More Recently, studies exemplified by Hyper-Connections (HC) have extended the ubiquitous residual connection paradigm established over the past decade by expanding the residual stream width and diversifying connectivity patterns. While yielding substantial performance gains, this diversification fundamentally compromises the identity mapping property intrinsic to the residual connection, which causes severe training instability and restricted scalability, and additionally incurs notable memory access overhead. To address these challenges, we propose Manifold-Constrained Hyper-Connections (mHC), a general framework that projects the residual connection space of HC onto a specific manifold to restore the identity mapping property, while incorporating rigorous infrastructure optimization to ensure efficiency. Empirical experiments demonstrate that mHC is effective for training at scale, offering tangible performance improvements and superior scalability. We anticipate that mHC, as a flexible and practical extension of HC, will contribute to a deeper understanding of topological architecture design and suggest promising directions for the evolution of foundational models. △ Less Submitted 5 January, 2026; v1 submitted 31 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24146 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Taming Preference Mode Collapse via Directional Decoupling Alignment in Diffusion Reinforcement Learning Authors: Chubin Chen , Sujie Hu , Jiashu Zhu , Meiqi Wu , Jintao Chen , Yanxun Li , Nisha Huang , Chengyu Fang , Jiahong Wu , Xiangxiang Chu , Xiu Li Abstract : Recent studies have demonstrated significant progress in aligning text-to-image diffusion models with human preference via Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback. However, while existing methods achieve high scores on automated reward metrics, they often lead to Preference Mode Collapse (PMC)-a specific form of reward hacking where models converge on narrow, high-scoring outputs (e.g., images… ▽ More Recent studies have demonstrated significant progress in aligning text-to-image diffusion models with human preference via Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback. However, while existing methods achieve high scores on automated reward metrics, they often lead to Preference Mode Collapse (PMC)-a specific form of reward hacking where models converge on narrow, high-scoring outputs (e.g., images with monolithic styles or pervasive overexposure), severely degrading generative diversity. In this work, we introduce and quantify this phenomenon, proposing DivGenBench, a novel benchmark designed to measure the extent of PMC. We posit that this collapse is driven by over-optimization along the reward model's inherent biases. Building on this analysis, we propose Directional Decoupling Alignment (D$^2$-Align), a novel framework that mitigates PMC by directionally correcting the reward signal. Specifically, our method first learns a directional correction within the reward model's embedding space while keeping the model frozen. This correction is then applied to the reward signal during the optimization process, preventing the model from collapsing into specific modes and thereby maintaining diversity. Our comprehensive evaluation, combining qualitative analysis with quantitative metrics for both quality and diversity, reveals that D$^2$-Align achieves superior alignment with human preference. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.24146 [ pdf , ps , other ] Taming Preference Mode Collapse via Directional Decoupling Alignment in Diffusion Reinforcement Learning Authors: Chubin Chen , Sujie Hu , Jiashu Zhu , Meiqi Wu , Jintao Chen , Yanxun Li , Nisha Huang , Chengyu Fang , Jiahong Wu , Xiangxiang Chu , Xiu Li Abstract : Recent studies have demonstrated significant progress in aligning text-to-image diffusion models with human preference via Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback. However, while existing methods achieve high scores on automated reward metrics, they often lead to Preference Mode Collapse (PMC)-a specific form of reward hacking where models converge on narrow, high-scoring outputs (e.g., images… ▽ More Recent studies have demonstrated significant progress in aligning text-to-image diffusion models with human preference via Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback. However, while existing methods achieve high scores on automated reward metrics, they often lead to Preference Mode Collapse (PMC)-a specific form of reward hacking where models converge on narrow, high-scoring outputs (e.g., images with monolithic styles or pervasive overexposure), severely degrading generative diversity. In this work, we introduce and quantify this phenomenon, proposing DivGenBench, a novel benchmark designed to measure the extent of PMC. We posit that this collapse is driven by over-optimization along the reward model's inherent biases. Building on this analysis, we propose Directional Decoupling Alignment (D$^2$-Align), a novel framework that mitigates PMC by directionally correcting the reward signal. Specifically, our method first learns a directional correction within the reward model's embedding space while keeping the model frozen. This correction is then applied to the reward signal during the optimization process, preventing the model from collapsing into specific modes and thereby maintaining diversity. Our comprehensive evaluation, combining qualitative analysis with quantitative metrics for both quality and diversity, reveals that D$^2$-Align achieves superior alignment with human preference. △ Less Submitted 30 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18162 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.SD Influence of string register locations on vibratos among violoncellists Authors: Steven Hu , Sophia H. Kim , Helena H. Kim , Hugo Mackay , Eric J. Heller Abstract : This study analyzes how vibrato changes with finger position along the cello string. Examining 94 excerpts, we found moving the finger toward the bridge strongly increases acoustic vibrato depth ($ρ=0.6902$, $p=1.408\cdot 10^{-14}$). However, the performer's physical finger amplitude simultaneously decreases ($ρ=-0.6391$, $p=4.172\cdot 10^{-12}$). This shows players reduce finger motion in higher… ▽ More This study analyzes how vibrato changes with finger position along the cello string. Examining 94 excerpts, we found moving the finger toward the bridge strongly increases acoustic vibrato depth ($ρ=0.6902$, $p=1.408\cdot 10^{-14}$). However, the performer's physical finger amplitude simultaneously decreases ($ρ=-0.6391$, $p=4.172\cdot 10^{-12}$). This shows players reduce finger motion in higher positions, but not enough to counteract the greater pitch deviation there, revealing both the presence and limits of compensatory vibrato behavior. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.18162 [ pdf , ps , other ] Influence of string register locations on vibratos among violoncellists Authors: Steven Hu , Sophia H. Kim , Helena H. Kim , Hugo Mackay , Eric J. Heller Abstract : This study analyzes how vibrato changes with finger position along the cello string. Examining 94 excerpts, we found moving the finger toward the bridge strongly increases acoustic vibrato depth ($ρ=0.6902$, $p=1.408\cdot 10^{-14}$). However, the performer's physical finger amplitude simultaneously decreases ($ρ=-0.6391$, $p=4.172\cdot 10^{-12}$). This shows players reduce finger motion in higher… ▽ More This study analyzes how vibrato changes with finger position along the cello string. Examining 94 excerpts, we found moving the finger toward the bridge strongly increases acoustic vibrato depth ($ρ=0.6902$, $p=1.408\cdot 10^{-14}$). However, the performer's physical finger amplitude simultaneously decreases ($ρ=-0.6391$, $p=4.172\cdot 10^{-12}$). This shows players reduce finger motion in higher positions, but not enough to counteract the greater pitch deviation there, revealing both the presence and limits of compensatory vibrato behavior. △ Less Submitted 19 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.16650 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CR Prefix Probing: Lightweight Harmful Content Detection for Large Language Models Authors: Jirui Yang , Hengqi Guo , Zhihui Lu , Yi Zhao , Yuansen Zhang , Shijing Hu , Qiang Duan , Yinggui Wang , Tao Wei Abstract : Large language models often face a three-way trade-off among detection accuracy, inference latency, and deployment cost when used in real-world safety-sensitive applications. This paper introduces Prefix Probing, a black-box harmful content detection method that compares the conditional log-probabilities of "agreement/execution" versus "refusal/safety" opening prefixes and leverages prefix caching… ▽ More Large language models often face a three-way trade-off among detection accuracy, inference latency, and deployment cost when used in real-world safety-sensitive applications. This paper introduces Prefix Probing, a black-box harmful content detection method that compares the conditional log-probabilities of "agreement/execution" versus "refusal/safety" opening prefixes and leverages prefix caching to reduce detection overhead to near first-token latency. During inference, the method requires only a single log-probability computation over the probe prefixes to produce a harmfulness score and apply a threshold, without invoking any additional models or multi-stage inference. To further enhance the discriminative power of the prefixes, we design an efficient prefix construction algorithm that automatically discovers highly informative prefixes, substantially improving detection performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Prefix Probing achieves detection effectiveness comparable to mainstream external safety models while incurring only minimal computational cost and requiring no extra model deployment, highlighting its strong practicality and efficiency. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.16650 [ pdf , ps , other ] Prefix Probing: Lightweight Harmful Content Detection for Large Language Models Authors: Jirui Yang , Hengqi Guo , Zhihui Lu , Yi Zhao , Yuansen Zhang , Shijing Hu , Qiang Duan , Yinggui Wang , Tao Wei Abstract : Large language models often face a three-way trade-off among detection accuracy, inference latency, and deployment cost when used in real-world safety-sensitive applications. This paper introduces Prefix Probing, a black-box harmful content detection method that compares the conditional log-probabilities of "agreement/execution" versus "refusal/safety" opening prefixes and leverages prefix caching… ▽ More Large language models often face a three-way trade-off among detection accuracy, inference latency, and deployment cost when used in real-world safety-sensitive applications. This paper introduces Prefix Probing, a black-box harmful content detection method that compares the conditional log-probabilities of "agreement/execution" versus "refusal/safety" opening prefixes and leverages prefix caching to reduce detection overhead to near first-token latency. During inference, the method requires only a single log-probability computation over the probe prefixes to produce a harmfulness score and apply a threshold, without invoking any additional models or multi-stage inference. To further enhance the discriminative power of the prefixes, we design an efficient prefix construction algorithm that automatically discovers highly informative prefixes, substantially improving detection performance. Extensive experiments demonstrate that Prefix Probing achieves detection effectiveness comparable to mainstream external safety models while incurring only minimal computational cost and requiring no extra model deployment, highlighting its strong practicality and efficiency. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.16310 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI cs.CL Agent Tools Orchestration Leaks More: Dataset, Benchmark, and Mitigation Authors: Yuxuan Qiao , Dongqin Liu , Hongchang Yang , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu Abstract : Driven by Large Language Models, the single-agent, multi-tool architecture has become a popular paradigm for autonomous agents due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, this architecture also introduces a new and severe privacy risk, which we term Tools Orchestration Privacy Risk (TOP-R), where an agent, to achieve a benign user goal, autonomously aggregates information fragments across mu… ▽ More Driven by Large Language Models, the single-agent, multi-tool architecture has become a popular paradigm for autonomous agents due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, this architecture also introduces a new and severe privacy risk, which we term Tools Orchestration Privacy Risk (TOP-R), where an agent, to achieve a benign user goal, autonomously aggregates information fragments across multiple tools and leverages its reasoning capabilities to synthesize unexpected sensitive information. We provide the first systematic study of this risk. First, we establish a formal framework, attributing the risk's root cause to the agent's misaligned objective function: an overoptimization for helpfulness while neglecting privacy awareness. Second, we construct TOP-Bench, comprising paired leakage and benign scenarios, to comprehensively evaluate this risk. To quantify the trade-off between safety and robustness, we introduce the H-Score as a holistic metric. The evaluation results reveal that TOP-R is a severe risk: the average Risk Leakage Rate (RLR) of eight representative models reaches 90.24%, while the average H-Score is merely 0.167, with no model exceeding 0.3. Finally, we propose the Privacy Enhancement Principle (PEP) method, which effectively mitigates TOP-R, reducing the Risk Leakage Rate to 46.58% and significantly improving the H-Score to 0.624. Our work reveals both a new class of risk and inherent structural limitations in current agent architectures, while also offering feasible mitigation strategies. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.16310 [ pdf , ps , other ] Agent Tools Orchestration Leaks More: Dataset, Benchmark, and Mitigation Authors: Yuxuan Qiao , Dongqin Liu , Hongchang Yang , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu Abstract : Driven by Large Language Models, the single-agent, multi-tool architecture has become a popular paradigm for autonomous agents due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, this architecture also introduces a new and severe privacy risk, which we term Tools Orchestration Privacy Risk (TOP-R), where an agent, to achieve a benign user goal, autonomously aggregates information fragments across mu… ▽ More Driven by Large Language Models, the single-agent, multi-tool architecture has become a popular paradigm for autonomous agents due to its simplicity and effectiveness. However, this architecture also introduces a new and severe privacy risk, which we term Tools Orchestration Privacy Risk (TOP-R), where an agent, to achieve a benign user goal, autonomously aggregates information fragments across multiple tools and leverages its reasoning capabilities to synthesize unexpected sensitive information. We provide the first systematic study of this risk. First, we establish a formal framework, attributing the risk's root cause to the agent's misaligned objective function: an overoptimization for helpfulness while neglecting privacy awareness. Second, we construct TOP-Bench, comprising paired leakage and benign scenarios, to comprehensively evaluate this risk. To quantify the trade-off between safety and robustness, we introduce the H-Score as a holistic metric. The evaluation results reveal that TOP-R is a severe risk: the average Risk Leakage Rate (RLR) of eight representative models reaches 90.24%, while the average H-Score is merely 0.167, with no model exceeding 0.3. Finally, we propose the Privacy Enhancement Principle (PEP) method, which effectively mitigates TOP-R, reducing the Risk Leakage Rate to 46.58% and significantly improving the H-Score to 0.624. Our work reveals both a new class of risk and inherent structural limitations in current agent architectures, while also offering feasible mitigation strategies. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.16126 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CV Dual-View Inference Attack: Machine Unlearning Amplifies Privacy Exposure Authors: Lulu Xue , Shengshan Hu , Linqiang Qian , Peijin Guo , Yechao Zhang , Minghui Li , Yanjun Zhang , Dayong Ye , Leo Yu Zhang Abstract : Machine unlearning is a newly popularized technique for removing specific training data from a trained model, enabling it to comply with data deletion requests. While it protects the rights of users requesting unlearning, it also introduces new privacy risks. Prior works have primarily focused on the privacy of data that has been unlearned, while the risks to retained data remain largely unexplore… ▽ More Machine unlearning is a newly popularized technique for removing specific training data from a trained model, enabling it to comply with data deletion requests. While it protects the rights of users requesting unlearning, it also introduces new privacy risks. Prior works have primarily focused on the privacy of data that has been unlearned, while the risks to retained data remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, we focus on the privacy risks of retained data and, for the first time, reveal the vulnerabilities introduced by machine unlearning under the dual-view setting, where an adversary can query both the original and the unlearned models. From an information-theoretic perspective, we introduce the concept of {privacy knowledge gain} and demonstrate that the dual-view setting allows adversaries to obtain more information than querying either model alone, thereby amplifying privacy leakage. To effectively demonstrate this threat, we propose DVIA, a Dual-View Inference Attack, which extracts membership information on retained data using black-box queries to both models. DVIA eliminates the need to train an attack model and employs a lightweight likelihood ratio inference module for efficient inference. Experiments across different datasets and model architectures validate the effectiveness of DVIA and highlight the privacy risks inherent in the dual-view setting. △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepeted by AAAI2026 arXiv:2512.16126 [ pdf , ps , other ] Dual-View Inference Attack: Machine Unlearning Amplifies Privacy Exposure Authors: Lulu Xue , Shengshan Hu , Linqiang Qian , Peijin Guo , Yechao Zhang , Minghui Li , Yanjun Zhang , Dayong Ye , Leo Yu Zhang Abstract : Machine unlearning is a newly popularized technique for removing specific training data from a trained model, enabling it to comply with data deletion requests. While it protects the rights of users requesting unlearning, it also introduces new privacy risks. Prior works have primarily focused on the privacy of data that has been unlearned, while the risks to retained data remain largely unexplore… ▽ More Machine unlearning is a newly popularized technique for removing specific training data from a trained model, enabling it to comply with data deletion requests. While it protects the rights of users requesting unlearning, it also introduces new privacy risks. Prior works have primarily focused on the privacy of data that has been unlearned, while the risks to retained data remain largely unexplored. To address this gap, we focus on the privacy risks of retained data and, for the first time, reveal the vulnerabilities introduced by machine unlearning under the dual-view setting, where an adversary can query both the original and the unlearned models. From an information-theoretic perspective, we introduce the concept of {privacy knowledge gain} and demonstrate that the dual-view setting allows adversaries to obtain more information than querying either model alone, thereby amplifying privacy leakage. To effectively demonstrate this threat, we propose DVIA, a Dual-View Inference Attack, which extracts membership information on retained data using black-box queries to both models. DVIA eliminates the need to train an attack model and employs a lightweight likelihood ratio inference module for efficient inference. Experiments across different datasets and model architectures validate the effectiveness of DVIA and highlight the privacy risks inherent in the dual-view setting. △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Accepeted by AAAI2026 arXiv:2512.15176 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI DEER: Draft with Diffusion, Verify with Autoregressive Models Authors: Zicong Cheng , Guo-Wei Yang , Jia Li , Zhijie Deng , Meng-Hao Guo , Shi-Min Hu Abstract : Efficiency, as a critical practical challenge for LLM-driven agentic and reasoning systems, is increasingly constrained by the inherent latency of autoregressive (AR) decoding. Speculative decoding mitigates this cost through a draft-verify scheme, yet existing approaches rely on AR draft models (a.k.a., drafters), which introduce two fundamental issues: (1) step-wise uncertainty accumulation lead… ▽ More Efficiency, as a critical practical challenge for LLM-driven agentic and reasoning systems, is increasingly constrained by the inherent latency of autoregressive (AR) decoding. Speculative decoding mitigates this cost through a draft-verify scheme, yet existing approaches rely on AR draft models (a.k.a., drafters), which introduce two fundamental issues: (1) step-wise uncertainty accumulation leads to a progressive collapse of trust between the target model and the drafter, and (2) inherently sequential decoding of AR drafters. Together, these factors cause limited speedups. In this paper, we show that a diffusion large language model (dLLM) drafters can naturally overcome these issues through its fundamentally different probabilistic modeling and efficient parallel decoding strategy. Building on this insight, we introduce DEER, an efficient speculative decoding framework that drafts with diffusion and verifies with AR models. To enable high-quality drafting, DEER employs a two-stage training pipeline to align the dLLM-based drafters with the target AR model, and further adopts single-step decoding to generate long draft segments. Experiments show DEER reaches draft acceptance lengths of up to 32 tokens, far surpassing the 10 tokens achieved by EAGLE-3. Moreover, on HumanEval with Qwen3-30B-A3B, DEER attains a 5.54x speedup, while EAGLE-3 achieves only 2.41x. Code, model, demo, etc, will be available at △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Homepage : arXiv:2512.15176 [ pdf , ps , other ] DEER: Draft with Diffusion, Verify with Autoregressive Models Authors: Zicong Cheng , Guo-Wei Yang , Jia Li , Zhijie Deng , Meng-Hao Guo , Shi-Min Hu Abstract : Efficiency, as a critical practical challenge for LLM-driven agentic and reasoning systems, is increasingly constrained by the inherent latency of autoregressive (AR) decoding. Speculative decoding mitigates this cost through a draft-verify scheme, yet existing approaches rely on AR draft models (a.k.a., drafters), which introduce two fundamental issues: (1) step-wise uncertainty accumulation lead… ▽ More Efficiency, as a critical practical challenge for LLM-driven agentic and reasoning systems, is increasingly constrained by the inherent latency of autoregressive (AR) decoding. Speculative decoding mitigates this cost through a draft-verify scheme, yet existing approaches rely on AR draft models (a.k.a., drafters), which introduce two fundamental issues: (1) step-wise uncertainty accumulation leads to a progressive collapse of trust between the target model and the drafter, and (2) inherently sequential decoding of AR drafters. Together, these factors cause limited speedups. In this paper, we show that a diffusion large language model (dLLM) drafters can naturally overcome these issues through its fundamentally different probabilistic modeling and efficient parallel decoding strategy. Building on this insight, we introduce DEER, an efficient speculative decoding framework that drafts with diffusion and verifies with AR models. To enable high-quality drafting, DEER employs a two-stage training pipeline to align the dLLM-based drafters with the target AR model, and further adopts single-step decoding to generate long draft segments. Experiments show DEER reaches draft acceptance lengths of up to 32 tokens, far surpassing the 10 tokens achieved by EAGLE-3. Moreover, on HumanEval with Qwen3-30B-A3B, DEER attains a 5.54x speedup, while EAGLE-3 achieves only 2.41x. Code, model, demo, etc, will be available at △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Homepage : arXiv:2512.15173 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.NI UAV-enabled Computing Power Networks: Task Completion Probability Analysis Authors: Yiqin Deng , Zhengru Fang , Senkang Hu , Yanan Ma , Haixia Zhang , Yuguang Fang Abstract : This paper presents an innovative framework that synergistically enhances computing performance through ubiquitous computing power distribution and dynamic computing node accessibility control via adaptive unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) positioning, establishing UAV-enabled Computing Power Networks (UAV-CPNs). In UAV-CPNs, UAVs function as dynamic aerial relays, outsourcing tasks generated in the r… ▽ More This paper presents an innovative framework that synergistically enhances computing performance through ubiquitous computing power distribution and dynamic computing node accessibility control via adaptive unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) positioning, establishing UAV-enabled Computing Power Networks (UAV-CPNs). In UAV-CPNs, UAVs function as dynamic aerial relays, outsourcing tasks generated in the request zone to an expanded service zone, consisting of a diverse range of computing devices, from vehicles with onboard computational capabilities and edge servers to dedicated computing nodes. This approach has the potential to alleviate communication bottlenecks in traditional computing power networks and overcome the "island effect" observed in multi-access edge computing. However, how to quantify the network performance under the complex spatio-temporal dynamics of both communication and computing power is a significant challenge, which introduces intricacies beyond those found in conventional networks. To address this, in this paper, we introduce task completion probability as the primary performance metric for evaluating the ability of UAV-CPNs to complete ground users' tasks within specified end-to-end latency requirements. Utilizing theories from stochastic processes and stochastic geometry, we derive analytical expressions that facilitate the assessment of this metric. Our numerical results emphasize that striking a delicate balance between communication and computational capabilities is essential for enhancing the performance of UAV-CPNs. Moreover, our findings show significant performance gains from the widespread distribution of computing nodes. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Published in IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) 2025 and awarded a Best Paper Award. An extended version has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing (DOI: 10.1109/TMC.2025.1234567; arXiv:2601.09493) arXiv:2512.15173 [ pdf , ps , other ] UAV-enabled Computing Power Networks: Task Completion Probability Analysis Authors: Yiqin Deng , Zhengru Fang , Senkang Hu , Yanan Ma , Haixia Zhang , Yuguang Fang Abstract : This paper presents an innovative framework that synergistically enhances computing performance through ubiquitous computing power distribution and dynamic computing node accessibility control via adaptive unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) positioning, establishing UAV-enabled Computing Power Networks (UAV-CPNs). In UAV-CPNs, UAVs function as dynamic aerial relays, outsourcing tasks generated in the r… ▽ More This paper presents an innovative framework that synergistically enhances computing performance through ubiquitous computing power distribution and dynamic computing node accessibility control via adaptive unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) positioning, establishing UAV-enabled Computing Power Networks (UAV-CPNs). In UAV-CPNs, UAVs function as dynamic aerial relays, outsourcing tasks generated in the request zone to an expanded service zone, consisting of a diverse range of computing devices, from vehicles with onboard computational capabilities and edge servers to dedicated computing nodes. This approach has the potential to alleviate communication bottlenecks in traditional computing power networks and overcome the "island effect" observed in multi-access edge computing. However, how to quantify the network performance under the complex spatio-temporal dynamics of both communication and computing power is a significant challenge, which introduces intricacies beyond those found in conventional networks. To address this, in this paper, we introduce task completion probability as the primary performance metric for evaluating the ability of UAV-CPNs to complete ground users' tasks within specified end-to-end latency requirements. Utilizing theories from stochastic processes and stochastic geometry, we derive analytical expressions that facilitate the assessment of this metric. Our numerical results emphasize that striking a delicate balance between communication and computational capabilities is essential for enhancing the performance of UAV-CPNs. Moreover, our findings show significant performance gains from the widespread distribution of computing nodes. △ Less Submitted 14 January, 2026; v1 submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Published in IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM) 2025 and awarded a Best Paper Award. An extended version has been accepted for publication in IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing (DOI: 10.1109/TMC.2025.1234567; arXiv:2601.09493) arXiv:2512.11891 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO eess.SY VLSA: Vision-Language-Action Models with Plug-and-Play Safety Constraint Layer Authors: Songqiao Hu , Zeyi Liu , Shuang Liu , Jun Cen , Zihan Meng , Xiao He Abstract : Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generalizing across diverse robotic manipulation tasks. However, deploying these models in unstructured environments remains challenging due to the critical need for simultaneous task compliance and safety assurance, particularly in preventing potential collisions during physical interactions. In this work, we introdu… ▽ More Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generalizing across diverse robotic manipulation tasks. However, deploying these models in unstructured environments remains challenging due to the critical need for simultaneous task compliance and safety assurance, particularly in preventing potential collisions during physical interactions. In this work, we introduce a Vision-Language-Safe Action (VLSA) architecture, named AEGIS, which contains a plug-and-play safety constraint (SC) layer formulated via control barrier functions. AEGIS integrates directly with existing VLA models to improve safety with theoretical guarantees, while maintaining their original instruction-following performance. To evaluate the efficacy of our architecture, we construct a comprehensive safety-critical benchmark SafeLIBERO, spanning distinct manipulation scenarios characterized by varying degrees of spatial complexity and obstacle intervention. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method over state-of-the-art baselines. Notably, AEGIS achieves a 59.16% improvement in obstacle avoidance rate while substantially increasing the task execution success rate by 17.25%. To facilitate reproducibility and future research, we make our code, models, and the benchmark datasets publicly available at △ Less Submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 20 pages, 14 figures arXiv:2512.11891 [ pdf , ps , other ] VLSA: Vision-Language-Action Models with Plug-and-Play Safety Constraint Layer Authors: Songqiao Hu , Zeyi Liu , Shuang Liu , Jun Cen , Zihan Meng , Xiao He Abstract : Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generalizing across diverse robotic manipulation tasks. However, deploying these models in unstructured environments remains challenging due to the critical need for simultaneous task compliance and safety assurance, particularly in preventing potential collisions during physical interactions. In this work, we introdu… ▽ More Vision-Language-Action (VLA) models have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in generalizing across diverse robotic manipulation tasks. However, deploying these models in unstructured environments remains challenging due to the critical need for simultaneous task compliance and safety assurance, particularly in preventing potential collisions during physical interactions. In this work, we introduce a Vision-Language-Safe Action (VLSA) architecture, named AEGIS, which contains a plug-and-play safety constraint (SC) layer formulated via control barrier functions. AEGIS integrates directly with existing VLA models to improve safety with theoretical guarantees, while maintaining their original instruction-following performance. To evaluate the efficacy of our architecture, we construct a comprehensive safety-critical benchmark SafeLIBERO, spanning distinct manipulation scenarios characterized by varying degrees of spatial complexity and obstacle intervention. Extensive experiments demonstrate the superiority of our method over state-of-the-art baselines. Notably, AEGIS achieves a 59.16% improvement in obstacle avoidance rate while substantially increasing the task execution success rate by 17.25%. To facilitate reproducibility and future research, we make our code, models, and the benchmark datasets publicly available at △ Less Submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 20 pages, 14 figures arXiv:2512.11336 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV UFVideo: Towards Unified Fine-Grained Video Cooperative Understanding with Large Language Models Authors: Hewen Pan , Cong Wei , Dashuang Liang , Zepeng Huang , Pengfei Gao , Ziqi Zhou , Lulu Xue , Pengfei Yan , Xiaoming Wei , Minghui Li , Shengshan Hu Abstract : With the advancement of multi-modal Large Language Models (LLMs), Video LLMs have been further developed to perform on holistic and specialized video understanding. However, existing works are limited to specialized video understanding tasks, failing to achieve a comprehensive and multi-grained video perception. To bridge this gap, we introduce UFVideo, the first Video LLM with unified multi-grain… ▽ More With the advancement of multi-modal Large Language Models (LLMs), Video LLMs have been further developed to perform on holistic and specialized video understanding. However, existing works are limited to specialized video understanding tasks, failing to achieve a comprehensive and multi-grained video perception. To bridge this gap, we introduce UFVideo, the first Video LLM with unified multi-grained cooperative understanding capabilities. Specifically, we design unified visual-language guided alignment to flexibly handle video understanding across global, pixel and temporal scales within a single model. UFVideo dynamically encodes the visual and text inputs of different tasks and generates the textual response, temporal localization, or grounded mask. Additionally, to evaluate challenging multi-grained video understanding tasks, we construct the UFVideo-Bench consisting of three distinct collaborative tasks within the scales, which demonstrates UFVideo's flexibility and advantages over GPT-4o. Furthermore, we validate the effectiveness of our model across 9 public benchmarks covering various common video understanding tasks, providing valuable insights for future Video LLMs. △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 22 pages, 13 figures, technical report arXiv:2512.11336 [ pdf , ps , other ] UFVideo: Towards Unified Fine-Grained Video Cooperative Understanding with Large Language Models Authors: Hewen Pan , Cong Wei , Dashuang Liang , Zepeng Huang , Pengfei Gao , Ziqi Zhou , Lulu Xue , Pengfei Yan , Xiaoming Wei , Minghui Li , Shengshan Hu Abstract : With the advancement of multi-modal Large Language Models (LLMs), Video LLMs have been further developed to perform on holistic and specialized video understanding. However, existing works are limited to specialized video understanding tasks, failing to achieve a comprehensive and multi-grained video perception. To bridge this gap, we introduce UFVideo, the first Video LLM with unified multi-grain… ▽ More With the advancement of multi-modal Large Language Models (LLMs), Video LLMs have been further developed to perform on holistic and specialized video understanding. However, existing works are limited to specialized video understanding tasks, failing to achieve a comprehensive and multi-grained video perception. To bridge this gap, we introduce UFVideo, the first Video LLM with unified multi-grained cooperative understanding capabilities. Specifically, we design unified visual-language guided alignment to flexibly handle video understanding across global, pixel and temporal scales within a single model. UFVideo dynamically encodes the visual and text inputs of different tasks and generates the textual response, temporal localization, or grounded mask. Additionally, to evaluate challenging multi-grained video understanding tasks, we construct the UFVideo-Bench consisting of three distinct collaborative tasks within the scales, which demonstrates UFVideo's flexibility and advantages over GPT-4o. Furthermore, we validate the effectiveness of our model across 9 public benchmarks covering various common video understanding tasks, providing valuable insights for future Video LLMs. △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 22 pages, 13 figures, technical report arXiv:2512.10948 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV ClusIR: Towards Cluster-Guided All-in-One Image Restoration Authors: Shengkai Hu , Jiaqi Ma , Jun Wan , Wenwen Min , Yongcheng Jing , Lefei Zhang , Dacheng Tao Abstract : All-in-One Image Restoration (AiOIR) aims to recover high-quality images from diverse degradations within a unified framework. However, existing methods often fail to explicitly model degradation types and struggle to adapt their restoration behavior to complex or mixed degradations. To address these issues, we propose ClusIR, a Cluster-Guided Image Restoration framework that explicitly models deg… ▽ More All-in-One Image Restoration (AiOIR) aims to recover high-quality images from diverse degradations within a unified framework. However, existing methods often fail to explicitly model degradation types and struggle to adapt their restoration behavior to complex or mixed degradations. To address these issues, we propose ClusIR, a Cluster-Guided Image Restoration framework that explicitly models degradation semantics through learnable clustering and propagates cluster-aware cues across spatial and frequency domains for adaptive restoration. Specifically, ClusIR comprises two key components: a Probabilistic Cluster-Guided Routing Mechanism (PCGRM) and a Degradation-Aware Frequency Modulation Module (DAFMM). The proposed PCGRM disentangles degradation recognition from expert activation, enabling discriminative degradation perception and stable expert routing. Meanwhile, DAFMM leverages the cluster-guided priors to perform adaptive frequency decomposition and targeted modulation, collaboratively refining structural and textural representations for higher restoration fidelity. The cluster-guided synergy seamlessly bridges semantic cues with frequency-domain modulation, empowering ClusIR to attain remarkable restoration results across a wide range of degradations. Extensive experiments on diverse benchmarks validate that ClusIR reaches competitive performance under several scenarios. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.10948 [ pdf , ps , other ] ClusIR: Towards Cluster-Guided All-in-One Image Restoration Authors: Shengkai Hu , Jiaqi Ma , Jun Wan , Wenwen Min , Yongcheng Jing , Lefei Zhang , Dacheng Tao Abstract : All-in-One Image Restoration (AiOIR) aims to recover high-quality images from diverse degradations within a unified framework. However, existing methods often fail to explicitly model degradation types and struggle to adapt their restoration behavior to complex or mixed degradations. To address these issues, we propose ClusIR, a Cluster-Guided Image Restoration framework that explicitly models deg… ▽ More All-in-One Image Restoration (AiOIR) aims to recover high-quality images from diverse degradations within a unified framework. However, existing methods often fail to explicitly model degradation types and struggle to adapt their restoration behavior to complex or mixed degradations. To address these issues, we propose ClusIR, a Cluster-Guided Image Restoration framework that explicitly models degradation semantics through learnable clustering and propagates cluster-aware cues across spatial and frequency domains for adaptive restoration. Specifically, ClusIR comprises two key components: a Probabilistic Cluster-Guided Routing Mechanism (PCGRM) and a Degradation-Aware Frequency Modulation Module (DAFMM). The proposed PCGRM disentangles degradation recognition from expert activation, enabling discriminative degradation perception and stable expert routing. Meanwhile, DAFMM leverages the cluster-guided priors to perform adaptive frequency decomposition and targeted modulation, collaboratively refining structural and textural representations for higher restoration fidelity. The cluster-guided synergy seamlessly bridges semantic cues with frequency-domain modulation, empowering ClusIR to attain remarkable restoration results across a wide range of degradations. Extensive experiments on diverse benchmarks validate that ClusIR reaches competitive performance under several scenarios. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.10425 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.DC Making Wide Stripes Practical: Cascaded Parity LRCs for Efficient Repair and High Reliability Authors: Fan Yu , Guodong Li , Si Wu , Weijun Fang , Sihuang Hu Abstract : Erasure coding with wide stripes is increasingly adopted to reduce storage overhead in large-scale storage systems. However, existing Locally Repairable Codes (LRCs) exhibit structural limitations in this setting: inflated local groups increase single-node repair cost, multi-node failures frequently trigger expensive global repair, and reliability degrades sharply. We identify a key root cause: lo… ▽ More Erasure coding with wide stripes is increasingly adopted to reduce storage overhead in large-scale storage systems. However, existing Locally Repairable Codes (LRCs) exhibit structural limitations in this setting: inflated local groups increase single-node repair cost, multi-node failures frequently trigger expensive global repair, and reliability degrades sharply. We identify a key root cause: local and global parity blocks are designed independently, preventing them from cooperating during repair. We present Cascaded Parity LRCs (CP-LRCs), a new family of wide stripe LRCs that embed structured dependency between parity blocks by decomposing a global parity block across all local parity blocks. This creates a cascaded parity group that preserves MDS-level fault tolerance while enabling low-bandwidth single-node and multi-node repairs. We provide a general coefficient-generation framework, develop repair algorithms exploiting cascading, and instantiate the design with CP-Azure and CP-Uniform. Evaluations on Alibaba Cloud show reductions in repair time of up to 41% for single-node failures and 26% for two-node failures. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.10425 [ pdf , ps , other ] Making Wide Stripes Practical: Cascaded Parity LRCs for Efficient Repair and High Reliability Authors: Fan Yu , Guodong Li , Si Wu , Weijun Fang , Sihuang Hu Abstract : Erasure coding with wide stripes is increasingly adopted to reduce storage overhead in large-scale storage systems. However, existing Locally Repairable Codes (LRCs) exhibit structural limitations in this setting: inflated local groups increase single-node repair cost, multi-node failures frequently trigger expensive global repair, and reliability degrades sharply. We identify a key root cause: lo… ▽ More Erasure coding with wide stripes is increasingly adopted to reduce storage overhead in large-scale storage systems. However, existing Locally Repairable Codes (LRCs) exhibit structural limitations in this setting: inflated local groups increase single-node repair cost, multi-node failures frequently trigger expensive global repair, and reliability degrades sharply. We identify a key root cause: local and global parity blocks are designed independently, preventing them from cooperating during repair. We present Cascaded Parity LRCs (CP-LRCs), a new family of wide stripe LRCs that embed structured dependency between parity blocks by decomposing a global parity block across all local parity blocks. This creates a cascaded parity group that preserves MDS-level fault tolerance while enabling low-bandwidth single-node and multi-node repairs. We provide a general coefficient-generation framework, develop repair algorithms exploiting cascading, and instantiate the design with CP-Azure and CP-Uniform. Evaluations on Alibaba Cloud show reductions in repair time of up to 41% for single-node failures and 26% for two-node failures. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.08743 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.MA Single-Agent Scaling Fails Multi-Agent Intelligence: Towards Foundation Models with Native Multi-Agent Intelligence Authors: Shuyue Hu , Haoyang Yan , Yiqun Zhang , Yang Chen , Dongzhan Zhou , Lei Bai Abstract : Foundation models (FMs) are increasingly assuming the role of the ''brain'' of AI agents. While recent efforts have begun to equip FMs with native single-agent abilities -- such as GUI interaction or integrated tool use -- we argue that the next frontier is endowing FMs with native multi-agent intelligence. We identify four core capabilities of FMs in multi-agent contexts: understanding, planning,… ▽ More Foundation models (FMs) are increasingly assuming the role of the ''brain'' of AI agents. While recent efforts have begun to equip FMs with native single-agent abilities -- such as GUI interaction or integrated tool use -- we argue that the next frontier is endowing FMs with native multi-agent intelligence. We identify four core capabilities of FMs in multi-agent contexts: understanding, planning, efficient communication, and adaptation. Contrary to assumptions about the spontaneous emergence of such abilities, we provide extensive empirical evidence, across 41 large language models and 7 challenging benchmarks, showing that scaling single-agent performance alone does not automatically yield robust multi-agent intelligence. To address this gap, we outline key research directions -- spanning dataset construction, evaluation, training paradigms, and safety considerations -- for building FMs with native multi-agent intelligence. △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; v1 submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.08743 [ pdf , ps , other ] Single-Agent Scaling Fails Multi-Agent Intelligence: Towards Foundation Models with Native Multi-Agent Intelligence Authors: Shuyue Hu , Haoyang Yan , Yiqun Zhang , Yang Chen , Dongzhan Zhou , Lei Bai Abstract : Foundation models (FMs) are increasingly assuming the role of the ''brain'' of AI agents. While recent efforts have begun to equip FMs with native single-agent abilities -- such as GUI interaction or integrated tool use -- we argue that the next frontier is endowing FMs with native multi-agent intelligence. We identify four core capabilities of FMs in multi-agent contexts: understanding, planning,… ▽ More Foundation models (FMs) are increasingly assuming the role of the ''brain'' of AI agents. While recent efforts have begun to equip FMs with native single-agent abilities -- such as GUI interaction or integrated tool use -- we argue that the next frontier is endowing FMs with native multi-agent intelligence. We identify four core capabilities of FMs in multi-agent contexts: understanding, planning, efficient communication, and adaptation. Contrary to assumptions about the spontaneous emergence of such abilities, we provide extensive empirical evidence, across 41 large language models and 7 challenging benchmarks, showing that scaling single-agent performance alone does not automatically yield robust multi-agent intelligence. To address this gap, we outline key research directions -- spanning dataset construction, evaluation, training paradigms, and safety considerations -- for building FMs with native multi-agent intelligence. △ Less Submitted 16 December, 2025; v1 submitted 9 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.06179 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Physics-Grounded Attached Shadow Detection Using Approximate 3D Geometry and Light Direction Authors: Shilin Hu , Jingyi Xu , Sagnik Das , Dimitris Samaras , Hieu Le Abstract : Attached shadows occur on the surface of the occluder where light cannot reach because of self-occlusion. They are crucial for defining the three-dimensional structure of objects and enhancing scene understanding. Yet existing shadow detection methods mainly target cast shadows, and there are no dedicated datasets or models for detecting attached shadows. To address this gap, we introduce a framew… ▽ More Attached shadows occur on the surface of the occluder where light cannot reach because of self-occlusion. They are crucial for defining the three-dimensional structure of objects and enhancing scene understanding. Yet existing shadow detection methods mainly target cast shadows, and there are no dedicated datasets or models for detecting attached shadows. To address this gap, we introduce a framework that jointly detects cast and attached shadows by reasoning about their mutual relationship with scene illumination and geometry. Our system consists of a shadow detection module that predicts both shadow types separately, and a light estimation module that infers the light direction from the detected shadows. The estimated light direction, combined with surface normals, allows us to derive a geometry-consistent partial map that identifies regions likely to be self-occluded. This partial map is then fed back to refine shadow predictions, forming a closed-loop reasoning process that iteratively improves both shadow segmentation and light estimation. In order to train our method, we have constructed a dataset of 1,458 images with separate annotations for cast and attached shadows, enabling training and quantitative evaluation of both. Experimental results demonstrate that this iterative geometry-illumination reasoning substantially improves the detection of attached shadows, with at least 33% BER reduction, while maintaining strong full and cast shadow performance. △ Less Submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.06179 [ pdf , ps , other ] Physics-Grounded Attached Shadow Detection Using Approximate 3D Geometry and Light Direction Authors: Shilin Hu , Jingyi Xu , Sagnik Das , Dimitris Samaras , Hieu Le Abstract : Attached shadows occur on the surface of the occluder where light cannot reach because of self-occlusion. They are crucial for defining the three-dimensional structure of objects and enhancing scene understanding. Yet existing shadow detection methods mainly target cast shadows, and there are no dedicated datasets or models for detecting attached shadows. To address this gap, we introduce a framew… ▽ More Attached shadows occur on the surface of the occluder where light cannot reach because of self-occlusion. They are crucial for defining the three-dimensional structure of objects and enhancing scene understanding. Yet existing shadow detection methods mainly target cast shadows, and there are no dedicated datasets or models for detecting attached shadows. To address this gap, we introduce a framework that jointly detects cast and attached shadows by reasoning about their mutual relationship with scene illumination and geometry. Our system consists of a shadow detection module that predicts both shadow types separately, and a light estimation module that infers the light direction from the detected shadows. The estimated light direction, combined with surface normals, allows us to derive a geometry-consistent partial map that identifies regions likely to be self-occluded. This partial map is then fed back to refine shadow predictions, forming a closed-loop reasoning process that iteratively improves both shadow segmentation and light estimation. In order to train our method, we have constructed a dataset of 1,458 images with separate annotations for cast and attached shadows, enabling training and quantitative evaluation of both. Experimental results demonstrate that this iterative geometry-illumination reasoning substantially improves the detection of attached shadows, with at least 33% BER reduction, while maintaining strong full and cast shadow performance. △ Less Submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.06174 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV Physics-Grounded Shadow Generation from Monocular 3D Geometry Priors and Approximate Light Direction Authors: Shilin Hu , Jingyi Xu , Akshat Dave , Dimitris Samaras , Hieu Le Abstract : Shadow generation aims to produce photorealistic shadows that are visually consistent with object geometry and scene illumination. In the physics of shadow formation, the occluder blocks some light rays casting from the light source that would otherwise arrive at the surface, creating a shadow that follows the silhouette of the occluder. However, such explicit physical modeling has rarely been use… ▽ More Shadow generation aims to produce photorealistic shadows that are visually consistent with object geometry and scene illumination. In the physics of shadow formation, the occluder blocks some light rays casting from the light source that would otherwise arrive at the surface, creating a shadow that follows the silhouette of the occluder. However, such explicit physical modeling has rarely been used in deep-learning-based shadow generation. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that embeds explicit physical modeling - geometry and illumination - into deep-learning-based shadow generation. First, given a monocular RGB image, we obtain approximate 3D geometry in the form of dense point maps and predict a single dominant light direction. These signals allow us to recover fairly accurate shadow location and shape based on the physics of shadow formation. We then integrate this physics-based initial estimate into a diffusion framework that refines the shadow into a realistic, high-fidelity appearance while ensuring consistency with scene geometry and illumination. Trained on DESOBAV2, our model produces shadows that are both visually realistic and physically coherent, outperforming existing approaches, especially in scenes with complex geometry or ambiguous lighting. △ Less Submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.06174 [ pdf , ps , other ] Physics-Grounded Shadow Generation from Monocular 3D Geometry Priors and Approximate Light Direction Authors: Shilin Hu , Jingyi Xu , Akshat Dave , Dimitris Samaras , Hieu Le Abstract : Shadow generation aims to produce photorealistic shadows that are visually consistent with object geometry and scene illumination. In the physics of shadow formation, the occluder blocks some light rays casting from the light source that would otherwise arrive at the surface, creating a shadow that follows the silhouette of the occluder. However, such explicit physical modeling has rarely been use… ▽ More Shadow generation aims to produce photorealistic shadows that are visually consistent with object geometry and scene illumination. In the physics of shadow formation, the occluder blocks some light rays casting from the light source that would otherwise arrive at the surface, creating a shadow that follows the silhouette of the occluder. However, such explicit physical modeling has rarely been used in deep-learning-based shadow generation. In this paper, we propose a novel framework that embeds explicit physical modeling - geometry and illumination - into deep-learning-based shadow generation. First, given a monocular RGB image, we obtain approximate 3D geometry in the form of dense point maps and predict a single dominant light direction. These signals allow us to recover fairly accurate shadow location and shape based on the physics of shadow formation. We then integrate this physics-based initial estimate into a diffusion framework that refines the shadow into a realistic, high-fidelity appearance while ensuring consistency with scene geometry and illumination. Trained on DESOBAV2, our model produces shadows that are both visually realistic and physically coherent, outperforming existing approaches, especially in scenes with complex geometry or ambiguous lighting. △ Less Submitted 5 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.05104 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV EvoIR: Towards All-in-One Image Restoration via Evolutionary Frequency Modulation Authors: Jiaqi Ma , Shengkai Hu , Xu Zhang , Jun Wan , Jiaxing Huang , Lefei Zhang , Salman Khan Abstract : All-in-One Image Restoration (AiOIR) tasks often involve diverse degradation that require robust and versatile strategies. However, most existing approaches typically lack explicit frequency modeling and rely on fixed or heuristic optimization schedules, which limit the generalization across heterogeneous degradation. To address these limitations, we propose EvoIR, an AiOIR-specific framework that… ▽ More All-in-One Image Restoration (AiOIR) tasks often involve diverse degradation that require robust and versatile strategies. However, most existing approaches typically lack explicit frequency modeling and rely on fixed or heuristic optimization schedules, which limit the generalization across heterogeneous degradation. To address these limitations, we propose EvoIR, an AiOIR-specific framework that introduces evolutionary frequency modulation for dynamic and adaptive image restoration. Specifically, EvoIR employs the Frequency-Modulated Module (FMM) that decomposes features into high- and low-frequency branches in an explicit manner and adaptively modulates them to enhance both structural fidelity and fine-grained details. Central to EvoIR, an Evolutionary Optimization Strategy (EOS) iteratively adjusts frequency-aware objectives through a population-based evolutionary process, dynamically balancing structural accuracy and perceptual fidelity. Its evolutionary guidance further mitigates gradient conflicts across degradation and accelerates convergence. By synergizing FMM and EOS, EvoIR yields greater improvements than using either component alone, underscoring their complementary roles. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that EvoIR outperforms state-of-the-art AiOIR methods. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.05104 [ pdf , ps , other ] EvoIR: Towards All-in-One Image Restoration via Evolutionary Frequency Modulation Authors: Jiaqi Ma , Shengkai Hu , Xu Zhang , Jun Wan , Jiaxing Huang , Lefei Zhang , Salman Khan Abstract : All-in-One Image Restoration (AiOIR) tasks often involve diverse degradation that require robust and versatile strategies. However, most existing approaches typically lack explicit frequency modeling and rely on fixed or heuristic optimization schedules, which limit the generalization across heterogeneous degradation. To address these limitations, we propose EvoIR, an AiOIR-specific framework that… ▽ More All-in-One Image Restoration (AiOIR) tasks often involve diverse degradation that require robust and versatile strategies. However, most existing approaches typically lack explicit frequency modeling and rely on fixed or heuristic optimization schedules, which limit the generalization across heterogeneous degradation. To address these limitations, we propose EvoIR, an AiOIR-specific framework that introduces evolutionary frequency modulation for dynamic and adaptive image restoration. Specifically, EvoIR employs the Frequency-Modulated Module (FMM) that decomposes features into high- and low-frequency branches in an explicit manner and adaptively modulates them to enhance both structural fidelity and fine-grained details. Central to EvoIR, an Evolutionary Optimization Strategy (EOS) iteratively adjusts frequency-aware objectives through a population-based evolutionary process, dynamically balancing structural accuracy and perceptual fidelity. Its evolutionary guidance further mitigates gradient conflicts across degradation and accelerates convergence. By synergizing FMM and EOS, EvoIR yields greater improvements than using either component alone, underscoring their complementary roles. Extensive experiments on multiple benchmarks demonstrate that EvoIR outperforms state-of-the-art AiOIR methods. △ Less Submitted 11 December, 2025; v1 submitted 4 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.03672 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL Evaluating Hydro-Science and Engineering Knowledge of Large Language Models Authors: Shiruo Hu , Wenbo Shan , Yingjia Li , Zhiqi Wan , Xinpeng Yu , Yunjia Qi , Haotian Xia , Yang Xiao , Dingxiao Liu , Jiaru Wang , Chenxu Gong , Ruixi Zhang , Shuyue Wu , Shibo Cui , Chee Hui Lai , Wei Luo , Yubin He , Bin Xu , Jianshi Zhao Abstract : Hydro-Science and Engineering (Hydro-SE) is a critical and irreplaceable domain that secures human water supply, generates clean hydropower energy, and mitigates flood and drought disasters. Featuring multiple engineering objectives, Hydro-SE is an inherently interdisciplinary domain that integrates scientific knowledge with engineering expertise. This integration necessitates extensive expert col… ▽ More Hydro-Science and Engineering (Hydro-SE) is a critical and irreplaceable domain that secures human water supply, generates clean hydropower energy, and mitigates flood and drought disasters. Featuring multiple engineering objectives, Hydro-SE is an inherently interdisciplinary domain that integrates scientific knowledge with engineering expertise. This integration necessitates extensive expert collaboration in decision-making, which poses difficulties for intelligence. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), their potential application in the Hydro-SE domain is being increasingly explored. However, the knowledge and application abilities of LLMs in Hydro-SE have not been sufficiently evaluated. To address this issue, we propose the Hydro-SE LLM evaluation benchmark (Hydro-SE Bench), which contains 4,000 multiple-choice questions. Hydro-SE Bench covers nine subfields and enables evaluation of LLMs in aspects of basic conceptual knowledge, engineering application ability, and reasoning and calculation ability. The evaluation results on Hydro-SE Bench show that the accuracy values vary among 0.74 to 0.80 for commercial LLMs, and among 0.41 to 0.68 for small-parameter LLMs. While LLMs perform well in subfields closely related to natural and physical sciences, they struggle with domain-specific knowledge such as industry standards and hydraulic structures. Model scaling mainly improves reasoning and calculation abilities, but there is still great potential for LLMs to better handle problems in practical engineering application. This study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of LLMs for Hydro-SE tasks, providing model developers with clear training targets and Hydro-SE researchers with practical guidance for applying LLMs. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Hydro-SE Bench sets a new benchmark for the evaluation of LLMs in the Hydro-Science and Engineering domain, with its code and data available at \url{ arXiv:2512.03672 [ pdf , ps , other ] Evaluating Hydro-Science and Engineering Knowledge of Large Language Models Authors: Shiruo Hu , Wenbo Shan , Yingjia Li , Zhiqi Wan , Xinpeng Yu , Yunjia Qi , Haotian Xia , Yang Xiao , Dingxiao Liu , Jiaru Wang , Chenxu Gong , Ruixi Zhang , Shuyue Wu , Shibo Cui , Chee Hui Lai , Wei Luo , Yubin He , Bin Xu , Jianshi Zhao Abstract : Hydro-Science and Engineering (Hydro-SE) is a critical and irreplaceable domain that secures human water supply, generates clean hydropower energy, and mitigates flood and drought disasters. Featuring multiple engineering objectives, Hydro-SE is an inherently interdisciplinary domain that integrates scientific knowledge with engineering expertise. This integration necessitates extensive expert col… ▽ More Hydro-Science and Engineering (Hydro-SE) is a critical and irreplaceable domain that secures human water supply, generates clean hydropower energy, and mitigates flood and drought disasters. Featuring multiple engineering objectives, Hydro-SE is an inherently interdisciplinary domain that integrates scientific knowledge with engineering expertise. This integration necessitates extensive expert collaboration in decision-making, which poses difficulties for intelligence. With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), their potential application in the Hydro-SE domain is being increasingly explored. However, the knowledge and application abilities of LLMs in Hydro-SE have not been sufficiently evaluated. To address this issue, we propose the Hydro-SE LLM evaluation benchmark (Hydro-SE Bench), which contains 4,000 multiple-choice questions. Hydro-SE Bench covers nine subfields and enables evaluation of LLMs in aspects of basic conceptual knowledge, engineering application ability, and reasoning and calculation ability. The evaluation results on Hydro-SE Bench show that the accuracy values vary among 0.74 to 0.80 for commercial LLMs, and among 0.41 to 0.68 for small-parameter LLMs. While LLMs perform well in subfields closely related to natural and physical sciences, they struggle with domain-specific knowledge such as industry standards and hydraulic structures. Model scaling mainly improves reasoning and calculation abilities, but there is still great potential for LLMs to better handle problems in practical engineering application. This study highlights the strengths and weaknesses of LLMs for Hydro-SE tasks, providing model developers with clear training targets and Hydro-SE researchers with practical guidance for applying LLMs. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: Hydro-SE Bench sets a new benchmark for the evaluation of LLMs in the Hydro-Science and Engineering domain, with its code and data available at \url{ arXiv:2512.03627 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI MemVerse: Multimodal Memory for Lifelong Learning Agents Authors: Junming Liu , Yifei Sun , Weihua Cheng , Haodong Lei , Yirong Chen , Licheng Wen , Xuemeng Yang , Daocheng Fu , Pinlong Cai , Nianchen Deng , Yi Yu , Shuyue Hu , Botian Shi , Ding Wang Abstract : Despite rapid progress in large-scale language and vision models, AI agents still suffer from a fundamental limitation: they cannot remember. Without reliable memory, agents catastrophically forget past experiences, struggle with long-horizon reasoning, and fail to operate coherently in multimodal or interactive environments. We introduce MemVerse, a model-agnostic, plug-and-play memory framework… ▽ More Despite rapid progress in large-scale language and vision models, AI agents still suffer from a fundamental limitation: they cannot remember. Without reliable memory, agents catastrophically forget past experiences, struggle with long-horizon reasoning, and fail to operate coherently in multimodal or interactive environments. We introduce MemVerse, a model-agnostic, plug-and-play memory framework that bridges fast parametric recall with hierarchical retrieval-based memory, enabling scalable and adaptive multimodal intelligence. MemVerse maintains short-term memory for recent context while transforming raw multimodal experiences into structured long-term memories organized as hierarchical knowledge graphs. This design supports continual consolidation, adaptive forgetting, and bounded memory growth. To handle real-time demands, MemVerse introduces a periodic distillation mechanism that compresses essential knowledge from long-term memory into the parametric model, allowing fast, differentiable recall while preserving interpretability. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MemVerse significantly improves multimodal reasoning and continual learning efficiency, empowering agents to remember, adapt, and reason coherently across extended interactions. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 11 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables arXiv:2512.03627 [ pdf , ps , other ] MemVerse: Multimodal Memory for Lifelong Learning Agents Authors: Junming Liu , Yifei Sun , Weihua Cheng , Haodong Lei , Yirong Chen , Licheng Wen , Xuemeng Yang , Daocheng Fu , Pinlong Cai , Nianchen Deng , Yi Yu , Shuyue Hu , Botian Shi , Ding Wang Abstract : Despite rapid progress in large-scale language and vision models, AI agents still suffer from a fundamental limitation: they cannot remember. Without reliable memory, agents catastrophically forget past experiences, struggle with long-horizon reasoning, and fail to operate coherently in multimodal or interactive environments. We introduce MemVerse, a model-agnostic, plug-and-play memory framework… ▽ More Despite rapid progress in large-scale language and vision models, AI agents still suffer from a fundamental limitation: they cannot remember. Without reliable memory, agents catastrophically forget past experiences, struggle with long-horizon reasoning, and fail to operate coherently in multimodal or interactive environments. We introduce MemVerse, a model-agnostic, plug-and-play memory framework that bridges fast parametric recall with hierarchical retrieval-based memory, enabling scalable and adaptive multimodal intelligence. MemVerse maintains short-term memory for recent context while transforming raw multimodal experiences into structured long-term memories organized as hierarchical knowledge graphs. This design supports continual consolidation, adaptive forgetting, and bounded memory growth. To handle real-time demands, MemVerse introduces a periodic distillation mechanism that compresses essential knowledge from long-term memory into the parametric model, allowing fast, differentiable recall while preserving interpretability. Extensive experiments demonstrate that MemVerse significantly improves multimodal reasoning and continual learning efficiency, empowering agents to remember, adapt, and reason coherently across extended interactions. △ Less Submitted 3 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 11 pages, 2 figures, 2 tables arXiv:2512.02556 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL DeepSeek-V3.2: Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Models Authors: DeepSeek-AI , Aixin Liu , Aoxue Mei , Bangcai Lin , Bing Xue , Bingxuan Wang , Bingzheng Xu , Bochao Wu , Bowei Zhang , Chaofan Lin , Chen Dong , Chengda Lu , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Chenhao Xu , Chong Ruan , Damai Dai , Daya Guo , Dejian Yang , Deli Chen , Erhang Li , Fangqi Zhou , Fangyun Lin , Fucong Dai , Guangbo Hao , et al. (239 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce DeepSeek-V3.2, a model that harmonizes high computational efficiency with superior reasoning and agent performance. The key technical breakthroughs of DeepSeek-V3.2 are as follows: (1) DeepSeek Sparse Attention (DSA): We introduce DSA, an efficient attention mechanism that substantially reduces computational complexity while preserving model performance in long-context scenarios. (2)… ▽ More We introduce DeepSeek-V3.2, a model that harmonizes high computational efficiency with superior reasoning and agent performance. The key technical breakthroughs of DeepSeek-V3.2 are as follows: (1) DeepSeek Sparse Attention (DSA): We introduce DSA, an efficient attention mechanism that substantially reduces computational complexity while preserving model performance in long-context scenarios. (2) Scalable Reinforcement Learning Framework: By implementing a robust reinforcement learning protocol and scaling post-training compute, DeepSeek-V3.2 performs comparably to GPT-5. Notably, our high-compute variant, DeepSeek-V3.2-Speciale, surpasses GPT-5 and exhibits reasoning proficiency on par with Gemini-3.0-Pro, achieving gold-medal performance in both the 2025 International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) and the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI). (3) Large-Scale Agentic Task Synthesis Pipeline: To integrate reasoning into tool-use scenarios, we developed a novel synthesis pipeline that systematically generates training data at scale. This methodology facilitates scalable agentic post-training, yielding substantial improvements in generalization and instruction-following robustness within complex, interactive environments. △ Less Submitted 2 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.02556 [ pdf , ps , other ] DeepSeek-V3.2: Pushing the Frontier of Open Large Language Models Authors: DeepSeek-AI , Aixin Liu , Aoxue Mei , Bangcai Lin , Bing Xue , Bingxuan Wang , Bingzheng Xu , Bochao Wu , Bowei Zhang , Chaofan Lin , Chen Dong , Chengda Lu , Chenggang Zhao , Chengqi Deng , Chenhao Xu , Chong Ruan , Damai Dai , Daya Guo , Dejian Yang , Deli Chen , Erhang Li , Fangqi Zhou , Fangyun Lin , Fucong Dai , Guangbo Hao , et al. (239 additional authors not shown) Abstract : We introduce DeepSeek-V3.2, a model that harmonizes high computational efficiency with superior reasoning and agent performance. The key technical breakthroughs of DeepSeek-V3.2 are as follows: (1) DeepSeek Sparse Attention (DSA): We introduce DSA, an efficient attention mechanism that substantially reduces computational complexity while preserving model performance in long-context scenarios. (2)… ▽ More We introduce DeepSeek-V3.2, a model that harmonizes high computational efficiency with superior reasoning and agent performance. The key technical breakthroughs of DeepSeek-V3.2 are as follows: (1) DeepSeek Sparse Attention (DSA): We introduce DSA, an efficient attention mechanism that substantially reduces computational complexity while preserving model performance in long-context scenarios. (2) Scalable Reinforcement Learning Framework: By implementing a robust reinforcement learning protocol and scaling post-training compute, DeepSeek-V3.2 performs comparably to GPT-5. Notably, our high-compute variant, DeepSeek-V3.2-Speciale, surpasses GPT-5 and exhibits reasoning proficiency on par with Gemini-3.0-Pro, achieving gold-medal performance in both the 2025 International Mathematical Olympiad (IMO) and the International Olympiad in Informatics (IOI). (3) Large-Scale Agentic Task Synthesis Pipeline: To integrate reasoning into tool-use scenarios, we developed a novel synthesis pipeline that systematically generates training data at scale. This methodology facilitates scalable agentic post-training, yielding substantial improvements in generalization and instruction-following robustness within complex, interactive environments. △ Less Submitted 2 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.02069 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CR cs.AI Large Language Model based Smart Contract Auditing with LLMBugScanner Authors: Yining Yuan , Yifei Wang , Yichang Xu , Zachary Yahn , Sihao Hu , Ling Liu Abstract : This paper presents LLMBugScanner, a large language model (LLM) based framework for smart contract vulnerability detection using fine-tuning and ensemble learning. Smart contract auditing presents several challenges for LLMs: different pretrained models exhibit varying reasoning abilities, and no single model performs consistently well across all vulnerability types or contract structures. These l… ▽ More This paper presents LLMBugScanner, a large language model (LLM) based framework for smart contract vulnerability detection using fine-tuning and ensemble learning. Smart contract auditing presents several challenges for LLMs: different pretrained models exhibit varying reasoning abilities, and no single model performs consistently well across all vulnerability types or contract structures. These limitations persist even after fine-tuning individual LLMs. To address these challenges, LLMBugScanner combines domain knowledge adaptation with ensemble reasoning to improve robustness and generalization. Through domain knowledge adaptation, we fine-tune LLMs on complementary datasets to capture both general code semantics and instruction-guided vulnerability reasoning, using parameter-efficient tuning to reduce computational cost. Through ensemble reasoning, we leverage the complementary strengths of multiple LLMs and apply a consensus-based conflict resolution strategy to produce more reliable vulnerability assessments. We conduct extensive experiments across multiple popular LLMs and compare LLMBugScanner with both pretrained and fine-tuned individual models. Results show that LLMBugScanner achieves consistent accuracy improvements and stronger generalization, demonstrating that it provides a principled, cost-effective, and extensible framework for smart contract auditing. △ Less Submitted 29 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.02069 [ pdf , ps , other ] Large Language Model based Smart Contract Auditing with LLMBugScanner Authors: Yining Yuan , Yifei Wang , Yichang Xu , Zachary Yahn , Sihao Hu , Ling Liu Abstract : This paper presents LLMBugScanner, a large language model (LLM) based framework for smart contract vulnerability detection using fine-tuning and ensemble learning. Smart contract auditing presents several challenges for LLMs: different pretrained models exhibit varying reasoning abilities, and no single model performs consistently well across all vulnerability types or contract structures. These l… ▽ More This paper presents LLMBugScanner, a large language model (LLM) based framework for smart contract vulnerability detection using fine-tuning and ensemble learning. Smart contract auditing presents several challenges for LLMs: different pretrained models exhibit varying reasoning abilities, and no single model performs consistently well across all vulnerability types or contract structures. These limitations persist even after fine-tuning individual LLMs. To address these challenges, LLMBugScanner combines domain knowledge adaptation with ensemble reasoning to improve robustness and generalization. Through domain knowledge adaptation, we fine-tune LLMs on complementary datasets to capture both general code semantics and instruction-guided vulnerability reasoning, using parameter-efficient tuning to reduce computational cost. Through ensemble reasoning, we leverage the complementary strengths of multiple LLMs and apply a consensus-based conflict resolution strategy to produce more reliable vulnerability assessments. We conduct extensive experiments across multiple popular LLMs and compare LLMBugScanner with both pretrained and fine-tuned individual models. Results show that LLMBugScanner achieves consistent accuracy improvements and stronger generalization, demonstrating that it provides a principled, cost-effective, and extensible framework for smart contract auditing. △ Less Submitted 29 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.01188 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.AI cs.LG Real-World Reinforcement Learning of Active Perception Behaviors Authors: Edward S. Hu , Jie Wang , Xingfang Yuan , Fiona Luo , Muyao Li , Gaspard Lambrechts , Oleh Rybkin , Dinesh Jayaraman Abstract : A robot's instantaneous sensory observations do not always reveal task-relevant state information. Under such partial observability, optimal behavior typically involves explicitly acting to gain the missing information. Today's standard robot learning techniques struggle to produce such active perception behaviors. We propose a simple real-world robot learning recipe to efficiently train active pe… ▽ More A robot's instantaneous sensory observations do not always reveal task-relevant state information. Under such partial observability, optimal behavior typically involves explicitly acting to gain the missing information. Today's standard robot learning techniques struggle to produce such active perception behaviors. We propose a simple real-world robot learning recipe to efficiently train active perception policies. Our approach, asymmetric advantage weighted regression (AAWR), exploits access to "privileged" extra sensors at training time. The privileged sensors enable training high-quality privileged value functions that aid in estimating the advantage of the target policy. Bootstrapping from a small number of potentially suboptimal demonstrations and an easy-to-obtain coarse policy initialization, AAWR quickly acquires active perception behaviors and boosts task performance. In evaluations on 8 manipulation tasks on 3 robots spanning varying degrees of partial observability, AAWR synthesizes reliable active perception behaviors that outperform all prior approaches. When initialized with a "generalist" robot policy that struggles with active perception tasks, AAWR efficiently generates information-gathering behaviors that allow it to operate under severe partial observability for manipulation tasks. Website: △ Less Submitted 30 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: NeurIPS 2025 camera ready arXiv:2512.01188 [ pdf , ps , other ] Real-World Reinforcement Learning of Active Perception Behaviors Authors: Edward S. Hu , Jie Wang , Xingfang Yuan , Fiona Luo , Muyao Li , Gaspard Lambrechts , Oleh Rybkin , Dinesh Jayaraman Abstract : A robot's instantaneous sensory observations do not always reveal task-relevant state information. Under such partial observability, optimal behavior typically involves explicitly acting to gain the missing information. Today's standard robot learning techniques struggle to produce such active perception behaviors. We propose a simple real-world robot learning recipe to efficiently train active pe… ▽ More A robot's instantaneous sensory observations do not always reveal task-relevant state information. Under such partial observability, optimal behavior typically involves explicitly acting to gain the missing information. Today's standard robot learning techniques struggle to produce such active perception behaviors. We propose a simple real-world robot learning recipe to efficiently train active perception policies. Our approach, asymmetric advantage weighted regression (AAWR), exploits access to "privileged" extra sensors at training time. The privileged sensors enable training high-quality privileged value functions that aid in estimating the advantage of the target policy. Bootstrapping from a small number of potentially suboptimal demonstrations and an easy-to-obtain coarse policy initialization, AAWR quickly acquires active perception behaviors and boosts task performance. In evaluations on 8 manipulation tasks on 3 robots spanning varying degrees of partial observability, AAWR synthesizes reliable active perception behaviors that outperform all prior approaches. When initialized with a "generalist" robot policy that struggles with active perception tasks, AAWR efficiently generates information-gathering behaviors that allow it to operate under severe partial observability for manipulation tasks. Website: △ Less Submitted 30 November, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: NeurIPS 2025 camera ready arXiv:2511.21257 [ pdf , ps , other ] econ.EM cs.LG stat.ML Estimation in high-dimensional linear regression: Post-Double-Autometrics as an alternative to Post-Double-Lasso Authors: Sullivan Hué , Sébastien Laurent , Ulrich Aiounou , Emmanuel Flachaire Abstract : Post-Double-Lasso is becoming the most popular method for estimating linear regression models with many covariates when the purpose is to obtain an accurate estimate of a parameter of interest, such as an average treatment effect. However, this method can suffer from substantial omitted variable bias in finite sample. We propose a new method called Post-Double-Autometrics, which is based on Autome… ▽ More Post-Double-Lasso is becoming the most popular method for estimating linear regression models with many covariates when the purpose is to obtain an accurate estimate of a parameter of interest, such as an average treatment effect. However, this method can suffer from substantial omitted variable bias in finite sample. We propose a new method called Post-Double-Autometrics, which is based on Autometrics, and show that this method outperforms Post-Double-Lasso. Its use in a standard application of economic growth sheds new light on the hypothesis of convergence from poor to rich economies. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.21257 [ pdf , ps , other ] Estimation in high-dimensional linear regression: Post-Double-Autometrics as an alternative to Post-Double-Lasso Authors: Sullivan Hué , Sébastien Laurent , Ulrich Aiounou , Emmanuel Flachaire Abstract : Post-Double-Lasso is becoming the most popular method for estimating linear regression models with many covariates when the purpose is to obtain an accurate estimate of a parameter of interest, such as an average treatment effect. However, this method can suffer from substantial omitted variable bias in finite sample. We propose a new method called Post-Double-Autometrics, which is based on Autome… ▽ More Post-Double-Lasso is becoming the most popular method for estimating linear regression models with many covariates when the purpose is to obtain an accurate estimate of a parameter of interest, such as an average treatment effect. However, this method can suffer from substantial omitted variable bias in finite sample. We propose a new method called Post-Double-Autometrics, which is based on Autometrics, and show that this method outperforms Post-Double-Lasso. Its use in a standard application of economic growth sheds new light on the hypothesis of convergence from poor to rich economies. △ Less Submitted 26 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.15567 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.CL cs.HC Computer-Use Agents as Judges for Generative User Interface Authors: Kevin Qinghong Lin , Siyuan Hu , Linjie Li , Zhengyuan Yang , Lijuan Wang , Philip Torr , Mike Zheng Shou Abstract : Computer-Use Agents (CUA) are becoming increasingly capable of autonomously operating digital environments through Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). Yet, most GUI remain designed primarily for humans--prioritizing aesthetics and usability--forcing agents to adopt human-oriented behaviors that are unnecessary for efficient task execution. At the same time, rapid advances in coding-oriented language… ▽ More Computer-Use Agents (CUA) are becoming increasingly capable of autonomously operating digital environments through Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). Yet, most GUI remain designed primarily for humans--prioritizing aesthetics and usability--forcing agents to adopt human-oriented behaviors that are unnecessary for efficient task execution. At the same time, rapid advances in coding-oriented language models (Coder) have transformed automatic GUI design. This raises a fundamental question: Can CUA as judges to assist Coder for automatic GUI design? To investigate, we introduce AUI-Gym, a benchmark for Automatic GUI development spanning 52 applications across diverse domains. Using language models, we synthesize 1560 tasks that simulate real-world scenarios. To ensure task reliability, we further develop a verifier that programmatically checks whether each task is executable within its environment. Building on this, we propose a Coder-CUA in Collaboration framework: the Coder acts as Designer, generating and revising websites, while the CUA serves as Judge, evaluating functionality and refining designs. Success is measured not by visual appearance, but by task solvability and CUA navigation success rate. To turn CUA feedback into usable guidance, we design a CUA Dashboard that compresses multi-step navigation histories into concise visual summaries, offering interpretable guidance for iterative redesign. By positioning agents as both designers and judges, our framework shifts interface design toward agent-native efficiency and reliability. Our work takes a step toward shifting agents from passive use toward active participation in digital environments. Our code and dataset are available at △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Project: Github: arXiv:2511.15567 [ pdf , ps , other ] Computer-Use Agents as Judges for Generative User Interface Authors: Kevin Qinghong Lin , Siyuan Hu , Linjie Li , Zhengyuan Yang , Lijuan Wang , Philip Torr , Mike Zheng Shou Abstract : Computer-Use Agents (CUA) are becoming increasingly capable of autonomously operating digital environments through Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). Yet, most GUI remain designed primarily for humans--prioritizing aesthetics and usability--forcing agents to adopt human-oriented behaviors that are unnecessary for efficient task execution. At the same time, rapid advances in coding-oriented language… ▽ More Computer-Use Agents (CUA) are becoming increasingly capable of autonomously operating digital environments through Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). Yet, most GUI remain designed primarily for humans--prioritizing aesthetics and usability--forcing agents to adopt human-oriented behaviors that are unnecessary for efficient task execution. At the same time, rapid advances in coding-oriented language models (Coder) have transformed automatic GUI design. This raises a fundamental question: Can CUA as judges to assist Coder for automatic GUI design? To investigate, we introduce AUI-Gym, a benchmark for Automatic GUI development spanning 52 applications across diverse domains. Using language models, we synthesize 1560 tasks that simulate real-world scenarios. To ensure task reliability, we further develop a verifier that programmatically checks whether each task is executable within its environment. Building on this, we propose a Coder-CUA in Collaboration framework: the Coder acts as Designer, generating and revising websites, while the CUA serves as Judge, evaluating functionality and refining designs. Success is measured not by visual appearance, but by task solvability and CUA navigation success rate. To turn CUA feedback into usable guidance, we design a CUA Dashboard that compresses multi-step navigation histories into concise visual summaries, offering interpretable guidance for iterative redesign. By positioning agents as both designers and judges, our framework shifts interface design toward agent-native efficiency and reliability. Our work takes a step toward shifting agents from passive use toward active participation in digital environments. Our code and dataset are available at △ Less Submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Project: Github: arXiv:2511.15351 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CV Octopus: Agentic Multimodal Reasoning with Six-Capability Orchestration Authors: Yifu Guo , Zishan Xu , Zhiyuan Yao , Yuquan Lu , Jiaye Lin , Sen Hu , Zhenheng Tang , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : Existing multimodal reasoning models and frameworks suffer from fundamental architectural limitations: most lack the human-like ability to autonomously explore diverse reasoning pathways-whether in direct inference, tool-driven visual exploration, programmatic visual manipulation, or intrinsic visual imagination. Consequently, they struggle to adapt to dynamically changing capability requirements… ▽ More Existing multimodal reasoning models and frameworks suffer from fundamental architectural limitations: most lack the human-like ability to autonomously explore diverse reasoning pathways-whether in direct inference, tool-driven visual exploration, programmatic visual manipulation, or intrinsic visual imagination. Consequently, they struggle to adapt to dynamically changing capability requirements in real-world tasks. Meanwhile, humans exhibit a complementary set of thinking abilities when addressing such tasks, whereas existing methods typically cover only a subset of these dimensions. Inspired by this, we propose Octopus: Agentic Multimodal Reasoning with Six-Capability Orchestration, a new paradigm for multimodal agentic reasoning. We define six core capabilities essential for multimodal reasoning and organize a comprehensive evaluation benchmark, Octopus-Bench, accordingly. Octopus is capable of autonomously exploring during reasoning and dynamically selecting the most appropriate capability based on the current state. Experimental results show that Octopus achieves the best performance on the vast majority of tasks in Octopus-Bench, highlighting the crucial role of capability coordination in agentic multimodal reasoning. △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2025; v1 submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.15351 [ pdf , ps , other ] Octopus: Agentic Multimodal Reasoning with Six-Capability Orchestration Authors: Yifu Guo , Zishan Xu , Zhiyuan Yao , Yuquan Lu , Jiaye Lin , Sen Hu , Zhenheng Tang , Huacan Wang , Ronghao Chen Abstract : Existing multimodal reasoning models and frameworks suffer from fundamental architectural limitations: most lack the human-like ability to autonomously explore diverse reasoning pathways-whether in direct inference, tool-driven visual exploration, programmatic visual manipulation, or intrinsic visual imagination. Consequently, they struggle to adapt to dynamically changing capability requirements… ▽ More Existing multimodal reasoning models and frameworks suffer from fundamental architectural limitations: most lack the human-like ability to autonomously explore diverse reasoning pathways-whether in direct inference, tool-driven visual exploration, programmatic visual manipulation, or intrinsic visual imagination. Consequently, they struggle to adapt to dynamically changing capability requirements in real-world tasks. Meanwhile, humans exhibit a complementary set of thinking abilities when addressing such tasks, whereas existing methods typically cover only a subset of these dimensions. Inspired by this, we propose Octopus: Agentic Multimodal Reasoning with Six-Capability Orchestration, a new paradigm for multimodal agentic reasoning. We define six core capabilities essential for multimodal reasoning and organize a comprehensive evaluation benchmark, Octopus-Bench, accordingly. Octopus is capable of autonomously exploring during reasoning and dynamically selecting the most appropriate capability based on the current state. Experimental results show that Octopus achieves the best performance on the vast majority of tasks in Octopus-Bench, highlighting the crucial role of capability coordination in agentic multimodal reasoning. △ Less Submitted 12 December, 2025; v1 submitted 19 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.14283 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV cs.GR cs.LG NeuralSSD: A Neural Solver for Signed Distance Surface Reconstruction Authors: Zi-Chen Xi , Jiahui Huang , Hao-Xiang Chen , Francis Williams , Qun-Ce Xu , Tai-Jiang Mu , Shi-Min Hu Abstract : We proposed a generalized method, NeuralSSD, for reconstructing a 3D implicit surface from the widely-available point cloud data. NeuralSSD is a solver-based on the neural Galerkin method, aimed at reconstructing higher-quality and accurate surfaces from input point clouds. Implicit method is preferred due to its ability to accurately represent shapes and its robustness in handling topological cha… ▽ More We proposed a generalized method, NeuralSSD, for reconstructing a 3D implicit surface from the widely-available point cloud data. NeuralSSD is a solver-based on the neural Galerkin method, aimed at reconstructing higher-quality and accurate surfaces from input point clouds. Implicit method is preferred due to its ability to accurately represent shapes and its robustness in handling topological changes. However, existing parameterizations of implicit fields lack explicit mechanisms to ensure a tight fit between the surface and input data. To address this, we propose a novel energy equation that balances the reliability of point cloud information. Additionally, we introduce a new convolutional network that learns three-dimensional information to achieve superior optimization results. This approach ensures that the reconstructed surface closely adheres to the raw input points and infers valuable inductive biases from point clouds, resulting in a highly accurate and stable surface reconstruction. NeuralSSD is evaluated on a variety of challenging datasets, including the ShapeNet and Matterport datasets, and achieves state-of-the-art results in terms of both surface reconstruction accuracy and generalizability. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Under review ACM Class: I.5; I.3 arXiv:2511.14283 [ pdf , ps , other ] NeuralSSD: A Neural Solver for Signed Distance Surface Reconstruction Authors: Zi-Chen Xi , Jiahui Huang , Hao-Xiang Chen , Francis Williams , Qun-Ce Xu , Tai-Jiang Mu , Shi-Min Hu Abstract : We proposed a generalized method, NeuralSSD, for reconstructing a 3D implicit surface from the widely-available point cloud data. NeuralSSD is a solver-based on the neural Galerkin method, aimed at reconstructing higher-quality and accurate surfaces from input point clouds. Implicit method is preferred due to its ability to accurately represent shapes and its robustness in handling topological cha… ▽ More We proposed a generalized method, NeuralSSD, for reconstructing a 3D implicit surface from the widely-available point cloud data. NeuralSSD is a solver-based on the neural Galerkin method, aimed at reconstructing higher-quality and accurate surfaces from input point clouds. Implicit method is preferred due to its ability to accurately represent shapes and its robustness in handling topological changes. However, existing parameterizations of implicit fields lack explicit mechanisms to ensure a tight fit between the surface and input data. To address this, we propose a novel energy equation that balances the reliability of point cloud information. Additionally, we introduce a new convolutional network that learns three-dimensional information to achieve superior optimization results. This approach ensures that the reconstructed surface closely adheres to the raw input points and infers valuable inductive biases from point clouds, resulting in a highly accurate and stable surface reconstruction. NeuralSSD is evaluated on a variety of challenging datasets, including the ShapeNet and Matterport datasets, and achieves state-of-the-art results in terms of both surface reconstruction accuracy and generalizability. △ Less Submitted 18 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. Comments: Under review ACM Class: I.5; I.3 arXiv:2511.12792 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Heterogeneous Satellite Cluster Resources Optimization Authors: Mohamad A. Hady , Siyi Hu , Mahardhika Pratama , Zehong Cao , Ryszard Kowalczyk Abstract : This work investigates resource optimization in heterogeneous satellite clusters performing autonomous Earth Observation (EO) missions using Reinforcement Learning (RL). In the proposed setting, two optical satellites and one Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite operate cooperatively in low Earth orbit to capture ground targets and manage their limited onboard resources efficiently. Traditiona… ▽ More This work investigates resource optimization in heterogeneous satellite clusters performing autonomous Earth Observation (EO) missions using Reinforcement Learning (RL). In the proposed setting, two optical satellites and one Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite operate cooperatively in low Earth orbit to capture ground targets and manage their limited onboard resources efficiently. Traditional optimization methods struggle to handle the real-time, uncertain, and decentralized nature of EO operations, motivating the use of RL and Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) for adaptive decision-making. This study systematically formulates the optimization problem from single-satellite to multi-satellite scenarios, addressing key challenges including energy and memory constraints, partial observability, and agent heterogeneity arising from diverse payload capabilities. Using a near-realistic simulation environment built on the Basilisk and BSK-RL frameworks, we evaluate the performance and stability of state-of-the-art MARL algorithms such as MAPPO, HAPPO, and HATRPO. Results show that MARL enables effective coordination across heterogeneous satellites, balancing imaging performance and resource utilization while mitigating non-stationarity and inter-agent reward coupling. The findings provide practical insights into scalable, autonomous satellite operations and contribute a foundation for future research on intelligent EO mission planning under heterogeneous and dynamic conditions. △ Less Submitted 16 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.12792 [ pdf , ps , other ] Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning for Heterogeneous Satellite Cluster Resources Optimization Authors: Mohamad A. Hady , Siyi Hu , Mahardhika Pratama , Zehong Cao , Ryszard Kowalczyk Abstract : This work investigates resource optimization in heterogeneous satellite clusters performing autonomous Earth Observation (EO) missions using Reinforcement Learning (RL). In the proposed setting, two optical satellites and one Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite operate cooperatively in low Earth orbit to capture ground targets and manage their limited onboard resources efficiently. Traditiona… ▽ More This work investigates resource optimization in heterogeneous satellite clusters performing autonomous Earth Observation (EO) missions using Reinforcement Learning (RL). In the proposed setting, two optical satellites and one Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) satellite operate cooperatively in low Earth orbit to capture ground targets and manage their limited onboard resources efficiently. Traditional optimization methods struggle to handle the real-time, uncertain, and decentralized nature of EO operations, motivating the use of RL and Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) for adaptive decision-making. This study systematically formulates the optimization problem from single-satellite to multi-satellite scenarios, addressing key challenges including energy and memory constraints, partial observability, and agent heterogeneity arising from diverse payload capabilities. Using a near-realistic simulation environment built on the Basilisk and BSK-RL frameworks, we evaluate the performance and stability of state-of-the-art MARL algorithms such as MAPPO, HAPPO, and HATRPO. Results show that MARL enables effective coordination across heterogeneous satellites, balancing imaging performance and resource utilization while mitigating non-stationarity and inter-agent reward coupling. The findings provide practical insights into scalable, autonomous satellite operations and contribute a foundation for future research on intelligent EO mission planning under heterogeneous and dynamic conditions. △ Less Submitted 16 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.12404 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.MM cs.AI cs.SD SynthGuard: An Open Platform for Detecting AI-Generated Multimedia with Multimodal LLMs Authors: Shail Desai , Aditya Pawar , Li Lin , Xin Wang , Shu Hu Abstract : Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made it possible for anyone to create images, audio, and video with unprecedented ease, enriching education, communication, and creative expression. At the same time, the rapid rise of AI-generated media has introduced serious risks, including misinformation, identity misuse, and the erosion of public trust as synthetic content becomes increasingly indistinguishabl… ▽ More Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made it possible for anyone to create images, audio, and video with unprecedented ease, enriching education, communication, and creative expression. At the same time, the rapid rise of AI-generated media has introduced serious risks, including misinformation, identity misuse, and the erosion of public trust as synthetic content becomes increasingly indistinguishable from real media. Although deepfake detection has advanced, many existing tools remain closed-source, limited in modality, or lacking transparency and educational value, making it difficult for users to understand how detection decisions are made. To address these gaps, we introduce SynthGuard, an open, user-friendly platform for detecting and analyzing AI-generated multimedia using both traditional detectors and multimodal large language models (MLLMs). SynthGuard provides explainable inference, unified image and audio support, and an interactive interface designed to make forensic analysis accessible to researchers, educators, and the public. The SynthGuard platform is available at: △ Less Submitted 15 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. arXiv:2511.12404 [ pdf , ps , other ] SynthGuard: An Open Platform for Detecting AI-Generated Multimedia with Multimodal LLMs Authors: Shail Desai , Aditya Pawar , Li Lin , Xin Wang , Shu Hu Abstract : Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made it possible for anyone to create images, audio, and video with unprecedented ease, enriching education, communication, and creative expression. At the same time, the rapid rise of AI-generated media has introduced serious risks, including misinformation, identity misuse, and the erosion of public trust as synthetic content becomes increasingly indistinguishabl… ▽ More Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made it possible for anyone to create images, audio, and video with unprecedented ease, enriching education, communication, and creative expression. At the same time, the rapid rise of AI-generated media has introduced serious risks, including misinformation, identity misuse, and the erosion of public trust as synthetic content becomes increasingly indistinguishable from real media. Although deepfake detection has advanced, many existing tools remain closed-source, limited in modality, or lacking transparency and educational value, making it difficult for users to understand how detection decisions are made. To address these gaps, we introduce SynthGuard, an open, user-friendly platform for detecting and analyzing AI-generated multimedia using both traditional detectors and multimodal large language models (MLLMs). SynthGuard provides explainable inference, unified image and audio support, and an interactive interface designed to make forensic analysis accessible to researchers, educators, and the public. The SynthGuard platform is available at: △ Less Submitted 15 November, 2025; originally announced November 2025. 1 2 3 4 5 … About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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Peji Rekutanga Mukova wegutse Zvabva kushandukwa Peji nhemwa Rubatsiro Zvipo Sika akawundi Gamuchirwa Zvipo Sika akawundi Gamuchirwa Peji Rekutanga Main Page Hurukuro Werenga Ringa mabviro Ringa nhoroondo Werenga Ringa mabviro Ringa nhoroondo Zvakakochekera pano Zvinoenderana nezvashandukwa Isa fayera Zvikochekero zvisingashanduki Horokodzwa yezanhi chinjirudza zanhi rino Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create a book Tutunura se PDF Uhlovo unotsikika Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Wikidata chinhu Mugovera , Ndira 10 , 2026 Kwaziwai, Kwaziwai Tikutambirei kuWikipidhiya! Duramazwi re mahara, chero munhu anogona kuuya achiwedzera ruzivo rwaanawo kana kushandura mazanhi emimwe mitauro kuisa muChishona. Parizvino tine zvinyorwa 11,499 zvakanyorwa ne Chishona . Munoda kuona Wikipedhiya yedu senwadhi here? Dzvanyai Pano! Taramhenyu Chinamato Masvomhu Nhoroondo Tarachisi Nzanga Mhanzi Mutauro Useza Sainzi Ruambarueza Uvaki Musha uno ndewedu vatauri ve Chivanhu , mutauro weChiShona , muno mu Wikipedhiya . Wikipedhiya chinyorwa chepa danhautande chinounganidzwa ungwaru , ruzivo no hunyanzvi hwezvikamu zvese zveraramo remarudzi osezvayo erino pasi. Zvakanaka zvakadzama kwazvo kuti gapu rese iri reungwaru, ruzivo nohunyanzvi rive rinonyogwa mururimi rwaamai. Basa iri ngatiritange nhasi tigorisiirawo vana vedu navana vavowo, zvichingoenda, ziyenda nakuenda. Mutauro wedu isu vanhu hauna kugara uchinzi ChiShona kwete. Muchena ainzi Clement Doke ndiye akatanga kushandisa izwi rekuti Chi Shona mugore ra 1931 . Mutauro wedu unonzi ChiVanhu . Munokokwa mese, ani naani zvake, kuti muwedzere zvinyogwa izvi. Vanyori, vadzidzisi nevadzidzi veChiShona muzvikoro zvikuru zvedzidzo munokokwa kuti mutitungamirire pabasa iri. Tinodaidza kunyanya zvikuru sei avo vadzidzi nevadzidzisi vari muboka rezvidzidzo zveChiShona pa Yunivhesiti yeZimbabwe uyewo avo vese vakapedza zvidzidzo zveChiShona pachikoro chikuru ichi. Kana muchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve humwe ye Wikipediya endai panzvimbo yemu dandira iyi www.wikipedia.org Tsvakai muwedzere ruzivo rwenyu nezve Kuisa zvinyorwa zvemumwe mutauro rudzi muWikipedhiya Nehanda Nyakasikana "Aah! Nehanda Nyakasikana ! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichitambudzika; Mweya Unoera! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa? Ko, inga taneta wani nokunwa misodzi; Ko, toshirira kudzamara kuve riniko? Ko, inga panguva yechando miti inozvizorodza, Inokuhumuka mashizha yombowana rudekaro, Kwozoti nokuchena kwokunze yodombera; Mashizha yovawo nenhenhere inoyevedza; Shiri nemhuka nenyuchi dzokwezvwa nehwema, Ko, isu rugare ruchatisvika riniko? Vana vacheche vatinobereka, vawakatipa Iwe Samasimba , vanova ndivo vadyi venhaka dzedu, nhasi vokura vakasunzumara munyika yavo, Voshaya nzvimbo dzokurarama nokuzvidekadza? Apa nepapo pazere rufuse, Makumbo avo ane matuzu nokupfuviswa neriri pfumojena. Ko, vosvikepiko? Mudzimba dzose nomumisha yose vari kutandwa pamwe nokurohwa; Munzvimbo dzose nomumatare mose avanotongerwa, vari kungourayiwa senhunzi, Pasina chikonzero, pasina mhosva Pfuma yenyika nhasi yakatorwa vakagovana paukama hwavo vepfumojena. Nhasi vari kudya mafuta ayo nyika Isu tichidya nhoko dzezvironda Nhasi vari kudya, vakora sehochi Isu toondoroka sembwa ine gwembe Nhasi vagere murusununguko lsu todzipwa huro nemajoto Rusununguko, Nehanda, ndorupi? Hamungaburukirewo kwatiri here? Harahwa dzedu dzobatwa sepwere Munyika yawavapa, musiki mugoni! Havasisina rukudzo panyika. Havasisina chavanacho Dambudziko guru ndiro ravawira Baba mutsvene! Gomo rine ngoni! Hamungotinzwawo kuchema kwedu here? Tine chitadzo chakakura sei Chokubva matiramwa zvakadai? Nehanda Nyakasikana! Kunozova riniko? Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa Neriri pfumojena rasvika munyika. ~ Nhetembo iyi yakatogwa kubva mubhuku rinonzi, Feso , rakanyogwa naVa Solomon Mutswairo (mugore ra 1956 ). Mfananidzo weVhiki Zvidzidzo Maziwumbe: Ezhiya · Afurika · Amerika Maodzanyemba · Amerika Chamhembe · Anthakitika · Yuropu · Ostireriya Nyika: Angola · Vutswana · Zimbabwe · Namibhiya · Ijipita · Tanzania · Naijeriya · Rhashiya · Furanzi · Speini · Kanadha · Mehiko · Jerumani · Chayina · Raosi · Makawo · Jorodhani · Omani · Yemeni · Neparu Mitauro: Chishona · Chindau · Chizulu · Chispeini · Chiarabhu · Chiswahiri · Chihausa · Chirhashiya · Chifurenji · Chiputukezi · Chibhunu · Chichayina · Chijapani · Chingezi · Chihindi · Chiaramu · Chin'ko · Chindevere · Chibuja (Chibudya) Vashona: Vakaranga ( munhoroondo ye Chivhenda / Vasenzi, Valaudzi, Vandalamo, Vamasingo ), Vazezuru , Vakorekore , Vabuja , Vamanyika , Vandau , Vadoma , Vatavara , Vahungwe , Vambire , Vanyai , Varozvi , Vakalanga , Vanambya , Vatalaote Madzinza: Vazulu , Vaswahiri , Vavhenda , Vandeḅele , Vandebele , Vanyarwanda , Vatonga , Vakongo , Vachewa , Vaxhosa , Vayorubha , Vaigbho , Vahausa , Vaakani , Vafulani Zvinamato: Uchivanhu ( Vashona ) · Ukristu ( Vakristu ) · Uyisalama ( Vasalama ) · Uhindu · Ujudha ( Vajudha ) · Ubhudha · Usikhi · Utao (Udhao)) · Ukonfuzhi ( Konfuzhi ) · Ubhaha'i (Ubhahá'í) · Ushintho · Ujaini · Uzoroasti · Zvinamato zvemuAfurika Tsika: Roora · Chisi · Karenda ye Chivanhu (Mwedzi ne Mavhiki) · Mhanzi: Jiti , Dancehall , Afrobeats , Sungura , Tuku (Afrojazz) Chikafu: Sadza · Mbambaira · Manhuchi · Maputi · Mabhanzi · Madora · Bota · Derere · Mupunga · Muriwo · Hohwa · Masau · Nyimo · Nyemba Upanganyeredzi: Gwararezhou · Muzvcazi · Kozemosi · Chadenga · Zvindeya · Nyeredzi · Unganyeredzi · Zuva · Mwedzi · Chisimira · Ndemara · Rinyanga · Nguruvenembwa · Mazhara · Maguta · Mivara : Ungu · Zerere · Tsvuku · Kiwani · Hute · Huroro · Tema · Ranjisi · Mbise · Chena · Nundu · Shava · Pfumbu · Farata · Punje · Fuvana · Suso · Shora · Chichiri · Fifu · Svundu · Simbi: Utare · Mhangura · Ndarira · Zeng'e · Ndarama · Darejena · Mutobvu · Aluminiyamu · Platinamu · Niyakari Mizanodzamu ("concepts") : Zanodzamu . Zvose · Upasina · Uzima · Rudo · Ruvengo · Hunaku · Uvi · Rima · Chiedza · Kuyera (Utsvene) · Ruhana · Mweya (wemunhu) · Rusvinuko · Hupenyu · Rufu · Pfungwa · Hana · Nhu · Moyo · Mbune · Umbimba (igo) · Chivi Duramazwi RechiShona - duramazwi rakaitwa neve " ALLEX Project ". Iri duramazwi rakaiswa mu dandira neve "Norwegian Documentation Project" pavakange vakumbigwa kuita izvi neve " Wushumo wa Allex". Shona Language - zvinyogwa zva Martin Shumba Bumbiro rezvinyogwa zveChiShona - zvinoshandiswa kuongora mashandigo emashoko e ChiShona . Kuti muwane zvimwe zvinyorwa tarirai linki ye zanhi dzasiyo: Zvinyorwa zve Zvechivanhu kuzhe kwe Wikipidhiya Makarenda e Mwedzi uno Karenda ya Gregori Karenda ye Chivanhu Chidzidzo cheVhiki Rino: Tsvigiri ( Chirungu : sugar) tsvikiri kana Chokera uye Shokera inowanikwa panosvinwa muto we nzimbe uchizopiswa mvura yacho posara ma godo . Mu Zimbabwe shuga inogadzirwa kubva kunzimbe dzinorimwa ku Chiredzi . Chidzidzo cheMwedzi Unowu Afurika ndiro ziwumbe riri panzvimbo yechipiri pakukura kwenharaunda uye Afurika ndiyo yechipiri pakuwanda kwe hugari hwavanhu ichitevera Ezhiya . Nharaunda ye Afurika yakakura kusvika 30.2 miriyoni km², izvi zvichisanganisira zvitsuwa zviri pedyo nayo. Chikamu chinosvika 6% ye nharaunda ye Rinopasi chinotorwa ne ziwumbe reAfurika uye chikamu chinosvika 20.4% chevhu chiri muAfurika. Afurika yakapoteredzwa ne: Bhahari re Medhiteraniya ku Maodzanyemba ; Gungwa re India ku Mabvazuva neku Chamhembe ; ne Gungwa re Atlandiki ku Madokero nekuChamhembe. Matagadzikwa (Madhagaska) ndiyo chitsuwa chikuru chinoverengwa kuva mudunhu re Afurika. Zvimwe zvitsuwa zvinosanganisira: Seyisheri ; Morishasi ; Kabho Vherite ; Ghini Yomutsazanisi ; Chitsuwa cha Robheni (kureva Robben ); Zanzibhari nezvimwewo zvidiki. ( werengai zvakadzama... ) Mimwe Mwishumo ye Wikipidhiya Bwaro re Wikimidhiya i duramazwi rakazvimirira pazasi pe Bwaro re Wikimidhiya, zvzvinoreva kuti ino maneja mimwe mwishumo (mapurojekti) yakadorongodzwa zasiyo. Parizvino, mwishumo inowanikwa mu Chishona i Wikipidhiya basi, tirikuzama kudzosa Wikiduramazwi rakavharwa muna 2007 . Nwadhi riripo asi harisati ravenezvinyorwa mukati. Mamwe ariko anowanikwa mumimwe mitauro, senge Chingezi nezvimwe wo. Zvinjee (Zvikomoni) Unganidzo re mifananidzo ne maodhiyo e unjee . Meta-wiki Kurongwa kwe zviitwa zvose zve wikimidhiya. Wikiduramazwi Duramazwi. Wikinwadhi Manwadhi ne zvinyorwa zvekudzidza zvemahara. Wikidzupuramanzwi Unganidzo re madzupuramanzwi Wikivambo (Wikisosi) Kuvamagwaro re mahara. Wikirudzi Duramazwi re marudzi (maspishi). Wikichikoro Zvidzidzo ne zvokuita zvemahara. Wikinhau Nhau dze mahara. Mimwe mitauro ye Afurika isiri pakati pe dzihombe: Chiamhari · Chibhambara · Chibhunu · Chichewa · Chitumbuka · Chiewe · Chifulani · Chikũyũ · Chihausa · Chiigbho · Chixhosa · Chizulu · Chinyarwanda · Chirundi · Chiswahiri · Chikongo · Chingala · Chiganda · Chimalagasi · Chioromo · Chisangho · Chisutu · Chitswana · Chiswati · Chisomari · Chitigire · Chivhenda · Chitwi · Chiworofu · Chitsonga · Chiyorubha · (Tarisai bhaa repadivi kuti muone mamwe mapeji eWikipedhiya) Mugovera , Ndira 10 , 2026 Kwaziwai, Kwaziwai Tikutambirei kuWikipidhiya! Duramazwi re mahara, chero munhu anogona kuuya achiwedzera ruzivo rwaanawo kana kushandura mazanhi emimwe mitauro kuisa muChishona. Parizvino tine zvinyorwa 11,499 zvakanyorwa ne Chishona . Munoda kuona Wikipedhiya yedu senwadhi here? Dzvanyai Pano! Taramhenyu Chinamato Masvomhu Nhoroondo Tarachisi Nzanga Mhanzi Mutauro Useza Sainzi Ruambarueza Uvaki Kwaziwai, Kwaziwai Tikutambirei kuWikipidhiya! Duramazwi re mahara, chero munhu anogona kuuya achiwedzera ruzivo rwaanawo kana kushandura mazanhi emimwe mitauro kuisa muChishona. Parizvino tine zvinyorwa 11,499 zvakanyorwa ne Chishona . Munoda kuona Wikipedhiya yedu senwadhi here? Dzvanyai Pano! Kwaziwai, Kwaziwai Tikutambirei kuWikipidhiya! Duramazwi re mahara, chero munhu anogona kuuya achiwedzera ruzivo rwaanawo kana kushandura mazanhi emimwe mitauro kuisa muChishona. Parizvino tine zvinyorwa 11,499 zvakanyorwa ne Chishona . Parizvino tine zvinyorwa 11,499 zvakanyorwa ne Chishona . Munoda kuona Wikipedhiya yedu senwadhi here? Dzvanyai Pano! Taramhenyu Chinamato Masvomhu Taramhenyu Taramhenyu Chinamato Chinamato Masvomhu Masvomhu Nhoroondo Tarachisi Nzanga Nhoroondo Tarachisi Nzanga Nhoroondo Tarachisi Nzanga Mhanzi Mutauro Useza Mhanzi Mhanzi Mutauro Mutauro Useza Useza Sainzi Ruambarueza Uvaki Sainzi Sainzi Ruambarueza Ruambarueza Uvaki Uvaki Musha uno ndewedu vatauri ve Chivanhu , mutauro weChiShona , muno mu Wikipedhiya . Wikipedhiya chinyorwa chepa danhautande chinounganidzwa ungwaru , ruzivo no hunyanzvi hwezvikamu zvese zveraramo remarudzi osezvayo erino pasi. Zvakanaka zvakadzama kwazvo kuti gapu rese iri reungwaru, ruzivo nohunyanzvi rive rinonyogwa mururimi rwaamai. Basa iri ngatiritange nhasi tigorisiirawo vana vedu navana vavowo, zvichingoenda, ziyenda nakuenda. Mutauro wedu isu vanhu hauna kugara uchinzi ChiShona kwete. Muchena ainzi Clement Doke ndiye akatanga kushandisa izwi rekuti Chi Shona mugore ra 1931 . Mutauro wedu unonzi ChiVanhu . Munokokwa mese, ani naani zvake, kuti muwedzere zvinyogwa izvi. Vanyori, vadzidzisi nevadzidzi veChiShona muzvikoro zvikuru zvedzidzo munokokwa kuti mutitungamirire pabasa iri. Tinodaidza kunyanya zvikuru sei avo vadzidzi nevadzidzisi vari muboka rezvidzidzo zveChiShona pa Yunivhesiti yeZimbabwe uyewo avo vese vakapedza zvidzidzo zveChiShona pachikoro chikuru ichi. Kana muchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve humwe ye Wikipediya endai panzvimbo yemu dandira iyi www.wikipedia.org Tsvakai muwedzere ruzivo rwenyu nezve Kuisa zvinyorwa zvemumwe mutauro rudzi muWikipedhiya Wikipedhiya chinyorwa chepa danhautande chinounganidzwa ungwaru , ruzivo no hunyanzvi hwezvikamu zvese zveraramo remarudzi osezvayo erino pasi. Zvakanaka zvakadzama kwazvo kuti gapu rese iri reungwaru, ruzivo nohunyanzvi rive rinonyogwa mururimi rwaamai. Basa iri ngatiritange nhasi tigorisiirawo vana vedu navana vavowo, zvichingoenda, ziyenda nakuenda. Mutauro wedu isu vanhu hauna kugara uchinzi ChiShona kwete. Muchena ainzi Clement Doke ndiye akatanga kushandisa izwi rekuti Chi Shona mugore ra 1931 . Mutauro wedu unonzi ChiVanhu . Munokokwa mese, ani naani zvake, kuti muwedzere zvinyogwa izvi. Vanyori, vadzidzisi nevadzidzi veChiShona muzvikoro zvikuru zvedzidzo munokokwa kuti mutitungamirire pabasa iri. Tinodaidza kunyanya zvikuru sei avo vadzidzi nevadzidzisi vari muboka rezvidzidzo zveChiShona pa Yunivhesiti yeZimbabwe uyewo avo vese vakapedza zvidzidzo zveChiShona pachikoro chikuru ichi. Kana muchida kuziva zvakawanda nezve humwe ye Wikipediya endai panzvimbo yemu dandira iyi www.wikipedia.org Tsvakai muwedzere ruzivo rwenyu nezve Kuisa zvinyorwa zvemumwe mutauro rudzi muWikipedhiya Nehanda Nyakasikana "Aah! Nehanda Nyakasikana ! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichitambudzika; Mweya Unoera! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa? Ko, inga taneta wani nokunwa misodzi; Ko, toshirira kudzamara kuve riniko? Ko, inga panguva yechando miti inozvizorodza, Inokuhumuka mashizha yombowana rudekaro, Kwozoti nokuchena kwokunze yodombera; Mashizha yovawo nenhenhere inoyevedza; Shiri nemhuka nenyuchi dzokwezvwa nehwema, Ko, isu rugare ruchatisvika riniko? Vana vacheche vatinobereka, vawakatipa Iwe Samasimba , vanova ndivo vadyi venhaka dzedu, nhasi vokura vakasunzumara munyika yavo, Voshaya nzvimbo dzokurarama nokuzvidekadza? Apa nepapo pazere rufuse, Makumbo avo ane matuzu nokupfuviswa neriri pfumojena. Ko, vosvikepiko? Mudzimba dzose nomumisha yose vari kutandwa pamwe nokurohwa; Munzvimbo dzose nomumatare mose avanotongerwa, vari kungourayiwa senhunzi, Pasina chikonzero, pasina mhosva Pfuma yenyika nhasi yakatorwa vakagovana paukama hwavo vepfumojena. Nhasi vari kudya mafuta ayo nyika Isu tichidya nhoko dzezvironda Nhasi vari kudya, vakora sehochi Isu toondoroka sembwa ine gwembe Nhasi vagere murusununguko lsu todzipwa huro nemajoto Rusununguko, Nehanda, ndorupi? Hamungaburukirewo kwatiri here? Harahwa dzedu dzobatwa sepwere Munyika yawavapa, musiki mugoni! Havasisina rukudzo panyika. Havasisina chavanacho Dambudziko guru ndiro ravawira Baba mutsvene! Gomo rine ngoni! Hamungotinzwawo kuchema kwedu here? Tine chitadzo chakakura sei Chokubva matiramwa zvakadai? Nehanda Nyakasikana! Kunozova riniko? Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa Neriri pfumojena rasvika munyika. ~ Nhetembo iyi yakatogwa kubva mubhuku rinonzi, Feso , rakanyogwa naVa Solomon Mutswairo (mugore ra 1956 ). Mfananidzo weVhiki Nehanda Nyakasikana "Aah! Nehanda Nyakasikana ! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichitambudzika; Mweya Unoera! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa? Ko, inga taneta wani nokunwa misodzi; Ko, toshirira kudzamara kuve riniko? Ko, inga panguva yechando miti inozvizorodza, Inokuhumuka mashizha yombowana rudekaro, Kwozoti nokuchena kwokunze yodombera; Mashizha yovawo nenhenhere inoyevedza; Shiri nemhuka nenyuchi dzokwezvwa nehwema, Ko, isu rugare ruchatisvika riniko? Vana vacheche vatinobereka, vawakatipa Iwe Samasimba , vanova ndivo vadyi venhaka dzedu, nhasi vokura vakasunzumara munyika yavo, Voshaya nzvimbo dzokurarama nokuzvidekadza? Apa nepapo pazere rufuse, Makumbo avo ane matuzu nokupfuviswa neriri pfumojena. Ko, vosvikepiko? Mudzimba dzose nomumisha yose vari kutandwa pamwe nokurohwa; Munzvimbo dzose nomumatare mose avanotongerwa, vari kungourayiwa senhunzi, Pasina chikonzero, pasina mhosva Pfuma yenyika nhasi yakatorwa vakagovana paukama hwavo vepfumojena. Nhasi vari kudya mafuta ayo nyika Isu tichidya nhoko dzezvironda Nhasi vari kudya, vakora sehochi Isu toondoroka sembwa ine gwembe Nhasi vagere murusununguko lsu todzipwa huro nemajoto Rusununguko, Nehanda, ndorupi? Hamungaburukirewo kwatiri here? Harahwa dzedu dzobatwa sepwere Munyika yawavapa, musiki mugoni! Havasisina rukudzo panyika. Havasisina chavanacho Dambudziko guru ndiro ravawira Baba mutsvene! Gomo rine ngoni! Hamungotinzwawo kuchema kwedu here? Tine chitadzo chakakura sei Chokubva matiramwa zvakadai? Nehanda Nyakasikana! Kunozova riniko? Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa Neriri pfumojena rasvika munyika. ~ Nhetembo iyi yakatogwa kubva mubhuku rinonzi, Feso , rakanyogwa naVa Solomon Mutswairo (mugore ra 1956 ). Mfananidzo weVhiki Nehanda Nyakasikana "Aah! Nehanda Nyakasikana ! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichitambudzika; Mweya Unoera! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa? Ko, inga taneta wani nokunwa misodzi; Ko, toshirira kudzamara kuve riniko? Ko, inga panguva yechando miti inozvizorodza, Inokuhumuka mashizha yombowana rudekaro, Kwozoti nokuchena kwokunze yodombera; Mashizha yovawo nenhenhere inoyevedza; Shiri nemhuka nenyuchi dzokwezvwa nehwema, Ko, isu rugare ruchatisvika riniko? Vana vacheche vatinobereka, vawakatipa Iwe Samasimba , vanova ndivo vadyi venhaka dzedu, nhasi vokura vakasunzumara munyika yavo, Voshaya nzvimbo dzokurarama nokuzvidekadza? Apa nepapo pazere rufuse, Makumbo avo ane matuzu nokupfuviswa neriri pfumojena. Ko, vosvikepiko? Mudzimba dzose nomumisha yose vari kutandwa pamwe nokurohwa; Munzvimbo dzose nomumatare mose avanotongerwa, vari kungourayiwa senhunzi, Pasina chikonzero, pasina mhosva Pfuma yenyika nhasi yakatorwa vakagovana paukama hwavo vepfumojena. Nhasi vari kudya mafuta ayo nyika Isu tichidya nhoko dzezvironda Nhasi vari kudya, vakora sehochi Isu toondoroka sembwa ine gwembe Nhasi vagere murusununguko lsu todzipwa huro nemajoto Rusununguko, Nehanda, ndorupi? Hamungaburukirewo kwatiri here? Harahwa dzedu dzobatwa sepwere Munyika yawavapa, musiki mugoni! Havasisina rukudzo panyika. Havasisina chavanacho Dambudziko guru ndiro ravawira Baba mutsvene! Gomo rine ngoni! Hamungotinzwawo kuchema kwedu here? Tine chitadzo chakakura sei Chokubva matiramwa zvakadai? Nehanda Nyakasikana! Kunozova riniko? Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa Neriri pfumojena rasvika munyika. ~ Nhetembo iyi yakatogwa kubva mubhuku rinonzi, Feso , rakanyogwa naVa Solomon Mutswairo (mugore ra 1956 ). Nehanda Nyakasikana "Aah! Nehanda Nyakasikana ! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichitambudzika; Mweya Unoera! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa? Ko, inga taneta wani nokunwa misodzi; Ko, toshirira kudzamara kuve riniko? Ko, inga panguva yechando miti inozvizorodza, Inokuhumuka mashizha yombowana rudekaro, Kwozoti nokuchena kwokunze yodombera; Mashizha yovawo nenhenhere inoyevedza; Shiri nemhuka nenyuchi dzokwezvwa nehwema, Ko, isu rugare ruchatisvika riniko? Vana vacheche vatinobereka, vawakatipa Iwe Samasimba , vanova ndivo vadyi venhaka dzedu, nhasi vokura vakasunzumara munyika yavo, Voshaya nzvimbo dzokurarama nokuzvidekadza? Apa nepapo pazere rufuse, Makumbo avo ane matuzu nokupfuviswa neriri pfumojena. Ko, vosvikepiko? Mudzimba dzose nomumisha yose vari kutandwa pamwe nokurohwa; Munzvimbo dzose nomumatare mose avanotongerwa, vari kungourayiwa senhunzi, Pasina chikonzero, pasina mhosva Pfuma yenyika nhasi yakatorwa vakagovana paukama hwavo vepfumojena. Nhasi vari kudya mafuta ayo nyika Isu tichidya nhoko dzezvironda Nhasi vari kudya, vakora sehochi Isu toondoroka sembwa ine gwembe Nhasi vagere murusununguko lsu todzipwa huro nemajoto Rusununguko, Nehanda, ndorupi? Hamungaburukirewo kwatiri here? Harahwa dzedu dzobatwa sepwere Munyika yawavapa, musiki mugoni! Havasisina rukudzo panyika. Havasisina chavanacho Dambudziko guru ndiro ravawira Baba mutsvene! Gomo rine ngoni! Hamungotinzwawo kuchema kwedu here? Tine chitadzo chakakura sei Chokubva matiramwa zvakadai? Nehanda Nyakasikana! Kunozova riniko? Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa Neriri pfumojena rasvika munyika. ~ Nhetembo iyi yakatogwa kubva mubhuku rinonzi, Feso , rakanyogwa naVa Solomon Mutswairo (mugore ra 1956 ). Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichitambudzika; Mweya Unoera! Kunozove riniko, Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa? Ko, inga taneta wani nokunwa misodzi; Ko, toshirira kudzamara kuve riniko? Ko, inga panguva yechando miti inozvizorodza, Inokuhumuka mashizha yombowana rudekaro, Kwozoti nokuchena kwokunze yodombera; Mashizha yovawo nenhenhere inoyevedza; Shiri nemhuka nenyuchi dzokwezvwa nehwema, Ko, isu rugare ruchatisvika riniko? Vana vacheche vatinobereka, vawakatipa Iwe Samasimba , vanova ndivo vadyi venhaka dzedu, nhasi vokura vakasunzumara munyika yavo, Voshaya nzvimbo dzokurarama nokuzvidekadza? Apa nepapo pazere rufuse, Makumbo avo ane matuzu nokupfuviswa neriri pfumojena. Ko, vosvikepiko? Mudzimba dzose nomumisha yose vari kutandwa pamwe nokurohwa; Munzvimbo dzose nomumatare mose avanotongerwa, vari kungourayiwa senhunzi, Pasina chikonzero, pasina mhosva Pfuma yenyika nhasi yakatorwa vakagovana paukama hwavo vepfumojena. Nhasi vari kudya mafuta ayo nyika Isu tichidya nhoko dzezvironda Nhasi vari kudya, vakora sehochi Isu toondoroka sembwa ine gwembe Nhasi vagere murusununguko lsu todzipwa huro nemajoto Rusununguko, Nehanda, ndorupi? Hamungaburukirewo kwatiri here? Harahwa dzedu dzobatwa sepwere Munyika yawavapa, musiki mugoni! Havasisina rukudzo panyika. Havasisina chavanacho Dambudziko guru ndiro ravawira Baba mutsvene! Gomo rine ngoni! Hamungotinzwawo kuchema kwedu here? Tine chitadzo chakakura sei Chokubva matiramwa zvakadai? Nehanda Nyakasikana! Kunozova riniko? Isu VaNyai tichidzvinyirirwa Mfananidzo weVhiki Mfananidzo weVhiki Zvidzidzo Maziwumbe: Ezhiya · Afurika · Amerika Maodzanyemba · Amerika Chamhembe · Anthakitika · Yuropu · Ostireriya Nyika: Angola · Vutswana · Zimbabwe · Namibhiya · Ijipita · Tanzania · Naijeriya · Rhashiya · Furanzi · Speini · Kanadha · Mehiko · Jerumani · Chayina · Raosi · Makawo · Jorodhani · Omani · Yemeni · Neparu Mitauro: Chishona · Chindau · Chizulu · Chispeini · Chiarabhu · Chiswahiri · Chihausa · Chirhashiya · Chifurenji · Chiputukezi · Chibhunu · Chichayina · Chijapani · Chingezi · Chihindi · Chiaramu · Chin'ko · Chindevere · Chibuja (Chibudya) Vashona: Vakaranga ( munhoroondo ye Chivhenda / Vasenzi, Valaudzi, Vandalamo, Vamasingo ), Vazezuru , Vakorekore , Vabuja , Vamanyika , Vandau , Vadoma , Vatavara , Vahungwe , Vambire , Vanyai , Varozvi , Vakalanga , Vanambya , Vatalaote Madzinza: Vazulu , Vaswahiri , Vavhenda , Vandeḅele , Vandebele , Vanyarwanda , Vatonga , Vakongo , Vachewa , Vaxhosa , Vayorubha , Vaigbho , Vahausa , Vaakani , Vafulani Zvinamato: Uchivanhu ( Vashona ) · Ukristu ( Vakristu ) · Uyisalama ( Vasalama ) · Uhindu · Ujudha ( Vajudha ) · Ubhudha · Usikhi · Utao (Udhao)) · Ukonfuzhi ( Konfuzhi ) · Ubhaha'i (Ubhahá'í) · Ushintho · Ujaini · Uzoroasti · Zvinamato zvemuAfurika Tsika: Roora · Chisi · Karenda ye Chivanhu (Mwedzi ne Mavhiki) · Mhanzi: Jiti , Dancehall , Afrobeats , Sungura , Tuku (Afrojazz) Chikafu: Sadza · Mbambaira · Manhuchi · Maputi · Mabhanzi · Madora · Bota · Derere · Mupunga · Muriwo · Hohwa · Masau · Nyimo · Nyemba Upanganyeredzi: Gwararezhou · Muzvcazi · Kozemosi · Chadenga · Zvindeya · Nyeredzi · Unganyeredzi · Zuva · Mwedzi · Chisimira · Ndemara · Rinyanga · Nguruvenembwa · Mazhara · Maguta · Mivara : Ungu · Zerere · Tsvuku · Kiwani · Hute · Huroro · Tema · Ranjisi · Mbise · Chena · Nundu · Shava · Pfumbu · Farata · Punje · Fuvana · Suso · Shora · Chichiri · Fifu · Svundu · Simbi: Utare · Mhangura · Ndarira · Zeng'e · Ndarama · Darejena · Mutobvu · Aluminiyamu · Platinamu · Niyakari Mizanodzamu ("concepts") : Zanodzamu . Zvose · Upasina · Uzima · Rudo · Ruvengo · Hunaku · Uvi · Rima · Chiedza · Kuyera (Utsvene) · Ruhana · Mweya (wemunhu) · Rusvinuko · Hupenyu · Rufu · Pfungwa · Hana · Nhu · Moyo · Mbune · Umbimba (igo) · Chivi Duramazwi RechiShona - duramazwi rakaitwa neve " ALLEX Project ". Iri duramazwi rakaiswa mu dandira neve "Norwegian Documentation Project" pavakange vakumbigwa kuita izvi neve " Wushumo wa Allex". Shona Language - zvinyogwa zva Martin Shumba Bumbiro rezvinyogwa zveChiShona - zvinoshandiswa kuongora mashandigo emashoko e ChiShona . Kuti muwane zvimwe zvinyorwa tarirai linki ye zanhi dzasiyo: Zvinyorwa zve Zvechivanhu kuzhe kwe Wikipidhiya Makarenda e Mwedzi uno Karenda ya Gregori Karenda ye Chivanhu Chidzidzo cheVhiki Rino: Tsvigiri ( Chirungu : sugar) tsvikiri kana Chokera uye Shokera inowanikwa panosvinwa muto we nzimbe uchizopiswa mvura yacho posara ma godo . Mu Zimbabwe shuga inogadzirwa kubva kunzimbe dzinorimwa ku Chiredzi . Zvidzidzo Maziwumbe: Ezhiya · Afurika · Amerika Maodzanyemba · Amerika Chamhembe · Anthakitika · Yuropu · Ostireriya Nyika: Angola · Vutswana · Zimbabwe · Namibhiya · Ijipita · Tanzania · Naijeriya · Rhashiya · Furanzi · Speini · Kanadha · Mehiko · Jerumani · Chayina · Raosi · Makawo · Jorodhani · Omani · Yemeni · Neparu Nyika: Angola · Vutswana · Zimbabwe · Namibhiya · Ijipita · Tanzania · Naijeriya · Rhashiya · Furanzi · Speini · Kanadha · Mehiko · Jerumani · Chayina · Raosi · Makawo · Jorodhani · Omani · Yemeni · Neparu Mitauro: Chishona · Chindau · Chizulu · Chispeini · Chiarabhu · Chiswahiri · Chihausa · Chirhashiya · Chifurenji · Chiputukezi · Chibhunu · Chichayina · Chijapani · Chingezi · Chihindi · Chiaramu · Chin'ko · Chindevere · Chibuja (Chibudya) Vashona: Vakaranga ( munhoroondo ye Chivhenda / Vasenzi, Valaudzi, Vandalamo, Vamasingo ), Vazezuru , Vakorekore , Vabuja , Vamanyika , Vandau , Vadoma , Vatavara , Vahungwe , Vambire , Vanyai , Varozvi , Vakalanga , Vanambya , Vatalaote Madzinza: Vazulu , Vaswahiri , Vavhenda , Vandeḅele , Vandebele , Vanyarwanda , Vatonga , Vakongo , Vachewa , Vaxhosa , Vayorubha , Vaigbho , Vahausa , Vaakani , Vafulani Madzinza: Vazulu , Vaswahiri , Vavhenda , Vandeḅele , Vandebele , Vanyarwanda , Vatonga , Vakongo , Vachewa , Vaxhosa , Vayorubha , Vaigbho , Vahausa , Vaakani , Vafulani Zvinamato: Uchivanhu ( Vashona ) · Ukristu ( Vakristu ) · Uyisalama ( Vasalama ) · Uhindu · Ujudha ( Vajudha ) · Ubhudha · Usikhi · Utao (Udhao)) · Ukonfuzhi ( Konfuzhi ) · Ubhaha'i (Ubhahá'í) · Ushintho · Ujaini · Uzoroasti · Zvinamato zvemuAfurika Tsika: Roora · Chisi · Karenda ye Chivanhu (Mwedzi ne Mavhiki) · Mhanzi: Jiti , Dancehall , Afrobeats , Sungura , Tuku (Afrojazz) Chikafu: Sadza · Mbambaira · Manhuchi · Maputi · Mabhanzi · Madora · Bota · Derere · Mupunga · Muriwo · Hohwa · Masau · Nyimo · Nyemba Mhanzi: Jiti , Dancehall , Afrobeats , Sungura , Tuku (Afrojazz) Chikafu: Sadza · Mbambaira · Manhuchi · Maputi · Mabhanzi · Madora · Bota · Derere · Mupunga · Muriwo · Hohwa · Masau · Nyimo · Nyemba Upanganyeredzi: Gwararezhou · Muzvcazi · Kozemosi · Chadenga · Zvindeya · Nyeredzi · Unganyeredzi · Zuva · Mwedzi · Chisimira · Ndemara · Rinyanga · Nguruvenembwa · Mazhara · Maguta · Mivara : Ungu · Zerere · Tsvuku · Kiwani · Hute · Huroro · Tema · Ranjisi · Mbise · Chena · Nundu · Shava · Pfumbu · Farata · Punje · Fuvana · Suso · Shora · Chichiri · Fifu · Svundu · Mivara : Ungu · Zerere · Tsvuku · Kiwani · Hute · Huroro · Tema · Ranjisi · Mbise · Chena · Nundu · Shava · Pfumbu · Farata · Punje · Fuvana · Suso · Shora · Chichiri · Fifu · Svundu · Simbi: Utare · Mhangura · Ndarira · Zeng'e · Ndarama · Darejena · Mutobvu · Aluminiyamu · Platinamu · Niyakari Mizanodzamu ("concepts") : Zanodzamu . Zvose · Upasina · Uzima · Rudo · Ruvengo · Hunaku · Uvi · Rima · Chiedza · Kuyera (Utsvene) · Ruhana · Mweya (wemunhu) · Rusvinuko · Hupenyu · Rufu · Pfungwa · Hana · Nhu · Moyo · Mbune · Umbimba (igo) · Chivi Mizanodzamu ("concepts") : Zanodzamu . Zvose · Upasina · Uzima · Rudo · Ruvengo · Hunaku · Uvi · Rima · Chiedza · Kuyera (Utsvene) · Ruhana · Mweya (wemunhu) · Rusvinuko · Hupenyu · Rufu · Pfungwa · Hana · Nhu · Moyo · Mbune · Umbimba (igo) · Chivi Duramazwi RechiShona - duramazwi rakaitwa neve " ALLEX Project ". Iri duramazwi rakaiswa mu dandira neve "Norwegian Documentation Project" pavakange vakumbigwa kuita izvi neve " Wushumo wa Allex". Shona Language - zvinyogwa zva Martin Shumba Bumbiro rezvinyogwa zveChiShona - zvinoshandiswa kuongora mashandigo emashoko e ChiShona . Kuti muwane zvimwe zvinyorwa tarirai linki ye zanhi dzasiyo: Zvinyorwa zve Zvechivanhu kuzhe kwe Wikipidhiya Duramazwi RechiShona - duramazwi rakaitwa neve " ALLEX Project ". Iri duramazwi rakaiswa mu dandira neve "Norwegian Documentation Project" pavakange vakumbigwa kuita izvi neve " Wushumo wa Allex". Shona Language - zvinyogwa zva Martin Shumba Bumbiro rezvinyogwa zveChiShona - zvinoshandiswa kuongora mashandigo emashoko e ChiShona . Kuti muwane zvimwe zvinyorwa tarirai linki ye zanhi dzasiyo: Zvinyorwa zve Zvechivanhu kuzhe kwe Wikipidhiya Makarenda e Mwedzi uno Karenda ya Gregori Karenda ye Chivanhu Karenda ya Gregori Karenda ye Chivanhu Chidzidzo cheVhiki Rino: Tsvigiri ( Chirungu : sugar) tsvikiri kana Chokera uye Shokera inowanikwa panosvinwa muto we nzimbe uchizopiswa mvura yacho posara ma godo . Mu Zimbabwe shuga inogadzirwa kubva kunzimbe dzinorimwa ku Chiredzi . Chidzidzo cheMwedzi Unowu Afurika ndiro ziwumbe riri panzvimbo yechipiri pakukura kwenharaunda uye Afurika ndiyo yechipiri pakuwanda kwe hugari hwavanhu ichitevera Ezhiya . Nharaunda ye Afurika yakakura kusvika 30.2 miriyoni km², izvi zvichisanganisira zvitsuwa zviri pedyo nayo. Chikamu chinosvika 6% ye nharaunda ye Rinopasi chinotorwa ne ziwumbe reAfurika uye chikamu chinosvika 20.4% chevhu chiri muAfurika. Afurika yakapoteredzwa ne: Bhahari re Medhiteraniya ku Maodzanyemba ; Gungwa re India ku Mabvazuva neku Chamhembe ; ne Gungwa re Atlandiki ku Madokero nekuChamhembe. Matagadzikwa (Madhagaska) ndiyo chitsuwa chikuru chinoverengwa kuva mudunhu re Afurika. Zvimwe zvitsuwa zvinosanganisira: Seyisheri ; Morishasi ; Kabho Vherite ; Ghini Yomutsazanisi ; Chitsuwa cha Robheni (kureva Robben ); Zanzibhari nezvimwewo zvidiki. ( werengai zvakadzama... ) Afurika yakapoteredzwa ne: Bhahari re Medhiteraniya ku Maodzanyemba ; Gungwa re India ku Mabvazuva neku Chamhembe ; ne Gungwa re Atlandiki ku Madokero nekuChamhembe. Matagadzikwa (Madhagaska) ndiyo chitsuwa chikuru chinoverengwa kuva mudunhu re Afurika. Zvimwe zvitsuwa zvinosanganisira: Seyisheri ; Morishasi ; Kabho Vherite ; Ghini Yomutsazanisi ; Chitsuwa cha Robheni (kureva Robben ); Zanzibhari nezvimwewo zvidiki. ( werengai zvakadzama... ) Mimwe Mwishumo ye Wikipidhiya Bwaro re Wikimidhiya i duramazwi rakazvimirira pazasi pe Bwaro re Wikimidhiya, zvzvinoreva kuti ino maneja mimwe mwishumo (mapurojekti) yakadorongodzwa zasiyo. Parizvino, mwishumo inowanikwa mu Chishona i Wikipidhiya basi, tirikuzama kudzosa Wikiduramazwi rakavharwa muna 2007 . Nwadhi riripo asi harisati ravenezvinyorwa mukati. Mamwe ariko anowanikwa mumimwe mitauro, senge Chingezi nezvimwe wo. Zvinjee (Zvikomoni) Unganidzo re mifananidzo ne maodhiyo e unjee . Meta-wiki Kurongwa kwe zviitwa zvose zve wikimidhiya. Wikiduramazwi Duramazwi. Wikinwadhi Manwadhi ne zvinyorwa zvekudzidza zvemahara. Wikidzupuramanzwi Unganidzo re madzupuramanzwi Wikivambo (Wikisosi) Kuvamagwaro re mahara. Wikirudzi Duramazwi re marudzi (maspishi). Wikichikoro Zvidzidzo ne zvokuita zvemahara. Wikinhau Nhau dze mahara. Zvinjee (Zvikomoni) Unganidzo re mifananidzo ne maodhiyo e unjee . Zvinjee (Zvikomoni) Unganidzo re mifananidzo ne maodhiyo e unjee . Meta-wiki Kurongwa kwe zviitwa zvose zve wikimidhiya. Meta-wiki Kurongwa kwe zviitwa zvose zve wikimidhiya. Wikiduramazwi Duramazwi. Wikiduramazwi Duramazwi. Wikinwadhi Manwadhi ne zvinyorwa zvekudzidza zvemahara. Wikinwadhi Manwadhi ne zvinyorwa zvekudzidza zvemahara. Wikidzupuramanzwi Unganidzo re madzupuramanzwi Wikidzupuramanzwi Unganidzo re madzupuramanzwi Wikivambo (Wikisosi) Kuvamagwaro re mahara. Wikivambo (Wikisosi) Kuvamagwaro re mahara. Wikirudzi Duramazwi re marudzi (maspishi). Wikirudzi Duramazwi re marudzi (maspishi). Wikichikoro Zvidzidzo ne zvokuita zvemahara. Wikichikoro Zvidzidzo ne zvokuita zvemahara. Wikinhau Nhau dze mahara. Wikinhau Nhau dze mahara. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Classification 2 Geographic distribution of Somali Toggle Geographic distribution of Somali subsection 2.1 Official status 2.1 Official status 3 Varieties 4 Phonology Toggle Phonology subsection 4.1 Vowels 4.2 Consonants 4.3 Tone 4.4 Phonotactics 4.1 Vowels 4.2 Consonants 4.3 Tone 4.4 Phonotactics 5 Grammar Toggle Grammar subsection 5.1 Morphology 5.2 Syntax 5.1 Morphology 5.2 Syntax 6 Vocabulary 7 Writing system 8 Resources 9 Numbers and calendrical terms Toggle Numbers and calendrical terms subsection 9.1 Numbers 9.2 Multiples of 10 9.3 Names of large numbers 9.4 Days of the week 9.5 Months of the year 9.1 Numbers 9.2 Multiples of 10 9.3 Names of large numbers 9.4 Days of the week 9.5 Months of the year 10 Computational linguistics 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References Toggle References subsection 13.1 Sources 13.1 Sources 14 Further reading 15 External links Somali language Afrikaans አማርኛ अंगिका Ænglisc العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hausa हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Igbo Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული کٲشُر Kiswahili Коми ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oromoo پنجابی Papiamentu پښتو Piemontèis Polski Português Qaraqalpaqsha Română Runa Simi Русский ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Scots Shqip Simple English سنڌي Soomaaliga کوردی Sranantongo Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Kumoring ရခိုင် Toki pona Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikibooks Wikifunctions Wikivoyage Wikidata item Somali Af Soomaali , [ 1 ] Soomaali [ 2 ] 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 , 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 اف صومالِ , صومالِ Pronunciation [af soːmaːli] Region Horn of Africa Ethnicity Somalis Native speakers 24 million (2019–2024) [ 3 ] Language family Afro-Asiatic Cushitic East Lowland Macro-Somali Somali languages Somali Cushitic East Lowland Macro-Somali Somali languages Somali East Lowland Macro-Somali Somali languages Somali Lowland Macro-Somali Somali languages Somali Macro-Somali Somali languages Somali Somali languages Somali Somali Dialects Northern Benadiri Ashraf Maay Northern Benadiri Ashraf Maay Writing system Somali Latin alphabet ( Latin script ; official) Wadaad's writing ( Arabic script , occasional) Osmanya script (occasional) Official status Official language in Somalia Ethiopia Djibouti (national) Recognised minority language in Kenya Regulated by Regional Somali Language Academy Language codes ISO 639-1 so ISO 639-2 som ISO 639-3 som Glottolog soma1255 Linguasphere 14-GAG-a Primary Somali Sprachraum This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support , you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA . Somali ( / s ə ˈ m ɑː l i , s oʊ -/ sə- MAH -lee, soh- ; [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Latin script: Af Soomaali ; Wadaad : .mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Lateef,LateefGR,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Microsoft Uighur","Noto Sans Arabic","Arabic Typesetting",Amiri,"Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","SF Arabic","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Parastoo,Calibri,"Segoe UI","Microsoft Sans Serif","Droid Arabic Naskh",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} اف صومالِ ; Osmanya : 𐒖𐒍 𐒈𐒝𐒑𐒛𐒐𐒘 [af soːmaːli] ) [ 6 ] is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Cushitic branch. It is spoken primarily in Greater Somalia , and by the Somali diaspora as a mother tongue. Somali is an official language in Somalia , Ethiopia , [ 7 ] It serves as a national language in Djibouti and is also a recognised minority language in Kenya . The Somali language is officially written with the Latin alphabet , although the Arabic script and several Somali scripts like Osmanya , Kaddare and the Borama script are informally used. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] Classification Somali is classified within the Cushitic branch of the Afroasiatic family, specifically, Lowland East Cushitic in addition to Afar and Saho . [ 10 ] Somali is the best-documented of the Cushitic languages, [ 11 ] with academic studies of the language dating back to the late 19th century. [ 12 ] Geographic distribution of Somali The Somali language is spoken in Somali inhabited areas of Somalia , Djibouti , Ethiopia , Kenya , Yemen and by members of the Somali diaspora . It is also spoken as an adoptive language by a few ethnic minority groups and individuals in Somali majority regions. Somali is the most widely spoken Cushitic language in the region followed by Oromo and Afar . [ 13 ] As of 2021, there are approximately 24 million speakers of Somali, spread in Greater Somalia of which around 17 million reside in Somalia. [ 14 ] [ 15 ] The language is spoken by an estimated 95% of the country's inhabitants, [ 12 ] and also by a majority of the population in Djibouti. [ 11 ] Following the start of the Somali Civil War in the early 1990s, the Somali-speaking diaspora increased in size, with newer Somali speech communities forming in parts of the Middle East, North America and Europe. [ 3 ] Official status Constitutionally, Somali and Arabic are the two official languages of Somalia . [ 16 ] Somali has been an official national language since January 1973, when the Supreme Revolutionary Council (SRC) declared it the Somali Democratic Republic 's primary language of administration and education. Somali was thereafter established as the main language of academic instruction in forms 1 through 4 , following preparatory work by the government-appointed Somali Language Committee. It later expanded to include all 12 forms in 1979. In 1972, the SRC adopted a Latin orthography as the official national alphabet over several other writing scripts that were then in use. Concurrently, the Italian -language daily newspaper Stella d'Ottobre ("The October Star") was nationalized, renamed to Xiddigta Oktoobar , and began publishing in Somali. [ 17 ] The state-run Radio Mogadishu has also broadcast in Somali since 1951. [ 18 ] [ 19 ] Additionally, other regional public networks like Somaliland National TV and Puntland TV and Radio and, as well as Eastern Television Network and Horn Cable Television , among other private broadcasters, air programs in Somali. [ 20 ] Somali is recognized as an official working language in the Somali Region of Ethiopia. [ 21 ] Although it is not an official language of Djibouti , it constitutes a major national language there. Somali is used in television and radio broadcasts, [ 12 ] [ 22 ] with the government-operated Radio Djibouti transmitting programs in the language from 1943 onwards. [ 23 ] The Kenya Broadcasting Corporation also broadcasts in the Somali language in its Iftin FM Programmes. The language is spoken in the Somali territories within North Eastern Kenya , namely Wajir County , Garissa County and Mandera County . [ 24 ] [ 25 ] The Somali language is regulated by the Regional Somali Language Academy , an intergovernmental institution established in June 2013 in Djibouti City by the governments of Djibouti, Somalia and Ethiopia. It is officially mandated with preserving the Somali language. [ 26 ] As of 2025, Somali, Afar and Oromo are the only 3 Cushitic languages available on Google Translate . [ 27 ] Varieties The Somali languages are broadly divided into three main groups: Northern Somali , Benadir and Maay . [ 28 ] Northern Somali forms the basis for Standard Somali. [ 28 ] It is spoken by the majority of the Somali population [ 29 ] with its speech area stretching from Djibouti , and the Somali Region of Ethiopia to the Northern Frontier District . [ 30 ] This widespread modern distribution is a result of a long series of southward population movements over the past ten centuries from the Gulf of Aden littoral. [ 31 ] Lamberti subdivides Northern Somali into three dialects: Northern Somali proper (spoken in the northwest; he describes this dialect as Northern Somali in the proper sense), the Darod group (spoken in the northeast and along the eastern Ethiopia frontier; greatest number of speakers overall), and the Lower Juba group (spoken by northern Somali settlers in the southern riverine areas). [ 32 ] The sub dialect of Northern Somali that the Isaaq speak has the highest prestige of any other Somali dialect. [ 33 ] Benadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the central Indian Ocean seaboard, including Mogadishu . It forms a relatively smaller group. The dialect is fairly mutually intelligible with Northern Somali. [ 34 ] Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle ( Rahanweyn ) clans in the southern regions of Somalia. [ 35 ] Its speech area extends from the southwestern border with Ethiopia to a region close to the coastal strip between Mogadishu and Kismayo , including the city of Baidoa . [ 34 ] Maay is partially mutually comprehensible with Northern Somali, [ 36 ] with the degree of divergence comparable to that between Spanish and Portuguese . [ 37 ] Despite these linguistic differences, Somali speakers collectively view themselves as speaking a common language. [ 38 ] It is also not generally used in education or media. However, Maay speakers often use Standard Somali as a lingua franca, [ 34 ] which is learned via mass communications, internal migration and urbanization. [ 39 ] Phonology Vowels Somali has five vowel articulations that all contrast murmured and harsh voice as well as vowel length . [ clarification needed ] There is little change in vowel quality when the vowel is lengthened. Each vowel has a harmonic counterpart, and every vowel within a harmonic group (which notably can be larger than a word in Somali) must harmonize with the other vowels. The Somali orthography, however, does not distinguish between the two harmonic variants of each vowel. Different analyses have proposed somewhat different vowel inventories and features for Somali, depending on the set of speakers whose dialects are studied. Up to four features may be phonologically distinctive : height , backness , tongue root , and length . Saeed (1982) and Orwin (1994) both propose systems with five core vowels, but only Orwin's system makes a tongue root distinction. [ 40 ] : 3 [ 41 ] : 61 Gabbard (2010) proposes a system with six core vowels, with a tongue root distinction, but only on front vowels. [ 42 ] Front Central Back High i [ a ] ⟨i⟩ iː ⟨ii⟩ u [ b ] ⟨u⟩ uː ⟨uu⟩ Mid e ⟨e⟩ eː ⟨ee⟩ o ⟨o⟩ oː ⟨oo⟩ Low a ⟨a⟩ aː ⟨aa⟩ Orwin argues that, in addition to the vowels listed above, each of these five vowels has a fronted (advanced tongue root) variant, based on the existence of minimal pairs such as: duul ("fly!") vs. du̘u̘l ("attack!") keen ("bring!") vs. ke̘e̘n ("he brought") Front series Back series short long short long Close front unrounded / Near-close near-front unrounded i iː ɪ ɪː Close-mid front unrounded / Open-mid front unrounded e eː ɛ ɛː Near-open front unrounded / Open back unrounded æ æː ɑ ɑː Open-mid central rounded / Open-mid back rounded ɞ ɞː ɔ ɔː Close central rounded / Close back rounded ʉ ʉː u uː First element is front First element is back short long short long æi æːi ɑɪ ɑːɪ æʉ æːʉ ɑu ɑːu ei eːi ɛɪ ɛːɪ ɞi ɞːi ɔɪ ɔːɪ ɞʉ ɞːʉ ɔu ɔːu Gabbard claims that only the front vowels ( / i / and / e / ) have advanced variants, though his system includes a sixth vowel, / ɑ / . Both Orwin and Gabbard agree that the precise phonetic and phonological difference between the advanced and retracted tongue root vowels are unclear. [ 41 ] : 61 [ 42 ] Consonants Somali has 22 consonant phonemes . [ 43 ] Bilabial Coronal Post- alveolar Velar Uvular Pharyn- geal Glottal Nasal m ⟨m⟩ n ⟨n⟩ Plosive voiceless t̪ ⟨t⟩ k ⟨k⟩ q ⟨q⟩ ʔ ⟨'⟩ voiced b † ⟨b⟩ d̪ † ⟨d⟩ ɖ ⟨dh⟩ ɡ † ⟨g⟩ Affricate d͡ʒ ⟨j⟩ Fricative voiceless f ⟨f⟩ s ⟨s⟩ ʃ ⟨sh⟩ x ⟨kh⟩ ( χ ) [ c ] ħ ⟨x⟩ h ⟨h⟩ voiced ʕ ⟨c⟩ Trill r ⟨r⟩ ( ɽ ) [ d ] Approximant l ⟨l⟩ j ⟨y⟩ w ⟨w⟩ The retroflex plosive /ɖ/ may have an implosive quality for some Somali Bantu speakers, and intervocalically it can be realized as the flap [ɽ] . Some speakers produce /ħ/ with epiglottal trilling as / ʜ / in retrospect. [ 49 ] /q/ is often epiglottalized . [ 47 ] The letter ⟨dh⟩ is pronounced as a retroflex flap [ ɽ ] when it occurs intervocalically, as in qu dh aanjo . The letter ⟨kh⟩ , found in Arabic loanwords, is rarely pronounced as a velar fricative. It is more often conflated with / q / , which is pronounced [ χ ] in syllabic coda position. Tone Pitch is phonemic in Somali, but it is debated whether Somali is a pitch accent , or it is a tonal language . [ 50 ] Andrzejewski (1954) posits that Somali is a tonal language, [ 51 ] whereas Banti (1988) suggests that it is a pitch system. Phonotactics The syllable structure of Somali is (C)V(C). Root morphemes usually have a mono- or di-syllabic structure. Clusters of two consonants do not occur word-initially or word-finally, i.e., they only occur at syllable boundaries. The following consonants can be geminate: /b/, /d/, /ɖ/, /ɡ/, /ɢ/, /m/, /n/, /r/ and /l/. The following cannot be geminate: /t/, /k/ and the fricatives. Two vowels cannot occur together at syllable boundaries. Epenthetic consonants, e.g. [j] and [ʔ], are therefore inserted. Grammar Person Emphatic Clitic (short) Subject Object 1 singular aniga aan i plural inclusive innaga aynu ina exclusive annaga aannu na 2 singular adiga aad ku plural idinka aydin idin 3 singular masculine isaga uu -- feminine iyada ay -- plural iyaga ay -- Morphology Somali is an agglutinative language, and also shows properties of inflection . Affixes mark many grammatical meanings, including aspect, tense and case. [ 52 ] Somali has an old prefixal verbal inflection restricted to four common verbs, with all other verbs undergoing inflection by more obvious suffixation. This general pattern is similar to the stem alternation that typifies Cairene Arabic . [ 53 ] Somali has two sets of pronouns: independent (substantive, emphatic) pronouns and clitic (verbal) pronouns. [ 54 ] The independent pronouns behave grammatically as nouns, and normally occur with the suffixed article -ka/-ta (e.g. adiga , "you"). [ 54 ] This article may be omitted after a conjunction or focus word. For example, adna meaning "and you..." (from adi - na ). [ 54 ] Clitic pronouns are attached to the verb and do not take nominal morphology. [ 55 ] Somali marks clusivity in the first person plural pronouns; this is also found in a number of other East Cushitic languages, such as Rendille and Dhaasanac. [ 56 ] As in various other Afro-Asiatic languages, Somali is characterized by polarity of gender , whereby plural nouns usually take the opposite gender agreement of their singular forms. [ 57 ] [ 58 ] For example, the plural of the masculine noun dibi ("bull") is formed by converting it into feminine dibi . [ 57 ] Somali is unusual among the world's languages in that the object is unmarked for case while the subject is marked, though this feature is found in other Cushitic languages such as Oromo. [ 59 ] Syntax Somali is a subject–object–verb (SOV) language. [ 3 ] It is largely head final , with postpositions and with obliques preceding verbs. [ 60 ] These are common features of the Cushitic and Semitic Afroasiatic languages spoken in the Horn region (e.g. Amharic ). [ 61 ] However, Somali noun phrases are head-initial, whereby the noun precedes its modifying adjective. [ 60 ] [ 62 ] This pattern of general head-finality with head-initial noun phrases is also found in other Cushitic languages (e.g. Oromo), but not generally in Ethiopian Semitic languages. [ 60 ] [ 63 ] Somali uses three focus markers: baa , ayaa and waxa(a) , which generally mark new information or contrastive emphasis. [ 64 ] Baa and ayaa require the focused element to occur preverbally, while waxa(a) may be used following the verb. [ 65 ] Vocabulary Somali loanwords can be divided into those derived from other Afroasiatic languages (mainly Arabic), and those of Indo-European extraction (mainly Italian). [ 66 ] Somali's main lexical borrowings come from Arabic, and are estimated to constitute about 20% of the language's vocabulary. [ 67 ] This is a legacy of the Somali people's extensive social, cultural, commercial and religious links and contacts with nearby populations in the Arabian peninsula. Arabic loanwords are most commonly used in religious, administrative and education-related speech (e.g. aamiin for "faith in God"), though they are also present in other areas (e.g. kubbad-da , "ball"). [ 66 ] Soravia (1994) noted a total of 1,436 Arabic loanwords in Agostini a.o. 1985, [ 68 ] a prominent 40,000-entry Somali dictionary. [ 69 ] Most of the terms consisted of commonly used nouns. These lexical borrowings may have been more extensive in the past since a few words that Zaborski (1967:122) observed in the older literature were absent in Agostini's later work. [ 68 ] In addition, the majority of personal names are derived from Arabic. [ 70 ] The Somali language also contains a few Indo-European loanwords that were retained from the colonial period. [ 17 ] Most of these lexical borrowings come from English and Italian and are used to describe modern concepts (e.g. telefishen-ka , "the television"; raadia-ha , "the radio"). [ 71 ] There are 300 loan words from Italian, such as garawati for "tie" (from Italian cravatta ), dimuqraadi from democratico (democratic), mikroskoob from microscopio , and so on. Additionally, Somali contains lexical terms from Persian , Urdu and Hindi that were acquired through historical trade with communities in the Near East and South Asia (e.g. khiyaar "cucumber" from Persian : خيار khiyār ). [ 71 ] Other loan words have also displaced their native synonyms in some dialects (e.g. jabaati "a type of flat bread" from Hindi: चपाती chapāti displacing sabaayad). Some of these words were also borrowed indirectly via Arabic. [ 71 ] [ 72 ] As noted by Somali historian Mohammed Nuuh Ali, the Somali language also incorporates various loanwords from Old Harari . [ 73 ] As part of a broader governmental effort of linguistic purism in the Somali language, the past few decades have seen a push in Somalia toward replacement of loanwords in general with their Somali equivalents or neologisms . To this end, the Supreme Revolutionary Council during its tenure officially prohibited the borrowing and use of English and Italian terms. [ 17 ] Writing system Archaeological excavations and research in Somalia uncovered ancient inscriptions in a distinct writing system . [ 74 ] In an 1878 report to the Royal Geographical Society of Great Britain, scientist Johann Maria Hildebrandt noted upon visiting the area that "we know from ancient authors that these districts, at present so desert, were formerly populous and civilised[...] I also discovered ancient ruins and rock-inscriptions both in pictures and characters[...] These have hitherto not been deciphered." [ 75 ] According to the 1974 report for Ministry of Information and National Guidance, this script represents the earliest written attestation of Somali. [ 74 ] Much more recently, Somali archaeologist Sada Mire has published ancient inscriptions found throughout Somalia . As for much of Somali linguistic history the language was not widely used for literature, Dr. Mire's publications however prove that writing as a technology was not foreign nor scarce in the region. [ 76 ] These pieces of writing are from the Semitic Himyarite and Sabaean languages that were largely spoken in what is modern day Yemen —"there is an extensive and ancient relationship between the people and cultures of both sides of the Red Sea coast" Mire posits. Yet, while many more such ancient inscriptions are yet to be found or analyzed, many have been "bulldozed by developers, as the Ministry of Tourism could not buy the land or stop the destruction". [ 76 ] Besides Ahmed's Latin script, other orthographies that have been used for centuries for writing the Somali language include the long-established Arabic script and Wadaad's writing . [ 77 ] According to Bogumił Andrzejewski , this usage was limited to Somali clerics and their associates, as sheikhs preferred to write in the liturgical Arabic language. Various such historical manuscripts in Somali nonetheless exist, which mainly consist of Islamic poems ( qasidas ), recitations and chants. [ 78 ] Among these texts are the Somali poems by Sheikh Uways and Sheikh Ismaaciil Faarah. The rest of the existing historical literature in Somali principally consists of translations of documents from Arabic. [ 79 ] Since then a number of writing systems have been used for transcribing the Somali language. Of these, the Somali Latin alphabet , officially adopted in 1972, is the most widely used and recognised as official orthography of the state. [ 80 ] The script was developed by a number of leading scholars of Somali, including Musa Haji Ismail Galal , B. W. Andrzejewski and Shire Jama Ahmed specifically for transcribing the Somali language, and uses all letters of the English Latin alphabet except p , v and z . [ 81 ] [ 82 ] There are no diacritics or other special characters except the use of the apostrophe for the glottal stop , which does not occur word-initially. There are three consonant digraphs : DH, KH and SH. Tone is not marked, and front and back vowels are not distinguished. Writing systems developed in the twentieth century include the Osmanya , Borama and Kaddare alphabets , which were invented by Osman Yusuf Kenadid , Abdurahman Sheikh Nuur and Hussein Sheikh Ahmed Kaddare , respectively. [ 83 ] Resources Several digital collections of texts in the Somali language have been developed in recent decades. These corpora include Kaydka Af Soomaaliga (KAF), Bangiga Af Soomaaliga, the Somali Web Corpus (soWaC), [ 84 ] a Somali read-speech corpus, Asaas (Beginning in Somali) and a Web-Based Somali Language Model and text Corpus called Wargeys (Newspaper in Somali). [ 85 ] Numbers and calendrical terms This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2020 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) Numbers English Somali Latin Osmanya # Zero Eber 𐒗𐒁𐒗𐒇 𐒠 One kow 𐒏𐒙𐒓 𐒡 Two laba 𐒐𐒖𐒁𐒖 𐒢 Three saddex 𐒈𐒖𐒆𐒆𐒗𐒄 𐒣 Four afar 𐒖𐒍𐒖𐒇 𐒤 Five shan 𐒉𐒖𐒒 𐒥 Six lix 𐒐𐒘𐒄 𐒦 Seven toddoba 𐒂𐒙𐒆𐒆𐒙𐒁𐒖 𐒧 Eight siddeed 𐒈𐒘𐒆𐒆𐒜𐒆 𐒨 Nine sagaal 𐒈𐒖𐒌𐒛𐒐 𐒩 Ten toban 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒠 English Somali Latin Osmanya # Eleven kow iyo toban 𐒏𐒙𐒓 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒡 Twelve laba iyo toban 𐒐𐒖𐒁𐒖 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒢 Thirteen saddex iyo toban 𐒈𐒖𐒆𐒆𐒗𐒄 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒣 Fourteen afar iyo toban 𐒖𐒍𐒖𐒇 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒤 Fifteen shan iyo toban 𐒉𐒖𐒒 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒥 Sixteen lix iyo toban 𐒐𐒘𐒄 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒦 Seventeen toddoba iyo toban 𐒂𐒙𐒆𐒆𐒙𐒁𐒖 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒧 Eighteen sideed iyo toban 𐒈𐒘𐒆𐒜𐒆 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒨 Nineteen sagaal iyo toban 𐒈𐒖𐒌𐒛𐒐 𐒘𐒕𐒙 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒩 Twenty labaatan 𐒐𐒖𐒁𐒛𐒂𐒖𐒒 𐒢𐒠 For all numbers between 11 kow iyo toban and 99 sagaashal iyo sagaal , it is equally correct to switch the placement of the numbers, although larger numbers is some dialects prefer to place the 10s numeral first. For example 25 may both be written as labaatan iyo shan and shan iyo labaatan (lit. Twenty and Five & Five and Twenty). Although neither the Latin nor Osmanya scripts accommodate this numerical switching. Multiples of 10 English Somali Latin Osmanya # Ten toban 𐒂𐒙𐒁𐒖𐒒 𐒡𐒠 Twenty labaatan 𐒐𐒖𐒁𐒛𐒂𐒖𐒒 𐒢𐒠 Thirty soddon 𐒈𐒙𐒆𐒆𐒙𐒒 𐒣𐒠 Forty afartan 𐒖𐒍𐒖𐒇𐒂𐒖𐒒 𐒤𐒠 Fifty konton 𐒏𐒙𐒒𐒂𐒙𐒒 𐒥𐒠 Sixty lixdan 𐒐𐒘𐒄𐒆𐒖𐒒 𐒦𐒠 Seventy toddobaatan 𐒂𐒙𐒆𐒆𐒙𐒁𐒛𐒂𐒖𐒒 𐒧𐒠 Eighty siddeetan 𐒈𐒘𐒆𐒆𐒜𐒂𐒖𐒒 𐒨𐒠 Ninety sagaashan 𐒈𐒖𐒌𐒛𐒉𐒖𐒒 𐒩𐒠 Names of large numbers English Somali Latin Osmanya #* One hundred boqol 𐒁𐒙𐒎𐒙𐒐 𐒡𐒠𐒠 One thousand kun 𐒏𐒚𐒒 𐒡,𐒠𐒠𐒠 One million milyan 𐒑𐒘𐒐𐒕𐒖𐒒 𐒡,𐒠𐒠𐒠,𐒠𐒠𐒠 One billion bilyan 𐒁𐒘𐒐𐒕𐒖𐒒 𐒡,𐒠𐒠𐒠,𐒠𐒠𐒠,𐒠𐒠𐒠 *the commas in the Osmanya number chart are added for clarity Days of the week English Somali Latin Osmanya Sunday Axad 𐒖𐒄𐒖𐒆 Monday Isniin 𐒘𐒈𐒒𐒕𐒒 Tuesday Salaasa/Talaado 𐒈𐒖𐒐𐒛𐒈𐒖/𐒂𐒖𐒐𐒛𐒆𐒙 Wednesday Arbaca/Arbaco 𐒖𐒇𐒁𐒖𐒋𐒛/𐒖𐒇𐒁𐒖𐒋𐒙 Thursday Khamiis 𐒅𐒖𐒑𐒕𐒈 Friday Jimce/Jimco 𐒃𐒘𐒑𐒋𐒙 Saturday Sabti 𐒈𐒖𐒁𐒂𐒘 Months of the year English Somali Latin Osmanya January Janaayo 𐒃𐒜𐒒𐒚𐒓𐒖𐒇𐒘 February Febraayo 𐒍𐒛𐒁𐒇𐒚𐒓𐒖𐒇𐒘 March Maarso 𐒑𐒛𐒃 April Abriil 𐒖𐒁𐒇𐒕𐒐 May Maajo 𐒑𐒖𐒕 June Juun 𐒃𐒓𐒒 July Luuliyo 𐒃𐒓𐒐𐒛𐒕 August Agoosto 𐒝𐒌𐒖𐒈 September Sebteembar 𐒈𐒘𐒁𐒂𐒖𐒑𐒁𐒖𐒇 October Oktoobar 𐒙𐒏𐒂𐒝𐒁𐒖𐒇 November Nofeembar 𐒒𐒝𐒍𐒖𐒑𐒁𐒖𐒇 December Diseembar 𐒆𐒕𐒈𐒑𐒁𐒖𐒇 Computational linguistics In recent years, the Somali language has become the subject of research in computational linguistics due to its complex morphology and low-resource status. Efforts have been made to develop lemmatization, part-of-speech tagging, and automatic speech recognition systems for Somali. [ 86 ] See also Languages of Djibouti Languages of Somalia Languages of Kenya Somali Sign Language Somali literature Somali studies Notes ^ The short vowel i is sometimes lowered to a, for example; “F a lastiin” .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Somali pronunciation: [falastiːn] , lit. 'Palestine'. Also when we see “S i dee Tahay” Somali pronunciation: [sadĕː tahaj] , lit. 'How are you?', it is clear that it is merely dialectical. ^ The short vowel u is sometimes lowered to a, for example; “J a mhuuriyadda” Somali pronunciation: [d͡ʒamhuːrijada] , lit. 'Republic' but however, it is clear that it is merely dialectical southerly. ^ /q/ is pronounced [χ] as a syllable coda, as in the word a q ri (read). [ 47 ] ^ /ɖ/ is pronounced [ɽ] intervocally. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Somali alphabets, pronunciation and language" . Omniglot . Retrieved 16 June 2017 . ^ "cldr/so.xml at master · unicode-org/cldr" . Unicode . Retrieved 8 November 2020 . ^ a b c "Somali" . SIL International . 2021 . Retrieved June 28, 2021 . ^ Jones, Daniel (2003) [1917], Peter Roach; James Hartmann; Jane Setter (eds.), English Pronouncing Dictionary , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 3-12-539683-2 ^ "Somali" . Collins Dictionary . Retrieved 21 September 2013 . ^ Saeed (1999 :107) ^ AfricaNews (2020-03-04). "One to five: Ethiopia gets four new federal working languages" . Africanews . Archived from the original on 2020-10-28 . Retrieved 2021-11-11 . ^ Lewis, I.M. (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa . LIT Verlag Münster. p. 175. ISBN 3825830845 . ^ Lewis, I.M. (1958), The Gadabuursi Somali Script , Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , University of London , Vol. 21, pp. 134–156. ^ Lewis, I. (1998). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho . Red Sea Press. p. 11. ISBN 9781874209829 . ^ a b Lecarme & Maury (1987 :22) ^ a b c Dubnov (2003 :9) ^ Saeed (1999 :3) ^ "Somalia | Ethnologue Free" . Ethnologue (Free All) . Retrieved 2024-03-05 . ^ "Somali - Worldwide distribution" . Worlddata.info . Retrieved 2024-03-05 . ^ "The Federal Republic of Somalia - Provisional Constitution" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013 . Retrieved 13 March 2013 . ^ a b c Ammon & Hellinger (1992 :128–131) ^ "A Guiding Voice Amid the Ruins of a Capital City" . The New York Times . March 30, 2010. Archived from the original on August 20, 2023 . Retrieved August 25, 2023 . ^ "Radio Muqdisho" . Radio Muqdisho . April 9, 2022. Archived from the original on August 22, 2023 . Retrieved August 25, 2023 . ^ "Somali Media Mapping Report" (PDF) . Somali Media Mapping . Retrieved 31 August 2014 . [ permanent dead link ] ^ Kizitus, Mpoche; Mbuh, Tennu, eds. (2006). Language, literature, and identity . Cuvillier. pp. 163– 164. ISBN 3-86537-839-0 . ^ "Ethnologue - Djibouti - Languages" . Ethnologue . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . ^ Dubnov (2003 :10) ^ Carrier, Neil (2019). Mobile Urbanity Somali Presence in Urban East Africa . Berghahn Books. p. 34. ISBN 9781789202977 . ^ Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine : "KBC yazindua kitua kipya cha redio kwa lugha ya Kisomali" . YouTube . 18 November 2015. ^ "Regional Somali Language Academy Launched in Djibouti" . COMESA Regional Investment Agency. Archived from the original on 21 January 2015 . Retrieved 28 February 2014 . ^ "Google Translate - now in 80 languages" . Google Translate . 10 December 2013 . Retrieved 30 December 2013 . ^ a b Dalby (1998 :571) ^ Dalby (1998 :571) ^ Mundus, Volumes 23-24 . Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft. 1987. p. 205. ^ Andrzejewski & Lewis (1964 :6) ^ Lamberti, Marcello (1986). Map of Somali dialects in the Somalia Democratic Republic (PDF) . H. Buske. ISBN 9783871186905 . ^ Pia, John Joseph (1968). Somali Sounds and Inflections . Indiana University Press . p. 6. ^ a b c Saeed (1999 :4) ^ Dalby (1998 :571) ^ Somali Dialects in the United States: How intelligible is Af-Maay to Speakers of Af-Maxaa? by Deqa Hassan (Minnesota State University - Mankato) ^ Lewis, I. M. (1998-01-01). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society . The Red Sea Press. p. 74. ISBN 9781569021033 . ^ Somali nationalism: international politics and the drive for unity in the Horn of Africa . Department of Linguistics and the African Studies Center, University of California, Los Angeles. 1963. p. 24. ISBN 978-0-674-59435-7 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) ^ "Maay - A language of Somalia" . Ethnologue . Retrieved 7 May 2013 . ^ Saeed, John I. (1982). "Central Somali--A Grammatical Outline" (PDF) . Afroasiatic Linguistics . 8 (2): 1--43 . Retrieved 12 April 2025 . ^ a b c Orwin, Martin (1994). Aspects of Somali Phonology (PDF) . Retrieved 12 April 2025 . ^ a b Gabbard (2010 :15) ^ Saeed (1999 :7) ^ Saeed (1999 :7–10) ^ Gabbard (2010 :6) ^ Edmondson, Esling & Harris (2004) ^ a b Edmondson, Esling & Harris (2004 :5) ^ Saeed (1999 :8) ^ Gabbard (2010 :14) ^ Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie (2010). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World . Elsevier. p. 987. ISBN 978-0080877754 . ^ Andrzejewski, Bogumit Witalis (1954). "Is Somali a Tone-language?", Proceedings of the Twenty-Third International Congress of Orientalists . Royal Asiatic Society. pp. 367– 368. OCLC 496050266 . ^ Dubnov (2003 :11) ^ Kraska, Iwona (2007). Analogy: the relation between lexicon and grammar . Lincom Europa. p. 140. ISBN 978-3895868986 . ^ a b c Saeed (1999 :68) ^ Saeed (1999 :72) ^ Weninger (2011 :43) ^ a b Tosco, Mauro; Department of Anthropology; Indiana University (2000). "Is There an "Ethiopian Language Area"?" . Anthropological Linguistics . 42 (3): 349 . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . ^ Zwicky & Pullum (1983 :389) ^ John I. Saeed (1984). The Syntax of Focus & Topic in Somali . H. Buske. p. 66. ISBN 3871186724 . ^ a b c Heine & Nurse (2000 :253) ^ Klaus Wedekind, Charlotte Wedekind, Abuzeinab Musa (2007). A learner's grammar of Beja (East Sudan): grammar, texts and vocabulary (Beja-English and English-Beja) . Rüdiger Köppe Verlag. p. 10. ISBN 978-3896455727 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ Saeed (1999 :164, 173) ^ Fisiak (1997 :53) ^ Saeed (1999 :117) ^ Saeed (1999 :240) ^ a b Dubnov (2003 :71) ^ Laitin (1977 :25) ^ a b Versteegh (2008 :273) ^ Saeed (1999 :5) ^ Saeed (1999 :2) ^ a b c Dubnov (2003 :73) ^ Sheik-ʻAbdi (1993 :45) ^ Ali, Mohamed. History in the Horn of Africa, 1000 B.C.-1500 A.D. Aspects of Social and Economic Change Between the Rift Valley and the Indian Ocean . UCLA. p. 151. ^ a b Ministry of Information and National Guidance, Somalia, The writing of the Somali language , (Ministry of Information and National Guidance: 1974), p.5 ^ Royal Geographical Society (Great Britain), Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London , Volume 22, "Mr. J. M. Hildebrandt on his Travels in East Africa", (Edward Stanford: 1878), p. 447. ^ a b Mire, Sada (2015-03-01). "Mapping the Archaeology of Somaliland: Religion, Art, Script, Time, Urbanism, Trade and Empire" . African Archaeological Review . 32 (1): 111– 136. doi : 10.1007/s10437-015-9184-9 . hdl : 1887/3198283 . ISSN 1572-9842 . ^ "Somali writing scripts" . Omniglot . Retrieved 8 May 2013 . ^ Andrezewski, B. W. (July 2013). In Praise of Somali Literature . Lulu. pp. 130– 131. ISBN 978-1291454536 . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . ^ Andrezewski, B. W. (July 2013). In Praise of Somali Literature . Lulu. p. 232. ISBN 978-1291454536 . Retrieved 17 January 2015 . ^ Economist Intelligence Unit (Great Britain), Middle East annual review , (1975), p.229 ^ Abdullahi (2001 : 73 ) ^ Lewis, I. M. (1999). A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa . James Currey Publishers. ISBN 978-0-85255-280-3 . ^ Laitin (1977 :86–87) ^ Sketch Engine. . Retrieved October 19, 20204. ^ Nimaan, Abdillahi. 2014. Building and Evaluating Somali Language Corpora. In Jeff Good, Julia Hirschberg & Owen Rambow (eds.), Proceedings of the 2014 Workshop on the Use of Computational Methods in the Study of Endangered Languages, 73–76. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: Association for Computational Linguistics. . ^ Yusuf, A.; Hassan, M. (2023). "Advancing Somali Natural Language Processing: Morphological Analysis and Lemmatization". arXiv : 2308.01785 [ cs.CL ]. {{ cite arXiv }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) Sources Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001). Culture and Customs of Somalia . Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-31333-2 . Ammon, Ulrich; Hellinger, Marlis (1992). Status Change of Languages . Walter de Gruyter. Andrzejewski, B.; Lewis, I. (1964). Somali poetry: an introduction . Clarendon Press. Dalby, Andrew (1998). Dictionary of languages: the definitive reference to more than 400 languages . Columbia University Press. Dubnov, Helena (2003). A Grammatical Sketch of Somali . Koln: Rudiger Koppe Verlag. Edmondson, Jerold A.; Esling, John H.; Harris, Jimmy G. (2004). Supraglottal cavity shape, linguistic register, and other phonetic features of Somali (PDF) (Report). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-15 . Retrieved 2020-11-21 . Fisiak, Jacek (1997). Linguistic reconstruction and typology . Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-014905-0 . Gabbard, Kevin (2010), A Phonological Analysis of Somali and the Guttural Consonants (Thesis), The Ohio State University, hdl : 1811/46639 Heine, Bernd; Nurse, Derek (2000). African Languages: An Introduction . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-66629-9 . Laitin, David (1977). Politics, Language, and Thought: The Somali Experience . University Of Chicago Press. Lecarme, Jacqueline; Maury, Carole (1987). "A software tool for research in linguistics and lexicography: Application to Somali". Computers and Translation . 2 . Paradigm Press: 21– 36. doi : 10.1007/BF01540131 . S2CID 6515240 . Saeed, John (1999). Somali . Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 1-55619-224-X . Sheik-ʻAbdi, ʻAbdi ʻAbdulqadir (1993). Divine madness: Moḥammed ʻAbdulle Ḥassan (1856-1920) . Zed Books. Versteegh, Kees (2008). Encyclopedia of Arabic language and linguistics, Volume 4 . Brill. ISBN 978-9004144767 . Weninger, Stefan (2011). Semitic Languages: An International Handbook . Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-025158-6 . Zwicky, Arnold; Pullum, Geoffrey (1983). "Phonology in Syntax: The Somali Optional Agreement Rule" (PDF) . Natural Language & Linguistic Theory . 1 (3): 385– 402. doi : 10.1007/bf00142471 . S2CID 170420275 . Further reading Armstrong, Lilias E. (1969) [orig. pub. 1934, Mitteilungen des Seminars für Orientalische Sprachen zu Berlin, vol. 37]. The phonetic structure of Somali . Gregg International Publishers. hdl : 2307/4698 . ISBN 0576-11443-X . Bell, C. R. V. (1953). The Somali Language . London: Longmans, Green & Co. Berchem, Jörg (1991). Referenzgrammatik des Somali . Köln: Omimee. ISBN 3921008018 . Cana, Frank Richardson (1911). "Somaliland" . Encyclopædia Britannica . Vol. 25 (11th ed.). pp. 378– 384, see page 379. Inhabitants.—The Somali belong to the Eastern (Abyssinia) Hamitic family.... Their influence has been very slight even on the Somali language, whose structure and vocabulary are essentially Hamitic, with marked affinities to the Galla on the one hand and to the Dankali (Afar) on the other. Cardona, G. R. (1981). "Profilo fonologico del somalo". In Cardona, G. R.; Agostini, F. (eds.). Studi Somali I: Fonologia e Lessico (in Italian). Roma: Ministero degli Affari Esteri, Dipartimento per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo, Comitato Tecnico Linguistico per l'Universita Nazionale Somala. OCLC 15276449 . Diriye Abdullahi, Mohamed (2000). Le Somali, dialectes et histoire (PhD dissertation) (in French). Université de Montréal. hdl : 1866/30162 . Dobnova, Elena Z. (1990). Sovremennyj somalijskij jazyk . Moskva: Nauka. Lamberti, M. (1986). Die Somali-Dialekte . Hamburg: Buske. Lamberti, M. (1986). Map of the Somali-Dialects in the Somali Democratic Republic . Hamburg: Buske. Puglielli, Annarita (1997). "Somali Phonology". In Kaye, Alan S. (ed.). Phonologies of Asia and Africa . Vol. 1. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 521– 535. ISBN 978-1-57506-019-4 . Saeed, John Ibrahim (1987). Somali Reference Grammar . Springfield, VA: Dunwoody Press. ISBN 0931745330 . LCCN 87-073464 . OCLC 18561242 . External links Somali Language Page: Resources, links and information on the Somali language. Hooyo.Web - Somali Grammar Somali Language and Linguistics: A Bibliography Learn101 - Learn Somali Virtual keyboard for historical Osmanya script . Lexilogos . Digital Dialects - Somali language learning games Enhancing the Quality of Google Somali Translations Links to related articles .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Somalia articles History Chronology Laas Geel Land of Punt Walashma dynasty Adal Sultanate Ajuran Empire Sultanate of the Geledi Isaaq Sultanate Majeerteen Sultanate Sultanate of Hobyo Warsangali Sultanate Dervish movement Italian Somaliland Colonial governors British Somaliland Colonial governors Trust Territory of Somaliland Ogaden War Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991) Isaaq genocide Rebellion (1986–1992) Piracy Civil War Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) (2009–present) By topic Maritime Military Postal Geography Cities Climate Wildlife Greater Somalia Guardafui Channel Hafun Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Mountain ranges Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Mountains Bahaya Island Bajuni Islands Regions Awdal Bakool Banaadir Bari Bay Galguduud Gedo Sool Sanaag Hiran Middle Juba Lower Juba Mudug Nugal Middle Shebelle Lower Shebelle Togdheer Woqooyi Galbeed States Galmudug Khatumo Hirshabelle Jubaland Somaliland Puntland South West Somalia Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT rights Judiciary Law ( Xeer ) Military Chief of Defence Force Political history Parliament Political parties President List Prime Minister List Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Economic history EEZ Mineral industry Oil industry Shilling (currency) Communications Tourism Transportation Society Anthem Child marriage Coat of arms Deafness Demographics Diaspora Education Health Abortion Mental health Flag Polygamy Public holidays Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Folklore Literature Media Music Religion Sports Languages Category Portal v t e Somali language(s) Major subdivisions Central Somali Digil Dabarre Garre Jiiddu Tunni Maay Coastal Somali Ashraf Benadiri Northern Somali Northern Darod Lower Juba v t e Cushitic languages Central Awngi North Kayla Qimant Qwara East Bilen Xamtanga East Highland Burji Sidamoid Hadiyyaic–Kambaataic Hadiyyaic Hadiyya Libido Kambaataic Alaba-Kʼabeena Kambaata Gedeo–Sidama Gedeo Sidama Lowland Omo–Tana Arboroid Arbore Daasanach El Molo Somaloid Baiso Girirra Rendille–Boni Aweer Rendille Somali languages / language Digil Dabarre Garre Tunni Others Ashraf Benadiri Caloowe Harlaad Jiiddu Maay Maay Waqooyi Yibir Oromoid Oromo West–Central Oromo Central–East Central Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo Orma Eastern Eastern Oromo Waata Konsoid Konso Bussa–Dirasha Bussa Dirasha Dullay Ale Dobase Tsamai Saho–Afar Afar Saho Others Boon Dahalo Yaaku North Medjay Blemmyan Beja South Taita Cushitic Rift East Asa Kwʼadza West Burunge North Alagwa Iraqwoid Gorowa Iraqw Others Maʼa Italics indicate extinct languages v t e Afroasiatic languages Reconstructed Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Berber Proto-Semitic Proto-Arabic Berber Eastern Northern Atlas Zenati East Zenati Mzab–Wargla Tuareg Western Chadic Biu–Mandara East West Angas Bade Bole–Tangale Hausa–Gwandara North Bauchi Ron South Bauchi Masa North Marba Massa Musey Zumaya (possibly independent) South Mesme Ngeté-Herdé Peve Cushitic Agaw Dullay Highland East Lowland East Omo–Tana Macro-Somali Rendille–Boni Somali languages Western Oromoid Saho–Afar South Omotic Aroid Dizoid Mao North Gonga Ometo Semitic East West Central Northwest South Others Egyptian Coptic Kujargé ? (unclassified; possibly East Chadic (B.1.3), Cushitic, transitional or a language isolate) Ongota ? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate) Italics indicate extinct languages v t e Languages of Somalia Official languages Somali Arabic Regional languages Boon Central Somali Digil Dabarre Garre Jiiddu Tunni Maay Swahili Bajuni Bravanese Foreign languages English Italian Sign languages Somali Sign Language v t e Languages of Djibouti Official languages Arabic French Indigenous languages Afar Somali Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic Immigrant languages English French Arabic German Italian Hindi Hebrew v t e Languages of Ethiopia Official languages Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya Regional languages Ethiosemitic Amharic Argobba Geʽez Gurage Inor Mesqan Muher Sebat Bet Soddo Zay Harari Siltʼe Tigrinya Cushitic Afar Alaba Ale Arbore Awngi Baiso Bussa Burji Daasanach Dirasha Gedeo Hadiyya Kambaata Konso Libido Oromo Qimant Saho Sidamo Somali Tsamai Xamtanga Omotic Aari Anfillo Bambassi Basketo Bench Boro Chara Dime Dizi Dorze Gamo-Gofa-Dawro Ganza Gayil Hamer-Banna 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Somalia articles v t e History Chronology Laas Geel Land of Punt Walashma dynasty Adal Sultanate Ajuran Empire Sultanate of the Geledi Isaaq Sultanate Majeerteen Sultanate Sultanate of Hobyo Warsangali Sultanate Dervish movement Italian Somaliland Colonial governors British Somaliland Colonial governors Trust Territory of Somaliland Ogaden War Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991) Isaaq genocide Rebellion (1986–1992) Piracy Civil War Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) (2009–present) By topic Maritime Military Postal Chronology Laas Geel Land of Punt Walashma dynasty Adal Sultanate Ajuran Empire Sultanate of the Geledi Isaaq Sultanate Majeerteen Sultanate Sultanate of Hobyo Warsangali Sultanate Dervish movement Italian Somaliland Colonial governors British Somaliland Colonial governors Trust Territory of Somaliland Ogaden War Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991) Isaaq genocide Rebellion (1986–1992) Piracy Civil War Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) (2009–present) Laas Geel Land of Punt Walashma dynasty Adal Sultanate Ajuran Empire Sultanate of the Geledi Isaaq Sultanate Majeerteen Sultanate Sultanate of Hobyo Warsangali Sultanate Dervish movement Italian Somaliland Colonial governors Colonial governors British Somaliland Colonial governors Colonial governors Trust Territory of Somaliland Ogaden War Somaliland War of Independence (1981–1991) Isaaq genocide Rebellion (1986–1992) Piracy Civil War Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) (2009–present) Ethiopian intervention (2006–2009) (2009–present) By topic Maritime Military Postal Maritime Military Postal Geography Cities Climate Wildlife Greater Somalia Guardafui Channel Hafun Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Mountain ranges Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Mountains Bahaya Island Bajuni Islands Regions Awdal Bakool Banaadir Bari Bay Galguduud Gedo Sool Sanaag Hiran Middle Juba Lower Juba Mudug Nugal Middle Shebelle Lower Shebelle Togdheer Woqooyi Galbeed States Galmudug Khatumo Hirshabelle Jubaland Somaliland Puntland South West Somalia Cities Climate Wildlife Greater Somalia Guardafui Channel Hafun Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Mountain ranges Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Mountains Bahaya Island Bajuni Islands Regions Awdal Bakool Banaadir Bari Bay Galguduud Gedo Sool Sanaag Hiran Middle Juba Lower Juba Mudug Nugal Middle Shebelle Lower Shebelle Togdheer Woqooyi Galbeed States Galmudug Khatumo Hirshabelle Jubaland Somaliland Puntland South West Somalia Cities Climate Wildlife Greater Somalia Guardafui Channel Hafun Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Mountain ranges Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Mountains Bahaya Island Bajuni Islands Cities Climate Wildlife Greater Somalia Guardafui Channel Hafun Waterfalls Iskushuban Lamadaya Iskushuban Lamadaya Mountain ranges Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Cal Madow Buur Dhaab Mountains Bahaya Bahaya Island Bajuni Islands Bajuni Islands Regions Awdal Bakool Banaadir Bari Bay Galguduud Gedo Sool Sanaag Hiran Middle Juba Lower Juba Mudug Nugal Middle Shebelle Lower Shebelle Togdheer Woqooyi Galbeed Awdal Bakool Banaadir Bari Bay Galguduud Gedo Sool Sanaag Hiran Middle Juba Lower Juba Mudug Nugal Middle Shebelle Lower Shebelle Togdheer Woqooyi Galbeed States Galmudug Khatumo Hirshabelle Jubaland Somaliland Puntland South West Somalia Galmudug Khatumo Hirshabelle Jubaland Somaliland Puntland South West Somalia Politics Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT rights Judiciary Law ( Xeer ) Military Chief of Defence Force Political history Parliament Political parties President List Prime Minister List Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT rights Judiciary Law ( Xeer ) Military Chief of Defence Force Political history Parliament Political parties President List Prime Minister List Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Government Human rights LGBT rights LGBT rights Judiciary Law ( Xeer ) Military Chief of Defence Force Chief of Defence Force Political history Parliament Political parties President List List Prime Minister List List Economy Agriculture Central Bank Companies Economic history EEZ Mineral industry Oil industry Shilling (currency) Communications Tourism Transportation Agriculture Central Bank Companies Economic history EEZ Mineral industry Oil industry Shilling (currency) Communications Tourism Transportation Agriculture Central Bank Companies Economic history EEZ Mineral industry Oil industry Shilling (currency) Communications Tourism Transportation Society Anthem Child marriage Coat of arms Deafness Demographics Diaspora Education Health Abortion Mental health Flag Polygamy Public holidays Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Folklore Literature Media Music Religion Sports Languages Anthem Child marriage Coat of arms Deafness Demographics Diaspora Education Health Abortion Mental health Flag Polygamy Public holidays Women Anthem Child marriage Coat of arms Deafness Demographics Diaspora Education Health Abortion Mental health Abortion Mental health Flag Polygamy Public holidays Women Culture Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Folklore Literature Media Music Religion Sports Languages Architecture Art Cinema Cuisine Folklore Literature Media Music Religion Sports Languages Category Portal Category Portal v t e Somali language(s) v t e Major subdivisions Central Somali Digil Dabarre Garre Jiiddu Tunni Maay Coastal Somali Ashraf Benadiri Northern Somali Northern Darod Lower Juba Central Somali Digil Dabarre Garre Jiiddu Tunni Maay Digil Dabarre Garre Jiiddu Tunni Dabarre Garre Jiiddu Tunni Maay Coastal Somali Ashraf Benadiri Ashraf Benadiri Northern Somali Northern Darod Lower Juba Northern Darod Lower Juba v t e Cushitic languages v t e Central Awngi North Kayla Qimant Qwara East Bilen Xamtanga Awngi Awngi North Kayla Qimant Qwara East Bilen Xamtanga Kayla Qimant Qwara Kayla Qimant Qwara Qwara East Bilen Xamtanga Bilen Xamtanga East Highland Burji Sidamoid Hadiyyaic–Kambaataic Hadiyyaic Hadiyya Libido Kambaataic Alaba-Kʼabeena Kambaata Gedeo–Sidama Gedeo Sidama Lowland Omo–Tana Arboroid Arbore Daasanach El Molo Somaloid Baiso Girirra Rendille–Boni Aweer Rendille Somali languages / language Digil Dabarre Garre Tunni Others Ashraf Benadiri Caloowe Harlaad Jiiddu Maay Maay Waqooyi Yibir Oromoid Oromo West–Central Oromo Central–East Central Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo Orma Eastern Eastern Oromo Waata Konsoid Konso Bussa–Dirasha Bussa Dirasha Dullay Ale Dobase Tsamai Saho–Afar Afar Saho Others Boon Dahalo Yaaku Highland Burji Sidamoid Hadiyyaic–Kambaataic Hadiyyaic Hadiyya Libido Kambaataic Alaba-Kʼabeena Kambaata Gedeo–Sidama Gedeo Sidama Burji Burji Sidamoid Hadiyyaic–Kambaataic Hadiyyaic Hadiyya Libido Kambaataic Alaba-Kʼabeena Kambaata Gedeo–Sidama Gedeo Sidama Hadiyyaic–Kambaataic Hadiyyaic Hadiyya Libido Kambaataic Alaba-Kʼabeena Kambaata Hadiyyaic Hadiyya Libido Hadiyya Libido Kambaataic Alaba-Kʼabeena Kambaata Alaba-Kʼabeena Kambaata Gedeo–Sidama Gedeo Sidama Gedeo Sidama Lowland Omo–Tana Arboroid Arbore Daasanach El Molo Somaloid Baiso Girirra Rendille–Boni Aweer Rendille Somali languages / language Digil Dabarre Garre Tunni Others Ashraf Benadiri Caloowe Harlaad Jiiddu Maay Maay Waqooyi Yibir Oromoid Oromo West–Central Oromo Central–East Central Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo Orma Eastern Eastern Oromo Waata Konsoid Konso Bussa–Dirasha Bussa Dirasha Dullay Ale Dobase Tsamai Saho–Afar Afar Saho Others Boon Dahalo Yaaku Omo–Tana Arboroid Arbore Daasanach El Molo Somaloid Baiso Girirra Rendille–Boni Aweer Rendille Somali languages / language Digil Dabarre Garre Tunni Others Ashraf Benadiri Caloowe Harlaad Jiiddu Maay Maay Waqooyi Yibir Arboroid Arbore Daasanach El Molo Arbore Daasanach El Molo Somaloid Baiso Girirra Rendille–Boni Aweer Rendille Somali languages / language Digil Dabarre Garre Tunni Others Ashraf Benadiri Caloowe Harlaad Jiiddu Maay Maay Waqooyi Yibir Baiso Girirra Baiso Girirra Rendille–Boni Aweer Rendille Aweer Rendille Somali languages / language Digil Dabarre Garre Tunni Others Ashraf Benadiri Caloowe Harlaad Jiiddu Maay Maay Waqooyi Yibir Digil Dabarre Garre Tunni Dabarre Garre Tunni Others Ashraf Benadiri Caloowe Harlaad Jiiddu Maay Maay Waqooyi Yibir Ashraf Benadiri Caloowe Harlaad Jiiddu Maay Maay Waqooyi Yibir Oromoid Oromo West–Central Oromo Central–East Central Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo Orma Eastern Eastern Oromo Waata Konsoid Konso Bussa–Dirasha Bussa Dirasha Oromo West–Central Oromo Central–East Central Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo Orma Eastern Eastern Oromo Waata West–Central Oromo West–Central Oromo Central–East Central Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo Orma Eastern Eastern Oromo Waata Central Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo Orma Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo Orma Eastern Eastern Oromo Waata Eastern Oromo Waata Konsoid Konso Bussa–Dirasha Bussa Dirasha Konso Konso Bussa–Dirasha Bussa Dirasha Bussa Dirasha Dullay Ale Dobase Tsamai Ale Dobase Tsamai Saho–Afar Afar Saho Afar Saho Others Boon Dahalo Yaaku Boon Dahalo Yaaku North Medjay Blemmyan Beja Medjay Blemmyan Beja Blemmyan Beja South Taita Cushitic Rift East Asa Kwʼadza West Burunge North Alagwa Iraqwoid Gorowa Iraqw Taita Cushitic Taita Cushitic Rift East Asa Kwʼadza West Burunge North Alagwa Iraqwoid Gorowa Iraqw East Asa Kwʼadza Asa Kwʼadza West Burunge North Alagwa Iraqwoid Gorowa Iraqw Burunge Burunge North Alagwa Iraqwoid Gorowa Iraqw Alagwa Alagwa Iraqwoid Gorowa Iraqw Gorowa Iraqw Others Maʼa Maʼa Italics indicate extinct languages v t e Afroasiatic languages v t e Reconstructed Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Berber Proto-Semitic Proto-Arabic Proto-Afroasiatic Proto-Berber Proto-Semitic Proto-Arabic Berber Eastern Northern Atlas Zenati East Zenati Mzab–Wargla Tuareg Western Eastern Northern Atlas Zenati East Zenati Mzab–Wargla Atlas Zenati East Zenati Mzab–Wargla East Zenati Mzab–Wargla Tuareg Western Chadic Biu–Mandara East West Angas Bade Bole–Tangale Hausa–Gwandara North Bauchi Ron South Bauchi Masa North Marba Massa Musey Zumaya (possibly independent) South Mesme Ngeté-Herdé Peve Biu–Mandara East West Angas Bade Bole–Tangale Hausa–Gwandara North Bauchi Ron South Bauchi Biu–Mandara East West Angas Bade Bole–Tangale Hausa–Gwandara North Bauchi Ron South Bauchi Angas Bade Bole–Tangale Hausa–Gwandara North Bauchi Ron South Bauchi Masa North Marba Massa Musey Zumaya (possibly independent) South Mesme Ngeté-Herdé Peve North Marba Massa Musey Zumaya (possibly independent) Marba Massa Musey Zumaya (possibly independent) South Mesme Ngeté-Herdé Peve Mesme Ngeté-Herdé Peve Cushitic Agaw Dullay Highland East Lowland East Omo–Tana Macro-Somali Rendille–Boni Somali languages Western Oromoid Saho–Afar South Agaw Dullay Highland East Lowland East Omo–Tana Macro-Somali Rendille–Boni Somali languages Western Oromoid Saho–Afar Omo–Tana Macro-Somali Rendille–Boni Somali languages Western Macro-Somali Rendille–Boni Somali languages Rendille–Boni Somali languages Western Oromoid Saho–Afar South Omotic Aroid Dizoid Mao North Gonga Ometo Aroid Dizoid Mao North Gonga Ometo Gonga Ometo Semitic East West Central Northwest South East West Central Northwest South Central Northwest Northwest South Others Egyptian Coptic Kujargé ? (unclassified; possibly East Chadic (B.1.3), Cushitic, transitional or a language isolate) Ongota ? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate) Egyptian Coptic Coptic Kujargé ? (unclassified; possibly East Chadic (B.1.3), Cushitic, transitional or a language isolate) Ongota ? (unclassified; possibly Nilo-Saharan, transitional or a language isolate) Italics indicate extinct languages v t e Languages of Somalia v t e Official languages Somali Arabic Somali Arabic Regional languages Boon Central Somali Digil Dabarre Garre Jiiddu Tunni Maay Swahili Bajuni Bravanese Boon Central Somali Digil Dabarre Garre Jiiddu Tunni Maay Digil Dabarre Garre Jiiddu Tunni Dabarre Garre Jiiddu Tunni Maay Swahili Bajuni Bravanese Bajuni Bravanese Foreign languages English Italian English Italian Sign languages Somali Sign Language Somali Sign Language v t e Languages of Djibouti v t e Official languages Arabic French Arabic French Indigenous languages Afar Somali Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic Afar Somali Taʽizzi-Adeni Arabic Immigrant languages English French Arabic German Italian Hindi Hebrew English French Arabic German Italian Hindi Hebrew v t e Languages of Ethiopia v t e Official languages Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya Afar Amharic Oromo Somali Tigrinya Regional languages Ethiosemitic Amharic Argobba Geʽez Gurage Inor Mesqan Muher Sebat Bet Soddo Zay Harari Siltʼe Tigrinya Cushitic Afar Alaba Ale Arbore Awngi Baiso Bussa Burji Daasanach Dirasha Gedeo Hadiyya Kambaata Konso Libido Oromo Qimant Saho Sidamo Somali Tsamai Xamtanga Omotic Aari Anfillo Bambassi Basketo Bench Boro Chara Dime Dizi Dorze Gamo-Gofa-Dawro Ganza Gayil Hamer-Banna Hozo Kachama-Ganjule Kafa Karo Koorete Maale Melo Nayi Oyda Seze Shekkacho Sheko Wolaitta Yemsa Zayse-Zergulla Nilo-Saharan Anuak Berta Daatsʼiin Gumuz Kacipo-Balesi Komo Kwama Kwegu Majang Meʼen Murle Mursi Nuer Nyangatom Opuuo Shabo Suri Uduk Ethiosemitic Amharic Argobba Geʽez Gurage Inor Mesqan Muher Sebat Bet Soddo Zay Harari Siltʼe Tigrinya Amharic Argobba Geʽez Gurage Inor Mesqan Muher Sebat Bet Soddo Zay Inor Mesqan Muher Sebat Bet Soddo Zay Harari Siltʼe Tigrinya Cushitic Afar Alaba Ale Arbore Awngi Baiso Bussa Burji Daasanach Dirasha Gedeo Hadiyya Kambaata Konso Libido Oromo Qimant Saho Sidamo Somali Tsamai Xamtanga Afar Alaba Ale Arbore Awngi Baiso Bussa Burji Daasanach Dirasha Gedeo Hadiyya Kambaata Konso Libido Oromo Qimant Saho Sidamo Somali Tsamai Xamtanga Omotic Aari Anfillo Bambassi Basketo Bench Boro Chara Dime Dizi Dorze Gamo-Gofa-Dawro Ganza Gayil Hamer-Banna Hozo Kachama-Ganjule Kafa Karo Koorete Maale Melo Nayi Oyda Seze Shekkacho Sheko Wolaitta Yemsa Zayse-Zergulla Aari Anfillo Bambassi Basketo Bench Boro Chara Dime Dizi Dorze Gamo-Gofa-Dawro Ganza Gayil Hamer-Banna Hozo Kachama-Ganjule Kafa Karo Koorete Maale Melo Nayi Oyda Seze Shekkacho Sheko Wolaitta Yemsa Zayse-Zergulla Nilo-Saharan Anuak Berta Daatsʼiin Gumuz Kacipo-Balesi Komo Kwama Kwegu Majang Meʼen Murle Mursi Nuer Nyangatom Opuuo Shabo Suri Uduk Anuak Berta Daatsʼiin Gumuz Kacipo-Balesi Komo Kwama Kwegu Majang Meʼen Murle Mursi Nuer Nyangatom Opuuo Shabo Suri Uduk Foreign languages English Arabic English Arabic Sign languages Ethiopian sign languages Ethiopian sign languages v t e Languages of Kenya v t e Official languages English Swahili English Swahili Indigenous languages Bantu Bajuni Digo Embu Gusii Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki Ilwana Kamba Khayo Kikuyu Kuria Logoli Luhya Marachi Mijikenda Meru Nyole Pokomo Samia Suba Taita West Nyala Cushitic Aweer Burji Daasanach Dahalo El Molo Orma Oromo Rendille Somali Southern Oromo Waata Yaaku Nilo-Saharan Kipsigis Luo Maasai Naandi Ogiek Omotik Pökoot Samburu Tugen Turkana Bantu Bajuni Digo Embu Gusii Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki Ilwana Kamba Khayo Kikuyu Kuria Logoli Luhya Marachi Mijikenda Meru Nyole Pokomo Samia Suba Taita West Nyala Bajuni Digo Embu Gusii Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki Ilwana Kamba Khayo Kikuyu Kuria Logoli Luhya Marachi Mijikenda Meru Nyole Pokomo Samia Suba Taita West Nyala Cushitic Aweer Burji Daasanach Dahalo El Molo Orma Oromo Rendille Somali Southern Oromo Waata Yaaku Aweer Burji Daasanach Dahalo El Molo Orma Oromo Rendille Somali Southern Oromo Waata Yaaku Nilo-Saharan Kipsigis Luo Maasai Naandi Ogiek Omotik Pökoot Samburu Tugen Turkana Kipsigis Luo Maasai Naandi Ogiek Omotik Pökoot Samburu Tugen Turkana Immigrant languages English French Punjabi Spanish German Italian Hindi Hebrew Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Romani Russian Danish Dutch English French Punjabi Spanish German Italian Hindi Hebrew Arabic Chinese Portuguese Japanese Romani Russian Danish Dutch Sign languages Kenyan Sign Language Kenyan Sign Language Urban languages Sheng Engsh Sheng Engsh Authority control databases International GND GND National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX IdRef Yale LUX Somali language Agglutinative languages Subject–object–verb languages Pitch-accent language Languages of Somalia Languages of Ethiopia Languages of Kenya Languages of Djibouti Pages with Somali IPA Pages with plain IPA All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 errors: ISBN date CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles containing Somali-language text Language articles with Linguasphere code Languages with ISO 639-2 code Languages with ISO 639-1 code ISO language articles citing sources other than Ethnologue Harv and Sfn no-target errors Wikipedia articles needing clarification from April 2012 Articles containing Italian-language text Articles containing Persian-language text Articles needing additional references from June 2020 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference CS1 Italian-language sources (it) CS1 French-language sources (fr) This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 16:51 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/Human activities Bahasa Indonesia Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .contentsPage__title{border-bottom:2px solid #333;font-size:1.8em;padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__toc{padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__intro{position:relative;padding:1.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__section{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading{position:relative;border-bottom:2px solid #333;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading h2{font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{font-size:0.9em;white-space:nowrap;display:block;margin-top:10px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{display:inline}}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__sectionlinks{position:absolute;top:10px;right:20px;font-size:0.85em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes{padding:1em;border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes:empty{display:none}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type{background-color:#f5fffa;border:1px solid #a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6fff2}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__title{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6f2ff}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cee0f2;border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3b1bf}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}} Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Wikipedia's contents: Human activities Human activities are the various actions for recreation, living, or necessity done by people. For instance it includes leisure , entertainment , manufacturing , recreation , war , and exercise .sungkai putra Overview Impact of human activity – Cars, effects on society • Population growth • Human overpopulation • Overconsumption • War, effects of Outlines Agriculture The arts – vast subdivision of culture, composed of many creative endeavors and disciplines. The arts encompasses visual arts, literary arts and the performing arts. Communication Education Entertainment Exercise Government Industry Law enforcement Philosophy Politics Religion Science Applied science – application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include all fields of engineering. Formal science – branch of knowledge with many subbranches which are concerned with formal systems. Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules. Natural science – major branch of science that tries to explain and predict nature's phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are among the criteria and methods used for this purpose. Social science – study of the world and its cultures and civilizations. Social science has many branches, each called a "social science". Applied science – application of scientific knowledge transferred into a physical environment. Examples include all fields of engineering. Formal science – branch of knowledge with many subbranches which are concerned with formal systems. Unlike other sciences, the formal sciences are not concerned with the validity of theories based on observations in the real world, but instead with the properties of formal systems based on definitions and rules. Natural science – major branch of science that tries to explain and predict nature's phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are among the criteria and methods used for this purpose. Social science – study of the world and its cultures and civilizations. Social science has many branches, each called a "social science". Sports – organized, competitive, entertaining, and skillful activity requiring commitment, strategy, and fair play, in which a winner can be defined by objective means. Generally speaking, a sport is a game based in physical athleticism. Transport – the transfer of people or things from one place to another. Underwater diving – practice of people descending below the water's surface to interact with the environment. Underwater divers Recreational dive sites Underwater divers Recreational dive sites War – state of armed conflict between states, governments, societies and informal paramilitary groups, such as mercenaries, insurgents and militias. It is generally characterized by extreme violence, aggression, destruction, and mortality, using regular or irregular military forces. Impact of human activity Environmentalism National parks of the United States Glacier National Park • Grand Teton National Park • Yellowstone National Park National parks of the United States Glacier National Park • Grand Teton National Park • Yellowstone National Park Glacier National Park • Grand Teton National Park • Yellowstone National Park Lists Human activity: Games Languages Musical instruments Newspapers Schools Songs Spin-offs Martial arts Methods of capital punishment Mudras Weight training exercises Games Languages Musical instruments Newspapers Schools Songs Spin-offs Martial arts Methods of capital punishment Mudras Weight training exercises Impact of human activity: Battles, by casualties Carbon dioxide emissions, by country Environmental disasters Environmental issues Greenhouse gases, IPCC list Greenhouse gas emissions, top contributors Wars, by death toll Battles, by casualties Carbon dioxide emissions, by country Environmental disasters Environmental issues Greenhouse gases, IPCC list Greenhouse gas emissions, top contributors Wars, by death toll Portals The arts Business Engineering Gardening Martial arts Politics Prostitution Science Sex work Underwater diving Impact of human activity Glossaries Categories Human activities Activism Agriculture Arts Aviation Commemoration Communication Crime Design Education Entertainment Fictional activities Fishing Food and drink preparation Government Hunting Industry Leisure activities Navigation Observation Performing arts Physical exercise Planning Politics Recreation Religion Human spaceflight Sports Trade Transport Travel Underwater human activities Underwater diving War Work Impact of human activity Human impact on the environment ( Climate change , Nature conservation , Deforestation , Environmentalism , Pollution ) Human overpopulation Urbanization Indices Impact of human activity Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Types Vital articles Featured content Good articles Spoken articles Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Places, people and times Academic disciplines Anniversaries (days of the year) today today Sovereign states and dependent territories Timelines decades, centuries, and millennia decades, centuries, and millennia Indices A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Human activities Wikipedia contents Wikipedia semi-protected project pages This page was last edited on 11 December 2021, at 21:37 (UTC) . 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Hafan Porth y Gymuned Y Caffi Materion cyfoes Newidiadau diweddar Erthygl ar hap Cymorth Rhoi Creu cyfrif Mewngofnodi Rhoi Creu cyfrif Mewngofnodi Hafan Hafan Sgwrs Darllen Gweld cod Gweld hanes Darllen Gweld cod Gweld hanes Beth sy'n cysylltu yma Newidiadau perthnasol Dolen barhaol Gwybodaeth am y dudalen Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon Cael URL byr Lawrlwytho cod QR Llunio llyfr Lawrlwytho fel PDF Fersiwn argraffu Comin Wicimedia Wikimedia Foundation MediaWici Meta-Wici Wicimedia Allgymorth Wicidestun Amlieithog Wicifywyd Wicilyfrau Wicidata Wikifunctions Wicimania Wiciddyfynnu Wicidestun Wiciadur Eitem Wicidata Croeso i Wicipedia A wyddoch chi? Yn ogystal â darllen y gwyddoniadur, gallwch ein cynorthwyo i'w ddatblygu a'i wella! Gall unrhyw un olygu unrhyw erthygl drwy glicio ar y gair "Golygu" ar ei brig. Os nad ydyw'n bodoli eto, gallwch greu un newydd! Pigion Caerdydd yw Prifddinas a dinas fwyaf Cymru . Ceir dros 35 o brifddinasoedd llai na hi drwy'r byd. Roedd Caerdydd yn dref fechan tan flynyddoedd cynnar y 19g . Tyfodd yn gyflym gyda dyfodiad y chwyldro diwydiannol ac yn arbennig pan gysylltwyd y cymoedd â rheilffyrdd fel y gellid allforio glo o'r porthladd. Yn 1851 roedd poblogaeth Caerdydd yn 20,000 ond erbyn 1911 roedd yn 182,000 ac erbyn 2021 roedd poblogaeth Caerdydd Fwyaf dros 447,000. Yn 1891 roedd Caerdydd yn allforio 708,000 o dunelli o lo: erbyn 1911 roedd yr allforion yn 10 miliwn tunnell. Roedd porthladd Caerdydd yn cael ei adnabod fel Tiger Bay, ac ar un adeg hwn oedd un o borthladdoedd mwyaf prysur y byd. erbyn y 21g adeiladwyd argae ar draws y bae, gan greu morlyn enfawr. Yr oedd hyn yn ddadleuol iawn ar y pryd, ac yr oedd hefyd yn ofid fod y gymuned leol a oedd yn bodoli yn Tiger Bay yn cael ei chwalu. Ym Mae Caerdydd yr ymsefydlodd Cynulliad Cenedlaethol Cymru , ac yno mae Canolfan y Mileniwm sy'n gartref i Urdd Gobaith Cymru , Opera Cenedlaethol Cymru yn ogystal â Stadiwm y Mileniwm . mwy... Rhagor o bigion Cymraeg You don't speak Cymraeg? Welsh (Cymraeg) is a member of the Celtic family of languages. It is spoken in the western part of Britain known as Wales, as well as in the Chubut Valley, a Welsh immigrant colony in the Patagonia region of Argentina. There are also speakers of Welsh in England, the United States, Australia and other countries throughout the world. Welsh and English are the official languages in Wales. ¿No hablas Cymraeg? El galés (Cymraeg) es un idioma céltico hablado como lengua principal en el País de Gales, región occidental del Reino Unido, y además en Chubut, comunidad de la región de Patagonia en Argentina. Hay gente que habla galés en Inglaterra, en Estados Unidos, en Australia y en otros países del mundo también. Con el inglés, es uno de los dos idiomas oficiales de Gales. Vous ne parlez pas Cymraeg? Le gallois (Cymraeg) est une langue celtique, parlée au Pays de Galles (Grande-Bretagne) et au val de Chubut en Patagonie, province de l'Argentine. Il y a des gallophones en Angleterre, aux États-Unis et en Australie ainsi qu'en d'autres pays du monde. Avec l'anglais, c'est une des deux langues officielles du Pays de Galles. Alemannisch, العربية, Bahasa Melayu, Bân-lâm-gú, Brezhoneg, Български, Català, Česky, Dansk, Deutsch, Dolnoserbski, Eesti, English, Español, Esperanto, Euskara, Français, Frysk, Gaeilge, Gàidhlig. Galego, Hornjoserbsce, 한국어, Bahasa Indonesia, Íslenska, Italiano, עברית, Kapampangan, Kölsch... Ar y dydd hwn 16 Ionawr : 27 CC – pleidleisiodd Senedd Rhufain i roi'r enw " Augustus " i Octavianus 1751 (275 mlynedd yn ôl) – ganwyd Hester Thrale , ffrind Dr Johnson , yn Sir Gaernarfon fel Hester Lynch Salusbury 1806 (220 mlynedd yn ôl) – bu farw William Pitt yr Ieuengaf , prif weinidog y Deyrnas Unedig 1840 (186 mlynedd yn ôl) – condemniwyd y Siartwyr John Frost , William Jones a Zephaniah Williams i farwolaeth 1906 (120 mlynedd yn ôl) – ganwyd Watcyn Thomas , chwaraewr rygbi'r undeb , yn Llanelli Rhagor o ‘Ar y dydd hwn’ – Rhestr dyddiau'r flwyddyn – Materion cyfoes Erthyglau diweddar Elfen glasurol L'Armonista Hogmani Raúl Alfonsín Leonard Clark Storm Goroesiaeth Cronicl Robert Hughes (Glan Collen) Rhestr o gyfrifiadau'r Deyrnas Unedig Gôl-geidwad The Last of the Mohicans Made in Wales Stage Company Tri Chryfion Byd neu Pres Mawr Penna Bach Sir Fynwy Torfaen (etholaeth Senedd) Deddf Mann Jack Johnson (paffiwr) Y Folsan Fawr Casnewydd Islwyn (etholaeth Senedd) Mari Rhian Owen Sinderela Atgof (ffilm 1998) Capella Gaenor Howells Dechrau Canu, Dechrau Canmol Newidiadau diweddar Marwolaethau diweddar Terry Yorath Molly Parkin Eirlys Wyn Jones Hugh Morris Cymorth a Chymuned Ynglŷn â Wicipedia Polisïau a Chanllawiau Hawlfraint Ynglŷn â Wicipedia Geirfa Wicipedia Ysgrifennu Erthyglau Sut i olygu tudalen ( canllaw cryno ) Arddull Canllawiau iaith WiciBrosiectau Erthyglau hanfodol sydd eu hangen Rhestr o ferched heb erthygl arnynt Cymuned Porth y Gymuned Y Caffi Cornel y Dysgwyr / Learners' Corner Chwaer brosiectau Wicipedia Comin Delweddau, sain ayb MediaWici Datblygu meddalwedd rhydd Meta-Wici Wikimedia (Wicimedia) Wicilyfrau Gwerslyfrau a llawlyfrau Wicidata Bas-data ar gyfer yr holl brosiectau (Saesneg) Wicinewyddion Newyddion (Saesneg) Wiciddyfynnu Dyfyniadur Cymraeg Wicidestun Testun Cymraeg, gwreiddiol Wicifywyd Rhywogaethau (Saesneg) Wiciysgol Deunydd a datblygiadau addysgol (Saesneg) Wicidaith Teithlyfr (fersiwn Cymraeg ar y gweill) Wiciadur Geiriadur a thesawrws Cymraeg Ieithoedd Wicipedia Mae Wicipedia i'w chael mewn mwy na 300 iaith . Dyma rai: Dros 1,000,000 o erthyglau: Almaeneg · Arabeg · Arabeg yr Aifft · Cebuano · Eidaleg · Fietnameg · Ffrangeg · Iseldireg · Japaneg · Perseg · Portiwgaleg · Pwyleg · Rwseg · Saesneg · Sbaeneg · Swedeg · Tsieineeg · Waray · Wcreineg Dros 250,000 o erthyglau: Armeneg · Bân-lâm-gú · Basgeg · Bwlgareg · Catalaneg · Corëeg · Cymraeg · Daneg · Esperanto · Ffinneg · Hebraeg · Hwngareg · Indoneseg · Maleieg · Norwyeg - Bokmål · Rwmaneg · Serbeg · Serbo-Croateg · Tatareg · Tsieceg · Tsietsnieg · Twrceg Mewn ieithoedd Celtaidd eraill: Cernyweg · Gaeleg yr Alban · Gwyddeleg · Llydaweg · Manaweg Nodiadau gweinyddol Ar y dydd hwn Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. Jawa ქართული Qaraqalpaqsha Taqbaylit Адыгэбзэ Kabɩyɛ Tyap Kongo Kumoring Gĩkũyũ Қазақша Kalaallisut ភាសាខ្មែរ ಕನ್ನಡ Yerwa Kanuri 한국어 Перем коми Къарачай-малкъар کٲشُر Ripoarisch Kurdî Kʋsaal Коми Kernowek Кыргызча Latina Ladino Lëtzebuergesch Лакку Лезги Lingua Franca Nova Luganda Limburgs Ligure Ladin Lombard Lingála ລາວ Lietuvių Latgaļu Latviešu Madhurâ मैथिली Basa Banyumasan Мокшень Malagasy Олык марий Māori Minangkabau Македонски മലയാളം Монгол ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ ဘာသာမန် Moore मराठी Кырык мары Bahasa Melayu Malti Mirandés မြန်မာဘာသာ Эрзянь مازِرونی Nāhuatl Napulitano Plattdüütsch Nedersaksies नेपाली नेपाल भाषा Li Niha Nederlands Norsk nynorsk Norsk bokmål Novial ߒߞߏ IsiNdebele seSewula Nouormand Sesotho sa Leboa Nupe Diné bizaad Chi-Chewa Occitan Livvinkarjala Oromoo ଓଡ଼ିଆ Ирон ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Pangasinan Kapampangan Papiamentu Picard Naijá Deitsch Pälzisch पालि Polski Piemontèis پنجابی Ποντιακά پښتو Português Pinayuanan Runa Simi ရခိုင် Rumantsch Romani čhib Ikirundi Română Armãneashti Tarandíne Руски Русский Русиньскый Ikinyarwanda संस्कृतम् Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Sardu Sicilianu Scots سنڌي Davvisámegiella Sängö Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Taclḥit တႆး සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina سرائیکی Slovenščina Gagana Samoa Anarâškielâ ChiShona Soomaaliga Shqip Српски / srpski Sranantongo SiSwati Sesotho Seeltersk Sunda Svenska Kiswahili ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ Ślůnski Sakizaya தமிழ் Tayal ತುಳು ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ తెలుగు Tetun Тоҷикӣ ไทย ትግርኛ ትግሬ Türkmençe Tagalog Tolışi Setswana Lea faka-Tonga Toki pona Tok Pisin Türkçe Seediq Xitsonga Татарча / tatarça ChiTumbuka Twi Reo tahiti Тыва дыл Удмурт ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Українська اردو Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Tshivenda Vèneto Vepsän kel’ Tiếng Việt West-Vlams Volapük Walon Winaray Wolof 吴语 Хальмг IsiXhosa მარგალური ייִדיש Yorùbá Vahcuengh Zeêuws ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ 中文 文言 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí 粵語 IsiZulu Golygwyd y dudalen hon ddiwethaf ar 14 Ionawr 2026, am 09:29. Mae'r testun ar gael o dan Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; gall telerau ychwanegol fod yn berthnasol. Gweler y Telerau Gwasanaeth am fanylion. Polisi preifatrwydd Ynglŷn â Wicipedia Gwadiadau Cod Ymddygiad Datblygwyr Ystadegau Datganiad cwcis Golwg symudol
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https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hafan
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Solɔɣu Mabiligu dundɔŋ Din na yoli taɣi Gahim piigi yaɣili Sɔŋsim Yaɣa din gahim Sɔŋma Yoomi akaunt Kpɛma Sɔŋma Yoomi akaunt Kpɛma Solɔɣu Solɔɣu Saawara gbaabu Karimma Lihibu soli Lihimi tarihi Karimma Lihibu soli Lihimi tarihi Bo nlee kanna kpe Taɣibu din ŋmantaba Zaŋ mi lahibaya kɔligu n pa pohim zuɣu Kpalinkpaa soli Yaɣili ŋɔ lahabali Zaŋ sirli ŋɔ lebi shɛhira Bɔmi URL ŋmaa Kpuɣmi QR anfooni Switch to legacy parser Nammi buku Yaami kamani PDF Yaɣi sheli din ni tooi paɣi Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata bɛlinli Amaraaba Na Wikipidia Zugu! Baŋsim bayana kundi sokam ni tooi tɔhisabi. Lahabaya 24,425 m-be Dagbanli bayana kundi ŋɔ ni. Lahabaya Zaa Asanza Lahabali Jilimalana John Dramani Mahama, Ghana Tiŋgbaŋ Zuɣulana Jilimalana John Dramani Mahama nyɛla Ghana Tiŋgbaŋ Zuɣulana. O yila Bole din be Savannah yaɣili tiŋgbaŋ ni na ka lahi be Lem paati ni. O nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Damongo din be Damongo piibu-piibu yaɣili la din mi gba be Savanna Region Ghana pulini. O chɛŋ la Ghana Senior High School din be Tamale , tudu yaɣili . Jilimalana Evans Atta Mills ni daa saŋ zaŋ o nuu n dihi buɣa tiŋa ka be daa piigi o tuuli tiŋgbaŋ zuɣulana. Jilimalana Mahama n daa nyɛ minisita zuɣulana paa n-zaŋ ti lahabaya tibu ni di wuligibu minisita tali silimiin' gɔli April yuuni 1997 hali ni November yuuni 1998. Ŋuni n-daa lahi nyɛ chaamani zuɣulana paa zaŋ ti Publicity Committee din daa sɔŋdi lampoo Value Added Tax (VAT) labibu na. ...Karimmi pahi Asanza lahabaya di pun gari Lahabali Din Gahim Baamaaya Bagabaga College of Education (bɛ ni daa mi shɛli Bagabaga Training College , bee BATCO la) nyɛla karimzɔŋ karili din be Tamale ( Sagnarigu Municipality , Northern region , Ghana) n-wumisiri karimbanimaKarimzɔŋ maa nyɛla din be Northern zone la ni. Di nyɛla Ghana tingbani ŋɔ ni karimbanima karim zɔndi din kalinli yiɣisi kaman pihinahi ni ayɔbu (46) la puuni yini. Silimiingoli January biɛɣu pihita ni yini dali (31 st),1944 yuuni ka bɛ daa kpa lala karimzɔŋ ŋɔ. Bɛ daa zaŋ la shikurubihi pia ni ayopɔin (17) m-pili [[shikuru ŋɔ, ka zaŋ tɛhisuma din nyɛ baŋsim lɛbu dini ni di che ka bɛ lee karimba maŋa n-wuhiri m mayaankalɛhi shikuriti. Bagabaga College of Education nyɛla shikuru shɛli din ba daansi ni Sagnarigu Municipal Education duu la yaɣili ni Tamale Senior High School nti pahi Tamale Technical University karimzɔŋ kara la. Bagabaga College of Education (BACE), Tamale Technical University (TaTU) , Tamale College of Education (TACE) , Bagabaga Demonstration KG/PRIMARY/JHS zaa ka bɛ laɣim boli Education Ridge la Sagnarigu yaɣili la. Bagabaga College of Education nyɛla karimzɔŋ shɛli din bɛ University of Education, Winnebanima fukumsi ni. Bagabaga College of Education nyɛla karimzɔŋ shɛli ban wumsi karimbanima pam ka bɛ be bolli ni yiɣ'jam yaɣili Northern tudu yaɣili. Bagabaga College of Education nyɛla ban kpaŋdi bɛ maŋ pam zaŋ chaŋ karimba mini karimmanima bɔhimbu polo ......Karimmi pahi Asanza lahabaya di pun gari Ami Ni...? Alikuraan Alikuraan muni bɛla ti Dagbani Wikipedia ŋɔ zuɣu? Dagbaŋ kurili saha yuya galisiya pam? Anabi Mahamaru nyɛla ninvuɣ'so ŋun nyɛ Anabinima bahigu. O laribu yuli n-nyɛ Aḥmad, Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim Mahamaru ka be daa siɣsi Al Kurani n-ti? Ghana Senior High School (GHANASCO) nyɛla bi’kura karim zɔŋ shɛli din be Tamali Northern Region, Ghana tiŋgban ni ka n-nyɛ yuun' pihi yɔbu? Asanza lahabaya di pun gari Zuŋɔ Foto Gahindili Wasawasa - Ghana . Asanza lahabaya di pun gari Wikimedia tuma yaɣa Wikipedia nyɛla ban tumdi ka bi deiri yɔri ni tohiri sabiri shɛli and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other volunteer projects: Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination View total pages Jilimalana John Dramani Mahama nyɛla Ghana Tiŋgbaŋ Zuɣulana. O yila Bole din be Savannah yaɣili tiŋgbaŋ ni na ka lahi be Lem paati ni. O nyɛla bɛ ni daa dɔɣi so Damongo din be Damongo piibu-piibu yaɣili la din mi gba be Savanna Region Ghana pulini. O chɛŋ la Ghana Senior High School din be Tamale , tudu yaɣili . Jilimalana Evans Atta Mills ni daa saŋ zaŋ o nuu n dihi buɣa tiŋa ka be daa piigi o tuuli tiŋgbaŋ zuɣulana. Jilimalana Mahama n daa nyɛ minisita zuɣulana paa n-zaŋ ti lahabaya tibu ni di wuligibu minisita tali silimiin' gɔli April yuuni 1997 hali ni November yuuni 1998. Ŋuni n-daa lahi nyɛ chaamani zuɣulana paa zaŋ ti Publicity Committee din daa sɔŋdi lampoo Value Added Tax (VAT) labibu na. Bagabaga College of Education (bɛ ni daa mi shɛli Bagabaga Training College , bee BATCO la) nyɛla karimzɔŋ karili din be Tamale ( Sagnarigu Municipality , Northern region , Ghana) n-wumisiri karimbanimaKarimzɔŋ maa nyɛla din be Northern zone la ni. Di nyɛla Ghana tingbani ŋɔ ni karimbanima karim zɔndi din kalinli yiɣisi kaman pihinahi ni ayɔbu (46) la puuni yini. Silimiingoli January biɛɣu pihita ni yini dali (31 st),1944 yuuni ka bɛ daa kpa lala karimzɔŋ ŋɔ. Bɛ daa zaŋ la shikurubihi pia ni ayopɔin (17) m-pili [[shikuru ŋɔ, ka zaŋ tɛhisuma din nyɛ baŋsim lɛbu dini ni di che ka bɛ lee karimba maŋa n-wuhiri m mayaankalɛhi shikuriti. Bagabaga College of Education nyɛla shikuru shɛli din ba daansi ni Sagnarigu Municipal Education duu la yaɣili ni Tamale Senior High School nti pahi Tamale Technical University karimzɔŋ kara la. Bagabaga College of Education (BACE), Tamale Technical University (TaTU) , Tamale College of Education (TACE) , Bagabaga Demonstration KG/PRIMARY/JHS zaa ka bɛ laɣim boli Education Ridge la Sagnarigu yaɣili la. Bagabaga College of Education nyɛla karimzɔŋ shɛli din bɛ University of Education, Winnebanima fukumsi ni. Bagabaga College of Education nyɛla karimzɔŋ shɛli ban wumsi karimbanima pam ka bɛ be bolli ni yiɣ'jam yaɣili Northern tudu yaɣili. Bagabaga College of Education nyɛla ban kpaŋdi bɛ maŋ pam zaŋ chaŋ karimba mini karimmanima bɔhimbu polo Alikuraan muni bɛla ti Dagbani Wikipedia ŋɔ zuɣu? Dagbaŋ kurili saha yuya galisiya pam? Anabi Mahamaru nyɛla ninvuɣ'so ŋun nyɛ Anabinima bahigu. O laribu yuli n-nyɛ Aḥmad, Abū al-Qāsim Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn ʿAbd al-Muṭṭalib ibn Hāshim Mahamaru ka be daa siɣsi Al Kurani n-ti? Ghana Senior High School (GHANASCO) nyɛla bi’kura karim zɔŋ shɛli din be Tamali Northern Region, Ghana tiŋgban ni ka n-nyɛ yuun' pihi yɔbu? Asanza lahabaya di pun gari Wikipedia nyɛla ban tumdi ka bi deiri yɔri ni tohiri sabiri shɛli and hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization that also hosts a range of other volunteer projects: Commons Free media repository Wiktionary Dictionary and thesaurus Wikidata Free knowledge base Wikiquote Collection of quotations Wikibooks Free textbooks and manuals Wikisource Free-content library Wikispecies Directory of species Wikiversity Free learning materials and activities Meta-Wiki Wikimedia project coordination Solɔɣu Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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Ikhasi Elikhulu Isikhungo sezingxoxo Izinguquko ezisandakwenzeka umgagamelwa Usizo Amakhasi abalulekile Nikela Dala i-akhawunti Ngena Nikela Dala i-akhawunti Ngena Ikhasi Elikhulu Ikhasi lengqikithi Ingxoxo Funda Buka umthombo Bona umlando Funda Buka umthombo Bona umlando yini exhumela lapha Izinguquko ezahlobene Layisha ifayili Isixhumanisi esingaguquki Imininingwane yekhasi Caphuna leli ikhasi Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Akha incwadi Landa njenge-PDF Inguquko egxifekayo Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wiktionary Wikidata into @media screen and (max-width:720px){body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output td,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tr,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .mp-column,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatleft,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .floatright,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output tbody,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output table{display:block!important;float:none!important;width:100%!important;height:auto!important;box-sizing:border-box}} Siyakwamukela kwi Wikipedia ye siZulu , Umthombo obalulekile ongahlelwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Manje, sekunemibhalo eyiz i- 11,851 ngesiZulu. Masiqale! Amazwe Izilimi Ubuciko Ubuchwepheshe Ezomkhathi Amaholide Imidlalo Izilwane Imvelo Ukudla Izinkolo Isayensi Umculo Imibhalo elungiwe iRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika yizwe eliseningizimu ezwenikazi lase Afrika yaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi iRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika. Ihlanganiswa amakhilomitha ayizi-2,798 agudle usebe lolwandle okuyi iNdiyeni kanye ne-Atlanthiki. Amazwe angomakhelwane ahlanganisa iNamibhiya , iButswana , iZimbabwe , Mozambiki kanye ne Swatini ; iLesotho iyizwe elincane elizungezwe yiNingizimu Afrika. Umengameli waseNingizimu Afrika ngu Mnz. Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa ( okuningi ). Uthi bewazi Ukuthi... IsiZulu singulimi lwamaZulu. Ngulimi lwesiNguni . Sikhulunywa eNingizimu Afrika ngabantu abayizi-10 677 305 (ukubala kwesizwe kwezi-2001) futhi siqondwa ngabantu abayizi-25000000. Lolu Limi lukhulunywa ngabantu abaningi esifundazweni sa KwaZulu-Natali ( okuningi... ) Amaqiniso... Ukhisimusi isikhathi esiletha injabulo kubantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Lesi sikhathi senza ukuba kube khona ukuhlangana nemindeni okudala yagcinana, kuhlalwe kuphunyulwe, futhi kuncokolwe. KumaKhrestu ukhisimusi usho usuku lapho uJesu Krestu azalwa ngalo. Uma sokusondele lesi sikhathi sibona ngemihlobiso emihle futhi ehlukahlukeni emigwaqeni, ezitolo, nasemakhaya. ( okuningi... ) Izifundo Amazwe : iAngola - iButswana - iZimbabwe - iNamibhiya - iMozambiki - iKongo - Eswatini - iGhanna - iZambia - iRashiya - iJalimani - iNgilandi - iSikotilandi - iFulansi - iSpaniya - iMelika - iKhanada - iMekisiko - iShayina - iTheki - i-Ostreliya - iNyuzilandi Izilimi : isiZulu - isiNgisi - isiFulentshi - isiJalimani - isiSpeyini - IsiKhathalani - isiTaliya - IsiShayina - IsiJaphani - IsiRashiya - IsiSwidishi - IsiHebheru - isiBhunu - isiXhosa - isiSuthu - Isi-Arabhu - IsiPholisi Amazwekazi : iAntaktika - iMelika Enyakatho - iMelika Eningizimu - iYurophu - iAfrika - iAshiya - iOsheaniya Amaholide : Usuku lwenkululeko - Usuku Lwabasebenzi - Ukhisimuzi - Usuku lwabesifazane - Usuku lwaMalungelo Esintu - Usuku lwephasika Imidlalo : Umbhoxo - Ibhola lezinyawo - Ikhilikithi Izilwane : Ikati - Inja - Indlovu - Indlulamithi - ibhubesi - inyamazane - inkomazi - izimvu - inkalankala Izinkolo : Inkolo - True Jesus Church - uNkulunkulu - iBhayibheli - uKhisimusi - iPhasika - insindiso - umoya ongcwele - isonto - izulu - ingelosi - uBudha - Inkolo kaBudha Ukudla : utamatisi - izambane - uphuthu - amaqanda - inyama - isinkwa - ubisi - isitambu - ubhanana Izimvelo : intaba - umfula - ulwandle - impophoma - ichibi - iqhwa - amanzi Izinsimbi : igolide - isiliva - ibhulonze - insimbi - umthofu Ubuchwepheshe : amahlelokusebenza - umakhalekhukhwini - ilaptop - ikhompyutha Izithombe ezilungiwe IGoli ( IsiNgisi : Johannesburg) ilidolobha elikhulu e Gauteng , IGoli libuye libizwe ngokuthi Kwandongaziyaduma noma e Msawawa . Idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke kwelase Ningizimu Afrika . Igama lisho elithi iGoli lisusele egameni lesilungu elthi Gold noma igolide ngesiZulu, lisho ukuthi KwaGolide . EGoli yilapho umnotho omningi waseNingizimu Afrika uzinze khona. Siyakwamukela kwi Wikipedia ye siZulu , Umthombo obalulekile ongahlelwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Manje, sekunemibhalo eyiz i- 11,851 ngesiZulu. Masiqale! Siyakwamukela kwi Wikipedia ye siZulu , Umthombo obalulekile ongahlelwa yiwo wonke umuntu. Manje, sekunemibhalo eyiz i- 11,851 ngesiZulu. Masiqale! Amazwe Izilimi Ubuciko Ubuchwepheshe Ezomkhathi Amazwe Izilimi Ubuciko Ubuchwepheshe Ezomkhathi Amaholide Imidlalo Izilwane Imvelo Amaholide Imidlalo Izilwane Imvelo Ukudla Izinkolo Isayensi Umculo Ukudla Izinkolo Isayensi Umculo Imibhalo elungiwe iRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika yizwe eliseningizimu ezwenikazi lase Afrika yaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi iRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika. Ihlanganiswa amakhilomitha ayizi-2,798 agudle usebe lolwandle okuyi iNdiyeni kanye ne-Atlanthiki. Amazwe angomakhelwane ahlanganisa iNamibhiya , iButswana , iZimbabwe , Mozambiki kanye ne Swatini ; iLesotho iyizwe elincane elizungezwe yiNingizimu Afrika. Umengameli waseNingizimu Afrika ngu Mnz. Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa ( okuningi ). Uthi bewazi Ukuthi... IsiZulu singulimi lwamaZulu. Ngulimi lwesiNguni . Sikhulunywa eNingizimu Afrika ngabantu abayizi-10 677 305 (ukubala kwesizwe kwezi-2001) futhi siqondwa ngabantu abayizi-25000000. Lolu Limi lukhulunywa ngabantu abaningi esifundazweni sa KwaZulu-Natali ( okuningi... ) Amaqiniso... Ukhisimusi isikhathi esiletha injabulo kubantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Lesi sikhathi senza ukuba kube khona ukuhlangana nemindeni okudala yagcinana, kuhlalwe kuphunyulwe, futhi kuncokolwe. KumaKhrestu ukhisimusi usho usuku lapho uJesu Krestu azalwa ngalo. Uma sokusondele lesi sikhathi sibona ngemihlobiso emihle futhi ehlukahlukeni emigwaqeni, ezitolo, nasemakhaya. ( okuningi... ) Imibhalo elungiwe Imibhalo elungiwe Imibhalo elungiwe iRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika yizwe eliseningizimu ezwenikazi lase Afrika yaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngokuthi iRiphabliki yaseNingizimu Afrika. Ihlanganiswa amakhilomitha ayizi-2,798 agudle usebe lolwandle okuyi iNdiyeni kanye ne-Atlanthiki. Amazwe angomakhelwane ahlanganisa iNamibhiya , iButswana , iZimbabwe , Mozambiki kanye ne Swatini ; iLesotho iyizwe elincane elizungezwe yiNingizimu Afrika. Umengameli waseNingizimu Afrika ngu Mnz. Matamela Cyril Ramaphosa ( okuningi ). Uthi bewazi Ukuthi... Uthi bewazi Ukuthi... Uthi bewazi Ukuthi... IsiZulu singulimi lwamaZulu. Ngulimi lwesiNguni . Sikhulunywa eNingizimu Afrika ngabantu abayizi-10 677 305 (ukubala kwesizwe kwezi-2001) futhi siqondwa ngabantu abayizi-25000000. Lolu Limi lukhulunywa ngabantu abaningi esifundazweni sa KwaZulu-Natali ( okuningi... ) Amaqiniso... Amaqiniso... Amaqiniso... Ukhisimusi isikhathi esiletha injabulo kubantu abaningi emhlabeni jikelele. Lesi sikhathi senza ukuba kube khona ukuhlangana nemindeni okudala yagcinana, kuhlalwe kuphunyulwe, futhi kuncokolwe. KumaKhrestu ukhisimusi usho usuku lapho uJesu Krestu azalwa ngalo. Uma sokusondele lesi sikhathi sibona ngemihlobiso emihle futhi ehlukahlukeni emigwaqeni, ezitolo, nasemakhaya. ( okuningi... ) Izifundo Amazwe : iAngola - iButswana - iZimbabwe - iNamibhiya - iMozambiki - iKongo - Eswatini - iGhanna - iZambia - iRashiya - iJalimani - iNgilandi - iSikotilandi - iFulansi - iSpaniya - iMelika - iKhanada - iMekisiko - iShayina - iTheki - i-Ostreliya - iNyuzilandi Izilimi : isiZulu - isiNgisi - isiFulentshi - isiJalimani - isiSpeyini - IsiKhathalani - isiTaliya - IsiShayina - IsiJaphani - IsiRashiya - IsiSwidishi - IsiHebheru - isiBhunu - isiXhosa - isiSuthu - Isi-Arabhu - IsiPholisi Amazwekazi : iAntaktika - iMelika Enyakatho - iMelika Eningizimu - iYurophu - iAfrika - iAshiya - iOsheaniya Amaholide : Usuku lwenkululeko - Usuku Lwabasebenzi - Ukhisimuzi - Usuku lwabesifazane - Usuku lwaMalungelo Esintu - Usuku lwephasika Imidlalo : Umbhoxo - Ibhola lezinyawo - Ikhilikithi Izilwane : Ikati - Inja - Indlovu - Indlulamithi - ibhubesi - inyamazane - inkomazi - izimvu - inkalankala Izinkolo : Inkolo - True Jesus Church - uNkulunkulu - iBhayibheli - uKhisimusi - iPhasika - insindiso - umoya ongcwele - isonto - izulu - ingelosi - uBudha - Inkolo kaBudha Ukudla : utamatisi - izambane - uphuthu - amaqanda - inyama - isinkwa - ubisi - isitambu - ubhanana Izimvelo : intaba - umfula - ulwandle - impophoma - ichibi - iqhwa - amanzi Izinsimbi : igolide - isiliva - ibhulonze - insimbi - umthofu Ubuchwepheshe : amahlelokusebenza - umakhalekhukhwini - ilaptop - ikhompyutha Izifundo Izifundo Izifundo Amazwe : iAngola - iButswana - iZimbabwe - iNamibhiya - iMozambiki - iKongo - Eswatini - iGhanna - iZambia - iRashiya - iJalimani - iNgilandi - iSikotilandi - iFulansi - iSpaniya - iMelika - iKhanada - iMekisiko - iShayina - iTheki - i-Ostreliya - iNyuzilandi Izilimi : isiZulu - isiNgisi - isiFulentshi - isiJalimani - isiSpeyini - IsiKhathalani - isiTaliya - IsiShayina - IsiJaphani - IsiRashiya - IsiSwidishi - IsiHebheru - isiBhunu - isiXhosa - isiSuthu - Isi-Arabhu - IsiPholisi Amazwekazi : iAntaktika - iMelika Enyakatho - iMelika Eningizimu - iYurophu - iAfrika - iAshiya - iOsheaniya Amaholide : Usuku lwenkululeko - Usuku Lwabasebenzi - Ukhisimuzi - Usuku lwabesifazane - Usuku lwaMalungelo Esintu - Usuku lwephasika Imidlalo : Umbhoxo - Ibhola lezinyawo - Ikhilikithi Izilwane : Ikati - Inja - Indlovu - Indlulamithi - ibhubesi - inyamazane - inkomazi - izimvu - inkalankala Izinkolo : Inkolo - True Jesus Church - uNkulunkulu - iBhayibheli - uKhisimusi - iPhasika - insindiso - umoya ongcwele - isonto - izulu - ingelosi - uBudha - Inkolo kaBudha Ukudla : utamatisi - izambane - uphuthu - amaqanda - inyama - isinkwa - ubisi - isitambu - ubhanana Izimvelo : intaba - umfula - ulwandle - impophoma - ichibi - iqhwa - amanzi Izinsimbi : igolide - isiliva - ibhulonze - insimbi - umthofu Ubuchwepheshe : amahlelokusebenza - umakhalekhukhwini - ilaptop - ikhompyutha Izilimi : isiZulu - isiNgisi - isiFulentshi - isiJalimani - isiSpeyini - IsiKhathalani - isiTaliya - IsiShayina - IsiJaphani - IsiRashiya - IsiSwidishi - IsiHebheru - isiBhunu - isiXhosa - isiSuthu - Isi-Arabhu - IsiPholisi Amazwekazi : iAntaktika - iMelika Enyakatho - iMelika Eningizimu - iYurophu - iAfrika - iAshiya - iOsheaniya Amaholide : Usuku lwenkululeko - Usuku Lwabasebenzi - Ukhisimuzi - Usuku lwabesifazane - Usuku lwaMalungelo Esintu - Usuku lwephasika Imidlalo : Umbhoxo - Ibhola lezinyawo - Ikhilikithi Izilwane : Ikati - Inja - Indlovu - Indlulamithi - ibhubesi - inyamazane - inkomazi - izimvu - inkalankala Izinkolo : Inkolo - True Jesus Church - uNkulunkulu - iBhayibheli - uKhisimusi - iPhasika - insindiso - umoya ongcwele - isonto - izulu - ingelosi - uBudha - Inkolo kaBudha Ukudla : utamatisi - izambane - uphuthu - amaqanda - inyama - isinkwa - ubisi - isitambu - ubhanana Izimvelo : intaba - umfula - ulwandle - impophoma - ichibi - iqhwa - amanzi Izinsimbi : igolide - isiliva - ibhulonze - insimbi - umthofu Izithombe ezilungiwe IGoli ( IsiNgisi : Johannesburg) ilidolobha elikhulu e Gauteng , IGoli libuye libizwe ngokuthi Kwandongaziyaduma noma e Msawawa . Idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke kwelase Ningizimu Afrika . Igama lisho elithi iGoli lisusele egameni lesilungu elthi Gold noma igolide ngesiZulu, lisho ukuthi KwaGolide . EGoli yilapho umnotho omningi waseNingizimu Afrika uzinze khona. Izithombe ezilungiwe Izithombe ezilungiwe Izithombe ezilungiwe IGoli ( IsiNgisi : Johannesburg) ilidolobha elikhulu e Gauteng , IGoli libuye libizwe ngokuthi Kwandongaziyaduma noma e Msawawa . Idolobha elikhulu kunawo wonke kwelase Ningizimu Afrika . Igama lisho elithi iGoli lisusele egameni lesilungu elthi Gold noma igolide ngesiZulu, lisho ukuthi KwaGolide . EGoli yilapho umnotho omningi waseNingizimu Afrika uzinze khona. Usizo Ngokubhala Wamukelekile ukuba ufundele ukuhlela imibhalo kwi Sandbox . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Biography 2 See also 3 References Edgar Sanabria العربية Asturianu ChiTumbuka Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Italiano مصرى Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Türkçe Українська Yorùbá Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Edgar Sanabria President of Venezuela Interim In office 14 November 1958 – 13 February 1959 Preceded by Wolfgang Larrazábal Succeeded by Rómulo Betancourt Personal details Born Edgar Sanabria Arcia ( 1911-10-03 ) 3 October 1911 Caracas , Venezuela Died 24 April 1989 (1989-04-24) (aged 77) Caracas , Venezuela Spouse Cecilia Báez Palacios Alma mater Central University of Venezuela Signature Edgar Sanabria Arcia ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} Spanish pronunciation: [ˈeðɣaɾ saˈnaβɾja] ; 3 October 1911 – 24 April 1989) was a Venezuelan lawyer, diplomat, and politician. He served as the acting president of Venezuela from 1958 to 1959. Biography He was born in Caracas to his parents Gorge Sanabria Bruzal and Magdalena Arcia. He graduated from the Central University of Venezuela in 1935, becoming a law professor at the same university a year later. He worked for several ministries during the presidency of Isaias Medina Angarita . [ 1 ] He belonged to the provisional Government Junta after the overthrow of Marcos Pérez Jiménez on 23 January 1958, and was interim President of Venezuela when replaced the Rear admiral Wolfgang Larrazábal because he decides to appear in the elections of 18, November 1958. During the interim presidency Sanabria implemented the Supplementary Tax Law through which the tax rate is raised to oil companies from 50 to 60%. The Law of Universities was also sanctioned, in which the statute of university autonomy and the inviolability of its precincts were restored by any state security agency. On 12 December 1958, issued Decree No. 473, which created the El Ávila National Park covering an area of 66,192 hectares, with the purpose of preserving the scenic beauty, its fauna, flora and biodiversity. The electoral result of the presidential elections of 1958 favored Rómulo Betancourt of Acción Democrática, followed by Larrazábal who was supported by URD , PCV and other political parties, and in the third place COPEI, with his hegemonic candidate Rafael Caldera . On 18 February 1959, Sanabria handed over power to Romulo Betancourt in a joint session of the National Congress. [ citation needed ] After leaving the presidency, he served as Ambassador to the Holy See (1959–1963), Switzerland (1964–1968), and Austria (1968–1970). [ 2 ] He died in Caracas , after a stroke, on 24 April 1989, at the age of 77. [ citation needed ] See also Presidents of Venezuela References ^ Short Bio Archived 20 June 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ (Spanish) International Jose Guillermo Carrillo Foundation (in Spanish) Edgar Sanabria – Biography at Venezuelatuya.com Political offices Preceded by Wolfgang Larrazábal President of Venezuela (Interim) 1958–1959 Succeeded by Rómulo Betancourt .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e President of Venezuela ( list ) v t e State of Venezuela Páez 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 Gual Páez Páez 1831–1835 1831–1835 Narvarte Vargas 1835 1835 Carreño Vargas 1835–1836 1835–1836 Narvarte Carreño Soublette Páez 1839–1843 1839–1843 Soublette J. T. Monagas J. G. Monagas J. T. Monagas Gual J. Castro Gual Tovar 1859–1861 1859–1861 Gual Páez United States of Venezuela Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez Falcón Bruzual Villegas J. R. Monagas Villegas Guzmán Linares Valera Guzmán Crespo 1884–1886 1884–1886 Guzmán H. López Rojas 1888–1890 1888–1890 Andueza 1890–1892 1890–1892 Villegas Villegas Pulido Crespo Andrade 1898–1899 1898–1899 C. Castro 1899–1908 1899–1908 Gómez 1908–1935 1908–1935 Gil Fortoul Márquez Gómez J. Pérez Gómez López Contreras Medina Betancourt Gallegos 1948 1948 Delgado Chalbaud Suárez Flamerich Pérez Jiménez 4th Republic Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 Larrazábal Sanabria Betancourt 1959–1964 1959–1964 Leoni 1964–1969 1964–1969 Caldera 1969–1974 1969–1974 C. Pérez 1974–1979 1974–1979 Herrera 1979–1984 1979–1984 Lusinchi 1984–1989 1984–1989 C. Pérez 1988–1993 1988–1993 Lepage 1993 1993 Velásquez 1993–1994 1993–1994 Caldera 1994–1999 1994–1999 Bolivarian Republic Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 Rodríguez Chávez Cabello Chávez Maduro 2013–2019 2013–2019 Guaidó 1 2019–2023 2019–2023 Maduro 2019–2025 2019–2025 Rodríguez Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in italics 1 Recognized by the National Assembly as "interim president" during the Venezuelan presidential crisis until 2023 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF FAST WorldCat National United States Spain Vatican United States Spain Vatican Other Yale LUX Yale LUX 1911 births 1989 deaths Politicians from Caracas Venezuelan Roman Catholics Venezuelan people of Canarian descent Venezuelan people of Spanish descent Presidents of Venezuela Venezuelan diplomats Ambassadors of Venezuela to Switzerland Ambassadors of Venezuela to Austria Ambassadors of Venezuela to the Holy See Central University of Venezuela alumni Academic staff of the Central University of Venezuela 20th-century Venezuelan lawyers Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from July 2024 Pages with Spanish IPA All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2023 Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) This page was last edited on 28 May 2025, at 08:19 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History 2 Notable artists Toggle Notable artists subsection 2.1 Kiss 2.2 Cher 2.3 Parliament 2.4 Donna Summer 2.5 Village People 2.6 Lipps, Inc. 2.7 Lindsay Lohan 2.8 Mika 2.9 Tiësto 2.10 Kungs 2.11 Martin Solveig 2.12 SG Lewis 2.1 Kiss 2.2 Cher 2.3 Parliament 2.4 Donna Summer 2.5 Village People 2.6 Lipps, Inc. 2.7 Lindsay Lohan 2.8 Mika 2.9 Tiësto 2.10 Kungs 2.11 Martin Solveig 2.12 SG Lewis 3 Other events 4 Post-Bogart years 5 Official book 6 2000 relaunch Toggle 2000 relaunch subsection 6.1 Releases 6.1 Releases 7 2012 relaunch Toggle 2012 relaunch subsection 7.1 Artist list 7.2 Past Casablanca artists 7.1 Artist list 7.2 Past Casablanca artists 8 References 9 External links Casablanca Records العربية Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Casablanca Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( March 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Casablanca Records" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR ( April 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) This article contains weasel words : vague phrasing that often accompanies biased or unverifiable information . Such statements should be clarified or removed . ( March 2009 ) @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}} Casablanca Records Parent company Universal Music Group Founded June 19, 1973 ; 52 years ago ( 1973-06-19 ) Founder .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Neil Bogart Larry Harris Cecil Holmes Buck Reingold Neil Bogart Larry Harris Cecil Holmes Buck Reingold Distributors Republic Records (since 2012) Mercury Records (1977–2012; in the US) MCA (France) Universal Music Group (International) Republic Records (since 2012) Mercury Records (1977–2012; in the US) MCA (France) Universal Music Group (International) Genre .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:"\a0 · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Dance electronic Dance electronic Country of origin United States Location New York City , New York, U.S. Official website casablancarecords .com Casablanca Records is an American record label owned by Universal Music Group and operated under Republic Records . Under its founder Neil Bogart , Casablanca was most successful during the disco era of the mid to late 1970s. The label focuses on dance and electronic music under the direction of Brett Alperowitz. History Neil Bogart (originally Bogatz until adopting the name of his favorite actor Humphrey Bogart ) founded Casablanca Records after departing Buddah Records due to clashes with its owners. In 1973 Bogart enticed Warner Bros. Records into financing Casablanca. Due to Warner's ownership of all rights to the film Casablanca , Bogart's adoption of the movie's name and title look for its records label logo went without legal objection. The label's first signing was Kiss but its first single release was Bill Amesbury 's "Virginia (Touch Me Like You Do)", a minor hit on the US Hot 100. "Butter Boy" by Fanny and The Hudson Brothers ' "So You Are a Star" proved to be Casablanca's first Billboard Top 40 hits. Warner Bros. developed doubts about Casablanca's viability, in particular with the signing of Kiss. Bogart's brashness also did not help relations or gain much support for his acts and releases which had only modest success. Warner head Mo Ostin ceded Bogart full ownership of the label. The now-independent Casablanca Records was suddenly put in a tenuous financial situation as it still had yet to score a major hit album and no longer had the backing of Warner Bros. Casablanca was banking on the success of an upcoming album it was planning: a two-record set of audio highlights from television's The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson . The album was entitled Here's Johnny: Magic Moments from The Tonight Show and was released in November 1974. [ 1 ] Although the album was certified gold by the RIAA for shipments to stores of over 500,000 copies, the album did not sell well, and returns from retailers of unsold copies were high. Even the promotional copies were returned, initiating the joke that it shipped gold and went back to the label platinum . Casablanca had realized that even though The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson was immensely popular, the show did not carry over well to recordings. [ 2 ] By mid-1975, Casablanca was almost bankrupt, and desperately needed a commercial breakthrough if they were to survive. [ 3 ] That breakthrough came in an unlikely form: a double live album, Alive! (1975). It became both Casablanca's and Kiss's first top ten album. [ 4 ] Casablanca eventually became one of the most successful American labels of the 1970s, signing and releasing records by such acts as Kiss , Donna Summer , Village People , Cher , Lipps Inc. (with lead vocalist Cynthia Johnson ), and George Clinton 's Parliament . In 1976, the label merged with indie-film company Filmworks, Inc., headed by founder Peter Guber , to form Casablanca Record and FilmWorks, Inc. , which had hits with the movies The Deep and Midnight Express . In 1977, PolyGram acquired a 50% stake in Casablanca for $15 million, followed by purchasing the other half in 1980. Also that year, one of the label's biggest acts, Donna Summer, departed to Geffen Records as she and Casablanca failed to agree on her musical direction for the future. That same year, PolyGram pushed Bogart out of Casablanca due to what it viewed as the label's overspending and accounting irregularities. The film division was separated from the label and renamed PolyGram Pictures . In the early 1980s, with Bogart no longer heading the label, Casablanca had hits with acts Lipps Inc., Stephanie Mills , Cameo (on sister label Chocolate City Records ), The Four Tops , Mac Davis and Irene Cara but it did not achieve the same level of success it had enjoyed in the 1970s. The label was eventually shut down by PolyGram with some of the artist roster and catalog absorbed into sister label, Mercury Records . In 1999, PolyGram (including its subsidiaries) was purchased by Seagram and then merged with Seagram's MCA Music Entertainment Group to form the Universal Music Group . In 2000, the Casablanca Records name was revived for a joint venture between Universal Music Group and Tommy Mottola . In a Billboard article, Mottola said that he chose the name as a homage to the original label but that there was no connection between the old and new labels. Casablanca is currently a dance and electronic label under Republic Records headed by GM, Brett Alperowitz, who on April 13, 2021, was also named EVP of A&R by Republic Records' president of West Coast creative, Wendy Goldstein. [ 5 ] Notable artists Kiss Kiss was the first band to sign to Casablanca. The label had released three albums by Kiss : Kiss (1974), Hotter Than Hell (1974), and Dressed to Kill (1975), but all had failed to make a big impact on the charts. The label also did not experience heavy sales with albums by Angel , who was introduced to the label by Gene Simmons of Kiss, although that glam rock band did amass a cult following. Casablanca was on the verge of bankruptcy when Bogart decided to release a live album by Kiss. Although the band's studio albums had not been strong sellers, the band had a reputation for performing exciting live shows. Casablanca decided to try to capitalize on that reputation by releasing the double-live Alive! (1975) album. It became both Casablanca's and Kiss's first top ten album and was certified gold. Kiss's follow-up studio albums to Alive! were better sellers than previous studio albums. Destroyer (1976), Rock and Roll Over (1976), and Love Gun (1977) were all certified platinum in the United States. Other successful late 1970s Kiss albums on Casablanca were Alive II (1977), Double Platinum (1978), the band's four solo albums (1978) and Dynasty (1979). Their less successful early 1980s works here were Unmasked (1980) and Music from "The Elder" (1981). The band's last studio album on Casablanca was Creatures of the Night in 1982. Cher Cher recorded two solo albums for Casablanca, Take Me Home and Prisoner (both 1979). Both records were hits, especially in Europe. The former album peaked at number 25 on the Billboard 200 , and main single " Take Me Home " peaked at number eight on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it Cher's first US top-ten single since 1974's " Dark Lady ". Although both albums sold well, they were not well-received critically. The album Take Me Home received Gold certification in the US and is considered one of Cher's best albums, as it was her first Disco record. To promote the album, Cher recorded a music video for "Take Me Home" which was used as part of an exclusive TV special called Cher... and Other Fantasies . She also performed "Take Me Home" along with other two album tracks "Love & Pain" and "Happy Was the Day We Met" on The Mike Douglas Show . In 1979, Cher embarked on her first solo tour, the Take Me Home Tour , which was highly successful with two dates of the show recorded for broadcast, in Monte Carlo and at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas . For the latter performance, Cher was awarded "Best Actress in a Variety Program" at the 1983 CableACE Awards. Parliament Parliament was signed to Casablanca in 1973 due to Bogart's long-standing relationship with group leader George Clinton . [ 6 ] Their relationship dated to Bogart's period at Buddah Records . Their first release for the label was in 1974 with the album Up for the Down Stroke . The title song from the album gave Parliament its first top ten R&B hit. Their next album, Chocolate City , sold approximately 150,000 albums in the Washington, D.C. area alone. But it was their next release, Mothership Connection , that gave the group its first gold and platinum album. Parliament achieved either gold or platinum status with each album release from 1975 to 1979. The group's hit singles included " Give Up the Funk (Tear the Roof off the Sucker) ", " Flash Light " (Casablanca's first R&B number one hit) and " Aqua Boogie (A Psychoalphadiscobetabioaquadoloop) ". The success of Parliament allowed George Clinton to develop another P-Funk spin-off act known as Parlet . Casablanca bankrolled the extravagant P-Funk stage shows, including the "Mothership Connection/ P-Funk Earth Tour " of 1976–77 and the Motor Booty Affair underwater tour of 1979. Parliament and its sister band Funkadelic was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . Donna Summer In 1975, Casablanca signed Donna Summer and released her album Love to Love You Baby which was certified gold. Summer had several gold and platinum albums on Casablanca in 1975–1979 and was the label's most successful act on the singles chart. She recorded eight Top 5 singles in a 19-month period. Summer had 10 gold singles, 2 platinum singles and a gold maxi-single with Casablanca. Summer was called in the American press "The First Lady of Love", a name that she disliked but that Casablanca marketed with great success. She was also called "The Queen of Disco". [ 7 ] Her hits included the number ones " MacArthur Park ", " No More Tears (Enough Is Enough) " duet with Barbra Streisand , the Grammy -winning " Bad Girls ", the Oscar , Golden Globe and Grammy -winning " Last Dance ", the Grammy-winning number one " Hot Stuff ", and the hit single, " I Feel Love ", co-written and produced by Giorgio Moroder . Her album Bad Girls achieved triple-platinum status. The label followed it with a greatest hits collection entitled On the Radio: Greatest Hits Volumes I & II , which was certified double platinum and was Summer's last album on Casablanca. She recorded three double-albums that reached the top of the charts in a 14-month period. Village People Village People is an American disco group best known for their on-stage costumes and suggestive lyrics. The group was originally formed by French producers Jacques Morali , Henri Belolo and lead singer Victor Willis following the release of the 1977 debut album, Village People , which targeted disco's gay audience. The group's name refers to New York City's Greenwich Village , at the time known for its large gay population, [ 8 ] The characters were a symbolic group of gay and macho fantasy personas. [ 9 ] The group quickly became popular and moved into the mainstream, scoring several disco and dance hits internationally under the label, including the hit singles " Macho Man ", " In the Navy ", " Go West " and their biggest hit, " Y.M.C.A. " Lipps, Inc. In 1979, Lipps Inc. , with Steven Greenberg as writer, producer, and musician, and Cynthia Johnson on lead vocals, signed with Casablanca. The single "Rock It" was released, followed by the album Mouth to Mouth . The album included the No. 1 hit " Funkytown ", which spent four weeks atop both the Billboard Hot 100 and the Hot Dance Music/Club Play charts in the United States. The 7" single sold over two million copies within a few months and was awarded a platinum record within the same year of its release. [ 10 ] It reached No. 2 in the United Kingdom [ 11 ] and was a hit throughout the world. Lindsay Lohan Lindsay Lohan signed on to the label in 2004, under the management of Tommy Mottola . [ 12 ] She released her debut studio album, Speak in December 2004, peaking at number 4 on the Billboard 200 [ 13 ] and eventually earning Platinum certification . Speak spawned Lohan's first single, " Rumors ". Detailing Lohan's complaints with the paparazzi , [ 14 ] "Rumors" eventually earned gold certification , [ 15 ] as well as a nomination for Best Pop Video at the 2005 MTV Video Music Awards . [ 16 ] Lohan released her second album, A Little More Personal (Raw) in December 2005. The album peaked at number 20 on the Billboard 200, gaining gold certification in early 2006. [ 17 ] The first and only single from the album, " Confessions of a Broken Heart (Daughter to Father) ", peaked at number 57 on the Billboard Hot 100 , making it Lohan's first single to debut on the chart. [ 18 ] The song documents the problems Lohan has had in her family life, and the music video, which Lohan herself directed, features her younger sister Aliana . [ 19 ] Mika Mika 's debut single, " Relax, Take It Easy ", was released in 2006. His second single, " Grace Kelly ", was released in January 2007 and debuted at number one on the UK Singles Chart , followed by his debut album, Life in Cartoon Motion , in February 2007. The single reached number 57 in the US. Other singles released were " Love Today ", " Big Girl (You Are Beautiful) ", " Happy Ending " and " Lollipop ". Mika's second album, The Boy Who Knew Too Much , followed in September 2009. The first single from the album, " We Are Golden ", made its debut at number four in the UK. " Rain " and " Blame It on the Girls " were released as the second and third UK singles with both peaking at number seventy-two. His third studio album, The Origin of Love , was released in France on September 17, 2012, and in the United Kingdom on October 8, 2012. The album was preceded by an alternate lead single in each region. " Elle me dit " was first released in France , whereas " Celebrate " served as the first official single for the United Kingdom . Tiësto Tiësto 's fifth studio album A Town Called Paradise was released on June 13, 2014. " Red Lights " was released as the lead single from the album on December 13, 2013. It was his first number one in Scotland , and peaked at number 6 on the UK Singles Chart . The song reached the top 10 in Australia , Denmark , Norway and Sweden . " Wasted " was released as the second single from the album on April 25, 2014. The song peaked at number 3 on the UK Singles Chart, and reached the top 10 in Sweden. "Light Years Away" was released as the album's third single on November 28, 2014. [ 20 ] Kungs Kungs released his first extended play This Girl in 2016 following his remix of Cookin' on 3 Burners " This Girl ", which reached number 1 in France, Germany and Switzerland and number 2 on the UK Singles Chart in 2016. [ 21 ] He has since released the single " Don't You Know " featuring Jamie N Commons and "I Feel So Bad" featuring Ephemerals. Kungs' three 2016 singles were released on his debut album Layers , which was released on 4 November. [ 22 ] On March 23, 2018, Kungs played a live set at the Miami Ultra Music Festival. He followed acts from fellow artists Raiden and Ksuke to perform his individual set on the 2018 Ultra Main Stage. Martin Solveig Martin Picandet ( .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} French pronunciation: [maʁtɛ̃ pikɑ̃dɛ] ; born September 22, 1976), [ 23 ] better known by his stage name Martin Solveig , is a French DJ, singer, songwriter and record producer. He hosts a weekly radio show called C'est La Vie on radio stations worldwide, including Radio FG in his homeland. His label is called Mixture Stereophonic. Solveig had been ranked number 29 in the 2011 DJ Mag . [ 24 ] He has collaborated with Dragonette , Kele of Bloc Party , and Madonna . SG Lewis SG Lewis is a British producer, songwriter, and DJ that makes dance-oriented, electronic-based music. Initially known for his remixes of artists like Jessie Ware , he released his debut EP, Shivers , in 2015. Collaborations with vocalists such as Gallant (singer) , Ray BLK , and Bishop Nehru followed, and Lewis released Dusk , the first EP in a three-part series dedicated to club culture, in 2018. Other events Casablanca started a subsidiary label in 1975 called Chocolate City Records . It was mainly overseen by Bogart's partner Cecil Holmes. The label focused on R&B, funk, and disco releases. Chocolate City's signings included the then-new act Cameo and veteran act Brenda & the Tabulations . From 1976 to 1979, Casablanca also had another subsidiary label called Parachute Records. The label was run by former Motown Records promoter and Uni Records CEO Russ Regan . [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Artists signed to the label included singer Randy Brown , the heavily sampled disco group 7th Wonder, and songwriter-author-poet Shel Silverstein , who recorded one album for the label—1978's Songs and Stories . [ 27 ] The offices of Casablanca moved into the former A&M Records offices on Sunset Boulevard in Los Angeles. Casablanca's new offices were soon remodeled after the movie set of the film of the same name. Later, the record company merged with an indie production company called Filmworks, Inc., which was founded by former Columbia Pictures executive Peter Guber . The new company became known as Casablanca Record and Filmworks , with Bogart still at its helm as president, while Guber became chairman of the board and head of its film division. Guber would remain with the company for two years. In 1977, PolyGram acquired a 50% stake in the independent Casablanca, which had been quite successful for several years. Casablanca remained very successful throughout the rest of the 1970s. But the label's rise and fall would both be dramatic instances. The rise came with the success of several acts such as Donna Summer, Kiss, Parliament, and Village People , as well as some success from its subsidiary label and its film division. The fall began when the 1980s rolled in. The label was known to spend lavish amounts of money on parties, events, and promotion. Although this resulted in hit albums and singles, the profit margin suffered due to the carefree spending by the label. Casablanca spent lavish amounts of money on promoting its releases, which made its artists happy, but not necessarily PolyGram, which now owned a 50% stake in the label. When Casablanca's lavish spending habits were realized by PolyGram, it quickly made an offer to purchase the other 50% of Casablanca in 1980. Bogart accepted; however, he soon found out he would not be allowed to stay with Casablanca, and PolyGram released him from his post. He used the money he acquired from the sale to start Boardwalk Records and he signed then-new rocker Joan Jett , who had experienced some success in Japan as a member of the group The Runaways . Bogart died from cancer in 1982 and Boardwalk Records folded. Post-Bogart years Casablanca was not as successful without Bogart running the company. Its only notable releases from 1980 onward were the Robin Williams debut comedy LP Reality, What A Concept! (1981), the soundtrack to the movie Flashdance (1983), and the final three Kiss LP's on Casablanca: Unmasked , Music from "The Elder" , and Creatures of the Night . Dusty Springfield 's sole release on Casablanca, 1982's White Heat , came and went with little notice due to the label's mounting internal problems. The most successful act on the label during the 1980s was R&B singer Stephanie Mills , who came to the label after PolyGram bought the 20th Century Fox Records label and absorbed its artists and back catalog into Casablanca. The last album released by the label was Animotion 's Strange Behavior in 1986, which was a modest seller. By that time, PolyGram had folded Casablanca Records, moving some of its acts to Mercury Records and dropping others. Official book In 2009, Casablanca co-founder Larry Harris released an insider's history, written with Curt Gooch, of the label with a book entitled And Party Every Day: The Inside Story of Casablanca Records . 2000 relaunch In 1998, Seagram purchased PolyGram and merged it with MCA Inc. to create the Universal Music Group . Upon the merger, the original (pre-2000) Casablanca Records music catalog became a part of The Island Def Jam Music Group , which folded in 2014. Reissues from the catalog became the responsibility of Island Records . In 2000, Universal and Tommy Mottola , who had served as CEO of Sony Music Entertainment and Columbia Records throughout the 1990s, partnered to launch a new record label that would be headed by Mottola and be part of the Universal Records Group . Mottola chose the name Casablanca, in homage to the Casablanca Records once run by Bogart. The label's first release was to be a girl-group first known as "iNK", but which later changed its name to "NSS (Not So Sweet) 16". The group, however, disbanded due to internal problems. NSS16's only single OopDeeWopDee was produced by hit music producer and Grammy award winner Greg Lawson and directed by Hakeem Khaaliq . [ 28 ] Some of Casablanca's releases included albums by Lindsay Lohan in 2004, albums by Lohan and Brie Larson in 2005, and music by Mika in 2007, who scored a hit with the song " Relax, Take It Easy ". Mottola's label once again become inactive when Lohan and Larson moved to other labels within the Universal family. In the fall of 2009, Casablanca became active again (albeit in name only) with the releases of Mika's second album, The Boy Who Knew Too Much , and Ryan Leslie 's second album, Transition . Releases Shall We Dance? Soundtrack – 2004 Speak – Lindsay Lohan – 2004 Pride & Prejudice Soundtrack- 2004 Finally Out of P.E. – Brie Larson - 2005 A Little More Personal (Raw) – Lindsay Lohan – 2005 Life in Cartoon Motion – Mika – 2007 Ryan Leslie – Ryan Leslie – 2009 The Boy Who Knew Too Much – Mika – 2009 Transition – Ryan Leslie – 2009 2012 relaunch In January 2012, Casablanca Records was relaunched as an electronic music imprint under Republic Records, as a reflection to the original label. Working with an international roster of both established and emerging artists, Casablanca has released music from Crystal Castles, C2C, Kavinsky, The Presets , Scissor Sisters, Chase & Status, Totally Enormous Extinct Dinosaurs, Ladyhawke, Elton John vs. Pnau and Kindness, Sub Focus, The Aston Shuffle, Martin Garrix , Avicii , Seven Lions, and Dawin . Artist list Artists signed with Casablanca Records are: [ 29 ] Alma Autograf Autumn! (With Victor Victor Worldwide ) Black Caviar BLU J Bülow C2C Chase & Status Clayjay Fais Felix Jaehn Frankie Grande Giorgio Moroder Hayden James Hearts & Colors Jay Pryor Justice Skolnik Kavinsky Keljet King Arthur Kungs Libertines Lindsay Lohan L'Tric M-22 Madeon Marshmello Martin Solveig Matstubs Medasin Merk & Kremont Mickey Kojak MIKA Myke Towers Møme Nelly Furtado Nicole Millar Phantoms Ramzoid Riton Sachi SG Lewis Sonny Alven Sophie Ellis-Bextor Stromae Sub Focus The Avener The Presets TheFatRat Thomas Azier Tiësto Vigiland Wingtip Wolfgang Gartner Past Casablanca artists 7th Wonder Alec R. Costandinos (1977–1978) Angel (1975–1980) Animotion (1986) Bill Amesbury Brie Larson (2004–2006) Brooklyn Dreams (1977–1980) Buddy Miles (1975–1980) Cindy Bullens (1979) Cameo (1977–1982) Captain & Tennille (1979–1980) Cher (1979–1981) Coney Hatch Debut album 1982 (Japan only) Simon Harris (1988) D.C. LaRue (1979–1981) Dr. Hook (1980–1982) David London Dennis Parker ( Wade Nichols ) (1979) Donna Summer (1975–1980) Dusty Springfield (1982) Edmund Sylvers Fanny (1974) Gazzo (2011–2014) Gloria Scott Harvey Scales Hudson Brothers (1974) Irene Cara Kickin' Kiss (1973–1982) Larry Santos Lipps Inc (1980–1983) Liquid Gold Love & Kisses Mac Davis (1980–1982) Mantra (1981) Meco (1981) Michael Sembello Paul Jabara (1977–1979) Patrick Juvet (1978) Parlet Parliament Pattie Brooks Peter Criss (1980–1982) Peter Noone Platypus Player (1980) Rare Gems Odyssey (1977–1980) Roberta Kelly (1976–1978) Robin Williams (1979) Rodney Dangerfield Santa Esmeralda Scissor Sisters Skatt Brothers (1979–1980) Smoke aka Blacksmoke (1976) Space Stallion Stephanie Mills (1983–1984) Sunshine (1978) T. Rex (1974) Teri DeSario (1978–1980) The Four Tops (1981–1982) The Godz (1978) People's Choice (1980) The Ritchie Family The Sylvers (1978–1979) Tony Joe White (1980) Tony Orlando (1979–1982) Trigger (1978) Village People (1977–1980) References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Top Album Picks - Pop" (PDF) . Billboard . December 7, 1974. p. 60. ^ Harris, Larry Alan, 1947- (2009). And party every day : the inside story of Casablanca Records . Gooch, Curt., Suhs, Jeff. New York: Backbeat Books. ISBN 9780879309824 . OCLC 310398789 . {{ cite book }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( link ) ^ Young, Charles (April 7, 1977). "Kiss: The Pagan Beasties of Teenage Rock" . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on September 11, 2012 . Retrieved August 26, 2012 . ^ Prato, Greg. "Review Alive! " . AllMusic . Retrieved January 6, 2010 . ^ Aswad, Jem (April 13, 2021). "Republic Records Names Brett Alperowitz Executive VP of A&R" . Variety . Retrieved April 14, 2021 . ^ George Clinton Bio georgeclinton.com Retrieved 29 December 2023 ^ Martinez, Michael (May 17, 2012). "The legacy of Donna Summer, America's disco queen, is lasting" . CNN . Retrieved June 23, 2023 . ^ "Review: Gay Sex in the 70s" . KDHX.org . 2000. Archived from the original on December 20, 2008. ^ "Spin Magazine Online: Y.M.C.A. (An Oral History)" . Spin.com. May 27, 2008 . Retrieved August 19, 2011 . ^ Allmusic – Funkytown Charting ^ UK Charts Search 'Funkytown' ^ "Lindsay Lohan Biography" . Billboard . Retrieved April 22, 2010 . ^ " Speak -Lindsay Lohan" . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved April 22, 2010 . ^ "For The Record: Quick News On Lindsay Lohan..." MTV . Viacom. September 14, 2004. Archived from the original on September 17, 2004 . Retrieved April 22, 2010 . ^ "Rumors" . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . ^ "MTV Music Awards 2005" . MTV . Viacom . 2005. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008 . Retrieved April 22, 2010 . ^ "Lindsay Lohan Biography" . iTunes Store . Apple Inc. Retrieved April 23, 2010 . ^ "Artist Chart History – Lindsay Lohan" . Billboard . Retrieved October 4, 2009 . ^ "Lohan Puts 'Heart' Into Second Album" . Billboard . September 30, 2006 . Retrieved April 23, 2010 . ^ "Light Years Away (Remixes) [feat. DBX] by Tiësto on Apple Music" . iTunes . November 28, 2014 . Retrieved October 30, 2016 . ^ Peaks in the UK: All except noted: "Artist Search > Kungs" . Officialcharts.com/ . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 5, 2016 . For "Don't You Know": "CHART: CLUK Update 03.09.2016 (wk35)" . Zobbel.de . Retrieved September 16, 2016 . All except noted: "Artist Search > Kungs" . Officialcharts.com/ . Official Charts Company . Retrieved July 5, 2016 . For "Don't You Know": "CHART: CLUK Update 03.09.2016 (wk35)" . Zobbel.de . Retrieved September 16, 2016 . ^ "Kungs : son premier album "Layers" sortira le 4 novembre. Découvrez la tracklist !" . ChartsInFrance. October 9, 2016 . Retrieved October 23, 2016 . ^ "Martin Solveig - News, Music Performances and Show Video Clips" . www.mtv.com . Archived from the original on August 18, 2012. ^ "2011 DJ Mag ranking" . Djmag.com. Archived from the original on March 23, 2012 . Retrieved March 23, 2012 . ^ "Parachute Records USA" . Archived from the original on March 15, 2015. ^ Harris, Larry; Gooch, Curt; Suhs, Jeff (2009). And Party Every Day: The Inside Story of Casablanca Records . Backbeat Books . ISBN 978-0-87930-982-4 . ^ Eyries, Patrice; Callahan, Mike; Edwards, David (January 20, 2006). "Parachute Album Discography" . ^ "Oopdeewopdee – Single by N.S.S. 16 on Apple Music" . apple.com . April 13, 2004. Archived from the original on December 27, 2014 . Retrieved March 22, 2018 . ^ "Artists – Casablanca Records" . www.casablancarecords.com . External links Official website "The Casablanca story" at bsnpubs.com Releases at discogs.com From Cocaine Disco to Electronic Dance: the Loaded Legacy of Casablanca Record .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Universal Music Group v t e People Lucian Grainge (Chairman and CEO) Vincent Vallejo (Deputy CEO) Boyd Muir (COO) Matt Ellis (CFO) Sherry Lansing (Chair, Board of Directors) Jody Gerson (Chair, Universal Music Publishing) Lucian Grainge (Chairman and CEO) Vincent Vallejo (Deputy CEO) Boyd Muir (COO) Matt Ellis (CFO) Sherry Lansing (Chair, Board of Directors) Jody Gerson (Chair, Universal Music Publishing) Interscope Capitol Labels Group Capitol Music Group Capitol Records Blue Note Records Astralwerks Harvest Records SharpTone Records Capitol Christian Music Group ForeFront Records Sparrow Records Priority Records Interscope Geffen A&M Interscope Records Geffen Records A&M Records Nuclear Blast Records Blood Blast Distribution Interscope Films Aftermath Entertainment Darkroom Dreamville Records Kidinakorner Lost Highway Records Shady Records Cinematic Music Group Downtown Records Capitol Music Group Capitol Records Blue Note Records Astralwerks Harvest Records SharpTone Records Capitol Christian Music Group ForeFront Records Sparrow Records Priority Records Capitol Records Blue Note Records Astralwerks Harvest Records SharpTone Records Capitol Christian Music Group ForeFront Records Sparrow Records ForeFront Records Sparrow Records Priority Records Interscope Geffen A&M Interscope Records Geffen Records A&M Records Nuclear Blast Records Blood Blast Distribution Interscope Films Aftermath Entertainment Darkroom Dreamville Records Kidinakorner Lost Highway Records Shady Records Cinematic Music Group Downtown Records Interscope Records Geffen Records A&M Records Nuclear Blast Records Blood Blast Distribution Blood Blast Distribution Interscope Films Aftermath Entertainment Darkroom Dreamville Records Kidinakorner Lost Highway Records Shady Records Cinematic Music Group Downtown Records Verve Label Group Deutsche Grammophon Decca Records Decca Classics Mercury KX Impulse! Records Verve Records Verve Forecast Records Deutsche Grammophon Decca Records Decca Classics Mercury KX Decca Classics Mercury KX Impulse! Records Verve Records Verve Forecast Records Republic Corps Republic Records Motown Quality Control Music Rowdy Records Motown Gospel Mercury Records Cash Money Records Young Money Entertainment SRC Records American Recordings Boominati Worldwide Brushfire Records Casablanca Records Federal Films Lava Records Universal Arabic Music XO Out of Line Def Jam Recordings Island Records Republic Records Motown Quality Control Music Rowdy Records Motown Gospel Quality Control Music Rowdy Records Motown Gospel Mercury Records Cash Money Records Young Money Entertainment SRC Records American Recordings Boominati Worldwide Brushfire Records Casablanca Records Federal Films Lava Records Universal Arabic Music XO Out of Line Def Jam Recordings Island Records Virgin Music Group Virgin Records Caroline Records Fontana Records Neon Gold Records Sumerian Records V2 Records PIAS Group PIAS Recordings Virgin Records Caroline Records Fontana Records Neon Gold Records Sumerian Records V2 Records PIAS Group PIAS Recordings PIAS Recordings UM Latin Entertainment Capitol Latin Disa Records Fonovisa Records Machete Music Universal Music Latino Universal Music México Capitol Latin Disa Records Fonovisa Records Machete Music Universal Music Latino Universal Music México MCA MCA Nashville Mercury Nashville Records Capitol Records Nashville EMI Records Nashville MCA Nashville Mercury Nashville Records Capitol Records Nashville EMI Records Nashville UM Australia Island Records Australia Golden Era Records Modular Recordings Mercury Records Australia EMI Music Australia Island Records Australia Golden Era Records Modular Recordings Mercury Records Australia EMI Music Australia UM Japan Polydor Records EMI Records Universal Sigma Virgin Music A&M Records Universal D Eastworld Def Jam Recordings Mercury Tokyo Universal Classics Polydor Records EMI Records Universal Sigma Virgin Music A&M Records Universal D Eastworld Def Jam Recordings Mercury Tokyo Universal Classics UM UK EMI Records Capitol UK Island UK Motown UK Polydor Records 0207 Def Jam Universal Music On Demand EMI Records Capitol UK Island UK Motown UK Polydor Records 0207 Def Jam Universal Music On Demand UM Greater China Capitol Records China EMI China PolyGram Records China Republic Records China Universal Music China Universal Music Hong Kong Universal Music Taiwan Capitol Records China EMI China PolyGram Records China Republic Records China Universal Music China Universal Music Hong Kong Universal Music Taiwan UM France Capitol Music France Decca Records France Island Def Jam MCA France Polydor France Romance Musique PIAS France Virgin Records France Capitol Music France Decca Records France Island Def Jam MCA France Polydor France Romance Musique PIAS France Virgin Records France UM Philippines Def Jam Philippines EMI Records Island Philippines Republic Records Philippines UMG Philippines Def Jam Philippines EMI Records Island Philippines Republic Records Philippines UMG Philippines Universal Music Africa U-Live Africa Motown Gospel Africa Def Jam Recordings Africa Universal Music Group Nigeria Universal Music South Africa Blue Note Records Africa Virgin Music Africa U-Live Africa Motown Gospel Africa Def Jam Recordings Africa Universal Music Group Nigeria Universal Music South Africa Blue Note Records Africa Virgin Music Africa Other UMG labels Universal Music Enterprises Hip-O Records Universal Music Indonesia Universal Music Malaysia Universal Music Enterprises Hip-O Records Hip-O Records Universal Music Indonesia Universal Music Malaysia Publishing division Universal Music Publishing Group Universal Production Music Universal Music Publishing Group Universal Production Music Universal Production Music Film/TV units Eagle Rock Entertainment Grace - A Storytelling Company PolyGram Entertainment Universal Music Animation Vevo Eagle Rock Entertainment Grace - A Storytelling Company PolyGram Entertainment Universal Music Animation Vevo Non-UMG distributed labels Big Machine Label Group Disney Music Group Hollywood Records S-Curve Records Walt Disney Records Roc Nation ECM Records Dew Process Nickelodeon Records Because Music London Recordings Ed Banger Records International third-party licensees Dreamus (South Korea (JYP Entertainment)) Helicon (Israel) Tuff Gong (Caribbean) YG Plus (South Korea (HYBE Labels and YG Entertainment)) Musica Studios (Indonesia) Big Machine Label Group Disney Music Group Hollywood Records S-Curve Records Walt Disney Records Hollywood Records S-Curve Records Walt Disney Records Roc Nation ECM Records Dew Process Nickelodeon Records Because Music London Recordings Ed Banger Records London Recordings Ed Banger Records International third-party licensees Dreamus (South Korea (JYP Entertainment)) Helicon (Israel) Tuff Gong (Caribbean) YG Plus (South Korea (HYBE Labels and YG Entertainment)) Musica Studios (Indonesia) Dreamus (South Korea (JYP Entertainment)) Helicon (Israel) Tuff Gong (Caribbean) YG Plus (South Korea (HYBE Labels and YG Entertainment)) Musica Studios (Indonesia) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF ISNI VIAF National United States France BnF data United States France BnF data Other MusicBrainz label 2 Yale LUX MusicBrainz label 2 2 Yale LUX Casablanca Records Record labels based in California Disco record labels Electronic music record labels Pop record labels Republic Records Record labels established in 1973 Record labels disestablished in 1983 Re-established companies Record labels established in 2000 Record labels established in 2009 Record labels established in 2012 Universal Music Group Labels distributed by Universal Music Group CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references Articles with weasel words from March 2009 Articles with multiple maintenance issues Use mdy dates from July 2024 Use American English from July 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Short description is different from Wikidata Pages with French IPA This page was last edited on 9 January 2026, at 00:42 (UTC) . 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The lists here are mainly generated dynamically (automatically) and provide multiple alternative navigation pathways. Wikiversity users are diverse, so no single exploration path is adequate. To ensure that a new resource is accessible here, categorize it - the project box system can help new editors easily add appropriate categories. An earlier version of this page can be found here . It is also possible to browse Wikiversity resources by name (alphabetical listing). Major starting points (click here to browse all portals) Content by Subject Arts · Humanities · Mathematics · Medicine · Science · Social Sciences · Technology Content by Level Pre-school Education · Primary Education · Secondary Education · Tertiary Education · Non-formal Education · Research A Guide to Wikiversity Content This page offers a reasonably comprehensive guide to categorized Wikiversity content type, which can include courses , learning projects , research , and more. The lists here are mainly generated dynamically (automatically) and provide multiple alternative navigation pathways. Wikiversity users are diverse, so no single exploration path is adequate. To ensure that a new resource is accessible here, categorize it - the project box system can help new editors easily add appropriate categories. An earlier version of this page can be found here . It is also possible to browse Wikiversity resources by name (alphabetical listing). This page offers a reasonably comprehensive guide to categorized Wikiversity content type, which can include courses , learning projects , research , and more. The lists here are mainly generated dynamically (automatically) and provide multiple alternative navigation pathways. Wikiversity users are diverse, so no single exploration path is adequate. To ensure that a new resource is accessible here, categorize it - the project box system can help new editors easily add appropriate categories. An earlier version of this page can be found here . It is also possible to browse Wikiversity resources by name (alphabetical listing). Major starting points (click here to browse all portals) Content by Subject Arts · Humanities · Mathematics · Medicine · Science · Social Sciences · Technology Content by Level Pre-school Education · Primary Education · Secondary Education · Tertiary Education · Non-formal Education · Research Content by Subject Arts · Humanities · Mathematics · Medicine · Science · Social Sciences · Technology Content by Level Pre-school Education · Primary Education · Secondary Education · Tertiary Education · Non-formal Education · Research By School You can browse Schools to find resources organized by academic areas. Advanced general studies African studies Architecture Art and Design Aviation Biology Business Chemistry Computer Science Construction Disability Studies Earth science East Asian studies Economics Education Electrical engineering Electronics Engineering Entrepreneurship Environmental science Game design Gastronomy Geography Geology Geophysics Graphics History Information technology Innovation Studies Journalism Law Library and information science Marine sciences Mathematics Media studies Medicine Meteorology Military Mortuary Science and Thanatology Music and Dance Pharmacy Philosophy Physical education Physics and Astronomy Plant sciences Political science Practical human life Psychology Religious Studies Sports and hobbies Strategic studies Technology Theology Veterinary medicine Zoology By Educational Level You can browse Wikiversity by educational level. Take the guided tour for these portals . Adult education Intermediate education Non-formal Education Pre-school Education Primary education Secondary Education Tertiary Education Portal:Pre-school Education Portal:Primary Education Portal:Secondary Education Portal:Tertiary Education Portal:Non-formal Education Portal:Research By School You can browse Schools to find resources organized by academic areas. Advanced general studies African studies Architecture Art and Design Aviation Biology Business Chemistry Computer Science Construction Disability Studies Earth science East Asian studies Economics Education Electrical engineering Electronics Engineering Entrepreneurship Environmental science Game design Gastronomy Geography Geology Geophysics Graphics History Information technology Innovation Studies Journalism Law Library and information science Marine sciences Mathematics Media studies Medicine Meteorology Military Mortuary Science and Thanatology Music and Dance Pharmacy Philosophy Physical education Physics and Astronomy Plant sciences Political science Practical human life Psychology Religious Studies Sports and hobbies Strategic studies Technology Theology Veterinary medicine Zoology By Educational Level You can browse Wikiversity by educational level. Take the guided tour for these portals . Adult education Intermediate education Non-formal Education Pre-school Education Primary education Secondary Education Tertiary Education Portal:Pre-school Education Portal:Primary Education Portal:Secondary Education Portal:Tertiary Education Portal:Non-formal Education Portal:Research By Resource Type You can browse Resources by their type to find resources useful in various situations. Activities Articles Assessments Assignments Bibliographies Blogs Books Case studies Class notes Courses Curriculum Discussions Essays Events Experimental resources Experiments Flashcards Frequently asked questions Glossaries Guidelines Handouts Introductions Journals Learning projects Lectures Lessons Lists Manuals Media Methods Observation clocks Organizations Outlines Papers Planning Presentations Printouts Process Projects Proofs Reading groups Readings References Reports Research Research projects Research resources Resources of an unknown type Resources that are also available as Google docs Reviews Study guides Tips Tools Translations Tutorials Wikidebates WikiJournal Workshops Help:Resource types Observation clock Help:Resources by type Study of the Effect of GSR Therapy on Human Electrophysiological Parameters By Participation You can browse Wikiversity by what type of participant you are . Exploring Wikiversity as a community builder Exploring Wikiversity as a learner Exploring Wikiversity as a researcher Exploring Wikiversity as a teacher By Resource Type You can browse Resources by their type to find resources useful in various situations. Activities Articles Assessments Assignments Bibliographies Blogs Books Case studies Class notes Courses Curriculum Discussions Essays Events Experimental resources Experiments Flashcards Frequently asked questions Glossaries Guidelines Handouts Introductions Journals Learning projects Lectures Lessons Lists Manuals Media Methods Observation clocks Organizations Outlines Papers Planning Presentations Printouts Process Projects Proofs Reading groups Readings References Reports Research Research projects Research resources Resources of an unknown type Resources that are also available as Google docs Reviews Study guides Tips Tools Translations Tutorials Wikidebates WikiJournal Workshops Help:Resource types Observation clock Help:Resources by type Study of the Effect of GSR Therapy on Human Electrophysiological Parameters You can browse Resources by their type to find resources useful in various situations. By Participation You can browse Wikiversity by what type of participant you are . Exploring Wikiversity as a community builder Exploring Wikiversity as a learner Exploring Wikiversity as a researcher Exploring Wikiversity as a teacher By Learning Project You can browse Resources by the projects they belong to. Arabic For All Astronomy learning projects Biology learning projects Business learning projects Collaborative play writing Education learning projects Engineering and technology learning projects English-Chinese Eventmath History learning projects Introduction to Statistical Analysis Law learning projects Learning from conflict and incivility Learning project boilerplate Storyboard Artwork Project Web Design project Wiki Campus Radio Wikidebate WikiJournal Wikikids Wikiversity open letter project Help:Creating educational content at Wikiversity/3 Wikiversity:Learning projects Portal:Learning Projects Astronomy Project Bahá'í Faith/Compilations Bibliography and Research Methods Capillary electrode array Citing Sources Classified Kingdoms Collaborative play writing Collaborative project-based learning Composing free and open online educational resources Composing free and open online educational resources/2008 Computer Animation/3D Theater Consciousness studies CourseMaterialsProject Dictators DNA integrated circuit Drama school Editors who choose to leave English-Chinese Escuela de Lenguas UNLP/Academic Writing Exploring science through fiction Facilitating Online Film learning project Fire and emergency management/About Open Source Learning Project Free and open domain names Free culture movement Generative Engine Optimization (GEO) Grants and fundraising/Fundraising Grants and fundraising/Wikiversity nonprofit corporation Groups User:Harold Foppele/Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era Portal:Internet audio and video Introduction to astronomy Introduction to Brain-Computer Interfaces Introduction to Category Theory Introduction to Delimited Continuations Introduction to Parkinson's Science Learn Arabic (Language Of Quran) Wikiversity talk:Learning projects/Draft Linux Linux/Introduction Wikiversity:Main page learning project Making sense of quantum mechanics Meteorology One Laptop Per Teacher Open projects Other Free Learning Resources Photoproject Project Yoreme Reconstructing lost plays User:Remi0o/Efficiency in computing project Learning resources Response testing User:Reswik/Institutional ethnography Science as religion/Einstein Search Engines/Distributed P2P Search Engines Sexual politics Storyboard Artwork Project Student Collaboration: Africa Project Student Projects TAO/Old Start Page Tarheel Health Portal The periodic table Theory of Everything Project Very Small Information Systems Web architecture for Wikis Wikiversity:Web page Webcasting Welding Wiki Campus Radio Wiki process Wikineighborhoods Wikiversity computer skills Wikiversity scholarship Wikiversity:Wikiversity the Movie Writing discipline specific research papers By completion status You can browse Resources by their completion status, which can help you find resources ready for use, or ones you can help develop. Featured resources Completed resources Nearly complete resources Half-finished resources Partly developed resources Freshly started resources Help:Resources by completion status By Learning Project You can browse Resources by the projects they belong to. Arabic For All Astronomy learning projects Biology learning projects Business learning projects Collaborative play writing Education learning projects Engineering and technology learning projects English-Chinese Eventmath History learning projects Introduction to Statistical Analysis Law learning projects Learning from conflict and incivility Learning project boilerplate Storyboard Artwork Project Web Design project Wiki Campus Radio Wikidebate WikiJournal Wikikids Wikiversity open letter project Help:Creating educational content at Wikiversity/3 Wikiversity:Learning projects Portal:Learning Projects Astronomy Project Bahá'í Faith/Compilations Bibliography and Research Methods Capillary electrode array Citing Sources Classified Kingdoms Collaborative play writing Collaborative project-based learning Composing free and open online educational resources Composing free and open online educational resources/2008 Computer Animation/3D Theater Consciousness studies CourseMaterialsProject Dictators DNA integrated circuit Drama school Editors who choose to leave English-Chinese Escuela de Lenguas UNLP/Academic Writing Exploring science through fiction Facilitating Online Film learning project Fire and emergency management/About Open Source Learning Project Free and open domain names Free culture movement Generative Engine Optimization (GEO) Grants and fundraising/Fundraising Grants and fundraising/Wikiversity nonprofit corporation Groups User:Harold Foppele/Quantum Computing Algorithms in the NISQ Era Portal:Internet audio and video Introduction to astronomy Introduction to Brain-Computer Interfaces Introduction to Category Theory Introduction to Delimited Continuations Introduction to Parkinson's Science Learn Arabic (Language Of Quran) Wikiversity talk:Learning projects/Draft Linux Linux/Introduction Wikiversity:Main page learning project Making sense of quantum mechanics Meteorology One Laptop Per Teacher Open projects Other Free Learning Resources Photoproject Project Yoreme Reconstructing lost plays User:Remi0o/Efficiency in computing project Learning resources Response testing User:Reswik/Institutional ethnography Science as religion/Einstein Search Engines/Distributed P2P Search Engines Sexual politics Storyboard Artwork Project Student Collaboration: Africa Project Student Projects TAO/Old Start Page Tarheel Health Portal The periodic table Theory of Everything Project Very Small Information Systems Web architecture for Wikis Wikiversity:Web page Webcasting Welding Wiki Campus Radio Wiki process Wikineighborhoods Wikiversity computer skills Wikiversity scholarship Wikiversity:Wikiversity the Movie Writing discipline specific research papers By completion status You can browse Resources by their completion status, which can help you find resources ready for use, or ones you can help develop. Featured resources Completed resources Nearly complete resources Half-finished resources Partly developed resources Freshly started resources Help:Resources by completion status You can browse Resources by their completion status, which can help you find resources ready for use, or ones you can help develop. Wikiversity This page was last edited on 5 March 2025, at 17:36. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Privacy policy About Wikiversity Disclaimers Code of Conduct Developers Statistics Cookie statement Mobile view
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Featured topics العربية বাংলা Català Dansk فارسی Français हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português سنڌي Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item Featured topics in Wikipedia This star symbolizes the featured topics on Wikipedia. A featured topic is a collection of inter-related articles in which at least half are featured articles or featured lists . The remaining articles must be at least good quality. A featured topic represents Wikipedia's best work by thoroughly covering all parts of that topic through several high-quality articles that share a similar structure and are well-linked with each other. To become featured, a topic must meet a set of criteria . Featured topics are nominated and discussed at the Wikipedia:Featured and good topic candidates page, where they are either accepted or rejected. Additions to existing featured topics are also discussed there. Do not add an article directly to a featured topic without nominating it first. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] There are currently 191 featured topics that encompass 1,549 unique articles. There are 53 articles concurrently in two featured topics, 12 articles in a featured topic and a good topic, 6 articles in two featured topics and a good topic, and 2 articles in a featured topic and two good topics. There are 48 topics in which every article is featured if possible. In the topic boxes below: indicates that the article is a featured article or featured list . indicates that the article is a good article . indicates that the article is an audited article of limited subject matter or inherent instability . indicates that every article in the topic is featured if possible. indicates that the article has lost its good or featured article status, or was previously an audited article of limited subject matter, but no longer is (only in the case of a topic under grace period ). Featured topics in Wikipedia A featured topic is a collection of inter-related articles in which at least half are featured articles or featured lists . The remaining articles must be at least good quality. A featured topic represents Wikipedia's best work by thoroughly covering all parts of that topic through several high-quality articles that share a similar structure and are well-linked with each other. To become featured, a topic must meet a set of criteria . Featured topics are nominated and discussed at the Wikipedia:Featured and good topic candidates page, where they are either accepted or rejected. Additions to existing featured topics are also discussed there. Do not add an article directly to a featured topic without nominating it first. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] There are currently 191 featured topics that encompass 1,549 unique articles. There are 53 articles concurrently in two featured topics, 12 articles in a featured topic and a good topic, 6 articles in two featured topics and a good topic, and 2 articles in a featured topic and two good topics. There are 48 topics in which every article is featured if possible. In the topic boxes below: .mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0;float:initial} Shortcuts .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} WP:FT WP:FT WP:FTOP WP:FTOP Featured content: Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics ← Good content: Good articles Good topics ← Featured and good topic tools: Topic criteria Topic candidates Topic removal candidates Nomination procedure Topic log Topics on the Main Page Former topics WP:FT WP:FT WP:FTOP WP:FTOP Featured content: Featured articles Featured lists Featured pictures Featured topics ← Good content: Good articles Good topics ← Featured and good topic tools: Topic criteria Topic candidates Topic removal candidates Nomination procedure Topic log Topics on the Main Page Former topics Contents .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Art, architecture and archaeology Awards, decorations and vexillology Biology Chemistry and mineralogy Culture and society Education Food and drink Geography and places Geology, geophysics and meteorology History Law Literature and theatre Media Music Physics and astronomy Politics and government Religion, mysticism and mythology Sports and recreation Transport Video games Warfare Art, architecture and archaeology Awards, decorations and vexillology Biology Chemistry and mineralogy Culture and society Education Food and drink Geography and places Geology, geophysics and meteorology History Law Literature and theatre Media Music Physics and astronomy Politics and government Religion, mysticism and mythology Sports and recreation Transport Video games Warfare Art, architecture and archaeology .mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:#f8f9fa;padding:5px;font-size:95%;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-title-bar{background:#E0F2CE;min-height:25px;font-weight:bold;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-navbar{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-title{font-size:120%;flex:1}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-count{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-contents{background-color:#F2FFE6;padding:2px 1%}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-contents ul{list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-image{text-align:center;flex:0 0 auto}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-column{flex:1}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box{width:95%;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-navbar{padding-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-count{padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-title-bar{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-contents{display:flex;gap:2%0}.mw-parser-output .featured-topic-box-image{width:110px}} view | edit | discuss Four Freedoms (Norman Rockwell) 5 articles Freedom of Speech Freedom of Worship Freedom from Want Freedom from Fear view | edit | discuss Grade I listed buildings in Somerset 8 articles List in Bath and North East Somerset List in Mendip List in North Somerset List in Sedgemoor List in South Somerset List in Taunton Deane List in West Somerset view | edit | discuss John Douglas Featured topic 5 articles New churches Church restorations, amendments and furniture Houses and associated buildings Non-ecclesiastical and non-residential works view | edit | discuss National Treasures of Japan 14 articles Castles Residences Shrines Temples Ancient Documents Archaeological Materials Crafts: others Crafts: swords Paintings Sculptures Writings: Classical Chinese books Writings: Japanese books Writings: others Awards, decorations and vexillology view | edit | discuss Laureus World Sports Awards 11 articles Sportsman Breakthrough Sportsperson with a Disability Sport for Good Sportswoman Action Sportsperson Spirit of Sport Team Comeback Lifetime Achievement view | edit | discuss Nobel laureates Featured topic 7 articles Chemistry Economic Sciences Literature Peace Physics Physiology or Medicine view | edit | discuss Padma Bhushan 8 articles Award recipients (1954–1959) Award recipients (1960–1969) Award recipients (1970–1979) Award recipients (1980–1989) Award recipients (1990–1999) Award recipients (2000–2009) Award recipients (2010–2019) edit | discuss Victoria Cross Featured topic 8 articles Victoria Cross for Australia Victoria Cross (Canada) Victoria Cross for New Zealand List of Victoria Cross recipients (A–F) List of Victoria Cross recipients (G–M) List of Victoria Cross recipients (N–Z) Recipients by campaign (subtopic) edit | discuss Victoria Cross recipients by campaign Featured topic 9 articles Crimean War Indian Mutiny New Zealand Wars Zulu War Second Anglo-Afghan War Second Boer War First World War Second World War Biology edit | discuss Chough 3 articles Red-billed chough Alpine chough edit | discuss Crag martin 5 articles Eurasian crag martin Dusky crag martin Rock martin Pale crag martin view | edit | discuss Lagomorphs Featured topic 3 articles Species in Leporidae Species in Ochotonidae edit | discuss Mesozoic mammals of Madagascar 4 articles Ambondro Lavanify UA 8699 edit | discuss Oryzomys 10 articles Oryzomys albiventer Oryzomys antillarum Oryzomys couesi Oryzomys dimidiatus Oryzomys gorgasi Oryzomys nelsoni Marsh rice rat Parasites Oryzomys peninsulae view | edit | discuss Primates Featured topic 7 articles Species in Cercopithecoidea Species in Hominoidea Species in Lemuroidea Species in Lorisoidea Species in Platyrrhini Species in Tarsiiformes edit | discuss Raphina 3 articles Dodo Rodrigues solitaire edit | discuss River martin 3 articles African river martin White-eyed river martin edit | discuss Transandinomys Featured topic 3 articles Transandinomys bolivaris Transandinomys talamancae edit | discuss Voalavo 3 articles Eastern voalavo Northern voalavo Culture and society edit | discuss United States nickels Featured topic 5 articles Shield nickel Liberty Head nickel Buffalo nickel Jefferson nickel edit | discuss United States Bicentennial coinage Featured topic 4 articles Washington quarter Kennedy half dollar Eisenhower dollar Education edit | discuss Jesus College, Oxford 10 articles Buildings List of founding Fellows, Scholars and Commissioners List of principals and fellows List of honorary fellows Jesus College Boat Club List of alumni Clergy Politicians, lawyers, and civil servants Mathematicians, physicians, and scientists view | edit | discuss Presidents of Georgetown University 42 articles Robert Plunkett Robert Molyneux Louis William Valentine DuBourg Leonard Neale Francis Neale William Matthews Giovanni Antonio Grassi Benedict Joseph Fenwick Anthony Kohlmann Enoch Fenwick Stephen Larigaudelle Dubuisson William Feiner John W. Beschter Thomas F. Mulledy William McSherry Joseph A. Lopez James A. Ryder Samuel Mulledy Charles H. Stonestreet Bernard A. Maguire John Early Patrick Francis Healy James A. Doonan J. Havens Richards John D. Whitney Jerome Daugherty David Hillhouse Buel Joseph J. Himmel Alphonsus J. Donlon John B. Creeden Charles W. Lyons W. Coleman Nevils Arthur A. O'Leary Lawrence C. Gorman J. Hunter Guthrie Edward B. Bunn Gerard J. Campbell Robert J. Henle Timothy S. Healy Leo J. O'Donovan John J. DeGioia edit | discuss United States Naval Academy alumni Featured topic 5 articles Astronauts Chiefs of naval operations Legislators Medal of Honor recipients Geography and places view | edit | discuss Scheduled monuments in Somerset 9 articles Monuments in Bath and North East Somerset Monuments in Mendip Monuments in North Somerset Monuments in Sedgemoor Monuments in South Somerset Monuments in Taunton Deane Monuments in West Somerset (A–G) Monuments in West Somerset (H–Z) Geology, geophysics and meteorology edit | discuss 1941 Atlantic hurricane season 3 articles 1941 Texas hurricane 1941 Florida hurricane edit | discuss 1990–91 South Pacific cyclone season 4 articles Cyclone Sina Cyclone Joy Timeline edit | discuss 1991 Atlantic hurricane season 5 articles Hurricane Bob Hurricane Grace Perfect Storm Timeline edit | discuss 1993 Atlantic hurricane season 8 articles Tropical Depression One Tropical Storm Arlene Tropical Storm Bret Tropical Storm Cindy Hurricane Emily Hurricane Gert Timeline edit | discuss 1998 Pacific hurricane season 4 articles Hurricane Isis Hurricane Lester Hurricane Madeline edit | discuss 2006 Atlantic hurricane season 7 articles Timeline Tropical Storm Alberto Tropical Storm Chris Hurricane Ernesto Hurricane Florence Hurricane Gordon edit | discuss 2006 Pacific hurricane season 9 articles Timeline Hurricane Daniel Tropical Storm Emilia Hurricane Ioke Hurricane John Hurricane Lane Tropical Storm Norman Hurricane Paul view | edit | discuss 2018 Pacific hurricane season 13 articles Timeline Hurricane Bud Tropical Storm Ileana Tropical Depression Nineteen-E Tropical Storm Carlotta Hurricane Lane Hurricane Rosa Hurricane Walaka Tropical Storm Vicente Hurricane Olivia Hurricane Sergio Hurricane Willa edit | discuss North Carolina hurricanes Featured topic 6 articles Pre-1900 1900–49 1950–79 1980–99 2000–present view | edit | discuss Tornado outbreak of May 4–6, 2007 3 articles List of tornadoes Greensburg tornado History edit | discuss Armero tragedy Featured topic 3 articles Nevado del Ruiz Omayra Sánchez edit | discuss Confederate government of Kentucky 3 articles Richard Hawes George W. Johnson view | edit | discuss Council of Lithuania 3 articles Act of Independence Signatories edit | discuss Cleopatra 4 articles Early life Reign Death edit | discuss Gunpowder Plot 14 articles James VI and I Robert Catesby John and Christopher Wright Robert and Thomas Wintour Thomas Percy Guy Fawkes Robert Keyes Thomas Bates John Grant Ambrose Rookwood Everard Digby Francis Tresham Guy Fawkes Night edit | discuss Han dynasty 7 articles History Society and culture Government Economy Science and technology List of emperors view | edit | discuss Roman invasion of Africa (204–201 BC) 6 articles Siege of Utica Battle of Utica (203 BC) Battle of the Great Plains Battle of Cirta Battle of Zama edit | discuss Song dynasty 8 articles History Society Culture Economy Science and technology Architecture List of emperors Law edit | discuss Beauchamp–Sharp Tragedy 4 articles Solomon P. Sharp Jereboam O. Beauchamp Old Court – New Court controversy Literature and theatre view | edit | discuss Amy Adams Featured topic 3 articles Performances Awards and nominations view | edit | discuss Angel Aquino Featured topic 3 articles Awards and nominations On screen and stage view | edit | discuss Angel Locsin Featured topic 3 articles Awards and nominations Filmography view | edit | discuss Anne Hathaway Featured topic 3 articles Performances Awards and nominations view | edit | discuss Bradley Cooper Featured topic 3 articles Performances Awards and nominations view | edit | discuss Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie 3 articles Bibliography Awards and honours edit | discuss Dan Leno Featured topic 3 articles Songs, sketches and monologues Theatre productions view | edit | discuss Emma Stone Featured topic 3 articles Awards Performances edit | discuss Gaylactic Spectrum Awards Featured topic 4 articles List of winners and nominees for best novel List of winners and nominees for best short fiction List of winners and nominees for best other work edit | discuss Hugo Award 17 articles Novel Novella Novelette Short Story Series Related Work Dramatic Presentation Professional Magazine Semiprozine Fanzine Graphic Story Professional Editor Professional Artist Fan Artist Fan Writer Fancast Discontinued Hugo Awards edit | discuss Ian Fleming's James Bond novels and short stories Featured topic 15 articles Casino Royale Live and Let Die Moonraker Diamonds Are Forever From Russia, with Love Dr. No Goldfinger For Your Eyes Only Thunderball The Spy Who Loved Me On Her Majesty's Secret Service You Only Live Twice The Man with the Golden Gun Octopussy and The Living Daylights view | edit | discuss Jake Gyllenhaal Featured topic 3 articles On screen and stage Awards and nominations edit | discuss Jessica Chastain Featured topic 3 articles Performances Awards and nominations view | edit | discuss Judy Ann Santos Featured topic 3 articles Awards and nominations Filmography view | edit | discuss Leonardo DiCaprio 4 articles Appian Way Productions Filmography Awards and nominations edit | discuss Maya Angelou Featured topic 4 articles List of works Autobiographies (subtopic) List of awards and honors edit | discuss Maya Angelou autobiographies Featured topic 9 articles Themes I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings Gather Together in My Name Singin' and Swingin' and Gettin' Merry like Christmas The Heart of a Woman All God's Children Need Traveling Shoes A Song Flung Up to Heaven Mom & Me & Mom edit | discuss Naruto volumes Featured topic 4 articles Part I Part II, (volumes 28–48) Part II, (volumes 49–72) edit | discuss Nebula Award 9 articles Novel Novella Novelette Short Story Script Game Writing Andre Norton Award Ray Bradbury Award view | edit | discuss Peter Capaldi 3 articles Filmography Awards and nominations view | edit | discuss Preity Zinta Featured topic 3 articles Filmography Awards and nominations view | edit | discuss Vidya Balan Featured topic 3 articles Filmography Awards and nominations edit | discuss Walt Whitman and Abraham Lincoln 6 articles " Hush'd Be the Camps To-Day " " O Captain! My Captain! 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Garfield Chester A. Arthur Ulysses S. Grant James G. Blaine John Sherman 1880 Democratic National Convention Winfield Scott Hancock William Hayden English Thomas F. Bayard Samuel J. Randall Henry B. Payne 1880 Greenback National Convention James B. Weaver Barzillai J. Chambers Neal Dow Henry Adams Thompson edit | discuss 1899 Kentucky gubernatorial election 6 articles William Goebel J. C. W. Beckham William S. Taylor John Y. Brown Taylor v. 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Featured topic 13 articles History (1892–1959) History (1959–1985) History (1985–present) Anfield List of players (100+ appearances) List of players (25–99 appearances) List of players (1–24 appearances) List of managers List of seasons List of records and statistics League record by opponent International competition edit | discuss Major League Baseball awards 20 articles Commissioner's Trophy World Series champions National League pennant winners American League pennant winners Most Valuable Player Cy Young Award Rookie of the Year Manager of the Year Gold Glove Award (subtopic) Silver Slugger Award (subtopic) Hank Aaron Award Roberto Clemente Award Rolaids Relief Man Reliever of the Year Comeback Player of the Year World Series Most Valuable Player League Championship Series Most Valuable Player All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award edit | discuss Major League Baseball Triple Crown Featured topic 7 articles Batting average champions Annual home run leaders Annual runs batted in leaders Annual wins leaders Annual earned run average leaders Annual strikeout leaders edit | discuss Men's major championships winning golfers Featured topic 5 articles Masters Tournament champions U.S. Open champions The Open Championship champions PGA Championship champions edit | discuss National Basketball Association awards 18 articles NBA Champions Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy All-Star Game Kobe Bryant Most Valuable Player Bill Russell Finals Most Valuable Player Coach of the Year Defensive Player of the Year Executive of the Year IBM Award J. 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discuss Fabula Nova Crystallis Final Fantasy 5 articles Final Fantasy XIII (subtopic) Final Fantasy Type-0 (subtopic) Final Fantasy XV Development edit | discuss Main Final Fantasy series 17 articles Final Fantasy Final Fantasy II Final Fantasy III Final Fantasy IV Final Fantasy V Final Fantasy VI Final Fantasy VII Final Fantasy VIII Final Fantasy IX Final Fantasy X Final Fantasy XI Final Fantasy XII (subtopic) Final Fantasy XIII (subtopic) Final Fantasy XIV Final Fantasy XV Final Fantasy XVI edit | discuss God of War franchise 13 articles God of War (2005) God of War II God of War: Betrayal God of War: Chains of Olympus God of War III God of War: Ghost of Sparta God of War: Ascension God of War (2018) God of War Ragnarök Characters of God of War Kratos God of War (DC Comics) God of War video game collections view | edit | discuss Ivalice 5 articles Final Fantasy XII (subtopic) Final Fantasy Tactics (subtopic) Crystal Defenders Vagrant Story edit | discuss Looking Glass Studios video 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Division Savska 40th Infantry Division Slavonska 42nd Infantry Division Murska 7th Army 32nd Infantry Division Triglavski 38th Infantry Division Dravska 1st Cavalry Division Milorad Petrović edit | discuss Armored cruisers of Germany 13 articles SMS Fürst Bismarck SMS Prinz Heinrich Prinz Adalbert -class cruiser SMS Prinz Adalbert SMS Friedrich Carl Roon -class cruiser SMS Roon SMS Yorck Scharnhorst -class cruiser SMS Scharnhorst SMS Gneisenau SMS Blücher edit | discuss Audie Murphy 5 articles Honors and awards Military career Film career Songwriting career edit | discuss Battlecruisers of Germany 13 articles SMS Von der Tann Moltke -class battlecruiser SMS Moltke SMS Goeben SMS Seydlitz Derfflinger -class battlecruiser SMS Derfflinger SMS Lützow SMS Hindenburg Mackensen -class battlecruiser Ersatz Yorck -class battlecruiser O-class battlecruiser edit | discuss Battlecruisers of Russia 4 articles Borodino class Kronshtadt class Stalingrad class edit | discuss Battlecruisers of the Royal Navy 23 articles Invincible -class battlecruisers HMS Invincible HMS Inflexible HMS Indomitable Indefatigable -class battlecruisers HMS Indefatigable HMS New Zealand Lion -class battlecruisers HMS Lion HMS Princess Royal HMS Queen Mary HMS Tiger Renown -class battlecruisers HMS Renown HMS Repulse Courageous -class battlecruisers HMS Courageous HMS Glorious HMS Furious Admiral-class battlecruisers HMS Hood G3 battlecruisers edit | discuss Battlecruisers 63 articles List of battlecruisers List of sunken battlecruisers Battlecruisers of Germany SMS Von der Tann Moltke class SMS Moltke SMS Goeben SMS Seydlitz Derfflinger class SMS Derfflinger SMS Lützow SMS Hindenburg Mackensen class Ersatz Yorck class O class Battlecruisers of Russia Borodino class Kronshtadt class Stalingrad class Battlecruisers of the Royal Navy Invincible class HMS Invincible HMS Inflexible HMS Indomitable Indefatigable class HMS Indefatigable HMAS Australia HMS New Zealand Lion class HMS Lion HMS Princess Royal HMS Queen Mary HMS Tiger Renown class HMS Renown HMS Repulse Courageous class HMS Courageous HMS Glorious HMS Furious Admiral class HMS Hood G3 battlecruisers Battlecruisers of Japan Kongō class Kongō Hiei Haruna Kirishima Amagi class Akagi Design B-65 cruiser Battlecruisers of the United States Lexington class USS Lexington USS Saratoga Alaska class USS Alaska USS Guam USS Hawaii French battlecruiser proposals Dutch Design 1047 battlecruiser edit | discuss Battleships of Germany 64 articles Brandenburg -class battleship SMS Brandenburg SMS Kurfürst Friedrich Wilhelm SMS Weissenburg SMS Wörth Kaiser Friedrich III -class battleship SMS Kaiser Friedrich III SMS Kaiser Wilhelm II SMS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse SMS Kaiser Karl der Grosse SMS Kaiser Barbarossa Wittelsbach -class battleship SMS Wittelsbach SMS Wettin SMS Zähringen SMS Schwaben SMS Mecklenburg Braunschweig -class battleship SMS Braunschweig SMS Elsass SMS Hessen SMS Preussen SMS Lothringen Deutschland -class battleship SMS Deutschland SMS Hannover SMS Pommern SMS Schlesien SMS Schleswig-Holstein Nassau -class battleship SMS Nassau SMS Westfalen SMS Posen SMS Rheinland Helgoland -class battleship SMS Helgoland SMS Ostfriesland SMS Thüringen SMS Oldenburg Kaiser -class battleship SMS Kaiser SMS Friedrich der Grosse SMS Kaiserin SMS König Albert SMS Prinzregent Luitpold König -class battleship SMS König SMS Grosser Kurfürst SMS Markgraf SMS Kronprinz Bayern -class battleship SMS Bayern SMS Baden SMS Sachsen SMS Württemberg L 20e α-class battleship Scharnhorst -class battleship Scharnhorst Gneisenau Bismarck -class battleship Bismarck Tirpitz H-class battleship proposals edit | discuss Battleships of Japan 47 articles Fuji class Fuji Yashima Shikishima class Shikishima Hatsuse Asahi Mikasa Tango Sagami Suwo Hizen Iwami Katori class Katori Kashima Satsuma class Satsuma Aki Kawachi class Kawachi Settsu Fusō class Fusō Yamashiro Ise class Ise Hyūga Nagato class Nagato Mutsu Tosa class Tosa Kaga Kii class Number 13 class Kongō class Kongō Hiei Haruna Kirishima Yamato class Yamato Musashi Shinano Design A-150 class edit | discuss Canadian campaign of 1775 10 articles Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Siege of Fort St. Jean Battle of Longue-Pointe Benedict Arnold's expedition to Quebec Battle of Quebec Battle of Saint-Pierre Battle of the Cedars Battle of Trois-Rivières Battle of Valcour Island edit | discuss Command in the South West Pacific Area 27 articles Daniel E. Barbey Frank Berryman Thomas Blamey William Bostock George Brett Arthur S. Carpender Ralph Christie Harry Cobby Robert L. Eichelberger Edmund Herring George Jones George Kenney Thomas C. 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Cape Esperance Battle for Henderson Field Battle of the Santa Cruz Islands Matanikau Offensive Koli Point action Carlson's patrol Naval Battle of Guadalcanal Battle of Tassafaronga Battle of Mount Austen, the Galloping Horse, and the Sea Horse Battle of Rennell Island Operation Ke view | edit | discuss Manhattan Project 35 articles Timeline of the Manhattan Project Project Alberta Alsos Mission Ames Project Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki Atomic Energy Act of 1946 British contribution to the Manhattan Project Calutron Project Camel Chicago Pile-1 Clinton Engineer Works Dayton Project Einstein–Szilard letter Fat Man Hanford Engineer Works Interim Committee K-25 Little Boy Manhattan Project feed materials program Metallurgical Laboratory Montreal Laboratory Operation Crossroads Operation Peppermint Project Y Pumpkin bomb P-9 Project Quebec Agreement S-1 Executive Committee S-50 (Manhattan Project) Salt Wells Pilot Plant Silverplate Smyth Report Thin Man Trinity (nuclear test) X-10 Graphite Reactor edit | discuss Hiyō -class aircraft carrier 3 articles Hiyō Jun'yō edit | discuss Hrabri -class submarines 3 articles Hrabri Nebojša edit | discuss Hundred Years' War, 1345–1347 13 articles Gascon campaign of 1345 (subtopic) Battle of Bergerac Battle of Auberoche Siege of Aiguillon Lancaster's chevauchée of 1346 Crécy campaign (subtopic) Battle of Caen (1346) Battle of Blanchetaque Battle of Crécy Siege of Calais (1346–1347) Battle of Neville's Cross Truce of Calais edit | discuss Lexington -class battlecruiser Lexington -class aircraft carrier 4 articles USS Lexington (CV-2) USS Saratoga (CV-3) view | edit | discuss Mercenary War 7 articles Battle of Utica Battle of the Bagradas River (240 BC) Hamilcar's victory with Naravas Battle of the Saw Siege of Tunis Battle of Leptis Parva view | edit | discuss No. 86 Wing RAAF 4 articles No. 33 Squadron RAAF No. 34 Squadron RAAF No. 36 Squadron RAAF edit | discuss No. 90 Wing RAAF 3 articles No. 1 Squadron RAAF No. 38 Squadron RAAF edit | discuss Nuclear weapons and the United Kingdom 24 articles US–UK Mutual Defence Agreement British contribution to the Manhattan Project British hydrogen bomb programme Frisch–Peierls memorandum Gen 75 Committee High Explosive Research MAUD Committee Montreal Laboratory Nassau Agreement Polaris (UK nuclear programme) Polaris Sales Agreement Project E Project Emily Quebec Agreement Trident (UK nuclear programme) Tube Alloys V bomber Operation Hurricane Operation Totem Operation Mosaic British nuclear tests at Maralinga Operation Grapple British nuclear testing in the United States edit | discuss Petropavlovsk -class battleships 4 articles Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (1894) Russian battleship Poltava (1894) Russian battleship Sevastopol (1895) view | edit | discuss Punic Wars 5 articles First Punic War Mercenary War Second Punic War Third Punic War edit | discuss RAAF area commands 9 articles Central Area Command Eastern Area Command North-Eastern Area Command North-Western Area Command Northern Area Command Northern Command Southern Area Command Western Area Command view | edit | discuss Scottish invasion of England (1648) 3 articles Battle of Winwick Battle of Preston (1648) edit | discuss Ships of the Royal Yugoslav Navy 36 articles Dalmacija Kumbor Dubrovnik Beograd -class destroyer Beograd Zagreb Ljubljana Nada Beli Orao Galeb -class minelayer Malinska -class minelayer Schichau-class minesweeper 250t-class torpedo boat T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 Kaiman -class torpedo boat Uskok -class torpedo boat Orjen -class torpedo boat Zmaj Hrabri -class submarine Hrabri Nebojša Osvetnik -class submarine Osvetnik Smeli Vardar Sava Drava Morava view | edit | discuss Silesian Wars 4 articles First Silesian War Second Silesian War Third Silesian War edit | discuss South American dreadnought race 5 articles Minas Geraes -class battleship ( subtopic ) Brazilian battleship Rio de Janeiro Rivadavia -class battleship ( subtopic ) Almirante Latorre -class battleship ( subtopic ) edit | discuss Spanish tanks 5 articles Verdeja Leopard 2E AMX-30E Lince edit | discuss Tosa -class battleships 3 articles Tosa Kaga edit | discuss Yamato -class battleships 4 articles Yamato Musashi Shinano Art, architecture and archaeology Awards, decorations and vexillology Biology Ambondro Lavanify UA 8699 Culture and society Education Geography and places Geology, geophysics and meteorology History Early life Reign Death Law Jereboam O. Beauchamp Old Court – New Court controversy Literature and theatre Performances Bibliography Awards and honours Filmography Awards and nominations Media Music Bleach Nevermind In Utero Physics and astronomy Politics and government Religion, mysticism and mythology Sports and recreation Giro d'Italia general classification winners Tour de France general classification winners Vuelta a España general classification winners Winners at first base Winners at second base Winners at third base Winners at shortstop Winners at outfield Winners at catcher Winners at pitcher Winners at designated hitter Transport Interstate 69 in Michigan Interstate 75 in Michigan Interstate 94 in Michigan Interstate 96 ( subtopic ) Interstate 194 (Michigan) Interstate 275 (Michigan) Interstate 375 (Michigan) Interstate 475 (Michigan) Interstate 675 (Michigan) Business routes of Interstate 69 in Michigan Business routes of Interstate 75 in Michigan Business routes of Interstate 94 in Michigan New York State Route 28A New York State Route 28B New York State Route 28N U.S. Route 2 in Michigan U.S. Route 8 U.S. Route 10 in Michigan U.S. Route 12 in Michigan U.S. Route 16 in Michigan U.S. Route 23 in Michigan U.S. Route 24 in Michigan U.S. Route 25 in Michigan U.S. Route 27 in Michigan U.S. Route 31 in Michigan U.S. Route 33 in Michigan U.S. Route 41 in Michigan U.S. Route 45 in Michigan U.S. Route 127 in Michigan U.S. Route 131 U.S. Route 141 U.S. Route 223 Business routes of U.S. Route 10 in Michigan Business routes of U.S. Route 23 in Michigan Business routes of U.S. Route 31 in Michigan U.S. Route 41 Business (Marquette, Michigan) U.S. Route 41 Business (Ishpeming–Negaunee, Michigan) Business routes of U.S. Route 127 in Michigan Business routes of U.S. Route 131 Video games Warfare Battle of Utica Battle of the Bagradas River (240 BC) Hamilcar's victory with Naravas Battle of the Saw Siege of Tunis Battle of Leptis Parva No. 1 Squadron RAAF No. 38 Squadron RAAF Yamato Musashi Shinano Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Types Vital articles Featured content Good articles Spoken articles Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Places, people and times Academic disciplines Anniversaries (days of the year) today today Sovereign states and dependent territories Timelines decades, centuries, and millennia decades, centuries, and millennia Indices A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Wikipedia featured and good topics Wikipedia WikiProjects Wikipedia semi-protected project pages Wikipedia move-protected project pages Pages with too many expensive parser function calls This page was last edited on 3 January 2026, at 11:37 (UTC) . 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Arapan ya bolong Pwerta na komyunidad Sampot ran dinuma Random ya bolong Tolong Donasyon Manggawa na account Onloob Donasyon Manggawa na account Onloob Arapan ya Bolong Arapan ya bolong Tongtongan Basaen View source Nengnengen so awaran Basaen View source Nengnengen so awaran Antoray akaturo dia Kabiangan ran binalo Mangisigep na file Masiansian gawing Saray impormasyon ed pahina Bitlaen yan artikulo Get shortened URL Download QR code Switch to legacy parser Create a book Download as PDF Naigalot ya bersion Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Multilingual Wikisource Wikispecies Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .ab-panel{margin-top:1em;padding:1em;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0.25em 0.25em 0.5em rgba(0,0,0,0.05);border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-color:#E0E0E0 #B1B1B1 #B1B1B1 #E0E0E0;background-color:#FAFAFA;background-image:linear-gradient(to bottom left,#F2F2F2,#FAFAFA)}.mw-parser-output .ab-h2{border-bottom:none;margin:-1em -1em .6em -1em;padding:.5em 1em .2em 1em;font-family:"Linux Libertine","Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:1.7em;line-height:1.3;text-shadow:0.1em 0.1em 0.2em rgba(0,0,0,0.1);background-color:#E0E0E0;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#E0E0E0,#F2F2F2)}.mw-parser-output #ab-cb-h2{background-color:#CEF2E0;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#CEF2E0,#F2F2F2)}.mw-parser-output #ab-fb-h2{background-color:#CEDFF2;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#CEDFF2,#F2F2F2)}.mw-parser-output #ab-yan-h2{background-color:#E0CEF2;background-image:linear-gradient(to right,#E0CEF2,#F2F2F2)}.mw-parser-output #ab-topbanner{padding:0}.mw-parser-output #ab-topbanner-inner{padding:1em;overflow:hidden;background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg/250px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg.png");background-position:1em 1em;background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:250px auto}@media(min-resolution:1.5dppx),(min-resolution:144dpi){.mw-parser-output #ab-topbanner-inner{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg/375px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg.png")}}@media(min-resolution:2dppx),(min-resolution:192dpi){.mw-parser-output #ab-topbanner-inner{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg/500px-Wikipedia-logo-v2-o10.svg.png")}}.mw-parser-output #ab-topbanner-left img{opacity:0.8}.mw-parser-output #ab-topbanner-right{font-family:"Linux Libertine","Nimbus Roman No9 L","Times New Roman",Times,serif;font-size:17px;line-height:1.3}@media screen and (max-width:68em){.mw-parser-output .ab-flex{display:block!important}.mw-parser-output .ab-margin-left{margin-left:0!important}.mw-parser-output .ab-float-left,.mw-parser-output .ab-float-right,.mw-parser-output #ab-topbanner-left,.mw-parser-output #ab-topbanner-right{float:none!important;width:auto!important}.mw-parser-output #ab-topbanner-right br{display:none}} Masantos ya Agew ed Sikayon Amin. Say bolos ya ensayklopedia. Bilang na artikulo: walay 2,619 ya artikulon akasulat ed Wikipedia natan. Pinablin atateng, agagi, san kaluyagan, tuloy kayo! Pinili ran gawing Index na Amin na Artikulo Baley san Siyudad ed Luyag na Pangasinan Listaan na nakaukulan ya artikulo ed Pangasinan Luyag na Pangasinan Salitan Pangasinan Totoon Pangasinan Nipaakar ed Parte na Laman Guestbook and Help for Non-Pangasinense Speakers Nakaukulan ka na Wikipedian Pangasinan! Say Wikipedia nausar ed intiron talba. Aga labat nabasa ray nanduruman artikulo, sarag to met ya dumaen so napera da ra. Say salitan Wikipedia, pinantekep ya salitan nanlapod wiki tan ensayklopedia. Akasulat ed Salitan Pangasinan so ayan Wikipedia. Karaklan ya makapansalita na Pangasinan , manaayam ed Luyag na Pangasinan . Balet dakel met ran Pangasinan so manaayam ed arom ran parte ed mundo. Sarag mon naitulong ed Wikipedian Pangasinan Mansulat na balon artikulo. Basa yo yan artikulo umpian naaralan yoy mansulat na balon artikulo. Man-edit na asulat lan artikulo. Basa yo yan artikulo umpian naaralan yoy man-edit na asulat lan artikulo. Basaen so kumpleton listaan ya nakaukulan ya artikulo ed balang salita . Mansulat na artikulon anggapo ni ed Pangasinan . Ulupan tayo ed Wikipedian Pangasinan Diad kaleskesan tayo pantongtongan so amin ya bagay nipakar ed Wikipedian Pangasinan. Diad pankabatan tayo mikabat ed ulupan tayo diad Wikipedia. Masantos ya Agew ed Sikayon Amin. Say bolos ya ensayklopedia. Bilang na artikulo: walay 2,619 ya artikulon akasulat ed Wikipedia natan. Pinablin atateng, agagi, san kaluyagan, tuloy kayo! Pinili ran gawing Index na Amin na Artikulo Baley san Siyudad ed Luyag na Pangasinan Listaan na nakaukulan ya artikulo ed Pangasinan Luyag na Pangasinan Salitan Pangasinan Totoon Pangasinan Nipaakar ed Parte na Laman Guestbook and Help for Non-Pangasinense Speakers Pinili ran gawing Index na Amin na Artikulo Baley san Siyudad ed Luyag na Pangasinan Listaan na nakaukulan ya artikulo ed Pangasinan Luyag na Pangasinan Salitan Pangasinan Totoon Pangasinan Nipaakar ed Parte na Laman Guestbook and Help for Non-Pangasinense Speakers Nakaukulan ka na Wikipedian Pangasinan! Say Wikipedia nausar ed intiron talba. Aga labat nabasa ray nanduruman artikulo, sarag to met ya dumaen so napera da ra. Say salitan Wikipedia, pinantekep ya salitan nanlapod wiki tan ensayklopedia. Akasulat ed Salitan Pangasinan so ayan Wikipedia. Karaklan ya makapansalita na Pangasinan , manaayam ed Luyag na Pangasinan . Balet dakel met ran Pangasinan so manaayam ed arom ran parte ed mundo. Sarag mon naitulong ed Wikipedian Pangasinan Mansulat na balon artikulo. Basa yo yan artikulo umpian naaralan yoy mansulat na balon artikulo. Man-edit na asulat lan artikulo. Basa yo yan artikulo umpian naaralan yoy man-edit na asulat lan artikulo. Basaen so kumpleton listaan ya nakaukulan ya artikulo ed balang salita . Mansulat na artikulon anggapo ni ed Pangasinan . Ulupan tayo ed Wikipedian Pangasinan Diad kaleskesan tayo pantongtongan so amin ya bagay nipakar ed Wikipedian Pangasinan. Diad pankabatan tayo mikabat ed ulupan tayo diad Wikipedia. Nakaukulan ka na Wikipedian Pangasinan! Say Wikipedia nausar ed intiron talba. Aga labat nabasa ray nanduruman artikulo, sarag to met ya dumaen so napera da ra. Say salitan Wikipedia, pinantekep ya salitan nanlapod wiki tan ensayklopedia. Akasulat ed Salitan Pangasinan so ayan Wikipedia. Karaklan ya makapansalita na Pangasinan , manaayam ed Luyag na Pangasinan . Balet dakel met ran Pangasinan so manaayam ed arom ran parte ed mundo. Sarag mon naitulong ed Wikipedian Pangasinan Mansulat na balon artikulo. Basa yo yan artikulo umpian naaralan yoy mansulat na balon artikulo. Man-edit na asulat lan artikulo. Basa yo yan artikulo umpian naaralan yoy man-edit na asulat lan artikulo. Basaen so kumpleton listaan ya nakaukulan ya artikulo ed balang salita . Mansulat na artikulon anggapo ni ed Pangasinan . Ulupan tayo ed Wikipedian Pangasinan Diad kaleskesan tayo pantongtongan so amin ya bagay nipakar ed Wikipedian Pangasinan. Diad pankabatan tayo mikabat ed ulupan tayo diad Wikipedia. Kompog ed Wikipedian Pangasinan Biolohiya Nipaakar ed Parte na Laman • Nipaakar ed antropolohiya • Nipaakar ed Talaman Totoo san Ulupan Kabat ran Totoo • Grupon etniko • Ulupan Pananisia Biblia • Dasal • Rito • Kankanta • Bilay na Saray Santo • Arom ran Reliyon Heograpiya Asia • Amerika • Europa • Australya • Afrika Panaon san Klima Ekolohya • Klima Kultura tan Aral Kultura • Eskwelaan • Librari • Sayaw Negosyo Agro-Industrial • Trading • Banko san Finance Pilosopiya Ideolohiya Pisika Klase na Gobyerno Republika • Kaarian • Pederalista Arte Pinintaan • Eskultura • Arkitektura Kemikal Metematika Media Internet • Diaryo • Telebisyon • Radio • Magasin Panaon Panaon na Petang • Panaon na Uran Musika Cancion ed Pangasinan • Pop • Cancion na Simbaan • Jazz Isport Basketball • Bisikleta • Boksing • Futball Salita Gramatika • Diksionaryo • Listaan na Lingguahi Salita ya uusarin ed Wikipedia .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child:before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child:after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li:before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child:before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Salita ed Polok na Polpolo: Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Ilokano Kapampangan Tagalog Winaray Sobra ed 1,000,000 ya artikulo: Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Sobra ed 250,000 ya artikulo: العربية Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Български Català Čeština Esperanto Euskara فارسی 한국어 Magyar Norsk Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Українська Sobra ed 50,000 ya artikulo Bosanski Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά English (simple form) Galego עברית Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Kumpleton listaan na saray Wikipedia Arom ran proyekton agi na Wikipedia Say Wikipedia, manhohost so Pundasyon na Wikipedia , sakey ya organisyon ya angapoy-tubo (Non-Profit Organization odino NPO). Wadyad Ingles ni so amin iran akasulat ed lepsab. Commons Shi-nare na Media MediaWiki Wiki software Meta-Wiki Coordination na saray proyekto ed Wikipedia Wikibooks Libren Textbook san Manual Wikidata Knowledge base Wikinews Free Content ya News Wikiquote Collection na Quote Wikisource Free Content ya Librari Wikispecies Listaan na specie Wikiversity Learning resources Wikivoyage Travel guide Wiktionary Diksionari san Tesaurus Kompog ed Wikipedian Pangasinan Biolohiya Nipaakar ed Parte na Laman • Nipaakar ed antropolohiya • Nipaakar ed Talaman Totoo san Ulupan Kabat ran Totoo • Grupon etniko • Ulupan Pananisia Biblia • Dasal • Rito • Kankanta • Bilay na Saray Santo • Arom ran Reliyon Heograpiya Asia • Amerika • Europa • Australya • Afrika Panaon san Klima Ekolohya • Klima Kultura tan Aral Kultura • Eskwelaan • Librari • Sayaw Negosyo Agro-Industrial • Trading • Banko san Finance Pilosopiya Ideolohiya Pisika Klase na Gobyerno Republika • Kaarian • Pederalista Arte Pinintaan • Eskultura • Arkitektura Kemikal Metematika Media Internet • Diaryo • Telebisyon • Radio • Magasin Panaon Panaon na Petang • Panaon na Uran Musika Cancion ed Pangasinan • Pop • Cancion na Simbaan • Jazz Isport Basketball • Bisikleta • Boksing • Futball Salita Gramatika • Diksionaryo • Listaan na Lingguahi Kompog ed Wikipedian Pangasinan Biolohiya Nipaakar ed Parte na Laman • Nipaakar ed antropolohiya • Nipaakar ed Talaman Nipaakar ed Parte na Laman • Nipaakar ed antropolohiya • Nipaakar ed Talaman Totoo san Ulupan Kabat ran Totoo • Grupon etniko • Ulupan Kabat ran Totoo • Grupon etniko • Ulupan Pananisia Biblia • Dasal • Rito • Kankanta • Bilay na Saray Santo • Arom ran Reliyon Biblia • Dasal • Rito • Kankanta • Bilay na Saray Santo • Arom ran Reliyon Heograpiya Asia • Amerika • Europa • Australya • Afrika Asia • Amerika • Europa • Australya • Afrika Panaon san Klima Ekolohya • Klima Ekolohya • Klima Kultura tan Aral Kultura • Eskwelaan • Librari • Sayaw Kultura • Eskwelaan • Librari • Sayaw Negosyo Agro-Industrial • Trading • Banko san Finance Agro-Industrial • Trading • Banko san Finance Pilosopiya Ideolohiya Ideolohiya Pisika Klase na Gobyerno Republika • Kaarian • Pederalista Republika • Kaarian • Pederalista Arte Pinintaan • Eskultura • Arkitektura Pinintaan • Eskultura • Arkitektura Kemikal Metematika Media Internet • Diaryo • Telebisyon • Radio • Magasin Internet • Diaryo • Telebisyon • Radio • Magasin Panaon Panaon na Petang • Panaon na Uran Panaon na Petang • Panaon na Uran Musika Cancion ed Pangasinan • Pop • Cancion na Simbaan • Jazz Cancion ed Pangasinan • Pop • Cancion na Simbaan • Jazz Isport Basketball • Bisikleta • Boksing • Futball Basketball • Bisikleta • Boksing • Futball Salita Gramatika • Diksionaryo • Listaan na Lingguahi Gramatika • Diksionaryo • Listaan na Lingguahi Salita ya uusarin ed Wikipedia .mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child:after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child:before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child:after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li:before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child:before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child:before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "} Salita ed Polok na Polpolo: Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Ilokano Kapampangan Tagalog Winaray Sobra ed 1,000,000 ya artikulo: Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Sobra ed 250,000 ya artikulo: العربية Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Български Català Čeština Esperanto Euskara فارسی 한국어 Magyar Norsk Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Українська Sobra ed 50,000 ya artikulo Bosanski Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά English (simple form) Galego עברית Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Kumpleton listaan na saray Wikipedia Salita ya uusarin ed Wikipedia Salita ed Polok na Polpolo: Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Ilokano Kapampangan Tagalog Winaray Bikol Central Cebuano Chavacano de Zamboanga Ilokano Kapampangan Tagalog Winaray Sobra ed 1,000,000 ya artikulo: Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Deutsch Español Français Italiano Nederlands 日本語 Polski Português Русский Svenska Tiếng Việt 中文 Sobra ed 250,000 ya artikulo: العربية Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Български Català Čeština Esperanto Euskara فارسی 한국어 Magyar Norsk Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Українська العربية Bahasa Indonesia Bahasa Melayu Български Català Čeština Esperanto Euskara فارسی 한국어 Magyar Norsk Română Srpski Srpskohrvatski Suomi Türkçe Українська Sobra ed 50,000 ya artikulo Bosanski Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά English (simple form) Galego עברית Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Bosanski Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά English (simple form) Galego עברית Hrvatski Latviešu Lietuvių മലയാളം Norsk nynorsk Slovenčina Slovenščina ไทย Arom ran proyekton agi na Wikipedia Say Wikipedia, manhohost so Pundasyon na Wikipedia , sakey ya organisyon ya angapoy-tubo (Non-Profit Organization odino NPO). Wadyad Ingles ni so amin iran akasulat ed lepsab. Commons Shi-nare na Media MediaWiki Wiki software Meta-Wiki Coordination na saray proyekto ed Wikipedia Wikibooks Libren Textbook san Manual Wikidata Knowledge base Wikinews Free Content ya News Wikiquote Collection na Quote Wikisource Free Content ya Librari Wikispecies Listaan na specie Wikiversity Learning resources Wikivoyage Travel guide Wiktionary Diksionari san Tesaurus Arom ran proyekton agi na Wikipedia Say Wikipedia, manhohost so Pundasyon na Wikipedia , sakey ya organisyon ya angapoy-tubo (Non-Profit Organization odino NPO). Wadyad Ingles ni so amin iran akasulat ed lepsab. Commons Shi-nare na Media MediaWiki Wiki software Meta-Wiki Coordination na saray proyekto ed Wikipedia Wikibooks Libren Textbook san Manual Wikidata Knowledge base Wikinews Free Content ya News Wikiquote Collection na Quote Wikisource Free Content ya Librari Wikispecies Listaan na specie Wikiversity Learning resources Wikivoyage Travel guide Wiktionary Diksionari san Tesaurus Аԥсшәа Acèh Адыгабзэ Afrikaans Alemannisch Алтай тил አማርኛ Pangcah Aragonés Ænglisc Obolo अंगिका العربية ܐܪܡܝܐ الدارجة مصرى অসমীয়া Asturianu Atikamekw Авар Kotava अवधी Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Башҡортса Basa Bali Boarisch Žemaitėška Batak Toba Bikol Central Bajau Sama Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Betawi Български भोजपुरी Bislama Banjar ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ Bamanankan বাংলা བོད་ཡིག বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Brezhoneg Bosanski Batak Mandailing Basa Ugi Буряад Català Chavacano de Zamboanga 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Нохчийн Cebuano Chamoru ᏣᎳᎩ Tsetsêhestâhese کوردی Corsu Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ Qırımtatarca Čeština Kaszëbsczi Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ Чӑвашла Cymraeg Dansk Dagbanli Deutsch Dagaare Thuɔŋjäŋ Zazaki Dolnoserbski Kadazandusun डोटेली ދިވެހިބަސް ཇོང་ཁ Eʋegbe Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl English Esperanto Español Eesti Euskara Estremeñu فارسی Mfantse Fulfulde Suomi Võro Na Vosa Vakaviti Føroyskt Fɔ̀ngbè Français Arpetan Nordfriisk Furlan Frysk Gaeilge Gagauz 贛語 Kriyòl gwiyannen Gàidhlig Galego گیلکی Avañe'ẽ गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni Bahasa Hulontalo 𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺 Ghanaian Pidgin ગુજરાતી Wayuunaiki Farefare Gungbe Gaelg Hausa 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî Hawaiʻi עברית हिन्दी Fiji Hindi Hrvatski Hornjoserbsce Kreyòl ayisyen Magyar Հայերեն Արեւմտահայերէն Interlingua Jaku Iban Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Igbo Igala Iñupiatun Ilokano ГӀалгӀай Ido Íslenska Italiano ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut 日本語 Patois La .lojban. 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We gratefully acknowledge support from the Simons Foundation, member institutions , and all contributors. Donate Help | Advanced Search Showing 1–50 of 94 results for author: E, W Show abstracts Hide abstracts 1 2 arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.10402 [ pdf , ps , other ] Toward Ultra-Long-Horizon Agentic Science: Cognitive Accumulation for Machine Learning Engineering Authors: Xinyu Zhu , Yuzhu Cai , Zexi Liu , Bingyang Zheng , Cheng Wang , Rui Ye , Jiaao Chen , Hanrui Wang , Wei-Chen Wang , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Weinan E , Di Jin , Siheng Chen Abstract : The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in t… ▽ More The advancement of artificial intelligence toward agentic science is currently bottlenecked by the challenge of ultra-long-horizon autonomy, the ability to sustain strategic coherence and iterative correction over experimental cycles spanning days or weeks. While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated prowess in short-horizon reasoning, they are easily overwhelmed by execution details in the high-dimensional, delayed-feedback environments of real-world research, failing to consolidate sparse feedback into coherent long-term guidance. Here, we present ML-Master 2.0, an autonomous agent that masters ultra-long-horizon machine learning engineering (MLE) which is a representative microcosm of scientific discovery. By reframing context management as a process of cognitive accumulation, our approach introduces Hierarchical Cognitive Caching (HCC), a multi-tiered architecture inspired by computer systems that enables the structural differentiation of experience over time. By dynamically distilling transient execution traces into stable knowledge and cross-task wisdom, HCC allows agents to decouple immediate execution from long-term experimental strategy, effectively overcoming the scaling limits of static context windows. In evaluations on OpenAI's MLE-Bench under 24-hour budgets, ML-Master 2.0 achieves a state-of-the-art medal rate of 56.44%. Our findings demonstrate that ultra-long-horizon autonomy provides a scalable blueprint for AI capable of autonomous exploration beyond human-precedent complexities. △ Less Submitted 15 January, 2026; originally announced January 2026. Comments: 26 pages. 5 figures arXiv:2601.04204 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CY cs.AI cs.CL cs.HC cs.MA Generative Teaching via Code Authors: Yuheng Wang , Runde Yang , Lin Wu , Jie Zhang , Jingru Fan , Ruoyu Fu , Tianle Zhou , Huatao Li , Siheng Chen , Weinan E , Chen Qian Abstract : The scalability of high-quality online education is hindered by the high costs and slow cycles of labor-intensive manual content creation. Despite advancements in video generation, current approaches often fail to ensure pedagogical structure and precise control due to their pixel-level, black-box nature. In this paper, we propose Generative Teaching, a novel paradigm that transitions educators fr… ▽ More The scalability of high-quality online education is hindered by the high costs and slow cycles of labor-intensive manual content creation. Despite advancements in video generation, current approaches often fail to ensure pedagogical structure and precise control due to their pixel-level, black-box nature. In this paper, we propose Generative Teaching, a novel paradigm that transitions educators from manual creators to high-level directors, allowing them to focus on pedagogical intent while autonomous agents handle the execution. To realize this vision, we introduce TeachMaster, a multi-agent framework that leverages code as an intermediate semantic medium. Unlike traditional video generation methods, TeachMaster orchestrates a collaborative team of agents--spanning planning, design, and rendering--to automate the production of interpretable, editable, and curriculum-ready educational videos. Experiments validate that TeachMaster significantly boosts production efficiency without compromising structural coherence or visual fidelity, providing a robust solution for scalable education. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2601.04204 [ pdf , ps , other ] Generative Teaching via Code Authors: Yuheng Wang , Runde Yang , Lin Wu , Jie Zhang , Jingru Fan , Ruoyu Fu , Tianle Zhou , Huatao Li , Siheng Chen , Weinan E , Chen Qian Abstract : The scalability of high-quality online education is hindered by the high costs and slow cycles of labor-intensive manual content creation. Despite advancements in video generation, current approaches often fail to ensure pedagogical structure and precise control due to their pixel-level, black-box nature. In this paper, we propose Generative Teaching, a novel paradigm that transitions educators fr… ▽ More The scalability of high-quality online education is hindered by the high costs and slow cycles of labor-intensive manual content creation. Despite advancements in video generation, current approaches often fail to ensure pedagogical structure and precise control due to their pixel-level, black-box nature. In this paper, we propose Generative Teaching, a novel paradigm that transitions educators from manual creators to high-level directors, allowing them to focus on pedagogical intent while autonomous agents handle the execution. To realize this vision, we introduce TeachMaster, a multi-agent framework that leverages code as an intermediate semantic medium. Unlike traditional video generation methods, TeachMaster orchestrates a collaborative team of agents--spanning planning, design, and rendering--to automate the production of interpretable, editable, and curriculum-ready educational videos. Experiments validate that TeachMaster significantly boosts production efficiency without compromising structural coherence or visual fidelity, providing a robust solution for scalable education. △ Less Submitted 7 December, 2025; originally announced January 2026. arXiv:2512.20469 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI Bohrium + SciMaster: Building the Infrastructure and Ecosystem for Agentic Science at Scale Authors: Linfeng Zhang , Siheng Chen , Yuzhu Cai , Jingyi Chai , Junhan Chang , Kun Chen , Zhi X. Chen , Zhaohan Ding , Yuwen Du , Yuanpeng Gao , Yuan Gao , Jing Gao , Zhifeng Gao , Qiangqiang Gu , Yanhui Hong , Yuan Huang , Xi Fang , Xiaohong Ji , Guolin Ke , Zixing Lei , Xinyu Li , Yongge Li , Ruoxue Liao , Hang Lin , Xiaolu Lin , et al. (25 additional authors not shown) Abstract : AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingl… ▽ More AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingly necessary, as AI accelerates scientific output and stresses the peer-review and publication pipeline, raising the bar for traceability and credible evaluation. However, scaling agentic science remains difficult: workflows are hard to observe and reproduce; many tools and laboratory systems are not agent-ready; execution is hard to trace and govern; and prototype AI Scientist systems are often bespoke, limiting reuse and systematic improvement from real workflow signals. We argue that scaling agentic science requires an infrastructure-and-ecosystem approach, instantiated in Bohrium+SciMaster. Bohrium acts as a managed, traceable hub for AI4S assets -- akin to a HuggingFace of AI for Science -- that turns diverse scientific data, software, compute, and laboratory systems into agent-ready capabilities. SciMaster orchestrates these capabilities into long-horizon scientific workflows, on which scientific agents can be composed and executed. Between infrastructure and orchestration, a \emph{scientific intelligence substrate} organizes reusable models, knowledge, and components into executable building blocks for workflow reasoning and action, enabling composition, auditability, and improvement through use. We demonstrate this stack with eleven representative master agents in real workflows, achieving orders-of-magnitude reductions in end-to-end scientific cycle time and generating execution-grounded signals from real workloads at multi-million scale. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.20469 [ pdf , ps , other ] Bohrium + SciMaster: Building the Infrastructure and Ecosystem for Agentic Science at Scale Authors: Linfeng Zhang , Siheng Chen , Yuzhu Cai , Jingyi Chai , Junhan Chang , Kun Chen , Zhi X. Chen , Zhaohan Ding , Yuwen Du , Yuanpeng Gao , Yuan Gao , Jing Gao , Zhifeng Gao , Qiangqiang Gu , Yanhui Hong , Yuan Huang , Xi Fang , Xiaohong Ji , Guolin Ke , Zixing Lei , Xinyu Li , Yongge Li , Ruoxue Liao , Hang Lin , Xiaolu Lin , et al. (25 additional authors not shown) Abstract : AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingl… ▽ More AI agents are emerging as a practical way to run multi-step scientific workflows that interleave reasoning with tool use and verification, pointing to a shift from isolated AI-assisted steps toward \emph{agentic science at scale}. This shift is increasingly feasible, as scientific tools and models can be invoked through stable interfaces and verified with recorded execution traces, and increasingly necessary, as AI accelerates scientific output and stresses the peer-review and publication pipeline, raising the bar for traceability and credible evaluation. However, scaling agentic science remains difficult: workflows are hard to observe and reproduce; many tools and laboratory systems are not agent-ready; execution is hard to trace and govern; and prototype AI Scientist systems are often bespoke, limiting reuse and systematic improvement from real workflow signals. We argue that scaling agentic science requires an infrastructure-and-ecosystem approach, instantiated in Bohrium+SciMaster. Bohrium acts as a managed, traceable hub for AI4S assets -- akin to a HuggingFace of AI for Science -- that turns diverse scientific data, software, compute, and laboratory systems into agent-ready capabilities. SciMaster orchestrates these capabilities into long-horizon scientific workflows, on which scientific agents can be composed and executed. Between infrastructure and orchestration, a \emph{scientific intelligence substrate} organizes reusable models, knowledge, and components into executable building blocks for workflow reasoning and action, enabling composition, auditability, and improvement through use. We demonstrate this stack with eleven representative master agents in real workflows, achieving orders-of-magnitude reductions in end-to-end scientific cycle time and generating execution-grounded signals from real workloads at multi-million scale. △ Less Submitted 23 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.19799 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI PhysMaster: Building an Autonomous AI Physicist for Theoretical and Computational Physics Research Authors: Tingjia Miao , Jiawen Dai , Jingkun Liu , Jinxin Tan , Muhua Zhang , Wenkai Jin , Yuwen Du , Tian Jin , Xianghe Pang , Zexi Liu , Tu Guo , Zhengliang Zhang , Yunjie Huang , Shuo Chen , Rui Ye , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Kun Chen , Wei Wang , Weinan E , Siheng Chen Abstract : Advances in LLMs have produced agents with knowledge and operational capabilities comparable to human scientists, suggesting potential to assist, accelerate, and automate research. However, existing studies mainly evaluate such systems on well-defined benchmarks or general tasks like literature retrieval, limiting their end-to-end problem-solving ability in open scientific scenarios. This is parti… ▽ More Advances in LLMs have produced agents with knowledge and operational capabilities comparable to human scientists, suggesting potential to assist, accelerate, and automate research. However, existing studies mainly evaluate such systems on well-defined benchmarks or general tasks like literature retrieval, limiting their end-to-end problem-solving ability in open scientific scenarios. This is particularly true in physics, which is abstract, mathematically intensive, and requires integrating analytical reasoning with code-based computation. To address this, we propose PhysMaster, an LLM-based agent functioning as an autonomous theoretical and computational physicist. PhysMaster couples absract reasoning with numerical computation and leverages LANDAU, the Layered Academic Data Universe, which preserves retrieved literature, curated prior knowledge, and validated methodological traces, enhancing decision reliability and stability. It also employs an adaptive exploration strategy balancing efficiency and open-ended exploration, enabling robust performance in ultra-long-horizon tasks. We evaluate PhysMaster on problems from high-energy theory, condensed matter theory to astrophysics, including: (i) acceleration, compressing labor-intensive research from months to hours; (ii) automation, autonomously executing hypothesis-driven loops ; and (iii) autonomous discovery, independently exploring open problems. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 32 pages, 10 figures arXiv:2512.19799 [ pdf , ps , other ] PhysMaster: Building an Autonomous AI Physicist for Theoretical and Computational Physics Research Authors: Tingjia Miao , Jiawen Dai , Jingkun Liu , Jinxin Tan , Muhua Zhang , Wenkai Jin , Yuwen Du , Tian Jin , Xianghe Pang , Zexi Liu , Tu Guo , Zhengliang Zhang , Yunjie Huang , Shuo Chen , Rui Ye , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Kun Chen , Wei Wang , Weinan E , Siheng Chen Abstract : Advances in LLMs have produced agents with knowledge and operational capabilities comparable to human scientists, suggesting potential to assist, accelerate, and automate research. However, existing studies mainly evaluate such systems on well-defined benchmarks or general tasks like literature retrieval, limiting their end-to-end problem-solving ability in open scientific scenarios. This is parti… ▽ More Advances in LLMs have produced agents with knowledge and operational capabilities comparable to human scientists, suggesting potential to assist, accelerate, and automate research. However, existing studies mainly evaluate such systems on well-defined benchmarks or general tasks like literature retrieval, limiting their end-to-end problem-solving ability in open scientific scenarios. This is particularly true in physics, which is abstract, mathematically intensive, and requires integrating analytical reasoning with code-based computation. To address this, we propose PhysMaster, an LLM-based agent functioning as an autonomous theoretical and computational physicist. PhysMaster couples absract reasoning with numerical computation and leverages LANDAU, the Layered Academic Data Universe, which preserves retrieved literature, curated prior knowledge, and validated methodological traces, enhancing decision reliability and stability. It also employs an adaptive exploration strategy balancing efficiency and open-ended exploration, enabling robust performance in ultra-long-horizon tasks. We evaluate PhysMaster on problems from high-energy theory, condensed matter theory to astrophysics, including: (i) acceleration, compressing labor-intensive research from months to hours; (ii) automation, autonomously executing hypothesis-driven loops ; and (iii) autonomous discovery, independently exploring open problems. △ Less Submitted 22 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. Comments: 32 pages, 10 figures arXiv:2512.16676 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.CL DataFlow: An LLM-Driven Framework for Unified Data Preparation and Workflow Automation in the Era of Data-Centric AI Authors: Hao Liang , Xiaochen Ma , Zhou Liu , Zhen Hao Wong , Zhengyang Zhao , Zimo Meng , Runming He , Chengyu Shen , Qifeng Cai , Zhaoyang Han , Meiyi Qiang , Yalin Feng , Tianyi Bai , Zewei Pan , Ziyi Guo , Yizhen Jiang , Jingwen Deng , Qijie You , Peichao Lai , Tianyu Guo , Chi Hsu Tsai , Hengyi Feng , Rui Hu , Wenkai Yu , Junbo Niu , et al. (10 additional authors not shown) Abstract : The rapidly growing demand for high-quality data in Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified the need for scalable, reliable, and semantically rich data preparation pipelines. However, current practices remain dominated by ad-hoc scripts and loosely specified workflows, which lack principled abstractions, hinder reproducibility, and offer limited support for model-in-the-loop data generation.… ▽ More The rapidly growing demand for high-quality data in Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified the need for scalable, reliable, and semantically rich data preparation pipelines. However, current practices remain dominated by ad-hoc scripts and loosely specified workflows, which lack principled abstractions, hinder reproducibility, and offer limited support for model-in-the-loop data generation. To address these challenges, we present DataFlow, a unified and extensible LLM-driven data preparation framework. DataFlow is designed with system-level abstractions that enable modular, reusable, and composable data transformations, and provides a PyTorch-style pipeline construction API for building debuggable and optimizable dataflows. The framework consists of nearly 200 reusable operators and six domain-general pipelines spanning text, mathematical reasoning, code, Text-to-SQL, agentic RAG, and large-scale knowledge extraction. To further improve usability, we introduce DataFlow-Agent, which automatically translates natural-language specifications into executable pipelines via operator synthesis, pipeline planning, and iterative verification. Across six representative use cases, DataFlow consistently improves downstream LLM performance. Our math, code, and text pipelines outperform curated human datasets and specialized synthetic baselines, achieving up to +3\% execution accuracy in Text-to-SQL over SynSQL, +7\% average improvements on code benchmarks, and 1--3 point gains on MATH, GSM8K, and AIME. Moreover, a unified 10K-sample dataset produced by DataFlow enables base models to surpass counterparts trained on 1M Infinity-Instruct data. These results demonstrate that DataFlow provides a practical and high-performance substrate for reliable, reproducible, and scalable LLM data preparation, and establishes a system-level foundation for future data-centric AI development. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.16676 [ pdf , ps , other ] DataFlow: An LLM-Driven Framework for Unified Data Preparation and Workflow Automation in the Era of Data-Centric AI Authors: Hao Liang , Xiaochen Ma , Zhou Liu , Zhen Hao Wong , Zhengyang Zhao , Zimo Meng , Runming He , Chengyu Shen , Qifeng Cai , Zhaoyang Han , Meiyi Qiang , Yalin Feng , Tianyi Bai , Zewei Pan , Ziyi Guo , Yizhen Jiang , Jingwen Deng , Qijie You , Peichao Lai , Tianyu Guo , Chi Hsu Tsai , Hengyi Feng , Rui Hu , Wenkai Yu , Junbo Niu , et al. (10 additional authors not shown) Abstract : The rapidly growing demand for high-quality data in Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified the need for scalable, reliable, and semantically rich data preparation pipelines. However, current practices remain dominated by ad-hoc scripts and loosely specified workflows, which lack principled abstractions, hinder reproducibility, and offer limited support for model-in-the-loop data generation.… ▽ More The rapidly growing demand for high-quality data in Large Language Models (LLMs) has intensified the need for scalable, reliable, and semantically rich data preparation pipelines. However, current practices remain dominated by ad-hoc scripts and loosely specified workflows, which lack principled abstractions, hinder reproducibility, and offer limited support for model-in-the-loop data generation. To address these challenges, we present DataFlow, a unified and extensible LLM-driven data preparation framework. DataFlow is designed with system-level abstractions that enable modular, reusable, and composable data transformations, and provides a PyTorch-style pipeline construction API for building debuggable and optimizable dataflows. The framework consists of nearly 200 reusable operators and six domain-general pipelines spanning text, mathematical reasoning, code, Text-to-SQL, agentic RAG, and large-scale knowledge extraction. To further improve usability, we introduce DataFlow-Agent, which automatically translates natural-language specifications into executable pipelines via operator synthesis, pipeline planning, and iterative verification. Across six representative use cases, DataFlow consistently improves downstream LLM performance. Our math, code, and text pipelines outperform curated human datasets and specialized synthetic baselines, achieving up to +3\% execution accuracy in Text-to-SQL over SynSQL, +7\% average improvements on code benchmarks, and 1--3 point gains on MATH, GSM8K, and AIME. Moreover, a unified 10K-sample dataset produced by DataFlow enables base models to surpass counterparts trained on 1M Infinity-Instruct data. These results demonstrate that DataFlow provides a practical and high-performance substrate for reliable, reproducible, and scalable LLM data preparation, and establishes a system-level foundation for future data-centric AI development. △ Less Submitted 18 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.15311 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CV KD360-VoxelBEV: LiDAR and 360-degree Camera Cross Modality Knowledge Distillation for Bird's-Eye-View Segmentation Authors: Wenke E , Yixin Sun , Jiaxu Liu , Hubert P. H. Shum , Amir Atapour-Abarghouei , Toby P. Breckon Abstract : We present the first cross-modality distillation framework specifically tailored for single-panoramic-camera Bird's-Eye-View (BEV) segmentation. Our approach leverages a novel LiDAR image representation fused from range, intensity and ambient channels, together with a voxel-aligned view transformer that preserves spatial fidelity while enabling efficient BEV processing. During training, a high-cap… ▽ More We present the first cross-modality distillation framework specifically tailored for single-panoramic-camera Bird's-Eye-View (BEV) segmentation. Our approach leverages a novel LiDAR image representation fused from range, intensity and ambient channels, together with a voxel-aligned view transformer that preserves spatial fidelity while enabling efficient BEV processing. During training, a high-capacity LiDAR and camera fusion Teacher network extracts both rich spatial and semantic features for cross-modality knowledge distillation into a lightweight Student network that relies solely on a single 360-degree panoramic camera image. Extensive experiments on the Dur360BEV dataset demonstrate that our teacher model significantly outperforms existing camera-based BEV segmentation methods, achieving a 25.6\% IoU improvement. Meanwhile, the distilled Student network attains competitive performance with an 8.5\% IoU gain and state-of-the-art inference speed of 31.2 FPS. Moreover, evaluations on KITTI-360 (two fisheye cameras) confirm that our distillation framework generalises to diverse camera setups, underscoring its feasibility and robustness. This approach reduces sensor complexity and deployment costs while providing a practical solution for efficient, low-cost BEV segmentation in real-world autonomous driving. △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2512.15311 [ pdf , ps , other ] KD360-VoxelBEV: LiDAR and 360-degree Camera Cross Modality Knowledge Distillation for Bird's-Eye-View Segmentation Authors: Wenke E , Yixin Sun , Jiaxu Liu , Hubert P. H. Shum , Amir Atapour-Abarghouei , Toby P. Breckon Abstract : We present the first cross-modality distillation framework specifically tailored for single-panoramic-camera Bird's-Eye-View (BEV) segmentation. Our approach leverages a novel LiDAR image representation fused from range, intensity and ambient channels, together with a voxel-aligned view transformer that preserves spatial fidelity while enabling efficient BEV processing. During training, a high-cap… ▽ More We present the first cross-modality distillation framework specifically tailored for single-panoramic-camera Bird's-Eye-View (BEV) segmentation. Our approach leverages a novel LiDAR image representation fused from range, intensity and ambient channels, together with a voxel-aligned view transformer that preserves spatial fidelity while enabling efficient BEV processing. During training, a high-capacity LiDAR and camera fusion Teacher network extracts both rich spatial and semantic features for cross-modality knowledge distillation into a lightweight Student network that relies solely on a single 360-degree panoramic camera image. Extensive experiments on the Dur360BEV dataset demonstrate that our teacher model significantly outperforms existing camera-based BEV segmentation methods, achieving a 25.6\% IoU improvement. Meanwhile, the distilled Student network attains competitive performance with an 8.5\% IoU gain and state-of-the-art inference speed of 31.2 FPS. Moreover, evaluations on KITTI-360 (two fisheye cameras) confirm that our distillation framework generalises to diverse camera setups, underscoring its feasibility and robustness. This approach reduces sensor complexity and deployment costs while providing a practical solution for efficient, low-cost BEV segmentation in real-world autonomous driving. △ Less Submitted 17 December, 2025; originally announced December 2025. arXiv:2510.26854 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LG Inverse Knowledge Search over Verifiable Reasoning: Synthesizing a Scientific Encyclopedia from a Long Chains-of-Thought Knowledge Base Authors: Yu Li , Yuan Huang , Tao Wang , Caiyu Fan , Xiansheng Cai , Sihan Hu , Xinzijian Liu , Cheng Shi , Mingjun Xu , Zhen Wang , Yan Wang , Xiangqi Jin , Tianhan Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Lei Wang , Youjin Deng , Pan Zhang , Weijie Sun , Xingyu Li , Weinan E , Linfeng Zhang , Zhiyuan Yao , Kun Chen Abstract : Most scientific materials compress reasoning, presenting conclusions while omitting the derivational chains that justify them. This compression hinders verification by lacking explicit, step-wise justifications and inhibits cross-domain links by collapsing the very pathways that establish the logical and causal connections between concepts. We introduce a scalable framework that decompresses scien… ▽ More Most scientific materials compress reasoning, presenting conclusions while omitting the derivational chains that justify them. This compression hinders verification by lacking explicit, step-wise justifications and inhibits cross-domain links by collapsing the very pathways that establish the logical and causal connections between concepts. We introduce a scalable framework that decompresses scientific reasoning, constructing a verifiable Long Chain-of-Thought (LCoT) knowledge base and projecting it into an emergent encyclopedia, SciencePedia. Our pipeline operationalizes an endpoint-driven, reductionist strategy: a Socratic agent, guided by a curriculum of around 200 courses, generates approximately 3 million first-principles questions. To ensure high fidelity, multiple independent solver models generate LCoTs, which are then rigorously filtered by prompt sanitization and cross-model answer consensus, retaining only those with verifiable endpoints. This verified corpus powers the Brainstorm Search Engine, which performs inverse knowledge search -- retrieving diverse, first-principles derivations that culminate in a target concept. This engine, in turn, feeds the Plato synthesizer, which narrates these verified chains into coherent articles. The initial SciencePedia comprises approximately 200,000 fine-grained entries spanning mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and computation. In evaluations across six disciplines, Plato-synthesized articles (conditioned on retrieved LCoTs) exhibit substantially higher knowledge-point density and significantly lower factual error rates than an equally-prompted baseline without retrieval (as judged by an external LLM). Built on this verifiable LCoT knowledge base, this reasoning-centric approach enables trustworthy, cross-domain scientific synthesis at scale and establishes the foundation for an ever-expanding encyclopedia. △ Less Submitted 7 November, 2025; v1 submitted 30 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 43 pages, 4 figures. This work is part of the SciencePedia project (sciencepedia.bohrium.com) arXiv:2510.26854 [ pdf , ps , other ] Inverse Knowledge Search over Verifiable Reasoning: Synthesizing a Scientific Encyclopedia from a Long Chains-of-Thought Knowledge Base Authors: Yu Li , Yuan Huang , Tao Wang , Caiyu Fan , Xiansheng Cai , Sihan Hu , Xinzijian Liu , Cheng Shi , Mingjun Xu , Zhen Wang , Yan Wang , Xiangqi Jin , Tianhan Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Lei Wang , Youjin Deng , Pan Zhang , Weijie Sun , Xingyu Li , Weinan E , Linfeng Zhang , Zhiyuan Yao , Kun Chen Abstract : Most scientific materials compress reasoning, presenting conclusions while omitting the derivational chains that justify them. This compression hinders verification by lacking explicit, step-wise justifications and inhibits cross-domain links by collapsing the very pathways that establish the logical and causal connections between concepts. We introduce a scalable framework that decompresses scien… ▽ More Most scientific materials compress reasoning, presenting conclusions while omitting the derivational chains that justify them. This compression hinders verification by lacking explicit, step-wise justifications and inhibits cross-domain links by collapsing the very pathways that establish the logical and causal connections between concepts. We introduce a scalable framework that decompresses scientific reasoning, constructing a verifiable Long Chain-of-Thought (LCoT) knowledge base and projecting it into an emergent encyclopedia, SciencePedia. Our pipeline operationalizes an endpoint-driven, reductionist strategy: a Socratic agent, guided by a curriculum of around 200 courses, generates approximately 3 million first-principles questions. To ensure high fidelity, multiple independent solver models generate LCoTs, which are then rigorously filtered by prompt sanitization and cross-model answer consensus, retaining only those with verifiable endpoints. This verified corpus powers the Brainstorm Search Engine, which performs inverse knowledge search -- retrieving diverse, first-principles derivations that culminate in a target concept. This engine, in turn, feeds the Plato synthesizer, which narrates these verified chains into coherent articles. The initial SciencePedia comprises approximately 200,000 fine-grained entries spanning mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology, engineering, and computation. In evaluations across six disciplines, Plato-synthesized articles (conditioned on retrieved LCoTs) exhibit substantially higher knowledge-point density and significantly lower factual error rates than an equally-prompted baseline without retrieval (as judged by an external LLM). Built on this verifiable LCoT knowledge base, this reasoning-centric approach enables trustworthy, cross-domain scientific synthesis at scale and establishes the foundation for an ever-expanding encyclopedia. △ Less Submitted 7 November, 2025; v1 submitted 30 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. Comments: 43 pages, 4 figures. This work is part of the SciencePedia project (sciencepedia.bohrium.com) arXiv:2510.09517 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.CL StatEval: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Large Language Models in Statistics Authors: Yuchen Lu , Run Yang , Yichen Zhang , Shuguang Yu , Runpeng Dai , Ziwei Wang , Jiayi Xiang , Wenxin E , Siran Gao , Xinyao Ruan , Yirui Huang , Chenjing Xi , Haibo Hu , Yueming Fu , Qinglan Yu , Xiaobing Wei , Jiani Gu , Rui Sun , Jiaxuan Jia , Fan Zhou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable advances in mathematical and logical reasoning, yet statistics, as a distinct and integrative discipline, remains underexplored in benchmarking efforts. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{StatEval}, the first comprehensive benchmark dedicated to statistics, spanning both breadth and depth across difficulty levels. StatEval consists o… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable advances in mathematical and logical reasoning, yet statistics, as a distinct and integrative discipline, remains underexplored in benchmarking efforts. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{StatEval}, the first comprehensive benchmark dedicated to statistics, spanning both breadth and depth across difficulty levels. StatEval consists of 13,817 foundational problems covering undergraduate and graduate curricula, together with 2374 research-level proof tasks extracted from leading journals. To construct the benchmark, we design a scalable multi-agent pipeline with human-in-the-loop validation that automates large-scale problem extraction, rewriting, and quality control, while ensuring academic rigor. We further propose a robust evaluation framework tailored to both computational and proof-based tasks, enabling fine-grained assessment of reasoning ability. Experimental results reveal that while closed-source models such as GPT5-mini achieve below 57\% on research-level problems, with open-source models performing significantly lower. These findings highlight the unique challenges of statistical reasoning and the limitations of current LLMs. We expect StatEval to serve as a rigorous benchmark for advancing statistical intelligence in large language models. All data and code are available on our web platform: △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2510.09517 [ pdf , ps , other ] StatEval: A Comprehensive Benchmark for Large Language Models in Statistics Authors: Yuchen Lu , Run Yang , Yichen Zhang , Shuguang Yu , Runpeng Dai , Ziwei Wang , Jiayi Xiang , Wenxin E , Siran Gao , Xinyao Ruan , Yirui Huang , Chenjing Xi , Haibo Hu , Yueming Fu , Qinglan Yu , Xiaobing Wei , Jiani Gu , Rui Sun , Jiaxuan Jia , Fan Zhou Abstract : Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable advances in mathematical and logical reasoning, yet statistics, as a distinct and integrative discipline, remains underexplored in benchmarking efforts. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{StatEval}, the first comprehensive benchmark dedicated to statistics, spanning both breadth and depth across difficulty levels. StatEval consists o… ▽ More Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable advances in mathematical and logical reasoning, yet statistics, as a distinct and integrative discipline, remains underexplored in benchmarking efforts. To address this gap, we introduce \textbf{StatEval}, the first comprehensive benchmark dedicated to statistics, spanning both breadth and depth across difficulty levels. StatEval consists of 13,817 foundational problems covering undergraduate and graduate curricula, together with 2374 research-level proof tasks extracted from leading journals. To construct the benchmark, we design a scalable multi-agent pipeline with human-in-the-loop validation that automates large-scale problem extraction, rewriting, and quality control, while ensuring academic rigor. We further propose a robust evaluation framework tailored to both computational and proof-based tasks, enabling fine-grained assessment of reasoning ability. Experimental results reveal that while closed-source models such as GPT5-mini achieve below 57\% on research-level problems, with open-source models performing significantly lower. These findings highlight the unique challenges of statistical reasoning and the limitations of current LLMs. We expect StatEval to serve as a rigorous benchmark for advancing statistical intelligence in large language models. All data and code are available on our web platform: △ Less Submitted 10 October, 2025; originally announced October 2025. arXiv:2509.00640 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.chem-ph cs.AI NMR-Solver: Automated Structure Elucidation via Large-Scale Spectral Matching and Physics-Guided Fragment Optimization Authors: Yongqi Jin , Jun-Jie Wang , Fanjie Xu , Xiaohong Ji , Zhifeng Gao , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Rong Zhu , Weinan E Abstract : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful and widely used tools for molecular structure elucidation in organic chemistry. However, the interpretation of NMR spectra to determine unknown molecular structures remains a labor-intensive and expertise-dependent process, particularly for complex or novel compounds. Although recent methods have been proposed for molecular… ▽ More Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful and widely used tools for molecular structure elucidation in organic chemistry. However, the interpretation of NMR spectra to determine unknown molecular structures remains a labor-intensive and expertise-dependent process, particularly for complex or novel compounds. Although recent methods have been proposed for molecular structure elucidation, they often underperform in real-world applications due to inherent algorithmic limitations and limited high-quality data. Here, we present NMR-Solver, a practical and interpretable framework for the automated determination of small organic molecule structures from $^1$H and $^{13}$C NMR spectra. Our method introduces an automated framework for molecular structure elucidation, integrating large-scale spectral matching with physics-guided fragment-based optimization that exploits atomic-level structure-spectrum relationships in NMR. We evaluate NMR-Solver on simulated benchmarks, curated experimental data from the literature, and real-world experiments, demonstrating its strong generalization, robustness, and practical utility in challenging, real-life scenarios. NMR-Solver unifies computational NMR analysis, deep learning, and interpretable chemical reasoning into a coherent system. By incorporating the physical principles of NMR into molecular optimization, it enables scalable, automated, and chemically meaningful molecular identification, establishing a generalizable paradigm for solving inverse problems in molecular science. △ Less Submitted 30 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2509.00640 [ pdf , ps , other ] NMR-Solver: Automated Structure Elucidation via Large-Scale Spectral Matching and Physics-Guided Fragment Optimization Authors: Yongqi Jin , Jun-Jie Wang , Fanjie Xu , Xiaohong Ji , Zhifeng Gao , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Rong Zhu , Weinan E Abstract : Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful and widely used tools for molecular structure elucidation in organic chemistry. However, the interpretation of NMR spectra to determine unknown molecular structures remains a labor-intensive and expertise-dependent process, particularly for complex or novel compounds. Although recent methods have been proposed for molecular… ▽ More Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one of the most powerful and widely used tools for molecular structure elucidation in organic chemistry. However, the interpretation of NMR spectra to determine unknown molecular structures remains a labor-intensive and expertise-dependent process, particularly for complex or novel compounds. Although recent methods have been proposed for molecular structure elucidation, they often underperform in real-world applications due to inherent algorithmic limitations and limited high-quality data. Here, we present NMR-Solver, a practical and interpretable framework for the automated determination of small organic molecule structures from $^1$H and $^{13}$C NMR spectra. Our method introduces an automated framework for molecular structure elucidation, integrating large-scale spectral matching with physics-guided fragment-based optimization that exploits atomic-level structure-spectrum relationships in NMR. We evaluate NMR-Solver on simulated benchmarks, curated experimental data from the literature, and real-world experiments, demonstrating its strong generalization, robustness, and practical utility in challenging, real-life scenarios. NMR-Solver unifies computational NMR analysis, deep learning, and interpretable chemical reasoning into a coherent system. By incorporating the physical principles of NMR into molecular optimization, it enables scalable, automated, and chemically meaningful molecular identification, establishing a generalizable paradigm for solving inverse problems in molecular science. △ Less Submitted 30 August, 2025; originally announced September 2025. arXiv:2508.00920 [ pdf , ps , other ] physics.chem-ph cs.LG Uni-Mol3: A Multi-Molecular Foundation Model for Advancing Organic Reaction Modeling Authors: Lirong Wu , Junjie Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Xiaohong Ji , Rong Zhu , Xinyu Li , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Weinan E Abstract : Organic reaction, the foundation of modern chemical industry, is crucial for new material development and drug discovery. However, deciphering reaction mechanisms and modeling multi-molecular relationships remain formidable challenges due to the complexity of molecular dynamics. While several state-of-the-art models like Uni-Mol2 have revolutionized single-molecular representation learning, their… ▽ More Organic reaction, the foundation of modern chemical industry, is crucial for new material development and drug discovery. However, deciphering reaction mechanisms and modeling multi-molecular relationships remain formidable challenges due to the complexity of molecular dynamics. While several state-of-the-art models like Uni-Mol2 have revolutionized single-molecular representation learning, their extension to multi-molecular systems, where chemical reactions inherently occur, has been underexplored. This paper introduces Uni-Mol3, a novel deep learning framework that employs a hierarchical pipeline for multi-molecular reaction modeling. At its core, Uni-Mol3 adopts a multi-scale molecular tokenizer (Mol-Tokenizer) that encodes 3D structures of molecules and other features into discrete tokens, creating a 3D-aware molecular language. The framework innovatively combines two pre-training stages: molecular pre-training to learn the molecular grammars and reaction pre-training to capture fundamental reaction principles, forming a progressive learning paradigm from single- to multi-molecular systems. With prompt-aware downstream fine-tuning, Uni-Mol3 demonstrates exceptional performance in diverse organic reaction tasks and supports multi-task prediction with strong generalizability. Experimental results across 10 datasets spanning 4 downstream tasks show that Uni-Mol3 outperforms existing methods, validating its effectiveness in modeling complex organic reactions. This work not only ushers in an alternative paradigm for multi-molecular computational modeling but also charts a course for intelligent organic reaction by bridging molecular representation with reaction mechanism understanding. △ Less Submitted 11 August, 2025; v1 submitted 29 July, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2508.00920 [ pdf , ps , other ] Uni-Mol3: A Multi-Molecular Foundation Model for Advancing Organic Reaction Modeling Authors: Lirong Wu , Junjie Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Xiaohong Ji , Rong Zhu , Xinyu Li , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Weinan E Abstract : Organic reaction, the foundation of modern chemical industry, is crucial for new material development and drug discovery. However, deciphering reaction mechanisms and modeling multi-molecular relationships remain formidable challenges due to the complexity of molecular dynamics. While several state-of-the-art models like Uni-Mol2 have revolutionized single-molecular representation learning, their… ▽ More Organic reaction, the foundation of modern chemical industry, is crucial for new material development and drug discovery. However, deciphering reaction mechanisms and modeling multi-molecular relationships remain formidable challenges due to the complexity of molecular dynamics. While several state-of-the-art models like Uni-Mol2 have revolutionized single-molecular representation learning, their extension to multi-molecular systems, where chemical reactions inherently occur, has been underexplored. This paper introduces Uni-Mol3, a novel deep learning framework that employs a hierarchical pipeline for multi-molecular reaction modeling. At its core, Uni-Mol3 adopts a multi-scale molecular tokenizer (Mol-Tokenizer) that encodes 3D structures of molecules and other features into discrete tokens, creating a 3D-aware molecular language. The framework innovatively combines two pre-training stages: molecular pre-training to learn the molecular grammars and reaction pre-training to capture fundamental reaction principles, forming a progressive learning paradigm from single- to multi-molecular systems. With prompt-aware downstream fine-tuning, Uni-Mol3 demonstrates exceptional performance in diverse organic reaction tasks and supports multi-task prediction with strong generalizability. Experimental results across 10 datasets spanning 4 downstream tasks show that Uni-Mol3 outperforms existing methods, validating its effectiveness in modeling complex organic reactions. This work not only ushers in an alternative paradigm for multi-molecular computational modeling but also charts a course for intelligent organic reaction by bridging molecular representation with reaction mechanism understanding. △ Less Submitted 11 August, 2025; v1 submitted 29 July, 2025; originally announced August 2025. arXiv:2507.08475 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG SynBridge: Bridging Reaction States via Discrete Flow for Bidirectional Reaction Prediction Authors: Haitao Lin , Junjie Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Xiaohong Ji , Rong Zhu , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Weinan E Abstract : The essence of a chemical reaction lies in the redistribution and reorganization of electrons, which is often manifested through electron transfer or the migration of electron pairs. These changes are inherently discrete and abrupt in the physical world, such as alterations in the charge states of atoms or the formation and breaking of chemical bonds. To model the transition of states, we propose… ▽ More The essence of a chemical reaction lies in the redistribution and reorganization of electrons, which is often manifested through electron transfer or the migration of electron pairs. These changes are inherently discrete and abrupt in the physical world, such as alterations in the charge states of atoms or the formation and breaking of chemical bonds. To model the transition of states, we propose SynBridge, a bidirectional flow-based generative model to achieve multi-task reaction prediction. By leveraging a graph-to-graph transformer network architecture and discrete flow bridges between any two discrete distributions, SynBridge captures bidirectional chemical transformations between graphs of reactants and products through the bonds' and atoms' discrete states. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of our method through extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets (USPTO-50K, USPTO-MIT, Pistachio), achieving state-of-the-art performance in both forward and retrosynthesis tasks. Our ablation studies and noise scheduling analysis reveal the benefits of structured diffusion over discrete spaces for reaction prediction. △ Less Submitted 11 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 22pages, 2 figures arXiv:2507.08475 [ pdf , ps , other ] SynBridge: Bridging Reaction States via Discrete Flow for Bidirectional Reaction Prediction Authors: Haitao Lin , Junjie Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Xiaohong Ji , Rong Zhu , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Weinan E Abstract : The essence of a chemical reaction lies in the redistribution and reorganization of electrons, which is often manifested through electron transfer or the migration of electron pairs. These changes are inherently discrete and abrupt in the physical world, such as alterations in the charge states of atoms or the formation and breaking of chemical bonds. To model the transition of states, we propose… ▽ More The essence of a chemical reaction lies in the redistribution and reorganization of electrons, which is often manifested through electron transfer or the migration of electron pairs. These changes are inherently discrete and abrupt in the physical world, such as alterations in the charge states of atoms or the formation and breaking of chemical bonds. To model the transition of states, we propose SynBridge, a bidirectional flow-based generative model to achieve multi-task reaction prediction. By leveraging a graph-to-graph transformer network architecture and discrete flow bridges between any two discrete distributions, SynBridge captures bidirectional chemical transformations between graphs of reactants and products through the bonds' and atoms' discrete states. We further demonstrate the effectiveness of our method through extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets (USPTO-50K, USPTO-MIT, Pistachio), achieving state-of-the-art performance in both forward and retrosynthesis tasks. Our ablation studies and noise scheduling analysis reveal the benefits of structured diffusion over discrete spaces for reaction prediction. △ Less Submitted 11 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 22pages, 2 figures arXiv:2507.05241 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.CL SciMaster: Towards General-Purpose Scientific AI Agents, Part I. X-Master as Foundation: Can We Lead on Humanity's Last Exam? Authors: Jingyi Chai , Shuo Tang , Rui Ye , Yuwen Du , Xinyu Zhu , Mengcheng Zhou , Yanfeng Wang , Weinan E , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Siheng Chen Abstract : The rapid advancements of AI agents have ignited the long-held ambition of leveraging them to accelerate scientific discovery. Achieving this goal requires a deep understanding of the frontiers of human knowledge. As such, Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) provides an exceptionally challenging touchstone for evaluating scientific AI agents. In this work, we aim to construct the foundational architecture… ▽ More The rapid advancements of AI agents have ignited the long-held ambition of leveraging them to accelerate scientific discovery. Achieving this goal requires a deep understanding of the frontiers of human knowledge. As such, Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) provides an exceptionally challenging touchstone for evaluating scientific AI agents. In this work, we aim to construct the foundational architecture for general-purpose agents and validate the capabilities through leading performance on HLE. To achieve this, we introduce X-Master, a tool-augmented reasoning agent designed to emulate human researchers by interacting flexibly with external tools during its reasoning process. This agent, guided by the conceptualization of code as an interaction language, can flexibly leverage built-in Python libraries and our customized tools to augment the reasoning. We further scale its capabilities through X-Masters, a scattered-and-stacked agentic workflow that systematically enhances breadth and depth of reasoning. Our open-source solution, X-Masters, sets a new state-of-the-art record on HLE with a score of 32.1%, surpassing OpenAI's and Google's Deep Research (26.6% and 26.9%) and becoming the first to exceed the 30% threshold. This work allows us to gain a deeper understanding of complex task-solving and accumulates valuable experience that can inform future advancements, guiding subsequent model training. △ Less Submitted 8 July, 2025; v1 submitted 7 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 15 pages, 10 figures arXiv:2507.05241 [ pdf , ps , other ] SciMaster: Towards General-Purpose Scientific AI Agents, Part I. X-Master as Foundation: Can We Lead on Humanity's Last Exam? Authors: Jingyi Chai , Shuo Tang , Rui Ye , Yuwen Du , Xinyu Zhu , Mengcheng Zhou , Yanfeng Wang , Weinan E , Yuzhi Zhang , Linfeng Zhang , Siheng Chen Abstract : The rapid advancements of AI agents have ignited the long-held ambition of leveraging them to accelerate scientific discovery. Achieving this goal requires a deep understanding of the frontiers of human knowledge. As such, Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) provides an exceptionally challenging touchstone for evaluating scientific AI agents. In this work, we aim to construct the foundational architecture… ▽ More The rapid advancements of AI agents have ignited the long-held ambition of leveraging them to accelerate scientific discovery. Achieving this goal requires a deep understanding of the frontiers of human knowledge. As such, Humanity's Last Exam (HLE) provides an exceptionally challenging touchstone for evaluating scientific AI agents. In this work, we aim to construct the foundational architecture for general-purpose agents and validate the capabilities through leading performance on HLE. To achieve this, we introduce X-Master, a tool-augmented reasoning agent designed to emulate human researchers by interacting flexibly with external tools during its reasoning process. This agent, guided by the conceptualization of code as an interaction language, can flexibly leverage built-in Python libraries and our customized tools to augment the reasoning. We further scale its capabilities through X-Masters, a scattered-and-stacked agentic workflow that systematically enhances breadth and depth of reasoning. Our open-source solution, X-Masters, sets a new state-of-the-art record on HLE with a score of 32.1%, surpassing OpenAI's and Google's Deep Research (26.6% and 26.9%) and becoming the first to exceed the 30% threshold. This work allows us to gain a deeper understanding of complex task-solving and accumulates valuable experience that can inform future advancements, guiding subsequent model training. △ Less Submitted 8 July, 2025; v1 submitted 7 July, 2025; originally announced July 2025. Comments: 15 pages, 10 figures arXiv:2507.00087 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI pUniFind: a unified large pre-trained deep learning model pushing the limit of mass spectra interpretation Authors: Jiale Zhao , Pengzhi Mao , Kaifei Wang , Yiming Li , Yaping Peng , Ranfei Chen , Shuqi Lu , Xiaohong Ji , Jiaxiang Ding , Xin Zhang , Yucheng Liao , Weinan E , Weijie Zhang , Han Wen , Hao Chi Abstract : Deep learning has advanced mass spectrometry data interpretation, yet most models remain feature extractors rather than unified scoring frameworks. We present pUniFind, the first large-scale multimodal pre-trained model in proteomics that integrates end-to-end peptide-spectrum scoring with open, zero-shot de novo sequencing. Trained on over 100 million open search-derived spectra, pUniFind aligns… ▽ More Deep learning has advanced mass spectrometry data interpretation, yet most models remain feature extractors rather than unified scoring frameworks. We present pUniFind, the first large-scale multimodal pre-trained model in proteomics that integrates end-to-end peptide-spectrum scoring with open, zero-shot de novo sequencing. Trained on over 100 million open search-derived spectra, pUniFind aligns spectral and peptide modalities via cross modality prediction and outperforms traditional engines across diverse datasets, particularly achieving a 42.6 percent increase in the number of identified peptides in immunopeptidomics. Supporting over 1,300 modifications, pUniFind identifies 60 percent more PSMs than existing de novo methods despite a 300-fold larger search space. A deep learning based quality control module further recovers 38.5 percent additional peptides including 1,891 mapped to the genome but absent from reference proteomes while preserving full fragment ion coverage. These results establish a unified, scalable deep learning framework for proteomic analysis, offering improved sensitivity, modification coverage, and interpretability. △ Less Submitted 30 June, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2507.00087 [ pdf , ps , other ] pUniFind: a unified large pre-trained deep learning model pushing the limit of mass spectra interpretation Authors: Jiale Zhao , Pengzhi Mao , Kaifei Wang , Yiming Li , Yaping Peng , Ranfei Chen , Shuqi Lu , Xiaohong Ji , Jiaxiang Ding , Xin Zhang , Yucheng Liao , Weinan E , Weijie Zhang , Han Wen , Hao Chi Abstract : Deep learning has advanced mass spectrometry data interpretation, yet most models remain feature extractors rather than unified scoring frameworks. We present pUniFind, the first large-scale multimodal pre-trained model in proteomics that integrates end-to-end peptide-spectrum scoring with open, zero-shot de novo sequencing. Trained on over 100 million open search-derived spectra, pUniFind aligns… ▽ More Deep learning has advanced mass spectrometry data interpretation, yet most models remain feature extractors rather than unified scoring frameworks. We present pUniFind, the first large-scale multimodal pre-trained model in proteomics that integrates end-to-end peptide-spectrum scoring with open, zero-shot de novo sequencing. Trained on over 100 million open search-derived spectra, pUniFind aligns spectral and peptide modalities via cross modality prediction and outperforms traditional engines across diverse datasets, particularly achieving a 42.6 percent increase in the number of identified peptides in immunopeptidomics. Supporting over 1,300 modifications, pUniFind identifies 60 percent more PSMs than existing de novo methods despite a 300-fold larger search space. A deep learning based quality control module further recovers 38.5 percent additional peptides including 1,891 mapped to the genome but absent from reference proteomes while preserving full fragment ion coverage. These results establish a unified, scalable deep learning framework for proteomic analysis, offering improved sensitivity, modification coverage, and interpretability. △ Less Submitted 30 June, 2025; originally announced July 2025. arXiv:2506.21630 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.RO cs.CV cs.LG TOMD: A Trail-based Off-road Multimodal Dataset for Traversable Pathway Segmentation under Challenging Illumination Conditions Authors: Yixin Sun , Li Li , Wenke E , Amir Atapour-Abarghouei , Toby P. Breckon Abstract : Detecting traversable pathways in unstructured outdoor environments remains a significant challenge for autonomous robots, especially in critical applications such as wide-area search and rescue, as well as incident management scenarios like forest fires. Existing datasets and models primarily target urban settings or wide, vehicle-traversable off-road tracks, leaving a substantial gap in addressi… ▽ More Detecting traversable pathways in unstructured outdoor environments remains a significant challenge for autonomous robots, especially in critical applications such as wide-area search and rescue, as well as incident management scenarios like forest fires. Existing datasets and models primarily target urban settings or wide, vehicle-traversable off-road tracks, leaving a substantial gap in addressing the complexity of narrow, trail-like off-road scenarios. To address this, we introduce the Trail-based Off-road Multimodal Dataset (TOMD), a comprehensive dataset specifically designed for such environments. TOMD features high-fidelity multimodal sensor data -- including 128-channel LiDAR, stereo imagery, GNSS, IMU, and illumination measurements -- collected through repeated traversals under diverse conditions. We also propose a dynamic multiscale data fusion model for accurate traversable pathway prediction. The study analyzes the performance of early, cross, and mixed fusion strategies under varying illumination levels. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and the relevance of illumination in segmentation performance. We publicly release TOMD at to support future research in trail-based off-road navigation. △ Less Submitted 24 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 8 pages, 9 figures, 2025 IJCNN arXiv:2506.21630 [ pdf , ps , other ] TOMD: A Trail-based Off-road Multimodal Dataset for Traversable Pathway Segmentation under Challenging Illumination Conditions Authors: Yixin Sun , Li Li , Wenke E , Amir Atapour-Abarghouei , Toby P. Breckon Abstract : Detecting traversable pathways in unstructured outdoor environments remains a significant challenge for autonomous robots, especially in critical applications such as wide-area search and rescue, as well as incident management scenarios like forest fires. Existing datasets and models primarily target urban settings or wide, vehicle-traversable off-road tracks, leaving a substantial gap in addressi… ▽ More Detecting traversable pathways in unstructured outdoor environments remains a significant challenge for autonomous robots, especially in critical applications such as wide-area search and rescue, as well as incident management scenarios like forest fires. Existing datasets and models primarily target urban settings or wide, vehicle-traversable off-road tracks, leaving a substantial gap in addressing the complexity of narrow, trail-like off-road scenarios. To address this, we introduce the Trail-based Off-road Multimodal Dataset (TOMD), a comprehensive dataset specifically designed for such environments. TOMD features high-fidelity multimodal sensor data -- including 128-channel LiDAR, stereo imagery, GNSS, IMU, and illumination measurements -- collected through repeated traversals under diverse conditions. We also propose a dynamic multiscale data fusion model for accurate traversable pathway prediction. The study analyzes the performance of early, cross, and mixed fusion strategies under varying illumination levels. Results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach and the relevance of illumination in segmentation performance. We publicly release TOMD at to support future research in trail-based off-road navigation. △ Less Submitted 24 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. Comments: 8 pages, 9 figures, 2025 IJCNN arXiv:2506.16499 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.AI cs.LG ML-Master: Towards AI-for-AI via Integration of Exploration and Reasoning Authors: Zexi Liu , Yuzhu Cai , Xinyu Zhu , Yujie Zheng , Runkun Chen , Ying Wen , Yanfeng Wang , Weinan E , Siheng Chen Abstract : As AI capabilities advance toward and potentially beyond human-level performance, a natural transition emerges where AI-driven development becomes more efficient than human-centric approaches. A promising pathway toward this transition lies in AI-for-AI (AI4AI), which leverages AI techniques to automate and optimize the design, training, and deployment of AI systems themselves. While LLM-based age… ▽ More As AI capabilities advance toward and potentially beyond human-level performance, a natural transition emerges where AI-driven development becomes more efficient than human-centric approaches. A promising pathway toward this transition lies in AI-for-AI (AI4AI), which leverages AI techniques to automate and optimize the design, training, and deployment of AI systems themselves. While LLM-based agents have shown the potential to realize AI4AI, they are often unable to fully leverage the experience accumulated by agents during the exploration of solutions in the reasoning process, leading to inefficiencies and suboptimal performance. To address this limitation, we propose ML-Master, a novel AI4AI agent that seamlessly integrates exploration and reasoning by employing a selectively scoped memory mechanism. This approach allows ML-Master to efficiently combine diverse insights from parallel solution trajectories with analytical reasoning, guiding further exploration without overwhelming the agent with excessive context. We evaluate ML-Master on the MLE-Bench, where it achieves a 29.3% average medal rate, significantly surpassing existing methods, particularly in medium-complexity tasks, while accomplishing this superior performance within a strict 12-hour time constraint-half the 24-hour limit used by previous baselines. These results demonstrate ML-Master's potential as a powerful tool for advancing AI4AI. △ Less Submitted 19 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2506.16499 [ pdf , ps , other ] ML-Master: Towards AI-for-AI via Integration of Exploration and Reasoning Authors: Zexi Liu , Yuzhu Cai , Xinyu Zhu , Yujie Zheng , Runkun Chen , Ying Wen , Yanfeng Wang , Weinan E , Siheng Chen Abstract : As AI capabilities advance toward and potentially beyond human-level performance, a natural transition emerges where AI-driven development becomes more efficient than human-centric approaches. A promising pathway toward this transition lies in AI-for-AI (AI4AI), which leverages AI techniques to automate and optimize the design, training, and deployment of AI systems themselves. While LLM-based age… ▽ More As AI capabilities advance toward and potentially beyond human-level performance, a natural transition emerges where AI-driven development becomes more efficient than human-centric approaches. A promising pathway toward this transition lies in AI-for-AI (AI4AI), which leverages AI techniques to automate and optimize the design, training, and deployment of AI systems themselves. While LLM-based agents have shown the potential to realize AI4AI, they are often unable to fully leverage the experience accumulated by agents during the exploration of solutions in the reasoning process, leading to inefficiencies and suboptimal performance. To address this limitation, we propose ML-Master, a novel AI4AI agent that seamlessly integrates exploration and reasoning by employing a selectively scoped memory mechanism. This approach allows ML-Master to efficiently combine diverse insights from parallel solution trajectories with analytical reasoning, guiding further exploration without overwhelming the agent with excessive context. We evaluate ML-Master on the MLE-Bench, where it achieves a 29.3% average medal rate, significantly surpassing existing methods, particularly in medium-complexity tasks, while accomplishing this superior performance within a strict 12-hour time constraint-half the 24-hour limit used by previous baselines. These results demonstrate ML-Master's potential as a powerful tool for advancing AI4AI. △ Less Submitted 19 June, 2025; originally announced June 2025. arXiv:2505.24275 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG math.OC stat.ML GradPower: Powering Gradients for Faster Language Model Pre-Training Authors: Mingze Wang , Jinbo Wang , Jiaqi Zhang , Wei Wang , Peng Pei , Xunliang Cai , Weinan E , Lei Wu Abstract : We propose GradPower, a lightweight gradient-transformation technique for accelerating language model pre-training. Given a gradient vector $g=(g_i)_i$, GradPower first applies the elementwise sign-power transformation: $\varphi_p(g)=({\rm sign}(g_i)|g_i|^p)_{i}$ for a fixed $p>0$, and then feeds the transformed gradient into a base optimizer. Notably, GradPower requires only a single-line code ch… ▽ More We propose GradPower, a lightweight gradient-transformation technique for accelerating language model pre-training. Given a gradient vector $g=(g_i)_i$, GradPower first applies the elementwise sign-power transformation: $\varphi_p(g)=({\rm sign}(g_i)|g_i|^p)_{i}$ for a fixed $p>0$, and then feeds the transformed gradient into a base optimizer. Notably, GradPower requires only a single-line code change and no modifications to the base optimizer's internal logic, including the hyperparameters. When applied to Adam (termed AdamPower), GradPower consistently achieves lower terminal loss across diverse architectures (LLaMA, Qwen2MoE), parameter scales (66M to 2B), datasets (C4, OpenWebText), and learning-rate schedules (cosine, warmup-stable-decay). The most pronounced gains are observed when training modern mixture-of-experts models with warmup-stable-decay schedules. GradPower also integrates seamlessly with other state-of-the-art optimizers, such as Muon, yielding further improvements. Finally, we provide theoretical analyses that reveal the underlying mechanism of GradPower and highlights the influence of gradient noise. △ Less Submitted 30 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 22 pages arXiv:2505.24275 [ pdf , ps , other ] GradPower: Powering Gradients for Faster Language Model Pre-Training Authors: Mingze Wang , Jinbo Wang , Jiaqi Zhang , Wei Wang , Peng Pei , Xunliang Cai , Weinan E , Lei Wu Abstract : We propose GradPower, a lightweight gradient-transformation technique for accelerating language model pre-training. Given a gradient vector $g=(g_i)_i$, GradPower first applies the elementwise sign-power transformation: $\varphi_p(g)=({\rm sign}(g_i)|g_i|^p)_{i}$ for a fixed $p>0$, and then feeds the transformed gradient into a base optimizer. Notably, GradPower requires only a single-line code ch… ▽ More We propose GradPower, a lightweight gradient-transformation technique for accelerating language model pre-training. Given a gradient vector $g=(g_i)_i$, GradPower first applies the elementwise sign-power transformation: $\varphi_p(g)=({\rm sign}(g_i)|g_i|^p)_{i}$ for a fixed $p>0$, and then feeds the transformed gradient into a base optimizer. Notably, GradPower requires only a single-line code change and no modifications to the base optimizer's internal logic, including the hyperparameters. When applied to Adam (termed AdamPower), GradPower consistently achieves lower terminal loss across diverse architectures (LLaMA, Qwen2MoE), parameter scales (66M to 2B), datasets (C4, OpenWebText), and learning-rate schedules (cosine, warmup-stable-decay). The most pronounced gains are observed when training modern mixture-of-experts models with warmup-stable-decay schedules. GradPower also integrates seamlessly with other state-of-the-art optimizers, such as Muon, yielding further improvements. Finally, we provide theoretical analyses that reveal the underlying mechanism of GradPower and highlights the influence of gradient noise. △ Less Submitted 30 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 22 pages arXiv:2505.24205 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG stat.ML On the Expressive Power of Mixture-of-Experts for Structured Complex Tasks Authors: Mingze Wang , Weinan E Abstract : Mixture-of-experts networks (MoEs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in modern deep learning. Despite their empirical success, the theoretical foundations underlying their ability to model complex tasks remain poorly understood. In this work, we conduct a systematic study of the expressive power of MoEs in modeling complex tasks with two common structural priors: low-dimensionality and spars… ▽ More Mixture-of-experts networks (MoEs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in modern deep learning. Despite their empirical success, the theoretical foundations underlying their ability to model complex tasks remain poorly understood. In this work, we conduct a systematic study of the expressive power of MoEs in modeling complex tasks with two common structural priors: low-dimensionality and sparsity. For shallow MoEs, we prove that they can efficiently approximate functions supported on low-dimensional manifolds, overcoming the curse of dimensionality. For deep MoEs, we show that $\cO(L)$-layer MoEs with $E$ experts per layer can approximate piecewise functions comprising $E^L$ pieces with compositional sparsity, i.e., they can exhibit an exponential number of structured tasks. Our analysis reveals the roles of critical architectural components and hyperparameters in MoEs, including the gating mechanism, expert networks, the number of experts, and the number of layers, and offers natural suggestions for MoE variants. △ Less Submitted 30 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 18 pages arXiv:2505.24205 [ pdf , ps , other ] On the Expressive Power of Mixture-of-Experts for Structured Complex Tasks Authors: Mingze Wang , Weinan E Abstract : Mixture-of-experts networks (MoEs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in modern deep learning. Despite their empirical success, the theoretical foundations underlying their ability to model complex tasks remain poorly understood. In this work, we conduct a systematic study of the expressive power of MoEs in modeling complex tasks with two common structural priors: low-dimensionality and spars… ▽ More Mixture-of-experts networks (MoEs) have demonstrated remarkable efficiency in modern deep learning. Despite their empirical success, the theoretical foundations underlying their ability to model complex tasks remain poorly understood. In this work, we conduct a systematic study of the expressive power of MoEs in modeling complex tasks with two common structural priors: low-dimensionality and sparsity. For shallow MoEs, we prove that they can efficiently approximate functions supported on low-dimensional manifolds, overcoming the curse of dimensionality. For deep MoEs, we show that $\cO(L)$-layer MoEs with $E$ experts per layer can approximate piecewise functions comprising $E^L$ pieces with compositional sparsity, i.e., they can exhibit an exponential number of structured tasks. Our analysis reveals the roles of critical architectural components and hyperparameters in MoEs, including the gating mechanism, expert networks, the number of experts, and the number of layers, and offers natural suggestions for MoE variants. △ Less Submitted 30 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Comments: 18 pages arXiv:2505.23013 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG Scalable Complexity Control Facilitates Reasoning Ability of LLMs Authors: Liangkai Hang , Junjie Yao , Zhiwei Bai , Tianyi Chen , Yang Chen , Rongjie Diao , Hezhou Li , Pengxiao Lin , Zhiwei Wang , Cheng Xu , Zhongwang Zhang , Zhangchen Zhou , Zhiyu Li , Zehao Lin , Kai Chen , Feiyu Xiong , Yaoyu Zhang , Weinan E , Hongkang Yang , Zhi-Qin John Xu Abstract : The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) has been rapidly advancing in recent years, attracting interest in more fundamental approaches that can reliably enhance their generalizability. This work demonstrates that model complexity control, conveniently implementable by adjusting the initialization rate and weight decay coefficient, improves the scaling law of LLMs consistently over va… ▽ More The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) has been rapidly advancing in recent years, attracting interest in more fundamental approaches that can reliably enhance their generalizability. This work demonstrates that model complexity control, conveniently implementable by adjusting the initialization rate and weight decay coefficient, improves the scaling law of LLMs consistently over varying model sizes and data sizes. This gain is further illustrated by comparing the benchmark performance of 2.4B models pretrained on 1T tokens with different complexity hyperparameters. Instead of fixing the initialization std, we found that a constant initialization rate (the exponent of std) enables the scaling law to descend faster in both model and data sizes. These results indicate that complexity control is a promising direction for the continual advancement of LLMs. △ Less Submitted 28 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.23013 [ pdf , other ] Scalable Complexity Control Facilitates Reasoning Ability of LLMs Authors: Liangkai Hang , Junjie Yao , Zhiwei Bai , Tianyi Chen , Yang Chen , Rongjie Diao , Hezhou Li , Pengxiao Lin , Zhiwei Wang , Cheng Xu , Zhongwang Zhang , Zhangchen Zhou , Zhiyu Li , Zehao Lin , Kai Chen , Feiyu Xiong , Yaoyu Zhang , Weinan E , Hongkang Yang , Zhi-Qin John Xu Abstract : The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) has been rapidly advancing in recent years, attracting interest in more fundamental approaches that can reliably enhance their generalizability. This work demonstrates that model complexity control, conveniently implementable by adjusting the initialization rate and weight decay coefficient, improves the scaling law of LLMs consistently over va… ▽ More The reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) has been rapidly advancing in recent years, attracting interest in more fundamental approaches that can reliably enhance their generalizability. This work demonstrates that model complexity control, conveniently implementable by adjusting the initialization rate and weight decay coefficient, improves the scaling law of LLMs consistently over varying model sizes and data sizes. This gain is further illustrated by comparing the benchmark performance of 2.4B models pretrained on 1T tokens with different complexity hyperparameters. Instead of fixing the initialization std, we found that a constant initialization rate (the exponent of std) enables the scaling law to descend faster in both model and data sizes. These results indicate that complexity control is a promising direction for the continual advancement of LLMs. △ Less Submitted 28 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. arXiv:2505.17032 [ pdf , ps , other ] math.NA cs.CE cs.LG A brief review of the Deep BSDE method for solving high-dimensional partial differential equations Authors: Jiequn Han , Arnulf Jentzen , Weinan E Abstract : High-dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) pose significant challenges for numerical computation due to the curse of dimensionality, which limits the applicability of traditional mesh-based methods. Since 2017, the Deep BSDE method has introduced deep learning techniques that enable the effective solution of nonlinear PDEs in very high dimensions. This innovation has sparked considerab… ▽ More High-dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) pose significant challenges for numerical computation due to the curse of dimensionality, which limits the applicability of traditional mesh-based methods. Since 2017, the Deep BSDE method has introduced deep learning techniques that enable the effective solution of nonlinear PDEs in very high dimensions. This innovation has sparked considerable interest in using neural networks for high-dimensional PDEs, making it an active area of research. In this short review, we briefly sketch the Deep BSDE method, its subsequent developments, and future directions for the field. △ Less Submitted 7 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Journal ref: ICBS proceedings of Frontiers of Science Awards (2024) arXiv:2505.17032 [ pdf , ps , other ] A brief review of the Deep BSDE method for solving high-dimensional partial differential equations Authors: Jiequn Han , Arnulf Jentzen , Weinan E Abstract : High-dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) pose significant challenges for numerical computation due to the curse of dimensionality, which limits the applicability of traditional mesh-based methods. Since 2017, the Deep BSDE method has introduced deep learning techniques that enable the effective solution of nonlinear PDEs in very high dimensions. This innovation has sparked considerab… ▽ More High-dimensional partial differential equations (PDEs) pose significant challenges for numerical computation due to the curse of dimensionality, which limits the applicability of traditional mesh-based methods. Since 2017, the Deep BSDE method has introduced deep learning techniques that enable the effective solution of nonlinear PDEs in very high dimensions. This innovation has sparked considerable interest in using neural networks for high-dimensional PDEs, making it an active area of research. In this short review, we briefly sketch the Deep BSDE method, its subsequent developments, and future directions for the field. △ Less Submitted 7 May, 2025; originally announced May 2025. Journal ref: ICBS proceedings of Frontiers of Science Awards (2024) arXiv:2503.23513 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL RARE: Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning Modeling Authors: Zhengren Wang , Jiayang Yu , Dongsheng Ma , Zhe Chen , Yu Wang , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Yanfeng Wang , Weinan E , Linpeng Tang , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Domain-specific intelligence demands specialized knowledge and sophisticated reasoning for problem-solving, posing significant challenges for large language models (LLMs) that struggle with knowledge hallucination and inadequate reasoning capabilities under constrained parameter budgets. Inspired by Bloom's Taxonomy in educational theory, we propose Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning Modeling (RARE), a… ▽ More Domain-specific intelligence demands specialized knowledge and sophisticated reasoning for problem-solving, posing significant challenges for large language models (LLMs) that struggle with knowledge hallucination and inadequate reasoning capabilities under constrained parameter budgets. Inspired by Bloom's Taxonomy in educational theory, we propose Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning Modeling (RARE), a novel paradigm that decouples knowledge storage from reasoning optimization. RARE externalizes domain knowledge to retrievable sources and internalizes domain-specific reasoning patterns during training. Specifically, by injecting retrieved knowledge into training prompts with masked losses, RARE transforms learning objectives from rote memorization to contextualized reasoning. It enables models to bypass parameter-intensive memorization and prioritize the development of higher-order cognitive processes. Extensive experiments demonstrate that lightweight RARE-trained models (e.g., Llama-3.1-8B) could achieve state-of-the-art performance, surpassing retrieval-augmented GPT-4 and DeepSeek-R1 up to approximately 20\% accuracy. RARE establishes a paradigm shift where maintainable external knowledge bases synergize with compact, reasoning-optimized models, collectively driving more scalable domain-specific intelligence. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2025; v1 submitted 30 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: Repo: arXiv:2503.23513 [ pdf , other ] RARE: Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning Modeling Authors: Zhengren Wang , Jiayang Yu , Dongsheng Ma , Zhe Chen , Yu Wang , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Yanfeng Wang , Weinan E , Linpeng Tang , Wentao Zhang Abstract : Domain-specific intelligence demands specialized knowledge and sophisticated reasoning for problem-solving, posing significant challenges for large language models (LLMs) that struggle with knowledge hallucination and inadequate reasoning capabilities under constrained parameter budgets. Inspired by Bloom's Taxonomy in educational theory, we propose Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning Modeling (RARE), a… ▽ More Domain-specific intelligence demands specialized knowledge and sophisticated reasoning for problem-solving, posing significant challenges for large language models (LLMs) that struggle with knowledge hallucination and inadequate reasoning capabilities under constrained parameter budgets. Inspired by Bloom's Taxonomy in educational theory, we propose Retrieval-Augmented Reasoning Modeling (RARE), a novel paradigm that decouples knowledge storage from reasoning optimization. RARE externalizes domain knowledge to retrievable sources and internalizes domain-specific reasoning patterns during training. Specifically, by injecting retrieved knowledge into training prompts with masked losses, RARE transforms learning objectives from rote memorization to contextualized reasoning. It enables models to bypass parameter-intensive memorization and prioritize the development of higher-order cognitive processes. Extensive experiments demonstrate that lightweight RARE-trained models (e.g., Llama-3.1-8B) could achieve state-of-the-art performance, surpassing retrieval-augmented GPT-4 and DeepSeek-R1 up to approximately 20\% accuracy. RARE establishes a paradigm shift where maintainable external knowledge bases synergize with compact, reasoning-optimized models, collectively driving more scalable domain-specific intelligence. △ Less Submitted 17 May, 2025; v1 submitted 30 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. Comments: Repo: arXiv:2503.16278 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cond-mat.mtrl-sci q-bio.BM Unified Cross-Scale 3D Generation and Understanding via Autoregressive Modeling Authors: Shuqi Lu , Haowei Lin , Lin Yao , Zhifeng Gao , Xiaohong Ji , Yitao Liang , Weinan E , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke Abstract : 3D structure modeling is essential across scales, enabling applications from fluid simulation and 3D reconstruction to protein folding and molecular docking. Yet, despite shared 3D spatial patterns, current approaches remain fragmented, with models narrowly specialized for specific domains and unable to generalize across tasks or scales. We propose Uni-3DAR, a unified autoregressive framework for… ▽ More 3D structure modeling is essential across scales, enabling applications from fluid simulation and 3D reconstruction to protein folding and molecular docking. Yet, despite shared 3D spatial patterns, current approaches remain fragmented, with models narrowly specialized for specific domains and unable to generalize across tasks or scales. We propose Uni-3DAR, a unified autoregressive framework for cross-scale 3D generation and understanding. At its core is a coarse-to-fine tokenizer based on octree data structures, which compresses diverse 3D structures into compact 1D token sequences. We further propose a two-level subtree compression strategy, which reduces the octree token sequence by up to 8x. To address the challenge of dynamically varying token positions introduced by compression, we introduce a masked next-token prediction strategy that ensures accurate positional modeling, significantly boosting model performance. Extensive experiments across multiple 3D generation and understanding tasks, including small molecules, proteins, polymers, crystals, and macroscopic 3D objects, validate its effectiveness and versatility. Notably, Uni-3DAR surpasses previous state-of-the-art diffusion models by a substantial margin, achieving up to 256\% relative improvement while delivering inference speeds up to 21.8x faster. △ Less Submitted 8 October, 2025; v1 submitted 20 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.16278 [ pdf , ps , other ] Unified Cross-Scale 3D Generation and Understanding via Autoregressive Modeling Authors: Shuqi Lu , Haowei Lin , Lin Yao , Zhifeng Gao , Xiaohong Ji , Yitao Liang , Weinan E , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke Abstract : 3D structure modeling is essential across scales, enabling applications from fluid simulation and 3D reconstruction to protein folding and molecular docking. Yet, despite shared 3D spatial patterns, current approaches remain fragmented, with models narrowly specialized for specific domains and unable to generalize across tasks or scales. We propose Uni-3DAR, a unified autoregressive framework for… ▽ More 3D structure modeling is essential across scales, enabling applications from fluid simulation and 3D reconstruction to protein folding and molecular docking. Yet, despite shared 3D spatial patterns, current approaches remain fragmented, with models narrowly specialized for specific domains and unable to generalize across tasks or scales. We propose Uni-3DAR, a unified autoregressive framework for cross-scale 3D generation and understanding. At its core is a coarse-to-fine tokenizer based on octree data structures, which compresses diverse 3D structures into compact 1D token sequences. We further propose a two-level subtree compression strategy, which reduces the octree token sequence by up to 8x. To address the challenge of dynamically varying token positions introduced by compression, we introduce a masked next-token prediction strategy that ensures accurate positional modeling, significantly boosting model performance. Extensive experiments across multiple 3D generation and understanding tasks, including small molecules, proteins, polymers, crystals, and macroscopic 3D objects, validate its effectiveness and versatility. Notably, Uni-3DAR surpasses previous state-of-the-art diffusion models by a substantial margin, achieving up to 256\% relative improvement while delivering inference speeds up to 21.8x faster. △ Less Submitted 8 October, 2025; v1 submitted 20 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.00675 [ pdf , other ] cs.CV cs.RO Dur360BEV: A Real-world 360-degree Single Camera Dataset and Benchmark for Bird-Eye View Mapping in Autonomous Driving Authors: Wenke E , Chao Yuan , Li Li , Yixin Sun , Yona Falinie A. Gaus , Amir Atapour-Abarghouei , Toby P. Breckon Abstract : We present Dur360BEV, a novel spherical camera autonomous driving dataset equipped with a high-resolution 128-channel 3D LiDAR and a RTK-refined GNSS/INS system, along with a benchmark architecture designed to generate Bird-Eye-View (BEV) maps using only a single spherical camera. This dataset and benchmark address the challenges of BEV generation in autonomous driving, particularly by reducing ha… ▽ More We present Dur360BEV, a novel spherical camera autonomous driving dataset equipped with a high-resolution 128-channel 3D LiDAR and a RTK-refined GNSS/INS system, along with a benchmark architecture designed to generate Bird-Eye-View (BEV) maps using only a single spherical camera. This dataset and benchmark address the challenges of BEV generation in autonomous driving, particularly by reducing hardware complexity through the use of a single 360-degree camera instead of multiple perspective cameras. Within our benchmark architecture, we propose a novel spherical-image-to-BEV module that leverages spherical imagery and a refined sampling strategy to project features from 2D to 3D. Our approach also includes an innovative application of focal loss, specifically adapted to address the extreme class imbalance often encountered in BEV segmentation tasks, that demonstrates improved segmentation performance on the Dur360BEV dataset. The results show that our benchmark not only simplifies the sensor setup but also achieves competitive performance. △ Less Submitted 6 March, 2025; v1 submitted 1 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2503.00675 [ pdf , other ] Dur360BEV: A Real-world 360-degree Single Camera Dataset and Benchmark for Bird-Eye View Mapping in Autonomous Driving Authors: Wenke E , Chao Yuan , Li Li , Yixin Sun , Yona Falinie A. Gaus , Amir Atapour-Abarghouei , Toby P. Breckon Abstract : We present Dur360BEV, a novel spherical camera autonomous driving dataset equipped with a high-resolution 128-channel 3D LiDAR and a RTK-refined GNSS/INS system, along with a benchmark architecture designed to generate Bird-Eye-View (BEV) maps using only a single spherical camera. This dataset and benchmark address the challenges of BEV generation in autonomous driving, particularly by reducing ha… ▽ More We present Dur360BEV, a novel spherical camera autonomous driving dataset equipped with a high-resolution 128-channel 3D LiDAR and a RTK-refined GNSS/INS system, along with a benchmark architecture designed to generate Bird-Eye-View (BEV) maps using only a single spherical camera. This dataset and benchmark address the challenges of BEV generation in autonomous driving, particularly by reducing hardware complexity through the use of a single 360-degree camera instead of multiple perspective cameras. Within our benchmark architecture, we propose a novel spherical-image-to-BEV module that leverages spherical imagery and a refined sampling strategy to project features from 2D to 3D. Our approach also includes an innovative application of focal loss, specifically adapted to address the extreme class imbalance often encountered in BEV segmentation tasks, that demonstrates improved segmentation performance on the Dur360BEV dataset. The results show that our benchmark not only simplifies the sensor setup but also achieves competitive performance. △ Less Submitted 6 March, 2025; v1 submitted 1 March, 2025; originally announced March 2025. arXiv:2502.19002 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG cs.AI math.OC stat.ML The Sharpness Disparity Principle in Transformers for Accelerating Language Model Pre-Training Authors: Jinbo Wang , Mingze Wang , Zhanpeng Zhou , Junchi Yan , Weinan E , Lei Wu Abstract : Transformers consist of diverse building blocks, such as embedding layers, normalization layers, self-attention mechanisms, and point-wise feedforward networks. Thus, understanding the differences and interactions among these blocks is important. In this paper, we uncover a clear Sharpness Disparity across these blocks, which emerges early in training and intriguingly persists throughout the train… ▽ More Transformers consist of diverse building blocks, such as embedding layers, normalization layers, self-attention mechanisms, and point-wise feedforward networks. Thus, understanding the differences and interactions among these blocks is important. In this paper, we uncover a clear Sharpness Disparity across these blocks, which emerges early in training and intriguingly persists throughout the training process. Motivated by this finding, we propose Blockwise Learning Rate (LR), a strategy that tailors the LR to each block's sharpness, accelerating large language model (LLM) pre-training. By integrating Blockwise LR into AdamW, we consistently achieve lower terminal loss and nearly $2\times$ speedup compared to vanilla AdamW. We demonstrate this acceleration across GPT-2 and LLaMA, with model sizes ranging from 0.12B to 2B and datasets of OpenWebText, MiniPile, and C4. Finally, we incorporate Blockwise LR into Adam-mini (Zhang et al., 2024), a recently proposed memory-efficient variant of Adam, achieving a combined $2\times$ speedup and $2\times$ memory saving. These results underscore the potential of exploiting the sharpness disparity to improve LLM training. △ Less Submitted 13 June, 2025; v1 submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: 21 pages, accepted by ICML 2025 arXiv:2502.19002 [ pdf , ps , other ] The Sharpness Disparity Principle in Transformers for Accelerating Language Model Pre-Training Authors: Jinbo Wang , Mingze Wang , Zhanpeng Zhou , Junchi Yan , Weinan E , Lei Wu Abstract : Transformers consist of diverse building blocks, such as embedding layers, normalization layers, self-attention mechanisms, and point-wise feedforward networks. Thus, understanding the differences and interactions among these blocks is important. In this paper, we uncover a clear Sharpness Disparity across these blocks, which emerges early in training and intriguingly persists throughout the train… ▽ More Transformers consist of diverse building blocks, such as embedding layers, normalization layers, self-attention mechanisms, and point-wise feedforward networks. Thus, understanding the differences and interactions among these blocks is important. In this paper, we uncover a clear Sharpness Disparity across these blocks, which emerges early in training and intriguingly persists throughout the training process. Motivated by this finding, we propose Blockwise Learning Rate (LR), a strategy that tailors the LR to each block's sharpness, accelerating large language model (LLM) pre-training. By integrating Blockwise LR into AdamW, we consistently achieve lower terminal loss and nearly $2\times$ speedup compared to vanilla AdamW. We demonstrate this acceleration across GPT-2 and LLaMA, with model sizes ranging from 0.12B to 2B and datasets of OpenWebText, MiniPile, and C4. Finally, we incorporate Blockwise LR into Adam-mini (Zhang et al., 2024), a recently proposed memory-efficient variant of Adam, achieving a combined $2\times$ speedup and $2\times$ memory saving. These results underscore the potential of exploiting the sharpness disparity to improve LLM training. △ Less Submitted 13 June, 2025; v1 submitted 26 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: 21 pages, accepted by ICML 2025 arXiv:2502.15867 [ pdf ] q-bio.OT cs.AI Strategic priorities for transformative progress in advancing biology with proteomics and artificial intelligence Authors: Yingying Sun , Jun A , Zhiwei Liu , Rui Sun , Liujia Qian , Samuel H. Payne , Wout Bittremieux , Markus Ralser , Chen Li , Yi Chen , Zhen Dong , Yasset Perez-Riverol , Asif Khan , Chris Sander , Ruedi Aebersold , Juan Antonio Vizcaíno , Jonathan R Krieger , Jianhua Yao , Han Wen , Linfeng Zhang , Yunping Zhu , Yue Xuan , Benjamin Boyang Sun , Liang Qiao , Henning Hermjakob , et al. (37 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming scientific research, including proteomics. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics data quality, diversity, and scale, combined with groundbreaking AI techniques, are unlocking new challenges and opportunities in biological discovery. Here, we highlight key areas where AI is driving innovation, from data analysis to new biological insights.… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming scientific research, including proteomics. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics data quality, diversity, and scale, combined with groundbreaking AI techniques, are unlocking new challenges and opportunities in biological discovery. Here, we highlight key areas where AI is driving innovation, from data analysis to new biological insights. These include developing an AI-friendly ecosystem for proteomics data generation, sharing, and analysis; improving peptide and protein identification and quantification; characterizing protein-protein interactions and protein complexes; advancing spatial and perturbation proteomics; integrating multi-omics data; and ultimately enabling AI-empowered virtual cells. △ Less Submitted 21 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: 28 pages, 2 figures, perspective in AI proteomics arXiv:2502.15867 [ pdf ] Strategic priorities for transformative progress in advancing biology with proteomics and artificial intelligence Authors: Yingying Sun , Jun A , Zhiwei Liu , Rui Sun , Liujia Qian , Samuel H. Payne , Wout Bittremieux , Markus Ralser , Chen Li , Yi Chen , Zhen Dong , Yasset Perez-Riverol , Asif Khan , Chris Sander , Ruedi Aebersold , Juan Antonio Vizcaíno , Jonathan R Krieger , Jianhua Yao , Han Wen , Linfeng Zhang , Yunping Zhu , Yue Xuan , Benjamin Boyang Sun , Liang Qiao , Henning Hermjakob , et al. (37 additional authors not shown) Abstract : Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming scientific research, including proteomics. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics data quality, diversity, and scale, combined with groundbreaking AI techniques, are unlocking new challenges and opportunities in biological discovery. Here, we highlight key areas where AI is driving innovation, from data analysis to new biological insights.… ▽ More Artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming scientific research, including proteomics. Advances in mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics data quality, diversity, and scale, combined with groundbreaking AI techniques, are unlocking new challenges and opportunities in biological discovery. Here, we highlight key areas where AI is driving innovation, from data analysis to new biological insights. These include developing an AI-friendly ecosystem for proteomics data generation, sharing, and analysis; improving peptide and protein identification and quantification; characterizing protein-protein interactions and protein complexes; advancing spatial and perturbation proteomics; integrating multi-omics data; and ultimately enabling AI-empowered virtual cells. △ Less Submitted 21 February, 2025; originally announced February 2025. Comments: 28 pages, 2 figures, perspective in AI proteomics arXiv:2501.10120 [ pdf , other ] cs.IR cs.LG PaSa: An LLM Agent for Comprehensive Academic Paper Search Authors: Yichen He , Guanhua Huang , Peiyuan Feng , Yuan Lin , Yuchen Zhang , Hang Li , Weinan E Abstract : We introduce PaSa, an advanced Paper Search agent powered by large language models. PaSa can autonomously make a series of decisions, including invoking search tools, reading papers, and selecting relevant references, to ultimately obtain comprehensive and accurate results for complex scholar queries. We optimize PaSa using reinforcement learning with a synthetic dataset, AutoScholarQuery, which i… ▽ More We introduce PaSa, an advanced Paper Search agent powered by large language models. PaSa can autonomously make a series of decisions, including invoking search tools, reading papers, and selecting relevant references, to ultimately obtain comprehensive and accurate results for complex scholar queries. We optimize PaSa using reinforcement learning with a synthetic dataset, AutoScholarQuery, which includes 35k fine-grained academic queries and corresponding papers sourced from top-tier AI conference publications. Additionally, we develop RealScholarQuery, a benchmark collecting real-world academic queries to assess PaSa performance in more realistic scenarios. Despite being trained on synthetic data, PaSa significantly outperforms existing baselines on RealScholarQuery, including Google, Google Scholar, Google with GPT-4o for paraphrased queries, ChatGPT (search-enabled GPT-4o), GPT-o1, and PaSa-GPT-4o (PaSa implemented by prompting GPT-4o). Notably, PaSa-7B surpasses the best Google-based baseline, Google with GPT-4o, by 37.78% in recall@20 and 39.90% in recall@50, and exceeds PaSa-GPT-4o by 30.36% in recall and 4.25% in precision. Model, datasets, and code are available at △ Less Submitted 27 May, 2025; v1 submitted 17 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2501.10120 [ pdf , other ] PaSa: An LLM Agent for Comprehensive Academic Paper Search Authors: Yichen He , Guanhua Huang , Peiyuan Feng , Yuan Lin , Yuchen Zhang , Hang Li , Weinan E Abstract : We introduce PaSa, an advanced Paper Search agent powered by large language models. PaSa can autonomously make a series of decisions, including invoking search tools, reading papers, and selecting relevant references, to ultimately obtain comprehensive and accurate results for complex scholar queries. We optimize PaSa using reinforcement learning with a synthetic dataset, AutoScholarQuery, which i… ▽ More We introduce PaSa, an advanced Paper Search agent powered by large language models. PaSa can autonomously make a series of decisions, including invoking search tools, reading papers, and selecting relevant references, to ultimately obtain comprehensive and accurate results for complex scholar queries. We optimize PaSa using reinforcement learning with a synthetic dataset, AutoScholarQuery, which includes 35k fine-grained academic queries and corresponding papers sourced from top-tier AI conference publications. Additionally, we develop RealScholarQuery, a benchmark collecting real-world academic queries to assess PaSa performance in more realistic scenarios. Despite being trained on synthetic data, PaSa significantly outperforms existing baselines on RealScholarQuery, including Google, Google Scholar, Google with GPT-4o for paraphrased queries, ChatGPT (search-enabled GPT-4o), GPT-o1, and PaSa-GPT-4o (PaSa implemented by prompting GPT-4o). Notably, PaSa-7B surpasses the best Google-based baseline, Google with GPT-4o, by 37.78% in recall@20 and 39.90% in recall@50, and exceeds PaSa-GPT-4o by 30.36% in recall and 4.25% in precision. Model, datasets, and code are available at △ Less Submitted 27 May, 2025; v1 submitted 17 January, 2025; originally announced January 2025. arXiv:2412.07819 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Intelligent System for Automated Molecular Patent Infringement Assessment Authors: Yaorui Shi , Sihang Li , Taiyan Zhang , Xi Fang , Jiankun Wang , Zhiyuan Liu , Guojiang Zhao , Zhengdan Zhu , Zhifeng Gao , Renxin Zhong , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Weinan E , Hengxing Cai , Xiang Wang Abstract : Automated drug discovery offers significant potential for accelerating the development of novel therapeutics by substituting labor-intensive human workflows with machine-driven processes. However, molecules generated by artificial intelligence may unintentionally infringe on existing patents, posing legal and financial risks that impede the full automation of drug discovery pipelines. This paper i… ▽ More Automated drug discovery offers significant potential for accelerating the development of novel therapeutics by substituting labor-intensive human workflows with machine-driven processes. However, molecules generated by artificial intelligence may unintentionally infringe on existing patents, posing legal and financial risks that impede the full automation of drug discovery pipelines. This paper introduces PatentFinder, a novel multi-agent and tool-enhanced intelligence system that can accurately and comprehensively evaluate small molecules for patent infringement. PatentFinder features five specialized agents that collaboratively analyze patent claims and molecular structures with heuristic and model-based tools, generating interpretable infringement reports. To support systematic evaluation, we curate MolPatent-240, a benchmark dataset tailored for patent infringement assessment algorithms. On this benchmark, PatentFinder outperforms baseline methods that rely solely on large language models or specialized chemical tools, achieving a 13.8% improvement in F1-score and a 12% increase in accuracy. Additionally, PatentFinder autonomously generates detailed and interpretable patent infringement reports, showcasing enhanced accuracy and improved interpretability. The high accuracy and interpretability of PatentFinder make it a valuable and reliable tool for automating patent infringement assessments, offering a practical solution for integrating patent protection analysis into the drug discovery pipeline. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2025; v1 submitted 10 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2412.07819 [ pdf , other ] Intelligent System for Automated Molecular Patent Infringement Assessment Authors: Yaorui Shi , Sihang Li , Taiyan Zhang , Xi Fang , Jiankun Wang , Zhiyuan Liu , Guojiang Zhao , Zhengdan Zhu , Zhifeng Gao , Renxin Zhong , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Weinan E , Hengxing Cai , Xiang Wang Abstract : Automated drug discovery offers significant potential for accelerating the development of novel therapeutics by substituting labor-intensive human workflows with machine-driven processes. However, molecules generated by artificial intelligence may unintentionally infringe on existing patents, posing legal and financial risks that impede the full automation of drug discovery pipelines. This paper i… ▽ More Automated drug discovery offers significant potential for accelerating the development of novel therapeutics by substituting labor-intensive human workflows with machine-driven processes. However, molecules generated by artificial intelligence may unintentionally infringe on existing patents, posing legal and financial risks that impede the full automation of drug discovery pipelines. This paper introduces PatentFinder, a novel multi-agent and tool-enhanced intelligence system that can accurately and comprehensively evaluate small molecules for patent infringement. PatentFinder features five specialized agents that collaboratively analyze patent claims and molecular structures with heuristic and model-based tools, generating interpretable infringement reports. To support systematic evaluation, we curate MolPatent-240, a benchmark dataset tailored for patent infringement assessment algorithms. On this benchmark, PatentFinder outperforms baseline methods that rely solely on large language models or specialized chemical tools, achieving a 13.8% improvement in F1-score and a 12% increase in accuracy. Additionally, PatentFinder autonomously generates detailed and interpretable patent infringement reports, showcasing enhanced accuracy and improved interpretability. The high accuracy and interpretability of PatentFinder make it a valuable and reliable tool for automating patent infringement assessments, offering a practical solution for integrating patent protection analysis into the drug discovery pipeline. △ Less Submitted 12 January, 2025; v1 submitted 10 December, 2024; originally announced December 2024. arXiv:2410.11474 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG math.OC stat.ML How Transformers Get Rich: Approximation and Dynamics Analysis Authors: Mingze Wang , Ruoxi Yu , Weinan E , Lei Wu Abstract : Transformers have demonstrated exceptional in-context learning capabilities, yet the theoretical understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. A recent work (Elhage et al., 2021) identified a ``rich'' in-context mechanism known as induction head, contrasting with ``lazy'' $n$-gram models that overlook long-range dependencies. In this work, we provide both approximation and dynamics a… ▽ More Transformers have demonstrated exceptional in-context learning capabilities, yet the theoretical understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. A recent work (Elhage et al., 2021) identified a ``rich'' in-context mechanism known as induction head, contrasting with ``lazy'' $n$-gram models that overlook long-range dependencies. In this work, we provide both approximation and dynamics analyses of how transformers implement induction heads. In the {\em approximation} analysis, we formalize both standard and generalized induction head mechanisms, and examine how transformers can efficiently implement them, with an emphasis on the distinct role of each transformer submodule. For the {\em dynamics} analysis, we study the training dynamics on a synthetic mixed target, composed of a 4-gram and an in-context 2-gram component. This controlled setting allows us to precisely characterize the entire training process and uncover an {\em abrupt transition} from lazy (4-gram) to rich (induction head) mechanisms as training progresses. △ Less Submitted 29 January, 2025; v1 submitted 15 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: 47 pages arXiv:2410.11474 [ pdf , other ] How Transformers Get Rich: Approximation and Dynamics Analysis Authors: Mingze Wang , Ruoxi Yu , Weinan E , Lei Wu Abstract : Transformers have demonstrated exceptional in-context learning capabilities, yet the theoretical understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. A recent work (Elhage et al., 2021) identified a ``rich'' in-context mechanism known as induction head, contrasting with ``lazy'' $n$-gram models that overlook long-range dependencies. In this work, we provide both approximation and dynamics a… ▽ More Transformers have demonstrated exceptional in-context learning capabilities, yet the theoretical understanding of the underlying mechanisms remains limited. A recent work (Elhage et al., 2021) identified a ``rich'' in-context mechanism known as induction head, contrasting with ``lazy'' $n$-gram models that overlook long-range dependencies. In this work, we provide both approximation and dynamics analyses of how transformers implement induction heads. In the {\em approximation} analysis, we formalize both standard and generalized induction head mechanisms, and examine how transformers can efficiently implement them, with an emphasis on the distinct role of each transformer submodule. For the {\em dynamics} analysis, we study the training dynamics on a synthetic mixed target, composed of a 4-gram and an in-context 2-gram component. This controlled setting allows us to precisely characterize the entire training process and uncover an {\em abrupt transition} from lazy (4-gram) to rich (induction head) mechanisms as training progresses. △ Less Submitted 29 January, 2025; v1 submitted 15 October, 2024; originally announced October 2024. Comments: 47 pages arXiv:2407.06152 [ pdf , other ] physics.chem-ph cs.AI Uni-ELF: A Multi-Level Representation Learning Framework for Electrolyte Formulation Design Authors: Boshen Zeng , Sian Chen , Xinxin Liu , Changhong Chen , Bin Deng , Xiaoxu Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Yuzhi Zhang , Weinan E , Linfeng Zhang Abstract : Advancements in lithium battery technology heavily rely on the design and engineering of electrolytes. However, current schemes for molecular design and recipe optimization of electrolytes lack an effective computational-experimental closed loop and often fall short in accurately predicting diverse electrolyte formulation properties. In this work, we introduce Uni-ELF, a novel multi-level represen… ▽ More Advancements in lithium battery technology heavily rely on the design and engineering of electrolytes. However, current schemes for molecular design and recipe optimization of electrolytes lack an effective computational-experimental closed loop and often fall short in accurately predicting diverse electrolyte formulation properties. In this work, we introduce Uni-ELF, a novel multi-level representation learning framework to advance electrolyte design. Our approach involves two-stage pretraining: reconstructing three-dimensional molecular structures at the molecular level using the Uni-Mol model, and predicting statistical structural properties (e.g., radial distribution functions) from molecular dynamics simulations at the mixture level. Through this comprehensive pretraining, Uni-ELF is able to capture intricate molecular and mixture-level information, which significantly enhances its predictive capability. As a result, Uni-ELF substantially outperforms state-of-the-art methods in predicting both molecular properties (e.g., melting point, boiling point, synthesizability) and formulation properties (e.g., conductivity, Coulombic efficiency). Moreover, Uni-ELF can be seamlessly integrated into an automatic experimental design workflow. We believe this innovative framework will pave the way for automated AI-based electrolyte design and engineering. △ Less Submitted 8 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. arXiv:2407.06152 [ pdf , other ] Uni-ELF: A Multi-Level Representation Learning Framework for Electrolyte Formulation Design Authors: Boshen Zeng , Sian Chen , Xinxin Liu , Changhong Chen , Bin Deng , Xiaoxu Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Yuzhi Zhang , Weinan E , Linfeng Zhang Abstract : Advancements in lithium battery technology heavily rely on the design and engineering of electrolytes. However, current schemes for molecular design and recipe optimization of electrolytes lack an effective computational-experimental closed loop and often fall short in accurately predicting diverse electrolyte formulation properties. In this work, we introduce Uni-ELF, a novel multi-level represen… ▽ More Advancements in lithium battery technology heavily rely on the design and engineering of electrolytes. However, current schemes for molecular design and recipe optimization of electrolytes lack an effective computational-experimental closed loop and often fall short in accurately predicting diverse electrolyte formulation properties. In this work, we introduce Uni-ELF, a novel multi-level representation learning framework to advance electrolyte design. Our approach involves two-stage pretraining: reconstructing three-dimensional molecular structures at the molecular level using the Uni-Mol model, and predicting statistical structural properties (e.g., radial distribution functions) from molecular dynamics simulations at the mixture level. Through this comprehensive pretraining, Uni-ELF is able to capture intricate molecular and mixture-level information, which significantly enhances its predictive capability. As a result, Uni-ELF substantially outperforms state-of-the-art methods in predicting both molecular properties (e.g., melting point, boiling point, synthesizability) and formulation properties (e.g., conductivity, Coulombic efficiency). Moreover, Uni-ELF can be seamlessly integrated into an automatic experimental design workflow. We believe this innovative framework will pave the way for automated AI-based electrolyte design and engineering. △ Less Submitted 8 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. arXiv:2407.01178 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.AI cs.LG doi 10.4208/jml.240708 $\text{Memory}^3$: Language Modeling with Explicit Memory Authors: Hongkang Yang , Zehao Lin , Wenjin Wang , Hao Wu , Zhiyu Li , Bo Tang , Wenqiang Wei , Jinbo Wang , Zeyun Tang , Shichao Song , Chenyang Xi , Yu Yu , Kai Chen , Feiyu Xiong , Linpeng Tang , Weinan E Abstract : The training and inference of large language models (LLMs) are together a costly process that transports knowledge from raw data to meaningful computation. Inspired by the memory hierarchy of the human brain, we reduce this cost by equipping LLMs with explicit memory, a memory format cheaper than model parameters and text retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Conceptually, with most of its knowled… ▽ More The training and inference of large language models (LLMs) are together a costly process that transports knowledge from raw data to meaningful computation. Inspired by the memory hierarchy of the human brain, we reduce this cost by equipping LLMs with explicit memory, a memory format cheaper than model parameters and text retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Conceptually, with most of its knowledge externalized to explicit memories, the LLM can enjoy a smaller parameter size, training cost, and inference cost, all proportional to the amount of remaining "abstract knowledge". As a preliminary proof of concept, we train from scratch a 2.4B LLM, which achieves better performance than much larger LLMs as well as RAG models, and maintains higher decoding speed than RAG. The model is named $\text{Memory}^3$, since explicit memory is the third form of memory in LLMs after implicit memory (model parameters) and working memory (context key-values). We introduce a memory circuitry theory to support the externalization of knowledge, and present novel techniques including a memory sparsification mechanism that makes storage tractable and a two-stage pretraining scheme that facilitates memory formation. △ Less Submitted 1 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. MSC Class: 68T50 ACM Class: I.2.7 Journal ref: Journal of Machine Learning, 3(2024), 300-346 arXiv:2407.01178 [ pdf , other ] $\text{Memory}^3$: Language Modeling with Explicit Memory Authors: Hongkang Yang , Zehao Lin , Wenjin Wang , Hao Wu , Zhiyu Li , Bo Tang , Wenqiang Wei , Jinbo Wang , Zeyun Tang , Shichao Song , Chenyang Xi , Yu Yu , Kai Chen , Feiyu Xiong , Linpeng Tang , Weinan E Abstract : The training and inference of large language models (LLMs) are together a costly process that transports knowledge from raw data to meaningful computation. Inspired by the memory hierarchy of the human brain, we reduce this cost by equipping LLMs with explicit memory, a memory format cheaper than model parameters and text retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Conceptually, with most of its knowled… ▽ More The training and inference of large language models (LLMs) are together a costly process that transports knowledge from raw data to meaningful computation. Inspired by the memory hierarchy of the human brain, we reduce this cost by equipping LLMs with explicit memory, a memory format cheaper than model parameters and text retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Conceptually, with most of its knowledge externalized to explicit memories, the LLM can enjoy a smaller parameter size, training cost, and inference cost, all proportional to the amount of remaining "abstract knowledge". As a preliminary proof of concept, we train from scratch a 2.4B LLM, which achieves better performance than much larger LLMs as well as RAG models, and maintains higher decoding speed than RAG. The model is named $\text{Memory}^3$, since explicit memory is the third form of memory in LLMs after implicit memory (model parameters) and working memory (context key-values). We introduce a memory circuitry theory to support the externalization of knowledge, and present novel techniques including a memory sparsification mechanism that makes storage tractable and a two-stage pretraining scheme that facilitates memory formation. △ Less Submitted 1 July, 2024; originally announced July 2024. MSC Class: 68T50 ACM Class: I.2.7 Journal ref: Journal of Machine Learning, 3(2024), 300-346 arXiv:2406.14969 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI Uni-Mol2: Exploring Molecular Pretraining Model at Scale Authors: Xiaohong Ji , Zhen Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Hang Zheng , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Weinan E Abstract : In recent years, pretraining models have made significant advancements in the fields of natural language processing (NLP), computer vision (CV), and life sciences. The significant advancements in NLP and CV are predominantly driven by the expansion of model parameters and data size, a phenomenon now recognized as the scaling laws. However, research exploring scaling law in molecular pretraining mo… ▽ More In recent years, pretraining models have made significant advancements in the fields of natural language processing (NLP), computer vision (CV), and life sciences. The significant advancements in NLP and CV are predominantly driven by the expansion of model parameters and data size, a phenomenon now recognized as the scaling laws. However, research exploring scaling law in molecular pretraining models remains unexplored. In this work, we present Uni-Mol2 , an innovative molecular pretraining model that leverages a two-track transformer to effectively integrate features at the atomic level, graph level, and geometry structure level. Along with this, we systematically investigate the scaling law within molecular pretraining models, characterizing the power-law correlations between validation loss and model size, dataset size, and computational resources. Consequently, we successfully scale Uni-Mol2 to 1.1 billion parameters through pretraining on 800 million conformations, making it the largest molecular pretraining model to date. Extensive experiments show consistent improvement in the downstream tasks as the model size grows. The Uni-Mol2 with 1.1B parameters also outperforms existing methods, achieving an average 27% improvement on the QM9 and 14% on COMPAS-1D dataset. △ Less Submitted 1 July, 2024; v1 submitted 21 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. arXiv:2406.14969 [ pdf , other ] Uni-Mol2: Exploring Molecular Pretraining Model at Scale Authors: Xiaohong Ji , Zhen Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Hang Zheng , Linfeng Zhang , Guolin Ke , Weinan E Abstract : In recent years, pretraining models have made significant advancements in the fields of natural language processing (NLP), computer vision (CV), and life sciences. The significant advancements in NLP and CV are predominantly driven by the expansion of model parameters and data size, a phenomenon now recognized as the scaling laws. However, research exploring scaling law in molecular pretraining mo… ▽ More In recent years, pretraining models have made significant advancements in the fields of natural language processing (NLP), computer vision (CV), and life sciences. The significant advancements in NLP and CV are predominantly driven by the expansion of model parameters and data size, a phenomenon now recognized as the scaling laws. However, research exploring scaling law in molecular pretraining models remains unexplored. In this work, we present Uni-Mol2 , an innovative molecular pretraining model that leverages a two-track transformer to effectively integrate features at the atomic level, graph level, and geometry structure level. Along with this, we systematically investigate the scaling law within molecular pretraining models, characterizing the power-law correlations between validation loss and model size, dataset size, and computational resources. Consequently, we successfully scale Uni-Mol2 to 1.1 billion parameters through pretraining on 800 million conformations, making it the largest molecular pretraining model to date. Extensive experiments show consistent improvement in the downstream tasks as the model size grows. The Uni-Mol2 with 1.1B parameters also outperforms existing methods, achieving an average 27% improvement on the QM9 and 14% on COMPAS-1D dataset. △ Less Submitted 1 July, 2024; v1 submitted 21 June, 2024; originally announced June 2024. arXiv:2405.20763 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG math.OC stat.ML Improving Generalization and Convergence by Enhancing Implicit Regularization Authors: Mingze Wang , Jinbo Wang , Haotian He , Zilin Wang , Guanhua Huang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li , Weinan E , Lei Wu Abstract : In this work, we propose an Implicit Regularization Enhancement (IRE) framework to accelerate the discovery of flat solutions in deep learning, thereby improving generalization and convergence. Specifically, IRE decouples the dynamics of flat and sharp directions, which boosts the sharpness reduction along flat directions while maintaining the training stability in sharp directions. We show that I… ▽ More In this work, we propose an Implicit Regularization Enhancement (IRE) framework to accelerate the discovery of flat solutions in deep learning, thereby improving generalization and convergence. Specifically, IRE decouples the dynamics of flat and sharp directions, which boosts the sharpness reduction along flat directions while maintaining the training stability in sharp directions. We show that IRE can be practically incorporated with {\em generic base optimizers} without introducing significant computational overload. Experiments show that IRE consistently improves the generalization performance for image classification tasks across a variety of benchmark datasets (CIFAR-10/100, ImageNet) and models (ResNets and ViTs). Surprisingly, IRE also achieves a $2\times$ {\em speed-up} compared to AdamW in the pre-training of Llama models (of sizes ranging from 60M to 229M) on datasets including Wikitext-103, Minipile, and Openwebtext. Moreover, we provide theoretical guarantees, showing that IRE can substantially accelerate the convergence towards flat minima in Sharpness-aware Minimization (SAM). △ Less Submitted 31 October, 2024; v1 submitted 31 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: 44 pages, accepted by NeurIPS 2024 arXiv:2405.20763 [ pdf , other ] Improving Generalization and Convergence by Enhancing Implicit Regularization Authors: Mingze Wang , Jinbo Wang , Haotian He , Zilin Wang , Guanhua Huang , Feiyu Xiong , Zhiyu Li , Weinan E , Lei Wu Abstract : In this work, we propose an Implicit Regularization Enhancement (IRE) framework to accelerate the discovery of flat solutions in deep learning, thereby improving generalization and convergence. Specifically, IRE decouples the dynamics of flat and sharp directions, which boosts the sharpness reduction along flat directions while maintaining the training stability in sharp directions. We show that I… ▽ More In this work, we propose an Implicit Regularization Enhancement (IRE) framework to accelerate the discovery of flat solutions in deep learning, thereby improving generalization and convergence. Specifically, IRE decouples the dynamics of flat and sharp directions, which boosts the sharpness reduction along flat directions while maintaining the training stability in sharp directions. We show that IRE can be practically incorporated with {\em generic base optimizers} without introducing significant computational overload. Experiments show that IRE consistently improves the generalization performance for image classification tasks across a variety of benchmark datasets (CIFAR-10/100, ImageNet) and models (ResNets and ViTs). Surprisingly, IRE also achieves a $2\times$ {\em speed-up} compared to AdamW in the pre-training of Llama models (of sizes ranging from 60M to 229M) on datasets including Wikitext-103, Minipile, and Openwebtext. Moreover, we provide theoretical guarantees, showing that IRE can substantially accelerate the convergence towards flat minima in Sharpness-aware Minimization (SAM). △ Less Submitted 31 October, 2024; v1 submitted 31 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. Comments: 44 pages, accepted by NeurIPS 2024 arXiv:2405.12356 [ pdf , other ] physics.bio-ph cs.LG physics.chem-ph physics.data-an doi 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00729 Coarse-graining conformational dynamics with multi-dimensional generalized Langevin equation: how, when, and why Authors: Pinchen Xie , Yunrui Qiu , Weinan E Abstract : A data-driven ab initio generalized Langevin equation (AIGLE) approach is developed to learn and simulate high-dimensional, heterogeneous, coarse-grained conformational dynamics. Constrained by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, the approach can build coarse-grained models in dynamical consistency with all-atom molecular dynamics. We also propose practical criteria for AIGLE to enforce long-term… ▽ More A data-driven ab initio generalized Langevin equation (AIGLE) approach is developed to learn and simulate high-dimensional, heterogeneous, coarse-grained conformational dynamics. Constrained by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, the approach can build coarse-grained models in dynamical consistency with all-atom molecular dynamics. We also propose practical criteria for AIGLE to enforce long-term dynamical consistency. Case studies of a toy polymer, with 20 coarse-grained sites, and the alanine dipeptide, with two dihedral angles, elucidate why one should adopt AIGLE or its Markovian limit for modeling coarse-grained conformational dynamics in practice. △ Less Submitted 20 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2405.12356 [ pdf , other ] Coarse-graining conformational dynamics with multi-dimensional generalized Langevin equation: how, when, and why Authors: Pinchen Xie , Yunrui Qiu , Weinan E Abstract : A data-driven ab initio generalized Langevin equation (AIGLE) approach is developed to learn and simulate high-dimensional, heterogeneous, coarse-grained conformational dynamics. Constrained by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, the approach can build coarse-grained models in dynamical consistency with all-atom molecular dynamics. We also propose practical criteria for AIGLE to enforce long-term… ▽ More A data-driven ab initio generalized Langevin equation (AIGLE) approach is developed to learn and simulate high-dimensional, heterogeneous, coarse-grained conformational dynamics. Constrained by the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, the approach can build coarse-grained models in dynamical consistency with all-atom molecular dynamics. We also propose practical criteria for AIGLE to enforce long-term dynamical consistency. Case studies of a toy polymer, with 20 coarse-grained sites, and the alanine dipeptide, with two dihedral angles, elucidate why one should adopt AIGLE or its Markovian limit for modeling coarse-grained conformational dynamics in practice. △ Less Submitted 20 May, 2024; originally announced May 2024. arXiv:2402.00522 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG stat.ML Understanding the Expressive Power and Mechanisms of Transformer for Sequence Modeling Authors: Mingze Wang , Weinan E Abstract : We conduct a systematic study of the approximation properties of Transformer for sequence modeling with long, sparse and complicated memory. We investigate the mechanisms through which different components of Transformer, such as the dot-product self-attention, positional encoding and feed-forward layer, affect its expressive power, and we study their combined effects through establishing explicit… ▽ More We conduct a systematic study of the approximation properties of Transformer for sequence modeling with long, sparse and complicated memory. We investigate the mechanisms through which different components of Transformer, such as the dot-product self-attention, positional encoding and feed-forward layer, affect its expressive power, and we study their combined effects through establishing explicit approximation rates. Our study reveals the roles of critical parameters in the Transformer, such as the number of layers and the number of attention heads. These theoretical insights are validated experimentally and offer natural suggestions for alternative architectures. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2024; v1 submitted 1 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. Comments: 76 pages, accepted by NeurIPS 2024 arXiv:2402.00522 [ pdf , ps , other ] Understanding the Expressive Power and Mechanisms of Transformer for Sequence Modeling Authors: Mingze Wang , Weinan E Abstract : We conduct a systematic study of the approximation properties of Transformer for sequence modeling with long, sparse and complicated memory. We investigate the mechanisms through which different components of Transformer, such as the dot-product self-attention, positional encoding and feed-forward layer, affect its expressive power, and we study their combined effects through establishing explicit… ▽ More We conduct a systematic study of the approximation properties of Transformer for sequence modeling with long, sparse and complicated memory. We investigate the mechanisms through which different components of Transformer, such as the dot-product self-attention, positional encoding and feed-forward layer, affect its expressive power, and we study their combined effects through establishing explicit approximation rates. Our study reveals the roles of critical parameters in the Transformer, such as the number of layers and the number of attention heads. These theoretical insights are validated experimentally and offer natural suggestions for alternative architectures. △ Less Submitted 30 October, 2024; v1 submitted 1 February, 2024; originally announced February 2024. Comments: 76 pages, accepted by NeurIPS 2024 arXiv:2401.08309 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.LG Anchor function: a type of benchmark functions for studying language models Authors: Zhongwang Zhang , Zhiwei Wang , Junjie Yao , Zhangchen Zhou , Xiaolong Li , Weinan E , Zhi-Qin John Xu Abstract : Understanding transformer-based language models is becoming increasingly crucial, particularly as they play pivotal roles in advancing towards artificial general intelligence. However, language model research faces significant challenges, especially for academic research groups with constrained resources. These challenges include complex data structures, unknown target functions, high computationa… ▽ More Understanding transformer-based language models is becoming increasingly crucial, particularly as they play pivotal roles in advancing towards artificial general intelligence. However, language model research faces significant challenges, especially for academic research groups with constrained resources. These challenges include complex data structures, unknown target functions, high computational costs and memory requirements, and a lack of interpretability in the inference process, etc. Drawing a parallel to the use of simple models in scientific research, we propose the concept of an anchor function. This is a type of benchmark function designed for studying language models in learning tasks that follow an "anchor-key" pattern. By utilizing the concept of an anchor function, we can construct a series of functions to simulate various language tasks. The anchor function plays a role analogous to that of mice in diabetes research, particularly suitable for academic research. We demonstrate the utility of the anchor function with an example, revealing two basic operations by attention structures in language models: shifting tokens and broadcasting one token from one position to many positions. These operations are also commonly observed in large language models. The anchor function framework, therefore, opens up a series of valuable and accessible research questions for further exploration, especially for theoretical study. △ Less Submitted 16 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. arXiv:2401.08309 [ pdf , other ] Anchor function: a type of benchmark functions for studying language models Authors: Zhongwang Zhang , Zhiwei Wang , Junjie Yao , Zhangchen Zhou , Xiaolong Li , Weinan E , Zhi-Qin John Xu Abstract : Understanding transformer-based language models is becoming increasingly crucial, particularly as they play pivotal roles in advancing towards artificial general intelligence. However, language model research faces significant challenges, especially for academic research groups with constrained resources. These challenges include complex data structures, unknown target functions, high computationa… ▽ More Understanding transformer-based language models is becoming increasingly crucial, particularly as they play pivotal roles in advancing towards artificial general intelligence. However, language model research faces significant challenges, especially for academic research groups with constrained resources. These challenges include complex data structures, unknown target functions, high computational costs and memory requirements, and a lack of interpretability in the inference process, etc. Drawing a parallel to the use of simple models in scientific research, we propose the concept of an anchor function. This is a type of benchmark function designed for studying language models in learning tasks that follow an "anchor-key" pattern. By utilizing the concept of an anchor function, we can construct a series of functions to simulate various language tasks. The anchor function plays a role analogous to that of mice in diabetes research, particularly suitable for academic research. We demonstrate the utility of the anchor function with an example, revealing two basic operations by attention structures in language models: shifting tokens and broadcasting one token from one position to many positions. These operations are also commonly observed in large language models. The anchor function framework, therefore, opens up a series of valuable and accessible research questions for further exploration, especially for theoretical study. △ Less Submitted 16 January, 2024; originally announced January 2024. arXiv:2311.17749 [ pdf , ps , other ] math.OC cs.RO Learning Free Terminal Time Optimal Closed-loop Control of Manipulators Authors: Wei Hu , Yue Zhao , Weinan E , Jiequn Han , Jihao Long Abstract : This paper presents a novel approach to learning free terminal time closed-loop control for robotic manipulation tasks, enabling dynamic adjustment of task duration and control inputs to enhance performance. We extend the supervised learning approach, namely solving selected optimal open-loop problems and utilizing them as training data for a policy network, to the free terminal time scenario. Thr… ▽ More This paper presents a novel approach to learning free terminal time closed-loop control for robotic manipulation tasks, enabling dynamic adjustment of task duration and control inputs to enhance performance. We extend the supervised learning approach, namely solving selected optimal open-loop problems and utilizing them as training data for a policy network, to the free terminal time scenario. Three main challenges are addressed in this extension. First, we introduce a marching scheme that enhances the solution quality and increases the success rate of the open-loop solver by gradually refining time discretization. Second, we extend the QRnet in Nakamura-Zimmerer et al. (2021b) to the free terminal time setting to address discontinuity and improve stability at the terminal state. Third, we present a more automated version of the initial value problem (IVP) enhanced sampling method from previous work (Zhang et al., 2022) to adaptively update the training dataset, significantly improving its quality. By integrating these techniques, we develop a closed-loop policy that operates effectively over a broad domain with varying optimal time durations, achieving near globally optimal total costs. △ Less Submitted 12 July, 2025; v1 submitted 29 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023. Comments: Accepted for presentation at the American Control Conference (ACC) 2025 arXiv:2311.17749 [ pdf , ps , other ] Learning Free Terminal Time Optimal Closed-loop Control of Manipulators Authors: Wei Hu , Yue Zhao , Weinan E , Jiequn Han , Jihao Long Abstract : This paper presents a novel approach to learning free terminal time closed-loop control for robotic manipulation tasks, enabling dynamic adjustment of task duration and control inputs to enhance performance. We extend the supervised learning approach, namely solving selected optimal open-loop problems and utilizing them as training data for a policy network, to the free terminal time scenario. Thr… ▽ More This paper presents a novel approach to learning free terminal time closed-loop control for robotic manipulation tasks, enabling dynamic adjustment of task duration and control inputs to enhance performance. We extend the supervised learning approach, namely solving selected optimal open-loop problems and utilizing them as training data for a policy network, to the free terminal time scenario. Three main challenges are addressed in this extension. First, we introduce a marching scheme that enhances the solution quality and increases the success rate of the open-loop solver by gradually refining time discretization. Second, we extend the QRnet in Nakamura-Zimmerer et al. (2021b) to the free terminal time setting to address discontinuity and improve stability at the terminal state. Third, we present a more automated version of the initial value problem (IVP) enhanced sampling method from previous work (Zhang et al., 2022) to adaptively update the training dataset, significantly improving its quality. By integrating these techniques, we develop a closed-loop policy that operates effectively over a broad domain with varying optimal time durations, achieving near globally optimal total costs. △ Less Submitted 12 July, 2025; v1 submitted 29 November, 2023; originally announced November 2023. Comments: Accepted for presentation at the American Control Conference (ACC) 2025 arXiv:2305.01243 [ pdf ] physics.comp-ph cs.LG Invertible Coarse Graining with Physics-Informed Generative Artificial Intelligence Authors: Jun Zhang , Xiaohan Lin , Weinan E , Yi Qin Gao Abstract : Multiscale molecular modeling is widely applied in scientific research of molecular properties over large time and length scales. Two specific challenges are commonly present in multiscale modeling, provided that information between the coarse and fine representations of molecules needs to be properly exchanged: One is to construct coarse grained models by passing information from the fine to coar… ▽ More Multiscale molecular modeling is widely applied in scientific research of molecular properties over large time and length scales. Two specific challenges are commonly present in multiscale modeling, provided that information between the coarse and fine representations of molecules needs to be properly exchanged: One is to construct coarse grained models by passing information from the fine to coarse levels; the other is to restore finer molecular details given coarse grained configurations. Although these two problems are commonly addressed independently, in this work, we present a theory connecting them, and develop a methodology called Cycle Coarse Graining (CCG) to solve both problems in a unified manner. In CCG, reconstruction can be achieved via a tractable deep generative model, allowing retrieval of fine details from coarse-grained simulations. The reconstruction in turn delivers better coarse-grained models which are informed of the fine-grained physics, and enables calculation of the free energies in a rare-event-free manner. CCG thus provides a systematic way for multiscale molecular modeling, where the finer details of coarse-grained simulations can be efficiently retrieved, and the coarse-grained models can be improved consistently. △ Less Submitted 20 July, 2024; v1 submitted 2 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2305.01243 [ pdf ] Invertible Coarse Graining with Physics-Informed Generative Artificial Intelligence Authors: Jun Zhang , Xiaohan Lin , Weinan E , Yi Qin Gao Abstract : Multiscale molecular modeling is widely applied in scientific research of molecular properties over large time and length scales. Two specific challenges are commonly present in multiscale modeling, provided that information between the coarse and fine representations of molecules needs to be properly exchanged: One is to construct coarse grained models by passing information from the fine to coar… ▽ More Multiscale molecular modeling is widely applied in scientific research of molecular properties over large time and length scales. Two specific challenges are commonly present in multiscale modeling, provided that information between the coarse and fine representations of molecules needs to be properly exchanged: One is to construct coarse grained models by passing information from the fine to coarse levels; the other is to restore finer molecular details given coarse grained configurations. Although these two problems are commonly addressed independently, in this work, we present a theory connecting them, and develop a methodology called Cycle Coarse Graining (CCG) to solve both problems in a unified manner. In CCG, reconstruction can be achieved via a tractable deep generative model, allowing retrieval of fine details from coarse-grained simulations. The reconstruction in turn delivers better coarse-grained models which are informed of the fine-grained physics, and enables calculation of the free energies in a rare-event-free manner. CCG thus provides a systematic way for multiscale molecular modeling, where the finer details of coarse-grained simulations can be efficiently retrieved, and the coarse-grained models can be improved consistently. △ Less Submitted 20 July, 2024; v1 submitted 2 May, 2023; originally announced May 2023. Comments: 16 pages, 5 figures arXiv:2302.03498 [ pdf , other ] cs.CL cs.SD eess.AS MAC: A unified framework boosting low resource automatic speech recognition Authors: Zeping Min , Qian Ge , Zhong Li , Weinan E Abstract : We propose a unified framework for low resource automatic speech recognition tasks named meta audio concatenation (MAC). It is easy to implement and can be carried out in extremely low resource environments. Mathematically, we give a clear description of MAC framework from the perspective of bayesian sampling. In this framework, we leverage a novel concatenative synthesis text-to-speech system to… ▽ More We propose a unified framework for low resource automatic speech recognition tasks named meta audio concatenation (MAC). It is easy to implement and can be carried out in extremely low resource environments. Mathematically, we give a clear description of MAC framework from the perspective of bayesian sampling. In this framework, we leverage a novel concatenative synthesis text-to-speech system to boost the low resource ASR task. By the concatenative synthesis text-to-speech system, we can integrate language pronunciation rules and adjust the TTS process. Furthermore, we propose a broad notion of meta audio set to meet the modeling needs of different languages and different scenes when using the system. Extensive experiments have demonstrated the great effectiveness of MAC on low resource ASR tasks. For CTC greedy search, CTC prefix, attention, and attention rescoring decode mode in Cantonese ASR task, Taiwanese ASR task, and Japanese ASR task the MAC method can reduce the CER by more than 15\%. Furthermore, in the ASR task, MAC beats wav2vec2 (with fine-tuning) on common voice datasets of Cantonese and gets really competitive results on common voice datasets of Taiwanese and Japanese. Among them, it is worth mentioning that we achieve a \textbf{10.9\%} character error rate (CER) on the common voice Cantonese ASR task, bringing about \textbf{30\%} relative improvement compared to the wav2vec2 (with fine-tuning). △ Less Submitted 15 February, 2023; v1 submitted 5 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. arXiv:2302.03498 [ pdf , other ] MAC: A unified framework boosting low resource automatic speech recognition Authors: Zeping Min , Qian Ge , Zhong Li , Weinan E Abstract : We propose a unified framework for low resource automatic speech recognition tasks named meta audio concatenation (MAC). It is easy to implement and can be carried out in extremely low resource environments. Mathematically, we give a clear description of MAC framework from the perspective of bayesian sampling. In this framework, we leverage a novel concatenative synthesis text-to-speech system to… ▽ More We propose a unified framework for low resource automatic speech recognition tasks named meta audio concatenation (MAC). It is easy to implement and can be carried out in extremely low resource environments. Mathematically, we give a clear description of MAC framework from the perspective of bayesian sampling. In this framework, we leverage a novel concatenative synthesis text-to-speech system to boost the low resource ASR task. By the concatenative synthesis text-to-speech system, we can integrate language pronunciation rules and adjust the TTS process. Furthermore, we propose a broad notion of meta audio set to meet the modeling needs of different languages and different scenes when using the system. Extensive experiments have demonstrated the great effectiveness of MAC on low resource ASR tasks. For CTC greedy search, CTC prefix, attention, and attention rescoring decode mode in Cantonese ASR task, Taiwanese ASR task, and Japanese ASR task the MAC method can reduce the CER by more than 15\%. Furthermore, in the ASR task, MAC beats wav2vec2 (with fine-tuning) on common voice datasets of Cantonese and gets really competitive results on common voice datasets of Taiwanese and Japanese. Among them, it is worth mentioning that we achieve a \textbf{10.9\%} character error rate (CER) on the common voice Cantonese ASR task, bringing about \textbf{30\%} relative improvement compared to the wav2vec2 (with fine-tuning). △ Less Submitted 15 February, 2023; v1 submitted 5 February, 2023; originally announced February 2023. arXiv:2201.03549 [ pdf , other ] physics.chem-ph cs.LG math.NA physics.comp-ph physics.flu-dyn A multi-scale sampling method for accurate and robust deep neural network to predict combustion chemical kinetics Authors: Tianhan Zhang , Yuxiao Yi , Yifan Xu , Zhi X. Chen , Yaoyu Zhang , Weinan E , Zhi-Qin John Xu Abstract : Machine learning has long been considered as a black box for predicting combustion chemical kinetics due to the extremely large number of parameters and the lack of evaluation standards and reproducibility. The current work aims to understand two basic questions regarding the deep neural network (DNN) method: what data the DNN needs and how general the DNN method can be. Sampling and preprocessing… ▽ More Machine learning has long been considered as a black box for predicting combustion chemical kinetics due to the extremely large number of parameters and the lack of evaluation standards and reproducibility. The current work aims to understand two basic questions regarding the deep neural network (DNN) method: what data the DNN needs and how general the DNN method can be. Sampling and preprocessing determine the DNN training dataset, further affect DNN prediction ability. The current work proposes using Box-Cox transformation (BCT) to preprocess the combustion data. In addition, this work compares different sampling methods with or without preprocessing, including the Monte Carlo method, manifold sampling, generative neural network method (cycle-GAN), and newly-proposed multi-scale sampling. Our results reveal that the DNN trained by the manifold data can capture the chemical kinetics in limited configurations but cannot remain robust toward perturbation, which is inevitable for the DNN coupled with the flow field. The Monte Carlo and cycle-GAN samplings can cover a wider phase space but fail to capture small-scale intermediate species, producing poor prediction results. A three-hidden-layer DNN, based on the multi-scale method without specific flame simulation data, allows predicting chemical kinetics in various scenarios and being stable during the temporal evolutions. This single DNN is readily implemented with several CFD codes and validated in various combustors, including (1). zero-dimensional autoignition, (2). one-dimensional freely propagating flame, (3). two-dimensional jet flame with triple-flame structure, and (4). three-dimensional turbulent lifted flames. The results demonstrate the satisfying accuracy and generalization ability of the pre-trained DNN. The Fortran and Python versions of DNN and example code are attached in the supplementary for reproducibility. △ Less Submitted 12 August, 2022; v1 submitted 9 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022. arXiv:2201.03549 [ pdf , other ] A multi-scale sampling method for accurate and robust deep neural network to predict combustion chemical kinetics Authors: Tianhan Zhang , Yuxiao Yi , Yifan Xu , Zhi X. Chen , Yaoyu Zhang , Weinan E , Zhi-Qin John Xu Abstract : Machine learning has long been considered as a black box for predicting combustion chemical kinetics due to the extremely large number of parameters and the lack of evaluation standards and reproducibility. The current work aims to understand two basic questions regarding the deep neural network (DNN) method: what data the DNN needs and how general the DNN method can be. Sampling and preprocessing… ▽ More Machine learning has long been considered as a black box for predicting combustion chemical kinetics due to the extremely large number of parameters and the lack of evaluation standards and reproducibility. The current work aims to understand two basic questions regarding the deep neural network (DNN) method: what data the DNN needs and how general the DNN method can be. Sampling and preprocessing determine the DNN training dataset, further affect DNN prediction ability. The current work proposes using Box-Cox transformation (BCT) to preprocess the combustion data. In addition, this work compares different sampling methods with or without preprocessing, including the Monte Carlo method, manifold sampling, generative neural network method (cycle-GAN), and newly-proposed multi-scale sampling. Our results reveal that the DNN trained by the manifold data can capture the chemical kinetics in limited configurations but cannot remain robust toward perturbation, which is inevitable for the DNN coupled with the flow field. The Monte Carlo and cycle-GAN samplings can cover a wider phase space but fail to capture small-scale intermediate species, producing poor prediction results. A three-hidden-layer DNN, based on the multi-scale method without specific flame simulation data, allows predicting chemical kinetics in various scenarios and being stable during the temporal evolutions. This single DNN is readily implemented with several CFD codes and validated in various combustors, including (1). zero-dimensional autoignition, (2). one-dimensional freely propagating flame, (3). two-dimensional jet flame with triple-flame structure, and (4). three-dimensional turbulent lifted flames. The results demonstrate the satisfying accuracy and generalization ability of the pre-trained DNN. The Fortran and Python versions of DNN and example code are attached in the supplementary for reproducibility. △ Less Submitted 12 August, 2022; v1 submitted 9 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022. arXiv:2201.02025 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG math.OC A deep learning-based model reduction (DeePMR) method for simplifying chemical kinetics Authors: Zhiwei Wang , Yaoyu Zhang , Enhan Zhao , Yiguang Ju , Weinan E , Zhi-Qin John Xu , Tianhan Zhang Abstract : A deep learning-based model reduction (DeePMR) method for simplifying chemical kinetics is proposed and validated using high-temperature auto-ignitions, perfectly stirred reactors (PSR), and one-dimensional freely propagating flames of n-heptane/air mixtures. The mechanism reduction is modeled as an optimization problem on Boolean space, where a Boolean vector, each entry corresponding to a specie… ▽ More A deep learning-based model reduction (DeePMR) method for simplifying chemical kinetics is proposed and validated using high-temperature auto-ignitions, perfectly stirred reactors (PSR), and one-dimensional freely propagating flames of n-heptane/air mixtures. The mechanism reduction is modeled as an optimization problem on Boolean space, where a Boolean vector, each entry corresponding to a species, represents a reduced mechanism. The optimization goal is to minimize the reduced mechanism size given the error tolerance of a group of pre-selected benchmark quantities. The key idea of the DeePMR is to employ a deep neural network (DNN) to formulate the objective function in the optimization problem. In order to explore high dimensional Boolean space efficiently, an iterative DNN-assisted data sampling and DNN training procedure are implemented. The results show that DNN-assistance improves sampling efficiency significantly, selecting only $10^5$ samples out of $10^{34}$ possible samples for DNN to achieve sufficient accuracy. The results demonstrate the capability of the DNN to recognize key species and reasonably predict reduced mechanism performance. The well-trained DNN guarantees the optimal reduced mechanism by solving an inverse optimization problem. By comparing ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, temperatures in PSRs, the resulting skeletal mechanism has fewer species (45 species) but the same level of accuracy as the skeletal mechanism (56 species) obtained by the Path Flux Analysis (PFA) method. In addition, the skeletal mechanism can be further reduced to 28 species if only considering atmospheric, near-stoichiometric conditions (equivalence ratio between 0.6 and 1.2). The DeePMR provides an innovative way to perform model reduction and demonstrates the great potential of data-driven methods in the combustion area. △ Less Submitted 8 September, 2022; v1 submitted 6 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022. arXiv:2201.02025 [ pdf , other ] A deep learning-based model reduction (DeePMR) method for simplifying chemical kinetics Authors: Zhiwei Wang , Yaoyu Zhang , Enhan Zhao , Yiguang Ju , Weinan E , Zhi-Qin John Xu , Tianhan Zhang Abstract : A deep learning-based model reduction (DeePMR) method for simplifying chemical kinetics is proposed and validated using high-temperature auto-ignitions, perfectly stirred reactors (PSR), and one-dimensional freely propagating flames of n-heptane/air mixtures. The mechanism reduction is modeled as an optimization problem on Boolean space, where a Boolean vector, each entry corresponding to a specie… ▽ More A deep learning-based model reduction (DeePMR) method for simplifying chemical kinetics is proposed and validated using high-temperature auto-ignitions, perfectly stirred reactors (PSR), and one-dimensional freely propagating flames of n-heptane/air mixtures. The mechanism reduction is modeled as an optimization problem on Boolean space, where a Boolean vector, each entry corresponding to a species, represents a reduced mechanism. The optimization goal is to minimize the reduced mechanism size given the error tolerance of a group of pre-selected benchmark quantities. The key idea of the DeePMR is to employ a deep neural network (DNN) to formulate the objective function in the optimization problem. In order to explore high dimensional Boolean space efficiently, an iterative DNN-assisted data sampling and DNN training procedure are implemented. The results show that DNN-assistance improves sampling efficiency significantly, selecting only $10^5$ samples out of $10^{34}$ possible samples for DNN to achieve sufficient accuracy. The results demonstrate the capability of the DNN to recognize key species and reasonably predict reduced mechanism performance. The well-trained DNN guarantees the optimal reduced mechanism by solving an inverse optimization problem. By comparing ignition delay times, laminar flame speeds, temperatures in PSRs, the resulting skeletal mechanism has fewer species (45 species) but the same level of accuracy as the skeletal mechanism (56 species) obtained by the Path Flux Analysis (PFA) method. In addition, the skeletal mechanism can be further reduced to 28 species if only considering atmospheric, near-stoichiometric conditions (equivalence ratio between 0.6 and 1.2). The DeePMR provides an innovative way to perform model reduction and demonstrates the great potential of data-driven methods in the combustion area. △ Less Submitted 8 September, 2022; v1 submitted 6 January, 2022; originally announced January 2022. arXiv:2112.14798 [ pdf , other ] physics.comp-ph cs.LG physics.flu-dyn doi 10.4208/jml.220115 DeePN$^2$: A deep learning-based non-Newtonian hydrodynamic model Authors: Lidong Fang , Pei Ge , Lei Zhang , Weinan E , Huan Lei Abstract : A long standing problem in the modeling of non-Newtonian hydrodynamics of polymeric flows is the availability of reliable and interpretable hydrodynamic models that faithfully encode the underlying micro-scale polymer dynamics. The main complication arises from the long polymer relaxation time, the complex molecular structure and heterogeneous interaction. DeePN$^2$, a deep learning-based non-Newt… ▽ More A long standing problem in the modeling of non-Newtonian hydrodynamics of polymeric flows is the availability of reliable and interpretable hydrodynamic models that faithfully encode the underlying micro-scale polymer dynamics. The main complication arises from the long polymer relaxation time, the complex molecular structure and heterogeneous interaction. DeePN$^2$, a deep learning-based non-Newtonian hydrodynamic model, has been proposed and has shown some success in systematically passing the micro-scale structural mechanics information to the macro-scale hydrodynamics for suspensions with simple polymer conformation and bond potential. The model retains a multi-scaled nature by mapping the polymer configurations into a set of symmetry-preserving macro-scale features. The extended constitutive laws for these macro-scale features can be directly learned from the kinetics of their micro-scale counterparts. In this paper, we develop DeePN$^2$ using more complex micro-structural models. We show that DeePN$^2$ can faithfully capture the broadly overlooked viscoelastic differences arising from the specific molecular structural mechanics without human intervention. △ Less Submitted 13 April, 2022; v1 submitted 29 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. arXiv:2112.14798 [ pdf , other ] DeePN$^2$: A deep learning-based non-Newtonian hydrodynamic model Authors: Lidong Fang , Pei Ge , Lei Zhang , Weinan E , Huan Lei Abstract : A long standing problem in the modeling of non-Newtonian hydrodynamics of polymeric flows is the availability of reliable and interpretable hydrodynamic models that faithfully encode the underlying micro-scale polymer dynamics. The main complication arises from the long polymer relaxation time, the complex molecular structure and heterogeneous interaction. DeePN$^2$, a deep learning-based non-Newt… ▽ More A long standing problem in the modeling of non-Newtonian hydrodynamics of polymeric flows is the availability of reliable and interpretable hydrodynamic models that faithfully encode the underlying micro-scale polymer dynamics. The main complication arises from the long polymer relaxation time, the complex molecular structure and heterogeneous interaction. DeePN$^2$, a deep learning-based non-Newtonian hydrodynamic model, has been proposed and has shown some success in systematically passing the micro-scale structural mechanics information to the macro-scale hydrodynamics for suspensions with simple polymer conformation and bond potential. The model retains a multi-scaled nature by mapping the polymer configurations into a set of symmetry-preserving macro-scale features. The extended constitutive laws for these macro-scale features can be directly learned from the kinetics of their micro-scale counterparts. In this paper, we develop DeePN$^2$ using more complex micro-structural models. We show that DeePN$^2$ can faithfully capture the broadly overlooked viscoelastic differences arising from the specific molecular structural mechanics without human intervention. △ Less Submitted 13 April, 2022; v1 submitted 29 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. arXiv:2112.14377 [ pdf , other ] econ.GN cs.LG DeepHAM: A Global Solution Method for Heterogeneous Agent Models with Aggregate Shocks Authors: Jiequn Han , Yucheng Yang , Weinan E Abstract : An efficient, reliable, and interpretable global solution method, the Deep learning-based algorithm for Heterogeneous Agent Models (DeepHAM), is proposed for solving high dimensional heterogeneous agent models with aggregate shocks. The state distribution is approximately represented by a set of optimal generalized moments. Deep neural networks are used to approximate the value and policy function… ▽ More An efficient, reliable, and interpretable global solution method, the Deep learning-based algorithm for Heterogeneous Agent Models (DeepHAM), is proposed for solving high dimensional heterogeneous agent models with aggregate shocks. The state distribution is approximately represented by a set of optimal generalized moments. Deep neural networks are used to approximate the value and policy functions, and the objective is optimized over directly simulated paths. In addition to being an accurate global solver, this method has three additional features. First, it is computationally efficient in solving complex heterogeneous agent models, and it does not suffer from the curse of dimensionality. Second, it provides a general and interpretable representation of the distribution over individual states, which is crucial in addressing the classical question of whether and how heterogeneity matters in macroeconomics. Third, it solves the constrained efficiency problem as easily as it solves the competitive equilibrium, which opens up new possibilities for studying optimal monetary and fiscal policies in heterogeneous agent models with aggregate shocks. △ Less Submitted 21 February, 2022; v1 submitted 28 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. Comments: Slides available at arXiv:2112.14377 [ pdf , other ] DeepHAM: A Global Solution Method for Heterogeneous Agent Models with Aggregate Shocks Authors: Jiequn Han , Yucheng Yang , Weinan E Abstract : An efficient, reliable, and interpretable global solution method, the Deep learning-based algorithm for Heterogeneous Agent Models (DeepHAM), is proposed for solving high dimensional heterogeneous agent models with aggregate shocks. The state distribution is approximately represented by a set of optimal generalized moments. Deep neural networks are used to approximate the value and policy function… ▽ More An efficient, reliable, and interpretable global solution method, the Deep learning-based algorithm for Heterogeneous Agent Models (DeepHAM), is proposed for solving high dimensional heterogeneous agent models with aggregate shocks. The state distribution is approximately represented by a set of optimal generalized moments. Deep neural networks are used to approximate the value and policy functions, and the objective is optimized over directly simulated paths. In addition to being an accurate global solver, this method has three additional features. First, it is computationally efficient in solving complex heterogeneous agent models, and it does not suffer from the curse of dimensionality. Second, it provides a general and interpretable representation of the distribution over individual states, which is crucial in addressing the classical question of whether and how heterogeneity matters in macroeconomics. Third, it solves the constrained efficiency problem as easily as it solves the competitive equilibrium, which opens up new possibilities for studying optimal monetary and fiscal policies in heterogeneous agent models with aggregate shocks. △ Less Submitted 21 February, 2022; v1 submitted 28 December, 2021; originally announced December 2021. Comments: Slides available at arXiv:2107.03673 [ pdf , other ] math.NA cs.LG doi 10.4208/cicp.OA-2021-0257 MOD-Net: A Machine Learning Approach via Model-Operator-Data Network for Solving PDEs Authors: Lulu Zhang , Tao Luo , Yaoyu Zhang , Weinan E , Zhi-Qin John Xu , Zheng Ma Abstract : In this paper, we propose a a machine learning approach via model-operator-data network (MOD-Net) for solving PDEs. A MOD-Net is driven by a model to solve PDEs based on operator representation with regularization from data. For linear PDEs, we use a DNN to parameterize the Green's function and obtain the neural operator to approximate the solution according to the Green's method. To train the DNN… ▽ More In this paper, we propose a a machine learning approach via model-operator-data network (MOD-Net) for solving PDEs. A MOD-Net is driven by a model to solve PDEs based on operator representation with regularization from data. For linear PDEs, we use a DNN to parameterize the Green's function and obtain the neural operator to approximate the solution according to the Green's method. To train the DNN, the empirical risk consists of the mean squared loss with the least square formulation or the variational formulation of the governing equation and boundary conditions. For complicated problems, the empirical risk also includes a few labels, which are computed on coarse grid points with cheap computation cost and significantly improves the model accuracy. Intuitively, the labeled dataset works as a regularization in addition to the model constraints. The MOD-Net solves a family of PDEs rather than a specific one and is much more efficient than original neural operator because few expensive labels are required. We numerically show MOD-Net is very efficient in solving Poisson equation and one-dimensional radiative transfer equation. For nonlinear PDEs, the nonlinear MOD-Net can be similarly used as an ansatz for solving nonlinear PDEs, exemplified by solving several nonlinear PDE problems, such as the Burgers equation. △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2021; v1 submitted 8 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. arXiv:2107.03673 [ pdf , other ] MOD-Net: A Machine Learning Approach via Model-Operator-Data Network for Solving PDEs Authors: Lulu Zhang , Tao Luo , Yaoyu Zhang , Weinan E , Zhi-Qin John Xu , Zheng Ma Abstract : In this paper, we propose a a machine learning approach via model-operator-data network (MOD-Net) for solving PDEs. A MOD-Net is driven by a model to solve PDEs based on operator representation with regularization from data. For linear PDEs, we use a DNN to parameterize the Green's function and obtain the neural operator to approximate the solution according to the Green's method. To train the DNN… ▽ More In this paper, we propose a a machine learning approach via model-operator-data network (MOD-Net) for solving PDEs. A MOD-Net is driven by a model to solve PDEs based on operator representation with regularization from data. For linear PDEs, we use a DNN to parameterize the Green's function and obtain the neural operator to approximate the solution according to the Green's method. To train the DNN, the empirical risk consists of the mean squared loss with the least square formulation or the variational formulation of the governing equation and boundary conditions. For complicated problems, the empirical risk also includes a few labels, which are computed on coarse grid points with cheap computation cost and significantly improves the model accuracy. Intuitively, the labeled dataset works as a regularization in addition to the model constraints. The MOD-Net solves a family of PDEs rather than a specific one and is much more efficient than original neural operator because few expensive labels are required. We numerically show MOD-Net is very efficient in solving Poisson equation and one-dimensional radiative transfer equation. For nonlinear PDEs, the nonlinear MOD-Net can be similarly used as an ansatz for solving nonlinear PDEs, exemplified by solving several nonlinear PDE problems, such as the Burgers equation. △ Less Submitted 28 December, 2021; v1 submitted 8 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. arXiv:2107.03633 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG stat.ML Generalization Error of GAN from the Discriminator's Perspective Authors: Hongkang Yang , Weinan E Abstract : The generative adversarial network (GAN) is a well-known model for learning high-dimensional distributions, but the mechanism for its generalization ability is not understood. In particular, GAN is vulnerable to the memorization phenomenon, the eventual convergence to the empirical distribution. We consider a simplified GAN model with the generator replaced by a density, and analyze how the discri… ▽ More The generative adversarial network (GAN) is a well-known model for learning high-dimensional distributions, but the mechanism for its generalization ability is not understood. In particular, GAN is vulnerable to the memorization phenomenon, the eventual convergence to the empirical distribution. We consider a simplified GAN model with the generator replaced by a density, and analyze how the discriminator contributes to generalization. We show that with early stopping, the generalization error measured by Wasserstein metric escapes from the curse of dimensionality, despite that in the long term, memorization is inevitable. In addition, we present a hardness of learning result for WGAN. △ Less Submitted 5 November, 2021; v1 submitted 8 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. MSC Class: 68T07; 62G07; 60-08 arXiv:2107.03633 [ pdf , other ] Generalization Error of GAN from the Discriminator's Perspective Authors: Hongkang Yang , Weinan E Abstract : The generative adversarial network (GAN) is a well-known model for learning high-dimensional distributions, but the mechanism for its generalization ability is not understood. In particular, GAN is vulnerable to the memorization phenomenon, the eventual convergence to the empirical distribution. We consider a simplified GAN model with the generator replaced by a density, and analyze how the discri… ▽ More The generative adversarial network (GAN) is a well-known model for learning high-dimensional distributions, but the mechanism for its generalization ability is not understood. In particular, GAN is vulnerable to the memorization phenomenon, the eventual convergence to the empirical distribution. We consider a simplified GAN model with the generator replaced by a density, and analyze how the discriminator contributes to generalization. We show that with early stopping, the generalization error measured by Wasserstein metric escapes from the curse of dimensionality, despite that in the long term, memorization is inevitable. In addition, we present a hardness of learning result for WGAN. △ Less Submitted 5 November, 2021; v1 submitted 8 July, 2021; originally announced July 2021. MSC Class: 68T07; 62G07; 60-08 arXiv:2104.07794 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG An $L^2$ Analysis of Reinforcement Learning in High Dimensions with Kernel and Neural Network Approximation Authors: Jihao Long , Jiequn Han , Weinan E Abstract : Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms based on high-dimensional function approximation have achieved tremendous empirical success in large-scale problems with an enormous number of states. However, most analysis of such algorithms gives rise to error bounds that involve either the number of states or the number of features. This paper considers the situation where the function approximation is ma… ▽ More Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms based on high-dimensional function approximation have achieved tremendous empirical success in large-scale problems with an enormous number of states. However, most analysis of such algorithms gives rise to error bounds that involve either the number of states or the number of features. This paper considers the situation where the function approximation is made either using the kernel method or the two-layer neural network model, in the context of a fitted Q-iteration algorithm with explicit regularization. We establish an $\tilde{O}(H^3|\mathcal {A}|^{\frac14}n^{-\frac14})$ bound for the optimal policy with $Hn$ samples, where $H$ is the length of each episode and $|\mathcal {A}|$ is the size of action space. Our analysis hinges on analyzing the $L^2$ error of the approximated Q-function using $n$ data points. Even though this result still requires a finite-sized action space, the error bound is independent of the dimensionality of the state space. △ Less Submitted 15 February, 2022; v1 submitted 15 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. arXiv:2104.07794 [ pdf , ps , other ] An $L^2$ Analysis of Reinforcement Learning in High Dimensions with Kernel and Neural Network Approximation Authors: Jihao Long , Jiequn Han , Weinan E Abstract : Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms based on high-dimensional function approximation have achieved tremendous empirical success in large-scale problems with an enormous number of states. However, most analysis of such algorithms gives rise to error bounds that involve either the number of states or the number of features. This paper considers the situation where the function approximation is ma… ▽ More Reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms based on high-dimensional function approximation have achieved tremendous empirical success in large-scale problems with an enormous number of states. However, most analysis of such algorithms gives rise to error bounds that involve either the number of states or the number of features. This paper considers the situation where the function approximation is made either using the kernel method or the two-layer neural network model, in the context of a fitted Q-iteration algorithm with explicit regularization. We establish an $\tilde{O}(H^3|\mathcal {A}|^{\frac14}n^{-\frac14})$ bound for the optimal policy with $Hn$ samples, where $H$ is the length of each episode and $|\mathcal {A}|$ is the size of action space. Our analysis hinges on analyzing the $L^2$ error of the approximated Q-function using $n$ data points. Even though this result still requires a finite-sized action space, the error bound is independent of the dimensionality of the state space. △ Less Submitted 15 February, 2022; v1 submitted 15 April, 2021; originally announced April 2021. arXiv:2012.12654 [ pdf ] physics.chem-ph cs.LG math.NA A deep learning-based ODE solver for chemical kinetics Authors: Tianhan Zhang , Yaoyu Zhang , Weinan E , Yiguang Ju Abstract : Developing efficient and accurate algorithms for chemistry integration is a challenging task due to its strong stiffness and high dimensionality. The current work presents a deep learning-based numerical method called DeepCombustion0.0 to solve stiff ordinary differential equation systems. The homogeneous autoignition of DME/air mixture, including 54 species, is adopted as an example to illustrate… ▽ More Developing efficient and accurate algorithms for chemistry integration is a challenging task due to its strong stiffness and high dimensionality. The current work presents a deep learning-based numerical method called DeepCombustion0.0 to solve stiff ordinary differential equation systems. The homogeneous autoignition of DME/air mixture, including 54 species, is adopted as an example to illustrate the validity and accuracy of the algorithm. The training and testing datasets cover a wide range of temperature, pressure, and mixture conditions between 750-1200 K, 30-50 atm, and equivalence ratio = 0.7-1.5. Both the first-stage low-temperature ignition (LTI) and the second-stage high-temperature ignition (HTI) are considered. The methodology highlights the importance of the adaptive data sampling techniques, power transform preprocessing, and binary deep neural network (DNN) design. By using the adaptive random samplings and appropriate power transforms, smooth submanifolds in the state vector phase space are observed, on which two three-layer DNNs can be appropriately trained. The neural networks are end-to-end, which predict temporal gradients of the state vectors directly. The results show that temporal evolutions predicted by DNN agree well with traditional numerical methods in all state vector dimensions, including temperature, pressure, and species concentrations. Besides, the ignition delay time differences are within 1%. At the same time, the CPU time is reduced by more than 20 times and 200 times compared with the HMTS and VODE method, respectively. The current work demonstrates the enormous potential of applying the deep learning algorithm in chemical kinetics and combustion modeling. △ Less Submitted 23 November, 2020; originally announced December 2020. arXiv:2012.12654 [ pdf ] A deep learning-based ODE solver for chemical kinetics Authors: Tianhan Zhang , Yaoyu Zhang , Weinan E , Yiguang Ju Abstract : Developing efficient and accurate algorithms for chemistry integration is a challenging task due to its strong stiffness and high dimensionality. The current work presents a deep learning-based numerical method called DeepCombustion0.0 to solve stiff ordinary differential equation systems. The homogeneous autoignition of DME/air mixture, including 54 species, is adopted as an example to illustrate… ▽ More Developing efficient and accurate algorithms for chemistry integration is a challenging task due to its strong stiffness and high dimensionality. The current work presents a deep learning-based numerical method called DeepCombustion0.0 to solve stiff ordinary differential equation systems. The homogeneous autoignition of DME/air mixture, including 54 species, is adopted as an example to illustrate the validity and accuracy of the algorithm. The training and testing datasets cover a wide range of temperature, pressure, and mixture conditions between 750-1200 K, 30-50 atm, and equivalence ratio = 0.7-1.5. Both the first-stage low-temperature ignition (LTI) and the second-stage high-temperature ignition (HTI) are considered. The methodology highlights the importance of the adaptive data sampling techniques, power transform preprocessing, and binary deep neural network (DNN) design. By using the adaptive random samplings and appropriate power transforms, smooth submanifolds in the state vector phase space are observed, on which two three-layer DNNs can be appropriately trained. The neural networks are end-to-end, which predict temporal gradients of the state vectors directly. The results show that temporal evolutions predicted by DNN agree well with traditional numerical methods in all state vector dimensions, including temperature, pressure, and species concentrations. Besides, the ignition delay time differences are within 1%. At the same time, the CPU time is reduced by more than 20 times and 200 times compared with the HMTS and VODE method, respectively. The current work demonstrates the enormous potential of applying the deep learning algorithm in chemical kinetics and combustion modeling. △ Less Submitted 23 November, 2020; originally announced December 2020. arXiv:2012.05420 [ pdf , ps , other ] cs.LG stat.ML On the emergence of simplex symmetry in the final and penultimate layers of neural network classifiers Authors: Weinan E , Stephan Wojtowytsch Abstract : A recent numerical study observed that neural network classifiers enjoy a large degree of symmetry in the penultimate layer. Namely, if $h(x) = Af(x) +b$ where $A$ is a linear map and $f$ is the output of the penultimate layer of the network (after activation), then all data points $x_{i, 1}, \dots, x_{i, N_i}$ in a class $C_i$ are mapped to a single point $y_i$ by $f$ and the points $y_i$ are loc… ▽ More A recent numerical study observed that neural network classifiers enjoy a large degree of symmetry in the penultimate layer. Namely, if $h(x) = Af(x) +b$ where $A$ is a linear map and $f$ is the output of the penultimate layer of the network (after activation), then all data points $x_{i, 1}, \dots, x_{i, N_i}$ in a class $C_i$ are mapped to a single point $y_i$ by $f$ and the points $y_i$ are located at the vertices of a regular $k-1$-dimensional standard simplex in a high-dimensional Euclidean space. We explain this observation analytically in toy models for highly expressive deep neural networks. In complementary examples, we demonstrate rigorously that even the final output of the classifier $h$ is not uniform over data samples from a class $C_i$ if $h$ is a shallow network (or if the deeper layers do not bring the data samples into a convenient geometric configuration). △ Less Submitted 4 June, 2021; v1 submitted 9 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. MSC Class: 68T07; 62H30 arXiv:2012.05420 [ pdf , ps , other ] On the emergence of simplex symmetry in the final and penultimate layers of neural network classifiers Authors: Weinan E , Stephan Wojtowytsch Abstract : A recent numerical study observed that neural network classifiers enjoy a large degree of symmetry in the penultimate layer. Namely, if $h(x) = Af(x) +b$ where $A$ is a linear map and $f$ is the output of the penultimate layer of the network (after activation), then all data points $x_{i, 1}, \dots, x_{i, N_i}$ in a class $C_i$ are mapped to a single point $y_i$ by $f$ and the points $y_i$ are loc… ▽ More A recent numerical study observed that neural network classifiers enjoy a large degree of symmetry in the penultimate layer. Namely, if $h(x) = Af(x) +b$ where $A$ is a linear map and $f$ is the output of the penultimate layer of the network (after activation), then all data points $x_{i, 1}, \dots, x_{i, N_i}$ in a class $C_i$ are mapped to a single point $y_i$ by $f$ and the points $y_i$ are located at the vertices of a regular $k-1$-dimensional standard simplex in a high-dimensional Euclidean space. We explain this observation analytically in toy models for highly expressive deep neural networks. In complementary examples, we demonstrate rigorously that even the final output of the classifier $h$ is not uniform over data samples from a class $C_i$ if $h$ is a shallow network (or if the deeper layers do not bring the data samples into a convenient geometric configuration). △ Less Submitted 4 June, 2021; v1 submitted 9 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. MSC Class: 68T07; 62H30 arXiv:2012.01484 [ pdf , ps , other ] math.AP cs.LG Some observations on high-dimensional partial differential equations with Barron data Authors: Weinan E , Stephan Wojtowytsch Abstract : We use explicit representation formulas to show that solutions to certain partial differential equations lie in Barron spaces or multilayer spaces if the PDE data lie in such function spaces. Consequently, these solutions can be represented efficiently using artificial neural networks, even in high dimension. Conversely, we present examples in which the solution fails to lie in the function space… ▽ More We use explicit representation formulas to show that solutions to certain partial differential equations lie in Barron spaces or multilayer spaces if the PDE data lie in such function spaces. Consequently, these solutions can be represented efficiently using artificial neural networks, even in high dimension. Conversely, we present examples in which the solution fails to lie in the function space associated to a neural network under consideration. △ Less Submitted 4 June, 2021; v1 submitted 2 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. MSC Class: 68T07; 35C15; 65M80 arXiv:2012.01484 [ pdf , ps , other ] Some observations on high-dimensional partial differential equations with Barron data Authors: Weinan E , Stephan Wojtowytsch Abstract : We use explicit representation formulas to show that solutions to certain partial differential equations lie in Barron spaces or multilayer spaces if the PDE data lie in such function spaces. Consequently, these solutions can be represented efficiently using artificial neural networks, even in high dimension. Conversely, we present examples in which the solution fails to lie in the function space… ▽ More We use explicit representation formulas to show that solutions to certain partial differential equations lie in Barron spaces or multilayer spaces if the PDE data lie in such function spaces. Consequently, these solutions can be represented efficiently using artificial neural networks, even in high dimension. Conversely, we present examples in which the solution fails to lie in the function space associated to a neural network under consideration. △ Less Submitted 4 June, 2021; v1 submitted 2 December, 2020; originally announced December 2020. MSC Class: 68T07; 35C15; 65M80 arXiv:2011.14269 [ pdf , other ] stat.ML cs.LG Generalization and Memorization: The Bias Potential Model Authors: Hongkang Yang , Weinan E Abstract : Models for learning probability distributions such as generative models and density estimators behave quite differently from models for learning functions. One example is found in the memorization phenomenon, namely the ultimate convergence to the empirical distribution, that occurs in generative adversarial networks (GANs). For this reason, the issue of generalization is more subtle than that for… ▽ More Models for learning probability distributions such as generative models and density estimators behave quite differently from models for learning functions. One example is found in the memorization phenomenon, namely the ultimate convergence to the empirical distribution, that occurs in generative adversarial networks (GANs). For this reason, the issue of generalization is more subtle than that for supervised learning. For the bias potential model, we show that dimension-independent generalization accuracy is achievable if early stopping is adopted, despite that in the long term, the model either memorizes the samples or diverges. △ Less Submitted 1 March, 2021; v1 submitted 28 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020. Comments: Added new section on regularized model MSC Class: 68T07; 60-08 arXiv:2011.14269 [ pdf , other ] Generalization and Memorization: The Bias Potential Model Authors: Hongkang Yang , Weinan E Abstract : Models for learning probability distributions such as generative models and density estimators behave quite differently from models for learning functions. One example is found in the memorization phenomenon, namely the ultimate convergence to the empirical distribution, that occurs in generative adversarial networks (GANs). For this reason, the issue of generalization is more subtle than that for… ▽ More Models for learning probability distributions such as generative models and density estimators behave quite differently from models for learning functions. One example is found in the memorization phenomenon, namely the ultimate convergence to the empirical distribution, that occurs in generative adversarial networks (GANs). For this reason, the issue of generalization is more subtle than that for supervised learning. For the bias potential model, we show that dimension-independent generalization accuracy is achievable if early stopping is adopted, despite that in the long term, the model either memorizes the samples or diverges. △ Less Submitted 1 March, 2021; v1 submitted 28 November, 2020; originally announced November 2020. Comments: Added new section on regularized model MSC Class: 68T07; 60-08 arXiv:2010.05627 [ pdf , other ] cs.LG cs.AI math.OC stat.ML Towards Theoretically Understanding Why SGD Generalizes Better Than ADAM in Deep Learning Authors: Pan Zhou , Jiashi Feng , Chao Ma , Caiming Xiong , Steven Hoi , Weinan E Abstract : It is not clear yet why ADAM-alike adaptive gradient algorithms suffer from worse generalization performance than SGD despite their faster training speed. This work aims to provide understandings on this generalization gap by analyzing their local convergence behaviors. Specifically, we observe the heavy tails of gradient noise in these algorithms. This motivates us to analyze these algorithms thr… ▽ More It is not clear yet why ADAM-alike adaptive gradient algorithms suffer from worse generalization performance than SGD despite their faster training speed. This work aims to provide understandings on this generalization gap by analyzing their local convergence behaviors. Specifically, we observe the heavy tails of gradient noise in these algorithms. This motivates us to analyze these algorithms through their Levy-driven stochastic differential equations (SDEs) because of the similar convergence behaviors of an algorithm and its SDE. Then we establish the escaping time of these SDEs from a local basin. The result shows that (1) the escaping time of both SGD and ADAM~depends on the Radon measure of the basin positively and the heaviness of gradient noise negatively; (2) for the same basin, SGD enjoys smaller escaping time than ADAM, mainly because (a) the geometry adaptation in ADAM~via adaptively scaling each gradient coordinate well diminishes the anisotropic structure in gradient noise and results in larger Radon measure of a basin; (b) the exponential gradient average in ADAM~smooths its gradient and leads to lighter gradient noise tails than SGD. So SGD is more locally unstable than ADAM~at sharp minima defined as the minima whose local basins have small Radon measure, and can better escape from them to flatter ones with larger Radon measure. As flat minima here which often refer to the minima at flat or asymmetric basins/valleys often generalize better than sharp ones , our result explains the better generalization performance of SGD over ADAM. Finally, experimental results confirm our heavy-tailed gradient noise assumption and theoretical affirmation. △ Less Submitted 28 November, 2021; v1 submitted 12 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020. Comments: NeurIPS 2020 arXiv:2010.05627 [ pdf , other ] Towards Theoretically Understanding Why SGD Generalizes Better Than ADAM in Deep Learning Authors: Pan Zhou , Jiashi Feng , Chao Ma , Caiming Xiong , Steven Hoi , Weinan E Abstract : It is not clear yet why ADAM-alike adaptive gradient algorithms suffer from worse generalization performance than SGD despite their faster training speed. This work aims to provide understandings on this generalization gap by analyzing their local convergence behaviors. Specifically, we observe the heavy tails of gradient noise in these algorithms. This motivates us to analyze these algorithms thr… ▽ More It is not clear yet why ADAM-alike adaptive gradient algorithms suffer from worse generalization performance than SGD despite their faster training speed. This work aims to provide understandings on this generalization gap by analyzing their local convergence behaviors. Specifically, we observe the heavy tails of gradient noise in these algorithms. This motivates us to analyze these algorithms through their Levy-driven stochastic differential equations (SDEs) because of the similar convergence behaviors of an algorithm and its SDE. Then we establish the escaping time of these SDEs from a local basin. The result shows that (1) the escaping time of both SGD and ADAM~depends on the Radon measure of the basin positively and the heaviness of gradient noise negatively; (2) for the same basin, SGD enjoys smaller escaping time than ADAM, mainly because (a) the geometry adaptation in ADAM~via adaptively scaling each gradient coordinate well diminishes the anisotropic structure in gradient noise and results in larger Radon measure of a basin; (b) the exponential gradient average in ADAM~smooths its gradient and leads to lighter gradient noise tails than SGD. So SGD is more locally unstable than ADAM~at sharp minima defined as the minima whose local basins have small Radon measure, and can better escape from them to flatter ones with larger Radon measure. As flat minima here which often refer to the minima at flat or asymmetric basins/valleys often generalize better than sharp ones , our result explains the better generalization performance of SGD over ADAM. Finally, experimental results confirm our heavy-tailed gradient noise assumption and theoretical affirmation. △ Less Submitted 28 November, 2021; v1 submitted 12 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020. Comments: NeurIPS 2020 arXiv:2010.05311 [ pdf , other ] econ.EM cs.AI cs.LG econ.GN stat.ML Interpretable Neural Networks for Panel Data Analysis in Economics Authors: Yucheng Yang , Zhong Zheng , Weinan E Abstract : The lack of interpretability and transparency are preventing economists from using advanced tools like neural networks in their empirical research. In this paper, we propose a class of interpretable neural network models that can achieve both high prediction accuracy and interpretability. The model can be written as a simple function of a regularized number of interpretable features, which are out… ▽ More The lack of interpretability and transparency are preventing economists from using advanced tools like neural networks in their empirical research. In this paper, we propose a class of interpretable neural network models that can achieve both high prediction accuracy and interpretability. The model can be written as a simple function of a regularized number of interpretable features, which are outcomes of interpretable functions encoded in the neural network. Researchers can design different forms of interpretable functions based on the nature of their tasks. In particular, we encode a class of interpretable functions named persistent change filters in the neural network to study time series cross-sectional data. We apply the model to predicting individual's monthly employment status using high-dimensional administrative data. We achieve an accuracy of 94.5% in the test set, which is comparable to the best performed conventional machine learning methods. Furthermore, the interpretability of the model allows us to understand the mechanism that underlies the prediction: an individual's employment status is closely related to whether she pays different types of insurances. Our work is a useful step towards overcoming the black-box problem of neural networks, and provide a new tool for economists to study administrative and proprietary big data. △ Less Submitted 29 November, 2020; v1 submitted 11 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020. arXiv:2010.05311 [ pdf , other ] Interpretable Neural Networks for Panel Data Analysis in Economics Authors: Yucheng Yang , Zhong Zheng , Weinan E Abstract : The lack of interpretability and transparency are preventing economists from using advanced tools like neural networks in their empirical research. In this paper, we propose a class of interpretable neural network models that can achieve both high prediction accuracy and interpretability. The model can be written as a simple function of a regularized number of interpretable features, which are out… ▽ More The lack of interpretability and transparency are preventing economists from using advanced tools like neural networks in their empirical research. In this paper, we propose a class of interpretable neural network models that can achieve both high prediction accuracy and interpretability. The model can be written as a simple function of a regularized number of interpretable features, which are outcomes of interpretable functions encoded in the neural network. Researchers can design different forms of interpretable functions based on the nature of their tasks. In particular, we encode a class of interpretable functions named persistent change filters in the neural network to study time series cross-sectional data. We apply the model to predicting individual's monthly employment status using high-dimensional administrative data. We achieve an accuracy of 94.5% in the test set, which is comparable to the best performed conventional machine learning methods. Furthermore, the interpretability of the model allows us to understand the mechanism that underlies the prediction: an individual's employment status is closely related to whether she pays different types of insurances. Our work is a useful step towards overcoming the black-box problem of neural networks, and provide a new tool for economists to study administrative and proprietary big data. △ Less Submitted 29 November, 2020; v1 submitted 11 October, 2020; originally announced October 2020. 1 2 About Help contact arXiv Click here to contact arXiv Contact subscribe to arXiv mailings Click here to subscribe Subscribe Copyright Privacy Policy Web Accessibility Assistance arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack arXiv Operational Status Get status notifications via email or slack
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עמוד ראשי ברוכים הבאים שינויים אחרונים ערכים מומלצים פורטלים ערך אקראי שער הקהילה עזרה ייעוץ מזנון כיכר העיר חדשות לוח מודעות יצירת קשר ספר אורחים תרומה לוויקיפדיה יצירת חשבון כניסה לחשבון תרומה לוויקיפדיה יצירת חשבון כניסה לחשבון תוכן עניינים התחלה 1 רקע שינוי מצב התת־פרק רקע 1.1 שביתות מאי 1.1 שביתות מאי 2 הפגנות דצמבר-ינואר שינוי מצב התת־פרק הפגנות דצמבר-ינואר 2.1 דצמבר 2.2 ינואר 2.1 דצמבר 2.2 ינואר 3 תגובות 4 ראו גם 5 קישורים חיצוניים 6 הערות שוליים ההפגנות באיראן (2025–2026) English العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български বাংলা Brezhoneg Català کوردی Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Eesti Euskara فارسی Suomi Français Gaeilge Hrvatski Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia 日本語 ქართული Қазақша 한국어 کٲشُر Kurdî Bahasa Melayu नेपाली Nederlands Português Română Русский Саха тыла Simple English Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 ערך שיחה קריאה הצגת מקור גרסאות קודמות קריאה הצגת מקור גרסאות קודמות דפים המקושרים לכאן שינויים בדפים המקושרים קישור קבוע מידע על הדף דפים מיוחדים ציטוט דף זה קבלת כתובת מקוצרת הורדת קוד QR יצירת ספר הורדה כ־PDF גרסה להדפסה ויקישיתוף פריט ויקינתונים ערך זה עוסק באירוע אקטואלי או מתמשך הנתונים בנושא זה משתנים במהירות או בהתמדה, ועל כן ייתכן שהם חלקיים, לא מדויקים או לא מעודכנים. ערך זה עוסק באירוע אקטואלי או מתמשך הנתונים בנושא זה משתנים במהירות או בהתמדה, ועל כן ייתכן שהם חלקיים, לא מדויקים או לא מעודכנים. שגיאות פרמטריות ב תבנית:להשלים פרמטרי חובה [ נושא ] חסרים יש להשלים ערך זה : בערך זה חסר תוכן מהותי. ייתכן שתמצאו פירוט ב דף השיחה . הנכם מוזמנים להשלים את החלקים החסרים ולהסיר הודעה זו. שקלו ליצור כותרות לפרקים הדורשים השלמה, ולהעביר את התבנית אליהם. עריכה יש להשלים ערך זה : בערך זה חסר תוכן מהותי. ייתכן שתמצאו פירוט ב דף השיחה . הנכם מוזמנים להשלים את החלקים החסרים ולהסיר הודעה זו. שקלו ליצור כותרות לפרקים הדורשים השלמה, ולהעביר את התבנית אליהם. מפת מוקדי ההפגנות תאריכי המאבק 28 בדצמבר 2025 – מתמשך (20 ימים) מקום איראן איראן שיטת המאבק הפגנה סטטוס מתמשך הצדדים במאבק איראן ממשלת הרפובליקה האסלאמית של איראן איראן ממשלת הרפובליקה האסלאמית של איראן דמויות בולטות .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Treeview-grey-line-flipped.png");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:right 0 top -2981px;padding-right:20px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:right 0 top -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul{margin-right:-1px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:right 0 top 9px} איראן המנהיג העליון של איראן , עלי ח'אמנאי איראן נשיא איראן , מסעוד פזשכיאן רזא כורש עלי פהלווי .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Treeview-grey-line-flipped.png");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-position:right 0 top -2981px;padding-right:20px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:right 0 top -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul{margin-right:-1px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:right 0 top 9px} איראן המנהיג העליון של איראן , עלי ח'אמנאי איראן נשיא איראן , מסעוד פזשכיאן איראן המנהיג העליון של איראן , עלי ח'אמנאי איראן נשיא איראן , מסעוד פזשכיאן רזא כורש עלי פהלווי רזא כורש עלי פהלווי נפגעים לפחות 153 הרוגים [ 1 ] לפחות 2,435 הרוגים ולפחות 18,470 עצורים [ 1 ] לפחות 153 הרוגים [ 1 ] לפחות 2,435 הרוגים ולפחות 18,470 עצורים [ 1 ] הפגנות באיראן פרצו בשנת 2025 בשני גלים על רקע המשבר הכלכלי במדינה , ונמשכו לתוך שנת 2026 . העימותים שהחלו בדצמבר הובילו למותם של בין מאות לאלפי מפגינים ולאלפי פצועים ועצורים, תוך שהמתיחות במדינה מוסיפה להסלים ומשנה את פניה ממחאה כלכלית למאבק פוליטי קיומי. תנועה זו חסרת הנהגה מרכזית, ומושכת אליה גם כוחות מלוכניים ומתנגדי משטר, הניצבים מול מנגנוני הביטחון ובהם משמרות המהפכה , ה בסיג' וה משטרה . הגל הראשון החל ב מאי 2025 עקב עליית פרמיות הביטוח , אבטחה ירודה בכבישים, מחירי דלק גבוהים ועוד, שהובילו ל משבר כלכלי ול משבר אנרגיה . בהפגנות נטלו חלק בין השאר אחיות [ 2 ] , חקלאים , פועלים, אופים ועוד [ 3 ] . כמו כן כללו ההפגנות שביתה של כ-365,000 נהגי משאיות , דבר שהוביל למחסור באספקה. שביתות התקיימו ביותר מ-155 ערים [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . הגל השני פרץ בסוף דצמבר 2025 על רקע הפעלת מנגנון ה סנאפבק שיצר משבר כלכלי חריף הכולל אינפלציה דוהרת של 42.2% ו שחיקה מהירה בערך ה ריאל האיראני לרמה של כ-1.45 מיליון לדולר, התרחבו לכדי דרישה גורפת להפלת הרפובליקה האסלאמית . המפגינים, הכוללים עשרות אלפי אזרחים, סטודנטים וסוחרי באזאר , מוחים על עליית מחירי המזון, המחסור במים ובאנרגיה וההתנהלות הכלכלית הכושלת תחת עול הסנקציות והעימותים האזוריים. הם משתמשים במגוון שיטות פעולה הכוללות הפגנות רחוב, שביתות מסחר רחבות היקף ואקטיביזם מקוון. על מנת להתמודד עם ההפגנות ניתק המשטר את רשת האינטרנט במדינה למשך מעל 90 שעות ברצף, ובחסות הניתוק מהרשת והעדר היכולת לתעד את הנעשה, דיכא את ההפגנות [ 6 ] . לפי משרד הבריאות האיראני, לפחות 3,000 אנשים נהרגו במהלך ההפגנות באיראן, ביניהם מאות אנשי כוחות הביטחון [ 7 ] . על פי ארגון זכויות האדם HRANA , במהלך ההפגנות נהרגו לפחות 2,615 אנשים, בהם לפחות 2,435 מפגינים ולפחות 153 אנשי כוחות הביטחון ותומכי הממשלה, ובוצעו כ-18,470 מעצרים [ 1 ] . לפי ערוץ האופוזיציה האיראנית איראן אינטרנשיונל מספר ההרוגים עומד על כ-12,000, מה שהופך את הרג המפגינים לטבח הגדול ביותר בהיסטוריה של איראן [ 8 ] [ 9 ] . רקע שביתות מאי על פי דיווחים של קבוצות ניטור מדיה חברתית וכלי תקשורת בשפה הפרסית שבסיסן מחוץ לאיראן, במאי 2025 החלה שביתה ארצית של נהגי משאיות בעיר הנמל בנדר עבאס שבדרום-מערב איראן, והתפשטה למספר מחוזות, כולל אספהאן , שיראז , טהראן ו כרמאנשאה . השביתה הופעלה עקב עליית פרמיות הביטוח, אבטחה לקויה בדרכים, העלאה מוצעת במחירי הדלק ותעריפי הובלה נמוכים [ 10 ] . העלייה במחירי הדלק תוכננה להעלות את מחירי הסולר מכ-0.04 דולר ל-0.50 דולר לליטר [ 11 ] בעוד ששביתות מתרחשות מדי פעם באיראן, משך הפעולה והיקפה הלאומי נחשבו לחריגים. פעילי זכויות אדם דיווחו על מעצרים ועימותים עם כוחות הביטחון. הרשויות האיראניות הכירו בחששות הכלכליים, כאשר יו"ר הפרלמנט מוחמד באקר קאליבאף כינה את נהגי המשאיות חלק חיוני בשרשרת האספקה וקרא לתגובה מהירה של הממשלה [ 10 ] . גורמים רשמיים הכירו בחששותיהם של נהגי המשאיות, והקבינט, על פי הדיווחים, דן בנושא [ 11 ] . הפעלת מנגנון ה" סנאפבק " באוגוסט 2025 על ידי צרפת , גרמניה ו בריטניה הובילה להחרפה משמעותית של הסנקציות הכלכליות על איראן , מהלך שהאיץ את ה פיחות בשער ה ריאל האיראני . הפגנות דצמבר-ינואר דצמבר גל מחאות נרחב החל ב-28 בדצמבר 2025 בעקבות החרפת המשבר הכלכלי עם שחיקת המטבע לשפל חסר תקדים של 1.44 מיליון ריאל לדולר, לצד מחסור חמור במים ובאנרגיה. ההפגנות, שפרצו תחילה בטהרן [ 12 ] על רקע מינויו של נגיד הבנק המרכזי שהודח בעבר על רקע תפקוד בעייתי [ 13 ] [ 14 ] . הן התפשטו במהירות ל-27 מוקדים ברחבי המדינה, ביניהם ערים מרכזיות כ אספהאן , שיראז , כרמאן ו המדאן [ 15 ] . המוחים הראשונים היו סוחרים ובעלי חנויות, אך בתוך ימים ספורים התרחב מעגל המשתתפים וכלל גם את איגודי נהגי המשאיות [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 13 ] וסטודנטים ממוסדות אקדמיים מובילים [ 18 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] [ 13 ] [ 19 ] , אשר התעמתו בחלק מהמוקדים עם כוחות ה בסיג' [ 20 ] . בתגובה לתסיסה האזרחית, נקטה הממשלה צעדי מנע ודיכוי שכללו פריסת כוחות אבטחה כבדים בערים המרכזיות והכרזה על סגירת משרדי ממשלה ברוב מחוזות המדינה, בטענה רשמית של מגבלות אנרגיה ו"מזג אוויר קיצוני", אף כי בפועל לא נצפה שינוי במזג האויר [ 13 ] . כוחות הביטחון עשו שימוש באמצעים לפיזור הפגנות ובאש חיה, שהובילו למספר הולך ועולה של נפגעים, ביניהם הרוגים בעיר לורדגן ובמוקדים נוספים [ 21 ] [ 15 ] . לצד המעצרים והפגיעה הפיזית במפגינים, דווח על היעלמותם של אנשי תקשורת שסיקרו את האירועים, כגון עורך פוליטי בעיתון הרפורמיסטי "אעתמאד", ועל ניסיונות להשתקת המחאה באמצעים שלטוניים [ 13 ] [ 14 ] . למרות זאת, המחאות המשיכו להתעצם. ינואר בתחילת ינואר 2026 התרחבו המחאות גם לאזור כורדיסטן האיראנית , כאשר נתוני ארגוני זכויות האדם מצביעים על למעלה מעשרה הרוגים ומאות עצורים. אתר החדשות "איראן אינטרנשיונל", המזוהה עם האופוזיציה, דיווח כי 44 מפגינים נפגעו מאש חיה, ועשרות נוספים נפצעו כתוצאה מ"מכות קשות באלות" [ 23 ] . הערכות מודיעיניות מצביעות על כך שהיקף המהומות הנוכחי נרחב יותר מזה שנראה ב גל המחאות של 2022 , שכן הוא חוצה שכבות סוציו-אקונומיות, מגזרים ואזורים גאוגרפיים שונים. אופיו הרב-שכבתי של גל המחאות הנוכחי, המשלב מצוקה כלכלית קיומית עם התנגדות פוליטית עמוקה, נתפס כאיום ממשי על יציבות המשטר האיראני ועל יכולת הישרדותו לאורך זמן [ 24 ] . ב-3 בינואר ביצעו כוחות המשטר טבח במלכשאהי . הם פתחו באש חיה לעבר מפגינים, רצחו חמישה מפגינים ופצעו לפחות 40 נוספים [ 25 ] [ 26 ] . ב-4 בינואר 2026, היקף המחאות הגיע לכדי כ-174 מוקדים ב-60 ערים שונות. 15 מפגינים הרוגים נרשמו עד ליום זה, ואיש בסיג' אחד, לפחות 582 עצורים, ביניהם קטינים רבים, ו-44 פצועים מירי חי וכדורי גומי [ 26 ] . על פי פרסום בעיתון " טיימס " הבריטי, עלי ח'אמנאי מתכנן לערוק ל מוסקבה יחד עם בכירי משטר נוספים במקרה של נפילת המשטר [ 27 ] [ 28 ] . ב-6 בינואר דווח כי העיר מלכשאהי והעיר אבדאנאן נכבשו על ידי המפגינים [ 29 ] . עד למועד זה נהרגו לפחות 35 בני אדם, מהם 29 מפגינים, ארבעה ילדים ושני אנשי כוחות הביטחון, ונעצרו 1,200 בני אדם [ 30 ] . ב-7 בינואר דווח כי 800 לוחמים עיראקים, רובם אנשי המיליציה " גדודי חזבאללה ", גויסו, חצו לשטח איראן ונפרסו ברחבי המדינה כדי לסייע לכוחות הביטחון לפעול באלימות נגד מפגינים. נכון למועד זה המחאות התפשטו ליותר מ-250 מוקדים ב-27 מתוך 31 מחוזות [ 31 ] [ 32 ] . במספר ערים ברחבי המדינה הופלו והוצתו פסלים של קאסם סולימאני . ב אילאם הורד ונקרע דגלה של הרפובליקה האסלאמית של איראן . עד למועד זה נעצרו למעלה מ-2,000 בני אדם, והמהומות התפשטו ל-285 מוקדים ב-92 ערים שונות [ 33 ] . עד 8 בינואר נהרגו 45 אנשים במהלך המחאות בכל רחבי המדינה [ 34 ] . בתאריך זה המשיכו המחאות בערים רבות ברחבי המדינה ובכלל זה בצפון הבירה בקרבת האזור בו גרים בכירי המשטר. המשטר באיראן השבית את רשת האינטרנט וניתק את קווי הטלפון ברחבי המדינה על רקע התעצמות המחאות ומותם של שני אנשי משמרות המהפכה במהלך ההפגנות בעיר כרמאנשאה [ 35 ] . אילון מאסק פתח את רשת לווייני " סטארלינק " של חברת " SpaceX " שבבעלותו לשימוש חופשי באיראן על מנת להתגבר על חסימת הרשת מצד המשטר [ 36 ] . במועד זה התקיימה ההפגנה המשמעותית ביותר מאז תחילת המחאות. המחאות התקיימו בכל 31 הפרובינציות במדינה. המפגינים העלו באש מבני ממשל במחוז טהרן. המוני מפגינים התאספו בכיכר קודס שבטהרן. במספר שדות תעופה דווחו התראות על סיכונים אפשריים לטיסות [ 37 ] . ערוץ ה-BBC בפרסית פרסם סרטון שנטען שצולם בבית חולים בעיר שיראז ובו נראים פצועים מההפגנות במצב קשה. לפי אחד מאנשי הצוות הרפואי, כ-20 פצועים הובאו לשם עם פציעות ירי בראש ובצוואר [ 38 ] . על פי תחקיר של הדיילי מייל מ-9 בינואר, הבסיג' שולח כנופיות אופנועים כדי להטיל אימה. יחידות האופנועים הללו, שגויסו אליהם גויסו "עבריינים ובריונים", מתוארות ככלי "פגע וברח", שנועד ל"דיכוי מהיר וברוטלי". הן חמושות ברובי ציד, תרסיסי פלפל ואקדחי פיינטבול. עוד נכת בתחקיר כי צלפים מוצבים על הגגות במטרה לפגוע במנהיגי המחאה [ 39 ] . ב-10 בינואר פרסם רזא פהלווי, יורש העצר האיראני הגולה, קריאה לאזרחי איראן להחריף את המחאה. הוא קרא לעובדים במגזרים מרכזיים במשק לפתוח בשביתה כללית וכתב שאין להסתפק בהפגנות אלא להיערך לכיבוש מרכזי הערים והחזקתם. הוא קרא למפגינים לצאת לרחובות בשעות מוגדרות, להתכנס במוקדים מרכזיים ולהיערך לשהות ממושכת, ופנה לכוחות הביטחון בבקשה לשבש את מנגנון הדיכוי ולהצטרף למחאה [ 40 ] [ 41 ] . על פי דיווח של "איראן אינטרנשיונל", נהגי המשאיות בעיר שיראז פתחו בשביתה והותירו את משאיותיהם עומדות במקומן, צעד שעלול לפגוע בשרשרת האספקה במדינה [ 42 ] . ב-11 בינואר דיווחו סוכנות הידיעות AP וסוכנות הידיעות Human Rights Activists, שלפחות 538 בני אדם נהרגו בהפגנות - 490 מפגינים ו-48 אנשי כוחות הביטחון, וכי יותר מ-10,600 בני אדם נעצרו מתחילת ההפגנות [ 43 ] [ 44 ] . נכון ל-12 בינואר תועדו 572 הרוגים, מתוכם 503 מפגינים והיתר אנשי כוחות הביטחון [ 45 ] . לדברי עד ראייה ששוחח עם ה-BBC "כוחות הביטחון מסתדרים בשורות ויורים במפגינים בלתי חמושים, גופות מונחות בערימות כמו שקי אורז" [ 46 ] . ב-13 בינואר דווחו דיווחים שונים בנוגע למספר ההרוגים. על פי גורם איראני רשמי עד כה נהרגו לפחות 2,000 איש. משרד הבריאות האיראני טוען כי 3,000 נהרגו בהפגנות, ביניהם מאות אנשי כוחות הביטחון. על פי "איראן אינטרנשיונל" הלונדוני, המזוהה עם הגולים מאיראן, לפחות 12 אלף נהרגו בהפגנות, רובם מירי משמרות המהפכה וכוחות הבסיג' על מפגינים בלילות 8 ו-9 בינואר. בערוץ תיארו זאת כ"טבח הגדול ביותר בהיסטוריה המודרנית של איראן". וציינו כי מדובר ב"טבח מאורגן לחלוטין". עוד דווח, כי נתונים שהגיעו לידי העיתון מהמועצה העליונה לביטחון לאומי וממשרד הנשיא מראים כי הטבח בוצע בהוראתו האישית של המנהיג העליון של איראן עלי ח'מינאי, בידיעתם ובאישורם המפורשים של ראשי שלושת רשויות הממשלה, ועם הוצאת צו ירי ישיר מהמועצה העליונה לביטחון לאומי. לפי הדיווח, רבים מהקורבנות היו צעירים מתחת לגיל 30 [ 47 ] [ 48 ] [ 49 ] . לפי HRANA , עד לסיומו של היום השבעה־עשר להפגנות, ה-13 בינואר תועדו ברחבי איראן כ־614 התקהלויות מחאה, ב־187 ערים וכיסו את כל 31 מחוזות המדינה. הארגון הצליח לאשר כי עד אותו יום עצרו כוחות הביטחון של איראן 18,434 בני אדם. במקביל, שודרו 97 מקרים של הודאות כפויות, ודווח על 1,134 בני אדם שנפצעו פציעות קשות. עד אותו יום הארגון הצליח לאשר את מותם של 2,403 מפגינים. מבין ההרוגים תועדו 12 קטינים. בנוסף, נכללים בין ההרוגים תשעה אזרחים שלא השתתפו במחאות (שאינם אנשי כוחות הביטחון ואינם מפגינים). הארגון גם דיווח כי במהלך ההפגנות נהרגו 147 אנשי כוחות הביטחון ותומכי הממשל, ובהם לפחות חמישה אזרחים תומכי הממשל [ 50 ] . ב-13 בינואר חברת סטארלינק החלה לספק אינטרנט חינם למפגינים. הצבא האיראני פועל לחסום את השירות של סטארלינק ומנסה ללכוד את המשתמשים בו [ 51 ] . ב-14 בינואר דיווח ארגון ניטור הסייבר NetBlocks כי איראן נמצאת מזה שבוע בהשבתה כמעט מוחלטת של האינטרנט, כדי למנוע הפצת מידע על המתרחש במדינה ולהגביל פיקוח וביקורת בינלאומיים [ 52 ] . תגובות איראן איראן : המחאות זכו לתמיכה מצד דמויות בולטות, כולל יורש העצר הגולה רזא כורש עלי פהלווי , יוצר הסרטים ג'עפר פאנאהי וכלת פרס נובל לשלום נרגס מוחמדי , שתיארו את השביתה כקריאה רחבה יותר נגד דיכוי ממשלתי וקשיים כלכליים [ 11 ] . נשיא איראן מסעוד פזשכיאן אמר שהממשלה היא שאחראית לאי-שביעות הרצון של העם וכי אין להאשים את אמריקה. ארצות הברית ארצות הברית : נשיא ארצות הברית דונלד טראמפ צייץ ברשת " Truth Social ": "אם איראן תירה ותהרוג באלימות מפגינים שלווים, כפי שנהוג אצלם, ארצות הברית של אמריקה תבוא לעזרתם. אנחנו טעונים ומוכנים לצאת לדרך" [ 53 ] . בעקבות איומיו שר החוץ האיראני עבאס עראקצ'י יצר קשר עם סטיב ויטקוף , שליחו של נשיא ארצות הברית במזרח התיכון [ 45 ] . בלילה שבין 12 ל-13 בינואר הודיע טראמפ כי מדינה שתסחר עם איראן תשלם מכס של 25% על ייצוא סחורות לארצות הברית [ 54 ] . מדינות ה- G7 - ארצות הברית, קנדה, צרפת, גרמניה, איטליה, יפן ובריטניה הודיעו ב-14 בינואר כי "הן מוכנות להטיל צעדים מגבילים נוספים אם איראן תמשיך לדכא את המחאות" [ 55 ] . ראו גם עיינו גם בפורטלים : פורטל איראן פורטל מדע המדינה המהפכה התרבותית באיראן ההפגנות באיראן (2011–2012) מחאת החיג'אב באיראן ההפגנות באיראן (2017–2018) ההפגנות באיראן (2019-2018) ההפגנות באיראן (2019–2020) ההפגנות באיראן (2022–2023) משבר האנרגיה האיראני חסימת האינטרנט באיראן (2026) קישורים חיצוניים הערות שוליים ^ 1 2 3 Day Eighteen of the Protests: Global Focus on Casualties and Mass Arrests Amid Communications Blackout , HRANA , 14 בינואר 2026 ^ .mw-parser-output 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "پرستاران امنيت، رفاه و تامين معيشت ميخواهند" . ^ "حمله ماموران حکومتی به تجمع نانوایان معترض در مشهد" . www.iranintl.com . 24 במאי 2025 . {{ cite web }} : ( עזרה ) ^ Sharifi, Kian ( 30 במאי 2025 ). "Truckers' Strike Sparks Supply Shortages and Public Support Across Iran" . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . {{ cite web }} : ( עזרה ) ^ "Explained: Why Iran's truckers are on strike and what it means" . 30 במאי 2025 . {{ cite web }} : ( עזרה ) ^ January 11, 2026 — Iran protest death toll tops 500 , CNN, 11 בינואר 2026 ^ משרד הבריאות האיראני טוען: 3,000 נהרגו בהפגנות, ביניהם מאות אנשי כוחות הביטחון , באתר מעריב אונליין , 13 בינואר 2026 ^ ליאור בן ארי, דיווח באתר האופוזיציה: "יותר מ-12 אלף נהרגו בטבח הגדול בהיסטוריה של איראן" , באתר ynet , 13 בינואר 2026 ^ דיווח: לפחות 12 אלף הרוגים באיראן בדיכוי המחאות נגד המשטר , באתר ערוץ 7 , 13 בינואר 2026 ^ 1 2 "Truck drivers in Iran enter sixth day of rare nationwide strike" . Al Arabiya English . 2025-05-27. ^ 1 2 3 "Truckers' protest in Iran gathers steam and wins support from prominent dissident voices" . The Independent . 2025-05-28. ^ נטע בר, "נמות – אך לא נחיה בהשפלה": מחאה חדשה מטלטלת את אירא , באתר ישראל היום , 28 בדצמבר 2025 ^ 1 2 3 4 5 אסף רוזנצוייג, ניר דבורי, המחאה באיראן מתרחבת: טהראן סוגרת את משרדי הממשלה , באתר מאקו , 31 בדצמבר 2025 ^ 1 2 N12, איראן באובדן שליטה: הרוגים ופצועים בהפגנות, תחנת משטרה הוצתה , באתר גלובס , 1 בינואר 2026 ^ 1 2 ישי בר יוסף, דיווח: שישה נהרגו עד כה במחאות ברחבי איראן , באתר כאן – תאגיד השידור הישראלי , 1 בינואר 2026 ^ 1 2 ליאור בן ארי, AFP, מחאות וקריאות "מוות לדיקטטור" באיראן, שמנסה לפייס את המפגינים: "יש משבר כלכלי" , באתר ynet , 30 בדצמבר 2025 ^ 1 2 כאוס בטהראן: מחאות ענק, כוחות ביטחון נמלטים ממפגינים , באתר " סרוגים ", 30 בדצמבר 2025 ^ סטודנטים מאוניברסיטאות כמו בהשתי, ( אנ' ) , ח'אג'ה נסיר, שריף , מחלקת המדע והטכנולוגיה בטהרן ( אנ' ) ו האוניברסיטה האיראנית למדע וטכנולוגיה קראו סיסמאות כמו "מוות לדיקטטור" ו"כולנו יחד". ^ היום השלישי של מחאות נגד האינפלציה באיראן; סטודנטים התאספו באוניברסיטאות טהרן , באתר BBC news, 30 בדצמבר 2025 ^ אלי לאון, חמינאי מאבד שליטה באיראן: "הבסיג' ומשמרות המהפכה הם דעאש" , באתר מעריב אונליין , 30 בדצמבר 2025 ^ ליאור בן ארי, סוכנויות הידיעות, הסלמה במחאות באיראן: מפגינים נורו למוות , באתר ynet , 1 בינואר 2026 ^ ایرانیان متحد و یکصدا با حضور گسترده در خیابانها به فراخوان شاهزاده رضا پهلوی پاسخ دادند , ایران اینترنشنال, 8 בינואר 2026 ^ ליאור בן ארי, סוכנויות הידיעות, איש משמרות המהפכה נוסף נהרג באיראן, חמינאי "מצא" אשמים - וניסה לפייס , באתר ynet , 3 בינואר 2026 ^ הערכת המודיעין: המהומות באיראן מאיימות על יציבות המשטר , באתר חדשות 13 , 2 בינואר 2026 ^ "Head of Iran's Central Bank resigns amid protests as rial hits record low against the dollar" . PBS News . 2025-12-29. ^ 1 2 אלי לאון, עלי חמינאי קרא לדיכוי המחאה באיראן - וחטף מהלומה מכיוון לא צפוי , באתר מעריב אונליין , 4 בינואר 2026 ^ ברוך ידיד, דיווח: חמינאי מתכנן להימלט למוסקבה אם המשטר האיראני ייפול , i24NEWS , 5 בינואר 2026 ^ יעד המילוט של חמינאי נחשף , באתר ערוץ 7 , 5 בינואר 2026 ^ אריה רוזן, דיווחים באיראן: מפגינים כבשו ערים, תהלוכות ענק ברחובות | צפו , באתר כיכר השבת , 6 בינואר 2026 ^ איתמר וישנקו, דיווח: לפחות 35 הרוגים ו-1,200 עצורים בגל המחאות באיראן , באתר כאן – תאגיד השידור הישראלי , 6 בינואר 2026 ^ איתמר וישנקו ושמעון מיג'אן, דיווח: באיראן נעזרים במיליציות עיראקיות כדי לדכא את המחאות , באתר כאן – תאגיד השידור הישראלי , 7 בינואר 2026 ^ איתמר וישנקו ורם ברנדס יואב זהבי גילי כהן, המחאות באיראן מתעצמות, רשת האינטרנט הושבתה , באתר כאן – תאגיד השידור הישראלי , 9 בינואר 2026 ^ אלי לאון, פסל של קאסם סולימאני עולה באש: הכאוס באיראן יצא מכלל שליטה | צפו , באתר מעריב אונליין , 7 בינואר 2026 ^ סוכנויות הידיעות, ליאור בן ארי, דיווחים: איראן נותקה מרשת האינטרנט, עלה ל-45 מניין ההרוגים במחאות , באתר ynet , 8 בינואר 2026 ^ איתמר וישנקו יואב זהבי גילי כהן (עיתונאית), איראן: המשטר השבית את האינטרנט, הפגנות המוניות במדינה , באתר כאן – תאגיד השידור הישראלי , 8 בינואר 2026 ^ חני לוין, מאסק מאפשר למפגינים גישה חופשית לאינטרנט | ישראל פרסמה הודעה בפרסית , באתר בחדרי חרדים , 8 בינואר 2026 ^ סוכנויות הידיעות, המחאות באיראן מסלימות: דיווחים על הרוגים - שדות התעופה קיבלו אזהרה אדומה , באתר מעריב אונליין , 8 בינואר 2026 ^ דודי קוגן, המחאות באיראן: כ-20 פצועי ירי בשיראז , באתר ישראל היום , 10 בינואר 2026 ^ כנופיות אופנוענים וירי צלפים: כך מנסה המשטר באיראן לדכא את המחאות , באתר מאקו , 10 בינואר 2026 ^ הבריחה הגדולה החלה? אחרי האיום של הנסיך הגולה - מטוסו של חמינאי המריא מטהרן | דיווח , באתר מעריב אונליין , 10 בינואר 2026 ^ The Week News Desk, Exiled prince Reza Pahlavi calls for continued protests in Iran on January 10, 11; hints at return to Tehran , The Week, 10 בינואר 2026 ^ ינון שלום יתח, נשיא איראן קורא להפגנות נגד "המתפרעים"; צה"ל: "נדע להגיב בעוצמה" , i24NEWS , 11 בינואר 2026 ^ MARY ANNE JACKSON, Breaking an Old Habit , Pediatric News 41, 2007-10, עמ' 10–11 doi : 10.1016/s0031-398x(07)70643-4 ^ שי לוי, שחר ברדיצ'בסקי, מספר ההרוגים המאומת באיראן נחשף - והאיתות החריג מהבית הלבן , באתר מאקו , 12 בינואר 2026 ^ 1 2 איתמר מרגלית נתן גוטמן, דיווח: איראן יצרה קשר עם וויטקוף בימים האחרונים , באתר כאן – תאגיד השידור הישראלי , 12 בינואר 2026 ^ עד ראייה ששוחח עם ה-BBC מעריך כי למעלה מ-10,000 בני אדם נהרגו, ומתאר שימוש ברובי AK-47, כוחות הביטחון מסתדרים בשורות ויורים במפגינים - חדשות רוטר , באתר Rotter.net ^ משרד הבריאות האיראני טוען: 3,000 נהרגו בהפגנות, ביניהם מאות אנשי כוחות הביטחון , באתר מעריב אונליין , 13 בינואר 2026 ^ ליאור בן ארי, באיראן מודים: לפחות 2,000 נהרגו במחאה. באופוזיציה טענו ש-12 אלף נרצחו: "הטבח הגדול בהיסטוריה" , באתר ynet , 13 בינואר 2026 ^ ישי בר יוסף גילי כהן, טראמפ למוחים באיראן: תמשיכו להפגין, הסיוע בדרך , באתר כאן – תאגיד השידור הישראלי , 13 בינואר 2026 ^ Day Seventeen of Iran’s Protests: Continued Internet Shutdown, Spike in Figures, and Intensifying Global Reactions , HRANA , 13 בינואר, 2026 ^ בלומברג , סטארלינק של אילון מאסק מספקת אינטרנט חינם למפגינים באיראן , באתר TheMarker , 13 בינואר 2026 ^ כתבי היום, מפקד משמרות המהפכה מאיים: "הפשעים לא יישכחו ויזכו לתגובה" , באתר ישראל היום , 14 בינואר 2026 ^ טראמפ באמירה דרמטית לאיראן: "אם תהרגו מפגינים - ארה"ב תתערב צבאית" , באתר כיפה , 2 בינואר 2026 ^ כלכליסט , מגביר את הלחץ: טראמפ הטיל מכס של 25% על מדינות שסוחרות עם איראן , באתר ynet , 13 בינואר 2026 ^ רויטרס , מדינות ה-G7: "נטיל צעדים מגבילים נוספים אם איראן תמשיך לדכא מחאות" , באתר ynet , 14 בינואר 2026 היסטוריה מודרנית של איראן השושלת הקאג'ארית מלחמות רוסיה–פרס • המלחמה האנגלו-פרסית • מרד הטבק באיראן • מודרניזם אסלאמי • המהפכה החוקתית בפרס • המערכה בפרס במלחמת העולם הראשונה • ההסכם האנגלו-איראני • ההפיכה באיראן (1921) • מרד סימקו שיקאק איראן שושלת פהלווי רזא שאה פהלווי • העימות במקדש האימאם א-רידא • הפלישה הבריטית-סובייטית לאיראן • משבר אבאדאן • ההפיכה באיראן (1953) • המהפכה הלבנה • חגיגות 2500 שנים לאימפריה הפרסית • תאוריית הקשר על הדחת השאה מאיראן • המהפכה האיראנית • הממשלה האיראנית הגולה הרפובליקה האסלאמית של איראן הפיכת נוז'ה • משבר בני הערובה באיראן • מלחמת איראן–עיראק • הסכסוך האיראני-ישראלי • הסכסוך האיראני–סעודי • תוכנית הגרעין של איראן • טרור אסלאמי • בדלנות כורדית באיראן • ההפגנות באיראן (2018–2019) • ההפגנות באיראן (2022–2023) • המשבר הכלכלי באיראן • ההפגנות באיראן (2025–2026) • הטבח במפגינים באיראן (2026) פורטל איראן ויקיפדיה: אקטואליה ההפגנות באיראן (2025–2026) הרפובליקה האסלאמית של איראן: היסטוריה מחאות ב-2025 הפגנות באיראן 2025 באיראן 2026 באיראן מחאות ב-2026 מעשי טבח במפגינים שגיאות פרמטריות פרמטר חובה חסר שגיאות פרמטריות שגיאות פרמטריות בתבנית להשלים ויקינתונים - השוואת ערכים: מתאים ויקינתונים - השוואת ערכים: מתאים: תאריך התחלה ויקינתונים - השוואת ערכים: לא מתאים ויקינתונים - השוואת ערכים: לא מתאים: תאריך סיום ויקינתונים - השוואת ערכים: מתאים: מיקום בקרת זהויות עם 0 פריטים דף זה נערך לאחרונה ב־16 בינואר 2026, בשעה 04:15. הטקסט מוגש בכפוף לרישיון Creative Commons ייחוס-שיתוף זהה 4.0 ; ייתכן שישנם תנאים נוספים. ר׳ את תנאי השימוש לפרטים. מדיניות פרטיות אודות ויקיפדיה הבהרות משפטיות קוד התנהגות מפתחים סטטיסטיקות הצהרה על עוגיות תצוגת מכשירים ניידים
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Wikipedia : Contents/Natural and physical sciences বাংলা Bahasa Indonesia Project page Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item .mw-parser-output .contentsPage__title{border-bottom:2px solid #333;font-size:1.8em;padding:0.5em 0;text-align:center;font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__toc{padding:1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__intro{position:relative;padding:1.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__section{padding:1.5em 1em;margin-bottom:20px;border:1px solid #ddd;background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);box-shadow:0px 2px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.1)}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading{position:relative;border-bottom:2px solid #333;text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__heading h2{font-family:Helvetica,Arial,sans-serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:1.3em;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{font-size:0.9em;white-space:nowrap;display:block;margin-top:10px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__xlink{display:inline}}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__sectionlinks{position:absolute;top:10px;right:20px;font-size:0.85em}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes{padding:1em;border-top:1px solid #ddd}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage__notes:empty{display:none}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type{background-color:#f5fffa;border:1px solid #a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6fff2}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cef2e0;border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3bfb1}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:#f5faff;border:1px solid #a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__title{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:#e6f2ff}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:#cee0f2;border-color:#a3b1bf}.mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__notes{border-color:#a3b1bf}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic{background-color:hsl(150,100%,2%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(150,58.06%,13%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--type .contentsPage__intro,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__intro{background-color:hsl(148.8,100%,5%)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .contentsPage--topic .contentsPage__heading{background-color:hsl(210,58.06%,13%)}} Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Vital articles Featured content Good content Indices Index Reference Culture Geography Health History Human activities Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Wikipedia's contents: Natural and physical sciences The term 'natural science' is also used to distinguish those fields that use the scientific method to study nature from the social sciences , which use the scientific method to study human behavior and society; and from the formal sciences , such as mathematics and logic , which use a different methodology . Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of natural science , and science , that study non-living systems, in contrast to the biological sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an involuntary, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena. The Science Portal More about Natural science and Physical science ... More about Natural science and Physical science ... Overview Biology – Anatomy ( Human anatomy ) • Astrobiology • Biochemistry • Bioinformatics • Biological anthropology • Biophysics • Botany • Cell biology • Computational biology • Developmental biology • Ecology • Evolutionary biology • Fertility • Genetics ( Molecular genetics , Population genetics ) • Genomics • Marine biology • Histology • Human biology • Immunology • Microbiology • Molecular biology • Neuroscience • Origin of life • Paleontology • Parasitology • Pathology • Physiology • Taxonomy • Zoology ( Entomology , Ethology ) Physical sciences – Earth science • Systems theory Outlines Basis of natural science – natural science is a major branch of science, that tries to explain and predict nature's phenomena, based on empirical evidence. In natural science, hypotheses must be verified scientifically to be regarded as scientific theory. Validity, accuracy, and social mechanisms ensuring quality control, such as peer review and repeatability of findings, are amongst the criteria and methods used for this purpose. Scientific method – body of techniques for investigating phenomena, acquiring new knowledge, or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of inquiry must be based on gathering empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. Metrology and measurement – Metrology is the study of measurement. Metric system – decimal based system of measurement based on the metre and the kilogram, units of measure that were developed in France in 1799 and which is now used in most branches on international commerce, science and engineering. Metric system – decimal based system of measurement based on the metre and the kilogram, units of measure that were developed in France in 1799 and which is now used in most branches on international commerce, science and engineering. Branches of natural science – also called "the natural sciences", which are: Biology – study of life and living organisms, including their structure, function, growth, origin, evolution, distribution, and taxonomy. Biological phenomena Death – cessation of life; end of life-cycle Branches of biology (life sciences) Anatomy – study of the structure of living things. Human nervous system – part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Biochemistry – interdisciplinary field at the nexus of biology and chemistry, elucidating the molecular processes that underpin life. Investigating the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules, biochemists explore the intricate mechanisms within cells and organisms. Central themes include enzymes catalyzing biochemical reactions, DNA's genetic information storage, and the synthesis of proteins. Understanding cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and molecular genetics, biochemistry plays a pivotal role in advancing medical research, biotechnology, and pharmacology. Analyzing the molecular intricacies of life, biochemistry not only unlocks the secrets of biological phenomena but also informs innovations in medicine and the development of novel therapies. Biophysics – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems. Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems. Botany – a branch of biology, focuses on the study of plants, encompassing their structure, physiology, classification, and ecology. Botanists explore plant life at various levels, from cellular processes to entire ecosystems. This scientific discipline contributes crucial insights into plant evolution, growth patterns, and interactions with the environment. Understanding botany is essential for agricultural advancements, environmental conservation, and the development of sustainable practices. From microscopic algae to towering trees, botany unravels the mysteries of plant life, fostering appreciation for the diverse and vital role plants play in the world. Cannabis Cell biology – study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Environmental studies – multidisciplinary academic field that systematically studies human interaction with the environment, bringing together principles of the physical sciences, commerce/economics and social sciences to solve today's complex contemporary environmental problems. Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution, the study of which is used by many regulatory agencies to control air pollution Evolution – study of evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth. Genetics – study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Immunology – study of immune systems in all organisms. Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system. Brain mapping – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the (human or non-human) brain. Paleontology – study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era. Pharmacology – broadly defined as the study of drug action and pharmacokinetics. Physiology – study of how living organisms function. Zoology – study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. Life forms – living organisms Animals – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance. Ants – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants. Gastropods – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs and snails. Reptiles – group of tetrapods with an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development. Includes turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes, and tuatara. Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds. Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Fungi – group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Lichens – composite organisms made up of one or more fungal partners and one or more photosynthetic partners (either algae or cyanobacteria) Extraterrestrial life – life that may occur outside Earth and which did not originate on Earth. Biological phenomena Death – cessation of life; end of life-cycle Death – cessation of life; end of life-cycle Branches of biology (life sciences) Anatomy – study of the structure of living things. Human nervous system – part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Biochemistry – interdisciplinary field at the nexus of biology and chemistry, elucidating the molecular processes that underpin life. Investigating the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules, biochemists explore the intricate mechanisms within cells and organisms. Central themes include enzymes catalyzing biochemical reactions, DNA's genetic information storage, and the synthesis of proteins. Understanding cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and molecular genetics, biochemistry plays a pivotal role in advancing medical research, biotechnology, and pharmacology. Analyzing the molecular intricacies of life, biochemistry not only unlocks the secrets of biological phenomena but also informs innovations in medicine and the development of novel therapies. Biophysics – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems. Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems. Botany – a branch of biology, focuses on the study of plants, encompassing their structure, physiology, classification, and ecology. Botanists explore plant life at various levels, from cellular processes to entire ecosystems. This scientific discipline contributes crucial insights into plant evolution, growth patterns, and interactions with the environment. Understanding botany is essential for agricultural advancements, environmental conservation, and the development of sustainable practices. From microscopic algae to towering trees, botany unravels the mysteries of plant life, fostering appreciation for the diverse and vital role plants play in the world. Cannabis Cell biology – study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Environmental studies – multidisciplinary academic field that systematically studies human interaction with the environment, bringing together principles of the physical sciences, commerce/economics and social sciences to solve today's complex contemporary environmental problems. Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution, the study of which is used by many regulatory agencies to control air pollution Evolution – study of evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth. Genetics – study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Immunology – study of immune systems in all organisms. Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system. Brain mapping – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the (human or non-human) brain. Paleontology – study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era. Pharmacology – broadly defined as the study of drug action and pharmacokinetics. Physiology – study of how living organisms function. Zoology – study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. Anatomy – study of the structure of living things. Human nervous system – part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Human nervous system – part of the human body that coordinates a person's voluntary and involuntary actions and transmits signals between different parts of the body. Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Human brain – central organ of the nervous system located in the head of a human being, protected by the skull Biochemistry – interdisciplinary field at the nexus of biology and chemistry, elucidating the molecular processes that underpin life. Investigating the structure, function, and interactions of biological molecules, biochemists explore the intricate mechanisms within cells and organisms. Central themes include enzymes catalyzing biochemical reactions, DNA's genetic information storage, and the synthesis of proteins. Understanding cellular metabolism, signal transduction, and molecular genetics, biochemistry plays a pivotal role in advancing medical research, biotechnology, and pharmacology. Analyzing the molecular intricacies of life, biochemistry not only unlocks the secrets of biological phenomena but also informs innovations in medicine and the development of novel therapies. Biophysics – interdisciplinary science that uses the methods of physical science to study biological systems. Studies included under the branches of biophysics span all levels of biological organization, from the molecular scale to whole organisms and ecosystems. Botany – a branch of biology, focuses on the study of plants, encompassing their structure, physiology, classification, and ecology. Botanists explore plant life at various levels, from cellular processes to entire ecosystems. This scientific discipline contributes crucial insights into plant evolution, growth patterns, and interactions with the environment. Understanding botany is essential for agricultural advancements, environmental conservation, and the development of sustainable practices. From microscopic algae to towering trees, botany unravels the mysteries of plant life, fostering appreciation for the diverse and vital role plants play in the world. Cannabis Cannabis Cell biology – study of cells. Their physiological properties, their structure, the organelles they contain, interactions with their environment, their life cycle, division and death. Ecology – study of interactions between organisms and their environment. Environmental studies – multidisciplinary academic field that systematically studies human interaction with the environment, bringing together principles of the physical sciences, commerce/economics and social sciences to solve today's complex contemporary environmental problems. Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution, the study of which is used by many regulatory agencies to control air pollution Air pollution dispersion – distribution of air pollution, the study of which is used by many regulatory agencies to control air pollution Evolution – study of evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth. Genetics – study of genes, heredity, and variation in living organisms. Immunology – study of immune systems in all organisms. Neuroscience – scientific study of the nervous system. Brain mapping – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the (human or non-human) brain. Brain mapping – neuroscience techniques for making spatial maps of the (human or non-human) brain. Paleontology – study of prehistoric life, including organisms' evolution and interactions with each other and their environments (their paleoecology). Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era. Dinosaurs – diverse group of animals that were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates for over 160 million years, from the late Triassic period (about 230 million years ago) until the end of the Cretaceous (about 65 million years ago), when the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event led to the extinction of most dinosaur species at the close of the Mesozoic era. Pharmacology – broadly defined as the study of drug action and pharmacokinetics. Physiology – study of how living organisms function. Zoology – study of the animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution of all animals, both living and extinct. Life forms – living organisms Animals – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance. Ants – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants. Gastropods – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs and snails. Reptiles – group of tetrapods with an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development. Includes turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes, and tuatara. Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds. Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Fungi – group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Lichens – composite organisms made up of one or more fungal partners and one or more photosynthetic partners (either algae or cyanobacteria) Extraterrestrial life – life that may occur outside Earth and which did not originate on Earth. Animals – multicellular, eukaryotic organisms of the kingdom Animalia (also called Metazoa). All animals are motile, meaning they can move spontaneously and independently at some point in their lives. Their body plan eventually becomes fixed as they develop, although some undergo a process of metamorphosis later on in their lives. All animals are heterotrophs: they must ingest other organisms or their products for sustenance. Ants – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants. Gastropods – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs and snails. Reptiles – group of tetrapods with an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development. Includes turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes, and tuatara. Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds. Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Ants – more than 12,000 species of social insects evolved from wasp-like ancestors, that live in organised colonies which may consist of millions of ants. Gastropods – any member of the class Gastropoda, which includes slugs and snails. Reptiles – group of tetrapods with an ectothermic ('cold-blooded') metabolism and amniotic development. Includes turtles, crocodilians, lizards and snakes, and tuatara. Birds – feathered, winged, bipedal, endothermic (warm-blooded), egg-laying, vertebrate animals. There are about 10,000 living species of birds. Fish – any member of a paraphyletic group of organisms that consist of all gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals that lack limbs with digits. Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Sharks – type of fish with a full cartilaginous skeleton and a highly streamlined body. The earliest known sharks date from more than 420 million years ago. Fungi – group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as the more familiar mushrooms. Lichens – composite organisms made up of one or more fungal partners and one or more photosynthetic partners (either algae or cyanobacteria) Lichens – composite organisms made up of one or more fungal partners and one or more photosynthetic partners (either algae or cyanobacteria) Extraterrestrial life – life that may occur outside Earth and which did not originate on Earth. Physical sciences – encompasses the branches of science that study non-living systems, in contrast to the life sciences. However, the term "physical" creates an unintended, somewhat arbitrary distinction, since many branches of physical science also study biological phenomena. Chemistry – study of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition, behavior, reactions, interactions and the changes it undergoes. Organic chemistry – study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H 2 O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Alchemy – protoscience considered a predecessor to chemistry Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. Earth – planet you are on right now. Third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Geography – study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". Geology – study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources. Plate tectonics – theory that describes the surface of the Earth as comprised of large tectonic plates Geophysics – physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Meteorology – study of the atmosphere, including study and forecasting of the weather. Tornadoes – violently rotating columns of air that can produce extreme damage. Tropical cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. Oceanography – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. Physics – study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. Acoustics – interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. Energy – scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law. Fluid dynamics – subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids (liquids and gases). Space science Astronomy – study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located (the third planet orbiting the Sun). Mercury – closest planet to the sun. Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Black holes – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from it. Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy. Chemistry – study of matter, especially its properties, structure, composition, behavior, reactions, interactions and the changes it undergoes. Organic chemistry – study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H 2 O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Alchemy – protoscience considered a predecessor to chemistry Organic chemistry – study of the structure, properties, composition, reactions, and preparation (by synthesis or by other means) of carbon-based compounds, hydrocarbons, and their derivatives. Water – chemical substance with the chemical formula H 2 O. Its molecule contains one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms connected by covalent bonds. Water is a liquid at ambient conditions, but it often co-exists on Earth with its solid state, ice, and gaseous state (water vapor or steam). Alchemy – protoscience considered a predecessor to chemistry Earth science – all-embracing term for the sciences related to the planet Earth. It is arguably a special case in planetary science, the Earth being the only known life-bearing planet. Earth – planet you are on right now. Third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Geography – study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". Geology – study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources. Plate tectonics – theory that describes the surface of the Earth as comprised of large tectonic plates Geophysics – physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Meteorology – study of the atmosphere, including study and forecasting of the weather. Tornadoes – violently rotating columns of air that can produce extreme damage. Tropical cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. Oceanography – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. Earth – planet you are on right now. Third planet from the Sun, the densest planet in the Solar System, the largest of the Solar System's four terrestrial planets, and the only astronomical object known to harbor life. Geography – study of the Earth and its lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena. A literal translation would be "to describe or write about the Earth". Geology – study of the Earth, with the general exclusion of present-day life, flow within the ocean, and the atmosphere. The field of geology encompasses the composition, structure, physical properties, and history of Earth's components, and the processes by which they are shaped. Geologists typically study rock, sediment, soil, rivers, and natural resources. Plate tectonics – theory that describes the surface of the Earth as comprised of large tectonic plates Geophysics – physics of the Earth and its environment in space; also the study of the Earth using quantitative physical methods. Includes Earth's shape; its gravitational and magnetic fields; its internal structure and composition; its dynamics and their surface expression in plate tectonics, the generation of magmas, volcanism and rock formation. Meteorology – study of the atmosphere, including study and forecasting of the weather. Tornadoes – violently rotating columns of air that can produce extreme damage. Tropical cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. Tornadoes – violently rotating columns of air that can produce extreme damage. Tropical cyclones – storm systems characterized by a large low-pressure center and numerous thunderstorms that produce strong winds and heavy rain. Oceanography – The study of the physical and biological aspects of the ocean. Physics – study of matter and its motion through spacetime, along with related concepts such as energy and force. More broadly, it is the general analysis of nature, conducted in order to understand how the universe behaves. Acoustics – interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. Energy – scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law. Fluid dynamics – subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids (liquids and gases). Acoustics – interdisciplinary science that deals with the study of all mechanical waves in gases, liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound, ultrasound and infrasound. Energy – scalar physical quantity that describes the amount of work that can be performed by a force. Energy is an attribute of objects and systems that is subject to a conservation law. Fluid dynamics – subdiscipline of fluid mechanics that describes the flow of fluids (liquids and gases). Space science Astronomy – study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located (the third planet orbiting the Sun). Mercury – closest planet to the sun. Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Black holes – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from it. Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy. Astronomy – study of celestial objects (such as stars, planets, comets, nebulae, star clusters and galaxies) and phenomena that originate outside the Earth's atmosphere (such as the cosmic background radiation). Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located (the third planet orbiting the Sun). Mercury – closest planet to the sun. Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Black holes – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from it. Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy. Solar System – gravitationally bound system comprising the Sun and the objects that orbit it, either directly or indirectly. Where the Earth is located (the third planet orbiting the Sun). Mercury – closest planet to the sun. Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Mercury – closest planet to the sun. Venus – second closest planet to the sun. It is a terrestrial planet. Earth – home of the human race, and 3rd planet closest to the sun. It is the only planet known to support life. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Moon – astronomical object that orbits planet Earth, being Earth's only permanent natural satellite. Mars – terrestrial planet. Fourth closest planet to the sun. Jupiter – gas giant, and fifth planet from the sun. Saturn – gas giant, famous for its rings, and sixth planet from the sun. Uranus – ice giant, and seventh planet from the sun. Neptune – ice giant. Eighth and furthest planet from the sun. Black holes – mathematically defined region of spacetime exhibiting such a strong gravitational pull that no particle or electromagnetic radiation can escape from it. Galaxies – gravitationally bound systems of stars, stellar remnants, interstellar gas, dust, and dark matter. Earth is located in the Milky Way galaxy. Lists Biology • Biological journals • Causes of death • Feeding behaviours • Human anatomy • Muscles • Gene families • Latin and Greek words commonly used in systematic names Physical science Portals History of science Systems science Biological science Agriculture Anatomy Ecology Evolutionary biology Marine life Paleontology Wetlands Amphibians ( Frogs ) Arthropods ( Insects • Crustaceans ) Dinosaurs ( Birds ) Fish ( Sharks ) Reptiles ( Snakes ) Mammals ( Cats Cetaceans Dogs Horses Primates ) Molluscs ( Gastropods ) Physical sciences Glossaries Biology • Botany ( Phytopathology • Plant morphology ) • Dinosaur anatomy • Ecology ( Invasion biology ) • Entomology • Environmental science • Equestrian terms • Evolutionary biology • Genetics • Lichens • Ichthyology • Ornithology • Scientific naming ( Latin and Greek systematic names ) • Virology Physical sciences Astronomy ( Meteoritics ) • Chemistry • Climate change • Geography • Geology • Meteorology ( Severe weather terminology ) • Physics ( Quantum mechanics (elementary) • String theory ) Categories Biology Botany Ecology Health sciences Medicine Neuroscience Zoology See also the Health and fitness section above Earth sciences Atmospheric sciences Geography Geology Geophysics Oceanography Nature Animals Environment Humans Life Natural resources Plants Pollution Physical sciences Astronomy Chemistry Climate Physics Space Universe Scientific method Scientists Indices Biology : Physical science: Topics Current events Reference Culture Geography Health History Mathematics Nature People Philosophy Religion Society Technology Types Vital articles Featured content Good articles Spoken articles Overviews Outlines Lists Portals Glossaries Categories Indices Places, people and times Academic disciplines Anniversaries (days of the year) today today Sovereign states and dependent territories Timelines decades, centuries, and millennia decades, centuries, and millennia Indices A–Z index Categories Dewey Decimal classes Library of Congress Classification Natural sciences Physical sciences Wikipedia contents Wikipedia semi-protected project pages This page was last edited on 13 November 2019, at 11:35 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life 2 Early legal career 3 Mexican–American War 4 Political career Toggle Political career subsection 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 4.1 Early political career 4.2 Kentucky House of Representatives 4.3 U.S. Representative 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.3.1 First term (1851–1853) 4.3.2 Second term (1853–1855) 4.3.3 Retirement from the House 4.4 Vice presidency (1857–1861) 4.5 Presidential campaign of 1860 4.6 U.S. Senator 5 American Civil War Toggle American Civil War subsection 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 5.1 Service in the Western Theater 5.2 Service in the Eastern Theater 5.3 Confederate Secretary of War 6 Escape and exile 7 Return to the U.S. and death 8 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 8.1 Historical reputation 8.2 Monuments and memorials 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links John C. Breckinridge العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latina Magyar മലയാളം მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu 閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item John C. Breckinridge Breckinridge in 1860 14th Vice President of the United States In office March 4, 1857 – March 4, 1861 President James Buchanan Preceded by William R. King Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin 5th Confederate States Secretary of War In office February 6, 1865 – May 10, 1865 President Jefferson Davis Preceded by James Seddon Succeeded by Office abolished United States Senator from Kentucky In office March 4, 1861 – December 4, 1861 Preceded by John J. Crittenden Succeeded by Garrett Davis Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th district In office March 4, 1851 – March 3, 1855 Preceded by Charles Morehead Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Member of the Kentucky House of Representatives from Fayette County In office 1849–1850 Personal details Born John Cabell Breckinridge ( 1821-01-16 ) January 16, 1821 Lexington, Kentucky , U.S. Died May 17, 1875 (1875-05-17) (aged 54) Lexington, Kentucky, U.S. Resting place Lexington Cemetery Party Democratic Other political affiliations Southern Democratic ( 1860 ) Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Mary Burch ( m. 1843) Children 6, including Clifton and John Parents .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Cabell Breckinridge Mary Clay Smith Relatives Breckinridge family Education Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Centre College ( BA ) College of New Jersey Transylvania University Signature Military service Allegiance United States Confederate States United States Confederate States Branch/service United States Volunteers Confederate States Army United States Volunteers Confederate States Army Years of service 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) 1847–1848 (U.S.) 1861–1865 (C.S.) Rank Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Major (U.S.) Major general (C.S.) Battles/wars .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Mexican–American War American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring Battle of Shiloh Battle of Baton Rouge Battle of Stones River Battle of Jackson Battle of Chickamauga Chattanooga campaign Battle of New Market Battle of Cold Harbor ( WIA ) Battle of Piedmont Battle of Lynchburg Battle of Monocacy Battle of Bull's Gap Battle of Marion Battle of Cool Spring John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16, 1821 – May 17, 1875) was an American politician who served as the 14th vice president of the United States , with President James Buchanan , from 1857 to 1861. Assuming office at the age of 36, Breckinridge is the youngest vice president in U.S. history . He was also the Southern Democratic candidate in the 1860 presidential election , losing to antislavery Republican candidate Abraham Lincoln . Breckinridge was born near Lexington, Kentucky , to a prominent local family . After serving as a noncombatant during the Mexican–American War , he was elected as a Democrat to the Kentucky House of Representatives in 1849, where he took a pro-slavery stance. Elected to the U.S. House of Representatives in 1851, he allied with Stephen A. Douglas in support of the Kansas–Nebraska Act . After reapportionment in 1854 made his re-election unlikely, he declined to run for another term. He was nominated for vice president at the 1856 Democratic National Convention to balance a ticket headed by James Buchanan . The Democrats won the election , but Breckinridge had little influence with Buchanan, and as presiding officer of the Senate, could not express his opinions in debates. He joined Buchanan in supporting the proslavery Lecompton Constitution for Kansas, which led to a split in the Democratic Party. In 1859, he was elected to succeed Senator John J. Crittenden at the end of Crittenden's term in 1861. After Southern Democrats walked out of the 1860 Democratic National Convention , the party's northern and southern factions held rival conventions in Baltimore that nominated Douglas and Breckinridge, respectively, for president. A third party, the Constitutional Union Party , nominated John Bell . These three men split the Southern vote, while Lincoln won all but three electoral votes in the North, winning the election. Breckinridge carried most of the Southern states. Taking his seat in the Senate, Breckinridge urged compromise to preserve the Union. Unionists were in control of the state legislature, and gained more support when Confederate forces moved into Kentucky . After fleeing behind Confederate lines, Breckinridge was commissioned a brigadier general in the Confederate Army and then expelled from the Senate. Following the Battle of Shiloh in 1862, Breckinridge was promoted to major general , and in October, he was assigned to the Army of Mississippi under Braxton Bragg . After Bragg charged that Breckinridge's drunkenness had contributed to defeats at Stones River and Missionary Ridge , and after Breckinridge joined many other high-ranking officers in criticizing Bragg, he was transferred to the Trans-Allegheny Department , where he won his most significant victory in the 1864 Battle of New Market . After participating in Jubal Early 's campaigns in the Shenandoah Valley , Breckinridge was charged with defending supplies in Tennessee and Virginia . In February 1865, Confederate President Jefferson Davis appointed him Secretary of War in the Confederate Cabinet . Concluding that the war was hopeless, he urged Davis to arrange a national surrender. After the fall of Richmond , Breckinridge ensured the preservation of Confederate records. He then escaped the country and lived abroad for over three years. When President Andrew Johnson extended amnesty to all former Confederates in 1868, Breckinridge returned to Kentucky, but resisted all encouragement to resume his political career. War injuries sapped his health, and he died in 1875. Breckinridge is regarded as an effective military commander, but historians have panned his contributions to the Confederacy. Early life John Cabell Breckinridge was born at Thorn Hill, his family's estate near Lexington, Kentucky, on January 16, 1821, [ 1 ] the fourth of six children and only son of Joseph "Cabell" Breckinridge from the Breckinridge family and Mary Clay (Smith) Breckinridge. [ 2 ] His mother was a daughter of Samuel Stanhope Smith , who founded Hampden–Sydney College in 1775, and granddaughter of John Witherspoon , a signer of the Declaration of Independence . [ 1 ] Having previously served as speaker of the Kentucky House of Representatives, Breckinridge's father had been appointed Kentucky's secretary of state just prior to his son's birth. [ 3 ] In February 1821, the family moved with Governor John Adair to the Governor's Mansion in Frankfort , so his father could better attend to his duties as secretary of state. [ 4 ] In August 1823, an illness referred to as "the prevailing fever" struck Frankfort, and Cabell Breckinridge took his children to stay with his mother in Lexington. [ 4 ] On his return, both his wife and he fell ill. Cabell Breckinridge died, but she survived. [ 5 ] His assets were not enough to pay his debts, and his widow joined the children in Lexington, supported by her mother-in-law. [ 6 ] While in Lexington, Breckinridge attended Pisgah Academy in Woodford County . [ 7 ] His grandmother taught him the political philosophies of her late husband, John Breckinridge , who served in the U.S. Senate and as attorney general under President Thomas Jefferson . [ 8 ] As a state legislator, Breckinridge had introduced the Kentucky Resolutions in 1798, which stressed states' rights and endorsed the doctrine of nullification in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts . [ 9 ] After an argument between Breckinridge's mother and grandmother in 1832, his mother, his sister Laetitia, and he moved to Danville, Kentucky , to live with his sister Frances and her husband, John C. Young , who was president of Centre College . [ 10 ] [ 11 ] Breckinridge's uncle, William Breckinridge, was also on the faculty there, prompting him to enroll in November 1834. [ 8 ] Among his schoolmates were Beriah Magoffin , William Birney , Theodore O'Hara , Thomas L. Crittenden , and Jeremiah Boyle . [ 11 ] [ 12 ] After earning a Bachelor of Arts in September 1838, he spent the following winter as a "resident graduate" at the College of New Jersey (now Princeton University). [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Returning to Kentucky in mid-1839, he read law with Judge William Owsley . [ 14 ] In November 1840, he enrolled in the second year of the law course at Transylvania University in Lexington, where his instructors included George Robertson and Thomas A. Marshall of the Kentucky Court of Appeals . [ 15 ] On February 25, 1841, he received a Bachelor of Laws and was licensed to practice the next day. [ 16 ] Early legal career Breckinridge remained in Lexington while deciding where to begin practice, borrowing law books from the library of John J. Crittenden, Thomas Crittenden's father. [ 17 ] Deciding that Lexington was overcrowded with lawyers, he moved to Frankfort, but was unable to find an office. After being spurned by a love interest, former classmate Thomas W. Bullock and he departed for the Iowa Territory on October 10, 1841, seeking better opportunities. [ 18 ] They considered settling on land Breckinridge had inherited in Jacksonville, Illinois , but they found the bar stocked with able men such as Stephen A. Douglas and Abraham Lincoln . [ 19 ] They continued on to Burlington, Iowa , and by the winter of 1842–1843, Breckinridge reported to family members that his firm handled more cases than almost any other in Burlington. [ 20 ] Influenced by Bullock and the citizens of Iowa, he identified with the Democratic Party , and by February 1843, he had been named to the Democratic committee of Des Moines County . [ 21 ] Most of the Kentucky Breckinridges were Whigs , and when he learned of his nephew's party affiliation, William Breckinridge declared, "I felt as I would have done if I had heard that my daughter had been dishonored." [ 22 ] Breckinridge visited Kentucky in May 1843. [ 23 ] His efforts to mediate between his mother and the Breckinridges extended his visit, and after he contracted influenza , he decided to remain for the summer rather than returning to Iowa's colder climate. [ 23 ] He met Bullock's cousin, Mary Cyrene Burch , and by September, they were engaged. [ 23 ] In October, Breckinridge went to Iowa to close out his business, then returned to Kentucky and formed a law partnership with Samuel Bullock, Thomas's cousin. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] He married on December 12, 1843, and settled in Georgetown, Kentucky . [ 23 ] The couple had six children – Joseph Cabell (b. 1844), Clifton Rodes (b. 1846; later a Congressman from Arkansas ), Frances (b. 1848), John Milton (b. 1849), John Witherspoon (b. 1850), and Mary Desha (b. 1854). [ 23 ] Gaining confidence in his ability as a lawyer, Breckinridge moved his family back to Lexington in 1845 and formed a partnership with future U.S. Senator James B. Beck . [ 26 ] Mexican–American War A supporter of the Mexican–American War, Breckinridge sought appointment to the staff of Major General William Orlando Butler , a prominent Kentucky Democrat, but Butler could only offer him an unpaid aide position and advised him to decline it. [ 27 ] In July 1847, Breckinridge delivered an address at a mass military funeral in Frankfort to honor Kentuckians killed in the Battle of Buena Vista . The oration brought Whig Senator Henry Clay of Kentucky, whose son was among the dead, to tears, and inspired Theodore O'Hara to write " Bivouac of the Dead ". [ 28 ] Breckinridge again applied for a military commission after William Owsley , the governor of Kentucky, called for two additional regiments on August 31, 1847. [ 29 ] Owsley's advisors encouraged the Whig governor to commission at least one Democrat, and Whig Senator John J. Crittenden supported Breckinridge's application. [ 30 ] On September 6, 1847, Owsley appointed Manlius V. Thomson as colonel, Thomas Crittenden as lieutenant colonel, and Breckinridge as major of the Third Kentucky Infantry Regiment. [ 29 ] [ 30 ] The regiment left Kentucky on November 1 and reached Veracruz by November 21. [ 31 ] After a serious epidemic of la Vomito, or yellow fever , broke out at Veracruz, [ 32 ] the regiment hurried to Mexico City . Reports indicate that Breckinridge walked all but two days of the journey, allowing weary soldiers to use his horse. [ 31 ] When they reached Mexico City on December 18, the fighting was almost over; they participated in no combat and remained as an army of occupation until May 30, 1848. [ 31 ] [ 33 ] In demand more for his legal expertise than his military training, he was named as assistant counsel for Gideon Johnson Pillow during a court of inquiry initiated against him by Winfield Scott . [ 34 ] [ 35 ] Seeking to derail Scott's presidential ambitions, Pillow and his supporters composed and published letters that lauded Pillow, not Scott, for the American victories at Contreras and Churubusco . To hide his involvement, Pillow convinced a subordinate to take credit for the letter he wrote. Breckinridge biographer William C. Davis writes that it was "most unlikely" that Breckinridge knew the details of Pillow's intrigue. [ 36 ] His role in the proceedings was limited to questioning a few witnesses; records show that Pillow represented himself during the court's proceedings. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] Returning to Louisville on July 16, the Third Kentucky mustered out on July 21. [ 37 ] During their time in Mexico, over 100 members of the 1,000-man regiment died of illness. [ 28 ] Although he saw no combat, Breckinridge's military service proved an asset to his political prospects. [ 28 ] Political career Early political career Breckinridge campaigned for Democratic presidential nominee James K. Polk in the 1844 election . [ 37 ] He decided against running for county clerk of Scott County after his law partner complained that he spent too much time in politics. [ 38 ] In 1845, some local Democrats encouraged him to seek the Eighth District 's congressional seat, but he declined, supporting Alexander Keith Marshall , the party's unsuccessful nominee. [ 27 ] [ 38 ] As a private citizen, he opposed the Wilmot Proviso that would have banned slavery in the territory acquired in the war with Mexico. [ 39 ] In the 1848 presidential election , he backed the unsuccessful Democratic ticket of Lewis Cass and William Butler. [ 27 ] He did not vote in the election. Defending his decision during a speech in Lexington on September 5, 1860, Breckinridge explained: But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] But it so happened that there were six or eight gentlemen also accompanying me, all of them belonging to the Whig Party, and they proposed to me that if I would not return to my own town and vote, they would not. If they would, there would be six or seven votes cast for Taylor and but one cast for Cass. I accepted the proposition, and we went hunting; and had every man done as well as myself, we should have carried the State by 40,000 majority. [ 40 ] Kentucky House of Representatives In August 1849, Kentuckians elected delegates to a state constitutional convention in addition to state representatives and senators . [ 41 ] Breckinridge's abolitionist uncles, William and Robert , joined with Cassius Marcellus Clay to nominate slates of like-minded candidates for the constitutional convention and the legislature. [ 35 ] In response, a bipartisan group of proslavery citizens organized its own slate of candidates, including Breckinridge for one of Fayette County 's two seats in the House of Representatives. [ 42 ] Breckinridge, who by this time enslaved five humans, had publicly opposed "impairing in any form" the legal protection of slavery . [ 42 ] [ 43 ] Despite his endorsement of slavery protections, he was a member of the Freemasons and the First Presbyterian Church in Lexington , both of which officially opposed slavery. [ 44 ] He had also previously represented free blacks in court, expressed support for voluntary emancipation , and supported the Kentucky Colonization Society, which was dedicated to the relocation of free blacks to Liberia . [ 43 ] [ 44 ] Breckinridge received 1,481 votes, over 400 more than his nearest competitor, making this the first time that Fayette County had elected a Democrat to the state House of Representatives. [ 45 ] [ 46 ] Between the election and the legislative session, Breckinridge formed a new law partnership with Owsley's former secretary of state, George B. Kinkead, his previous partner having died in a cholera epidemic earlier in the year. [ 47 ] He also co-founded the Kentucky Statesman , a semiweekly Democratic newspaper, and visited his step-cousin, Mary Todd , where he met her husband, Abraham Lincoln, for the first time; despite their political differences, they became friends. [ 47 ] [ 48 ] When the House convened, Breckinridge received a plurality of votes for speaker, but fell at least eight votes short of a majority. [ 45 ] Unable to break the deadlock, he withdrew, and the position went to Whig Thomas Reilly. [ 49 ] Biographer Frank H. Heck wrote that Breckinridge was the leader of the House Democratic caucus during the session, during which time most of the measures considered were "local or personal and in any case, petty". [ 50 ] Breckinridge was assigned to the House's standing committees on federal relations and the judiciary. [ 45 ] He supported bills allocating funding for internal improvements , a traditionally Whig stance. [ 49 ] As Congress debated Henry Clay's proposed Compromise of 1850 , the four Whigs on the Committee on Federal Relations drew up resolutions urging the Kentucky congressional delegation to support the compromise as a "fair, equitable, and just basis" for settlement of the slavery issue in the newly acquired U.S. territories. Breckinridge felt that the resolution was too vague and authored a minority report that explicitly denied federal authority to interfere with slavery in states and territories. Both sets of resolutions, and a set adopted by the Senate, were all laid on the table . [ 51 ] On March 4, 1850, three days before the end of the session, Breckinridge took a leave of absence to care for his son, John Milton, who had become ill; he died on March 18. [ 52 ] Keeping a busy schedule to cope with his grief, he urged adoption of the proposed constitution at a series of meetings around the state. [ 53 ] His only concern with the document was its lack of an amendment process. [ 52 ] The constitution was overwhelmingly ratified in May. Democrats wanted to nominate him for re-election, but he declined, citing problems "of a private and imperative character". Davis wrote "his problem – besides continuing sadness over his son's death – was money." [ 54 ] U.S. Representative First term (1851–1853) Breckinridge was a delegate to the January 8, 1851, state Democratic convention, which nominated Lazarus W. Powell for governor. [ 55 ] A week later, he announced that he would seek election to Congress from Kentucky's Eighth District. [ 45 ] Nicknamed the "Ashland district" because it contained Ashland , the estate of Whig Party founder Henry Clay, and much of the area Clay once represented, the district was a Whig stronghold. [ 26 ] In the previous congressional election, Democrats had not even nominated a candidate. [ 55 ] Breckinridge's opponent, Leslie Combs , was a former state legislator whose popularity was bolstered by his association with Clay and his participation in the War of 1812 ; he was expected to win the election easily. [ 45 ] In April, the candidates held a debate in Frankfort, and in May, they jointly canvassed the district, making daily speeches. [ 56 ] Breckinridge reiterated his strict constructionist view of the U.S. Constitution and denounced the protective tariffs advocated by the Whigs, stating that "free thought needs free trade". [ 57 ] His strong voice and charismatic personality contrasted with the campaign style of the much older Combs. [ 58 ] On election day, he carried only three of the district's seven counties, but accumulated a two-to-one victory margin in Owen County , winning the county by 677 votes and the election by 537. [ 59 ] Democrats carried five of Kentucky's 10 congressional districts, and Powell was elected as the first Democratic governor since 1834. [ 60 ] Supporters promoted Breckinridge for Speaker of the House , but he refused to allow his own nomination and voted with the majority to elect fellow Kentuckian Linn Boyd . [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite this, the two were factional enemies, and Boyd assigned Breckinridge to the lightly regarded Committee on Foreign Affairs . [ 58 ] [ 63 ] Breckinridge's first speech, and several subsequent ones, were made to defend William Butler, again a presidential aspirant in 1852 , from charges leveled by proponents of the Young America movement that he was too old and had not made his stance on slavery clear. [ 64 ] The attacks came from the pages of George Nicholas Sanders 's Democratic Review , and on the House floor from several men, nearly all of whom supported Stephen Douglas for the nomination. These men included California 's Edward C. Marshall , who was Breckinridge's cousin. [ 64 ] Their attacks ultimately hurt Douglas's chances for the nomination, and Breckinridge's defense of Butler enhanced his own reputation. [ 65 ] After this controversy, he was more active in the chamber's debates, but introduced few significant pieces of legislation. He defended the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 against attacks by Ohio Representative Joshua Giddings , and opposed Andrew Johnson's proposed Homestead Act out of concern that it would create more territories that excluded slavery. [ 65 ] Despite his campaign rhetoric that federal funds should only be used for internal improvements "of a national character", he sought to increase Kentucky's federal allocation for construction and maintenance of rivers and harbors, and supported bills that benefited his district's hemp farmers. [ 62 ] Returning home from the legislative session, Breckinridge made daily visits with Henry Clay, who lay dying in Lexington, and was chosen to deliver Clay's eulogy in Congress when the next session commenced. [ 66 ] The eulogy enhanced his popularity and solidified his position as Clay's political heir apparent. [ 62 ] He also campaigned for the election of Democrat Franklin Pierce as president. [ 67 ] Although Pierce lost Kentucky by 3,200 votes, Breckinridge wielded more influence with him than he had with outgoing Whig President Millard Fillmore . [ 68 ] A week after his inauguration, Pierce offered Breckinridge an appointment as governor of Washington Territory . He had initially sought the appointment, securing letters of recommendation from Powell and Butler, but by the time it was offered, he had decided to stay in Kentucky and seek re-election to the House. [ 69 ] Second term (1853–1855) The Whigs, seeking to recapture Breckinridge's seat, nominated Attorney General of Kentucky James Harlan , but some Whig factions opposed him, and he withdrew in March. [ 70 ] Robert P. Letcher , a former congressman and governor who had won 14 elections in Kentucky without a loss, was the party's second choice. [ 71 ] Both candidates campaigned vigorously throughout the Eighth District, making multiple speeches a day between May and August. [ 72 ] Letcher was an experienced campaigner, but his popular, anecdote-filled oratory was unpolished, and he was prone to outbursts of anger when frustrated. [ 73 ] By contrast, Breckinridge delivered calm, well-reasoned speeches. [ 74 ] Cassius Clay, a political enemy of Letcher's for years, endorsed Breckinridge, despite their differences on slavery. [ 60 ] Citing this endorsement and the abolitionism of Breckinridge's uncles, Letcher tried to paint Breckinridge as an enemy of slavery. Breckinridge pointed to his consistent support for slavery and claimed Letcher was actually hostile to the interests of slaveholders. [ 74 ] Although the district had gone for Whig candidate Winfield Scott by over 600 votes in the previous year's presidential election , Breckinridge defeated Letcher by 526 votes. [ 74 ] [ 75 ] Once again, he received a large margin in Owen County, which reported 123 more votes than eligible voters living in the county. [ 75 ] Grateful for the support of the reliably Democratic county, he gave his son John Witherspoon Breckinridge the nickname "Owen". [ 74 ] Of the 234 members of the House, Breckinridge was among the 80 who were returned to their seats for the Thirty-third Congress . [ 67 ] Due to his increased seniority, he was assigned to the more prestigious Ways and Means Committee , but he was not given a committee chairmanship as many had expected. [ 62 ] Although he supported Pierce's proslavery agenda on the principle of states' rights and believed that secession was legal, he opposed secession as a remedy to the country's immediate problems. [ 26 ] This, coupled with his earlier support of manumission and African colonization, balanced his support for slavery; most still considered him a moderate legislator. [ 48 ] An ally of Illinois' Stephen A. Douglas, Breckinridge supported the doctrine of popular sovereignty as expressed in Douglas's Kansas–Nebraska Act. He believed passage of the act would remove the issue of slavery from national politics – although it ultimately had the opposite effect – and acted as a liaison between Douglas and Pierce to secure its passage. [ 48 ] During the debate on the House floor, New York 's Francis B. Cutting , incensed by a statement that Breckinridge had made, demanded that he explain or retract it. Breckinridge interpreted Cutting's demand as a challenge to duel . Under code duello , the individual being challenged retained the right to name the weapons used and the distance between the combatants; Breckinridge chose rifles at 60 paces. [ 72 ] He also specified that the duel should be held at Silver Spring, Maryland , the home of his friend Francis Preston Blair . [ 48 ] Cutting, who had not intended his initial remark as a challenge, believed that Breckinridge's naming of terms constituted a challenge; he chose to use pistols at a distance of 10 paces. While the two men attempted to clarify who had issued the challenge and who reserved the right to choose the terms, mutual friends resolved the issue, preventing the duel. [ 72 ] The recently adopted Kentucky Constitution prevented anyone who participated in a duel from holding elected office, and the peaceful resolution of the issue may have saved Breckinridge's political career. [ 76 ] Retirement from the House In February 1854, the Whig majority in the Kentucky General Assembly passed – over Powell's veto – a reapportionment bill that redrew Breckinridge's district, removing Owen County and replacing it with Harrison and Nicholas Counties. [ 77 ] This, combined with the rise of the Know Nothing Party in Kentucky, left Breckinridge with little hope of re-election, and he decided to retire from the House at the expiration of his term. [ 78 ] Following the December 1854 resignation of Pierre Soulé , the U.S. Minister to Spain , who failed to negotiate a U.S. annexation of Cuba following the controversial Ostend Manifesto , Pierce nominated Breckinridge to the position. [ 78 ] Although the Senate confirmed the nomination, Breckinridge declined it on February 8, 1855, telling Pierce only that his decision was "of a private and domestic nature." His term in the house expired on March 4. [ 79 ] Desiring to care for his sick wife and rebuild his personal wealth, Breckinridge returned to his law practice in Lexington. [ 48 ] In addition to his legal practice, he engaged in land speculation in Minnesota territory and Wisconsin . [ 80 ] When Governor Willis A. Gorman of the Minnesota Territory thwarted an attempt by Breckinridge's fellow investors (not including Breckinridge) to secure approval of a railroad connecting Dubuque, Iowa , with their investments near Superior, Wisconsin , they petitioned Pierce to remove Gorman and appoint Breckinridge in his place. In 1855, Pierce authorized two successive investigations of Gorman, but failed to uncover any wrongdoing that would justify his removal. [ 81 ] During his time away from politics, Breckinridge also promoted the advancement of horse racing in his native state and was chosen president of the Kentucky Association for the Improvement of the Breed of Horses. [ 82 ] Vice presidency (1857–1861) As a delegate to the 1856 Democratic National Convention in Cincinnati , Ohio, Breckinridge favored Pierce's renomination for president. When Pierce's hopes of securing the nomination faltered, Breckinridge joined other erstwhile Pierce backers by throwing his support behind his friend, Stephen Douglas. Even with this additional support, Douglas was still unable to garner two third's majority of the delegates' votes, and he withdrew, leaving James Buchanan as the Democratic presidential nominee. [ 82 ] William Alexander Richardson , a Kentucky-born Representative from Illinois, then suggested that nominating Breckinridge for vice president would balance Buchanan's ticket and placate disgruntled supporters of Douglas or Pierce. [ 83 ] A delegate from Louisiana placed his name before the convention, and although Breckinridge desired the vice presidential nomination, he declined, citing his deference to fellow Kentuckian and former House Speaker Linn Boyd, who was supported by the Kentucky delegation. [ 48 ] Ten men received votes on the first vice-presidential ballot. Mississippi 's John A. Quitman had the most support with 59 votes. Eight state delegations – with a total of 55 votes – voted for Breckinridge in spite of his refusal of the nomination, making him the second-highest vote getter. Kentucky cast its 12 votes for Boyd, bringing his third-place total to 33 votes. Seeing Breckinridge's strength on the first ballot, large numbers of delegates voted for him on the second ballot, and those who did not soon saw that his nomination was inevitable and changed their votes to make it unanimous. [ 84 ] Unlike many political nominees of his time, Breckinridge actively campaigned for Buchanan and his election. [ 26 ] During the first 10 days of September 1856, he spoke in Hamilton and Cincinnati, Ohio; Lafayette and Indianapolis , Indiana ; Kalamazoo, Michigan ; Covington, Kentucky ; and Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania . [ 85 ] His speeches stressed the idea that Republicans were fanatically devoted to emancipation, and their election would prompt the dissolution of the Union. [ 83 ] Breckinridge's presence on the ticket helped the Democrats carry his home state of Kentucky, which the party had not won since 1828 , by 6,000 votes. [ 26 ] [ 86 ] Buchanan and Breckinridge received 174 electoral votes to 114 for Republicans John C. Frémont and William L. Dayton and eight for Know Nothing candidates Millard Fillmore and Andrew Jackson Donelson . [ 87 ] Thirty-six years old at the time of his inauguration on March 4, 1857, Breckinridge was the youngest vice president in U.S. history, exceeding the minimum age required under the Constitution by only a year. [ 33 ] [ 48 ] Buchanan resented that Breckinridge had supported both Pierce and Douglas before endorsing his nomination. [ 88 ] Relations between the two were further strained, when upon asking for a private interview with Buchanan, Breckinridge was told to come to the White House and ask for Harriet Lane , who acted as the mansion's host for the unmarried president. Feeling slighted by the response, Breckinridge refused to carry out these instructions; later, three of Buchanan's intimates informed Breckinridge that requesting to speak to Miss Lane was actually a secret instruction to White House staff to usher the requestor into a private audience with the president. [ 89 ] They also conveyed Buchanan's apologies for the misunderstanding. [ 90 ] Buchanan rarely consulted Breckinridge when making patronage appointments, and meetings between the two were infrequent. [ 88 ] When Buchanan and Breckinridge endorsed the Lecompton Constitution, which would have admitted Kansas as a slave state instead of allowing the people to vote, they managed to alienate most Northern Democrats, including Douglas. [ 48 ] [ 91 ] This disagreement ended plans for Breckinridge, Douglas, and Minnesota's Henry Mower Rice to build a series of three elaborate, conjoined row houses in which to live during their time in Washington, DC . [ 48 ] In November 1857, after Breckinridge found alternative lodging in Washington, he sold a slave woman and her young infant, which according to historian James C. Klotter , probably ended his days as a slaveholder. [ 43 ] When Breckinridge did not travel to Illinois to campaign for Douglas's re-election to the Senate and gave him only a lukewarm endorsement, relations between them worsened. [ 92 ] Functioning as the Senate's presiding officer, Breckinridge's participation in the chamber's debates was also restricted, but he won respect for presiding "gracefully and impartially." [ 48 ] On January 4, 1859, he was asked to deliver the final address in the Old Senate Chamber ; in the speech, he expressed his desire that the Congress find a solution that would preserve the Union. [ 86 ] During its half century in the chamber, the Senate had grown from 32 to 64 members. During those years, he observed, the Constitution had "survived peace and war, prosperity and adversity" to protect "the larger personal freedom compatible with public order." Breckinridge expressed hope that eventually "another Senate, in another age, shall bear to a new and larger Chamber, this Constitution vigorous and inviolate, and that the last generation of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the Representatives of American States, still united, prosperous, and free." [ 48 ] [ 93 ] Breckinridge then led a procession to the new chamber. [ 48 ] Breckinridge opposed the idea that the federal government could coerce action by a state, but maintained that secession, while legal, was not the solution to the country's problems. [ 26 ] Although John Crittenden's Senate term did not expire until 1861, the Kentucky General Assembly met to choose his successor in 1859. [ 88 ] Until just days before the election, the contest was expected to be between Breckinridge and Boyd, who had been elected lieutenant governor in August; Boyd's worsening health prompted his withdrawal on November 28, 1859. On December 12, the Assembly chose Breckinridge over Joshua Fry Bell , the defeated candidate in the August gubernatorial election, by a vote of 81–53. [ 94 ] In his acceptance speech, delivered to the Kentucky House of Representatives on December 21, Breckinridge endorsed the Supreme Court 's decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which ruled that Congress could not restrict slavery in the territories, and insisted that John Brown 's recent raid on Harpers Ferry was evidence of Republicans' insistence on either "negro equality" or violence. [ 88 ] [ 95 ] Resistance in some form, he predicted, would eventually be necessary. [ 43 ] He still urged the assembly against secession – "God forbid that the step shall ever be taken!" – but his discussion of growing sectional conflict bothered some, including his uncle Robert. [ 96 ] Presidential campaign of 1860 Early in 1859, Senator James Henry Hammond of South Carolina reported to a friend that Breckinridge was seeking the Democratic presidential nomination, but as late as January 1860, Breckinridge told family members that he had no desire for the nomination. [ 97 ] A New York Times editorial noted that while Buchanan was falling "in prestige and political consequence, the star of the Vice President rises higher above the clouds." [ 48 ] Douglas, considered the frontrunner for the Democratic presidential nomination, was convinced that Breckinridge would be a candidate; this, combined with Buchanan's reluctant support of Breckinridge and Breckinridge's public support for a federal slave code, deepened the rift between the two. [ 97 ] Among Breckinridge's supporters at the 1860 Democratic National Convention in Charleston, South Carolina , were several prominent Kentuckians. They were former Kentucky Governor and current Senator Lazarus W. Powell , former Kentucky Representative William Preston (a distant relative), law partner James Brown Clay , and James B. Beck . [ 97 ] Breckinridge did not attend the convention, but instructed his supporters not to nominate him as long as James Guthrie remained a candidate. [ 98 ] Accordingly, when a delegate from Arkansas nominated Breckinridge for president on the 36th ballot, Beck asked that it be withdrawn, and the request was honored. [ 99 ] Over the course of 57 ballots, Douglas maintained a wide plurality, but failed to gain the necessary two-thirds majority; Guthrie consistently ran second. [ 97 ] Unable to nominate a candidate, delegates voted to reconvene in Baltimore, Maryland, on June 18. [ 99 ] Pro-Southern delegates, who had walked out of the Charleston convention in protest of its failure to adopt a federal slave code plank in its platform, did not participate in the Baltimore convention. [ 98 ] [ 100 ] The delegates from Alabama and Louisiana – all of whom had walked out at Charleston – had been replaced, after five days of debate and holding votes on the issue, with Douglas supporters from those states, leading to the nomination of Douglas and Herschel Vespasian Johnson for president and vice president, respectively, on the sixth day. [ 101 ] The protesting delegates convened on the same day in Baltimore. [ 100 ] On the first ballot, Breckinridge received 81 votes, with 24 going to former senator Daniel S. Dickinson of New York. Dickinson supporters gradually changed their support to Breckinridge to make his nomination unanimous, and Joseph Lane of Oregon was chosen by acclamation as his vice presidential running mate. [ 102 ] Despite concerns about the breakup of the party, Breckinridge accepted the presidential nomination. [ 26 ] In August, Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis attempted to broker a compromise under which Douglas, Breckinridge, and Tennessee's John Bell , the nominee of the Constitutional Union Party , would all withdraw in favor of a compromise candidate. Both Breckinridge and Bell readily agreed to the plan, but Douglas was opposed to compromising with the "Bolters", and his supporters retained an intense dislike for Breckinridge that made them averse to Davis's proposal. [ 48 ] [ 100 ] Opponents knew Breckinridge believed in the right of secession and accused him of favoring the breakup of the Union; he denied the latter during a speech in Frankfort: "I am an American citizen, a Kentuckian who never did an act nor cherished a thought that was not full of devotion to the Constitution and the Union." [ 103 ] While he had very little support in the northern states, most, if not all, of the southern states were expected to go for Breckinridge. [ 104 ] This would give him only 120 of 303 electoral votes, but to gain support from any northern states, he had to minimize his connections with the southern states and risked losing their support to Bell. [ 105 ] Some Breckinridge supporters believed his best hope was for the election to be thrown to the House of Representatives; if he could add the support of some Douglas or Bell states to the 13 believed to support him, he could beat Lincoln, who was believed to carry the support of 15 states. [ 104 ] To Davis's wife, Varina , Breckinridge wrote, "I trust I have the courage to lead a forlorn hope." [ 106 ] In the four-way contest, Breckinridge came in third in the popular vote, with 18.1%, but second in the Electoral College . [ 33 ] The final electoral vote was 180 for Lincoln, 72 for Breckinridge, 39 for Bell, and 12 for Douglas. [ 105 ] Although Breckinridge won the states of the Deep South , his support in those states came mostly from rural areas with low slave populations; the urban areas with higher slave populations generally went for Bell or Douglas. [ 106 ] Breckinridge also carried the border states of Maryland and Delaware. Historian James C. Klotter points out in light of these results that, while Douglas maintained that there was "not a disunionist in America who is not a Breckinridge man", it is more likely that party loyalty and economic status played a more prominent role in Breckinridge's support than did issues of slavery and secession. [ 107 ] He lost to Douglas in Missouri and Bell in Virginia and Tennessee. [ 108 ] Bell also captured Breckinridge's home state, Kentucky. [ 105 ] Lincoln swept most of the northern states, although New Jersey split its electoral votes, giving four to Lincoln and three to Douglas. [ 104 ] As the candidate of the Buchanan faction, Breckinridge outpolled Douglas in Pennsylvania and received support comparable to Douglas in Connecticut , although he received very little support elsewhere in the North. It was Breckinridge's duty as vice president to announce Lincoln as the winner of the electoral college vote on February 13, 1861. [ 105 ] On February 24, Breckinridge visited Lincoln at Willard's Hotel in Washington, DC, and frequently thereafter he visited his step-cousin, now the First Lady , at the White House. [ 48 ] [ 109 ] In the lame duck session following the election, Congress adopted a resolution authored by Lazarus Powell, now in the Senate, calling for a committee of thirteen (Committee of Thirteen on the Disturbed Condition of the Country) "to consider that portion of the President's message relating to the disturbances of the country." Frank Heck wrote that Breckinridge appointed "an able committee, representing every major faction." [ 110 ] He endorsed Crittenden's proposed compromise , a collection of constitutional amendments designed to avert secession and appease the South. Breckinridge used his influence as the Senate's presiding officer in an unsuccessful attempt to get it approved by either the committee or the Senate. [ 26 ] Ultimately, the committee reported that they were unable to agree on a recommendation. [ 111 ] On March 4, 1861, the last day of the session, Breckinridge swore in Hannibal Hamlin as his successor as vice president. Hamlin, in turn, swore in the newly elected senators, including Breckinridge. [ 107 ] U.S. Senator Seven states had already seceded when Breckinridge took his seat as a senator, leaving the remaining Southern senators more outnumbered in their defense of slavery. [ 107 ] Seeking to find a compromise that would reunite the states under constitutional principles, he urged Lincoln to withdraw federal forces from the Confederate states to avert war. [ 112 ] [ 113 ] The congressional session ended on March 28, and in an April 2 address to the Kentucky General Assembly, he continued to advocate peaceful reconciliation of the states and proposed a conference of border states to seek a solution. [ 114 ] On April 12, Confederate troops fired on Fort Sumter , ending plans for the conference. [ 115 ] Breckinridge recommended that Governor Beriah Magoffin call a sovereignty convention to determine whether Kentucky would side with the Union or the Confederacy. [ 116 ] On May 10, he was chosen by the legislature as one of six delegates to a conference to decide the state's next action. [ 26 ] The states' rights delegates were Breckinridge, Magoffin, and Richard Hawes ; the Unionist delegates were Crittenden, Archibald Dixon , and S.S. Nicholas . [ 116 ] Unable to agree on substantial issues, the delegates recommended that Kentucky adopt a neutral stance in the Civil War and arm itself to prevent invasion by either federal or Confederate forces. [ 117 ] Breckinridge did not support this recommendation, but he agreed to abide by it once it was approved by the legislature. [ 26 ] In special elections in June, pro-Union candidates captured 9 of 10 seats in Kentucky's House delegation. [ 116 ] Returning to the Senate for a special session in July, Breckinridge was regarded as a traitor by most of his fellow legislators because of his Confederate sympathies. [ 118 ] He condemned as unconstitutional Lincoln's enlistment and arming of men for a war Congress had not officially declared, his expending funds for the war that had not been allocated by Congress, and his suspension of the writ of habeas corpus . [ 112 ] He was the only senator to vote against a resolution authorizing Lincoln to use "the entire resources of the government" for the war. [ 119 ] Asked what he would do if he were president, he replied, "I would prefer to see these States all reunited upon true constitutional principles to any other object that could be offered me in life. But I infinitely prefer to see a peaceful separation of these States than to see endless, aimless, devastating war, at the end of which I see the grave of public liberty and of personal freedom." On August 1, he declared that, if Kentucky sided with the federal government against the Confederacy, "she will be represented by some other man on the floor of this Senate." [ 118 ] Kentucky's neutrality was breached by both federal and Confederate forces in early September 1861 (the Federal forces maintained that there had been no breach, as Kentucky was an integral part of the Union). [ 118 ] Confederate forces invaded Kentucky on September 3; they were followed by a Union force commanded by Brigadier General Ulysses S. Grant , which on the morning of September 6 occupied the town of Paducah on the Ohio River . [ 120 ] Soon after, Unionists in the state arrested former governor Charles S. Morehead for his suspected Confederate sympathies and shut down the Louisville Courier because of its pro-Confederate editorials. [ 119 ] Word reached Breckinridge that Union General Thomas E. Bramlette intended to arrest him next. [ 119 ] To avoid detainment, on September 19, 1861, he left Lexington. Joined in Prestonsburg by Confederate sympathizers George W. Johnson , George Baird Hodge , William Preston, and William E. Simms , he continued to Abingdon, Virginia , and from there by rail to Confederate-held Bowling Green, Kentucky . [ 121 ] The state legislature immediately requested his resignation. [ 118 ] In an open letter to his constituents dated October 8, 1861, Breckinridge maintained that the Union no longer existed and that Kentucky should be free to choose her own course; he defended his sympathy to the Southern cause and denounced the Unionist state legislature, declaring, "I exchange with proud satisfaction a term of six years in the Senate of the United States for the musket of a soldier." [ 118 ] [ 122 ] He was indicted for treason in U.S. federal district court in Frankfort on November 6, 1861, having officially enlisted in the Confederate army days earlier. [ 26 ] On December 2, 1861, he was declared a traitor by the U.S. Senate. [ 123 ] A resolution stating "Whereas John C. Breckinridge, a member of this body from the State of Kentucky, has joined the enemies of his country, and is now in arms against the government he had sworn to support: Therefore—Resolved, That said John C. Breckinridge, the traitor, be, and he hereby is, expelled from the Senate," was adopted by a vote of 36–0 on December 4. [ 48 ] [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ten Southern Senators had been expelled earlier that year in July. [ 126 ] American Civil War Service in the Western Theater On the recommendation of Simon Bolivar Buckner , the former commander of the Kentucky State Militia who had also joined the Confederate Army, Breckinridge was commissioned as a brigadier general on November 2, 1861. [ 127 ] On November 16, he was given command of the 1st Kentucky Brigade. [ 128 ] Nicknamed the Orphan Brigade because its men felt orphaned by Kentucky's Unionist state government, the brigade was in Buckner's 2nd Division of the Army of Mississippi , commanded by General Albert Sidney Johnston . [ 129 ] For several weeks, he trained his troops in the city, and he also participated in the organization of a provisional Confederate government for the state . [ 127 ] Although not sanctioned by the legislature in Frankfort, its existence prompted the Confederacy to admit Kentucky on December 10, 1861. [ 130 ] Johnston's forces were forced to withdraw from Bowling Green in February 1862. [ 127 ] During the retreat, Breckinridge was put in charge of Johnston's Reserve Corps. [ 26 ] Johnston decided to attack Ulysses S. Grant 's forces at Shiloh, Tennessee on April 6, 1862, by advancing North from his base in Corinth, Mississippi . Breckinridge's reserves soon joined the Battle of Shiloh as Johnston tried to force Grant's troops into the river. [ 127 ] Despite Johnston being killed in the fighting, the Confederates made steady progress against Grant's troops until P. G. T. Beauregard – who assumed command after Johnston's death – ordered his generals to break off the fighting at about 6 o'clock in the afternoon. [ 131 ] The next day, the Union forces regrouped and repelled the Confederates. [ 127 ] Breckinridge's division formed the Confederate rearguard, stationing itself on the ground that the Confederates held the night before the first day of the battle while the rest of the army retreated. Union troops did not pursue them. [ 132 ] Of the 7,000 troops under Breckinridge's command at the battle, 386 were killed and 1,628 were wounded, Breckinridge among the latter. [ 123 ] [ 133 ] Breckinridge's performance earned him a promotion to major general on April 14, 1862. [ 134 ] After his promotion, he joined Earl Van Dorn near Vicksburg, Mississippi . [ 130 ] The Confederate forces awaited a Union attack throughout most of July. [ 135 ] Finally, Van Dorn ordered Breckinridge to attempt to recapture Baton Rouge, Louisiana , from federal forces. Despite having his forces reduced to around 3,000 by illness and desertions, on the morning of August 5, he attacked the Union garrison , capturing several prisoners, destroying its supplies, and driving it from the city. Union troops were forced to take shelter under cover of their gunboats. The ironclad CSS Arkansas was intended to support Breckinridge's attack by moving down the Red River , but it was immobilized by a mechanical failure and its crew set it on fire before letting it loose downriver to threaten oncoming Union vessels and to prevent its capture. Without naval support, the Confederates were unable to hold the city. Breckinridge withdrew his troops at 10 o'clock. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] Later that month, Breckinridge served as an independent commander in the lower Mississippi Valley , securing Confederate control of the area by taking Port Hudson , which helped halt the federal advance down the Mississippi River. [ 26 ] Meanwhile, General Braxton Bragg , commanding the Army of Mississippi, was preparing an invasion of Kentucky, and Breckinridge was ordered to join him. Confederate leaders believed that Breckinridge's presence in the state could spur enlistments. Van Dorn was reluctant to lose command of Breckinridge and his men, and by the time he relented on October 15, Bragg was already retreating from the state after being defeated at the Battle of Perryville . Breckinridge and his division of 7,000 men met Bragg at Murfreesboro, Tennessee . [ 135 ] With Kentucky solidly under Union control, Breckinridge's wife and children moved south and followed his troops as closely as was safely possible. [ 137 ] Bragg resented Breckinridge's close ties to Confederate commanders, particularly Joseph E. Johnston , Wade Hampton , John B. Floyd , and William Preston, all of whom were related to Breckinridge. [ 138 ] Furthermore, he thought Breckinridge's late arrival for the Kentucky campaign had contributed to the lack of Confederate volunteers he found in the state. [ 139 ] In December, Bragg ordered the execution of Kentucky Corporal Asa Lewis after a court martial had convicted him of desertion . [ 140 ] Lewis's enlistment had expired, but he continued to serve with the 6th Kentucky Infantry Regiment until his impoverished mother and siblings begged him to return home. [ 141 ] Although Lewis claimed he was returning to the army at the time of his arrest, Bragg was insistent on reducing desertions by making him an example. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] After witnessing the execution, Breckinridge reportedly became nauseated and fell forward on his horse, requiring assistance from members of his staff. [ 142 ] He protested Bragg's "military murder" and was barely able to prevent open mutiny by his Kentucky soldiers. [ 143 ] Relations between Breckinridge and Bragg continued to deteriorate; Breckinridge's opinion that Bragg was incompetent was shared by many Confederate officers. [ 144 ] At Murfreesboro, Breckinridge's Division was assigned to Lieutenant General William J. Hardee 's Corps and was stationed on the east side of the Stones River . When the Union Army of the Cumberland , commanded by Major General William Rosecrans , attacked on December 31, 1862, beginning the Battle of Stones River, Bragg's main force initially repelled the attack. [ 135 ] Bragg ordered Breckinridge to reinforce him on the west side of the river, but Brigadier General John Pegram , who commanded a cavalry brigade, erroneously reported that a large Union force was advancing along the east bank, and Breckinridge was slow to comply with Bragg's order. When he finally crossed the river, his attacks were ineffective, and Bragg ordered him back across the river. [ 141 ] On January 2, a Union division under Brigadier General Horatio P. Van Cleve crossed the river and took a ridge. The position endangered Leonidas Polk 's corps, which was positioned ahead of the rest of the Confederate lines in the center of the battlefield. Against Breckinridge's advice, Bragg ordered his division to launch a frontal attack on the federal position. [ 145 ] [ 146 ] Prior to the attack, Breckinridge wrote to Preston, "if [the attack] should result in disaster and I be among the killed, I want you to do justice to my memory and tell the people that I believed this attack to be very unwise and tried to prevent it." [ 143 ] Launching their attack at 4 P.M., Breckinridge's men initially broke the Union line and forced them across the river. Artillery on the opposite side of the river then opened fire on Breckinridge's men, and a fresh Union division under Brigadier General James S. Negley arrived to reinforce the fleeing troops. In just over an hour, nearly one-third of Breckinridge's troops were killed, wounded, or captured. One anecdote holds that, as he rode among the survivors, he cried out repeatedly, "My poor Orphans! My poor Orphans," bringing recognition to the Orphan Brigade. [ 143 ] [ 147 ] Bragg's official report criticized the conduct of Breckinridge's division and assigned to Breckinridge most of the blame for the Confederate defeat. [ 142 ] [ 145 ] [ 148 ] Breckinridge asserted to his superiors that Bragg's report "fails to do justice to the behavior of my Division"; he requested a court of inquiry, but the request was denied. [ 142 ] Several Kentuckians under Breckinridge's command, who already blamed Bragg for the failed invasion of their native state, encouraged him to resign his commission and challenge Bragg to a duel. [ 144 ] In May 1863, Breckinridge was reassigned to Joseph E. Johnston, participating in the Battle of Jackson in an unsuccessful attempt to break the siege of Vicksburg . [ 26 ] Vicksburg fell to Grant's forces on July 4, and Breckinridge was returned to Bragg's command on August 28, 1863. After seeing no action on the first day of the Battle of Chickamauga in Georgia on September 19, he led a division of D.H. Hill 's corps in an attack on the Union forces the next morning. [ 144 ] The Confederate troops succeeded in breaking the Union line, [ 130 ] but the main army escaped back to Tennessee. Of Breckinridge's 3,769 men, 166 were killed in the battle; 909 were wounded and 165 were missing. [ 149 ] In late November, Breckinridge commanded one of Bragg's two corps during the Confederate defeat at the Battles for Chattanooga . [ 130 ] Bragg ordered a significant number of Breckinridge's men to reinforce Hardee's corps, leaving him with insufficient forces to repel the combined attack of Joseph Hooker and George Henry Thomas on Missionary Ridge . [ 150 ] His son, Cabell, was captured in the battle. He was later freed in a prisoner exchange . [ 137 ] In his official report, Bragg charged Breckinridge with drunkenness at Chattanooga and (retroactively) at Stones River. Historian Lowell H. Harrison noted that, while Breckinridge frequently drank whiskey, he was well known for being able to consume large amounts without getting drunk. Before submitting his own resignation, which was accepted, Bragg removed Breckinridge from command. [ 144 ] It would be almost two years – on May 1, 1865 – before the two would reconcile. [ 151 ] Service in the Eastern Theater On December 15, 1863, Breckinridge took leave in Richmond. [ 152 ] Premature rumors of his death prompted The New York Times to print a quite vituperative obituary suggesting that Breckinridge had been a hypocrite for supporting states' rights, then abandoning his home state when it chose to remain in the Union. [ 153 ] Confederate leaders were skeptical of Bragg's claims against Breckinridge, and in February 1864, Confederate President Jefferson Davis assigned him to the Eastern Theater and put him in charge of the Trans-Allegheny Department (later known as the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia ). [ 130 ] On May 5, General Robert E. Lee , commander of the Army of Northern Virginia , ordered Breckinridge to take command of a reconnaissance mission to scout the federal forces under Franz Sigel near Winchester, Virginia as part of the Lynchburg Campaign . [ 154 ] With a force of about 4,800 men, including 261 cadets from the Virginia Military Institute , he defeated Sigel's 6,300 men at the Battle of New Market on May 15, driving them west across the Shenandoah River . In doing so, Breckinridge's troops protected Lee's flank, defended a crucial railroad junction, and protected the valuable wheat supply. [ 155 ] Lee had suggested that Breckinridge invade Maryland, but he was unable to do so because floodwaters had made the Potomac River virtually impassable. [ 156 ] The victory was considered one of his best performances as a general. [ 157 ] Since then, many in the South have viewed him as a "worthy successor" of the late Stonewall Jackson . Breckinridge would draw more comparisons at the Second Battle of Kernstown , the scene of the first fight in Jackson's Valley Campaign two years earlier. In the Second Battle, which occurred on July 24, 13,000 Confederate troops commanded by Lt. Gen. Jubal Early attacked and defeated 10,000 Federal troops under the command of Brig. Gen. George Crook . The victory allowed the Confederates to resume their invasion of the North. [ 158 ] [ 159 ] Shortly thereafter, Breckinridge's Division reinforced Lee's Army of Northern Virginia and played an important role in halting Grant's advance at the Battle of Cold Harbor . [ 130 ] During the battle, his troops repulsed a powerful Union attack. [ 160 ] Breckinridge was wounded when a cannonball struck his horse and he was pinned underneath. [ 161 ] He was still unable to walk or ride when Lee ordered him to take command of the survivors of the Confederate defeat at the Battle of Piedmont . [ 162 ] Traveling by rail to Rockfish Gap on June 10, he marched his forces into the city of Lynchburg, Virginia . [ 162 ] He was joined there by General Early's troops, who arrived just in time to save the Confederate forces from an assault by Union forces under David Hunter at the Battle of Lynchburg . [ 163 ] After Early and Breckinridge (who was now able to ride a horse) chased Hunter more than sixty miles away from the city, Lee ordered them to clear the Union forces from the Shenandoah Valley , then cross into Maryland and probe the defenses of Washington, D.C. Union forces' only serious attempt to turn back the expedition came at the Battle of Monocacy on July 9. Confederate troops were delayed, but ultimately prevailed and continued toward Washington. [ 163 ] They were defeated at the Battle of Fort Stevens on July 11–12, partially with reinforcements brought in by the United States Government with the time gained from the Battle of Monocacy. [ 164 ] Since Lincoln was watching the fight from the ramparts of Fort Stevens, this marked the only time in American history in which two former opponents in a presidential election faced one another across battle lines. [ 165 ] Following the battle, Early decided to withdraw rather than assault the well-fortified federal capital. [ 164 ] Early and Breckinridge were able to hold the Shenandoah Valley through July and August, but on September 19, 1864, Philip Sheridan forced their retreat at the Third Battle of Winchester . [ 165 ] Responding to General John Brown Gordon 's admonition to be careful in the fight, Breckinridge responded, "Well, general, there is little left for me if our cause is to fail." [ 48 ] After the death of John Hunt Morgan , Breckinridge again took command of the Department of East Tennessee and West Virginia. [ 130 ] He reorganized the department, which was in great disarray. On October 2, 1864, at the First Battle of Saltville , his troops were able to protect critical Confederate salt works from United States forces under Stephen G. Burbridge , despite a lack of resources. [ 130 ] The next morning, he discovered that soldiers under his command had begun killing an estimated 45 to 100 wounded black Union soldiers of the 5th United States Colored Cavalry . [ 166 ] Hearing the gunfire, he rushed to stop the massacre. [ 167 ] Brigadier General Felix Huston Robertson was suspected of involvement and bragged about killing the negroes. General Lee instructed Breckinridge to "prefer charges against him and bring him to trial", but no trial ever took place. [ 168 ] [ 169 ] In mid-November, Breckinridge led a raid into northeastern Tennessee, driving Alvan Cullem Gillem 's forces back to Knoxville at the Battle of Bull's Gap . On December 17–18, he faced a two-pronged attack from Union cavalry under Major General George Stoneman at the Battle of Marion in Virginia. Badly outnumbered on either flank, Breckinridge resisted Stoneman's forces until he ran low on ammunition. Stoneman's forces were able to damage Confederate salt works, lead mines, and railroads in the area, and destroy supply depots at Bristol and Abingdon. Finally restocked with ammunition after three days, Breckinridge was able to drive Stoneman – whose men were now short of ammunition themselves – out of the area. [ 170 ] Confederate Secretary of War James A. Seddon resigned his position as the Confederate Secretary of War on January 19, 1865. On February 6, Davis appointed Breckinridge to the vacant position, partially to quiet growing opposition to his administration. [ 171 ] [ 172 ] Initially opposed by several members of the Confederate Congress because he had waited to join the Confederacy, he eventually gained their support by administering his office more efficiently than his predecessors. [ 167 ] With their support, he was able to expand the post's influence to include making officer assignments and promotion recommendations and advising field generals regarding strategy. [ 167 ] His first act as secretary was to promote Robert E. Lee to general-in-chief of all Confederate forces. [ 172 ] After Lee reported a critical shortage of food, clothing, and supplies among his troops, Breckinridge recommended the removal of Lucius B. Northrop , the Confederate commissary general . Northrop's successor, Isaac M. St. John , improved the flow of supplies to troops in the field. [ 173 ] By late February, Breckinridge concluded that the Confederate cause was hopeless. Delegating the day-to-day operations of his office to his assistant, John Archibald Campbell , he began laying the groundwork for surrender. [ 171 ] Davis desired to continue the fight, but Breckinridge urged, "This has been a magnificent epic. In God's name let it not terminate in farce." [ 48 ] On April 2, Lee sent a telegram to Breckinridge informing him that he would have to withdraw from his position that night, and that this would necessitate the evacuation of Richmond. [ 174 ] Ordering Campbell to organize the flight of the Confederate cabinet to Danville, Virginia , Breckinridge remained in the city to oversee the destruction of facilities and supplies to prevent their use by the invading federal forces. [ 171 ] However, he did not destroy Confederate archives and records, which were preserved for history. [ 130 ] Upon his exit from the city, he ordered that the bridges over the James River be burned. His son Clifton, then serving in the Confederate Navy at Richmond, resigned his post and joined his father as he moved southward to meet Davis. [ 167 ] After overseeing the transfer of Richmond, Breckinridge joined Lee's forces at Farmville, Virginia , on the night of April 5 and remained there until April 7. [ 174 ] He continued on to Danville, arriving on April 11 to discover that Lee had surrendered on April 9 and the Confederate cabinet had already fled to Greensboro, North Carolina . [ 175 ] Arriving in Greensboro on April 13, he advised the cabinet that the remaining Confederate armies should be surrendered; only Davis and Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin disagreed. [ 175 ] At Bennett Place , he assisted Joseph E. Johnston in his surrender negotiations with Major General William Tecumseh Sherman . [ 129 ] Sherman later praised Breckinridge's negotiating skills, and the surrender terms agreed to were later rejected by Washington as too generous, forcing Sherman to offer the same terms as Grant had at Appomattox, which were accepted. [ 176 ] On April 18, Breckinridge heard from Sherman and Johnston of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln four days earlier; the President had died in the Petersen House , where Breckinridge briefly resided in late 1852 as a U.S. representative. The Kentuckian was visibly devastated. Eyewitness accounts recall him to have said, "Gentlemen, the South has lost its best friend." [ 177 ] Breckinridge rode into Abbeville, South Carolina , on the morning of April 28. [ 151 ] While there, Breckinridge and Brigadier General Basil W. Duke convinced Davis that continuing the war was hopeless. [ 178 ] Breckinridge was put in charge of the $150,000 in gold specie remaining in the Confederate treasury; traveling southward by rail toward Washington, Georgia , a group of soldiers in his military escort – unpaid for months – threatened to divide the gold among themselves before it could be captured by federal troops. [ 178 ] [ 179 ] Breckinridge convinced them to abandon their scheme after paying them their wages from the treasury, but some of them refused to escort Breckinridge and the bullion any further. [ 178 ] Breckinridge's party arrived in Washington on May 4 and, after paying out several requisitions from the treasury, deposited the rest in banks there. He also composed a letter to his remaining deputies in which he disbanded the War Department. [ 180 ] Escape and exile On May 5, the same day that Jefferson Davis officially dissolved the Confederate Government, [ 181 ] Breckinridge discharged most of the men escorting him, retaining only a small contingent of Kentuckians under the command of his cousin, William Campbell Preston Breckinridge . Feeling honor bound to protect Davis, he attempted to create a diversion that would allow him to escape. The next day, his party encountered a large Federal force; while his cousin negotiated with the force's commander, Breckinridge and a small detachment escaped. [ 180 ] Riding southward across Georgia, they reached Milltown (now Lakeland ) by May 11 and remained there for a few days. [ 182 ] Learning of Davis's capture, he left Milltown with only a military aide, a personal servant, and his son Cabell. [ 183 ] On May 15, 1865, in Madison, Florida , he was joined by fellow fugitive John Taylor Wood , who had been a captain in the Confederate Navy . [ 183 ] Breckinridge and Wood decided to flee to the Bahamas , but because Cabell was allergic to mosquitoes, Breckinridge told him to surrender to the nearest federal officer. [ 184 ] At Gainesville, Florida , the group found Confederate Colonel John Jackson Dickison , who gave them a lifeboat he had taken from a captured federal gunboat. [ 184 ] Traveling down the St. Johns River , they reached Fort Butler on May 29. From there, they continued on the St. Johns to Lake Harney where the boat was loaded on a wagon and hauled about 12 miles (19 km) to Sand Point (today's Titusville) on the Indian River. [ 185 ] They reached the river by May 31, but as they followed its course southward, they had to drag the boat across the river's mudflats and sandbars . [ 183 ] They stopped at the John C. Houston place on Elbow Creek (Melbourne), where their boat was brought ashore and caulked. When the repairs were completed, Colonel John Taylor Wood, again led the party south. [ 185 ] Transferring the boat to the Atlantic Ocean near Jupiter Inlet , they continued along the Florida coast and landed near present-day Palm Beach on June 4. Strong winds prevented them from navigating the small craft out to sea, so they continued southward down the coast. [ 186 ] On June 5, the party was spotted by a federal steamer, but convinced the crew they were hunters scavenging the coast. [ 186 ] Two days later, they encountered a larger boat with a mast and rigging; chasing it down, they disarmed the occupants and hijacked the craft. [ 186 ] As compensation, they gave their old boat and twenty dollars in gold to the owners of the larger craft, and returned some of their weapons after the exchange was complete. [ 186 ] With this more seaworthy craft, they decided to flee to Cuba . Departing from Fort Dallas , they survived an encounter with pirates, two significant storms, and a dangerous lack of provisions before arriving in Cárdenas on June 11, 1865. [ 183 ] A Kentuckian living in the city recognized Breckinridge, introduced him to the locals, and served as his interpreter. The refugees were given food and stayed the night in a local hotel. [ 187 ] The next morning, they traveled by rail to Havana , where Breckinridge was offered a house. [ 188 ] He declined the offer, choosing to travel with Charles J. Helm, a fellow Kentuckian who had been operating as a Confederate agent in the Caribbean, to Great Britain. [ 183 ] Arriving in Britain in late July, he consulted with former Confederate agents there and arranged communication with his wife, then in Canada. Re-crossing the Atlantic, he was reunited with his wife and all of his children except Clifton in Toronto on September 13, 1865. [ 189 ] The family spent the winter there, living first in a hotel and then in a rented house. There were enough Confederate exiles in the city, according to Mrs. Breckinridge, "to form quite a pleasant society among ourselves." [ 190 ] [ 191 ] The family moved to Niagara in May. In August, doctors advised Breckinridge's wife that the climate of France might benefit her ailing health. Cabell Breckinridge returned to the U.S. to engage in business ventures with his brother Clifton, and Mary, just 12 years old, was sent to live with relatives in New York. [ 192 ] The remainder of the family journeyed to Europe, where the children attended school in Paris , Versailles , and Vevey , Switzerland . From mid-1866 to early 1868, Breckinridge toured Europe and the Middle East – including visits to Germany , Austria , Turkey , Greece , Syria , Egypt , and the Holy Land ; because of her poor health, his wife remained in France until February 1868, when she joined him in Naples . During their tour of Italy, Breckinridge met with Pope Pius IX in Rome , and also visited Pompeii . [ 189 ] Desiring to return to the U.S. but still fearing capture, Breckinridge moved his family back to Niagara in June 1868. [ 193 ] [ 194 ] He steadfastly refused to seek a pardon , although 70 members of the Kentucky General Assembly had requested one on his behalf from President Andrew Johnson on February 10, 1866. [ 193 ] On January 8, 1868, the Louisville City Council instructed the state's congressional delegation to seek assurance that Breckinridge would not be prosecuted on his return. [ 193 ] James Beck, Breckinridge's old law partner, was then in Congress and wrote to him on December 11, 1868, that it appeared likely that Johnson would issue a general pardon for all former Confederates; he advised Breckinridge to return to the U.S. before the pardon was issued because he feared it might only apply to those in the country. [ 195 ] Return to the U.S. and death Johnson proclaimed amnesty for all former Confederates on December 25, 1868. [ 130 ] Still in Canada, Breckinridge lingered for a few weeks to receive assurance that it still applied to him even though he had not been in the U.S. when it was issued. [ 195 ] Departing Canada on February 10, 1869, he made several stops to visit family and friends, arriving in Lexington on March 9. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] Although he resided in Kentucky for the rest of his life, he never bought a home there after the war, living first in hotels and then renting a home on West Second Street. [ 196 ] Many insurance companies in the south asked Breckinridge to join them. In August 1868, he became manager of the Kentucky branch of Virginia's Piedmont Life Insurance Company (which soon became the Piedmont and Arlington Insurance Company). Washington College (now Washington and Lee University ) offered him a professorship. He was urged to accept by former Confederate Colonel William Preston Johnston , who was already a faculty member, [ 197 ] but Breckinridge declined. [ 198 ] He resumed his law practice, taking as a partner Robert A. Thornton, a 27-year-old Confederate veteran. [ 196 ] He served as general counsel for the proposed Cincinnati Southern Railway , which would connect Cincinnati to Chattanooga via Lexington. [ 26 ] [ 199 ] Officials in Louisville tried to block the move, which would break the near-monopoly that the Louisville and Nashville Railroad had on southern trade. [ 199 ] On January 25, 1870, he presented his case to the House and Senate railroad committees; although they rejected it at that time, they approved it two years later. [ 199 ] Construction began in 1873. [ 200 ] Breckinridge's other railroad ventures were less successful. During his lifetime, he was unable to secure the construction of railroads to his real estate investments in and around Superior, Wisconsin . [ 201 ] As president of the newly formed Elizabethtown, Lexington, and Big Sandy Railroad company, he secured financial backing from Collis Potter Huntington for a railroad connecting Elizabethtown and Lexington to the Big Sandy River as part of a route linking those cities with the Atlantic Ocean. When Huntington invested in June 1871, he became president of the company, and Breckinridge became vice president. [ 202 ] A line from Lexington to Mount Sterling was all that could be completed before the Panic of 1873 dried up the needed investment capital. The proposed line was finally completed in 1881. [ 203 ] Breckinridge refused all requests – including one by President Ulysses S. Grant – to return to politics, insisting, "I no more feel the political excitements that marked the scenes of my former years than if I were an extinct volcano." [ 48 ] Under the terms of the Fourteenth Amendment , a two-thirds vote in each house of Congress would have been needed to allow him to hold office because he had sided with the Confederacy. He never expressed interest in seeking such approval. [ 195 ] Speaking as a private citizen in March 1870, he publicly denounced the actions of the Ku Klux Klan . In 1872, he supported passage of a state statute which successfully legalized black testimony against whites in court. [ 204 ] By 1873, Breckinridge began to experience health problems which he referred to as "pleuro-pneumonia". [ 205 ] Repeated surgeries and visits to the New York coast and the Virginia mountains did not improve his condition. [ 206 ] In May 1875, he consulted surgeons Lewis Sayre and Samuel D. Gross , who concluded that his ill health was caused by cirrhosis brought on by injuries to his liver suffered during the war. Of more immediate concern was the fluid that filled two-thirds of one of his lungs. On May 11, Sayre attempted to create an artificial opening through which the fluid could drain; although he had to stop before completing the operation, some of the fluid was drained, bringing a measure of relief. Assisted by Beck and Frank K. Hunt, Breckinridge completed his will. [ 207 ] Sayre further alleviated Breckinridge's pain via another surgery on the morning of May 17, but by the afternoon, his condition rapidly worsened, and he died at approximately 5:45 p.m. at the age of 54. [ 208 ] Basil Duke led the funeral procession to Lexington Cemetery where Breckinridge's body was buried. [ 209 ] Legacy Historical reputation As a military commander, Breckinridge was highly respected by some. Fellow Confederate George M. Edgar, describing Breckinridge's performance, wrote: General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] General Breckinridge had few if any superiors on the field of battle. Besides being a man of wonderful courage, he had a keen eye to discern the strong and weak points of the enemy's position, skill in using his forces to the best advantage, and a celerity of movement which reminded me of Jackson. [ 210 ] On May 20, 1875, the Louisville Courier Journal declared that it was Breckinridge who was "truly representative of the rebellion as an actual force and its underlying causes." [ 211 ] He was viewed poorly in the North. The premature New York Times 1863 obituary labelled "him one of the basest and wickedest of traitors." [ 153 ] His strengths included a reputation for dignity and integrity, and especially his tall, graceful and handsome appearance, with cordial manner, pleasing voice and eloquent address that was highly appreciated by voters, soldiers, and women alike. He was hailed as the personification of Kentucky chivalry. Observers said he was a "most noble looking man – a ladies man – such piercing blue eyes I never saw before. His very looks show his superiority over most men." [ 212 ] Monuments and memorials Despite differences in spelling, the towns of Breckenridge, Minnesota , [ 213 ] Breckenridge, Missouri , [ 214 ] Breckenridge, Texas , [ 215 ] and Breckenridge, Colorado were named in Breckinridge's honor. The Colorado town changed the spelling of its name when its namesake joined the Confederacy. [ 216 ] Fort Breckinridge, Arizona Territory (1860 to 1865) was named in honor of the Vice President. During the Civil War, its name was changed to Fort Stanford in honor of California Governor Leland Stanford , before being changed back to Fort Breckinridge. After the Civil War, the name was changed once again to Camp Grant. [ 217 ] Between 1855 and 1862, the county now known as Lyon County , Kansas, was known as Breckinridge County. [ 218 ] Breckinridge was played by Jason Isaacs in the 2014 film Field of Lost Shoes , which depicted the Battle of New Market. [ 219 ] A memorial to Breckinridge was placed on the Fayette County Courthouse lawn in Lexington in 1887. [ 220 ] In November 2015, the Urban County Arts Review Board voted to recommend removal of both the Breckinridge statue and one of John Hunt Morgan . Amy Murrell Taylor , the T. Marshall Hahn Jr. Professor of History at the University of Kentucky , claimed that the "statues are not and have never been neutral representations of the Civil War past but instead they are embodiments of a racially charged postwar interpretation of it." [ 221 ] The relocation of the memorial to the Lexington Cemetery was completed in July 2018, funded by private donations. Breckinridge's memorial was placed in his family's burial area in Section G. [ 222 ] See also American Civil War portal Biography portal Breckinridge family in the American Civil War Kentucky in the American Civil War List of American Civil War generals (Confederate) List of United States senators expelled or censured References ^ a b Harrison 1973 , p. 125. ^ Davis 2010 , p. 10. ^ Klotter 1992 , p. 117. ^ a b Heck 1976 , p. 3. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 4. ^ Heck 1976 , p. 5. ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "Breckinridge, John Cabell" . 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Archived from the original on May 30, 2017 . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ Bertram, Charles. "Confederate statues quietly moved to Lexington Cemetery" . kentucky . Archived from the original on June 17, 2019 . Retrieved June 18, 2019 . Bibliography Davis, William C. (2010). Breckinridge: Statesman, Soldier, Symbol . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 978-0-8071-0068-4 . Eaton, David Wolfe (1916). How Missouri Counties, Towns and Streams Were Named . Columbia, Missouri: The State Historical Society of Missouri. ISBN 1-120-29618-8 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Eicher, John H.; Eicher, David J. (2001). Civil War High Commands . Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3 . Harrison, Lowell H. (1973). "John C. Breckinridge: Nationalist, Confederate, Kentuckian". Filson Club History Quarterly . 47 (2). Heck, Frank H. (1976). Proud Kentuckian: John C. Breckinridge, 1821–1875 . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-0217-0 . Klotter, James C. (1986). The Breckinridges of Kentucky . Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-9165-3 . Klotter, James C. (1992). "Breckinridge, John Cabell". In John E. Kleber (ed.). The Kentucky Encyclopedia . Associate editors: Thomas D. Clark , Lowell H. Harrison , and James C. Klotter. Lexington, Kentucky: The University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Archived from the original on July 17, 2019 . Retrieved November 8, 2012 . McKnight, Brian D. (2006). Contested Borderland: Civil War in Appalachian Kentucky and Virginia . Lexington, Kentucky: University Press of Kentucky. ISBN 0-8131-2389-5 . Pollard, Edward A. (1866). The Lost Cause: A New Southern History of the War of the Confederates: Comprising a Full and Authentic Account of the Rise and Progress of the Late Southern Confederacy--the Campaigns, Battles, Incidents, and Adventures of the Most Gigantic Struggle of the World's History . New York, NY: E.B. Treat & Co., Publishers. ISBN 978-0-517-10131-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Sifakis, Stewart (1988). Who was Who in the Civil War . New York: Facts on File. ISBN 0-8131-1772-0 . Upham, Warren (1920). Minnesota Geographic Names: Their Origin and Historic Significance . Saint Paul, Minnesota: Minnesota Historical Society. ISBN 1-115-33741-6 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Further reading Warner, Ezra J. (1959). Generals in Gray: Lives of the Confederate Commanders . Baton Rouge, Louisiana: Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 0-8071-0823-5 . {{ cite book }} : ISBN / Date incompatibility ( help ) Woodworth, Steven E. (1990). Jefferson Davis and His Generals: The Failure of Confederate Command in the West . Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0-7006-0461-8 . External links Mary Breckinridge , Wife Of General John C. Breckinridge New York Times premature obituary Biographical sketches of Hon. John C. Breckinridge, Democratic nominee for president : and General Joseph Lane, Democratic nominee for Vice President U.S. House of Representatives Preceded by Charles Morehead Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Kentucky's 8th congressional district 1851–1855 Succeeded by Alexander Marshall Party political offices Preceded by William King Democratic nominee for Vice President of the United States 1856 Succeeded by Benjamin Fitzpatrick (1) Withdrew Succeeded by Joseph Lane Preceded by James Buchanan Democratic nominee for President of the United States (1) 1860 Succeeded by George McClellan Political offices Preceded by William King Vice President of the United States 1857–1861 Succeeded by Hannibal Hamlin Preceded by James Seddon Confederate States Secretary of War 1865 Position abolished U.S. Senate Preceded by John Crittenden United States Senator (Class 3) from Kentucky 1861 Served alongside: Lazarus Powell Succeeded by Garrett Davis Notes and references 1. The Democratic party split in 1860, producing two presidential candidates. Breckinridge was nominated by the rebel Southern Democrats; Stephen Douglas was the official nominee by the Northern Democrats. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Vice presidents of the United States v t e John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) John Adams ( 1789–1797 ) Thomas Jefferson ( 1797–1801 ) Aaron Burr ( 1801–1805 ) George Clinton ( 1805–1812 ) Elbridge Gerry (1813–1814) Daniel D. Tompkins (1817–1825) John C. Calhoun (1825–1832) Martin Van Buren (1833–1837) Richard Mentor Johnson (1837–1841) John Tyler (1841) George M. Dallas (1845–1849) Millard Fillmore (1849–1850) William R. King (1853) John C. Breckinridge (1857–1861) Hannibal Hamlin (1861–1865) Andrew Johnson (1865) Schuyler Colfax (1869–1873) Henry Wilson (1873–1875) William A. Wheeler (1877–1881) Chester A. Arthur (1881) Thomas A. Hendricks (1885) Levi P. Morton (1889–1893) Adlai Stevenson I (1893–1897) Garret Hobart (1897–1899) Theodore Roosevelt (1901) Charles W. Fairbanks (1905–1909) James S. Sherman (1909–1912) Thomas R. Marshall (1913–1921) Calvin Coolidge (1921–1923) Charles G. Dawes (1925–1929) Charles Curtis (1929–1933) John Nance Garner (1933–1941) Henry A. Wallace (1941–1945) Harry S. Truman (1945) Alben W. Barkley (1949–1953) Richard Nixon (1953–1961) Lyndon B. Johnson (1961–1963) Hubert Humphrey (1965–1969) Spiro Agnew (1969–1973) Gerald Ford (1973–1974) Nelson Rockefeller (1974–1977) Walter Mondale (1977–1981) George H. W. Bush (1981–1989) Dan Quayle ( 1989–1993 ) Al Gore ( 1993–2001 ) Dick Cheney ( 2001–2009 ) Joe Biden ( 2009–2017 ) Mike Pence ( 2017–2021 ) Kamala Harris ( 2021–2025 ) JD Vance ( 2025–present ) Category List Category List v t e United States senators from Kentucky v t e Class 2 Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Brown Thruston Clay Bibb Walker Barry Hardin Crittenden Johnson Bibb Crittenden Morehead J. Underwood Thompson Powell Guthrie McCreery Stevenson Beck Carlisle Lindsay Blackburn Paynter James Martin Stanley Sackett Robsion Williamson M. Logan Chandler Stanfill Cooper Chapman T. Underwood Cooper Barkley Humphreys Cooper Huddleston McConnell Class 3 Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul Edwards Marshall J. Breckinridge Adair Clay Pope Bledsoe Talbot W. Logan Talbot Rowan Clay Crittenden Metcalfe Clay Meriwether Dixon Crittenden J. C. Breckinridge Davis Machen McCreery Williams Blackburn Deboe McCreary Bradley Camden Beckham Ernst Barkley Withers Clements Morton Cook Ford Bunning Paul v t e Cabinet of President Jefferson Davis (1861–1865) v t e Vice President Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Alexander H. Stephens (1861–65) Secretary of State Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Robert Toombs (1861) Robert M. T. Hunter (1861–62) Judah P. Benjamin (1862–65) Secretary of the Treasury C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) C. G. Memminger (1861–64) G. A. Trenholm (1864–65) John H. Reagan (1865) Secretary of War Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Leroy P. Walker (1861) Judah P. Benjamin (1861–62) George W. Randolph (1862) James A. Seddon (1862–65) John C. Breckinridge (1865) Secretary of the Navy Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Stephen R. Mallory (1861–65) Postmaster-General John H. Reagan (1861–65) John H. Reagan (1861–65) Attorney-General Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) Judah P. Benjamin (1861) Thomas Bragg (1861–62) Thomas H. Watts (1862–63) George Davis (1864–65) v t e ( ← 1852 ) 1856 United States presidential election ( 1860 → ) v t e Democratic Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Nominees President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge President: James Buchanan Vice President: John C. Breckinridge Other candidates Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Lewis Cass Stephen A. Douglas Franklin Pierce (incumbent) Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nominees President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton President: John C. Frémont Vice President: William L. Dayton Other candidates Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton Nathaniel P. Banks Abraham Lincoln John McLean Robert F. Stockton American Party Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law Nominees President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson President: Millard Fillmore Vice President: Andrew J. Donelson Other candidates George Law George Law Other 1856 elections : House Senate Other 1856 elections : House Senate v t e ( ← 1856 ) 1860 United States presidential election ( 1864 → ) v t e Republican Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Nominees President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin President: Abraham Lincoln Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin Other candidates Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Edward Bates Simon Cameron Salmon P. Chase William L. Dayton John McLean William H. Seward Benjamin Wade Democratic Party (Southern) ( Convention ) Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Nominees President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane President: John C. Breckinridge (incumbent VP) Vice President: Joseph Lane Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson Daniel S. Dickinson Constitutional Union Party ( Convention ) Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Nominees President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett President: John Bell Vice President: Edward Everett Other candidates John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives John J. Crittenden William A. Graham Sam Houston William C. Rives Democratic Party (Northern) ( Conventions ) Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Nominees President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson President: Stephen A. Douglas Vice President: Herschel V. Johnson Other candidates Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Daniel S. Dickinson James Guthrie Robert M. T. Hunter Andrew Johnson Other 1860 elections : House Senate Other 1860 elections : House Senate v t e Confederate States of America v t e Political leaders Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Judah P. Benjamin John C. Breckinridge Confederate States Congress Diplomats Executive Cabinet members Jefferson Davis Governors James M. Mason Leonidas Polk John Slidell Alexander H. Stephens Henry A. Wise William Lowndes Yancey Other individuals John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith John C. Calhoun Jubal Early Moses Jacob Ezekiel Stonewall Jackson Robert E. Lee Colin J. McRae Edmund Kirby Smith Member states (in order of secession) South Carolina Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Georgia Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina South Carolina Declaration Declaration Mississippi Ordinance Ordinance Florida Alabama Convention Convention Georgia Ordinance Ordinance Louisiana Texas Virginia Convention Convention Arkansas Tennessee North Carolina Places American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia American Civil War museums Atlanta Charleston Columbia Confederate cemeteries Confederate Memorial (Arlington National Cemetery) Confederate Memorial Hall Sherman's March to the Sea (Georgia) Lexington, Kentucky Richmond South Carolina Confederate Relic Room & Military Museum Washington, D.C. White House of the Confederacy Winchester, Virginia Related Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles Abolitionism in the United States American Civil War Museums Museums Bleeding Kansas Confederate Army Confederate expatriates Confederate flags Cornerstone speech Fire-Eaters Historiographic issues about the American Civil War John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Lincoln–Douglas debates List of Confederate monuments and memorials Removals Removals Lost Cause of the Confederacy Museum of the Confederacy Nashville Convention Nullification Crisis Origins of the American Civil War Reconstruction Amendments Reconstruction era Secession in the United States Slavery in the United States Sons of Confederate Veterans Trent affair United Daughters of the Confederacy Blue Ridge Rifles v t e American Civil War v t e Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Origins Origins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas–Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights Proclamation 80 Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. Sella Martin Lysander Spooner George Luther Stearns Thaddeus Stevens Charles Sumner Caning Caning Harriet Tubman Underground Railroad Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Theaters Campaigns Battles States Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Combatants Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Union Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Army Navy Marine Corps Revenue Cutter Service Confederacy Army Navy Marine Corps Army Navy Marine Corps Theaters Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Eastern Western Lower Seaboard Trans-Mississippi Pacific Coast Union naval blockade Major campaigns Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Anaconda Plan Blockade runners New Mexico Jackson's Valley Peninsula Northern Virginia Maryland Stones River Vicksburg Tullahoma Gettysburg Morgan's Raid Bristoe Knoxville Red River Overland Atlanta Valley 1864 Bermuda Hundred Richmond-Petersburg Franklin–Nashville Price's Missouri Expedition Sherman's March Carolinas Mobile Appomattox Major battles Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Fort Sumter 1st Bull Run Wilson's Creek Fort Donelson Pea Ridge Hampton Roads Shiloh New Orleans Corinth Seven Pines Seven Days 2nd Bull Run Antietam Perryville Fredericksburg Stones River Chancellorsville Gettysburg Vicksburg Chickamauga Chattanooga Wilderness Fort Pillow Spotsylvania Cold Harbor Atlanta Crater Mobile Bay Franklin Nashville Five Forks Involvement States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester States and territories Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Alabama Arkansas Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Territory District of Columbia Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indian Territory Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Cities Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga New Orleans Richmond Washington, D.C. Winchester Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Leaders Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Confederate Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Military R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler R. H. Anderson Beauregard Bragg Buchanan Cooper Early Ewell Forrest Gorgas Hill Hood Jackson A. S. Johnston J. E. Johnston Lee Longstreet Morgan Mosby Polk Price Semmes E. K. Smith Stuart Taylor Wheeler Civilian Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Benjamin Bocock Breckinridge Davis Hunter Mallory Memminger Seddon Stephens Union Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Military Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Anderson Buell Burnside Butler Du Pont Farragut Foote Frémont Grant Halleck Hooker Hunt McClellan McDowell Meade Meigs Ord Pope D. D. Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Aftermath Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Constitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post- Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. Lee Day Confederate Memorial Hall Disenfranchisement Black Codes Jim Crow Black Codes Jim Crow Historiographic issues Lost Cause mythology Modern display of the Confederate flag Red Shirts Sons of Confederate Veterans Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War Daughters of Union Veterans of the Civil War National Society Daughters of the Union 1861-1865 Southern Historical Society United Confederate Veterans United Daughters of the Confederacy Children of the Confederacy Wilmington insurrection of 1898 Monuments and memorials Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Union List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln List Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Grand Army of the Republic memorials to Lincoln Confederate List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal List artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee artworks in Capitol memorials to Davis memorials to Lee Removal Cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Ladies' Memorial Associations U.S. national cemeteries Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans 1913 Gettysburg reunion 1938 Gettysburg reunion Confederate Memorial Hall Confederate Veteran Grand Army of the Republic Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. Old soldiers' homes Southern Cross of Honor United Confederate Veterans Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Related topics Related topics Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Military Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Arms Armies Campaign Medal Cavalry Confederate Home Guard Confederate railroads Confederate revolving cannon Field artillery Infantry Medal of Honor recipients Medicine Naval battles Official Records Partisan rangers POW camps Rations Signal Corps Turning point Union corps badges U.S. Balloon Corps U.S. Home Guard U.S. Military Railroad Political Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Committee on the Conduct of the War Confederate States presidential election of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1861 Confiscation Act of 1862 Copperheads Diplomacy Emancipation Proclamation Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 Hampton Roads Conference National Union Party Politicians killed Radical Republicans Trent Affair Union Leagues U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 War Democrats Music Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama Battle Hymn of the Republic Dixie John Brown's Body A Lincoln Portrait Marching Through Georgia Maryland, My Maryland Names from the War When Johnny Comes Marching Home Daar kom die Alibama By ethnicity African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole African Americans German Americans Irish Americans Italian Americans Native Americans Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Catawba Cherokee Choctaw Seminole Other topics Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Baltimore riot of 1861 Battlefield preservation Bibliography Confederate war finance Confederate States dollar Confederate States dollar Espionage Confederate Secret Service Confederate Secret Service Great Hanging at Gainesville Great Revival of 1863 Gender issues Juneteenth Naming the war New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 New York City riots of 1863 Photographers Richmond riots of 1863 Salt Supreme Court cases Tokens U.S. Sanitary Commission Women soldiers Related List of films and television shows about the American Civil War List of films and television shows about the American Civil War Category Portal Category Portal v t e Democratic Party v t e History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System History Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System Second Party System Third Party System Fourth Party System Fifth Party System Sixth Party System National conventions , presidential tickets , and presidential primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries 1828 (None) : Jackson / Calhoun 1832 (Baltimore) : Jackson / Van Buren 1835 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / R. Johnson 1840 (Baltimore) : Van Buren / None 1844 (Baltimore) : Polk / Dallas 1848 (Baltimore) : Cass / Butler 1852 (Baltimore) : Pierce / King 1856 (Cincinnati) : Buchanan / Breckinridge 1860 (Charleston/Baltimore) : Douglas / H. Johnson ( Breckinridge / Lane , SD ) 1864 (Chicago) : McClellan / Pendleton 1868 (New York) : Seymour / Blair 1872 (Baltimore) : Greeley / Brown 1876 (St. Louis) : Tilden / Hendricks 1880 (Cincinnati) : Hancock / English 1884 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Hendricks 1888 (St. Louis) : Cleveland / Thurman 1892 (Chicago) : Cleveland / Stevenson I 1896 (Chicago) : W. Bryan / Sewall 1900 (Kansas City) : W. Bryan / Stevenson I 1904 (St. Louis) : Parker / H. Davis 1908 (Denver) : W. Bryan / Kern 1912 (Baltimore) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1916 (St. Louis) : Wilson / Marshall primaries primaries 1920 (San Francisco) : Cox / Roosevelt primaries primaries 1924 (New York) : J. Davis / C. Bryan primaries primaries 1928 (Houston) : Smith / Robinson primaries primaries 1932 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1936 (Philadelphia) : Roosevelt / Garner primaries primaries 1940 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Wallace primaries primaries 1944 (Chicago) : Roosevelt / Truman primaries primaries 1948 (Philadelphia) : Truman / Barkley primaries primaries 1952 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Sparkman primaries primaries 1956 (Chicago) : Stevenson II / Kefauver primaries primaries 1960 (Los Angeles) : Kennedy / L. Johnson primaries primaries 1964 (Atlantic City) : L. Johnson / Humphrey primaries primaries 1968 (Chicago) : Humphrey / Muskie primaries primaries 1972 (Miami Beach) : McGovern /( Eagleton , Shriver ) primaries primaries 1976 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1980 (New York) : Carter / Mondale primaries primaries 1984 (San Francisco) : Mondale / Ferraro primaries primaries 1988 (Atlanta) : Dukakis / Bentsen primaries primaries 1992 (New York) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 1996 (Chicago) : B. Clinton / Gore primaries primaries 2000 (Los Angeles) : Gore / Lieberman primaries primaries 2004 (Boston) : Kerry / Edwards primaries primaries 2008 (Denver) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2012 (Charlotte) : Obama / Biden primaries primaries 2016 (Philadelphia) : H. Clinton / Kaine primaries primaries 2020 (Milwaukee/other locations) : Biden / Harris primaries primaries 2024 (Chicago) : Harris / Walz primaries primaries Presidential administrations Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) Jackson (1829–1837) Van Buren (1837–1841) Polk (1845–1849) Pierce (1853–1857) Buchanan (1857–1861) A. Johnson (1868–1869) Cleveland ( 1885–1889 ; 1893–1897 ) Wilson (1913–1921) Roosevelt ( 1933–1941 ; 1941–1945 ) Truman (1945–1953) Kennedy (1961–1963) L. B. Johnson (1963–1969) Carter (1977–1981) Clinton (1993–2001) Obama (2009–2017) Biden (2021–2025) U.S. House leaders , Speakers , and Caucus chairs A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) A. Stevenson (1827–1834) Bell (1834–1835) Polk (1835–1839) J. W. Jones (1843–1845) Davis (1845–1847) Cobb (1849–1851) Boyd (1851–1855) G. W. Jones (1855–1857) Orr (1857–1859) Houston (1859–1861) Niblack / Randall (1869–1871) Niblack (1873–1875) Kerr (1875–1876) Randall (1876–1881) Carlisle (1883–1889) Holman (1889–1891) Crisp (1891–1895) D. B. Culberson (1895–1897) Richardson (1897–1903) Williams (1903–1909) Clark (1909–1921) Kitchin (1921–1923) Garrett (1923–1929) Garner (1929–1933) Rainey (1933–1934) Byrns (1935–1936) Bankhead (1936–1940) Rayburn (1940–1961) McCormack (1962–1971) Albert (1971–1977) O'Neill (1977–1987) Wright (1987–1989) Foley (1989–1995) Gephardt (1995–2003) Pelosi (2003–2023) Jeffries (2023–present) U.S. Senate leaders and Caucus chairs J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) J. W. Stevenson (1873–1877) Wallace (1877–1881) Pendleton (1881–1885) Beck (1885–1890) Gorman (1890–1898) Turpie (1898–1899) J. K. Jones (1899–1903) Gorman (1903–1906) Blackburn (1906–1907) C. A. Culberson (1907–1909) Money (1909–1911) Martin (1911–1913) Kern (1913–1917) Martin (1917–1919) Hitchcock (1919–1920) Underwood (1920–1923) Robinson (1923–1937) Barkley (1937–1949) Lucas (1949–1951) McFarland (1951–1953) Johnson (1953–1961) Mansfield (1961–1977) Byrd (1977–1989) Mitchell (1989–1995) Daschle (1995–2005) Reid (2005–2017) Schumer (2017–present) Chairs of the DNC Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings G. White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis J. White Manatt Kirk Brown Wilhelm DeLee Dodd / Fowler Romer / Grossman Rendell / Andrew McAuliffe Dean Kaine Wasserman Schultz Perez Harrison Martin Hallett McLane Smalley Belmont Schell Hewitt Barnum Brice Harrity Jones Taggart Mack McCombs McCormick Cummings G. White Hull Shaver Raskob Farley Flynn Walker Hannegan McGrath Boyle McKinney Mitchell Butler Jackson Bailey O'Brien Harris O'Brien Westwood Strauss Curtis J. 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Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee National Democratic Redistricting Committee National Democratic Training Committee Related Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 Primaries Presidential candidates Debates Superdelegate Chairmanship elections 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 2005 2009 2013 2017 2021 2025 House caucus leadership elections 2006 2018 2006 2018 Weekly Democratic Address Midterm Conferences 1974 1978 1982 1974 1978 1982 v t e The Breckinridge family v t e First generation James Breckinridge John Breckinridge James Breckinridge John Breckinridge Second generation Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Cabell Breckinridge James Douglas Breckinridge Robert Jefferson Breckinridge William Lewis Breckinridge Third generation John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge John Cabell Breckinridge Joseph Cabell Breckinridge Sr. Robert Jefferson Breckinridge Jr. William Campbell Preston Breckinridge John Breckinridge Grayson Peter A. Porter Charles Henry Breckinridge John Robert Breckinridge Fourth generation Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Clifton Rodes Breckinridge John Witherspoon Breckinridge Desha Breckinridge Henry Skillman Breckinridge Madeline McDowell Breckinridge Scott Dudley Breckinridge Sophonisba Preston Breckinridge Peter A. Porter B. B. Warfield Ethelbert Dudley Warfield L. Irving Handy Fifth generation James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long James Carson Breckinridge John Bayne Breckinridge Mary Breckinridge Samuel Miller Breckinridge Long Sixth generation John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson John Cabell "Bunny" Breckinridge Marvin Breckinridge Patterson v t e Kentucky 's delegation(s) to the 32nd–37th United States Congress (ordered by seniority) v t e 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) 32nd Senate : ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) ▌ J. R. Underwood (W) ▌ H. Clay (W) ▌ D. Meriwether (D) ▌ A. Dixon (W) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ H. Marshall (W) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. Stone (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Ward (W) ▌ A. White (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) 33rd Senate : ▌ A. Dixon (W) · ▌ J. Thompson (KN) House : ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) ▌ L. Boyd (D) ▌ R. Stanton (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ P. Ewing (W) ▌ B. Grey (W) ▌ W. Preston (W) ▌ J. Chrisman (D) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ C. Hill (W) ▌ F. Bristow (W) 34th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (W) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ L. Cox (W) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Campbell (KN) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. K. Marshall (KN) ▌ S. Swope (KN) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) 35th Senate : ▌ J. Thompson (KN) · ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) House : ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ H. Marshall (KN) ▌ J. Elliot (D) ▌ J. Mason (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ J. Jewett (D) ▌ A. Talbott (D) ▌ W. Underwood (KN) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Clay (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) 36th Senate : ▌ J. Crittenden (KN) · ▌ L. Powell (D) House : ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ S. Peyton (D) ▌ J. Stevenson (D) ▌ G. Adams (O) ▌ F. Bristow (O) ▌ W. Anderson (O) ▌ J. Y. Brown (D) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ L. Moore (O) ▌ W. Simms (D) 37th Senate : ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) ▌ L. Powell (D) ▌ J. C. Breckinridge (D) ▌ G. Davis (U) House : ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) ▌ C. Wickliffe (U) ▌ H. Burnett (D) ▌ H. Grider (U) ▌ R. Mallory (O) ▌ J. Crittenden (U) ▌ G. Dunlap (U) ▌ A. Harding (U) ▌ J. Jackson (U) ▌ J. Menzies (U) ▌ W. Wadsworth (U) ▌ S. Casey (U) ▌ G. Yeaman (U) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat ISNI VIAF GND FAST WorldCat National United States United States People US Congress US Congress Other Open Library NARA SNAC 2 Yale LUX Open Library NARA SNAC 2 2 Yale LUX John C. Breckinridge 1821 births 1875 deaths 19th-century vice presidents of the United States 1856 United States vice-presidential candidates Candidates in the 1860 United States presidential election Politicians from Lexington, Kentucky Breckinridge family American people of English descent American people of Scottish descent American Presbyterians Burials at Lexington Cemetery Vice presidents of the United States Vice presidents of the United States who owned slaves Democratic Party vice presidents of the United States Presidency of James Buchanan Democratic Party United States representatives from Kentucky Democratic Party United States senators from Kentucky Expelled United States senators Executive members of the Cabinet of the Confederate States of America Democratic Party (United States) vice presidential nominees Democratic Party (United States) presidential nominees Members of the Kentucky House of Representatives Lexington in the American Civil War Orphan Brigade Politicians from Danville, Kentucky Kentucky Democrats Kentucky lawyers Slave owners from Kentucky Iowa lawyers American lawyers admitted to the practice of law by reading law Centre College alumni Transylvania University alumni Confederate States Army major generals People of Kentucky in the American Civil War Confederate expatriates Deaths from cirrhosis American expatriates in Canada Alcohol-related deaths in Kentucky United States senators who owned slaves United States representatives who owned slaves 19th-century United States senators 19th-century members of the Kentucky General Assembly 19th-century United States representatives Southern Historical Society members Webarchive template wayback links Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Featured articles Use mdy dates from January 2023 Use American English from May 2022 All Wikipedia articles written in American English CS1 errors: ISBN date Commons category link is on Wikidata This page was last edited on 4 January 2026, at 18:05 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Definition 2 Evolution and adaptive value of growth form 3 Use in gardens and parks 4 Botanical structure 5 List 6 References Shrub Afrikaans አማርኛ العربية Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Ирон IsiZulu Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Ladin Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Нохчийн Nordfriisk Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Олык марий Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Удмурт Українська Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt Walon West-Vlams Winaray 吴语 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item A shrub or bush is a small to medium-sized perennial woody plant . Unlike herbaceous plants , shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from trees by their multiple stems and shorter height , less than 6–10 m (20–33 ft) tall. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Small shrubs, less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall are sometimes termed as subshrubs . Some [ who? ] define a shrub as less than 6 m (20 ft) and a tree as over 6 m tall. Others [ who? ] use 10 m (33 ft) as the cutoff point for classification. [ 2 ] Many trees do not reach this mature height because of hostile, less than ideal growing conditions, and resemble shrub-sized plants. Others in such species have the potential to grow taller in ideal conditions. Some only last about five years in good conditions. Others, usually larger and more woody, live beyond 70 years. On average, they die after eight years. [ 3 ] Shrubland is the natural landscape dominated by various shrubs; there are many distinct types around the world, including fynbos , maquis , shrub-steppe , shrub swamp and moorland . In gardens and parks, an area largely dedicated to shrubs (now somewhat less fashionable than a century ago) is called a shrubbery , shrub border or shrub garden. There are many garden cultivars of shrubs, bred for flowering, for example rhododendrons , and sometimes even leaf colour or shape. Apart from the several berry -bearing shrub species (using the culinary rather than botanical definition), few are eaten directly, and they are generally too small for much timber use unlike trees. Those that are used include several perfumed species such as lavender and rose , and a wide range of plants with medicinal uses. Tea and coffee are on the tree-shrub boundary; [ 4 ] they are normally harvested from shrub-sized plants, but these would be large enough to become small trees if left to grow instead. Definition Shrubs are perennial woody plants, and therefore have persistent woody stems above ground (compare with succulent stems of herbaceous plants ). Usually, shrubs are distinguished from trees by their height and multiple stems. Some shrubs are deciduous (e.g. hawthorn ) and others evergreen (e.g. holly ). [ 2 ] Ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus divided the plant world into trees, shrubs and herbs. [ 5 ] Small, low shrubs, generally less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, such as lavender , periwinkle and most small garden varieties of rose , are often termed as subshrubs . [ 6 ] [ 7 ] Most definitions characterize shrubs as possessing multiple stems with no main trunk below. This is because the stems have branched below ground level. There are exceptions to this, with some shrubs having main trunks, but these tend to be very short and divide into multiple stems close to ground level without a reasonable length beforehand. Many trees can grow in multiple stemmed forms also while being tall enough to be trees, such as oak or ash . [ 2 ] Evolution and adaptive value of growth form Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have paid little attention to why there are two major growth forms of woody plants; shrubs and trees, both occurring on large land area, and often together. While the time when the first shrubs appeared on the Earth is difficult to establish, hypotheses explaining the adaptive value of having multiple stems, compared to a single one in trees, exist. One model is based on the advantages of having many stems, with larger total stem area for photosynthesis (on, and under bark), larger area of cambium and phloem, and larger area for sprouting from stems, compared to a (small) tree with same initial woody volume. [ 8 ] This model could successfully predict faster shrub growh than tree growth at early stages. Other advantages for shrubs (compared to trees) include for instance extra stems in case one die, and faster seed production. It is not surprising that at least angiosperm trees, if cut or broken, revert to shrub growth form for fast growth (due to their capacity of sprouting at the base, and thus becoming shrub-like for some time). Many shrubs, such as Salix species, have good dispersal ability (seeds disperse by air) and many shrubs are also able to grow in more extreme habitats, such as alpine areas, where trees are less common. The last decades have seen 'shrubification' in the arctic, with marked increase of shrublands. One reason is increased temperature, with consequences for plant community structure and carbon balance. [ 9 ] Use in gardens and parks An area of cultivated shrubs in a park or a garden is known as a shrubbery . [ 10 ] When clipped as topiary , suitable species or varieties of shrubs develop dense foliage and many small leafy branches growing close together. [ 11 ] Many shrubs respond well to renewal pruning , in which hard cutting back to a " stool ", removes everything but vital parts of the plant, resulting in long new stems known as "canes". [ 12 ] Other shrubs respond better to selective pruning to dead or unhealthy, or otherwise unattractive parts to reveal their structure and character. [ 13 ] Shrubs in common garden practice are generally considered broad-leaved plants , though some smaller conifers such as mountain pine and common juniper are also shrubby in structure. Species that grow into a shrubby habit may be either deciduous or evergreen . [ 14 ] Botanical structure In botany and ecology , a shrub is more specifically used to describe the particular physical canopy structure or plant life-form of woody plants which are less than 8 metres (26 ft) high and usually multiple stems arising at or near the surface of the ground. For example, a descriptive system widely adopted in Australia is based on structural characteristics based on life-form, plus the height and amount of foliage cover of the tallest layer or dominant species . [ 15 ] For shrubs that are 2–8 metres (6.6–26.2 ft) high, the following structural forms are categorized: dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed-shrubs mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-shrubs sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — tall shrubland very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — tall open shrubland For shrubs less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) high, the following structural forms are categorized: dense foliage cover (70–100%) — closed- heath or closed low shrubland —( North America ) mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — open-heath or mid-dense low shrubland —( North America ) sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — low shrubland very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — low open shrubland List Those marked with * can also develop into tree form if in ideal conditions. Abelia (Abelia) Acer (Maple) * Actinidia (Actinidia) Aloe (Aloe) Aralia (Angelica Tree, Hercules' Club ) * Arctostaphylos ( Bearberry , Manzanita ) * Aronia (Chokeberry) Artemisia ( Sagebrush ) Aucuba (Aucuba) Berberis (Barberry) Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea) Brugmansia (Angel's trumpet) Buddleja (Butterfly bush) Buxus (Box) * Calia (Mescalbean) Callicarpa (Beautyberry) * Callistemon (Bottlebrush) * Calluna (Heather) Calycanthus (Sweetshrub) Camellia (Camellia, Tea ) * Caragana ( Pea-tree ) * Carpenteria (Carpenteria) Caryopteris ( Blue Spiraea ) Cassiope ( Moss-heather ) Ceanothus (Ceanothus) * Celastrus (Staff vine) * Ceratostigma ( Hardy Plumbago ) Cercocarpus (Mountain-mahogany) * Chaenomeles (Japanese Quince) Chamaebatiaria (Fernbush) Chamaedaphne (Leatherleaf) Chimonanthus (Wintersweet) Chionanthus (Fringe-tree) * Choisya (Mexican-orange Blossom) * Cistus (Rockrose) Clerodendrum (Clerodendrum) Clethra (Summersweet, Pepperbush) * Clianthus ( Glory Pea ) Colletia (Colletia) Colutea (Bladder Senna) Comptonia (Sweetfern) Cornus (Dogwood) * Corylopsis (Winter-hazel) * Cotinus (Smoketree) * Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster) * Cowania ( Cliffrose ) Crataegus (Hawthorn) * Crinodendron (Crinodendron) * Cytisus and allied genera ( Broom ) * Daboecia ( Heath ) Danae (Alexandrian laurel) Daphne (Daphne) Decaisnea (Decaisnea) Dasiphora (Shrubby Cinquefoil) Dendromecon (Tree poppy) Desfontainea (Desfontainea) Deutzia (Deutzia) Diervilla (Bush honeysuckle) Dipelta (Dipelta) Dirca (Leatherwood) Dracaena (Dragon tree) * Drimys ( Winter's Bark ) * Dryas (Mountain Avens) Edgeworthia (Paper Bush) * Elaeagnus ( Elaeagnus ) * Embothrium ( Chilean Firebush ) * Empetrum ( Crowberry ) Enkianthus ( Pagoda Bush ) Ephedra (Ephedra) Epigaea ( Trailing Arbutus ) Erica ( Heath ) Eriobotrya (Loquat) * Escallonia (Escallonia) Eucryphia (Eucryphia) * Euonymus (Spindle) * Exochorda (Pearl Bush) Fabiana (Fabiana) Fallugia (Apache Plume) Fatsia (Fatsia) Forsythia (Forsythia) Fothergilla (Fothergilla) Franklinia (Franklinia) * Fremontodendron (Flannelbush) Fuchsia (Fuchsia) * Garrya (Silk-tassel) * Gaultheria ( Salal ) Gaylussacia ( Huckleberry ) Genista ( Broom ) * Gordonia ( Loblolly-bay ) * Grevillea (Grevillea) Griselinia (Griselinia) * Hakea (Hakea) * Halesia ( Silverbell ) * Halimium (Rockrose) Hamamelis (Witch-hazel) * Hebe (Hebe) Hedera (Ivy) Helianthemum (Rockrose) Hibiscus (Hibiscus) * Hippophae (Sea-buckthorn) * Hoheria (Lacebark) * Holodiscus ( Creambush ) Hudsonia (Hudsonia) Hydrangea (Hydrangea) Hypericum ( Rose of Sharon ) Hyssopus (Hyssop) Ilex ( Holly ) * Illicium ( Star Anise ) * Indigofera (Indigo) Itea ( Sweetspire ) Jamesia (Cliffbush) Jasminum (Jasmine) Juniperus (Juniper) * Kalmia (Mountain-laurel) Kerria (Kerria) Kolkwitzia ( Beauty-bush ) Lagerstroemia (Crape-myrtle) * Lapageria (Copihue) Lantana (Lantana) Lavandula (Lavender) Lavatera (Tree Mallow) Ledum (Ledum) Leitneria (Corkwood) * Lespedeza (Bush Clover) * Leptospermum (Manuka) * Leucothoe (Doghobble) Leycesteria (Leycesteria) Ligustrum (Privet) * Lindera (Spicebush) * Linnaea (Twinflower) Lonicera (Honeysuckle) Lupinus (Tree Lupin) Lycium (Boxthorn) Magnolia (Magnolia) Mahonia (Mahonia) Malpighia ( Acerola ) Menispermum (Moonseed) Menziesia (Menziesia) Mespilus ( Medlar ) * Microcachrys (Microcachrys) Myrica (Bayberry) * Myricaria (Myricaria) Myrtus and allied genera (Myrtle) * Neillia (Neillia) Nerium (Oleander) Olearia (Daisy bush) * Osmanthus (Osmanthus) Pachysandra (Pachysandra) Paeonia (Tree-peony) Persoonia (Geebungs) Philadelphus (Mock orange) * Phlomis ( Jerusalem Sage ) Photinia (Photinia) * Physocarpus (Ninebark) * Pieris (Pieris) Pistacia ( Pistachio , Mastic ) * Pittosporum (Pittosporum) * Plumbago (Leadwort) Polygala (Milkwort) Poncirus * Prunus (Cherry) * Purshia ( Antelope Bush ) Pyracantha (Firethorn) Quassia (Quassia) * Quercus (Oak) * Quillaja ( Quillay ) Quintinia ( Tawheowheo ) * Rhamnus (Buckthorn) * Rhododendron (Rhododendron, Azalea ) * Rhus (Sumac) * Ribes (Currant, Gooseberry) Romneya (Tree poppy) Rosa (Rose) Rosmarinus ( Rosemary ) Rubus ( Bramble , Raspberry , Salmonberry , Wineberry ) Ruta ( Rue ) Sabia * Salix ( Willow ) * Salvia (Sage) Sambucus (Elder) * Santolina ( Lavender Cotton ) Sapindus (Soapberry) * Senecio (Senecio) Simmondsia (Jojoba) Skimmia (Skimmia) Smilax (Smilax) Sophora ( Kōwhai ) * Sorbaria (Sorbaria) Spartium (Spanish Broom) Spiraea (Spiraea) * Staphylea (Bladdernut) * Stephanandra (Stephanandra) Styrax * Symphoricarpos (Snowberry) Syringa ( Lilac ) * Tamarix (Tamarix) * Taxus (Yew) * Telopea (Waratah) * Thuja cvs. (Arborvitae) * Thymelaea Thymus (Thyme) Trochodendron * Ulex (Gorse) Ulmus pumila celer ( Turkestan elm – Wonder Hedge ) Ungnadia (Mexican Buckeye) Vaccinium ( Bilberry , Blueberry , Cranberry ) Verbesina centroboyacana Verbena (Vervain) Viburnum (Viburnum) * Vinca (Periwinkle) Viscum ( Mistletoe ) Weigela (Weigela) Xanthoceras Xanthorhiza (Yellowroot) Xylosma Yucca (Yucca, Joshua tree ) * Zanthoxylum * Zauschneria Zenobia Ziziphus * References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Lawrence, Anna; Hawthorne, William (2006). Plant Identification: Creating User-friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management . Routledge. pp. 138–. ISBN 978-1-84407-079-4 . ^ a b c d Allaby, Michael (2019). A dictionary of plant sciences . Oxford Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198833338 . OCLC 1097073225 . ^ "Life Spans of Small Trees and Shrubs" . McCabe's Landscape Construction . 2014-02-27 . Retrieved 2022-04-29 . ^ Clayton, Liz (20 October 2021). "Is The Coffee Plant A Tree, Bush, Or Shrub?" . sprudge.com . Retrieved 2022-04-29 . ^ Bremness, Lesley (1994). The complete book of herbs . Viking Studio Books. p. 8. ISBN 9780140238020 . ^ Fischer, Peggy (1990). Essential shrubs: the 100 best for design and cultivation . Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. pp. 9–. ISBN 978-1-56799-319-6 . ... Examples of subshrubs include candytuft, lavender, and rosemary. These broad definitions are ... ^ "What is a Subshrub?" . World of Flowering Plants . 2017-05-15 . Retrieved 2022-04-29 . ^ Götmark, F., Götmark, E. & Jensen, A.M. (2016). "Why Be a Shrub? A Basic Model and Hypotheses for the Adaptive Values of a Common Growth Form" . Frontiers in Plant Science . 7:1095: 1095. Bibcode : 2016FrPS....7.1095G . doi : 10.3389/fpls.2016.01095 . PMC 4961008 . PMID 27507981 . {{ cite journal }} : CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ Mekkonen, Z.A. at al. (2021). "Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance" . Environmental Research Letters . 16 053001 (5). Bibcode : 2021ERL....16e3001M . doi : 10.1088/1748-9326/abf28b . ^ Whitefield, Patrick (2002). How to Make a Forest Garden . Permanent Publications. pp. 113–. ISBN 978-1-85623-008-7 . ^ Varkulevicius, Jane (17 May 2010). Pruning for Flowers and Fruit . Csiro Publishing. ISBN 9780643101975 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 – via Google Books. ^ "Rejuvenation or Renewal Pruning to Restore Overgrown Shrubs" . Organic Plant Care LLC | Organic Lawn & Plant Health Service in Hunterdon, Morris, Somerset & Union Counties, NJ and Bucks County, PA . 2019-02-21 . Retrieved 2022-04-29 . ^ Turpin, Jason (2018-08-29). "What is Selective Tree and Shrub Pruning-How to Prune Correctly!" . Turpin Landscape Design/Build . Retrieved 2022-04-29 . ^ Elliott, Franklin Reuben (1 November 2008). Popular Deciduous and Evergreen Trees and Shrubs . Applewood Books. ISBN 9781429012904 . Retrieved 19 December 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Chris Paul (2024). The Best Evergreen Shrubs for Front Yards . Shrubs Radar, a website all about shrubs. .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Botany v t e History Outline History Outline Subdisciplines Archaeobotany Astrobotany Bryology Dendrology Ethnobotany Paleobotany Phycology Phytochemistry Phytogeography Geobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant intelligence Plant pathology Plant physiology Archaeobotany Astrobotany Bryology Dendrology Ethnobotany Paleobotany Phycology Phytochemistry Phytogeography Geobotany Geobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant intelligence Plant pathology Plant physiology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Fern Lycophyte Spermatophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Fern Lycophyte Spermatophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant anatomy Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant morphology ( glossary ) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Cork Ground tissue Mesophyll Meristem Storage organs Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Wood Vegetative Bulb Root Rhizoid Rhizome Shoot Bud Leaf Cataphyll Petiole Sessility Stem Reproductive (incl. 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Flower) Archegonium Antheridium Androecium Pollen Stamen Anther Filament Staminode Tapetum Flower Aestivation Flower development Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Whorl Fruit Anatomy Berry Capsule Nut Pyrena Seed Dispersal Endosperm Gametophyte Gynandrium Gynoecium Carpel Ovary Locule Ovule Stigma Style Hypanthium (Floral cup) Inflorescence Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Plant embryo Receptacle Sporophyll Sporophyte Archegonium Antheridium Androecium Pollen Stamen Anther Filament Staminode Tapetum Pollen Stamen Anther Filament Anther Filament Staminode Tapetum Flower Aestivation Flower development Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Whorl Aestivation Flower development Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Whorl Fruit Anatomy Berry Capsule Nut Pyrena Seed Dispersal Endosperm Anatomy Berry Capsule Nut Pyrena Seed Dispersal Endosperm Dispersal Endosperm Gametophyte Gynandrium Gynoecium Carpel Ovary Locule Ovule Stigma Style Carpel Ovary Locule Ovule Stigma Style Ovary Locule Ovule Locule Ovule Stigma Style Hypanthium (Floral cup) Inflorescence Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Tepal Petal Sepal Plant embryo Receptacle Sporophyll Sporophyte Surface structures Cuticle Epicuticular wax Epidermis Nectar Stoma Thorns, spines, and prickles Trichome Cuticle Epicuticular wax Epidermis Nectar Stoma Thorns, spines, and prickles Trichome Plant physiology Materials Aleurone Apical dominance Bulk flow Cellulose Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Phytomelanin Plant hormones Respiration Gas Exchange Cellular respiration Sap Starch Sugar Transpiration Turgor pressure Aleurone Apical dominance Bulk flow Cellulose Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Chlorophyll Phytomelanin Plant hormones Respiration Gas Exchange Cellular respiration Gas Exchange Cellular respiration Sap Starch Sugar Transpiration Turgor pressure Plant growth and habit Habit Cushion plants Rosettes Shrubs Prostrate shrubs Subshrubs Succulent plants Trees Vines Lianas Herbaceous plants Secondary growth Woody plants Habit Cushion plants Rosettes Shrubs Prostrate shrubs Subshrubs Succulent plants Trees Vines Lianas Cushion plants Rosettes Shrubs Prostrate shrubs Subshrubs Prostrate shrubs Subshrubs Succulent plants Trees Vines Lianas Lianas Herbaceous plants Secondary growth Woody plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Double fertilization Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Flora Germination Pollination Artificial Pollinators Pollen tube Self Sporangium Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Spore Alternation of generations Double fertilization Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline timeline Flora Germination Pollination Artificial Pollinators Pollen tube Self Artificial Pollinators Pollen tube Self Sporangium Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Spore Microsporangia Microspore 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background 2 Electoral system 3 Candidates 4 Conduct Toggle Conduct subsection 4.1 Campaign 4.2 Challenges and criticisms 4.3 Observers 4.1 Campaign 4.2 Challenges and criticisms 4.3 Observers 5 Results Toggle Results subsection 5.1 President 5.1 President 6 References 7 External links 2025 Central African general election Bislama Català Español Français Português کوردی Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item ← 2020–21 28 December 2025 Presidential election Registered 2,398,158 [ 1 ] Turnout 52.42% 17.17pp Candidate Faustin-Archange Touadéra Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Party MCU URCA Popular vote 894,556 172,209 Percentage 76.15% 14.66% Candidate Faustin-Archange Touadéra Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Party MCU URCA Popular vote 894,556 172,209 Percentage 76.15% 14.66% President before election Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Elected President Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU President before election Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Elected President Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Faustin-Archange Touadéra MCU Politics of the Central African Republic Constitution Human rights LGBT rights Human rights LGBT rights Government President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers President Faustin-Archange Touadéra Vice President Not appointed Prime Minister Félix Moloua Council of Ministers Parliament National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji National Assembly President : Simplice Sarandji Administrative divisions Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Prefectures Sub-prefectures Elections Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Recent elections General: 2020–21 2025 General: 2020–21 2025 Political parties Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister : Sylvie Baïpo-Temon Diplomatic missions of / in the Central African Republic Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Central African Republic portal Other countries Other countries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e v t e General elections were held in the Central African Republic on 28 December 2025. Incumbent president Faustin-Archange Touadéra was eligible for re-election after presidential term limits were removed by the 2023 Central African constitutional referendum , and was seeking his third term in office. The ruling United Hearts Movement , led by Touadéra, has been accused of repressing political opposition in the Central African Republic (CAR), and attempting to use the powers of the state to prevent opposition candidates from contesting in the election. [ 2 ] Background President Faustin-Archange Touadéra was initially limited to two terms, by term limits set in the constitution; however, he put forward revisions to the constitution that would remove term limits and extend presidential terms from 5 years, to 7. In 2023, a referendum was called to ratify these changes. Danièle Darlan , head of the Constitutional Court, ruled that the proposed referendum was illegal, but she was replaced by Touadéra. [ 3 ] Opposition parties boycotted the referendum but it was approved with 95% of the vote. The Wagner Group provided security and logistical support for the conduct of referendum. [ 4 ] Opposition leaders, such as Dominique Yandocka, were imprisoned despite their immunity as members of Parliament and opposition parties were banned from holding rallies. [ 5 ] 570,000 voters were registered by MINUSCA . [ 6 ] By February 2025, 98% of the voter registration centres in the CAR were open, although 58 were still closed due to violence, and voter list revisions were done in 11 out of 20 prefectures. [ 7 ] Human Rights Watch expressed concerns about the conduct of the election. [ 2 ] Electoral system The President of the Central African Republic is elected by a two-round system for a seven-year term, renewable. The candidate who receives an absolute majority of the votes cast in the first ballot is elected. If no majority is secured, a runoff is held between the top two candidates to decide the winner. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] In July 2025, officials announced that elections for local and municipal offices, which were due to be held in August 2025 after a nearly 40-year hiatus, were to instead be held concurrently with the presidential election. [ 10 ] On 7 August, the CAR's electoral commission announced that the election would be held on 28 December 2025. [ 11 ] In the event of a runoff in the presidential race, a second round of voting will be held in February 2026, while a runoff for parliamentary seats will be held on 5 April 2026. [ 12 ] Candidates On 14 November 2025, the Constitutional Court of the CAR approved seven and rejected three candidates for president. The candidates were: [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Faustin-Archange Touadéra , a member of the United Hearts Movement and the incumbent president. [ 15 ] Anicet-Georges Dologuélé a member of the Union for Central African Renewal . [ 16 ] Henri-Marie Dondra , a member of Republican Unity (UNIR). Serge Gislan Djory, an independent candidate . Aristide Brian Ribois, an independent candidate. Eddy Simforian Kabarkuti, an independent candidate. Marcelin Yalimende, an independent candidate. Conduct Preparations for the election faced scrutiny regarding institutional readiness and security. The National Authority of Elections (ANE) worked to finalise voter lists and logistics under difficult conditions, with support from international partners and domestic observer groups. The United Nations called for reforms to strengthen the independence and capacity of electoral institutions, noting that the process is taking place amid fragile security and limited resources. [ 17 ] Campaign Campaigning began on 13 December 2025. [ 18 ] Both Georges Dologuélé and Henri-Marie Dondra accused authorities of hindering their campaign activities through travel restrictions and preventing related events, which was denied by officials of the United Hearts Movement. [ 19 ] Challenges and criticisms Observers and opposition figures raised concerns about the credibility of the upcoming elections. Reports highlight logistical delays, incomplete voter rolls, and the closure of registration centres in conflict-affected areas. [ 20 ] The 2023 constitutional referendum, which allowed President Touadéra to seek a third term, also drew criticism for being conducted in a restricted political environment. Security conditions and limited funding continue to pose challenges that could affect the transparency and inclusiveness of the December 2025 vote. [ 21 ] In October 2025, the CAR's main opposition bloc, the Republican Bloc for the Defense of the Constitution, said it will boycott the election, citing an unequal political environment. [ 22 ] Observers More than 1,700 local and international observers were accredited to monitor the election. [ 23 ] The African Union (AU) observer mission sent monitors to three of the CAR's 20 prefectures. Bernard Makuza , an AU delegation representative, said that elections were held peacefully except in Haut-Mbomou , and complied with the legal framework in force, which he said was an improvement over the 2016 and 2020 elections. [ 24 ] Results Provisional results announced on 6 January by the ANE showed that Faustin-Archange Touadéra was re-elected for a third term with 76.15% of the vote. [ 25 ] Anicet-Georges Dologuélé came second, receiving 14.66% of the vote. [ 26 ] Former prime minister Henri-Marie Dondra came third, receiving 3.19% of the vote. [ 27 ] Turnout among registered voters was 52.42%. [ 28 ] Both Dologuélé and Dondra disputed the results, citing alleged malpractice by the ANE and widespread electoral fraud. [ 29 ] Dologuélé declared himself the winner of the presidential election. [ 26 ] President Candidate Party Votes % Faustin-Archange Touadéra United Hearts Movement 894,556 76.15 Anicet-Georges Dologuélé Union for Central African Renewal 172,209 14.66 Henri-Marie Dondra Republican Unity 37,525 3.19 Marcelin Yalemende Independent 25,068 2.13 Serge Ghislain Djorie Collective for Political Change for a New Central Africa 21,989 1.87 Eddy Symphorien Kparekouti Party of Unity and Reconstruction 12,227 1.04 Aristide Briand Reboas Christian Democratic Party 11,185 0.95 Total 1,174,759 100.00 Valid votes 1,174,759 93.65 Invalid votes 40,231 3.21 Blank votes 39,386 3.14 Total votes 1,254,376 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 2,392,946 52.42 References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Naili, Latifa (25 August 2025). "Central African Republic: Official Publication of Final Electoral Roll" . AL24 News . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . ^ a b "Central African Republic: Concerns Over Crucial Election" . Human Rights Watch. 28 November 2025. Archived from the original on 7 January 2026. ^ Siegle, Joseph; Wahila, Hany (13 January 2025). "Africa's 2025 Elections: A Test of Credibility to Uphold Democratic Norms" . Africa Center for Strategic Studies . Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ Valade, Carol (9 August 2023). "Central African Republic's new constitution makes permanent Touadéra presidency possible" . Le Monde . Archived from the original on 11 July 2024. ^ Siegle & Wahila 2025 . ^ "Signs of 'Historic Progress' towards Peace Emerge, Central African Republic's Delegate Tells Security Council, Requesting Donor Support for 2025 Elections" . United Nations . 20 February 2025. Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ "Central African Republic faces ongoing challenges ahead of elections" . United Nations . 20 February 2025. Archived from the original on 25 June 2025. ^ "Proposition de Constitution de la Republique Centrafricaine" (PDF) . Sangonet (in French). March 2015 . Retrieved 18 August 2020 . ^ "Code électoral de 2019" (PDF) . Droit-afrique (in French). 2019. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2025 . Retrieved 29 December 2020 . ^ "Forty years and counting: CAR once again postpones local elections" . Africanews . 13 July 2025 . Retrieved 13 July 2025 . ^ Wabwireh, Dominic (8 August 2025). "Central African Republic sets 28 December 2025 for pivotal general elections" . Africanews . Archived from the original on 10 January 2026 . Retrieved 9 August 2025 . ^ Kouam, Joel (28 December 2025). "CAR general election gets underway as Touadéra seeks controversial third term" . Africanews . Archived from the original on 29 December 2025 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic leader cleared for third term in key vote followed closely by Russia" . AP News . 17 November 2025 . Retrieved 17 November 2025 . ^ "Seven Candidates in the Presidential Race in the Central African Republic" . afrocen.org . Retrieved 12 December 2025 . ^ "Central African President Touadéra launches third-term bid" . Africanews . 3 October 2025 . Retrieved 3 October 2025 . ^ "Dologuelé enters presidential race despite opposition calls for a boycott" . Africanews . 9 October 2025 . Retrieved 9 October 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic: UN Expert calls for urgent institutional reform of electoral authority ahead of 2025 elections" . OHCHR . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ "Campaigning starts in Central African Republic quadruple election" . France 24 . 13 December 2025 . Retrieved 14 December 2025 . ^ "Campaign constraints cloud Central African Republic elections" . Africanews . Retrieved 26 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic's president eyes third term" . DW . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ Law, Hannah Fang (28 June 2025). "UN rights expert urges reform of Central African Republic electoral authority ahead of 2025 elections" . Jurist . Retrieved 12 October 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic's incumbent president, a Russian ally, eyes a third term in key elections" . AP News . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic president seeks third term in election" . France 24 . Retrieved 28 December 2025 . ^ "AU observers praise 'peaceful' Central African Republic polls" . France 24 . Retrieved 31 December 2025 . ^ "Central African Republic President Touadéra wins third term: provisional results" . Africanews . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ a b Koena, Jean-Fernand; Adetayo, Ope (6 January 2026). "Central African Republic President Faustin Archange Touadéra reelected, provisional results show" . AP News . Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Central African Republic President Touadera wins re-election, results show" . Radio France Internationale . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Central African Republic's Touadera wins third presidential term" . France24 . 6 January 2026. Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ Muia, Wycliffe (6 January 2026). "Central African Republic president wins third term by landslide" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 6 January 2026 . Retrieved 6 January 2026 . ^ "Facebook post by Autorité Nationale des Elections -ANE" (in French). Autorité Nationale des Elections. 6 January 2026 – via Facebook. External links CAR opposition mulls strategy ahead of polls , Africa Intelligence, 27 February 2025 (requires free registration) v t e Elections and referendums in the Central African Republic v t e Presidential elections 1964 1981 1992 1993 1999 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 1964 1981 1992 1993 1999 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 Parliamentary elections 1946 1952 1957 1959 1964 1987 1992 1993 1998 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 1946 1952 1957 1959 1964 1987 1992 1993 1998 2005 2011 2015–16 2020–21 2025 Local elections 1988 2021–22 1988 2021–22 French elections 1945 1946 (Jun) 1946 (Nov) 1951 1956 1945 1946 (Jun) 1946 (Nov) 1951 1956 Referendums 1945 1946 (May) 1946 (Oct) 1958 1981 1986 1994 2004 2015 2023 1945 1946 (May) 1946 (Oct) 1958 1981 1986 1994 2004 2015 2023 2025 elections in Africa December 2025 in the Central African Republic Parliamentary elections in the Central African Republic Presidential elections in the Central African Republic CS1 French-language sources (fr) Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Use dmy dates from December 2025 Pages using embedded infobox templates with the title parameter This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 13:22 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 History Toggle History subsection 1.1 National Allied Publications 1.1.1 Golden Age 1.1.2 Silver Age 1.2 National Periodical Publications 1.3 Kinney National / Warner Communications (1967–1990) 1.3.1 Bronze Age 1.4 DC Comics 1.4.1 Modern Age 1.5 Time Warner / Time Warner Entertainment / AOL Time Warner (1990–2018) 1.6 DC Entertainment 1.7 WarnerMedia / Warner Bros. Discovery unit (2018–present) 1.1 National Allied Publications 1.1.1 Golden Age 1.1.2 Silver Age 1.1.1 Golden Age 1.1.2 Silver Age 1.2 National Periodical Publications 1.3 Kinney National / Warner Communications (1967–1990) 1.3.1 Bronze Age 1.3.1 Bronze Age 1.4 DC Comics 1.4.1 Modern Age 1.4.1 Modern Age 1.5 Time Warner / Time Warner Entertainment / AOL Time Warner (1990–2018) 1.6 DC Entertainment 1.7 WarnerMedia / Warner Bros. Discovery unit (2018–present) 2 Logo Toggle Logo subsection 2.1 Gallery 2.1 Gallery 3 Imprints Toggle Imprints subsection 3.1 Active 3.2 Defunct 3.1 Active 3.2 Defunct 4 See also 5 Notes 6 Citations 7 Sources 8 External links DC Comics Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Jawa ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური Bahasa Melayu မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Саха тыла Sardu Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 吴语 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikivoyage Wikidata item Page version status This is an accepted version of this page Logo used since 2024 [ a ] Parent company .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Independent (1935–1967) Kinney Services (1967–1972) Warner Communications (1972–1990) WarnerMedia (1990–2022) Warner Bros. Discovery (2022–present) Independent (1935–1967) Kinney Services (1967–1972) Warner Communications (1972–1990) WarnerMedia (1990–2022) Warner Bros. Discovery (2022–present) Status Active Founded 1935 ; 91 years ago ( 1935 ) (as National Allied Publications ) 1937 ; 89 years ago ( 1937 ) (as Detective Comics ) 1939 ; 87 years ago ( 1939 ) (as All-American Publications ) 1946 ; 80 years ago ( 1946 ) (as National Comics Publications ) 1961 ; 65 years ago ( 1961 ) (as National Periodical Publications ) 1977 ; 49 years ago ( 1977 ) (as DC Comics) 1935 ; 91 years ago ( 1935 ) (as National Allied Publications ) 1937 ; 89 years ago ( 1937 ) (as Detective Comics ) 1939 ; 87 years ago ( 1939 ) (as All-American Publications ) 1946 ; 80 years ago ( 1946 ) (as National Comics Publications ) 1961 ; 65 years ago ( 1961 ) (as National Periodical Publications ) 1977 ; 49 years ago ( 1977 ) (as DC Comics) Founder Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson Harry Donenfeld Jack Liebowitz Max Gaines Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson Harry Donenfeld Jack Liebowitz Max Gaines Country of origin United States Headquarters location 4000 Warner Boulevard , Burbank, California Distribution Lunar Distribution ( direct market ) [ 1 ] Penguin Random House Publisher Services (bookstores) Lunar Distribution ( direct market ) [ 1 ] Penguin Random House Publisher Services (bookstores) Key people Jim Lee (President, Publisher, CCO ) Anne DePies (SVP, General Manager) Marie Javins ( EIC ) Jim Lee (President, Publisher, CCO ) Anne DePies (SVP, General Manager) Marie Javins ( EIC ) Publication types List of publications Fiction genres Superhero Fantasy Science fiction Action Adventure Superhero Fantasy Science fiction Action Adventure Imprints List of imprints No. of employees approx. 230 [ 2 ] Official website dc .com DC Comics (originally DC Comics, Inc. , [ 3 ] and also known simply as DC ) is an American comic book publisher owned by Warner Bros. Discovery . [ 4 ] [ 5 ] DC is an initialism for Detective Comics , a comic book series first published in 1937. [ 6 ] DC Comics is one of the largest and oldest American comic book companies, the first comic under the DC banner being published in 1937. [ 7 ] The majority of its published stories are set in the fictional DC Universe and feature numerous culturally iconic heroic characters , such as Superman , [ 8 ] Batman , [ 9 ] Wonder Woman , [ 10 ] and the Flash [ 11 ] ; as well as famous fictional teams, including the Justice League , [ 12 ] the Teen Titans , [ 13 ] the Suicide Squad , [ 14 ] and the Legion of Super-Heroes . [ 15 ] The universe contains an assortment of well-known supervillains , such as Lex Luthor , [ 16 ] the Joker , [ 17 ] Darkseid , [ 18 ] and the antiheroic Catwoman . [ 19 ] The company has published non-DC Universe-related material, including Watchmen , V for Vendetta , Fables , and many other titles, under the alternative imprint Vertigo and DC Black Label . Originally at 432 Fourth Avenue in Manhattan , New York City, the company offices have been located at 480 and later 575 Lexington Avenue , 909 Third Avenue , 75 Rockefeller Plaza , 666 Fifth Avenue , and 1325 Avenue of the Americas . DC Comics was located at 1700 Broadway in Midtown Manhattan until April 2015, when DC Entertainment transferred its headquarters to Burbank, California . [ 20 ] In 2017, approximately 70% of the American comic book market was shared by DC Comics and its long-time major competitor Marvel Comics , [ 21 ] though this figure may be distorted by the fact that sales of graphic novels are excluded. When all book sales are included, DC is the second largest publisher of comic books, after Viz Media , and Marvel is third. [ 22 ] History National Allied Publications Golden Age In 1935, entrepreneur Major Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson founded National Allied Publications , intended as an American comic book publishing company. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] [ 26 ] Its debut publication was the tabloid -sized New Fun: The Big Comic Magazine #1 (the first of a comic series later called More Fun Comics ) with a February 1935 cover date . An anthology title, essentially for original stories not reprinted from newspaper strips , it was unlike many comic book series before it. [ 23 ] [ 27 ] While DC Comics is now primarily associated with superhero comics , the genres in the first anthology titles consisted of funnies , Western comics , and adventure-related stories. The character Doctor Occult —created by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster in December 1935 and included in issue No. 6 of New Fun Comics —is considered to be the earliest recurring superhero created by DC that is still being used. [ 28 ] [ 29 ] The company created a second recurring title called New Comics , first released in December 1935, which was the start of the long-running Adventure Comics series that also featured many anthology titles. [ 30 ] By 1936, the group had become Nicholson Publishing. [ 31 ] Wheeler-Nicholson's next and final title, Detective Comics , was advertised with a cover illustration dated December 1936 but eventually premiered three months late with a March 1937 cover date. The themed anthology that revolved originally around fictional detective stories became in modern times the longest-running ongoing comic series. A notable debut in the first issue was Slam Bradley , created in a collaboration between Wheeler-Nicholson, Siegel and Shuster. [ 29 ] In 1937, in debt to printing-plant owner and magazine distributor Harry Donenfeld —who also published pulp magazines and operated as a principal in the magazine distributorship Independent News —Wheeler-Nicholson had to enter into partnership with Donenfeld to publish Detective Comics No. 1, and Detective Comics, Inc. (which helped inspire the abbreviation DC) was formed, with Wheeler-Nicholson and Donenfeld's accountant Jack S. Liebowitz listed as owners. As the company continued to experience cash-flow problems, Wheeler-Nicholson was forced out after the first year. Shortly afterwards, Detective Comics, Inc. purchased the remains of National Allied (also known as Nicholson Publishing) at a bankruptcy auction and absorbed it. [ 32 ] [ 33 ] Meanwhile, Max Gaines formed the sister company All-American Publications in 1939. [ 34 ] Detective Comics, Inc. soon launched a new anthology title called Action Comics ; the first issue , cover dated June 1938, featured new characters such as Superman by Siegel and Shuster, Zatara by Fred Guardineer , and Tex Thompson by Ken Finch and Bernard Baily . Considered as the first comic book to feature the character archetype later known as the "superhero", Action Comics was a sales hit that brought to life a new age of comic books, now affectionately termed the "Golden Age" . Action Comics #1 is credited as featuring the first appearance of Superman, both on the cover illustration and inside the issue, and is now one of the most valuable and sought-after comic book issues of all time. [ 35 ] The first Superman tale included a superhero origin story with the reveal of an unnamed planet, later known as Krypton , where he is said to have originated . The issue also contained the first essential supporting character and one of the earliest female characters in any comic, with Lois Lane as Superman's first depicted romantic interest . [ 36 ] The Green Hornet -inspired character known as the Crimson Avenger by Jim Chamber was featured in Detective Comics No. 20 (October 1938). This character is known to be the first masked vigilante published by DC. [ 37 ] [ 38 ] An unnamed "office boy", retconned as Jimmy Olsen 's first appearance, was revealed in a Superman story by Siegel and Shuster in Action Comics No. 6 (November 1938). [ 39 ] [ 40 ] Starting in 1939, Siegel and Shuster's Superman was the first comic-derived character to appear in other formats, later featuring in his own newspaper comic strip , which first introduced his biological parents Jor-El and Lara . [ 41 ] All-American Publications' debut comic series, All-American Comics , was first published in April 1939. [ 36 ] The series Detective Comics made history as being the first to feature Batman —a Bob Kane and Bill Finger creation—in issue No.27 (March 1939) with the request of more superhero titles. Batman was depicted as a masked vigilante who wore a caped suit known as the Batsuit and drove a car that was later referred to as the Batmobile . The Batman story also included a supporting character called James Gordon , the police commissioner of what would later become Gotham City Police Department . [ 42 ] Despite being a parody, All-American Publications introduced the earliest female character who became the female superhero Red Tornado (though disguised as a male) in Ma Hunkel who first appeared in the "Scribbly" stories in All-American Comics No. 3 (June 1939). [ 43 ] Another important Batman debut was the introduction of the fictional mansion known as Wayne Manor first seen in Detective Comics No. 28 (June 1939). [ 42 ] The series Adventure Comics followed in the footsteps of Action Comics and Detective Comics by featuring a new recurring superhero called Sandman who first appeared in Adventure Comics No. 40 (July 1939). [ 44 ] Action Comics No. 13 (June 1939) introduced the first recurring Superman enemy referred to as the Ultra-Humanite ; created by Siegel and Shuster, this is commonly cited as one of the earliest supervillains in comic books. [ 45 ] The Superman character had another breakthrough when he was given his own comic book series , which was previously unheard of. [ 46 ] The first issue, published in June 1939, helped directly introduce Superman's adoptive parents, Jonathan and Martha Kent , also created by Siegel and Shuster. [ 39 ] Detective Comics No. 29 (July 1939) included the first mention of Batman's utility belt by Gardner Fox . [ 47 ] [ 42 ] Outside of DC's publishing, a character later integrated as DC was introduced by Fox Feature Syndicate named the Blue Beetle released in August 1939. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] Fictional cities were a common theme of DC; the first revealed city was Superman's home city of Metropolis , originally named in Action Comics No. 16 (September 1939). [ 50 ] [ 51 ] Detective Comics No. 31 (September 1939) by Gardner Fox, Bob Kane and Sheldon Moldoff introduced a romantic interest for Batman named Julie Madison , as well as the Batarang weapon that Batman commonly uses, and the fictional aircraft called the Batplane . [ 42 ] The story of Batman's origin was first shown in Detective Comics No. 33 (November 1939), which depicted the death of Thomas Wayne and Martha Wayne by a mugger . The origin story remained crucial for the fictional character after its inception. [ 23 ] [ 52 ] The Daily Planet (a common setting of Superman) was first named in a Superman newspaper strip around November 1939. [ 53 ] Doll Man was the first superhero to be produced by Quality Comics , which DC now owns. [ 54 ] [ clarification needed ] Fawcett Comics was formed around 1939 and became DC's original competitor company over the next decade. [ 55 ] At the end of 1944, All-American titles began using its own logo to distinguish it from the National comics. [ 56 ] [ 57 ] All-American Publications , an affiliate concern co-owned by Gaines and Liebowitz, merged with Detective Comics, Inc. on September 30, 1946, forming National Comics Publications . [ b ] The previous year, in June 1945, Gaines had allowed Liebowitz to buy him out and had retained only Picture Stories from the Bible as the foundation of his own new company, EC Comics . [ 59 ] At that point, "Liebowitz promptly orchestrated the merger of All-American and Detective Comics into National Comics... Next he took charge of organizing National Comics, [the self-distributorship] Independent News, and their affiliated firms into a single corporate entity, National Periodical Publications ". [ 60 ] National Periodical Publications became publicly traded on the stock market in 1961. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] Despite the official names "National Comics" and "National Periodical Publications", the company began branding itself as "Superman-DC" as early as 1940 and became known colloquially as DC Comics for years before the official adoption of that name in 1977. [ 63 ] DC Comics began to move aggressively against what it saw as copyright-violating imitations from other companies, such as Fox Comics ' Wonder Man , which (according to court testimony) Fox started as a copy of Superman. This extended to DC suing Fawcett Comics over Captain Marvel , who was at the time the top-selling comic character (see National Comics Publications, Inc. v. Fawcett Publications, Inc. ). Faced with declining sales and the prospect of bankruptcy if it lost the lawsuit, Fawcett capitulated in 1953 and ceased publishing comics. Years later, Fawcett sold the rights for Captain Marvel to DC Comics, and in 1972 the character was revived in DC's new title Shazam! , [ 64 ] which featured artwork by Captain Marvel's creator C. C. Beck . In the meantime, the abandoned 'Marvel' trademark had been seized by Marvel Comics in 1967, with the creation of their Captain Marvel , preventing DC from using the name in the title of their own comic series. While DC's Captain Marvel failed to recapture his earlier popularity, he later appeared in a Saturday morning live action TV adaptation and gained a prominent position in the mainstream continuity of the DC Universe . As the popularity of superheroes faded in the late 1940s, DC Comics focused on such genres as science fiction, Westerns , humor , and romance . The company also published crime and horror titles, although relatively tame contributions that avoided the mid-1950s backlash against such comic genres. A handful of the most popular superhero titles continued publication, including Action Comics and Detective Comics , the medium's two longest-running titles. Pioneers of DC Comics who started in the 1930s [ 65 ] Malcolm Wheeler-Nicholson Jerry Siegel Joe Shuster Bob Kane Bill Finger Sheldon Mayer Gardner Fox Founder of DC Comics Creators of Superman and Lois Lane Creators of Batman and the Joker Early founder Created various characters Silver Age In the mid-1950s, editorial director Irwin Donenfeld and publisher Liebowitz directed editor Julius Schwartz (whose roots lay in the science-fiction book market) to produce a one-shot Flash story in the try-out title Showcase . Instead of reviving the old character, Schwartz had writers Robert Kanigher and John Broome , penciler Carmine Infantino , and inker Joe Kubert create Barry Allen , an entirely new super- speedster with a science-fiction bent. The Flash's reimagining in Showcase #4 (October 1956) proved sufficiently popular that it soon led to a similar revamping of the Green Lantern character, the introduction of the modern all-star team Justice League of America (JLA), and many more superheroes, heralding what historians and fans call the Silver Age of Comic Books . National radically overhauled its continuing characters—primarily Superman, Batman, and Wonder Woman—rather than just reimagining them. The Superman family of titles, under editor Mort Weisinger , introduced such enduring characters as Supergirl , Bizarro , and Brainiac . The Batman titles, under editor Jack Schiff , introduced the successful Batwoman , Bat-Girl , Ace the Bat-Hound , and Bat-Mite in an attempt to modernize the strip with non-science-fiction elements. Schwartz and Infantino revitalized Batman in what the company promoted as the "New Look", with relatively down-to-earth stories re-emphasizing Batman as a detective. Meanwhile, editor Kanigher successfully introduced a whole family of Wonder Woman characters having fantastic adventures in a mythical realm. Since the 1940s, when Superman, Batman, and many of the company's other heroes began appearing in stories together, DC's characters have inhabited a shared continuity that was later dubbed the " DC Universe " by fans. With the story " Flash of Two Worlds ", in Flash #123 (September 1961), editor Schwartz (with writer Gardner Fox and artists Infantino and Joe Giella ) presented a conceptual mechanism for slotting the 1930s and 1940s Golden Age heroes into this continuity using the explanation that they inhabited an other-dimensional "Earth 2", whilst the modern heroes exist on "Earth 1", consequently laying the foundations of what was later called the DC Multiverse . [ 66 ] National Periodical Publications DC's introduction of the reimagined superheroes did not go unnoticed by their competitors. In 1961, with DC's JLA as the specific inducement, [ c ] Marvel Comics' writer-editor Stan Lee and artist Jack Kirby ushered in the sub-Silver Age "Marvel Age" of comics with the debut issue of The Fantastic Four . [ 68 ] Reportedly, DC dismissed the initial success of Marvel's editorial change until its consistently strengthening sales—albeit also benefiting DC's parent company Independent News, as Marvel's distributor—made it impossible to ignore. This commercial situation was highlighted by Marvel's superior sell-through percentage numbers which were typically 70% to DC's roughly 50%, meaning that DC's publications were barely making a profit after returns from the distributors were factored in, while Marvel was making a healthy profit by comparison. [ 69 ] Also in 1961, both DC and Marvel increased their cover price from ten cents to twelve cents, while the rival publisher Dell Comics was charging fifteen cents. [ 70 ] At this time, the senior DC staff were reportedly unable to explain how this small publishing house was achieving its increasingly threatening commercial strength. For instance, when Marvel's product was examined in a meeting, the emphasis on more sophisticated character-based narrative and artist-driven visual storytelling was apparently overlooked. Instead, superficial reasons were put forward to account for the brand's popularity, like the presence of the color red or word balloons on the cover, or that the perceived crudeness of the interior art was somehow more appealing to readers. When Lee learned about DC's subsequent experimental attempts to imitate these perceived details, he amused himself by arranging direct defiance of those assumptions in Marvel's publications as sales strengthened further to frustrate the competition. [ 71 ] However, this ignorance of Marvel's true appeal did not extend to some of the writing talent during this period, and attempts were made to emulate Marvel's narrative approach. For instance, there was the Doom Patrol series by Arnold Drake (who had previously warned DC's management about Marvel's strength), [ 72 ] a superhero team of outsiders who resented their freakish powers, [ 73 ] which Drake later speculated was plagiarized by Stan Lee to create The X-Men . [ 74 ] There was also the young Jim Shooter who purposely emulated Marvel's writing when he wrote for DC after studying both companies' styles, such as for the Legion of Super-Heroes feature. [ 75 ] In 1966, National Periodical Publications established its own television arm, led by Allen Ducovny, to develop and produce TV projects, with Superman TV Corporation handling the distribution of NPP's shows. [ 76 ] A 1966 Batman TV show on the ABC network sparked a temporary spike in comic book sales and a brief fad for superheroes in Saturday morning animation ( Filmation produced most of DC's initial cartoons) and other media. DC significantly lightened the tone of many of its comics—particularly Batman and Detective Comics —to better complement the "camp" tone of the TV series. This change in tone coincided with the prominent "Go-Go Checks" cover-dress that featured a black-and-white checkered strip at the top of each DC comic (all cover dates between February 1966 and August 1967), a misguided attempt by then-managing editor Irwin Donenfeld to make DC's output "stand out on the newsracks". [ 77 ] In particular, DC artist Carmine Infantino complained that the distinctive cover made it easier for readers to spot DC's titles and avoid them in favor of Marvel's titles. [ 78 ] In 1967, Infantino (who had designed popular Silver Age characters Batgirl and the Phantom Stranger ) rose from art director to become DC's editorial director. With the growing popularity of upstart rival Marvel Comics threatening to topple DC from its longtime number-one position in the comics industry, he tried to direct DC's focus towards marketing new and existing titles and characters with more adult sensibilities, aimed at an emerging older age group of superhero comic book fans; this was in response to Marvel's efforts to market their superhero line to college-aged adults. Infantino also recruited major talents such as ex-Marvel artist and Spider-Man co-creator Steve Ditko , and promising newcomers Neal Adams and Denny O'Neil , and he replaced some existing DC editors with artist-editors, including Joe Kubert and Dick Giordano , to give DC's output a more artistic critical eye. [ citation needed ] Kinney National / Warner Communications (1967–1990) In 1967, National Periodical Publications was purchased by Kinney National Company , [ 79 ] which purchased Warner Bros.-Seven Arts in 1969. Kinney National spun off its non-entertainment assets in 1972 (as National Kinney Corporation ) and changed its name to Warner Communications Inc. In 1970, Jack Kirby moved from Marvel Comics to DC, at the end of the Silver Age of Comics , in which Kirby's contributions to Marvel played a large, integral role. As artist Gil Kane described: "Jack was the single most influential figure in the turnaround in Marvel's fortunes from the time he rejoined the company ... It wasn't merely that Jack conceived most of the characters that are being done, but ... Jack's point of view and philosophy of drawing became the governing philosophy of the entire publishing company and, beyond the publishing company, of the entire field ... [Marvel took] Jack and use[d] him as a primer. They would get artists ... and they taught them the ABCs, which amounted to learning Jack Kirby ... Jack was like the Holy Scripture and they simply had to follow him without deviation. That's what was told to me ... It was how they taught everyone to reconcile all those opposing attitudes to one single master point of view." [ 80 ] Given carte blanche to write and illustrate his own stories, he created a handful of thematically-linked series he called collectively " The Fourth World ". In the existing series Superman's Pal Jimmy Olsen and in his own, newly-launched series New Gods , Mister Miracle , and The Forever People , Kirby introduced such enduring characters and concepts as arch-villain Darkseid and the other-dimensional realm Apokolips . Furthermore, Kirby intended their stories to be reprinted in collected editions, in a publishing format that was later called the trade paperback , which became a standard industry practice decades later. While sales were respectable, they did not meet DC management's initially high expectations, and also suffered from a lack of comprehension and internal support from Infantino. By 1973 the "Fourth World" was all cancelled, although Kirby's conceptions soon became integral to the broadening of the DC Universe, especially after the major toy-company, Kenner Products , judged them ideal for their action-figure adaptation of the DC Universe , the Super Powers Collection . [ 81 ] Obligated by his contract, Kirby created other unrelated series for DC, including Kamandi , The Demon , and OMAC , before ultimately returning to Marvel Comics in 1976. Bronze Age Following the science-fiction innovations of the Silver Age , the comics of the 1970s and 1980s became known as the Bronze Age, as fantasy gave way to more naturalistic and sometimes darker themes. Illegal drug use, banned by the Comics Code Authority , explicitly appeared in comics for the first time in Marvel Comics' story " Green Goblin Reborn! " in The Amazing Spider-Man #96 (May 1971), and after the Code's updating in response, DC offered a drug-fueled storyline in writer Dennis O'Neil and artist Neal Adams ' Green Lantern , beginning with the story " Snowbirds Don't Fly " in the retitled Green Lantern/Green Arrow #85 (September 1971), which depicted Speedy , the teen sidekick of superhero archer Green Arrow , as having become a heroin addict. Jenette Kahn , a former children's magazine publisher, replaced Infantino as editorial director in January 1976. As it happened, her first task even before being formally hired, was to convince Bill Sarnoff, the head of Warner Publishing, to keep DC as a publishing concern, as opposed to simply managing their licensing of their properties. [ 82 ] With that established, DC had attempted to compete with the now-surging Marvel by dramatically increasing its output and attempting to win the market by flooding it. This included launching series featuring such new characters as Firestorm and Shade, the Changing Man , as well as an increasing array of non-superhero titles, in an attempt to recapture the pre- Wertham days of post-War comicdom. DC Comics In 1977, the company officially changed its name to DC Comics . [ 83 ] It had used the brand "Superman-DC" since the 1950s, and was colloquially known as DC Comics for years. [ 84 ] In June 1978, five months before the release of the first Superman film , Kahn expanded the line further, increasing the number of titles and story pages, and raising the price from 35 cents to 50 cents. Most series received eight-page back-up features while some had full-length twenty-five-page stories. This was a move the company called the "DC Explosion". [ 85 ] The move was not successful, however, and corporate parent Warner dramatically cut back on these largely unsuccessful titles, firing many staffers in what industry watchers dubbed "the DC Implosion ". [ 86 ] In September 1978, the line was dramatically reduced and standard-size books returned to 17-page stories but for a still increased 40 cents. [ 87 ] By 1980, the books returned to 50 cents with a 25-page story count but the story pages replaced house ads in the books. Seeking new ways to boost market share , the new team of publisher Kahn, vice president Paul Levitz , and managing editor Giordano addressed the issue of talent instability. To that end—and following the example of Atlas/Seaboard Comics [ 88 ] and such independent companies as Eclipse Comics —DC began to offer royalties in place of the industry-standard work-for-hire agreement in which creators worked for a flat fee and signed away all rights, giving talent a financial incentive tied to the success of their work. As it happened, the implementation of these incentives proved opportune considering Marvel Comics' Editor-in-Chief, Jim Shooter , was alienating much of his company's creative staff with his authoritarian manner and major talents there went to DC like Roy Thomas , Gene Colan , Marv Wolfman , and George Pérez . [ 89 ] In addition, emulating the era's new television form, the miniseries while addressing the matter of an excessive number of ongoing titles fizzling out within a few issues of their start, DC created the industry concept of the comic book limited series . This publishing format allowed for the deliberate creation of finite storylines within a more flexible publishing format that could showcase creations without forcing the talent into unsustainable open-ended commitments. The first such title was World of Krypton in 1979, and its positive results led to subsequent similar titles and later more ambitious productions like Camelot 3000 for the direct market in 1982. [ 90 ] These changes in policy shaped the future of the medium as a whole, and in the short term allowed DC to entice creators away from rival Marvel, and encourage stability on individual titles. In November 1980 DC launched the ongoing series The New Teen Titans , by writer Marv Wolfman and artist George Pérez , two popular talents with a history of success. Their superhero-team comic, superficially similar to Marvel's ensemble series X-Men , but rooted in DC history, earned significant sales [ 91 ] in part due to the stability of the creative team, who both continued with the title for six full years. In addition, Wolfman and Pérez took advantage of the limited-series option to create a spin-off title, Tales of the New Teen Titans , to present origin stories of their original characters without having to break the narrative flow of the main series or oblige them to double their work load with another ongoing title. Modern Age This successful revitalization of the Silver Age Teen Titans led DC's editors [ 92 ] to seek the same for the wider DC Universe . The result, the Wolfman/Pérez 12-issue limited series Crisis on Infinite Earths , gave the company an opportunity to realign and jettison some of the characters' complicated backstory and continuity discrepancies. A companion publication, two volumes entitled The History of the DC Universe , set out the revised history of the major DC characters. Crisis featured many key deaths that shaped the DC Universe for the following decades, and it separated the timeline of DC publications into pre- and post-"Crisis". Meanwhile, a parallel update had started in the non-superhero and horror titles. Since early 1984, the work of British writer Alan Moore had revitalized the horror series The Saga of the Swamp Thing , and soon numerous British writers, including Neil Gaiman and Grant Morrison , began freelancing for the company. The resulting influx of sophisticated horror-fantasy material led to DC in 1993 establishing the Vertigo mature-readers imprint, which did not subscribe to the Comics Code Authority . [ 93 ] Two DC limited series, Batman: The Dark Knight Returns by Frank Miller and Watchmen by Moore and artist Dave Gibbons , drew attention in the mainstream press for their dark psychological complexity and promotion of the antihero. [ 94 ] These titles helped pave the way for comics to be more widely accepted in literary-criticism circles and to make inroads into the book industry, with collected editions of these series as commercially successful trade paperbacks . [ 95 ] The mid-1980s also saw the end of many long-running DC war comics , including series that had been in print since the 1960s. These titles, all with over 100 issues, included Sgt. Rock , G.I. Combat , The Unknown Soldier , and Weird War Tales . Time Warner / Time Warner Entertainment / AOL Time Warner (1990–2018) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. ( November 2024 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) In March 1989, Warner Communications merged with Time Inc. , making DC Comics a subsidiary of Time Warner. In June, the first Tim Burton-directed Batman film was released, and DC began publishing its hardcover series of DC Archive Editions ; these were collections of many of their early, key comics series, featuring rare and expensive stories previously unseen by the majority of modern fans. Much of the restoration work was handled by Rick Keene, with colour restoration performed by DC's long-time resident colourist Bob LeRose . The Archive Editions attempted to retroactively credit many of the writers and artists who had worked for DC without receiving much recognition during the early age of comic books when individual credits were rare. The comics industry experienced a brief boom in the early 1990s, thanks to a combination of speculative purchasing—mass purchase of the books as collectible items, with the intention to resell at a higher value (as the rising value of older issues was thought to imply that all comics would rise dramatically in price)—and several storylines gaining attention from the mainstream media. DC's extended storylines in which Superman was killed , Batman was crippled , and Green Lantern turned into the supervillain Parallax , resulted in dramatically increased sales. However, the increases were temporary, and sales dropped off as the industry went into a major slump, while manufactured " collectables " numbering in the millions replaced quality with quantity until fans and speculators alike deserted the medium in droves. [ 96 ] DC's Piranha Press and other imprints (including the mature readers' line Vertigo , and Helix , a short-lived science fiction imprint) were introduced to facilitate compartmentalized diversification and allow for specialized marketing of individual product lines. They increased the use of non-traditional contractual arrangements, including the dramatic rise of creator-owned projects, leading to a significant increase in critically lauded work (much of it for Vertigo) and the licensing of material from other companies. DC also increased publication of book-store friendly formats, including trade paperback collections of individual serial comics, as well as original graphic novels . One of the other imprints was Impact Comics from 1991 to 1992 in which the Archie Comics superheroes were licensed and revamped. [ 97 ] [ 98 ] The stories in the line were part of its own shared universe. [ 99 ] DC entered into a publishing agreement with Milestone Media that gave DC a line of comics featuring a culturally and racially diverse range of superhero characters. Although the Milestone line ceased publication after a few years, it yielded the popular animated series Static Shock . DC established Paradox Press to publish material such as the large-format Big Book of... series of multi-artist interpretations on individual themes, and such crime fiction as the graphic novel Road to Perdition . In 1998, DC purchased WildStorm Comics, Jim Lee 's imprint under the Image Comics banner, continuing it for many years as a wholly separate imprint (and fictional universe) with its own unique style and audience. As part of this purchase, DC also began to publish titles under the fledgling WildStorm sub-imprint America's Best Comics (ABC), a series of titles created by Alan Moore which included The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , Tom Strong , and Promethea . Moore strongly opposed this move, and DC eventually stopped publishing ABC. In March 2003, DC acquired publishing and merchandising rights to the long-running fantasy series Elfquest , previously self-published by creators Wendy and Richard Pini under their WaRP Graphics publication banner. This series then followed another non-DC title, Tower Comics ' series T.H.U.N.D.E.R. Agents , in collection into DC Archive Editions. In 2004, DC temporarily acquired the North American publishing rights to graphic novels from European publishers 2000 AD and Humanoids . It also rebranded its younger-audience titles with the mascot Johnny DC and established the CMX imprint to reprint translated manga . In 2006, CMX took over from Dark Horse Comics ' publication of the webcomic Megatokyo in print form. DC also took advantage of the demise of Kitchen Sink Press and acquired the rights to much of the work of Will Eisner , such as his The Spirit series and his graphic novels. In 2004, DC began laying the groundwork for a full continuity-reshuffling sequel to Crisis on Infinite Earths , promising substantial changes to the DC Universe (and side-stepping the 1994 Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! event, which similarly tried to retcon the history of the DCU). In 2005, the critically lauded Batman Begins film was released; also, the company published several limited series establishing increasingly escalating conflicts among DC's heroes, with events climaxing in the Infinite Crisis limited series. Immediately after this event, DC's ongoing series jumped forward a full year in their in-story continuity, as DC launched a weekly series, 52 , to gradually fill in the missing time. Concurrently, DC lost the copyright to "Superboy" (while retaining the trademark) when the heirs of Jerry Siegel used a provision of the 1976 revision to the copyright law to regain ownership. In 2005, DC launched its " All-Star " line (evoking the title of the 1940s publication ), designed to feature some of the company's best-known characters in stories that eschewed the long and convoluted continuity of the DC Universe. The line began with All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder and All-Star Superman , while All-Star Wonder Woman and All-Star Batgirl were announced in 2006, but neither of these stories had been released or scheduled as of 2025. [ 100 ] By 2007, DC was licensing characters from the Archie Comics imprint Red Circle Comics . [ 101 ] They appeared in the Red Circle line, based in the DC Universe, with a series of one-shots followed by a miniseries that led into two ongoing titles that each lasted for ten issues. [ 99 ] [ 102 ] DC Entertainment In 2011, DC rebooted all of its running titles following the Flashpoint storyline. The reboot called The New 52 gave new origin stories and costume designs to many of DC's characters. DC licensed pulp characters including Doc Savage and the Spirit which it then used, along with some DC heroes, as part of the First Wave comics line launched in 2010 and lasting through fall 2011. [ 103 ] [ 104 ] [ 105 ] In May 2011, DC announced it would begin releasing digital versions of their comics on the same day as paper versions. [ 106 ] On June 1, 2011, DC announced that it would end all ongoing series set in the DC Universe in August and relaunch its comic line with 52 issue #1s, starting with Justice League on August 31 (written by Geoff Johns and drawn by Jim Lee), with the rest to follow later on in September. [ 107 ] [ 108 ] On June 4, 2013, DC started DC 2 and DC 2 Multiverse . DC 2 was for Batman '66 while DC 2 Multiverse was for Batman: Arkham Origins . [ 109 ] In 2014, DC announced an eight-issue miniseries titled Convergence which began in April 2015. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] [ 112 ] [ 113 ] In 2016, DC announced a line-wide relaunch titled DC Rebirth . [ 114 ] The new line would launch with an 80-page one-shot titled DC Universe: Rebirth, written by Geoff Johns , with art from Gary Frank, Ethan Van Sciver, and more. After that, many new series would launch with a twice-monthly release schedule and new creative teams for nearly every title. The relaunch was meant to bring back the legacy and heart many felt had been missing from DC characters since the launch of the New 52. Rebirth brought huge success, both financially and critically. [ 115 ] [ 116 ] [ 117 ] In January 2018, DC held an event in the now-defunct Newseum in Washington D.C .. The event featured a pop-up shop with autograph opportunities, panel discussions with stars and producers from Arrow , DC's Legends of Tomorrow , The Flash , Gotham , Supergirl , and Freedom Fighters: The Ray , comic book authors and artists, and premiere screenings of Black Lightning and Batman: Gotham By Gaslight . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] WarnerMedia / Warner Bros. Discovery unit (2018–present) On February 21, 2020, the Co-Publisher of DC Comics, Dan DiDio stepped down after 10 years at that position. The company did not give a reason for the move, nor did it indicate whether it was his decision or the company's. The leadership change was the latest event in the company restructuring which began the previous month, as several top executives were laid off from the company. [ 120 ] [ 121 ] However, Bleeding Cool reported that he was fired. [ 122 ] In June 2020, Warner Bros. announced a separate DC-themed online-only convention. Known as DC FanDome , the free "immersive virtual fan experience" was a 24-hour-long event held on August 22, 2020. [ 123 ] The main presentation, entitled "DC FanDome: Hall of Heroes", was held as scheduled on August 22. [ 124 ] The remaining programming was provided through a one-day video on demand experience, "DC FanDome: Explore the Multiverse", on September 12. As Warner Bros. and DC's response to San Diego Comic-Con's cancellation due to the COVID-19 pandemic , the convention featured information about DC-based content including the DC Extended Universe film franchise, the Arrowverse television franchise, comic books, and video games. The convention also returned for the virtual premiere of Wonder Woman 1984 [ 125 ] and returned once again on October 16, 2021. [ 126 ] In August 2020, roughly one-third of DC's editorial ranks were laid off, including the editor-in-chief, senior story editor, executive editor, and several senior VPs. [ 127 ] In March 2021, DC relaunched their entire line once again under the banner of Infinite Frontier . After the events of the Dark Nights: Death Metal storyline, the DC Multiverse was expanded into a larger "Omniverse" where everything is canon, effectively reversing the changes The New 52 introduced a decade prior. [ 128 ] Furthermore, AT&T spun off WarnerMedia to Discovery, forming Warner Bros. Discovery . This merger was completed on April 8, 2022. In January 2023, DC relaunched their line under the banner of Dawn of DC following the conclusion of Dark Crisis on Infinite Earths and Lazarus Planet . [ 129 ] Later that year, Jim Lee was promoted to President of DC in May. [ 130 ] Logo The November 1941 DC titles introduced an updated logo. This was almost twice the size of the previous version and the first with a white background. The name "Superman" was added to "A DC Publication", effectively acknowledging both Superman and Batman. This logo was the first to occupy the top-left corner of the cover, which is where the logo has generally resided ever since. The company began to refer to itself in its advertising as "Superman-DC". [ 131 ] When Jenette Kahn became DC's publisher in late 1976, she commissioned graphic designer Milton Glaser to design a new company logo. Popularly referred to as the "DC bullet", this logo premiered on the February 1977 titles. Although it varied in size and colour, was at times cropped by the edges of the cover, and was briefly rotated by 4 degrees, the logo remained essentially unchanged for almost three decades. Despite the various logo changes since 2005, the old "DC bullet" continues to be used only on the DC Archive Editions series. [ 132 ] On May 8, 2005, a new logo (dubbed the "DC spin") was unveiled, debuting on DC titles in June 2005 with DC Special: The Return of Donna Troy No. 1 and the rest of the titles the following week. As well as being used for comics, the new logo was designed for DC properties in other media, including films since Batman Begins (with Superman Returns showing the logo's normal variant), the TV series Smallville , the animated series Justice League Unlimited and others, as well as for collectibles and other merchandise. The "DC Spin" logo was designed by Josh Beatman of Brainchild Studios [ 133 ] and DC executive Richard Bruning . [ 134 ] In March 2012, DC unveiled a new logo designed by Landor Associates , which consists of a letter "D" peeling back to reveal the letter "C". The logo was intended to signify the concept of superheroes having "dual" identities and was adaptable across different mediums. [ 135 ] In May 2016, in conjunction with the DC Rebirth , DC replaced the "peel" logo with a circular logo reminiscent of the 1972 logo. [ 136 ] In July 2024, an updated version of Glaser's 1977 "Bullet" logo was unveiled during San Diego Comic-Con, as well as an accompanying intro sequence featuring Superman for DC Studios . [ 137 ] Gallery 1977–2005, aka the "DC Bullet" (first era logo) 2005–2012, aka the "DC Spin" 2012–2016, aka the "DC Peel" 2016–2024, logo introduced with the DC Rebirth relaunch 2024–present, aka the "DC Bullet" in blue shade (second era / return logo) Imprints Active DC (1937–present) Elseworlds (1989–2010, 2024–present) Vertigo Comics (1993–2020, 2024–present) [ 138 ] Sandman Universe (2018–present) WildStorm (1999–2010, 2017–present) Earth-M (1993–1997, 2018–present) DC Black Label (2018–present) [ 139 ] Hill House Comics (2019–present) DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults (2020–present) DC Graphic Novels for Kids (2020–present) DC Horror (2021–present) [ 140 ] DC Compact Comics (2024–present) [ 141 ] DC All In (2024–present) Elseworlds (1989–2010, 2024–present) Vertigo Comics (1993–2020, 2024–present) [ 138 ] Sandman Universe (2018–present) Sandman Universe (2018–present) WildStorm (1999–2010, 2017–present) Earth-M (1993–1997, 2018–present) DC Black Label (2018–present) [ 139 ] Hill House Comics (2019–present) Hill House Comics (2019–present) DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults (2020–present) DC Graphic Novels for Kids (2020–present) DC Horror (2021–present) [ 140 ] DC Compact Comics (2024–present) [ 141 ] DC All In (2024–present) Mad (1953–present) Defunct DC Archive Editions (1989–2014; replaced by DC Omnibus ) Piranha Press (1989–1993; renamed Paradox Press ) Impact Comics (1991–1993; licensed from Archie Comics ) Amalgam Comics (1996–1997; jointly with Marvel Comics ) Helix (1996–1998; merged with Vertigo ) Tangent Comics (1997–1998) Paradox Press (1998–2003) WildStorm Productions (1999–2010) America's Best Comics (1999–2005) Homage Comics (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) Cliffhanger (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) WildStorm Signature (2004–2006; merged with main WildStorm line) CMX Manga (2004–2010) America's Best Comics (1999–2005) Homage Comics (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) Cliffhanger (1999–2004; merged to form WildStorm Signature ) WildStorm Signature (2004–2006; merged with main WildStorm line) CMX Manga (2004–2010) DC Focus (2004–2005; merged with main DC line) Johnny DC (2004–2012) All Star (2005–2008) Minx (2007–2008) Zuda Comics (2007–2010) First Wave (2010–2011; licensed from Condé Nast Publications and Will Eisner Library) Young Animal (2016–2021) DC Ink (2019; replaced by DC Graphic Novels for Young Adults) DC Zoom (2019; replaced by DC Graphic Novels for Kids) Wonder Comics (2019–2021) See also Batman Day DC Collectibles DC Cosmic Cards DC Extended Universe DC Studios List of comics characters which originated in other media List of current DC Comics publications Lists of DC Comics characters List of films based on DC Comics publications List of television series based on DC Comics publications List of unproduced DC Comics projects List of video games based on DC Comics Publication history of DC Comics crossover events Notes ^ This logo was previously used from 1977 to 2005. ^ In a 1947–1948 lawsuit filed by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster against National, the presiding judge noted in a "Findings of Facts": "DETECTIVE COMICS, INC. was a corporation duly organized and existing under the laws of the State of New York, and was one of the constituent corporations consolidated on September 30, 1946 into defendant NATIONAL COMICS PUBLICATIONS, INC." [ 58 ] ^ Apocryphal legend has it that in 1961, either Jack Liebowitz or Irwin Donenfeld of DC Comics (then known as National Periodical Publications) bragged about DC's success with the Justice League (which had debuted in The Brave and the Bold No. 28 (February 1960) before going on to its own title) to publisher Martin Goodman (whose holdings included the nascent Marvel Comics , which was being distributed by DC's Independent News at this time) during a game of golf. However, film producer and comics historian Michael Uslan partly debunked the story in a letter published in Alter Ego No. 43 (December 2004), pp. 43–44 .mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}} Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News) ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. Goodman, a publishing trend-follower who was aware of DC's strong JLA sales, confirmably directed his comics editor, Stan Lee , to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee: "Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The [ sic ] Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, 'why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes? ' " [ 67 ] Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News) ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. Irwin said he never played golf with Goodman, so the story is untrue. I heard this story more than a couple of times while sitting in the lunchroom at DC's 909 Third Avenue and 75 Rockefeller Plaza office as Sol Harrison and [production chief] Jack Adler were schmoozing with some of us ... who worked for DC during our college summers ... [T]he way I heard the story from Sol was that Goodman was playing with one of the heads of Independent News, not DC Comics (though DC owned Independent News) ... As the distributor of DC Comics, this man certainly knew all the sales figures and was in the best position to tell this tidbit to Goodman. ... Of course, Goodman would want to be playing golf with this fellow and be in his good graces ... Sol worked closely with Independent News' top management over the decades and would have gotten this story straight from the horse's mouth. Goodman, a publishing trend-follower who was aware of DC's strong JLA sales, confirmably directed his comics editor, Stan Lee , to create a comic-book series about a team of superheroes. According to Lee: "Martin mentioned that he had noticed one of the titles published by National Comics seemed to be selling better than most. It was a book called The [ sic ] Justice League of America and it was composed of a team of superheroes. ... ' If the Justice League is selling ', spoke he, 'why don't we put out a comic book that features a team of superheroes? ' " [ 67 ] Citations ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} McMillan, Graeme (June 5, 2020). "DC Cut Ties with Diamond Comic Distributors" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 5, 2020 . Retrieved June 6, 2020 . ^ McMillan, Graeme (January 23, 2019). "DC Publishing Laying Off 3 Percent of Its Workforce" . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on September 18, 2020 . Retrieved August 13, 2020 . ^ Time Warner Inc. (March 31, 1994). "Form 10-K, I-35" . United States Securities and Exchange Commission . Archived from the original on February 24, 2017. ^ Brent Lang; Matt Donnelly (April 14, 2022). "Warner Bros. Discovery Exploring Overhaul of DC Entertainment (EXCLUSIVE)" . Variety . Archived from the original on April 14, 2022 . Retrieved April 17, 2022 . ^ Fuster, Jeremy; Gonzalez, Umberto (June 1, 2022). "Inside David Zaslav's Overhaul of the Warner Bros. Movie Division | Analysis" . TheWrap . Archived from the original on June 5, 2022 . Retrieved June 5, 2022 . ^ Jung, Michael (May 7, 2020). "What Does DC Comics Stand For?" . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on April 29, 2021 . Retrieved March 2, 2024 . ^ Galloway, Ryan (July 5, 2021). "What Was The First DC Comic?" . We Got This Covered . Archived from the original on September 11, 2021 . Retrieved September 11, 2021 . ^ Les Daniels, Superman: The Complete History, Chronicle Books, 1998, p. 9: "Superman is the best-known and most enduring superhero of all time." ^ Will Brooker, Batman Unmasked: Analyzing a Cultural Icon, Continuum, 2000, p. 5: "Batman may well be the most popular superhero ever created, rivaling even Superman in global recognition." ^ Jill Lepore, The Secret History of Wonder Woman, Knopf, 2014, p. xiv: "As the most famous female superhero, Wonder Woman has become a global symbol of feminine power." ^ "The Impact Of The Flash On The Superhero Genre And Pop Culture" . COGconnected . June 2023. The Flash is a significant superhero in the DC Universe. However, the hero has made a huge impact on other parts of the pop culture as well. ^ Geoff Johns, Justice League: Origin, DC Comics, 2011: "The Justice League is the most famous superhero team in the world." ^ Glen Cadigan, The Unauthorized Teen Titans Guide, TwoMorrows Publishing, 2003, p. 6: "The Teen Titans became the most popular teen superhero team of all time." ^ Heidi MacDonald, Publishers Weekly, "DC’s Brand Building Through Suicide," 2016: "Suicide Squad has become one of DC’s most well-known brands, recognizable far beyond comic book readership." ^ Paul Levitz, The Legion Companion, TwoMorrows Publishing, 2003, p. 8: "The Legion was once so popular it received more fan mail than any other DC feature." ^ Michael Mallory, Marvel: The Characters and Their Universe, Barnes & Noble, 2002, p. 212: "Luthor is the archetypal supervillain… he’s the most famous enemy of the most famous superhero." ^ Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich (December 2021). 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Comics Charlton Comics Columbia Comics Harry "A" Chesler Comico ComicsOne ComiXology Originals Continuity Comics Continüm Comics Crestwood Publications CrossGen Dabel Brothers Productions David McKay Publications Defiant Comics Dell Comics Del Rey Manga Disney Comics Double Take Comics Dragon Lady Press Dreamwave Productions Eastern Color Printing EC Comics Eclipse Comics Eternity Comics FantaCo Enterprises Fawcett Comics Fiction House First Comics Fox Feature Syndicate Future Comics Gemstone Publishing Gilberton Gladstone Publishing Gold Key Comics Harris Comics Harvey Comics Highwater Books Hillborough Studios Hillman Periodicals Holyoke Publishing Humanoids Publishing H1 Jodoverse Hyperwerks Innovation Publishing Kitchen Sink Press Lion Forge Comics Magazine Enterprises Mainline Publications Malibu Comics Maple Leaf Publishing Millennium Publications Mirage Studios National Comics Publications Nedor Publishing New Reliable Press NOW Comics Pacific Comics Pendulum Press Print Mint Quality Comics Renegade Press Revolutionary Comics Semic Comics Sirius Comics Sirius Entertainment Skywald Publications Sparkplug Comics Standard Comics Strawberry Jam Comics Street & Smith Tekno Comix Timely Comics Topps Comics Tundra Publishing Viper Comics Warren Publishing Action Lab Comics Aircel Comics AiT/Planet Lar Alias Enterprises All-American Publications AfterShock Comics Alternative Comics Amalgam Comics American Comics Group Anglo-American Publishing Another Rainbow Publishing Ape Entertainment Apple Comics Arcade Comics Atlas Comics Atlas/Seaboard Comics Awesome Comics Azteca Productions Bell Features Blackthorne Publishing Bongo Comics Broadway Comics Cat-Head Comics Catalan Communications Centaur Publications Chaos! Comics Charlton Comics Columbia Comics Harry "A" Chesler Comico ComicsOne ComiXology Originals Continuity Comics Continüm Comics Crestwood Publications CrossGen Dabel Brothers Productions David McKay Publications Defiant Comics Dell Comics Del Rey Manga Disney Comics Double Take Comics Dragon Lady Press Dreamwave Productions Eastern Color Printing EC Comics Eclipse Comics Eternity Comics FantaCo Enterprises Fawcett Comics Fiction House First Comics Fox Feature Syndicate Future Comics Gemstone Publishing Gilberton Gladstone Publishing Gold Key Comics Harris Comics Harvey Comics Highwater Books Hillborough Studios Hillman Periodicals Holyoke Publishing Humanoids Publishing H1 Jodoverse H1 Jodoverse Hyperwerks Innovation Publishing Kitchen Sink Press Lion Forge Comics Magazine Enterprises Mainline Publications Malibu Comics Maple Leaf Publishing Millennium Publications Mirage Studios National Comics Publications Nedor Publishing New Reliable Press NOW Comics Pacific Comics Pendulum Press Print Mint Quality Comics Renegade Press Revolutionary Comics Semic Comics Sirius Comics Sirius Entertainment Skywald Publications Sparkplug Comics Standard Comics Strawberry Jam Comics Street & Smith Tekno Comix Timely Comics Topps Comics Tundra Publishing Viper Comics Warren Publishing v t e DC Comics war titles v t e Titles Adventures in the Rifle Brigade All-Out War Blackhawks Blitzkrieg G.I. Combat The Losers (Vertigo) Men of War Our Army at War Our Fighting Forces Star Spangled War Stories The War that Time Forgot Weird War Tales Adventures in the Rifle Brigade All-Out War Blackhawks Blitzkrieg G.I. Combat The Losers (Vertigo) Men of War Our Army at War Our Fighting Forces Star Spangled War Stories The War that Time Forgot Weird War Tales Characters Blackhawk Boy Commandos Creature Commandos Easy Company Enemy Ace G.I. Robot Haunted Tank Hop Harrigan The Losers Mademoiselle Marie Sgt. Rock Unknown Soldier Blackhawk Boy Commandos Creature Commandos Easy Company Enemy Ace G.I. Robot Haunted Tank Hop Harrigan The Losers Mademoiselle Marie Sgt. Rock Unknown Soldier Editors Murray Boltinoff Archie Goodwin Robert Kanigher Joe Kubert Joe Orlando Murray Boltinoff Archie Goodwin Robert Kanigher Joe Kubert Joe Orlando Related Blackhawk (serial) Creature Commandos (TV series) DC Showcase: Sgt. Rock Front Line (video game) Hop Harrigan (serial) The Losers (2010 film) " Sgt. Rock (Is Going to Help Me) " Blackhawk (serial) Creature Commandos (TV series) DC Showcase: Sgt. Rock Front Line (video game) Hop Harrigan (serial) The Losers (2010 film) " Sgt. Rock (Is Going to Help Me) " v t e DC Comics crossover event publication history v t e 1980s " Crisis on Infinite Earths " (April 1985) " Legends " (November 1986) " Millennium " (January 1988) " Invasion! " (January 1989) " The Janus Directive " (May 1989) " Crisis on Infinite Earths " (April 1985) " Legends " (November 1986) " Millennium " (January 1988) " Invasion! " (January 1989) " The Janus Directive " (May 1989) 1990s " Armageddon 2001 " (May 1991) " War of the Gods " (September 1991) " Eclipso: The Darkness Within " (July 1992) " The Death of Superman " (October 1992) " Bloodlines " (1993) " The Children's Crusade " (December 1993) " Worlds Collide " (July 1994) " End of an Era " (August 1994) " Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! " (September 1994) " Underworld Unleashed " (November 1995) " DC vs. Marvel " (April 1996) " The Final Night " (November 1996) " Genesis " (October 1997) " DC One Million " (November 1998) " Day of Judgment " (November 1999) " JLApe: Gorilla Warfare! " (1999) " Armageddon 2001 " (May 1991) " War of the Gods " (September 1991) " Eclipso: The Darkness Within " (July 1992) " The Death of Superman " (October 1992) " Bloodlines " (1993) " The Children's Crusade " (December 1993) " Worlds Collide " (July 1994) " End of an Era " (August 1994) " Zero Hour: Crisis in Time! " (September 1994) " Underworld Unleashed " (November 1995) " DC vs. Marvel " (April 1996) " The Final Night " (November 1996) " Genesis " (October 1997) " DC One Million " (November 1998) " Day of Judgment " (November 1999) " JLApe: Gorilla Warfare! " (1999) 2000s " Our Worlds at War " (August 2001) " Joker: Last Laugh " (December 2001) " JLA/Avengers " (September 2003) " Identity Crisis " (June 2004) " Infinite Crisis " (December 2005) " Amazons Attack! " (March 2007) " Sinestro Corps War " (August 2007) " Final Crisis " (July 2008) " Blackest Night " (June 2009) " Our Worlds at War " (August 2001) " Joker: Last Laugh " (December 2001) " JLA/Avengers " (September 2003) " Identity Crisis " (June 2004) " Infinite Crisis " (December 2005) " Amazons Attack! " (March 2007) " Sinestro Corps War " (August 2007) " Final Crisis " (July 2008) " Blackest Night " (June 2009) 2010s " Brightest Day " (May 2010) " Reign of Doomsday " (January 2011) " Flashpoint " (May 2011) " The Culling " (November 2011) " Batman: Night of the Owls " (April 2012) " Death of the Family " (October 2012) " H'El on Earth " (October 2012) " Throne of Atlantis " (November 2012) " Wrath of the First Lantern " (February 2013) " Batman: Zero Year " (June 2013) " Trinity War " (July 2013) " Forever Evil " (September 2013) " Forever Evil: Blight " (October 2013) " The New 52: Futures End " (September 2014) " Convergence " (April 2015) " Darkseid War " (June 2015) " The Button " (April 2017) " Dark Nights: Metal " (June 2017) " The Lazarus Contract " (July 2017) " Doomsday Clock " (November 2017) " Milk Wars " (March 2018) " Heroes in Crisis " (September 2018) " The Terminus Agenda " (March 2019) " Year of the Villain " (May 2019) " Brightest Day " (May 2010) " Reign of Doomsday " (January 2011) " Flashpoint " (May 2011) " The Culling " (November 2011) " Batman: Night of the Owls " (April 2012) " Death of the Family " (October 2012) " H'El on Earth " (October 2012) " Throne of Atlantis " (November 2012) " Wrath of the First Lantern " (February 2013) " Batman: Zero Year " (June 2013) " Trinity War " (July 2013) " Forever Evil " (September 2013) " Forever Evil: Blight " (October 2013) " The New 52: Futures End " (September 2014) " Convergence " (April 2015) " Darkseid War " (June 2015) " The Button " (April 2017) " Dark Nights: Metal " (June 2017) " The Lazarus Contract " (July 2017) " Doomsday Clock " (November 2017) " Milk Wars " (March 2018) " Heroes in Crisis " (September 2018) " The Terminus Agenda " (March 2019) " Year of the Villain " (May 2019) 2020s " Dark Nights: Death Metal " (June 2020) " Joker War " (September 2020) " Generations " (September 2020) " Endless Winter " (December 2020) " Future State " (January 2021) " Infinite Frontier " (June 2021) " Fear State " (August 2021) " War for Earth-3 " (March 2022) " Shadow War " (April 2022) " Dark Crisis " (May 2022) " The New Golden Age " (November 2022) " Lazarus Planet " (January 2023) " Knight Terrors " (July 2023) " Gotham War " (August 2023) " Titans: Beast World " (November 2023) " House of Brainiac " (April 2024) " Absolute Power " (July 2024) " We are Yesterday " (June 2025) " DC K.O. " (October 2025) " Dark Nights: Death Metal " (June 2020) " Joker War " (September 2020) " Generations " (September 2020) " Endless Winter " (December 2020) " Future State " (January 2021) " Infinite Frontier " (June 2021) " Fear State " (August 2021) " War for Earth-3 " (March 2022) " Shadow War " (April 2022) " Dark Crisis " (May 2022) " The New Golden Age " (November 2022) " Lazarus Planet " (January 2023) " Knight Terrors " (July 2023) " Gotham War " (August 2023) " Titans: Beast World " (November 2023) " House of Brainiac " (April 2024) " Absolute Power " (July 2024) " We are Yesterday " (June 2025) " DC K.O. " (October 2025) Launch lines DC Universe DC Explosion/DC Implosion (1978) The New 52 (2011–2016) DC Rebirth (2016–2017) The New Age of DC Heroes (2018–2020) New Justice (2018–2021) The Sandman Universe (2018–2024) Infinite Frontier (2021–2023) The New Golden Age (2022–2024) Dawn of DC (2023–2024) DC All In (2024–) Other continuities Hanna-Barbera Beyond (2016–2019) Murphyverse (2017–2023) Milestone Returns (2020–2025) Absolute Universe (2024–) DC Universe DC Explosion/DC Implosion (1978) The New 52 (2011–2016) DC Rebirth (2016–2017) The New Age of DC Heroes (2018–2020) New Justice (2018–2021) The Sandman Universe (2018–2024) Infinite Frontier (2021–2023) The New Golden Age (2022–2024) Dawn of DC (2023–2024) DC All In (2024–) DC Explosion/DC Implosion (1978) The New 52 (2011–2016) DC Rebirth (2016–2017) The New Age of DC Heroes (2018–2020) New Justice (2018–2021) The Sandman Universe (2018–2024) Infinite Frontier (2021–2023) The New Golden Age (2022–2024) Dawn of DC (2023–2024) DC All In (2024–) Other continuities Hanna-Barbera Beyond (2016–2019) Murphyverse (2017–2023) Milestone Returns (2020–2025) Absolute Universe (2024–) Hanna-Barbera Beyond (2016–2019) Murphyverse (2017–2023) Milestone Returns (2020–2025) Absolute Universe (2024–) See also Intercompany crossovers in comics Intercompany crossovers in comics v t e Golden Age of Comic Books v t e Ace Comics Captain Courageous Doctor Nemesis The Flag Lash Lightning The Raven Unknown Soldier Vulcan Captain Courageous Doctor Nemesis The Flag Lash Lightning The Raven Unknown Soldier Vulcan All-American Publications The Atom Al Pratt Black Canary Doctor Mid-Nite Charles McNider Doiby Dickles The Flash Jay Garrick Gay Ghost Green Lantern Alan Scott Hawkgirl Shiera Sanders Hall Hawkman Carter Hall Hop Harrigan Johnny Thunder Justice Society of America The King Mister Terrific Terry Sloane Neptune Perkins Red Tornado Sargon the Sorcerer Terrific Whatzit Thunderbolt Ultra-Man The Whip Wildcat Ted Grant Wonder Woman The Atom Al Pratt Al Pratt Black Canary Doctor Mid-Nite Charles McNider Charles McNider Doiby Dickles The Flash Jay Garrick Jay Garrick Gay Ghost Green Lantern Alan Scott Alan Scott Hawkgirl Shiera Sanders Hall Shiera Sanders Hall Hawkman Carter Hall Carter Hall Hop Harrigan Johnny Thunder Justice Society of America The King Mister Terrific Terry Sloane Terry Sloane Neptune Perkins Red Tornado Sargon the Sorcerer Terrific Whatzit Thunderbolt Ultra-Man The Whip Wildcat Ted Grant Ted Grant Wonder Woman Centaur Comics Airman Amazing-Man The Arrow The Clock The Eye Fantom of the Fair Magician from Mars The Masked Marvel Minimidget Airman Amazing-Man The Arrow The Clock The Eye Fantom of the Fair Magician from Mars The Masked Marvel Minimidget Charlton Comics Atomic Mouse Captain Atom Nightshade Mr. Muscles Nature Boy Space Adventures Yellowjacket Atomic Mouse Captain Atom Nightshade Mr. Muscles Nature Boy Space Adventures Yellowjacket Dell Comics Doctor Hormone Flash Gordon The Owl Phantasmo Supermind's Son Zorro Doctor Hormone Flash Gordon The Owl Phantasmo Supermind's Son Zorro Fawcett Comics Bulletgirl Bulletman Captain Marvel Captain Marvel Jr. Captain Midnight Dan Dare Golden Arrow Hoppy the Marvel Bunny Ibis the Invincible Lieutenant Marvels Marvel Family Mary Marvel Master Man Minute-Man Mr. Scarlet Nyoka the Jungle Girl Phantom Eagle Pinky the Whiz Kid Scoop Smith Spy Smasher Squadron of Justice Uncle Marvel Bulletgirl Bulletman Captain Marvel Captain Marvel Jr. Captain Midnight Dan Dare Golden Arrow Hoppy the Marvel Bunny Ibis the Invincible Lieutenant Marvels Marvel Family Mary Marvel Master Man Minute-Man Mr. Scarlet Nyoka the Jungle Girl Phantom Eagle Pinky the Whiz Kid Scoop Smith Spy Smasher Squadron of Justice Uncle Marvel Fox Comics Blue Beetle Dan Garret The Bouncer Bronze Man Dynamo The Flame Green Mask The Moth Samson Stardust the Super Wizard U.S. Jones Wonder Man Blue Beetle Dan Garret Dan Garret The Bouncer Bronze Man Dynamo The Flame Green Mask The Moth Samson Stardust the Super Wizard U.S. Jones Wonder Man Harvey Comics Black Cat Captain 3-D Captain Freedom Green Hornet Invisible Scarlet O'Neil Kato Shock Gibson Spirit of '76 Black Cat Captain 3-D Captain Freedom Green Hornet Invisible Scarlet O'Neil Kato Shock Gibson Spirit of '76 Lev Gleason Publications Captain Battle Claw Crimebuster Daredevil Little Wise Guys Silver Streak Captain Battle Claw Crimebuster Daredevil Little Wise Guys Silver Streak MLJ Comics The Black Hood Bob Phantom Captain Flag The Comet The Firefly The Fox The Hangman Rang-a-Tang the Wonder Dog The Shield Super Duck The Web The Wizard The Black Hood Bob Phantom Captain Flag The Comet The Firefly The Fox The Hangman Rang-a-Tang the Wonder Dog The Shield Super Duck The Web The Wizard National Allied Publications Ace the Bat-Hound Air Wave Aquaman Batman Batwoman Black Pirate Boy Commandos Captain Comet Chris KL-99 Congo Bill Crimson Avenger Lee Travis Dan the Dyna-Mite Dark Ranger Detective Chimp Doctor Fate Kent Nelson Doctor Occult Genius Jones Gimmick Girl Green Arrow Guardian Hourman Rex Tyler Johnny Chambers King Faraday The Knight Krypto Liberty Belle Manhunter Paul Kirk Martian Manhunter Miss X Mr. America Newsboy Legion Phantom Stranger Rex the Wonder Dog Robin Dick Grayson Robotman Rose Psychic Sandman Wesley Dodds Sandy the Golden Boy Seven Soldiers of Victory Shining Knight Sir Justin Slam Bradley The Spectre Jim Corrigan Speedy Roy Harper Squire Star-Spangled Kid Sylvester Pemberton Starman Ted Knight Stripesy Stuff the Chinatown Kid Superboy Kal-El Superman Superwoman Lois Lane Tarantula TNT Tommy Tomorrow Vigilante Greg Saunders Wonder Woman Zatara Ace the Bat-Hound Air Wave Aquaman Batman Batwoman Black Pirate Boy Commandos Captain Comet Chris KL-99 Congo Bill Crimson Avenger Lee Travis Lee Travis Dan the Dyna-Mite Dark Ranger Detective Chimp Doctor Fate Kent Nelson Kent Nelson Doctor Occult Genius Jones Gimmick Girl Green Arrow Guardian Hourman Rex Tyler Rex Tyler Johnny Chambers King Faraday The Knight Krypto Liberty Belle Manhunter Paul Kirk Paul Kirk Martian Manhunter Miss X Mr. America Newsboy Legion Phantom Stranger Rex the Wonder Dog Robin Dick Grayson Dick Grayson Robotman Rose Psychic Sandman Wesley Dodds Wesley Dodds Sandy the Golden Boy Seven Soldiers of Victory Shining Knight Sir Justin Sir Justin Slam Bradley The Spectre Jim Corrigan Jim Corrigan Speedy Roy Harper Roy Harper Squire Star-Spangled Kid Sylvester Pemberton Sylvester Pemberton Starman Ted Knight Ted Knight Stripesy Stuff the Chinatown Kid Superboy Kal-El Kal-El Superman Superwoman Lois Lane Lois Lane Tarantula TNT Tommy Tomorrow Vigilante Greg Saunders Greg Saunders Wonder Woman Zatara Nedor Comics American Crusader American Eagle Black Terror Captain Future Doc Strange Fighting Yank The Ghost Grim Reaper Judy of the Jungle Kara the Jungle Princess Lance Lewis, Space Detective Liberator The Magnet Miss Masque Princess Pantha Pyroman The Scarab The Woman in Red American Crusader American Eagle Black Terror Captain Future Doc Strange Fighting Yank The Ghost Grim Reaper Judy of the Jungle Kara the Jungle Princess Lance Lewis, Space Detective Liberator The Magnet Miss Masque Princess Pantha Pyroman The Scarab The Woman in Red Novelty Press Blue Bolt Dick Cole The Target The Targeteers The Twister Blue Bolt Dick Cole The Target The Targeteers The Twister Prize Publications Atomic-Man Black Owl Fighting American Green Lama Yank & Doodle Atomic-Man Black Owl Fighting American Green Lama Yank & Doodle Quality Comics Archie O'Toole #711 Black Condor Blackhawk Blue Tracer Bozo the Iron Man Captain Triumph Doll Girl Doll Man Firebrand Human Bomb Invisible Hood The Jester Kid Eternity Lady Luck Madame Fatal Magno Manhunter Merlin the Magician Midnight Miss America Miss Fear Mouthpiece Neon the Unknown Phantom Lady Plastic Man Quicksilver The Ray Red Bee Red Torpedo The Spider Spider Widow Uncle Sam Wildfire Wonder Boy Woozy Winks Archie O'Toole #711 Black Condor Blackhawk Blue Tracer Bozo the Iron Man Captain Triumph Doll Girl Doll Man Firebrand Human Bomb Invisible Hood The Jester Kid Eternity Lady Luck Madame Fatal Magno Manhunter Merlin the Magician Midnight Miss America Miss Fear Mouthpiece Neon the Unknown Phantom Lady Plastic Man Quicksilver The Ray Red Bee Red Torpedo The Spider Spider Widow Uncle Sam Wildfire Wonder Boy Woozy Winks Timely Comics All-Winners Squad American Ace The Angel Black Marvel Black Widow Claire Voyant Blazing Skull Blonde Phantom Blue Blade Blue Diamond Breeze Barton Bucky Bucky Barnes Captain America Captain Wonder The Challenger Citizen V The Destroyer Dynamic Man Father Time Ferret Fiery Mask The Fin Golden Girl Human Torch Jack Frost Laughing Mask Marvel Boy Mercury Miss America Miss Fury Mister E Namor Namora The Patriot Phantom Reporter Red Raven Rockman Silver Scorpion Sun Girl Super Rabbit Thin Man Thunderer Tim Mulrooney Toro Venus Vision Whizzer Robert Frank Witness Young Allies All-Winners Squad American Ace The Angel Black Marvel Black Widow Claire Voyant Claire Voyant Blazing Skull Blonde Phantom Blue Blade Blue Diamond Breeze Barton Bucky Bucky Barnes Bucky Barnes Captain America Captain Wonder The Challenger Citizen V The Destroyer Dynamic Man Father Time Ferret Fiery Mask The Fin Golden Girl Human Torch Jack Frost Laughing Mask Marvel Boy Mercury Miss America Miss Fury Mister E Namor Namora The Patriot Phantom Reporter Red Raven Rockman Silver Scorpion Sun Girl Super Rabbit Thin Man Thunderer Tim Mulrooney Toro Venus Vision Whizzer Robert Frank Robert Frank Witness Young Allies Misc. American Comics Group Superkatt Anglo-American Publishing Commander Steel Atlas Publications Captain Atom Bell Features The Brain Johnny Canuck Nelvana of the Northern Lights Cardal Publishing Streamline Columbia Comics The Face Skyman David McKay Publications Mandrake the Magician The Phantom DC Thomson The Amazing Mr X Jack Flash Dynamic Publications Dynamic Man Yankee Girl Eastern Color Printing Buck Rogers Hydroman Phantom Magician EC Comics Moon Girl Superduperman Elliot Publishing Company Kismet, Man of Fate Fiction House Fantomah Hillman Periodicals Airboy The Heap Holyoke Publishing Cat-Man Kitten Miss Victory L. Miller & Son, Ltd. Kid Marvelman Marvelman Young Marvelman Magazine Enterprises Funnyman Maple Leaf Publishing Brok Windsor Iron Man Rural Home Publications Green Turtle Street & Smith The Avenger Doc Savage The Shadow Supersnipe American Comics Group Superkatt Superkatt Anglo-American Publishing Commander Steel Commander Steel Atlas Publications Captain Atom Captain Atom Bell Features The Brain Johnny Canuck Nelvana of the Northern Lights The Brain Johnny Canuck Nelvana of the Northern Lights Cardal Publishing Streamline Streamline Columbia Comics The Face Skyman The Face Skyman David McKay Publications Mandrake the Magician The Phantom Mandrake the Magician The Phantom DC Thomson The Amazing Mr X Jack Flash The Amazing Mr X Jack Flash Dynamic Publications Dynamic Man Yankee Girl Dynamic Man Yankee Girl Eastern Color Printing Buck Rogers Hydroman Phantom Magician Buck Rogers Hydroman Phantom Magician EC Comics Moon Girl Superduperman Moon Girl Superduperman Elliot Publishing Company Kismet, Man of Fate Kismet, Man of Fate Fiction House Fantomah Fantomah Hillman Periodicals Airboy The Heap Airboy The Heap Holyoke Publishing Cat-Man Kitten Miss Victory Cat-Man Kitten Miss Victory L. Miller & Son, Ltd. Kid Marvelman Marvelman Young Marvelman Kid Marvelman Marvelman Young Marvelman Magazine Enterprises Funnyman Funnyman Maple Leaf Publishing Brok Windsor Iron Man Brok Windsor Iron Man Rural Home Publications Green Turtle Green Turtle Street & Smith The Avenger Doc Savage The Shadow Supersnipe The Avenger Doc Savage The Shadow Supersnipe United States Comics New York City Companies Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat VIAF WorldCat National United States Czech Republic Israel United States Czech Republic Israel People Trove Trove Other SNAC Yale LUX SNAC Yale LUX DC Comics Book publishing companies based in California Companies based in Burbank, California Publishing companies established in 1935 DC Entertainment Warner Bros. Discovery brands Comic book publishing companies of the United States American companies established in 1935 Culture of the United States 1935 establishments in New York City Warner Bros. Discovery subsidiaries Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia pending changes protected pages Use American English from January 2024 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from October 2024 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from October 2024 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024 Articles needing additional references from November 2024 All articles needing additional references Pages using Sister project links with hidden wikidata This page was last edited on 13 January 2026, at 21:22 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. 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Alaman utamo Portal komunitas Parubaan tarbaru Gaor alaman Tolong Alaman husus Manyumbangkon Baen akun Masuk log Manyumbangkon Baen akun Masuk log Alaman Utamo Alaman utamo Marpokat Baca Sise sumber Sise sejarah Baca Sise sumber Sise sejarah Tautan aha ison Parubaan tarkait Unggah borkas Tautan permanen Informasi alaman Mangutip alaman on ligi ma URL na pendek on Unduh kode QR Baen buku Unduh tu PDF Versi cetak Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Penjangkauan Wikimedia Wikisumber multibahasa Wikispesies Wikidata Wikifungsi Wikimania Wikikamus Wikidata item Wikipedia Saro Mandailing Ensiklopedia bebas Saro Mandailing Wikipedia Saro Mandailing Ensiklopedia bebas Saro Mandailing Bahatni alaman: 1.199 Bahatni alaman: 1.199 Agama Saro Mandailing Geografi Olahraga Politik Sejarah Biografi Teknologi Tentang Wikipedia On ma alaman Wikipedia na mampargunoon Saro Mandailing i, anso angka panurtur saro Mandailing i dapot marturtur i Wikipedia on dongan Saro Mandailing dope. 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On ma Wikimedia Incubator , ijia proyek na ponting ni Wikipedia project wikis i bagasan saro na baru tingon Wikipedia , Wikibooks , Wikinews , Wikiquote , Wiktionary and Wikivoyage saonnari dapot ma irancang, ituliskon, icubo, dot ibuktion layak ibaenkon marsamo-samo Wikimedia Foundation . Bope wiki na diuji cubo on indape dimiliki wiki kalai, Amu pe dapot mampargunoonna di son do, sarupo juo anggo Amu mampargunoon i proyek Wikimedia nalaenna. Versi bahaso na baru on dari Wikiversity dapot dirujuk ma tu Beta Wikiversity , langa Wikisource tu Old Wikisiource . Koum sude i inda dapot mamuloi proyek na baru sian mulo, tai umdapot mamuloi edisi na baru dari proyek na ma adong on. On ma alaman Wikipedia na mampargunoon Saro Mandailing i, anso angka panurtur saro Mandailing i dapot marturtur i Wikipedia on dongan Saro Mandailing dope. On ma Wikimedia Incubator , ijia proyek na ponting ni Wikipedia project wikis i bagasan saro na baru tingon Wikipedia , Wikibooks , Wikinews , Wikiquote , Wiktionary and Wikivoyage saonnari dapot ma irancang, ituliskon, icubo, dot ibuktion layak ibaenkon marsamo-samo Wikimedia Foundation . Bope wiki na diuji cubo on indape dimiliki wiki kalai, Amu pe dapot mampargunoonna di son do, sarupo juo anggo Amu mampargunoon i proyek Wikimedia nalaenna. Versi bahaso na baru on dari Wikiversity dapot dirujuk ma tu Beta Wikiversity , langa Wikisource tu Old Wikisiource . Koum sude i inda dapot mamuloi proyek na baru sian mulo, tai umdapot mamuloi edisi na baru dari proyek na ma adong on. Mambaen Alaman Saonnari Wikipedia na Saro Mandailing ma adong 1.199 alaman Mambaen Alaman Mambaen Alaman Saonnari Wikipedia na Saro Mandailing ma adong 1.199 alaman Artikel pilion Imbo ( Indonesia : Siamang ) ima erek na lomlom na ginjang tanganna, dohot mangolu i ayu-uyu. Biasona, imbo namaloan molo maninjal i ginjang ayu, mambaen inda adong predator na bisa menangkup kalai. Imbo ima spesies tarancam, arana deforestasi habitatna copat.Imbo inda adong ikurna dohot puna postur sibuk na urang lidang. Imbo pe puna parkembangan otak na ginjang. Imbo marwarna nalomlom tar coklat rara. Erek on puna jalinan antara jari napadua dohot napatolu.( Sasingkopna... ) Templat:Today's featured article/Januari 9, 2026 Iboto amu do... Tulisan Na Madung Adong: Artikel Saro Mandailing i Wikipedia Alaman Mandailing i Wikipedia Artikel na wajib adong i Wikipedia Templat na madung adong Artikel pilion Iboto amu do... Tulisan Na Madung Adong: Artikel Saro Mandailing i Wikipedia Alaman Mandailing i Wikipedia Artikel na wajib adong i Wikipedia Templat na madung adong Aha do na masa Sada motor madabu tu Aek Bhairab sidung madabu tingon sada jambatan i Distrik Murshidabad , Bengal Barat , India , mambaen maninggal sakitar 36 alak. I Grammy , Bruno Mars mamonangkan onam panghargaan, tarmasuk Album, Rekaman, dot Lagu Taon On. I Yaman, Par separatis tingon Dewan Transisi Selatan mangaranggut gedung-gedung pamarentahan i Aden tingon pasukan Presiden Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi (gambar) . Miloš Zeman tarpili mulak tu maso jabatan padua i pamilian umum Presiden Ceko . Sada bom i Kabul , Afganistan, mangakibatkon saotikna 102 alak maninggal dot ampir 200 lainna marmancitan. Nabaru maninggal : Hwang Byung-ki – Mark Salling – Ingvar Kamprad – Hiromu Nonaka Kajadian tarbaru lainna... On this day... Templat:Selected anniversaries/Januari 10 Aha do na masa Sada motor madabu tu Aek Bhairab sidung madabu tingon sada jambatan i Distrik Murshidabad , Bengal Barat , India , mambaen maninggal sakitar 36 alak. I Grammy , Bruno Mars mamonangkan onam panghargaan, tarmasuk Album, Rekaman, dot Lagu Taon On. I Yaman, Par separatis tingon Dewan Transisi Selatan mangaranggut gedung-gedung pamarentahan i Aden tingon pasukan Presiden Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi (gambar) . Miloš Zeman tarpili mulak tu maso jabatan padua i pamilian umum Presiden Ceko . Sada bom i Kabul , Afganistan, mangakibatkon saotikna 102 alak maninggal dot ampir 200 lainna marmancitan. Nabaru maninggal : Hwang Byung-ki – Mark Salling – Ingvar Kamprad – Hiromu Nonaka On this day... Gambar pilion Bagas godang Panyabungan Bagas Godang Panyabungan nida tingon bariba siambirang. Bagas Godang ima bagas ni namora natoras na adong di mandailing. 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Forside Tilfeldig artikkel Hjelp Siste endringer Prosjektportal Hvordan bidra? Wikitreff Tinget Torget Konkurranser Kontakt Wikipedia Wikimedia Norge Doner Opprett konto Logg inn Doner Opprett konto Logg inn Forside Hovedside Diskusjon Les Vis kilde Vis historikk Les Vis kilde Vis historikk Lenker hit Relaterte endringer Last opp fil Permanent lenke Sideinformasjon Spesialsider Siter denne siden Hent forkortet URL Last ned QR-kode Last ned som PDF Utskriftsvennlig versjon Wikimedia Commons Wikimedia Foundation MediaWiki Meta-Wiki Wikimedia Outreach Den flerspråklige Wikikilden Wikispecies Wikibøker Wikidata Wikifunctions Wikimania Wikinytt Wikiquote Wikikilden Wiktionary Wikidata-element Velkommen til Wikipedia , den frie encyklopedien som du kan forbedre . Ukens artikkel ( uke 3 ) Gustav Struve (1805–1870) var en tysk jurist, politiker og revolusjonær. Han var aktiv under Vormärz og Marsrevolusjonen i 1848. Struve var medlem av Storhertugdømmet Badens landdag, og av det såkalte Forparlamentet som forberedte Frankfurtparlamentet. Sammen med Friedrich Hecker holdt han 12. september 1847 et møte med rundt 100 personer, i Offenburg i Baden. Forsamlingen krevde Karlsbad-beslutningene opphevet og at en demokratisk valgt folkeforsamling ble etablert. Den 21. september 1848 proklamerte han i byen Lörrach at Den tyske republikk var etablert. Den påfølgende oppstanden ble imidlertid raskt slått ned. ► Les mer her. Dagens skandinaviske artikkel ( dansk ) Knud den Store (ca. 995 - 1035) var konge af Danmark 1018-1035, af England 1016-1035 og af Norge 1028-1035, der tilsammen ofte bliver omtalt som Nordsøimperiet. Knud var søn af Svend Tveskæg. Som dansk prins vandt han tronen i England i 1016 i kølvandet på flere hundrede års vikingeaktivitet i det nordvestlige Europa. Knud forsøgte at bevare sin magtbase ved at forene danerne og englænderne igennem fælles kulturelle bånd af rigdom og tradition samt via ren brutalitet. Efter et årti i konflikt med modstandere i Skandinavien tog Knud Norges krone i Trondheim i 1028. Herredømmet over England gav danerne en vigtig forbindelse til havområdet mellem Storbritannien og Irland, hvor Knud, ligesom hans far før ham, havde store interesser og udøvede stor indflydelse blandt de norrøne gælere. Knuds besiddelser i form af Englands bispedømmer og de kontinentale bispedømmer i Danmark, som den tysk-romerske ærkebiskop af Bremen ellers havde højhedsretten over, var en kilde til stor prestige og en løftestang i forhold til den katolske kirke og blandt mange magnater i kristendommen. ► Læs mere Arkiv · Dette er ukens artikkel på dansk Wikipedia Slik vokser leksikonet fram … Karoline Leavitt (født 1997; bildet ) ble den yngste pressesekretæren i Det hvite hus noensinne da hun tiltrådte 27 år gammel. Keramikeren Sidsel Hartvig Jensen (1916–1996) er representert i Victoria and Albert Museum i London. Makkabiaden er det største jødiske idrettsarrangement i verden og holdes hvert 4. år. Historiske spel blir framført på steder med lokal tilknytning til handlingen fra myter, sagn, litteratur eller historiske hendelser. Franske Régis Le Bris er er hovedtrener for den engelske fotballklubben Sunderland. Det ble i 2016 innført en lov for juridisk kjønn i Norge , som ikke nødvendigvis samsvarer med ens kjønn registrert ved fødsel. Trekroneren er et gatekjøkken i Bergen, etablert i 1946. Kanadiske Michael Ignatieff (født 1947) har arbeidet som professor, journalist, romanforfatter, litteraturkritiker, politiker og universitetsrektor. Dette er eksempler på gode nye Wikipedia-artikler. Arkiv Flere nye artikler her Søsterprosjekter Wikipedia utgis av den ideelle organisasjonen Wikimedia Foundation , som driver flere flerspråklige og frie prosjekter hvor alle kan bidra. Aktuelt Det er anslått at flere tusen har blitt drept i forbindelse med demonstrasjoner i Iran . Erling Braut Haaland ( bildet ) vinner tre priser under Idrettsgallaen 2026 . En kvinne blir skutt og drept av ICE i Minneapolis. Bakgrunn: USAs hybridkrig mot Grønland • Krigen i Gaza • Krigen i Ukraina • Krigen i Mali • Borgerkrigen i Jemen Samfunn: Totalforsvarsåret 2026 Sport : Håndball-EM • Afrikamesterskapet i fotball Verdenscup: Skiskyting (Ruhpolding) Nylig avdøde 13. jan. – Scott Adams ( bildet ), amerikansk tegneserieskaper (68) 11. jan. – Vigdis M. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Early life Toggle Early life subsection 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 1.1 Childhood and early education 1.2 World War II 1.3 University, marriage and politics 2 Early career (1951–1955) Toggle Early career (1951–1955) subsection 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 2.1 Litigation practice 2.2 Forming the PAP 3 Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Toggle Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) subsection 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 3.1 Strikes and power struggle 3.2 Merdeka talks 3.3 1957 and 1959 elections 4 Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) Toggle Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) subsection 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 4.1 First years in power 4.2 PAP split of 1961 4.3 Leadup to referendum and merger 4.4 Operation Coldstore detentions 5 Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Toggle Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) subsection 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 5.1 Elections and tensions 5.2 Malaysian Malaysia and separation 6 Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Toggle Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) subsection 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.1 Defence 6.2 Economy 6.3 Anti-corruption measures 6.4 Population policies 6.5 Water resources 6.6 Environment 6.7 Foreign policy 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 6.7.1 Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad 6.7.2 Indonesia 6.7.3 United States 6.7.4 China 6.7.5 United Kingdom 6.7.6 Australia 6.7.7 Cambodia 7 Senior Minister (1990–2004) Toggle Senior Minister (1990–2004) subsection 7.1 Condominium rebates 7.1 Condominium rebates 8 Minister Mentor (2004–2011) 9 Illness and death 10 Legacy 11 Legal suits Toggle Legal suits subsection 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 11.1 Action against Far Eastern Economic Review 11.2 Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam 11.3 Action against Devan Nair 11.4 International Herald Tribune defamation case 12 Political positions Toggle Political positions subsection 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 12.1 Criticism of Chinese marginalisation 12.2 Eugenics 12.3 Islam 12.4 Homosexuality 12.5 Corporal punishment 12.6 Press 12.7 Immigration 13 Personal life 14 Cultural depictions 15 Awards 16 See also 17 Notes 18 References Toggle References subsection 18.1 Works cited 18.1 Works cited 19 Further reading Toggle Further reading subsection 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 19.1 Primary sources 19.2 Other sources 20 External links Lee Kuan Yew Afrikaans العربية Asturianu Azərbaycanca Basa Bali বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Bikol Central Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingua Franca Nova Magyar Madhurâ Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk پنجابی پښتو ភាសាខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Simple English سنڌي Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча / tatarça တႆး తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Volapük 文言 Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikiquote Wikidata item The Honourable Lee Kuan Yew GCMG CH SPMJ DK Lee in 1975 1st Prime Minister of Singapore In office 5 June 1959 – 28 November 1990 Monarchs .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) Elizabeth II (1959–1963) Putra of Perlis (1963–1965) President Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Yusof Ishak Benjamin Sheares Devan Nair Wee Kim Wee Deputy Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Goh Keng Swee S. Rajaratnam Goh Chok Tong Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by Office established Lim Yew Hock (Chief Minister of Singapore) Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Secretary-General of the People's Action Party In office 20 October 1957 – 14 November 1992 Chairman Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Toh Chin Chye Ong Teng Cheong Preceded by T. T. Rajah Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong In office 21 November 1954 – 3 August 1957 Preceded by Position established Succeeded by T. T. Rajah 1st Leader of the Opposition In office 22 April 1955 – 31 March 1959 Chief Minister David Marshall Lim Yew Hock Preceded by Position established Succeeded by Lim Yew Hock Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Ministerial offices Minister Mentor of Singapore In office 12 August 2004 – 20 May 2011 Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong Preceded by Office established Succeeded by Office abolished Senior Minister of Singapore In office 28 November 1990 – 12 August 2004 Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong Preceded by S. Rajaratnam Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Parliamentary offices Member of the Malaysian Parliament for Singapore In office 2 November 1963 – 9 August 1965 [ 1 ] Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC In office 21 August 1991 – 23 March 2015 Preceded by Constituency established Succeeded by PAP held Majority All elections: N/A (walkover) Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC In office 2 April 1955 – 26 April 1957 Preceded by Constituency established In office 29 June 1957 – 14 August 1991 Succeeded by Constituency abolished Majority 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) 1955: 5,121 (66.53%) 1957: 3,392 (49.51%) 1959: 4,512 (42.08%) 1963: 2,780 (25.94%) 1968: 8,580 (88.68%) 1972: 6,114 (68.16%) 1976: 8,764 (78.06%) 1980: 11,175 (88.35%) 1984: N/A (walkover) 1988: 10,876 (63.20%) Personal details Born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ( 1923-09-16 ) 16 September 1923 Singapore Died 23 March 2015 (2015-03-23) (aged 91) Singapore Resting place Mandai Crematorium and Columbarium Party People's Action Party Spouse .mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-inline{display:inline} Kwa Geok Choo ( m. 1950; died 2010) Children Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Lee Hsien Loong (son) Lee Wei Ling (daughter) Lee Hsien Yang (son) Parents Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Lee Chin Koon (father) Chua Jim Neo (mother) Relatives Lee family Education Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Raffles College London School of Economics Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge ( BA ) Signature Chinese name Chinese 李光耀 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Lǐ Guāngyào Bopomofo ㄌㄧˇ ㄍㄨㄤ ㄧㄠˋ Wade–Giles Li 3 Kuang 1 -yao 4 Tongyong Pinyin Lǐ Guang-yào Yale Romanization Lǐ Gwāngyàu IPA [lì kwáŋ.jâʊ] Hakka Romanization Li2 Gong1 Yau5 Yue: Cantonese Yale Romanization Leíh Gwōngjiuh Jyutping lei5 gwong1 jiu6 IPA [lej˩˧ kʷɔŋ˥ jiw˨] Southern Min Hokkien POJ Lí Kong-iāu Teochew Peng'im Li6 Guang1 Iou7 Lee Kuan Yew [ a ] GCMG CH SPMJ DK (born Harry Lee Kuan Yew ; 16 September 1923 – 23 March 2015), often referred to by his initials LKY , was a Singaporean statesman and barrister who was the first prime minister of Singapore from 1959 to 1990. A founding father of the modern Singaporean state, his authoritarian political leadership transformed post-independence Singapore into a highly developed country and one of the four Asian Tigers . Born in Singapore during British colonial rule to a family of Chinese descent, Lee studied law in England at Cambridge University and was called to the bar at the Middle Temple in 1950. Shortly after, he returned to Singapore and practised law, founding the law firm Lee & Lee . In 1954, Lee co-founded the People's Action Party (PAP), which won significant support among the working class and trade unions in the lead up to the 1955 general election , securing him a seat in the Tanjong Pagar division and making him the de facto leader of the opposition . In 1959, Lee led the PAP to its first electoral victory , becoming Singapore's first prime minister. Seeking sovereignty from the British Empire , Lee led Singapore to a merger with Malaya along with Sarawak and Sabah , forming Malaysia in 1963. Racial strife and ideological differences later led to Singapore's expulsion from Malaysia and consequent independence in 1965. Lee oversaw major economic reforms and urban development, instituting policies promoting meritocracy , multiracialism and anti-corruption . His administration, generally characterised as an illiberal democracy with nanny state tendencies, restricted press freedoms , public assembly , labour activism and civil liberties . From 1968 to 1981 , Singapore was a de facto one-party state , with the PAP facing no opposition in Parliament. Although Lee maintained legal and institutional procedures that formally characterised Singapore as a democratic parliamentary republic , he employed defamation laws , detention without trial and social engineering to ensure continued electoral success. In justifying his policies, Lee was a major proponent of Asian values , arguing that communitarianism and limited human rights were necessary for the social cohesion , political stability and rapid economic development of Singapore. Lee stepped down as prime minister in 1990 but continued to serve in the Cabinet as senior minister until 2004 and subsequently as minister mentor until his retirement in 2011. Throughout his political career, he remained an influential figure in shaping Singapore's domestic and foreign policies, at the same time serving as an advisor to foreign leaders as an elder statesman. Lee died of pneumonia on 23 March 2015 at the age of 91. In Singapore, Lee is widely regarded as instrumental in the development of Singapore's economy , bureaucracy , education system , foreign policy , public housing and healthcare . The Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy at the National University of Singapore is named in his honor. Following his death, a week of national mourning was announced, during which approximately 1.7 million people paid their respects at tribute sites around the country. Early life Childhood and early education Harry Lee Kuan Yew was born on 16 September 1923, the first child of Lee Chin Koon , who was born in Semarang during Dutch colonial rule and subsequently moved to Singapore, [ 2 ] and Chua Jim Neo , at 92 Kampong Java Road in Singapore, then part of the Straits Settlements . [ 3 ] Both of Lee's parents were English-educated third-generation Peranakan Chinese , [ 4 ] with his paternal side being of Hakka descent from Dabu County . [ 5 ] [ 6 ] He was named 'Kuan Yew', [ b ] meaning 'light and brightness', alternately meaning 'bringing great glory to one's ancestors'. Lee's paternal grandfather Lee Hoon Leong, who was described as "especially westernised", had worked on British ships as a purser , and hence gave Lee the Western name 'Harry'. [ 7 ] While the family spoke English as its first language, Lee also learned Malay. [ 3 ] Lee had three brothers and one sister, all of whom lived to old age. [ 8 ] Lee was not close to his father, who worked as a storekeeper within the Shell Oil Company and had a gambling addiction. His mother Chua often stood up against her husband for his poor financial management and parenting skills. [ 9 ] The family was considered prosperous with a high social standing compared to recent immigrants, and had the means to hire servants. [ 10 ] During the Great Depression the family fortunes declined considerably, though Lee's father retained his job at Shell. [ 3 ] Later in life, Lee described his father as a man with a nasty temper, and he credited his mother with holding the family together amidst her husband's gambling addiction. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] In 1930, Lee enrolled at Telok Kurau English School where he spent six years of his primary education. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Attending Raffles Institution in 1935, Lee did poorly in his first two years but later topped the Junior Cambridge examinations. [ 15 ] He also joined the Scouts and partook in several physical activities such as cricket, tennis, swimming as well as debates. [ 16 ] Lee was the top scorer in the Senior Cambridge examinations in 1940 across the Straits Settlements and Malaya, earning the John Anderson scholarship to attend Raffles College, as well as the Tan Jiak Kim scholarship. [ 16 ] [ c ] During the prize-awarding ceremony, Lee met his future wife Kwa Geok Choo ; she was the only girl at the school. [ 15 ] Lee's subsequent university studies at Raffles College were disrupted by the onset of World War II in Asia, with the school being converted into a medical facility in 1941. The war arrived in December of that year and following the British surrender in February 1942, the Japanese occupation of Singapore began. [ 17 ] World War II Lee was amongst the Chinese men rounded up by the Japanese Sook Ching operation. By his own account, he feared getting caught by the Kempeitai (military police) and reported with a friend to be screened. He attempted to leave the next morning but was ordered to join a group of already segregated men. Lee requested to collect his clothes first and managed to spend a second night in the dormitory before successfully leaving the site the next day when a different guard cleared him through. [ 18 ] He later learned that the group of men were likely taken to the beach and executed. [ 19 ] Lee obtained a Japanese language proficiency certificate in August 1942 and worked in a friend's company and then the Kumiai , which controlled essential items. [ 20 ] He got a job with the Japanese propaganda department ( Hōdōbu ) in late 1943 and worked for the Japanese occupation force as an English specialist. [ 21 ] [ 22 ] Working at the top of the Cathay Building , he was assigned to listen to Allied radio stations for Morse code signals. [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] By late 1944, Lee knew Japan had suffered major setbacks and planned to move to the Cameron Highlands with his family to avoid a possible British invasion. He was tipped off that he was being followed and abandoned the plan. [ 26 ] He engaged in private enterprises and black market sales for the rest of the war. [ 27 ] During this time, Lee helped develop a glue based on tapioca, which he sold under the name Stikfas, as a means to support himself during the war. [ 28 ] The Stikfas logo later appeared on the base of his wedding cake. [ 29 ] The rapid Japanese victory in the Malaya and Singapore campaign had a major impact on Lee as he recalled: "In 70 days of surprises, upsets and stupidities, British colonial society was shattered, and with it all the assumptions of the Englishman's superiority". [ 30 ] In a radio broadcast made in 1961, Lee said he "emerged [from the war] determined that no one—neither Japanese nor British—had the right to push and kick us around... (and) that we could govern ourselves." [ 31 ] It also influenced his perceptions of raw power and the effectiveness of harsh punishment in deterring crime. [ 32 ] University, marriage and politics Lee chose not to return to Raffles College after the war and pursued higher education in the United Kingdom. [ 9 ] He sailed from Singapore in 1946 on his 23rd birthday on the MV Britannic , arriving in the UK on 3 October. [ 33 ] He initially enrolled at the London School of Economics , but found himself disliking life in the British capital. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] He visited Cambridge in November and was introduced to W. S. Thatcher , Censor of Fitzwilliam House. He was admitted into the following year's Lent term and matriculated in January 1947, reading law at Fitzwilliam College . [ 36 ] Prior to his departure from Singapore, Lee had begun a relationship with Kwa, with whom he had kept in contact during the war. They married in secret at Stratford-upon-Avon in December. [ 9 ] Lee achieved a first class result in both the Prelims and Part I of the Tripos , and graduated with a Starred First for Part II Law in 1949. As the top student of his cohort, he was awarded the Fitzwilliam's Whitlock Prize; Lee was called to the bar from the Middle Temple in 1950. [ 36 ] If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. If you value fairness and social justice, not only to the people of Britain but also to the millions of British subjects in the colonies, return another Labour government. During his studies, Lee's political convictions and anti-colonial sentiments were hardened by personal experiences and an increasing belief that the British were ruling Singapore for their own benefit. He supported the Labour Party against the Conservatives whom he perceived as opposing decolonisation . [ 38 ] In the leadup to the 1950 United Kingdom general election , Lee engaged in politics for the first time and actively campaigned for a friend, David Widdicombe in Totnes constituency, driving Widdicombe around in a lorry and delivering several speeches on his behalf. [ 39 ] Before returning to Singapore, Lee dropped his English name, Harry. [ d ] Notwithstanding, even until the end of his life, old friends and relatives referred to him as Harry. [ 41 ] Early career (1951–1955) Litigation practice Lee and his wife returned to Singapore in August 1950 on board the MS Willem Ruys . [ 42 ] He joined the Laycock and Ong law firm founded by British lawyer John Laycock . [ 43 ] Laycock was a co-founder of the pro-British Progressive Party and Lee represented the party during the 1951 legislative council election as an election agent. [ 44 ] Lee was called to the Singapore bar on 7 August 1951. [ 45 ] During the postal union strike in May 1952, Lee negotiated a settlement marking his first step into the labour movement. [ 46 ] In due course, Lee represented nearly fifty trade unions and associations against the British authorities on a pro bono basis. [ 47 ] The disputes often centered around wages and Laycock eventually requested Lee to cease taking on such cases as it was hurting the firm. [ 48 ] [ 49 ] [ 50 ] In May 1954, the left-wing University Socialist Club published an article 'Aggression in Asia' in the club's magazine The Fajar , and the student editors were charged with sedition. [ 51 ] [ 52 ] Lee became junior counsel to Denis Pritt . The court quashed the charges and the two counsel gained a reputation through the trial, with Lee thereafter becoming a "major leader" of the movement against British rule. [ 53 ] [ 54 ] During the same year, Lee also appealed on behalf of the students arrested during the 13 May incident . The colonial government upheld the sentences, though the case enhanced Lee's reputation as a "left-wing lawyer" and marked his first involvement with the Chinese intelligentsia. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Forming the PAP During his studies in Britain, Lee met Goh Keng Swee and Toh Chin Chye via the Malayan Forum . [ 57 ] The forum sought to promote an independent Malaya which included Singapore and met at 44 Bryanston Square in London. [ 58 ] [ 59 ] Lee and his contemporaries deliberately avoided the topic of forming a political party to avoid charges of subversion , beginning work on forming a political party only after returning to Singapore. [ 60 ] Lee had sought to build support among the English-educated, Malay, and Indian communities by taking on cases against the British authorities. In the course of his work, Lee became acquainted with the journalist Sinnathamby Rajaratnam ; Abdul Samad Ismail , a writer for the Malay newspaper Utusan Melayu ; and Devan Nair . [ 61 ] He next turned his attention to the Chinese-speaking majority and was introduced to Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan, leaders of the influential bus and factories unions. While the unions had been infiltrated by communists, Lee consciously sought their support as he wanted a popular front. [ 62 ] With elections approaching in 1955, Lee and his associates debated the name, ideology, and policies of the party they wanted to create at 38 Oxley Road . [ 63 ] The People's Action Party (PAP) was inaugurated on 21 November 1954 at the Victoria Memorial Hall . As the party still lacked members, trade union leaders rounded up an estimated audience of 800 to 1,500 supporters. [ 64 ] Lee had also invited Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tan Cheng Lock , presidents of the United Malays National Organisation and Malayan Chinese Association . In his inaugural speech, Lee denounced the British for the slow transition to self-rule, demanded their immediate withdrawal, and said that the PAP would pursue a Singapore-Malaya union. Lee became secretary-general of the party, a post he held until 1992, barring a brief period in 1957 when the post was taken up by T. T. Rajah . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] In July 1953, Governor John Nicoll initiated the Rendel Commission to provide for a transition to self-rule. The commission created the legislative assembly and opened 25 of 32 seats for direct contest in the upcoming 1955 election . The PAP and Labour Front , led by Lee and David Marshall respectively, both criticised the concessions as "inadequate". The PAP faced manpower constraints but decided to prioritise resources and contest four seats as a protest gesture. [ 67 ] In a rally speech, Lee said he chose the Tanjong Pagar division as it was a "working class area" and that he did not want to represent "wealthy merchants or landlords". [ 68 ] During the campaigning period, the British press labelled Lee as a " commissar " and accused the PAP of being a "communist-backed party". [ 69 ] Democratic Party (DP) challenger Lam Thian also capitalised on Lee's inability to converse in Chinese. Lee's proposal for a multilingual debate was never reciprocated by Thian, though he eventually made his maiden Chinese speech after several hours of coaching. [ 70 ] [ 71 ] On polling day, 2 April, the ruling Progressive Party captured only four seats, shocking both the British establishment and its opposition. Lee defeated his competitors and won Tanjong Pagar, with the PAP winning three of their four contested seats. He pledged to work with Marshall and the new Labour Front government. [ 72 ] As independent member Ahmad Ibrahim joined PAP following the election, PAP had 4 members in the Assembly and thus Lee became the new Leader of the Opposition. [ 73 ] Leader of the Opposition (1955–1959) Strikes and power struggle Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. Any man in Singapore who wants to carry the Chinese-speaking people with him cannot afford to be anti-Communist. The Chinese are very proud of China. If I had to choose between colonialism and communism, I would vote for communism and so would the great majority. On 23 April 1955, workers from the Hock Lee Amalgamated Bus Company began a strike under the direction of Fong Swee Suan, leader of the Singapore Buses Workers' Union (SBWU). [ 75 ] [ 76 ] As SBWU's legal advisor, Lee worked with Marshall's government to negotiate a resolution, which was initially agreed by the SBWU but then reneged on by the company. [ 77 ] Seeking to exert greater pressure, Lee, Fong and Lim Chin Siong addressed the strikers on 1 May ( May Day ), where Lee called the government a "half-past six democracy". [ 78 ] The strike subsequently escalated into a riot on 12 May . [ 79 ] Lee, Marshall and the company agreed on a further resolution on 14 May, which conceded to several of the strikers' demands. [ 80 ] In an emergency legislative assembly sitting on 16 May, Chief Secretary William Goode accused Lee of losing control of the PAP to Lim. [ 77 ] Lee was constrained between defending the actions of his colleagues and denouncing them, instead reiterating the PAP's committal to non-violence. [ 81 ] Marshall defended him and the PAP as "decent men" against Goode's accusations and called upon the party to "purge themselves of communists". [ 77 ] [ 80 ] The riot led the public to perceive the PAP as being led by "young, immature and troublesome politicians", resulting in a shortfall of new members. [ 82 ] It deepened the divide between two emerging factions, with Lee's faction advocating Fabian 's brand of socialism for gradual reform and Lim's faction, later described by Fong as "favour(ing) a more radical approach". [ 83 ] Lee was convinced that Lim and Fong's influence were pushing the party toward "political disaster". [ 74 ] After consulting his allies Toh Chin Chye , S. Rajaratnam and Byrne , Lee censured the two men privately and demanded they change strategies or leave the party. [ 84 ] By 1956, Lee believed that the PAP "had been captured by the communists" and privately endorsed the Labour Front government purge of suspected "leftists" in the aftermath of the 1956 Chinese middle schools riots . The arrestees included his rival Lim and several other PAP members. [ 85 ] When other leftist members captured six seats in the PAP central executive committee (CEC) elections on 4 August 1957, [ 86 ] Lee refused to allow his allies to assume their appointments and said that his faction had "lost their moral right" to enforce the party's founding philosophy. [ 87 ] Overtures were made by fellow CEC member T. T. Rajah to remain in his post, to which he declined. [ 86 ] The government arrested the leftist leaders on 22 August [ 88 ] [ 89 ] and Lee was restored as secretary-general on 20 October. He later blamed the attempted takeover on lax admission rules to the party [ 90 ] [ 91 ] and permanently distrusted the leftists thereafter. [ 89 ] [ 90 ] On 23 November 1958, the party constitution was amended to implement a cadre system. [ 91 ] The right to vote in party elections and run for office were revoked from ordinary party members, whom now had to seek approval from the CEC to be a cadre and regain these privileges. [ 92 ] Lee credited the Vatican system where the pope pre-selects its cardinals for the idea. [ 93 ] Merdeka talks The Labour Front government's conciliatory approach to the Hock Lee strikers led to a drastic increase in strikes. [ 80 ] Frustrated by his limited powers, Marshall demanded further constitutional reforms towards the aim of "true self-government". Lee supported Marshall in his efforts, though he initially threatened an opposition boycott over wording disputes in the agreement. [ 94 ] Between 1956 and 1958, there were three rounds of constitutional talks. [ 95 ] Lee was part of Marshall's 13-member delegation to London in April 1956. Marshall's demands for independence were repeatedly rejected by Colonial Secretary Alan Lennox-Boyd and Lee departed early over Marshall's refusal to compromise. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] He criticised Marshall for his "political ineptitude" in the British press and received widespread media and radio coverage. [ 98 ] He returned to London in March 1957 as part of a five-member delegation led by the new chief minister Lim Yew Hock . [ 99 ] Britain conceded to Singapore's self-governance but also demanded that a tripartite Internal Security Council be established, which proved controversial back home. [ 99 ] Marshall challenged Lee to seek a fresh mandate from his Tanjong Pagar constituents, which Lee accepted. [ 100 ] In the June 1957 by-elections , Lee was reelected with 68.1% of the vote. [ 101 ] Lee returned to London for the third and final talks in May 1958, [ 102 ] where it was agreed that Singapore would assume self-governance with a Yang di-Pertuan Negara as head of state, with Britain retaining control of defence and foreign policy. [ 103 ] The British House of Lords passed the State of Singapore Act on 24 July 1958, which received royal assent on 1 August, and became law following the subsequent general election. [ 104 ] 1957 and 1959 elections As the 1957 City Council election in December approached, a Hokkien-speaking candidate, Ong Eng Guan , became the PAP's new face to the Chinese electorate. [ 89 ] The 32-seat city council's functions were restricted to up-keeping public amenities within city limits, but party leaders decided to contest the election as a "dry run" for the upcoming general election. [ 105 ] Lee limited the PAP to contesting 14 seats to avoid provoking the government and formed an electoral pact with the Labour Front and United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) to jointly tackle the new Liberal Socialist Party . [ e ] [ 107 ] The PAP campaigned on a slogan to "sweep the city clean" [ 106 ] and emerged with 13 seats, allowing it to form a minority administration with UMNO's support. Lee and the rest of the CEC unanimously endorsed Ong to become mayor . [ 105 ] External image Portrait of Lee being sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore National Heritage Board Early in 1959, Communications and Works Minister Francis Thomas received evidence of corruption on Education Minister Chew Swee Kee . Thomas brought the evidence to Lee after the chief minister dismissed the matter. [ 108 ] Lee tabled a motion in the assembly on 17 February, which forced Chew's resignation. [ 108 ] As the expiry of the assembly's term approached, the PAP was initially split on whether to capture power but Lee chose to proceed. [ 109 ] While picking the candidates, Lee deliberately chose people from different racial and education backgrounds to repair the party's image of being run by intellectuals. [ 110 ] In the 1959 general election held on 30 May 1959, the PAP won a landslide victory with 43 of the 51 seats, though with only 53.4% of the popular vote which Lee noted. [ 110 ] [ 111 ] The PAP's victory reportedly created a dilemma within the 12-member CEC as there was no formal process in place to choose a prime minister-elect. [ 112 ] A vote was purportedly held between Lee and Ong Eng Guan and after both men received six votes, party chairman Toh Chin Chye cast the tie-breaking vote for Lee. [ 113 ] When interviewed nearly five decades later, Toh and one other party member recalled the vote, but Lee and several others denied the account. [ 113 ] Lee was summoned by Governor William Goode to form a new government on 1 June, to which he requested the release of arrested PAP members. [ 114 ] On 3 June, Singapore became a self-governing state, ending 140 years of direct British rule. [ 114 ] Lee was sworn in as Prime Minister of Singapore on 5 June at City Hall , along with the rest of his Cabinet . [ 114 ] Prime Minister, State of Singapore (1959–1963) First years in power Lee's first speech as prime minister to a 50,000-strong audience at the Padang sought to dampen his supporters' euphoria of the PAP's electoral win. [ 111 ] In the first month of Lee taking power, Singapore experienced an economic slump as foreign capital fell and Western businesses and expatriates left for Kuala Lumpur in Malaya, fearing the new government's anti-colonial zeal. [ 111 ] As part of an 'anti-yellow culture' drive, Lee banned jukeboxes and pinball machines, while the police under Home Affairs Minister Ong Pang Boon raided pubs and pornography publications. [ f ] [ 115 ] The government cracked down on secret societies , prostitution and other illegal activities, with TIME magazine later reporting that a full week passed without "kidnapping, extortion or gangland rumble(s)" for the first time. [ 115 ] Lee also spearheaded several 'mobilisation campaigns' to clean the city, introduced air-conditioning to government offices, and slashed the salaries of civil servants. The last act provoked anger from the sector, which Lee justified as necessary to balance the budget. [ 116 ] In February 1960, the Housing and Development Board (HDB) superseded the Singapore Improvement Trust (SIT) and assumed responsibility of public housing . With strong government support, the HDB under chairman Lim Kim San completed more flats in three years than its predecessor did in thirty-two. [ 117 ] Government expenditure for public utilities, healthcare and education also increased significantly. [ 117 ] By the end of the year, however, unemployment began to rise drastically as the economy slowed. Lee reversed anti-colonial policies and launched a five-year plan to build new industries, seeking to attract foreign investors and rival Hong Kong . [ 118 ] [ 119 ] Jurong , a swampland to the island's western coast was chosen to be the site of a new industrial estate and would house steel mills, shipyards, and oil refineries, though Finance Minister Goh Keng Swee was initially worried the venture would fail. [ 120 ] The government promoted multiculturalism by recognising Chinese, English, Malay, and Tamil as the official languages of the new state and sought to create a new national Malayan identity. The Ministry of Culture under S. Rajaratnam held free outdoor concerts with every ethnic race represented in the performances. [ 121 ] Lee also introduced the People's Association , a government-linked organisation to run community centers and youth clubs, with its leaders trained to spread the PAP's ideology. [ 121 ] Youth unemployment was alleviated by the establishment of work brigades. [ 121 ] PAP split of 1961 Lee took measures to secure his position in the aftermath of the 1957 party elections. In 1959, he delayed the release of leftist PAP members arrested under the former Labour Front government and appointed five of its leaders, [ g ] including Lim Chin Siong, as parliamentary secretaries lacking political power. [ 114 ] [ 123 ] Lee clashed further with Lim when the government sought to create a centralised labour union in the first half of 1960. [ 124 ] Trouble also arose from former mayor and Minister of National Development Ong Eng Guan , who Lee had appointed in recognition of Ong's contribution to the PAP's electoral win. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Ong's relocation of his ministry to his Hong Lim stronghold and continued castigation of the British and civil servants was regarded by his colleagues as disruptive and Lee removed several portfolios from Ong's purview in February 1960. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] In the party conference on 18 June 1960, Ong filed "16 resolutions" against the leadership, accusing Lee of failing to seek party consensus when deciding policy, not adhering to anti-colonialism and suspending left-wing unions. [ 127 ] Lee regarded it as a move to split the party and together with his allies expelled Ong from the party. [ 128 ] Ong resigned his seat in December, precipitating the Hong Lim by-election on in April 1961 which he won against a PAP candidate. [ 126 ] [ 129 ] The death of the PAP assemblyman for Anson that April triggered a second by-election. For the first time, Lim's faction openly revolted against Lee and endorsed Workers' Party chairman David Marshall who won the seat. [ 126 ] [ 130 ] Lee assumed responsibility for the two by-election defeats and submitted his resignation to party chairman Toh Chin Chye on 17 July. Toh rejected it and upheld Lee's mandate. [ 131 ] Lee moved a motion of confidence in his own government in the early hours of 21 July after a thirteen-hour debate which had begun the preceding day, narrowly surviving it with 27 "Ayes", 8 "Noes" and 16 abstentions. [ 132 ] The PAP now commanded a single seat majority in the 51-seat assembly after 13 of its members had abstained. [ 133 ] Lee expelled the 13 who had broken ranks in addition to Lim, Fong and Woodhull. [ 133 ] Leadup to referendum and merger Lee and his colleagues believed that Singapore could only survive through merger with Malaya and was unwilling to call for complete independence. [ 134 ] Merger would allow goods to be exported to the peninsula under a common market , while devolving unpopular internal security measures to Kuala Lumpur . [ 134 ] [ 135 ] Malaya's ruling Alliance Party coalition dominated by the United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) had repeatedly opposed the scheme and was apprehensive that Singapore's Chinese majority would reduce 'Malay political supremacy'. [ 136 ] Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman backtracked after the PAP's Hong Lim by-election defeat, fearing a "pro-communist government" in Singapore should Lee fall from power. [ 135 ] On 27 May 1961, Tunku announced that Malaya, Singapore, and the British colonies of North Borneo and Sarawak should pursue "political and economic cooperation". [ 135 ] Lee endorsed the program six days later and commenced negotiations on the formation of Malaysia. [ 135 ] In August 1961, Lee and Tunku agreed that Singapore's defence, foreign affairs and internal security would be transferred to the federal government, while education and labour policy remained with the state government. [ 135 ] [ 137 ] Lim Chin Siong and his supporters saw Lee's ceding control of internal security—then controlled by the Internal Security Council with British, Malayan, Singaporean representatives—to the federal government as a threat as Tunku was convinced they were communists. [ 135 ] In a meeting with British Commissioner General Lord Selkirk , Selkirk reaffirmed that the British would not suspend Singapore's constitution should Lee be voted out. [ 135 ] Lee saw the meeting as a British endorsement of Lim and accused it as a plot against his government. [ 138 ] On 13 August, Lim founded the Barisan Sosialis and became its secretary-general, with 35 of 51 branches of the PAP defecting. [ 133 ] [ 139 ] Lee anticipated a Barisan win in the next election and saw 'independence through merger' as the only means for the PAP to retain power. [ 136 ] Beginning on 13 September 1961, Lee gave twelve multilingual radio speeches outlining the benefits of merger in what he called the 'Battle for Merger'. The speeches proved to be a massive success for Lee's campaign, while Barisan's demands for equal airtime were rejected. [ 140 ] Lee employed full use of state resources to suppress his opponents by revoking the Barisan's printing permits, banning or relocating its rallies, and purging its supporters from the government, while the judiciary and police engaged to "obstruct, provoke and isolate" the party. [ 141 ] The Barisan lambasted Lee for securing only 15 seats in the Malaysian parliament for Singapore in contrast to North Borneo (16) and Sarawak (24), despite both having a combined population well below Singapore's 1.7 million. [ 142 ] Singapore citizens would also be categorised as "nationals" and not be granted Malaysian citizenship. [ 142 ] [ 143 ] On 6 December, the legislative assembly voted 33–0 in favour of the agreements struck by Lee and Tunku, which the Barisan boycotted. [ 144 ] A referendum for merger was scheduled for 1 September 1962. Lee ensured that the ballot lacked a "no" option, with all three options having varying terms for admission into Malaysia. [ 142 ] The ballot was crafted by Lee and Goh Keng Swee to capitalise on a mistake which the Barisan had made the previous year. The Barisan had inadvertently endorsed merger under terms "like Penang " (a state of Malaya) with full citizenship rights, not realising that Malayan law entitled only a native-born to qualify for automatic citizenship, which would disenfranchise nearly one third of those eligible to vote; [ 145 ] it issued a clarification but never recovered from the mistake. [ 146 ] Lee placed the flag of Singapore alongside option A with the terms of Singapore retaining control of education and labour policy, while portraying the Barisan's choice as option B favouring entry into the federation with no special rights, next to the flag of Penang . [ 147 ] When Lim called for his supporters to submit blank votes , Lee countered that blank votes would count as a vote for the majority choice. 71% eventually voted for option A, while 26% cast blank votes. [ 148 ] In November, Lee embarked on a ten-month visit to all fifty-one constituencies, prioritising those with the highest count of blank votes. [ 149 ] Operation Coldstore detentions The Malayan government considered the arrests of Singapore's left-wing groups as non-negotiable for the formation of Malaysia. [ 150 ] [ 151 ] Tunku felt that Lee lacked the initiative to suppress "pro-communist elements" and warned that a Malay-led dictatorship would be instated to prevent a "socialist majority" in the next Malayan election. [ 144 ] As the Malayans increased pressure on the Internal Security Council (ISC) to take action, Lee began supporting the idea of a purge in March 1962. [ 152 ] The Malayan and Singapore special branches collaborated on an arrest list of major opposition members, though doubts arose if Lim Chin Siong and Fong Swee Suan could be classified as 'communists'. [ 152 ] Up until the end of November 1962, the British declined to support the operation without a pretext, noting that Lim and the Barisan Sosialis had not broken any laws. [ 153 ] The Brunei revolt on 8 December led by A. M. Azahari provided a "heaven-sent opportunity" to take action, as Lim had met Azahari on 3 December. [ 154 ] The Malayan government convened the ISC to discuss the operation, while Singapore's Special Branch produced alleged evidence of the communist control of Barisan. [ 154 ] On 13 December, Lord Selkirk gave his authorisation for the arrests to proceed on 16 December. However, Lee's attempt to add two Malayan parliamentarians opposed to the formation of Malaysia into the arrest list caused the Malayan representative to rescind his consent, stopping the operation. [ 154 ] Tunku suspected that Lee was trying to eliminate his entire opposition, while Lee felt that Tunku was evading his shared responsibility for the arrests. [ 149 ] An ISC meeting was scheduled to be held on 1 February 1963 to remount the operation. [ 155 ] During the interim period, Lee had added three names from the United People's Party, one of them being former PAP minister Ong Eng Guan. [ 155 ] Selkirk expressed concerns that Ong's arrest lacked any justification and Lee conceded that it was meant as a "warning" to Ong. [ 155 ] Tunku told Geofroy Tory , the British High Commissioner in Kuala Lumpur on 30 January, that 'if this operation failed, merger with Singapore was off'. [ 155 ] Selkirk was pressured to put his reservations aside and finally consented. [ 155 ] On 2 February, Operation Coldstore commenced across Singapore, with 113 detained including Lim and 23 others from Barisan Sosialis. [ 156 ] [ 157 ] Lee offered Lim a path into exile which Lim rejected. [ 158 ] The Malayans and British later pressured Lee to retract his comment when he said he "disapproved" of the operation. [ 156 ] In his memoirs, Lee portrayed himself as reluctant in supporting the operation, though declassified British documents revealed that Lee was "somewhat more enthusiastic" than he eventually admitted. [ 159 ] Prime Minister, Singapore in Malaysia (1963–1965) Elections and tensions On 31 August 1963, Lee declared Singapore's independence in a ceremony at the Padang and pledged loyalty to the federal government. [ 160 ] With the conclusion of the trials of Barisan Sosialis' leaders, Lee dissolved the legislative assembly on 3 September and called for a snap election . [ 161 ] [ 162 ] He touted "independence through merger" as a success and utilised television and the mass media effectively. [ 163 ] In conjunction with Sabah (formerly North Borneo) and Sarawak , Lee proclaimed Singapore as part of Malaysia in a second ceremony on 16 September accompanied by a military parade. [ 164 ] [ h ] Lim Chin Siong's arrest had, however, generated widespread sympathy for the Barisan and a close result was predicted. Australian and British officials expected a Barisan win. [ 165 ] When the PAP defeated the Barisan in a landslide victory on 21 September, it was seen as a public endorsement of merger and Lee's socio-economic policies. [ 163 ] [ 166 ] Relations between the PAP and Malaysia's ruling Alliance Party quickly deteriorated as Lee began espousing his policies to the rest of the country. The United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) was also shocked by the loss of three Malay-majority seats to the PAP in the recent 1963 Singapore election. [ 167 ] Ultra-nationalists within UMNO alleged that Lee sought to overthrow the Malay monarchies and infringe on rural life . [ 167 ] Lee's attempts to reconcile the PAP with UMNO were rebuffed as the latter remained committed to the Malaysian Chinese Association . [ 167 ] Further hostility ensued when the PAP decided to contest in the 1964 Malaysian general election in contravention of a gentlemen's agreement that it disavow itself from peninsula politics, but PAP already regarded the agreement to be rendered moot as the Alliance contested the 1963 Singapore state election and broke the agreement first. [ 168 ] Lee's speeches in Malaysia attracted large crowds and he expected the PAP to win at least seven parliamentary seats. [ 169 ] The party ultimately won only one seat in Bangsar , Selangor under Devan Nair. [ 168 ] Lee and other party insiders later conceded that UMNO's portrayal of the PAP as a "Chinese party" and its lack of grassroots in the peninsula had undermined its support from the Malay majority. [ 168 ] [ 170 ] Ethnic tensions had risen prior to the April election when UMNO secretary-general Syed Jaafar Albar utilised the Utusan Melayu to accuse Lee of evicting Malays from their homes in March 1964. [ 171 ] Lee explained personally to the affected neighbourhoods that the scheme was part of an urban renewal plan and that eviction notices had been sent to everyone irrespective of race. [ 172 ] Albar responded by warning Lee to not "treat the sons of the soil as step-children" and led calls for the deaths of Lee and Social Affairs Minister Othman bin Wok on 12 July. [ 172 ] On 21 July, the 1964 race riots in Singapore erupted during a celebration of Prophet Muhammad's birthday , lasting four days, killing 22 and injuring 461. [ 173 ] Further riots occurred in late-August and early-September resulting in communities self-segregating from each other, which Lee characterised as "terribly disheartening" and against "everything we had believed in and worked for". [ 171 ] Lee never forgot the Malay PAP leaders who stood against UMNO during the turmoil and as late as 1998, paid tribute to them for Singapore's survival. [ 174 ] Malaysian Malaysia and separation Lee's perceptions that merger was becoming infeasible was also due to the federal government's obstruction of his industrialisation program and its imposition of new taxes on Singapore in the November 1964 federal budget. [ 172 ] Tunku mentioned to deputy prime minister Goh Keng Swee in December 1964 about his desire to have Singapore “hived off” from Malaysia. [ 175 ] Lee authorized Goh to renegotiate with Deputy Prime Minister Abdul Razak Hussein on Singapore's place in the federation in early 1965. [ 172 ] Seeking to provide an alternative to the Alliance Party government, Lee and his colleagues formed the Malaysian Solidarity Convention (MSC) with the Malayan and Sarawakian opposition on 9 May, with its goals for a Malaysian Malaysia and race-blind society. [ 172 ] [ 176 ] The MSC was seen by UMNO as a threat to the Malay monopoly of power and special rights granted to Malays under Article 153 . [ 177 ] [ 178 ] UMNO supreme council member and future prime minister Mahathir Mohamad called the PAP "pro-Chinese, communist-oriented and positively anti-Malay", while others called for Lee's arrest under the Internal Security Act for trying to split the federation. [ 177 ] [ 179 ] Mathathir in his speech stated the huaren (ethnic Chinese) of Singapore were of "the insular, selfish and arrogant type of which Mr. Lee is a good example...They are in fact Chinese first, seeing China as the center of the world and Malaysia as a very poor second". [ 180 ] Such fears were sincerely felt by the UMNO leaders as one UMNO politician who was friendly with Lee privately told him: "You Chinese are too energetic and clever for us...we cannot stand the pressure". [ 181 ] Many UMNO politicians felt threatened by Lee, a politician who sought to appeal to both ethnic Chinese and Malay voters. [ 180 ] Albar warned in a speech that the Malay voters of Singapore must have been "misled" into voting for the PAP, and the UNMO would not allow this to happen in the next election. [ 180 ] Lee later wrote of Tunku that was "a nice man", but "he was a prince who understood power and knew how to use it. He did not carry a big stick, but he had many hatchet-bearers who would do the job for him while he looked the other way and appeared as benign as ever". [ 180 ] Tunku was a Malay aristocrat who spent his undergraduate years at Cambridge by his own admission on "fast women" rather than studying and whom Lee contemptuously noted had been awarded a degree at Cambridge that he did not deserve solely because he was an aristocrat. [ 182 ] Tunku in turn felt threatened by Lee, a man who had worked his way up via his intelligence and self-discipline, which made him very different from the people in his world. [ 182 ] On 26 May 1965, Lee addressed the Malaysian parliament for the final time, delivering his speech entirely in the Malay language. He challenged the Alliance Party to commit itself to a Malaysian Malaysia and denounce its extremists, and also argued that the PAP could better uplift the livelihood of the Malays. [ 177 ] Then-social affairs minister Othman Wok later recounted: "I noticed that while he was speaking, the Alliance leaders sitting in front of us, they sank lower and lower because they were embarrassed this man (Lee) could speak Malay better than them". [ 183 ] Then-national development minister Lim Kim San also noted: "That was the turning point. They perceived [Lee] as a dangerous man who could one day be the prime minister of Malaya. This was the speech that changed history." [ 183 ] Prime Minister Tunku labelled the speech as the final straw which contributed to his decision in July 1965, while being treated for shingles in London, [ 184 ] [ 185 ] that Singapore's secession was necessary. [ 186 ] The more extreme UMNO politicians such as Albar were pressing to have Lee arrested and martial law proclaimed, but Tunku chose to accept Singapore's secession instead. [ 182 ] The British government received allegations of a plot to arrest Lee, and thus the British prime minister Harold Wilson quietly pressured Tunku against taking any such action, warning of potential repercussions on the Malaysian government. [ 182 ] As Britain was defending Malaysia from Indonesian attempts to annex the country, Britain was in a strong position to apply pressure on Malaysia. Lee in his memoirs stated that Singapore owed Wilson a major debt for his role in pressuring Tunku for a peaceful resolution of the crisis, calling Wilson a "good friend". [ 187 ] On 13 July 1965, Deputy Prime Minister Goh Keng Swee met with Malaysian Deputy Prime Minister Tun Abdul Razak Hussein and Home Affairs Minister Ismail Abdul Rahman , in Razak's office while Tunku was still overseas, being treated for shingles. Goh proposed separation of Singapore from Malaysia, before reporting back to Lee about the proposal. [ 188 ] Lee agreed, and during another meeting between Goh, Razak and Ismail on 20 July 1965, Goh told the Malaysians that Lee had given the greenlight for separation arrangements to be done quickly. [ 185 ] [ 188 ] Lee then summoned Law Minister E. W. Barker to draft documents effecting Singapore's separation from the federation and its proclamation of independence. To ensure that a 1962 agreement to draw water from Johor was retained, Lee insisted that it be enshrined in the separation agreement and Malaysian constitution. [ 189 ] The negotiations of post-separation relations were held in utmost secrecy and Lee tried to prevent secession to the last minute, trying to convince Tunku upon his return from London to continue negotiating a looser confederation. However, Tunku's mind was already made up. [ 188 ] Lee was persuaded to finally relent by Goh on 7 August. [ 177 ] [ 190 ] That day, Lee and several cabinet ministers signed the separation agreement at Razak's home, which stipulated continued co-operation in trade and mutual defence. [ 191 ] Cabinet ministers Toh Chin Chye and S. Rajaratnam , were asked to meet Lee in Kuala Lumpur. Upon being informed of the impending separation, they refused to sign the agreement at first and were distraught at the idea, before the fear of further violence and bloodshed finally convinced them to sign. [ 192 ] Lee returned to Singapore the following day and convened the rest of his cabinet to sign the document, whereupon it was flown back to Kuala Lumpur. [ 190 ] [ 193 ] On 9 August 1965 at 10am, Tunku convened the Malaysian parliament and moved the Constitution and Malaysia (Singapore Amendment) Bill 1965 , which passed unanimously by a vote of 126–0 with no PAP representatives present. [ 194 ] Singapore's independence was announced locally via radio at the same time and Lee broke the news to senior diplomats and civil servants. [ 193 ] [ 195 ] In a televised press conference that day, Lee fought back tears and briefly stopped to regain his composure as he formally announced the news to an anxious population: [ 196 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Every time we look back on this moment when we signed this agreement which severed Singapore from Malaysia, it will be a moment of anguish. For me it is a moment of anguish because all my life. ... You see, the whole of my adult life [...] I have believed in Malaysian merger and the unity of these two territories. You know, it's a people connected by geography, economics, and ties of kinship.... We could not achieve multiracialism and integration in Malaysia. [ 197 ] Prime Minister, Republic of Singapore (1965–1990) Despite the momentous event, Lee did not call for the parliament to convene to reconcile the issues that Singapore would face immediately as a new nation. Without giving further instructions on who should act in his absence, he went into isolation for six weeks, unreachable by phone, at Changi Cottage . According to then-deputy prime minister Toh Chin Chye , the parliament hung in "suspended animation" until the sitting in December that year. [ 198 ] In his memoirs, Lee said that he was unable to sleep and was prescribed tranquilizers from doctors. Upon learning of Lee's condition from the British High Commissioner to Singapore, John Robb, the British prime minister, Harold Wilson , expressed concern, in response to which Lee replied: Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Do not worry about Singapore. My colleagues and I are sane, rational people even in our moments of anguish. We will weigh all possible consequences before we make any move on the political chessboard. [ 200 ] Lee began to seek international recognition of Singapore's independence. Singapore joined the United Nations on 21 September 1965, and founded the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) on 8 August 1967 with four other South-East Asian countries. Lee made his first official visit to Indonesia on 25 May 1973, just a few years after the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation under Sukarno 's regime. Relations between Singapore and Indonesia substantially improved as subsequent visits were made between the two countries. Singapore has never had a dominant culture to which immigrants could assimilate, even though Malay was the dominant language at that time. [ 201 ] Together with efforts from the government and ruling party, Lee tried to create a unique Singaporean identity in the 1970s and 1980s—one which heavily recognised racial consciousness within the umbrella of multiculturalism . Lee and his government stressed the importance of maintaining religious tolerance and racial harmony, and they were ready to use the law to counter any threat that might incite ethnic and religious violence. [ 202 ] [ 203 ] For example, Lee warned against "insensitive evangelisation", by which he referred to instances of Christian proselytising directed at Malays. In 1974 the government advised the Bible Society of Singapore to stop publishing religious material in Malay. [ 204 ] Defence The vulnerability of Singapore was deeply felt, with threats from multiple sources, including the communists and Indonesia with its confrontational stance. Adding to this vulnerability was the impending withdrawal of British forces from East of Suez . As Singapore gained admission to the United Nations, Lee quickly sought international recognition of Singapore's independence. He appointed Goh Keng Swee as Minister for the Interior and Defence to build up the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) and requested help from other countries, particularly Israel and Taiwan, for advice, training and facilities. [ 205 ] In 1967, Lee introduced conscription for all able-bodied male Singaporean citizens 18 years of age to serve National Service (NS) either in the SAF, Singapore Police Force or the Singapore Civil Defence Force . By 1971, Singapore had 17 national service battalions (16,000 men) with 14 battalions (11,000 men) in the reserves. [ 206 ] In 1975, Lee and Republic of China premier Chiang Ching-kuo signed an agreement permitting Singaporean troops to train in Taiwan, under the codename " Project Starlight ". [ 207 ] Economy One of Lee's most urgent tasks upon Singapore's independence was to address high unemployment. Together with his economic aide, Economic Development Board chairman Hon Sui Sen , and in consultation with Dutch economist Albert Winsemius , Lee set up factories and initially focused on the manufacturing industry. Before the British completely withdrew from Singapore in 1971, Lee also persuaded the British not to destroy their dock and had the British naval dockyard later converted for civilian use. Eventually, Lee and his cabinet decided the best way to boost Singapore's economy was to attract foreign investments from multinational corporations (MNCs). By establishing First World infrastructure and standards in Singapore, the new nation could attract American, Japanese and European business. By the 1970s multinational corporations like Texas Instruments , Hewlett-Packard , and General Electric began turning Singapore into a major electronics exporter. [ 208 ] Workers were frequently trained to familiarise themselves with the work systems and cultures of foreign companies. The government also started several new industries, such as steel mills under 'National Iron and Steel Mills', service industries like Neptune Orient Lines , and the Singapore Airlines . [ 209 ] Lee and his cabinet also worked to establish Singapore as an international financial centre. Foreign bankers were assured of the reliability of Singapore's social conditions, with top-class infrastructure and skilled professionals, and investors were made to understand that the Singapore government would pursue sound macroeconomic policies, with budget surpluses , leading to a stable valued Singapore dollar. [ 210 ] Throughout the tenure of his office, Lee placed great importance on developing the economy, and his attention to detail on this aspect went even to the extent of connecting it with other facets of Singapore, including the country's extensive and meticulous tending of its international image of being a "Garden City". [ 211 ] The 1967 "Garden City" planning initiative included prominent roadside greenery along the East Coast Parkway (ECP) highway connecting Singapore Changi Airport with Singapore Central Area . [ 212 ] Anti-corruption measures Lee introduced legislation giving the Corrupt Practices Investigation Bureau (CPIB) greater power to conduct arrests, search, call up witnesses, and investigate bank accounts and income-tax returns of suspected persons and their families. [ 213 ] Lee believed that ministers should be well paid in order to maintain a clean and honest government. On 21 November 1986, Lee received a complaint of corruption against then Minister for National Development Teh Cheang Wan . [ 214 ] Lee authorised the CPIB to carry out investigations on Teh, but Teh committed suicide before any charges could be pressed against him. [ 215 ] In 1994, he proposed to link the salaries of ministers, judges, and top civil servants to the salaries of top professionals in the private sector, arguing that this would help recruit and retain talent to serve in the public sector. [ 216 ] Population policies In the late 1960s, fearing that Singapore's growing population might overburden the developing economy, Lee started a " Stop at Two " family planning campaign. Couples were urged to undergo sterilisation after their second child. Third or fourth children were given lower priorities in education and such families received fewer economic rebates . [ 216 ] In 1983, Lee sparked the "Great Marriage Debate" when he encouraged Singapore men to choose highly educated women as wives. [ 217 ] He was concerned that a large number of graduate women were unmarried. [ 218 ] Some sections of the population, including graduate women, were upset by his views. [ 218 ] Nevertheless, a match-making agency, the Social Development Unit (SDU), [ 219 ] was set up to promote socialising among men and women graduates. [ 216 ] In the Graduate Mothers Scheme, Lee also introduced incentives such as tax rebates , schooling, and housing priorities for graduate mothers who had three or four children, in a reversal of the over-successful "Stop at Two" family planning campaign in the 1960s and 1970s. Lee suggested that perhaps the campaign for women's rights had been too successful: Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. Equal employment opportunities, yes, but we shouldn't get our women into jobs where they cannot, at the same time, be mothers...our most valuable asset is in the ability of our people, yet we are frittering away this asset through the unintended consequences of changes in our education policy and equal career opportunities for women. This has affected their traditional role ... as mothers, the creators and protectors of the next generation. — Lee Kuan Yew, "Talent for the future", 14 August 1983 [ 220 ] The uproar over the proposal led to a swing of 12.9 per cent against the PAP government in the 1984 general election . In 1985, some especially controversial portions of the policy, that gave education and housing priorities to educated women, were abandoned or modified. [ 216 ] [ 221 ] By the late 1990s the birth rate had fallen so low that Lee's successor Goh Chok Tong extended these incentives to all married women, and gave even more incentives, such as the "baby bonus" scheme. [ 216 ] Water resources Singapore has traditionally relied on water from Malaysia. However, this reliance has made Singapore subject to the possibility of price increases and allowed Malaysian officials to use the water reliance as political leverage by threatening to cut off supply . To reduce this problem, Lee decided to experiment with water recycling in 1974. [ 222 ] As a result of such efforts, Singapore has achieved self-sufficiency with its water supply since the mid-2010s. [ 223 ] Under Lee tree planting was pursued, in 1963 he began a tree-planting campaign which aimed to plant 10,000 saplings a year and in 1971 a 'Tree-Planting Day' was established. One of the goals of this was to increase rainfall. [ 224 ] [ 225 ] He also made efforts to clean Singapore's waters for collection and use. [ 226 ] Environment Lee envisioned Singapore as a garden city , [ 227 ] declaring that "no other hallmark of success will be more distinctive than that of achieving our position as the cleanest and greenest city in Southeast Asia ". [ 228 ] He later said that " greening is the most cost-effective project I have launched". [ 229 ] Lee set up an 'Anti-Pollution Unit' stating that its importance resided in giving citizens "respite from city centres" and in the small size of Singapore which made it necessary to "preserve a clean and gracious environment for rich and poor alike". [ 230 ] In 1995 Lee declared "I have always believed that a blighted urban landscape, a concrete jungle, destroys the human spirit. We need the greenery of nature to lift our spirits". [ 231 ] Lee saw this as a means of attracting tourists and businesspeople to the city. [ 232 ] He wrote that "without a word being said, they would know that Singaporeans were competent, disciplined, and reliable, a people who would learn the skills they required soon enough". [ 233 ] After independence Lee sought for "some dramatic way to distinguish ourselves from other Third World countries. I settled for a clean and green Singapore" [ 234 ] because "if we had First World standards then business people and tourists would make us a base for their business and tours of the region". [ 235 ] Lee considered air conditioning the most important invention of the 20th century for Singapore. [ 236 ] Air quality relates to work quality and as such Lee made sure air conditioning was installed in the offices of the Singaporean civil service in the 1960s. [ 237 ] Foreign policy Malaysia and Mahathir Mohamad Lee looked forward to improving relationships with Mahathir Mohamad upon the latter's promotion to Deputy Prime Minister. Knowing that Mahathir was in line to become the next Prime Minister of Malaysia , Lee invited Mahathir to visit Singapore in 1978. The first and subsequent visits improved both personal and diplomatic relationships between them. Then UMNO 's Secretary-General Mahathir asked Lee to cut off all links with the Democratic Action Party (DAP); in exchange, Mahathir undertook not to interfere in the affairs of Malay Singaporeans . [ 238 ] In June 1988, Lee and Mahathir reached an agreement in Kuala Lumpur to build the Linggui dam on the Johor River . [ 239 ] Lee said he had made more progress solving bilateral issues with Dr Mahathir from 1981 to 1990 than in the previous 12 years with the latter's two predecessors. [ 179 ] Mahathir ordered the lifting of the ban on the export of construction materials to Singapore in 1981, agreed to sort out Malaysia's claim to Pedra Branca island and affirmed it would honour the 1962 Water Agreement. [ 179 ] One day before Lee left office in November 1990, Malaysia and Singapore signed the Malaysia–Singapore Points of Agreement of 1990 (POA). Malayan Railways (KTM) would vacate the Tanjong Pagar railway station and move to Bukit Timah while all KTM's land between Bukit Timah and Tanjong Pagar would revert to Singapore. Railway land at Tanjong Pagar would be handed over to a private limited company for joint development, the equity of which would be divided 60% to Malaysia and 40% to Singapore. However, Prime Minister Mahathir expressed his displeasure with the POA, for it failed to include a piece of railway land in Bukit Timah for joint development in 1993. Following Lee's death, Mahathir posted a blog post that suggested his respect for Lee despite their differences, stating that while "I am afraid on most other issues we could not agree [...] [h]is passage marks the end of the period when those who fought for independence lead their countries and knew the value of independence. ASEAN lost a strong leadership after President Suharto and Lee Kuan Yew". [ 240 ] Indonesia In March 1967, the president of Indonesia , Sukarno , who had initiated the Konfrontasi , resigned from the presidency under pressure by military general Suharto amidst the 30 September Movement . A clemency plea by President Suharto for Osman bin Mohamed Ali and Harun bin Said, the perpetrators of the MacDonald House bombing in March 1965 during Konfrontasi , was rejected. The Singapore Embassy in Jakarta was occupied on the day of the saboteurs' hanging by 300 students. [ 241 ] [ 242 ] However, Bilateral relations between Singapore and Indonesia would improve after 1973, when Lee visited the graves of Harun and Osman in Indonesia ( nyekar ) and scattered flowers on them. [ 243 ] This was followed by Suharto's visit to Singapore in 1974. [ 244 ] From the 1980s, exchanges would sharply increase between the two countries in politics, tourism, defence, business, and student and community-based exchanges. [ 243 ] Lee and Suharto developed a strong relationship, with the growing trust between both leaders developing into friendship. Lee and Suharto regarded each other as trustworthy and reliable. Lee kept up his relationship with Suharto until his death in 2008, even advising him and his children during the 1997-98 Asian financial crisis which led to Suharto's fall from power. [ 245 ] In 1978, Suharto rallied ASEAN to oppose Australia's newly proclaimed integrated civil aviation policy, which cut Kangaroo Route air access to Singapore while providing inducements to Indonesia and other countries in the region. Suharto believed that ASEAN should not give in to such tactics and inducements, and Australia relented. [ 245 ] Singapore remains a crucial stopover for Kangaroo Route flights between the United Kingdom and Australia. [ 245 ] Singapore and Indonesia entered joint projects such as the Batam Industrial Park, Bintan Resorts , the Riau Water Agreement and the Air Combat Manoeuvring Range in Pekan Baru proceeded smoothly. Swift implementation of factory and hotel development proposals by foreign investors demonstrated Singapore's honesty and reliability to Suharto. [ 245 ] United States In his book The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew , Lee detailed an incident where in 1960, the CIA allegedly attempted to bribe certain members of his party, the PAP, in an attempt to create division and weaken his leadership, however the official had reported the bribery attempt instead of accepting the money. [ 246 ] [ 247 ] According to Lee, this was part of a broader strategy by the United States to influence the political landscape in Southeast Asia during the Cold War. [ 248 ] He mentioned that he confronted the CIA's representative in Singapore and demanded an explanation and compensation for this interference. After having two CIA agents arrested, Lee requested 3.5 million dollars in economic aid in exchange for the covert release of the two agents. The Americans rejected this offer and presented a counter-offer of 3.3 million dollars to be given directly to Lee and the People's Action Party, but the men were later released without any financial exchange. However instead of taking a passive approach, Lee negotiated with the CIA and eventually the US government agreed to pay a sum of 3.3 million dollars in formal economic aid to Singapore, which Lee claimed was to ensure that the U.S. would not interfere in Singapore's internal affairs. Lee revealed this incident in 1965, which led to the Americans to deny it ever occurred; however, Lee later made public a letter of apology from the US Secretary of State Dean Rusk over the incident. [ 249 ] [ 250 ] [ 251 ] Lee fully supported the US involvement in the Vietnam War . Even as the war began to lose its popularity in the United States, Lee made his first official visit to the United States in October 1967, and declared to President Lyndon B. Johnson that his support for the war in Vietnam was "unequivocal". Lee saw the war as necessary for states in Southeast Asia like Singapore to buy time for stabilising their governments and economies. [ 252 ] [ 253 ] Lee cultivated close relationships with presidents Richard Nixon and Ronald Reagan , [ 254 ] as well as former secretaries of state Henry Kissinger [ 255 ] and George Shultz . [ 256 ] In 1967 Nixon, who was running for president in 1968, visited Singapore and met with Lee, who advised that the United States had much to gain by engaging with China, culminating in Richard Nixon's 1972 visit to China . [ 257 ] [ 258 ] In the 1980s, closer defence relations between Singapore and the United States enabled Singapore to acquire advanced American weapon platforms and capabilities. The United States provided Singapore with aircraft such as the F-16 and the E-2C airborne early warning (AEW) to strengthen its air defences. [ 259 ] In October 1985, Lee made a state visit to the United States on the invitation of President Reagan and addressed a joint session of the United States Congress . Lee stressed to Congress the importance of free trade and urged it not to turn towards protectionism: It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] It is inherent in America's position as the preeminent economic, political and military power to have to settle and uphold the rules for orderly change and progress... In the interests of peace and security America must uphold the rules of international conduct which rewards peaceful cooperative behaviour and punishes transgressions of the peace. A replay of the depression of the 1930s, which led to World War II, will be ruinous for all. All the major powers of the West share the responsibility of not repeating this mistake. But America's is the primary responsibility, for she is the anchor economy of the free-market economies of the world. [ 254 ] In May 1988, E. Mason "Hank" Hendrickson was serving as the First Secretary of the United States Embassy when he was expelled by the Singapore government. [ 260 ] [ 261 ] The Singapore government alleged that Hendrickson attempted to interfere in Singapore's internal affairs by cultivating opposition figures in a " Marxist conspiracy ". [ 262 ] Then-First Deputy Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong claimed that Hendrickson's alleged conspiracy could have resulted in the election of 20 or 30 opposition politicians to Parliament, which in his words could lead to "horrendous" effects, possibly even the paralysis and fall of the Singapore government. [ 263 ] In the aftermath of Hendrickson's expulsion, the U.S. State Department praised Hendrickson's performance in Singapore and denied any impropriety in his actions. [ 260 ] The State Department also expelled Robert Chua, a senior-level Singaporean diplomat equal in rank to Hendrickson, from Washington, D.C., in response. [ 264 ] [ 265 ] The State Department's refusal to reprimand Hendrickson, along with its expulsion of the Singaporean diplomat, sparked a rare protest in Singapore by the National Trades Union Congress ; they drove buses around the U.S. embassy, held a rally attended by four thousand workers, and issued a statement deriding the U.S. as "sneaky, arrogant, and untrustworthy". [ 266 ] China Singapore did not establish diplomatic relations with China until the U.S. and Southeast Asia had decided they wanted to do so in order to avoid portraying a pro-China bias. [ 267 ] [ 268 ] His official visits to China starting in 1976 were conducted in English, to assure other countries that he represented Singapore, and not a "Third China" (the first two being the Republic of China ( Taiwan ) and People's Republic of China ). [ 269 ] In November 1978, after China had stabilised following political turmoil in the aftermath of Mao Zedong 's death and the Gang of Four , Deng Xiaoping visited Singapore and met Lee. Deng, who was very impressed with Singapore's economic development, greenery and housing, and later sent tens of thousands of Chinese to Singapore and countries around the world to learn from their experiences and bring back their knowledge as part of the reform and opening up beginning in December 1978. Lee, on the other hand, advised Deng to stop exporting Communist ideologies to Southeast Asia, an advice that Deng later followed. [ 270 ] [ 271 ] This culminated in the exchange of Trade Offices between the two nations in September 1981. [ 272 ] In 1985, commercial air services between mainland China and Singapore commenced [ 273 ] and China appointed Goh Keng Swee , Singapore's finance minister in the post-independence years, as advisor on the development of Special Economic Zones . [ 274 ] On 3 October 1990, Singapore revised diplomatic relations from the Republic of China to the People's Republic of China. United Kingdom Lee developed friendships with Prime Ministers Harold Wilson [ 275 ] and Margaret Thatcher . [ 275 ] Lee regarded Wilson's support and swift recognition of Singapore's independence crucial to Singapore's survival in its early days. Singapore was still heavily dependent on Britain for its defence and economy, and the British military bases were contributing over 20 percent to Singapore's gross national product. About 15 per cent of Singapore's workforce had jobs linked to British military bases on the island. [ 276 ] However, mounting economic problems in Britain led to a weakening faith in the pound sterling, and the Singapore Government began reducing its sterling holdings from about 90 percent to just 50 percent by November 1967, when the Labour government devaluated pound sterling. Chancellor of the Exchequer Roy Jenkins , in a letter to Goh Keng Swee, expressed his “regret that [Singapore] did not take [the UK] into their confidence” when diversifying out of Sterling. To which Goh retorted in reply that Singapore sustained losses of about US$157 million as a result of the pound's devaluation. [ 277 ] No longer able to afford its military commitment in Southeast Asia, Britain announced in January 1968, the total withdrawal of its troops East of Suez, with the pullout from Malaysia and Singapore to be done by 31 March 1971 – four years earlier than planned. The announcement came as a shock to Singapore, because the British had earlier committed to a phased withdrawal. [ 278 ] As the first batch of 900 national servicemen had just started their training on 17 August 1967, Singapore was ill-equipped to take up its own defence. It was projected that about 25,000 base workers in Singapore would be rendered unemployed in 1971 as a result of the military withdrawal. When informed of the decision, Lee's government responded with dismay and anger. Lee threatened to withdraw from the sterling area , give the dockyards to the Japanese, and disrupt British shipping and trade. He also suggested that if the British forces withdrew too quickly, he would have to “hire mercenaries to defend Singapore”. [ 278 ] Lee and Minister for Finance Goh Keng Swee left for London, meeting with British political leaders, rallying for support through television appearances. With intense lobbying by Lee and Goh, the Wilson government went ahead with withdrawal, but agreed to a compromise to extend the withdrawal deadline from March to December 1971. Lee successfully negotiated with the British for a soft loan of £50 million, free transfer of key assets, help with operating air defence systems, and training of military staff. Plans were set up to oversee the conversion and commercialisation of lands and facilities including the naval bases that had belonged to the British, which later proved instrumental in propelling Singapore's shipbuilding industry forward. [ 278 ] Singapore acquired a squadron of British Hawker Hunter planes for its new air force, arriving in Singapore in 1970. To make up for Britain's withdrawal, Singapore's military spending was tripled, and an air force and a navy were added to support the army. When Wilson's Labour government lost the 1970 election to the Conservatives under Edward Heath , the new Conservative government facilitated the Five Power Defence Arrangements , comprising the United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Malaysia and Singapore, to give a deterrent message that any attack on Singapore or Malaysia would lead to a potential intervention of British, Australian and New Zealand forces. Although most of the British troops had withdrawn from Singapore by October 1971, a small contingent of British, Australian and New Zealand forces stayed on as a token military presence. The last British soldier left Singapore in March 1976. [ 278 ] Lee and Thatcher, who became Britain's prime minister in 1979, admired each other's leadership qualities and had "ideological convergence" in policies like cracking down on trade union power, privatisation, low taxation and trimming the excesses of the welfare state. Lee also advised Thatcher while Britain was negotiating with China on the handover of Hong Kong . [ 279 ] Australia Australia, under Prime Minister Robert Menzies was one of the first countries to recognise Singapore's independence. [ 280 ] However, Lee would later clash with Australian leaders John Gorton and Gough Whitlam who were inclined to pull Australia back from the Five Power Defence Arrangement (FPDA). [ 281 ] Lee clashed fiercely with Whitlam. Whitlam was initially reluctant to take too many of the Vietnamese boat people and tried to make Singapore take the first refugees from the Vietnam War. Lee retorted that Whitlam ‘a very sympathetic Prime Minister who believes the White Australia policy is most deplorable and damnable and here is his chance.’ [ 282 ] Lee criticised Whitlam's pro-Asian rhetoric as political posturing because of his stance on the Vietnam boat refugees, and blocking Asian imports into Australia. In his memoirs, Lee wrote of his verbal jousts with Whitlam at Commonwealth meetings. Lee called Whitlam ‘quick-witted but also quick-tempered’, and was glad to see the end of the ‘acerbic’ Whitlam, calling it ‘a relief when their Governor-General removed Whitlam…’. [ 282 ] Singapore-Australia relations improved with Whitlam's successor, Malcolm Fraser . Lee held him in high regard for his support in confronting communism and defending the FPDA. [ 282 ] However, he urged Fraser to reform the Australian economy, prompting the famous remark from Lee that Australia was in danger of becoming the "poor white trash of Asia" [ 283 ] if it did not open up its economy. The comments were widely circulated in Australian political circles. Bob Hawke , who led the Labor party to a victory over Fraser in 1983, said "I thought [Lee] was right, and his harsh but fair comment helped galvanise my determination to undertake the reforms that would save us from that fate and set us on a better path." [ 283 ] Upon Lee's death, Hawke said "Lee Kuan Yew was a great friend of Australia, if at times an outspoken one". [ 283 ] Singapore was Australia's strongest backer within ASEAN in the effort to create APEC in 1989. [ 282 ] Cambodia Lee opposed the Vietnamese invasion of Cambodia in 1978. [ 284 ] The Singapore government organised an international campaign to condemn Vietnam and provided aid to the Khmer Rouge which was fighting against Vietnamese occupation during the Cambodian–Vietnamese War from 1978 to 1989. In his memoirs, Lee recounted that in 1982, "Singapore gave the first few hundreds of several batches of AK-47 rifles, hand grenades, ammunition and communication equipment" to the Khmer Rouge resistance forces. [ 285 ] [ 286 ] Senior Minister (1990–2004) After leading the PAP to victory in seven elections, Lee stepped down on 28 November 1990, handing over the prime ministership to Goh Chok Tong . [ 287 ] By that time, he had become the world's longest-serving prime minister. [ 288 ] This was the first leadership transition since independence. Goh was elected as the new prime minister by the younger ministers then in office. When Goh Chok Tong became head of government, Lee remained in the cabinet with a non-executive position of Senior Minister [ 289 ] and played a role he described as advisory. Lee subsequently stepped down as secretary-general of the PAP and was succeeded by Goh Chok Tong on 2 December 1992. [ 290 ] Condominium rebates In April 1996, Lee and his son, Lee Hsien Loong , disclosed that they had purchased apartments located at Nassim Jade and Scotts 28 from Hotel Properties Ltd, a real estate developer listed on the Stock Exchange of Singapore, at substantial discounts ranging from 5 to 12 per cent. [ 291 ] The dispute arose amidst rampant property speculation in Singapore. [ 292 ] Upon learning of the issue, Prime Minister Goh Chok Tong swiftly initiated an immediate investigation into the matter. While Singapore law permits the provision of special discounts or rebates to relatives and associates of directors, it is imperative that such transactions receive approval from shareholders. [ 293 ] This disclosure prompted sufficient public disquiet for Lee to appear before Parliament to explain the purchases. [ 294 ] Lee said that as he was a prominent figure, the developer had a "legitimate incentive" to provide discounts for publicity, and that he had previously purchased a car and acquired services from his tailor and cobbler at a discount. [ 295 ] The amount saved was donated to charity. [ 292 ] Minister Mentor (2004–2011) In December 2004, Lee stepped down to become Minister Mentor. Expressing concern about the declining proficiency of Mandarin among younger Chinese Singaporeans , he started a year-long campaign called " 华语 Cool! " (Mandarin is Cool!) to garner interest in using Mandarin. [ 296 ] On 13 September 2008, Lee underwent treatment for abnormal heart rhythm ( atrial flutter ) at Singapore General Hospital . The treatment was successful, and he was well enough to address a philanthropy forum via video link from the hospital. [ 297 ] On 28 September 2010, he was hospitalised for a chest infection, cancelling plans to attend the wake of the Senior Minister of State for Foreign Affairs, Balaji Sadasivan . [ 298 ] In November 2010, Lee's private conversations with James Steinberg , US Deputy Secretary of State , on 30 May 2009 were among the leaked US Embassy cables . In a US Embassy report classified as "Secret", Lee gave his assessment of a number of Asian leaders and views on political developments in North Asia, including implications for nuclear proliferation. [ 299 ] In January 2011, the Straits Times Press published the book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . [ 300 ] Targeted at younger Singaporeans, it was based on 16 interviews with Lee by seven local journalists in 2008–2009. The first print run of 45,000 copies sold out in less than a month after it was launched in January 2011. Another batch of 55,000 copies was made available shortly after. [ 301 ] After the 2011 general elections in which the Workers' Party , a major opposition political party in Singapore, made unprecedented gains by winning a Group Representation Constituency (GRC), Lee announced that he decided to leave the Cabinet for his son, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong , and his team to have a clean slate. [ 302 ] Some analysts, such as Citigroup economist Kit Wei Zheng, believed that the senior Lee had contributed to the PAP's poor performance. [ 303 ] In particular, he stated during campaigning that the voters of Aljunied constituency had "five years to live and repent" if they elected the Workers' Party , which some viewed as having backfired for the PAP as the opposition went on to win Aljunied. [ 304 ] In a column in the Sunday Times on 6 November 2011, Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, revealed that her father had peripheral neuropathy . [ 305 ] In the column, she recounted how she first noticed her father's ailments when she accompanied him to meet the former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger in Connecticut in October 2009. Wei Ling, a neurologist, "did a few simple neurological tests and decided the nerves to his legs were not working as they should". A day later, when interviewed at a constituency tree-planting event, Lee stated: "I have no doubt at all that this has not affected my mind, my will nor my resolve" and that "people in wheel chairs can make a contribution. I've still got two legs, I will make a contribution". [ 306 ] Illness and death External videos State funeral service for the late Mr Lee Kuan Yew on 29 March 2015 , Prime Minister's Office On 15 February 2013, Lee was admitted to Singapore General Hospital following a prolonged cardiac dysrhythmia , which was followed by a brief stoppage of blood flow to the brain. [ 307 ] [ 308 ] [ 309 ] [ 310 ] For the first time in his career as a Member of Parliament (MP), Lee missed the annual Chinese New Year dinner at his constituency , where he was supposed to be the guest-of-honour. [ 311 ] [ 312 ] He was subsequently discharged, but continued to receive anti-coagulant therapy. [ 313 ] [ 314 ] [ 315 ] The following year, Lee missed his constituency's Chinese New Year dinner for the second consecutive time owing to bodily bacterial invasion. [ 316 ] In April 2014, a photo depicting a thin and frail Lee was released online, drawing strong reactions from netizens. [ 317 ] According to Lee's daughter, Lee Wei Ling, Lee had discussed euthanasia which is not a legal option in Singapore. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] On 5 February 2015, Lee was hospitalised for pneumonia and was put on a ventilator at the intensive care unit of Singapore General Hospital, although his condition was reported initially as "stable". [ 320 ] [ 321 ] A 26 February update stated that he was again being given antibiotics, while being sedated and still under mechanical ventilation. [ 322 ] [ 323 ] From 17 to 22 March, Lee continued weakening as he developed an infection while on life support, and he was described as "critically ill". [ 324 ] [ 325 ] [ 326 ] On 18 March that year, a death hoax website reported false news of Lee's death. The suspect is an unidentified minor who created a false webpage that resembled the PMO official website. [ 327 ] Several international news organisations reported on Lee's death based on this and later retracted their statements. [ 328 ] [ 329 ] On 23 March 2015, Singapore Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong announced his father's death at the age of 91. [ 330 ] Lee had died at 03:18 Singapore Standard Time ( UTC+08:00 ). [ 330 ] [ 331 ] A week of national mourning took place, [ 332 ] during which time Lee was lying in state at Parliament House . As a mark of respect, State flags at all Government buildings were flown at half-mast . During this time, 1.7 million Singaporean residents as well as world leaders paid tribute to him at Parliament house and community tribute sites throughout the country. [ 333 ] [ 334 ] [ 335 ] A state funeral for Lee was held on 29 March and attended by world leaders. [ 336 ] Later that day, Lee was cremated in a private ceremony at the Mandai Crematorium . [ 337 ] Legacy I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. I'm not saying that everything I did was right, but everything I did was for an honourable purpose. I had to do some nasty things, locking fellows up without trial. As prime minister from 1959 to 1990, Lee presided over many of Singapore's advancements. He oversaw Singapore's transformation from an island nation with a high illiteracy rate and no natural resources into a developed country with a high-income economy within a single generation, commonly termed (from his autobiography) as 'From the third world to the first world'. [ 339 ] [ 340 ] [ 341 ] [ 342 ] Singapore's gross national product per capita (GNP) rose from $1,240 in 1959 to $18,437 in 1990. The unemployment rate in Singapore dropped from 13.5% in 1959 to 1.7% in 1990. External trade increased from $7.3 billion in 1959 to $205 billion in 1990. In other areas, the life expectancy at birth for Singaporeans rose from 65 years in 1960 to 74 years in 1990. The population of Singapore increased from 1.6 million in 1959 to 3 million in 1990. The number of public flats in Singapore rose from 22,975 in 1959 (then under the Singapore Improvement Trust ) to 667,575 in 1990. The Singaporean literacy rate increased from 52% in 1957 to 90% in 1990. Telephone lines per 100 Singaporeans increased from 3 in 1960 to 38 in 1990. Visitor arrivals to Singapore rose from 100,000 in 1960 to 5.3 million in 1990. [ 343 ] These economic accomplishments were achieved in large part due to Lee's stewardship of public administration through relevant and targeted public policy ; Lee introduced measures to jumpstart manufacturing of finished goods for export ( export-oriented industrialisation ) and sought to create a conducive business environment in the trading nation to attract foreign direct investment (through the establishment of the Economic Development Board , EDB). [ 339 ] [ 344 ] Lee also forged a symbiotic and mutually dependent relationship between the PAP and the national trade union, the National Trades Union Congress (NTUC), whereby the PAP receives a degree of grassroots labour input, whilst NTUC is led by prominent PAP politicians who usually have ministerial portfolios within the Government . [ 345 ] The Government's tight control over trade union activities and industrial relations ensured near-total industrial peace, which was assessed to be a prerequisite for rapid economic development . [ 346 ] Lee was a staunch promoter of economic globalisation and a vocal opponent of protectionism . [ 347 ] [ 348 ] Lee said that Singapore's only natural resources are its people and their strong work ethic. [ 349 ] In addition, Lee was focused on social policies such as improving and mandating higher public standards for education, sanitation and hygiene , whilst concurrently improving public health by expanding modern health care and greatly increasing the quantity and quality of high-rise affordable housing (through the establishment of the Housing and Development Board , HDB) for working- and middle-class families. [ 339 ] [ 344 ] [ 350 ] [ 351 ] Various world leaders have praised Lee's governance and political achievements. British Foreign Secretary George Brown called Lee "the best bloody Englishman east of Suez". [ 352 ] Former U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger once wrote of Lee: "One of the asymmetries of history is the lack of correspondence between the abilities of some leaders and the power of their countries." Former British prime minister Margaret Thatcher praised "his way of penetrating the fog of propaganda and expressing with unique clarity the issues of our time and the way to tackle them". [ 353 ] Former president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev stated in his memoirs that after the independence of Kazakhstan from the Soviet Union in 1991, he met Lee and stated Lee's "observations and advice became for us [Kazakhstan] guidelines in the development of long-term state strategies." [ 354 ] Lee's achievements in Singapore were a major source of inspiration on Communist leadership in China , who made a major effort, especially under Deng Xiaoping , to emulate his policies of economic growth, entrepreneurship and suppression of dissent . [ 355 ] [ 356 ] From 1996 to 2019, 55,000 Chinese officials were sent to Singapore to study its methods. [ 357 ] [ 358 ] He has also had a major influence on thinking in Russia in recent years. [ 359 ] [ 358 ] On the other hand, proponents of liberal democracy especially in the West criticised Lee's rule as authoritarian and as intolerant of dissent, citing his numerous attempts to sue political opponents and newspapers who express unfavourable opinions of Lee. Reporters Without Borders , an international media advocacy group , requested Lee and other senior Singaporean officials to stop taking libel suits against journalists. [ 360 ] Lee was a co-inventor of " Asian values ". [ 361 ] [ 362 ] [ 363 ] [ 364 ] Lee was criticised for curtailing press freedoms , often imposing limits on public protests which prevented further occurrences, restricting labour movements from industrial action or strike action, suppressing wage growth of skilled workers (in order to be competitive with developing countries ) amid widening and high levels of income inequality along with wealth inequality (relative to other developed countries ), had encouraged an elitist mindset as well as filing defamation lawsuits against prominent political opponents . [ 365 ] [ 366 ] [ 367 ] [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] However, supporters argued in retrospect that his actions were necessary for the country's early development, and various international political analysts note that Lee's governance was generally pragmatic and benevolent . [ better source needed ] [ 372 ] During the three decades in which Lee held office, Singapore grew from a developing country to one of the most developed nations in Asia and the world. [ 373 ] Singapore was described as an illiberal democracy and a nanny state under his rule. [ 374 ] [ 375 ] [ 376 ] [ 377 ] [ 378 ] Legal suits Action against Far Eastern Economic Review In April 1977, just months after a general election which saw the People's Action Party winning all 69 seats, the Internal Security Department , under orders from Lee, detained Ho Kwon Ping , the Singapore correspondent of the Far Eastern Economic Review , as well as his predecessor Arun Senkuttavan, over their reporting. Ho was detained under the Internal Security Act which allows for indefinite trial, held in solitary confinement for two months, and charged with endangering national security. Following a televised confession in which Ho confessed to "pro-communist activities", [ 379 ] he was fined $3,000. Lee Kuan Yew later charged FEER editor, Derek Davies, of participating in "a diabolical international Communist plot" to poison relations between Singapore and neighbouring Malaysia. In 1987 Lee restricted sale of the Review in Singapore after it published an article about the detention of Roman Catholic church workers , reducing circulation of the magazine from 9,000 to 500 copies, [ 380 ] on the grounds that it was "interfering in the domestic politics of Singapore." [ 381 ] On 24 September 2008 the High Court of Singapore , in a summary judgment by Justice Woo Bih Li , ruled that the Far Eastern Economic Review magazine (Hugo Restall, editor), defamed Lee and his son, the prime minister, Lee Hsien Loong . The court found the 2006 article "Singapore's 'Martyr': Chee Soon Juan " suggested that Lee "ha[d] been running and continue[d] to run Singapore in the same corrupt manner as Durai operated [the National Kidney Foundation] and he ha[d] been using libel actions to suppress those who questioned [him] to avoid exposure of his corruption". [ 382 ] The court ordered the Review, owned by Dow Jones & Company (in turn owned by Rupert Murdoch 's News Corp), to pay damages to the complainants. The magazine appealed but lost. [ 382 ] [ 383 ] Action against J.B. Jeyaretnam Lee commenced proceedings for slander against opposition leader J. B. Jeyaretnam for comments he made at a Workers' Party rally in the 1988 general election . Lee alleged that Jeyaretnam's speech at the rally implied he had tried to cover up the corruption of the former Minister for National Development , Teh Cheang Wan , by aiding and abetting his suicide. The action was heard by Justice Lai Kew Chai , who ruled against Jeyaretnam and ordered him to pay damages of S$260,000 plus costs to Lee. Jeyaretnam lost an appeal against the judgment. Action against Devan Nair In 1999, former president of Singapore Devan Nair , who was living in Canada, remarked in an interview with the Toronto -based The Globe and Mail that Lee's technique of suing his opponents into bankruptcy or oblivion was an abrogation of political rights. Nair also described Lee as "an increasingly self-righteous know-all" surrounded by "department store dummies". In response to these remarks, Lee sued Nair in a Canadian court and Nair countersued. Lee then brought a motion to have Nair's counterclaim thrown out of court, argued that it disclosed no reasonable cause of action and constituted an inflammatory attack on the integrity of the Singaporean government . However, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice refused to throw out the counterclaim, holding that Nair had a reasonable cause of action as Lee had abused the process of litigation. [ 384 ] Lee wrote in one of his memoirs that Nair was forced to resign as president due to his alleged alcoholism , a charge which Nair denied. [ 385 ] International Herald Tribune defamation case In 2010 Lee, together with his son Lee Hsien Loong, and Goh Chok Tong, threatened legal action against The New York Times Company , which owns the International Herald Tribune , regarding an op-ed piece titled "All in the Family" of 15 February 2010 by Philip Bowring , a freelance columnist and former editor of the Far Eastern Economic Review . The International Herald Tribune apologised in March that readers of the article may "infer that the younger Lee did not achieve his position through merit". The New York Times Company and Bowring also agreed to pay S$60,000 to Lee Hsien Loong, S$50,000 to Lee and S$50,000 to Goh (totalling about US$114,000 at the time), in addition to legal costs. The case stemmed from a 1994 settlement between the three Singaporean leaders and the paper about an article, also by Bowring, that referred to "dynastic politics" in East Asian countries, including Singapore. In that settlement, Bowring agreed not to say or imply that the younger Lee had attained his position through nepotism by his father Lee Kuan Yew. In response, media-rights watchdog Reporters Without Borders wrote an open letter to urge Lee and other top officials of the Singapore government to stop taking "libel actions" against journalists. [ 386 ] [ 387 ] [ 388 ] Political positions Criticism of Chinese marginalisation On 15 September 2006, at the Raffles Forum hosted by the School of Public Policy , Lee made a remark as to how the "Malaysian and Indonesian governments systematically marginalise its Chinese people", by bringing up topics such as the May 1998 riots of Indonesia and Ketuanan Melayu , which subsequently caused a short diplomatic spat. [ 389 ] He then described the systematic marginalisation of the Chinese in Malaysia, which aroused a strong response from the Malaysian government. Politicians in Malaysia and Indonesia expressed dissatisfaction with this and demanded the Singaporean government explain and apologise for Lee's remarks. [ 390 ] [ 391 ] Former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamad criticised Lee Kuan Yew for his "arrogance and disrespect" for neighbouring countries and countered that Malaysia could also question Singapore's marginalisation of its local Malays and other minorities such as the Eurasians and Indians. Former Indonesian president B. J. Habibie also described the " little red dot " term in reference to Singapore as an incentive for Indonesian youth to learn from Singapore's achievements, and that the original intention was distorted. On 30 September, while Lee Kuan Yew apologised to the Malaysian prime minister at the time Abdullah Badawi for his remarks, [ 392 ] [ 393 ] [ 394 ] he did not fully retract his remarks. [ 395 ] [ 396 ] Eugenics Lee expressed views that have been characterised as pro- eugenics . [ 397 ] He maintained that the educational background and intelligence of parents played a decisive role in shaping the abilities of their children, and he promoted policies designed to encourage highly educated women to have more children. Concerned by the sharp decline in Singapore's total fertility rate (TFR), Lee introduced the "Graduate Mothers' Scheme" in 1983, which offered tax incentives for children born to women with university degrees and gave priority in primary school admissions to the children of graduate mothers with three or more offspring. [ 398 ] In his speech at the 1983 National Day Rally , Lee stated that if women graduates "were not in the breeding pool", society might become more "stupid" and that "there will be less bright people to support dumb people in the next generation." [ 399 ] [ 400 ] In June 1984, Lee's government introduced grants for low-income and low-education women to undergo sterilisation . Women whose husbands and themselves lacked passes at the Singapore-Cambridge GCE Ordinary Level and had fewer than three children could receive a $10,000 grant for sterilisation. Sterilised lower-class parents were also given priority in primary school admission for their existing first and second children. The controversy surrounding the proposal contributed to a 12.9 per cent swing against the PAP in the general election later that year , although the party still secured 64 per cent of the popular vote and the vast majority of seats. By 1985, particularly contentious aspects of the policy, such as granting education and housing advantages to educated women, were either abandoned or modified. A proponent of nature over nurture , Lee asserted that " intelligence is 80% nature and 20% nurture " and attributed the achievements of his children to genetics. [ 401 ] Islam In 1999, in a discussion forum, Lee was asked whether the emotional bonds of various ethnic groups in Singapore could be a hurdle to nation building, Lee replied by alluding that an ethnic Malay and highly religious officer of the Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) might be hesitant to engage against an hypothetical war with Singapore's direct neighbours such as Malaysia. [ 402 ] In 2011, leaked diplomatic cables attributed to Lee some controversial comments regarding Islam . The cables quoted Lee as having described Islam as a "venomous religion". Lee called the remarks "false" and looked up to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA)'s filenote of the meeting and found no record of the claim, stating that he was referring to extremists such as the Jemaah Islamiyah (JI). He added that he recognises that Muslims in Singapore are largely rational and that one of the solutions to extremism was to give "moderate Muslims the courage to stand up and speak out against radicals who hijacked Islam to recruit volunteers for their violent ends". [ 403 ] [ 404 ] In his book Lee Kuan Yew: Hard Truths to Keep Singapore Going , Lee stated that Singaporean Muslims faced difficulties in integrating because of their religion and urged them to "be less strict on Islamic observances". His remarks drew fire from Malay–Muslim leaders and MPs in Singapore, prompting a strong reaction from his son Lee Hsien Loong , the Prime Minister at that time, who said his views differs from his father and that he values and respects the Malay–Muslim community "who have done a good deal to strengthen our harmony and social cohesion." Lee Kuan Yew eventually made a further comment that his comment was "out of date" and that he recognises the efforts made by Muslims to integrate with the other communities. [ 405 ] [ 406 ] Homosexuality Section 377A of the Penal Code , which was first introduced in 1938 under British colonial rule that criminalised sex between adult males, remained enforced under Lee's premiership. In his later years, Lee appeared to become more supportive of LGBTQ+ issues and rights, expressing a belief that homosexuality was genetic and questioning the rationale behind its criminalisation. [ 407 ] [ 408 ] In 2007, he believed that homosexuality would eventually be accepted in Singapore, but advocated for a measured and "pragmatic approach" toward the matter "to maintain social cohesion." [ 409 ] Section 377A was eventually repealed in 2022. Corporal punishment One of Lee's abiding beliefs was in the efficacy of corporal punishment in the form of caning . [ 410 ] In his autobiography The Singapore Story , Lee described his time at Raffles Institution in the 1930s, mentioning that he was often caned there for chronic lateness by the then headmaster, D. W. McLeod. He added that he never understood why Western educationists were so much against corporal punishment as "it did my fellow students and me no harm". [ 411 ] Lee's government inherited judicial corporal punishment from British rule, but greatly expanded its scope. Under the British, it had been used as a penalty for offences involving personal violence, amounting to a handful of caning sentences per year. The PAP government under Lee extended its use to an ever-expanding range of crimes. [ 412 ] By 1993, it was mandatory for 42 offences and optional for a further 42. [ 413 ] Those routinely ordered by the courts to be caned now include drug addicts and illegal immigrants. From 602 canings in 1987, the figure rose to 3,244 in 1993 [ 414 ] and to 6,404 in 2007. [ 415 ] In 1994, judicial caning was publicised in the rest of the world when an American teenager, Michael P. Fay , was caned under the vandalism legislation. [ 410 ] School corporal punishment (for male students only) was likewise inherited from the British, and is still in use in schools, permitted under legislation from 1957. [ 416 ] Lee also introduced caning in the Singapore Armed Forces , and Singapore is one of the few countries in the world where corporal punishment is an official penalty in military discipline. [ 417 ] Press In his interview with Charlie Rose in October 2000, when asked whether he believed in the idea of a free press, Lee responded "I believe in truth" and "I don't believe that the press should be crusading and putting a spin on things" and asserted that newspapers should keep news reporting and editorials separate. [ 418 ] Immigration Lee believed that the benefits of immigration had to be carefully balanced against the associated "social load". In a speech he made in 1971, Lee explained that it was necessary to have non-Singapore workers take up jobs that Singaporeans were not willing to do, but observed that it was important that the number of such migrant workers be carefully controlled because "[t]hey dirty the place... they litter... if you take too many... they will bring us down to their values because it's easier to be untidy, scruffy, dirty, anti-social than to be disciplined, well-behaved and a good citizen". [ 419 ] Personal life Lee and his wife, Kwa Geok Choo , were married on 30 September 1950. Both spoke English as their first language . Lee first started learning Chinese in 1955, at the age of 32. [ 420 ] [ 421 ] During World War II , he learned the Japanese language to help him survive, and worked as a Japanese translator during the Japanese occupation of Singapore . [ 422 ] Lee and Kwa have two sons and a daughter. [ 423 ] His elder son, Lee Hsien Loong , was the third prime minister of Singapore. Several members of the Lee family hold prominent positions in the Singapore society. His younger son Lee Hsien Yang was president and CEO of SingTel , and Chairman of the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAS). [ 424 ] Lee's daughter Lee Wei Ling , a neurologist and epileptologist, was director of the National Neuroscience Institute . Lee's daughter-in-law Ho Ching was executive director and CEO of Temasek Holdings . [ 424 ] [ 425 ] His wife Kwa Geok Choo died on 2 October 2010, at the age of 89. Lee had variously described himself as an agnostic [ 426 ] and a "nominal Buddhist". [ 427 ] He also mentioned that he was brought up in a family which practiced Chinese ancestor worship but stopped after his father died, [ 426 ] and that he "neither [denies] nor [accepts] that there is a God". [ 428 ] [ 429 ] In his later years, Lee practised meditation under the tutelage of Benedictine monk Laurence Freeman , director of the World Community for Christian Meditation . [ 426 ] [ 430 ] Lee was diagnosed with dyslexia in adulthood. [ 431 ] Lee was a founding member of the Fondation Chirac 's honour committee, which was launched by former French president Jacques Chirac to promote world peace. [ 432 ] He was also a member of David Rockefeller 's "International Council", which included Henry Kissinger , Riley P. Bechtel , George Shultz and others. Additionally, he was one of the "Forbes' Brain Trust", along with Paul Johnson and Ernesto Zedillo . Cultural depictions In 1979, oil painter Chua Mia Tee depicted Lee's return from London after the Merdeka Talks . [ 433 ] In the early 1980s, Lee agreed to have a sculpture and oil painting of him done, on the condition that they not be exhibited in his lifetime. The works, respectively by British sculptor Sydney Harpley and American portrait painter Marion Pike , were commissioned by a group of Singaporeans, including first Chief Minister David Marshall . They are now part of the National Heritage Board 's national collection, [ 434 ] but only the bronze bust has gone on public display, briefly at the Istana and Parliament House . [ 435 ] An artist's proof of the sculpture was exhibited in 2025. [ 436 ] In 1991, Chua Mia Tee presented an oil painting of Lee to the Minister himself, depicting him against a backdrop of Singapore's transformation. [ 437 ] The untitled painting was commissioned by fifth president Ong Teng Cheong . [ 438 ] In 1992, artist Lai Kui Fang presented historical oil paintings of Lee's 1959 swearing-in ceremony as prime minister, which are now part of the National Museum of Singapore 's collection. [ 439 ] Also in 1992, watercolourist Ong Kim Seng painted Lee visiting the aftermath of the Bukit Ho Swee fire , based on a 1961 photograph. The painting was reproduced in The Straits Times and sold to an unknown collector. In 2025, Ong recreated the painting, on a larger canvas, for an exhibition. [ 440 ] In 2008, artist Ben Puah unveiled Hero , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 441 ] In 2009, artist Richard Lim Han presented Singapore Guidance Angel , a solo exhibition of Lee portraits at Forth Gallery. [ 442 ] In the same year, freelance designer, Christopher "Treewizard" Pereira, began making caricature figurines of Lee which range from 12 cm to 30 cm. Comics artist and painter Sonny Liew depicted Lee as part of the series Eric Khoo is a Hotel Magnate at Mulan Gallery. [ 443 ] [ 444 ] In addition, Cultural Medallion recipient Tan Swie Hian also began a painting of Lee and his late wife titled A Couple . The painting, which took Tan five years to complete, was partially damaged by a fire in 2013. It depicts Lee and Kwa in their youth, is based on a 1946 black-and-white photograph of the couple in Cambridge University and incorporates in its background Tan's poem in memory of Kwa. A Couple was purchased by art collector Wu Hsioh Kwang. [ 445 ] In 2010, Valentine Willie Fine Art gallery asked 19 local artists to imagine a future without Lee. The resulting exhibition, Beyond LKY , included artist a triptych of Lee as a father figure looming over a tiny kneeling figure with the words, "Papa can you hear me"; an installation of a broken piano with a tape recorder playing a crackling version of Singapore's National Anthem ; white ceramic chains hanging on a wall; and an installation of hammers smashed together. [ 446 ] [ 447 ] That year, Korean artist Kim Dong Yoo depicted Lee in Lee Kuan Yew & Queen Elizabeth II (2010), an oil-on-canvas portrait of Lee using small images of Queen Elizabeth II 's head, a reference to Singapore being a former British colony and current member of the Commonwealth. [ 448 ] Indian-Swiss novelist Meira Chand 's A Different Sky , published by UK's Harvill Secker in 2010, features Lee in his early years as a lawyer and co-founder of the People's Action Party . [ 449 ] In 2011, the iris image of Lee's eye was captured and artistically rendered to resemble a sand art gallery piece. His eye image with his autograph was auctioned off to raise funds for the Singapore Eye Research Institute. [ 450 ] In 2012, urban artist Sam Lo depicted Lee in their controversial Limpeh series, featuring his image in Shepard Fairey -inspired stickers, mirrors and collages. [ 451 ] In 2013, poet Cyril Wong published The Dictator's Eyebrow , a poetry collection revolving around a Lee-like figure and his eyebrow's thirst for recognition and power. [ 452 ] In the same year, a group of Tamil poets from three countries, including Singapore Literature Prize winner Ramanathan Vairavan, produced Lee Kuan Yew 90 , a collection of 90 new poems celebrating Lee's legacy. [ 453 ] Artist Sukeshi Sondhi also staged An Icon & A Legend , a solo exhibition at featuring 20 pop art style paintings of Lee. [ 454 ] Speed painter Brad Blaze was commissioned to craft a portrait of Lee, Trailblazer: Singapore , to raise funds for Reach Community Services Society. [ 455 ] [ 456 ] In August, a bronze bust of Lee, cast by contemporary French artist-sculptor Nacera Kainou, was unveiled at the Singapore University of Technology and Design as an early birthday present to Lee from the Lyon-Singapore Association and the municipality of Lyon. [ 457 ] In 2014, Bruneian painter Huifong Ng landed an exhibition after painting a portrait of Lee. [ 458 ] In May of that year, illustrator Patrick Yee produced the children's picture book A Boy Named Harry: The Childhood of Lee Kuan Yew , published by Epigram Books . The series was later translated into Mandarin. [ 459 ] Chinese artist Ren Zhenyu also created expressionist portraits of Lee in electric hues as part of his Pop and Politics series. Vietnamese artist Mai Huy Dung has crafted a series of oil painting portraits of Lee. [ 460 ] [ 461 ] Ukrainian artist Oleg Lazarenko also depicted Lee as part of his painting Lion of Singapore . [ 462 ] In October 2014, cartoonist Morgan Chua released LKY: Political Cartoons , an anthology of cartoons about Lee published by Epigram Books , featuring a 1971 Singapore Herald cartoon of Lee on a tank threatening to crush a baby representing press freedoms. [ 463 ] The Madame Tussauds Singapore museum also unveiled a wax figure of Lee and his late wife, Madam Kwa Geok Choo seated and smiling together against a backdrop of red flowers formed in the shape of two hearts. The statues were created based on a photograph that was taken by Madam Kwa's niece, Ms Kwa Kim Li, of the pair on Valentine's Day in 2008 at Sentosa . [ 464 ] [ 465 ] In February 2015, weeks before Lee's death, Helmi Yusof of The Business Times reported on how "[i]n the last few years, artworks featuring Lee Kuan Yew have turned into a flourishing cottage industry". [ 466 ] Artworks included Jeffrey Koh's seven LKY Pez candy-dispenser sculptures, paintings of Lee in the manner of Van Gogh , and Korean sculptor Park Seung Mo's three-dimensional image of Lee made using stainless steel wires. [ 467 ] In the same month, illustrator Patrick Yee launched the second title in his picture book series about Lee, called Harry Grows Up: The Early Years of Lee Kuan Yew , at an exhibition at the National Library, Singapore . [ 468 ] In March, Singaporean artist Fan Shaohua and Lebanese-British artist Laudi Abilama exhibited their portraits of Lee. [ 469 ] In the same month, the National Parks Board named a Singapore Botanic Gardens orchid hybrid called the "Aranda Lee Kuan Yew" in honour of Lee's efforts work in conservation and environmentalism. [ 470 ] Also in March, a portrait of Lee by Ong Yi Teck, comprising Lee's name written about 18,000 times, went viral on social media. The portrait was made in tribute to Lee, who was then critically ill. [ 471 ] Days after Lee died in 2015, the Asian edition of Time featured the late Lee Kuan Yew on its cover, [ 472 ] while the 16-year-old blogger Amos Yee released a video, Lee Kuan Yew is Finally Dead! , which criticised Lee and negatively compared him to Jesus Christ . Yee also posted on his blog a stick-figure cartoon depicting Lee having sex with Margaret Thatcher , a personal and political ally of Lee's. [ 473 ] For his actions, Yee was charged with insulting religious feelings and obscenity, and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment despite his youth. [ 474 ] In April 2015, an exhibition of 300 oil paintings on Lee and Singapore opened at Suntec City . Presented by art collector Vincent Chua, The Singapore Story featured 80 portraits of Lee and a life-size statue of Lee shaking hands with Deng Xiaoping when the Chinese statesman visited Singapore in 1978. [ 475 ] [ 476 ] In May, Sonny Liew released his graphic novel The Art of Charlie Chan Hock Chye , in which Lee is central, while Patrick Yee launched the third and final title in his Harry Lee picture book series, Harry Builds a Nation: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew , which were later translated to Chinese. [ 477 ] In July 2015, veteran actor Lim Kay Tong portrayed Lee in the historical film 1965 , including a re-enactment of the iconic press conference when Lee announced that Singapore would be separated from Malaysia [ 478 ] That same month, actor Adrian Pang played Lee in The LKY Musical opposite Sharon Au 's Kwa Geok Choo . [ 479 ] In October 2015, sculptor Lim Leong Seng exhibited a 75 cm bronze sculpture he made of Lee, entitled Weathering Storms As One . [ 480 ] In November 2015, the Singaporean Honorary Consulate General in Barcelona unveiled a bust of Lee at Cap Roig Gardens in Costa Brava , [ 481 ] while pop artist Andre Tan showed his series of portraits of Lee, 1965 and Father of the Nation ( 国父 ) at the Affordable Art Fair Singapore. [ 482 ] In 2016, to mark the first death anniversary of Lee, Lee's brother Lee Suan Yew and nephew Shaun Lee completed the art installation by young Singaporeans of Singapore flag erasers put together to form Lee's face, titled Our Father, Our Country, Our Flag . [ 483 ] In 2023, the centenary of Lee's birth, American artist Daniel Arsham was commissioned to create two sculptures of Lee, Eroded Bronze LKY Bust 1:1 and LKY Full Body 1:2 , using bronze, stainless steel, and patina. [ 484 ] They were exhibited, along with AI-generated videos and portraits of Lee, at the immersive exhibition Now Is Not The Time in September. [ 485 ] In the same month, paintings of Lee were exhibited at Tanjong Pagar Community Club in the show LKY100 . [ 486 ] In 2024, Singaporean artist David Chan showed his painting Lee And Raffles – 5 Stars Rising at Art Seasons Gallery's booth at the Art SG fair, where it sold to a collector. [ 487 ] In 2025 , Lee's ten-year death anniversary and "SG60" (Singapore's 60th year of independence), INSTINC gallery's exhibition 10 Years: Remembering LKY showcased artworks reflecting on Lee's legacy, including portraits of Lee by Boo Sze Yang , Chang Hui Fang , and Laudi Abilama ; Justin Lee 's series LKY Quotes ; and Yeo Shih Yun 's screenprint of Lee planting a tree in 1973. [ 488 ] The exhibition was a follow-up to Remembering LKY in 2015. [ 489 ] In July, Cuturi Gallery showcased Singaporean artist Yom Bo Sung's small-scale sculpture of Lee, Elegy , as part of the exhibition Sixty Summers Here . [ 490 ] Also in July, the group exhibition Artist’s Proof: Singapore At 60 showed, alongside an artist's proof of Harpley's bust of Lee, cartoonist Sonny Liew's figurine of Lee, as part of commissioned project "P.A.P. x P.A."; Foo Kwee Horng's painting portrait of Lee, Majulah (2016); a portrait of Lee by Rajesh P Kargutkar; and Jon Chan's oil paintings of the offices of Lee and former political detainee Chia Thye Poh . [ 491 ] [ 492 ] In August, movie director Jack Neo uploaded a music video for his song, "We Are Singapore", including AI-generated images of the late Lee. [ 493 ] Awards Lee received a number of state decorations , including the Order of the Companions of Honour (1970), Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (1972), the Ancient Order of Sikatuna (1974), [ 494 ] the Freedom of the City of London (1982), the Seri Paduka Mahkota Johor (1984), the Nishan-e-Quaid-i-Azam (1988) and the Order of the Rising Sun (1967). [ 495 ] In 1999, Lee was named one of Time 's Most Influential People of the 20th Century. [ 41 ] In 2002, Lee became a fellow of Imperial College London in recognition of his promotion of international trade and industry and development of science and engineering study initiatives with the United Kingdom. [ 496 ] In 2006, Lee was presented with the Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service by the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars . In 2007, Lee was conferred an honorary Doctorate in Law at the Australian National University in Canberra , albeit amid protest from 150 students and staff. [ 497 ] In September 2009, Lee was awarded the Armenian Order of Honor by President Serzh Sargsyan for his activities directed at the establishment and deepening of bilateral cooperation between Armenia and Singapore, during Lee's official visit to Armenia. [ 498 ] In October 2009, the US–Asean Business Council conferred upon Lee its first Lifetime Achievement award, at its 25th anniversary gala dinner in Washington, D.C. His tribute, the former United States Secretary of State and 1973 Nobel Peace Prize winner Henry Kissinger . [ 499 ] A day later he met United States President Barack Obama at the Oval Office in the White House . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] On 15 November 2009, Lee was awarded the Russian Order of Friendship by President Dmitry Medvedev on the sidelines of APEC Singapore 2009 . [ 502 ] On 29 April 2010, Lee was named in the Time 100 list as one of the people who most affect our world. [ 503 ] On 14 January 2011, Lee received the inaugural Gryphon Award from his alma mater, Raffles Institution, given to illustrious Rafflesians who have made exceptional contributions to the nation. [ 504 ] On 19 October 2011, Lee received the Lincoln Medal in Washington DC—an honour reserved for people who have exemplified the legacy and character embodied by Abraham Lincoln . [ 505 ] On 21 February 2012, Lee was conferred the Kazakhstan Order of Friendship by Ambassador Yerlan Baudarbek-Kozhatayev, at The Istana . [ 506 ] On 10 September 2013, Lee was conferred Russia's Order of Honour by Ambassador Leonid Moiseev for his contributions for forging friendship and co-operation with the Russian Federal and scientific and cultural relations development. [ 507 ] On 22 May 2014, the title of Honorary Doctor of the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was presented by the Russian government to Lee. [ 508 ] In 2016, Lee was conferred the Order of the Paulownia Flowers . The award was backdated to 23 March 2015, the date of his death. [ 509 ] In December 2018, China conferred a posthumous China Reform Friendship Medal on Lee for his "critical role in promoting Singapore's participation in China's reform journey". In former Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping's southern tour , he urged Chinese leaders to learn from the Singapore model. Alan Chan Heng Loon, Singapore–China Foundation chairman and Lee's chief private secretary, said that Mr. Lee's administration did a lot to build China-Singapore ties. [ 510 ] See also Government of Singapore Politics of Singapore Political positions of Lee Kuan Yew Zhonghandi Notes ^ Chinese : See § Chinese name ^ Kuan Yew is a transliteration of a dialect word stemming from the Chinese words 光耀 ( guāng yào ); the Hanyu Pinyin used to romanise the latter word did not exist until 1958. ^ The former college is not to be confused with Raffles Institution which Lee also attended as part of his secondary education. ^ In his memoir The Singapore Story , Lee relates that he tried unsuccessfully to drop 'Harry' when being called to the bar at the Middle Temple, but had stopped using the name by then. He succeeded when called to the Singapore bar the following year. [ 40 ] ^ The Liberal Socialist Party was formed from a merger between the pro-British Democratic Party and Progressive Party . [ 106 ] ^ The term 'yellow culture' refers to 'degenerate' behaviours in contemporary Chinese culture during the era. ^ The five were Lim Chin Siong , Fong Swee Suan, Devan Nair , James Puthucheary and S Woodhull . [ 122 ] ^ Unlike the chief ministers of Sabah and Sarawak , Lee's position as the prime minister of Singapore remained unchanged even with the existence of the prime minister of Malaysia for the entire country. References ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} "PARLIAMENTARY DEBATES DEWAN RA'AYAT (HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES) OFFICIAL REPORT" (PDF) . 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Retrieved 8 February 2016 . ^ "Lee Kuan Yew lauded for critical role in China's reform and opening-up" . The Straits Times . Singapore. Archived from the original on 3 August 2020 . Retrieved 27 April 2020 . Works cited Sandhu, Kernial Singh; Wheatley, Paul (1989). Management of Success: The Moulding of Modern Singapore . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789813035423 . Josey, Alex (1980). Lee Kuan Yew Vol. 2 . Times Books International. ISBN 9789971650438 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 21 October 2020 . Chan, Heng Chee (1984). A Sensation of Independence: A Political Biography of David Marshall . Oxford University Press . ISBN 9780195826074 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Conboy, Kenneth J. (January 1989), "Opportunities for Bush to Bolster the U.S.-Singapore Relationship" (PDF) , Asian Studies Backgrounder , 86 , archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2021 , retrieved 3 March 2010 Régnier, Philippe (1991). Singapore: A City-state in South-East Asia . University of Hawaii Press . ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Jones, Matthew (2000). "Creating Malaysia: Singapore security, the Borneo territories, and the contours of British policy, 1961–63" . The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History . 28 (2): 85– 109. doi : 10.1080/03086530008583091 . S2CID 159579207 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 9 June 2021 . Hefner, Robert W. (2001). The Politics of Multiculturalism: Pluralism and Citizenship in Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia . University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 9780824824877 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Mauzy, Diane K.; Milne, Robert Stephen (2002). Singapore Politics Under the People's Action Party . Psychology Press. ISBN 9780415246538 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 1 May 2021 . Yao, Souchou (2007). Singapore: The State and the Culture of Excess . Routledge. ISBN 9780415417112 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Weatherbee, Donald E. (2008). Historical Dictionary of United States-Southeast Asia Relations . Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810864054 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 2 April 2015 . Lee, Edwin (2008). Singapore: The Unexpected Nation . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789812307965 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Turnbull, C. M. (2009). A History of Modern Singapore: 1819–2005 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789971694302 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Frost, Mark R.; Balasingamchow, Yu-Mei (2009). Singapore: A Biography . Editions Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385169 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Yap, Sonny; Lim, Richard; Leong, Weng K. (2010). Men in White: The Untold Story of Singapore's Ruling Political Party . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814266512 . Pike, Francis (2010). Empires at War A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II . London: I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857730299 . Poh, Soo K; Tan, Jing Quee; Koh, Kay Yew (2010). The Fajar Generation: The University Socialist Club and the Politics of Postwar Malaya and Singapore . SIRD. ISBN 9789833782864 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Quah, Jon S.T. (2011). Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? . Emerald Group Publishing. ISBN 9780857248190 . Leo, Suryadinata (2012). Southeast Asian Personalities of Chinese Descent: A Biographical Dictionary, Volume I & II . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 9789814345217 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Josey, Alex (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: The Crucial Years . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814435499 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 22 March 2015 . Tortajada, Cecilia; Joshi, Yugal; Biswas, Asit K. (2013). The Singapore Water Story: Sustainable Development in an Urban City-state . Routledge. ISBN 9780415657822 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Plate, Tom (2013). Giants of Asia: Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew . Marshall Cavendish Intl. ISBN 9789814398619 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kah Seng, Loh (2013). Squatters into Citizens: The 1961 Bukit Ho Swee Fire and the Making of Modern Singapore . NUS Press. ISBN 9788776941222 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 31 August 2021 . Soo, Kai Poh; Hong, Lysa; Chen, Guofang (2013). The 1963 Operation Coldstore in Singapore, Commemorating 50 years . Strategic Information and Research Development Centre. ISBN 9789670630106 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Cotterell, Arthur (2014). A History of South-East Asia . Marshall Cavendish International Asia. ISBN 9789814634700 . Barr, Michael D. (2014). The Ruling Elite of Singapore: Networks of Power and Influence . Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 9780857723680 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Oei, Anthony (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: Blazing The Freedom Trail . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814677875 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 28 July 2021 . Yeow, Stephanie (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: A Pictorial Memoir . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814642088 . Chew, Melanie (2015). Leaders Of Singapore . World Scientific. ISBN 9789810073336 . Zheng, Yongnian; Liang, Fook Lye (2015). Singapore-China Relations: 50 Years . World Scientific. ISBN 9789814713573 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 26 May 2021 . Kwa, Chong Guan; Heng, Derek; Borschberg, Peter; Tan, Tai Yong (2019). Seven Hundred Years: A History of Singapore . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 9789814868334 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 30 July 2021 . Jayakumar, Shashi (2021). A History of the People's Action Party, 1985–2021 . NUS Press. ISBN 9789813251281 . Further reading Primary sources Lee, Kuan Yew (1998). The Singapore Story: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . Times Editions. ISBN 9789812049834 . —— (2000). From Third World to First: 1965–2000: Memoirs of Lee Kuan Yew . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060197766 . —— (2005). Keeping My Mandarin Alive: Lee Kuan Yew's Language Learning Experience . World Scientific Publishing Company. ISBN 9789812563828 . —— (2011). Hard Truths To Keep Singapore Going . Straits Times Press. ISBN 978-9814266727 . —— (2012). My Lifelong Challenge: Singapore's Bilingual Journey . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342032 . —— (2013a). The Wit and Wisdom of Lee Kuan Yew . Didier Millet. ISBN 9789814385282 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . —— (2013b). One Man's View of the World . Straits Times Press. ISBN 9789814342568 . —— (2014). The Battle for Merger . National Archives of Singapore. ISBN 9789814342773 . Archived from the original on 5 March 2024 . Retrieved 16 June 2021 . Other sources Kassim, Yang Razali; Ali, Mushahid, eds. (2016). Reflections: The Legacy of Lee Kuan Yew . Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. doi : 10.1142/9811 . ISBN 978-9814723886 . Allison, Graham T.; Blackwill, Robert D.; Ali, Wyne (2013). Lee Kuan Yew: Grand Master's Insights on China, the United States and the World . The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0262019125 . Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 . Retrieved 19 January 2017 . Koh, Buck Song (2011). Brand Singapore: How Nation Branding Built Asia's Leading Global City . Singapore: Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9814328159 . Plate, Tom (2010). Conversations with Lee Kuan Yew: Citizen Singapore: How to Build a Nation . Giants of Asia Series. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9812616760 . Barr, Michael D. (2000). Lee Kuan Yew: The Beliefs Behind the Man . Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-0878408160 . Datta-Ray, Sunanda K. (2009). Looking East to Look West: Lee Kuan Yew's Mission India . Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-9814279048 . Gordon, Uri (2000). "Machiavelli's Tiger: Lee Kwan Yew and Singapore's Authoritarian regime" . King, Rodney (2008). The Singapore Miracle, Myth and Reality (2 ed.). Insight Press. ISBN 978-0977556700 . Fernandez, Warren; Tan, Sumiko; Lam, Sally; Tay, Hwee Peng (2015). Lee Kuan Yew: The Man and His Ideas . Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte Ltd. ISBN 978-9814677684 . Lama, Murat (2016). Lee Kuan Yew: Singapour et le renouveau de la Chine (in French). Paris: Manitoba/Les Belles Lettres. ISBN 978-2-251-89020-3 . Minchin, James (1986). No Man is an Island: A Study of Singapore's Lee Kuan Yew . Allen & Unwin. ISBN 978-0868619064 . Bellows, Thomas J. (1989), "Singapore in 1988: The Transition Moves Forward", Asian Survey , 29 (2): 145– 153, doi : 10.2307/2644574 , JSTOR 2644574 External links Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Resources in your library Resources in other libraries @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikimedia Commons Appearances on C-SPAN Portraits of Lee Kuan Yew at the National Portrait Gallery, London Quotations related to Lee Kuan Yew at Wikiquote Political offices New office Prime Minister of Singapore 1959–1990 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong Preceded by Hon Sui Sen Minister for Finance Acting 1983 Succeeded by Tony Tan Vacant Title last held by S. Rajaratnam 1988 Senior Minister 1990–2004 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong New office Minister Mentor 2004–2011 Position abolished Parliament of Singapore New constituency Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar SMC 1959–1991 Constituency abolished Member of Parliament for Tanjong Pagar GRC 1991–2015 Succeeded by Joan Pereira (Tanjong Pagar ward) Party political offices New office Secretary-General of the People's Action Party 1954–1992 Succeeded by Goh Chok Tong .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Prime ministers of Singapore v t e Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) Lee Kuan Yew (1959–1990) Goh Chok Tong (1990–2004) Lee Hsien Loong (2004–2024) Lawrence Wong (2024–present) v t e Legal profession in Singapore v t e Executive officers Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Former Ministers for Law K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam K. M. Byrne E. W. Barker S. Jayakumar K. Shanmugam Minister for Law Edwin Tong Edwin Tong Former Attorneys-General Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Ahmad Mohamed Ibrahim Tan Boon Teik Chan Sek Keong Chao Hick Tin Walter Woon Koh Juat Jong (acting) Sundaresh Menon Steven Chong V. K. Rajah Attorney-General Lucien Wong Lucien Wong Judicial officers Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Former Chief Justices Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Wee Chong Jin Yong Pung How Chan Sek Keong Chief Justice Sundaresh Menon Sundaresh Menon Judges of Appeal Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Belinda Ang Steven Chong Tay Yong Kwang Judges of the Supreme Court Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Aedit Abdullah Chan Seng Onn Mavis Chionh Choo Han Teck Chua Lee Meng Vinodh Coomaraswamy Dedar Singh Gill Goh Yihan Hoo Sheau Peng Vincent Hoong Philip Jeyaretnam Kwek Mean Luck Lee Seiu Kin Audrey Lim Andre Maniam S. Mohan Hri Kumar Nair Debbie Ong Pang Khang Chau Andrew Phang Judith Prakash Kannan Ramesh See Kee Oon Tan Siong Thye Teh Hwee Hwee Valerie Thean Woo Bih Li Judicial Commissioners Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Christopher Tan Kristy Tan Alex Wong Notable former judges Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Abdul Wahab Ghows J. W. D. Ambrose Andrew Ang Ang Cheng Hock Murray Buttrose F. A. Chua Punch Coomaraswamy D. C. D'Cotta Goh Joon Seng Joseph Grimberg Kan Ting Chiu M. Karthigesu Warren Khoo Clifford Knight T. Kulasekaram Lai Kew Chai Lai Siu Chiu Quentin Loh Philip Pillai A. P. Rajah S. Rajendran Bala Reddy M. P. H. Rubin G. P. Selvam Choor Singh T. S. Sinnathuray Tan Ah Tah Tan Lee Meng Tan Puay Boon Tan Teow Yeow L. P. Thean George Wei Cuthbert Whitton A. V. Winslow Notable lawyers Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Ahmad Nizam Abbas Subhas Anandan Lawrence Ang Anil Balchandani Cavinder Bull Harry Elias N. Ganesan Hugh Hickling Michael Hwang Jane Ittogi Glenn Knight Koh Eng Tian Kwa Geok Choo John Laycock Lim Suet Fern Peter Low William Napier Noor Mohamed Marican Quek Mong Hua K. S. Rajah M Ravi Francis Seow Edmund Sim Davinder Singh Harpreet Singh Nehal Song Ong Siang Rajesh Sreenivasan Adrian Tan Tan Choo Leng Josephus Tan Roger Tan Tang Fong Har Teo Soon Kim Thio Shen Yi Eugene Thuraisingam Robert Carr Woods Lionel Yee Stephanie Yuen-Thio Notable academics Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Simon Chesterman Leslie Chew Leslie C. Green Harry E. Groves Tommy Koh Lionel A. Sheridan M. Sornarajah Tan Cheng Han David Tan Eugene Tan Tan Yock Lin Simon Tay Thio Li-ann Thio Su Mien Eleanor Wong Politicians with legal backgrounds Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Amrin Amin Chen Show Mao Chia Yong Yong Chiam See Tong Chin Tet Yung Jeannette Chong-Aruldoss Christopher de Souza He Ting Ru Ho Peng Kee J. B. Jeyaretnam Desmond Lee Ellen Lee Lee Kuan Yew Lim Biow Chuan Sylvia Lim Lim Tean Ling How Doong David Marshall Nadia Ahmad Samdin Vikram Nair Ong Kian Min Michael Palmer P. Selvadurai Murali Pillai Indranee Rajah Sin Boon Ann Pritam Singh Hany Soh Tan Chye Cheng Dennis Tan Tang Liang Hong Patrick Tay Edwin Tong Sandrasegaran Woodhull Alvin Yeo Charles Yeo Zhulkarnain Abdul Rahim Major law firms Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Allen & Gledhill A&O Shearman Ashurst Clifford Chance Clyde & Co CNPLaw Donaldson & Burkinshaw Drew & Napier Harry Elias Hill Dickinson Lee & Lee Morgan Lewis Stamford Rajah & Tann Rodyk & Davidson Shook Lin & Bok Spruson & Ferguson TSMP Law Corporation Withers KhattarWong WongPartnership Law schools NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law NUS Faculty of Law SUSS School of Law Yong Pung How School of Law Legal organisations Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Law Society of Singapore Singapore Academy of Law Member of multiple Parliaments of Singapore .mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal} v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 12th Parliament of Singapore (2011–2015) v t e Speaker: Halimah Yacob Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied WP Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Chen, S M Lim, S L Low, T K Faisal Singh Ang Mo Kio PAP Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Ang, H K Singh Intan Lee, H L Seng, H T Yeo, G K Bishan-Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy Gan, K Y Low, Y L Yam, Z M Yeo, K H Zaqy East Coast PAP Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Lee Y S Lim S K Lim, S S Maliki Tan, S N Holland-Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian de Souza Liang, E H Sim, Ann Vivian Jurong PAP Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Ang, W N Halimah Lee, T S Ong, K H Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Fatimah Goh, C T Seah, K P Tan, C J Tin, P L Moulmein-Kallang PAP Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Lui, T Y Phua, L P Tong, C F Yaacob Nee Soon PAP Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Lee, B W Lim, W K Faishal Shanmugam Tay, T G Pasir Ris-Punggol PAP Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Gan, T P Puthucheary Low, Penny Teo, C H Teo, S L Zainal Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Hawazi Khaw, B W Lee, G H Ong, T K Nair Tampines PAP Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Baey, Y K Heng, S K Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Tanjong Pagar PAP Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y Chan, C S Chia, S L Indranee Neo, Lily Lee, K Y West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Fong, Jen Foo, M H Iswaran Lim, H K Wong, S T Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Hong Kah North PAP Khor, L S Khor, L S Hougang WP Yaw, S L → Png, E H Yaw, S L → Png, E H Joo Chiat PAP Chong, Y F Chong, Y F Mountbatten PAP Lim, B C Lim, B C Pioneer PAP Foo, C K Foo, C K Potong Pasir PAP Sitoh, Y P Sitoh, Y P Punggol East PAP→WP Palmer → Lee, L L Palmer → Lee, L L Radin Mas PAP Tan, C S Tan, C S Sengkang West PAP Lam, P M Lam, P M Whampoa PAP Heng, C H Heng, C H Yuhua PAP Fu, H Y Fu, H Y Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J Giam, Y S Loh, W L Yee, J J NMPs Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y Dhinakaran Faizah Fang, K W Koh, Y M Lien, T C Liew, K E Tan, K B Tan, S S Teo, S S Chia, Y Y Chua, K S Karthikeyan Kuik, S Y Ismail Soh, S L Tan, C L Tan, G K Tan, T Y The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SPP : Singapore People's Party ; WP : The Workers' Party For NCMPs, Gerald Giam and Yee Jenn Jong are from the WP, while Lina Loh is from the SPP. NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. Other Current/Former MPs Nav Boxes 1 10 11 12 13 14 15 v t e Members of the 11th Parliament of Singapore (2006–2011) v t e Speaker: Abdullah Tarmugi Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Group Representation Constituencies (GRCs) Aljunied PAP Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Lim, H H Phua, S G Yeo, G K Yeo, Y B Zainul Ang Mo Kio PAP Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Balaji Lam, P M Lee, B W Lee, H L Singh Wee, S K Bishan–Toa Payoh PAP Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin Nair Ng, E H Teo, L M Wong, K S Zainudin East Coast PAP Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Abdullah Jayakumar Lee Y S Lim S K Tan, S N Holland–Bukit Timah PAP de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S de Souza Liang, E H Lim, S S Vivian Yu-Foo, Y S Hong Kah PAP Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Ang, M S Khor, L S Yeo, C T Yeo, K H Zaqy Jalan Besar PAP Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Heng, C H Lee, B Y Neo, Lily Phua, L P Yaacob Jurong PAP Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Fu, H Y Halimah Lim, B H Ong, C C Tharman Marine Parade PAP Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Fatimah Faishal Goh, C T Lim, B C Ong, S H Seah, K P Pasir Ris–Punggol PAP Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Ahmad Chong, Y F Low, Penny Palmer Teo, C H Teo, S L Sembawang PAP Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Hawazi Khaw, B W Shanmugam Lee, G H Lim, W K Maliki Tampines PAP Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Mah, B T Masagos Ng, P H Ong, K M Sin, B A Tanjong Pagar PAP Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S Baey, Y K Indranee Koo, T K Lee, K Y Lui, T Y Tan, C S West Coast PAP Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Fong, Jen Foo, C K Ho, G C Iswaran Lim, H K Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Single Member Constituencies (SMCs) Bukit Panjang PAP Teo, H P Teo, H P Chua Chu Kang PAP Gan, K Y Gan, K Y Hougang WP Low, T K Low, T K Joo Chiat PAP Chan, S S Chan, S S MacPherson PAP Yao, Matthias Yao, Matthias Nee Soon Central PAP Ong, A H Ong, A H Nee Soon East PAP Ho, P K Ho, P K Potong Pasir SDA Chiam, S T Chiam, S T Yio Chu Kang PAP Seng, H T Seng, H T Non-elected members Non-elected members NCMP WP Lim, S L Lim, S L NMPs Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L Banarjee, G Cham, H F Khew, T F Loo, C Y Mehta, K K Olsen, E E Phua, W C Siew, K H Thio, L A Cheng, E L Lee, K H Viswa Tan, B M Straughan, Paulin Teo, S S Wee, Y T Wong, W Y Yeo, W L The party affiliation of each member is indicated right after the constituency he or she represents. PAP : People's Action Party ; SDA : Singapore Democratic Alliance ; WP : The Workers' Party NMPs do not belong to any party. There were two terms of NMPs in this parliament, with nine NMPs in each term. 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Etymology 2 History Toggle History subsection 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Medieval history 2.3 Modern history 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.4 Post-independence 2.5 Temporary capital and civil war 2.1 Antiquity 2.2 Medieval history 2.3 Modern history 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.3.1 British administration 1839–1967 2.3.2 Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency 2.4 Post-independence 2.5 Temporary capital and civil war 3 Culture Toggle Culture subsection 3.1 Dialects 3.2 Music and poetry 3.3 Sports 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.4 Post-independence 3.5 Tourist sites 3.1 Dialects 3.2 Music and poetry 3.3 Sports 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.3.1 Pre-independence 3.4 Post-independence 3.5 Tourist sites 4 Economy and transportation Toggle Economy and transportation subsection 4.1 Transport 4.2 Economy 4.3 Free zone 4.1 Transport 4.2 Economy 4.3 Free zone 5 Geography Toggle Geography subsection 5.1 Landforms 5.2 Climate 5.1 Landforms 5.2 Climate 6 Environment Toggle Environment subsection 6.1 Coasts 6.2 Offshore islands 6.3 Wild and domestic animal diversity 6.1 Coasts 6.2 Offshore islands 6.3 Wild and domestic animal diversity 7 Public services Toggle Public services subsection 7.1 Education 7.2 Health 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.3 Mail 7.1 Education 7.2 Health 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.2.1 Endemic areas 7.3 Mail 8 Media Toggle Media subsection 8.1 Journalism 8.2 Radio and television 8.1 Journalism 8.2 Radio and television 9 Notable people 10 See also 11 Footnotes 12 References 13 Further reading 14 External links Toggle External links subsection 14.1 Government 14.1 Government Aden Afrikaans Ænglisc العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা 閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gí Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Български Brezhoneg Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego Gĩkũyũ 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Interlingue Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული کٲشُر Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം मराठी მარგალური مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی پښتو Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 Betawi Batak Mandailing Kumoring Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikinews Wikivoyage Wikidata item Aden .mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New",Lateef,LateefGR,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Microsoft Uighur","Noto Sans Arabic","Arabic Typesetting",Amiri,"Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","SF Arabic","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Parastoo,Calibri,"Segoe UI","Microsoft Sans Serif","Droid Arabic Naskh",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal} عَدَنْ Temporary capital and city .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}} Mualla District Port of Aden Queen Victoria Statue Crater Khor Maksar .mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap img{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}} Aden Location in Yemen Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap} 12°48′N 45°02′E / 12.800°N 45.033°E / 12.800; 45.033 Country Yemen Region Aden Region Governorate Aden Governorate First settled [ 1 ] 7th century BC British occupation 19 January 1839 State of Aden within the FSA 18 January 1963 Independence 30 November 1967 Government • Governor Abdulrahman Al-Yafei [ 2 ] • Governing body Aden Local Council • Aden Police Director Maj Gen Mutahar Al-Shuaibi Area • Total 760 km 2 (290 sq mi) Elevation 6 m (20 ft) Population (2017) [ 3 ] • Total 863,000 • Estimate (2023) [ 4 ] 1,079,670 • Density 1,135.52/km 2 (2,941.0/sq mi) Demonym Adeni/Adenies Ethnicities • Majority Arabs • Minorities Afro-Arabs , Indians , Pakistanis , Somalis Languages • Official Arabic MSA ( Education and Government ) • Spoken Adeni Arabic (majority) English [ 5 ] [ 6 ] (widely used) Hindi , [ 7 ] Somali [ 8 ] (minorities) English [ 5 ] [ 6 ] (widely used) Time zone UTC+3 ( AST ) Area code 02 Kingdom of Awsan Himyarite Kingdom Kingdom of Aksum Sasanian Yemen First Islamic state Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Ziyadid dynasty Najahid dynasty Sulayhid dynasty Zurayid dynasty Ayyubid dynasty Rasulid dynasty Tahirid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate Portuguese Aden Yemen Eyalet Qasimid State Yemen Vilayet Qasimid State Sultanate of Lahej 1728–1839 Aden Province 1839–1937 Aden Colony 1937–1963 Aden protectorate 1937–1963 State of Aden within the FSA 1963–1967 South Yemen 1967–1990 Republic of Yemen 1990–1994 Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 Republic of Yemen 1994–present Kingdom of Awsan Himyarite Kingdom Kingdom of Aksum Sasanian Yemen First Islamic state Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Ziyadid dynasty Najahid dynasty Sulayhid dynasty Zurayid dynasty Ayyubid dynasty Rasulid dynasty Tahirid Sultanate Mamluk Sultanate Portuguese Aden Yemen Eyalet Qasimid State Yemen Vilayet Qasimid State Sultanate of Lahej 1728–1839 Aden Province 1839–1937 Aden Colony 1937–1963 Aden protectorate 1937–1963 State of Aden within the FSA 1963–1967 South Yemen 1967–1990 Republic of Yemen 1990–1994 Democratic Republic of Yemen 1994 Republic of Yemen 1994–present Aden ( / ˈ eɪ d ən / ; Arabic : عَدَنْ , romanized : ʿAdan ; .mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%} IPA: [ʕa.dan] ) is the de facto capital of Yemen since 2014. It is a port city located in the southern part of the Arabian peninsula, on the north coast of the Gulf of Aden , positioned near the eastern approach to the Red Sea . It is situated approximately 170 km (110 mi) east of the Bab-el-Mandeb strait. With its strategic location on the coastline, Aden serves as a gateway between the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea , making it a crucial maritime hub connecting Africa , Asia , and the Middle East . As of September 2025, Aden had a population of approximately 1,154,000 residents, making it one of the largest cities in Yemen. [ 9 ] It is the capital and principal part of Aden Governorate , encompassing eight districts. During the colonial period, the name Aden referred to the area along the north coast of the gulf, encompassing Tawahi , Mualla , Crater , and much of Khor Maksar district. The western harbour peninsula, known as Little Aden , now falls within the Al Buraiqeh district. Before gaining independence, Aden comprised distinct sectors: Crater, the original port; Ma'alla, the modern port; Tawahi, formerly "Steamer Point"; and Gold Mohur resorts. Khormaksar, on the isthmus connecting Aden to the mainland, hosts diplomatic missions, Aden University 's main offices, and Aden International Airport . On the mainland, sectors include Sheikh Othman, an old oasis area; Al-Mansura, a British-planned town; and Madinat ash-Sha'b (formerly Madinat al-Ittihad), the former capital of the South Arabian Federation , now the location of a large power/ desalination facility and additional Aden University faculties. Aden encloses the eastern side of a vast natural harbour that constitutes the modern port. Little Aden was developed as the site of the oil refinery and tanker port. Both were established and operated by British Petroleum until they were turned over to South Yemeni government ownership and control in 1978. Aden used to be the capital of South Yemen until its union with North Yemen on 22 May 1990. It has been the temporary capital of Yemen since the start of the Yemeni civil war , hosting some members of the Cabinet of Yemen mainly in al-Maashiq Palace . It was also the seat of the secessionist Southern Transitional Council from 2018 to 2026. [ 10 ] Etymology Aden is a home and a place for ships, and the word Aden means "reside in the place", so the word "Aden" means resident, and it is said "Aden Al-Balad", meaning the settlement of the country. [ 11 ] Among the sayings of geographers about the city: Yaqut al-Hamwi said: [ 12 ] "It is a famous city on the coast of the Indian Sea, towards the Yemen, and it is poor, with no water or pasture. They drink from a spring between it and Aden, about a distance of about today, and despite that, it is bad, except that this place is the port for Indian ships, and merchants gather there for that reason, as it is a town of trade." And it is added to Abyan , which is the opposite of Aden in its entirety. Ibn Manzur said: [ 13 ] "It is a country on the edge of the sea in the furthest part of Yemen." Ibn Khaldun said: [ 14 ] "This Aden is one of the most fortified cities in Yemen, and it is on the bank of the Indian Sea. It is still a country of trade from the time of the Trabaids, and most of them were built with stones, which is why silk merchants visit it often." History Antiquity Aden is an ancient port and was mentioned by the Greeks under the name ( Ancient Greek : Αραβία Εμπόριον , romanised : Arabia Emporion ), which means an Arabic trade port. [ 15 ] The port's convenient position on the sea route between India and Europe has made Aden desirable to rulers who sought to possess it at various times throughout history. Known as Eudaemon ( Ancient Greek : Ευδαίμων , meaning "blissful, prosperous") in the 1st century BC, it was a transshipping point for the Red Sea trade, but fell on hard times when new shipping practices by-passed it and made the daring direct crossing to India in the 1st century AD, according to the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea . The same work describes Aden as "a village by the shore", which would well describe the town of Crater while it was still little developed. There is no mention of fortification at this stage. Aden was more an island than a peninsula, as the isthmus (a tombolo ) was not then so developed as it is today. Aden was explicitly mentioned by this name in the Book of Ezekiel , which talks about Jerusalem, and it says: [ 16 ] "The merchants of Sheba and Raamah are your merchants. They set up your markets with the finest perfumes and every precious stone and gold. Harran, Qena, and Aden are the merchants of Sheba, and Assyria and Kilmud are your merchants." "The merchants of Sheba and Raamah are your merchants. They set up your markets with the finest perfumes and every precious stone and gold. Harran, Qena, and Aden are the merchants of Sheba, and Assyria and Kilmud are your merchants." At its beginning, the city was a small peninsula with no significant natural resources, but its location between Egypt and India made it important in the ancient Indian Ocean trade route. The city was the home of the ancient Kingdom of Awsan from the eighth to seventh centuries BC. [ 17 ] In the beginning of the seventh century BC, Karibʾil Watar I , king of the Kingdom of Sheba, launched a campaign against Awsan during which, according to the Sabaean texts, sixteen thousand people were killed, forty thousand people were enslaved, and the kings of Awsan made offerings to the god Almaqah , [ 18 ] according to the inscription that Karibʾil Watar I left in Sirwah , commemorating his victory. [ 19 ] In the second half of the first century BC, the Roman Emperor Augustus Caesar determined to control Arabia Felix and reach the Indian Ocean. Aelius Gallus' Roman expedition to Arabia Felix (26–25 BCE) aimed to capture the Sabaean capital of Marib but failed due to extreme desert conditions, disease, and logistical challenges. After an unsuccessful week-long siege, the army, weakened by illness and dehydration, withdrew, losing most of its ~10,000 troops to environmental factors and disease" [ 20 ] The Himyarites overthrew the Kingdom of Sheba in 275 AD and took control of Aden. [ 21 ] Recent incomplete archaeological studies suggest that the Himyarites were the ones who built the huge water cisterns currently known as the "Cisterns of Aden", which stored approximately 136,382,757 liters of water. [ 22 ] [ 23 ] The Himyarite Kingdom fell in the first quarter of the sixth century AD. Yusuf Dhu Nuwas mentioned Bab al-Mandab in one of his writings. The forces of the Kingdom of Aksum were entering Yemen through it. The Byzantine Emperor Justinian I sent a fleet to fight the Himyarite Jews and support the Kingdom of Aksum and the Christians of Najran. The fleet entered through Aden. Byzantine sources indicate that the Sasanian Empire took control of the city in 571 AD. [ 24 ] [ 25 ] A local legend in Yemen states that Aden may be as old as human history itself. Some also believe that Cain and Abel are buried somewhere in the city. [ 26 ] Medieval history Although the pre-Islamic Himyar civilisation was capable of building large structures, there seems to have been little fortification at this stage. Fortifications at Mareb and other places in Yemen and the Hadhramaut make it clear that both the Himyar and the Sabean cultures were well capable of it. Thus, watchtowers, since destroyed, are possible. However, the Arab historians Ibn al Mujawir and Abu Makhramah attribute the first fortification of Aden to Beni Zuree'a. Abu Makhramah has also included a detailed biography of Muhammad Azim Sultan Qamarbandi Naqsh in his work, Tarikh ul-Yemen. The aim seems to have been twofold: to keep hostile forces out and to maintain revenue by controlling the movement of goods, thereby preventing smuggling. In its original form, some of this work was relatively feeble. With the introduction of Islam to Yemen in the seventh century AD, Aden experienced a period of stagnation that lasted until the ninth century AD. [ 18 ] In the early years of Islam, Aden belonged to the province of Jund (Taiz). [ 27 ] It was controlled by the state of Ziyadid and the Sulayhid . After the death of Ali bin Muhammad Al-Sulayhi , his son took charge of Zurayids , and Aden continued to pay the annual royalty until Queen Arwa bint Ahmed Al-Sulayhi reduced it. [ 28 ] After the fall of the Sulayhid state, the Banu Zurayi became independent in Aden, taking advantage of the Sulayhids' preoccupation with the Khawlan tribes. [ 29 ] The Zurayites continued to rule Aden, Lahj, and Abyan for less than forty years until they fell under the Ayyubids' control of the city. [ 30 ] A major battle took place between Turan Shah bin Ayyub and Yasser bin Bilal al-Muhammadi, Minister of State, and the Zurayiyyah were defeated and al-Muhammadi fled to Taiz. [ 31 ] One of the most important contributors to the defeat of the Zurayids was their ongoing wars with the Bani Mahdi in Tihama and the departure of their army to confront the Ayyubids instead of fortifying themselves in Aden. [ 32 ] After 1175, rebuilding in a more solid form began, and ever since then Aden has been a popular city attracting sailors and merchants from Egypt , Sindh , Gujarat , East Africa and even China . According to Muqaddasi , Persians formed the majority of Aden's population in the 10th century. [ 33 ] [ 34 ] It was visited by the medieval scholar Ibn Battuta in the 14th century, who described Aden's reservoirs, the Cisterns of Tawila , "These reservoirs accumulate rainwater for the sole purpose of drinking for the city's citizens." During the Ayyubid period in Yemen, Sanaa and its environs were more hostile to their presence than other regions. [ 35 ] The Zaidi tribes were able to defeat the Ayyubids in 1226, but Omar bin Rasul, the founder of the Rasulid state , was able to repel them, so he tightened his control over Aden. The city regained its position during the days of the Rasulids, so they dug wells and built schools, and Aden flourished commercially. [ 36 ] The kings of Bani Rasul were also merchants and enacted a number of laws and regulations to codify trade in the city. [ 37 ] The Banu Tahir were able to control Aden after the Banu Rasool, and the Italian traveller Lodovico di Verthama describes it as one of the most powerful cities seen on Earth during the days of the Tahirids . [ 38 ] In 1513, the Portuguese, led by Afonso de Albuquerque , launched an unsuccessful four-day naval siege of Aden . [ 39 ] The Mamluks in Egypt sensed the danger and sent a force led by Hussein al-Kurdi. The victorious King Amer bin Abdul Wahhab provided great aid to the Kurds, but he suffered a heavy defeat in the Battle of Diu. The Mamluks sent a second fleet, but the victorious king refused to cooperate with the Mamluks because he had succeeded in repelling the Portuguese from Aden without their help. [ 40 ] Hussein al-Kurdi became angry and allied with the Zaidi Imam, who was opposed to the Tahirids, al-Mutawakkil Sharaf al-Din, and the Tahirid cities fell successively, with the exception of Aden. [ 41 ] The Ottoman Empire took control of the city in 1538. The Ottomans' goal was to prevent the Portuguese from controlling Aden, so the city witnessed difficult days, in addition to the fact that the port of Mocha gained greater importance at the expense of Aden during the sixteenth century. [ 42 ] The city's population declined and it turned into a small village with a population of no more than 600 people. [ 43 ] While its population was approximately eighty thousand people during the days of the Rasulid state. [ 44 ] In 1421, China's Ming dynasty Yongle Emperor ordered principal envoy grand eunuch Li Xing and grand eunuch Zhou Man of Zheng He 's fleet to convey an imperial edict with hats and robes to bestow on the king of Aden. The envoys boarded three treasure ships and set sail from Sumatra to the port of Aden . This event was recorded in the book Yingyai Shenglan by Ma Huan who accompanied the imperial envoy. [ 45 ] After Ottoman rule, Aden was ruled by the Sultanate of Lahej , under suzerainty of the Zaidi imams of Yemen. The first political intercourse between Lahej and the British took place in 1799, when a naval force was sent from Great Britain, with a detachment of troops from India, to occupy the island of Perim and prevent all communication of the French in Egypt with the Indian Ocean, by way of the Red Sea. The island of Perim was found unsuitable for troops, and the Sultan of Lahej, Ahmed bin Abdul Karim, received the detachment for some time at Aden. He proposed to enter into an alliance and to grant Aden as a permanent station, but the offer was declined. A Treaty was, however, concluded with the Sultan in 1802 by Admiral Sir Home Popham, who was instructed to enter into political and commercial alliances with the chief rulers on the Arabian coast of the Red Sea. [ 46 ] Modern history The situation was different in the north of the country, where the Zaidis did not recognise the authority of the Ottomans and revolted against them many times, the most recent of which was the revolution of Imam Al-Mansur Billah Al-Qasim bin Muhammad bin Al-Qasim , who and his son Al-Mu'ayyad Billah Muhammad were able to unite the tribes and expel the Ottomans. [ 47 ] The imams relied on the revenues from the port of Mocha , and Aden was not as important as the Abadlahs were. At the end of the eighteenth century, Sultan Fadl al-Abdali concluded an alliance with the Yafi tribes to rebel against the Zaidi imams and monopolise Aden's revenues equally among them. [ 48 ] The Sultan of Lahej got rid of the imams, but he did not fulfil his promise to Yafa. The Zaidi imams did not recognise inheritance and saw fighting for the imamate, so the war between Al-Nasir Muhammad bin Ishaq and Al-Mansur Al-Hussein bin Al-Mutawakkil prolonged, so Al-Abdali took the opportunity to declare his independence in Lahej and Aden. [ 49 ] The English had been visiting Aden and Mocha from 1609, led by Sir Henry Middleton , who was imprisoned, his ships confiscated, and eight of his men killed. [ 49 ] The British tried to conclude treaties with the Zaidi imams after the Ottomans were expelled from Aden. They visited Sanaa and Mocha, but they treated the British ambassador poorly and rejected his offer. Things were different when the Abdali gained independence from Lahj and Medina. They signed a treaty with the British in 1802, stipulating that they build a factory in Crater and allocate a special cemetery for British subjects free of charge. The Abdali wanted protection from the tribes. Sultan Fadl bin Ali was killed by Yafi' gunmen, then one of the sheikhs of Al-Hujariya invaded Lahj and besieged it for five months. Al-Awaliq also besieged it with eight thousand fighters, and they did not leave until Sultan Ahmed bin Abdul Karim paid them seven thousand dollars. [ 50 ] Then the Fadl family attacked Aden in 1836. British administration 1839–1967 In 1609 The Ascension was the first English ship to visit Aden, before sailing on to Mocha during the fourth voyage of the East India Company . [ 52 ] British interests in Aden began in 1796 with Napoleon 's invasion of Egypt, after which a British fleet docked at Aden for several months at the invitation of the sultan. The French were defeated in Egypt in 1801, and their privateers were tracked down over the subsequent decade. [ citation needed ] By 1800, Aden was a small village with a population of 600 Arabs, Somalis , Jews, and Indians—housed for the most part in huts of reed matting erected among ruins recalling a vanished era of wealth and prosperity. [ citation needed ] As there was little British trade in the Red Sea, most British politicians until the 1830s had no further interest in the area beyond the suppression of piracy. However, a small number of government officials and the East India Company officials thought that a British base in the area was necessary to prevent another French advance through Egypt or Russian expansion through Persia . The emergence of Muhammad Ali of Egypt as a strong local ruler only increased their concerns. The governor of Bombay from 1834 to 1838, Sir Robert Grant , was one of those who believed that India could only be protected by preemptively seizing "places of strength" to protect the Indian Ocean. [ citation needed ] The Red Sea increased in importance after the steamship Hugh Lindsay sailed from Bombay to the Suez isthmus in 1830, stopping at Aden with the sultan's consent to resupply with coal . Although cargo was still carried around the Cape of Good Hope in sailing ships, a steam route to the Suez could provide a much quicker option for transporting officials and important communications. Grant felt that armed ships steaming regularly between Bombay and Suez would help secure British interests in the region and did all he could to progress his vision. After lengthy negotiations due to the costs of investing in the new technology, the government agreed to pay half the costs for six voyages per year and the East India Company board approved the purchase of two new steamers in 1837. Grant immediately announced that monthly voyages to Suez would take place, despite the fact that no secure coal supplying station had been found. [ 53 ] The British first stationed a coal depot on the island of Socotra in 1834. However, due to the lack of suitable infrastructure there, they quickly lost interest in Socotra and turned towards Aden instead. [ 54 ] : 22 In 1838, under Muhsin bin Fadl, Lahej ceded 194 km 2 (75 sq mi) including Aden to the British . On 19 January 1839, the British East India Company landed Royal Marines at Aden to definitively conquer the territory (the so-called Aden Expedition ) and stop attacks by pirates against British shipping to India. In 1850 it was declared a free trade port, with the liquor, salt, arms, and opium trades developing duties as it won all the coffee trade from Mokha . [ 55 ] The port lies about equidistant from the Suez Canal , Bombay , and Zanzibar , which were all important British possessions . Aden had been an entrepôt and a way-station for ships in the ancient world. There, supplies, particularly water, were replenished, so, in the mid-19th century, it became necessary to replenish coal and boiler water. Thus Aden acquired a coaling station at Steamer Point and Aden was to remain under British control until November 1967. [ citation needed ] Until 1937, Aden was governed as part of British India and was known as the Aden Settlement . [ 56 ] Its original territory was enlarged in 1857 by the 13 km 2 (5.0 sq mi) island of Perim , in 1868 by the 73 km 2 (28 sq mi) Khuriya Muriya Islands , and in 1915 by the 108 km 2 (42 sq mi) island of Kamaran . [ citation needed ] The settlement would become Aden Province in 1935. [ 56 ] In 1937, the settlement was detached from India and became the Colony of Aden , a British Crown colony . The change in government was a step towards the change in the official currency unit. When British India became independent in 1947, Indian rupees (divided into annas ) were replaced in Aden by East African shillings . The hinterland of Aden and Hadhramaut were also loosely tied to Britain as the Aden Protectorate , which was overseen from Aden. Aden's location also made it a useful entrepôt for mail passing between places around the Indian Ocean and Europe. Thus, a ship passing from Suez to Bombay could leave mail for Mombasa at Aden for collection (See Postage stamps and postal history of Aden ). In December 1947, a three-day riot broke out in reaction to the drafting of the Partition Plan for Palestine . The riots and their repression by the Aden Protectorate Levies saw the killing of 76–82 Jews , 33 Arabs, 4 Muslim Indians and 1 Somali, in addition to looting and damaging of property. [ 57 ] After the Suez Crisis in 1956, the British held on to Aden as an outpost in the region for another decade. The British authorities had already decided to further expand its port shortly before the Suez Canal 's 1956 closure. [ 54 ] : 73 Aden sent a team of two to the 1962 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Perth, Western Australia . [ citation needed ] Federation of South Arabia and the Aden Emergency In order to stabilise Aden and the surrounding Aden Protectorate from the designs of the Egyptian backed republicans of North Yemen , the British attempted gradually to unite the disparate states of the region in preparation for eventual independence. On 18 January 1963, the Colony of Aden was incorporated into the Federation of Arab Emirates of the South against the wishes of North Yemen. The city became the State of Aden and the Federation was renamed the Federation of South Arabia (FSA). An insurgency against British administration known as the Aden Emergency began with a grenade attack by the communist National Liberation Front (NLF), against the British High Commissioner on 10 December 1963, killing one person and injuring fifty, and a "state of emergency" was declared. [ 58 ] In 1964, Britain announced its intention to grant independence to the FSA in 1968, but that British troops would remain in Aden. The security situation deteriorated as NLF and FLOSY ( Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen ) vied for the upper hand. [ 59 ] In January 1967, there were mass riots between the NLF and their rival FLOSY supporters in the old Arab quarter of Aden town. This conflict continued until mid February, despite the intervention of British troops. On 20 June 1967, 23 British Army soldiers were ambushed and shot dead by members of Aden Police during the Aden Mutiny in the Crater District. During the period there were as many attacks on the British troops by both sides as against each other culminating in the destruction of an Aden Airways DC3 plane in the air with no survivors. [ 60 ] The increased violence was a determining factor in the British ensuring all families were evacuated more quickly than initially intended, as recorded in From Barren Rocks to Living Stones . On 30 November 1967, British troops were evacuated, leaving Aden and the rest of the FSA under NLF control. The Royal Marines , who had been the first British troops to arrive in Aden in 1839, were the last to leave – with the exception of a Royal Engineer detachment ( 10 Airfields Squadron ) who left Aden on 13 December 1967. As part of a larger Royal Navy task force , HMS Albion 's helicopters lifted off the remaining Royal Marine commandos left to secure the airfield. [ 61 ] Post-independence The last British soldier left Aden on 30 November 1967, and the National Liberation Front had the upper hand at the expense of the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen, whose members were divided between joining the National Front or leaving for North Yemen, so Abdullah Al-Asanj and Muhammad Basindwa left for North Yemen. [ 62 ] Qahtan al-Sha'bi assumed the presidency of the new state, and the sheikhdoms of the Eastern Protectorate of Hadramaut and Al-Mahra were annexed to the new state. Al-Shaabi took over a new country with a collapsed economy. Civilian workers and businessmen left, and British support ceased. The closure of the Suez Canal in 1967 played an important role in the country's economy, as it reduced the number of ships crossing Aden by 75%. [ 63 ] The new state was divided into six governorates on 11 December 1967, in order to end the manifestations of tribalism in the state and ignore the tribal borders between the defunct sheikhdoms. [ 64 ] On March 20, 1968, Qahtan dismissed all leftist leaders from the government and party membership. He was able to put down a rebellion led by leftist factions in the army in May of the same year, and faced new rebellions from leftist parties in July, August and December 1968. [ 65 ] This is because all Arab countries welcomed the front. National Liberation received a cold reception. Regimes like Egypt wanted to merge the National Front with the Front for the Liberation of Occupied South Yemen , where the leftist section was more numerous than the supporters of the popular Qahtan. [ 66 ] They wanted a regime that would lead the masses and face the great challenges facing the new state, the most important of which was the bankruptcy of the treasury. Qahtan al-Shaabi dismissed Interior Minister Muhammad Ali Haitham on 16 June 1969, but the latter, with his ties to the tribes and the army, reassembled the leftist forces that had been dispersed by President Qahtan al-Shaabi, and they were able to place him under house arrest on 22 June. [ 67 ] A presidential committee was formed from Five people: Salem Rabie Ali, who became president, Muhammad Saleh Al-Awlaki, Ali Antar, Abdel Fattah Ismail, and Muhammad Ali Haitham, who became prime minister. This group took an extreme leftist line, declaring its support for the Palestinians and the Dhofar Revolution, and strengthening its relationship with the Soviet Union. West Germany severed its relationship with the state due to its recognition of East Germany, and the United States also severed its relationship in October 1969. The new powers issued a new constitution, nationalised foreign banks and insurance companies, and changed the name of the country to the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen in line with the Marxist–Leninist approach they followed. A centrally planned economy was established. [ 68 ] The port of Aden was the largest source of national income for the Republic of South Yemen, but the closure of the Suez Canal by Egypt between 1967 and 1975 – reduced commercial activities in the port. [ 69 ] Salem Rubaya Ali wanted to adopt a practical approach, so he communicated with the President of North Yemen, Ibrahim al-Hamdi, and made attempts to restore normal relations with Western countries. During his presidency, relations between South Yemen and Saudi Arabia were established in 1976. [ 70 ] President Salmin, as he is known, coveted more Soviet support, so the contract with Saudi Arabia worried him. The Soviets pushed them to increase aid, but relations with Saudi Arabia became strained again in 1977 following the assassination of North Yemeni President Ibrahim al-Hamdi. [ 71 ] It is believed that Salem Rabie Ali orchestrated the assassination of Ahmed Hussein al-Ghashmi in revenge for Ibrahim al-Hamdi. [ 72 ] Salem Rabie Ali was subjected to a quick trial that ended with his execution and Abdel Fattah Ismail assuming the presidency of South Yemen. Relations with North Yemen became tense, due to Fattah's support for the factions opposing Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was more fanatical than his predecessors. Relations with the Soviet Union became active in an unprecedented way, so the Front War broke out in 1978, in which the Soviet Union and the United States intervened. [ 73 ] Ali Nasser Muhammad was able to force Abd al-Fattah Ismail al-Jawfi to resign for "health reasons", and Ismail was exiled to Moscow two years after he assumed the presidency. [ 74 ] Despite the approach of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen and its removal of tribal aspects, tribalism remained alive among politicians and the public despite the exposure of its sheikhs. Tribes from their authorities. Tribal and regional favouritism and nepotism remained rife in southern Yemen, as political forces called on their tribal and regional affiliations during crises. [ 75 ] By January 1986, Aden was torn apart by the rivalry of two factions in the ruling Socialist Party, when President Ali Nasser Muhammad's guards launched a surprise attack on the political party's office in Aden on 13 January 1986. This was the beginning of the 1986 civil war in South Yemen. [ 76 ] The basis of the war was regional. Ali Nasser Muhammad was from Abyan Governorate, while most of those killed in the political party office were from Al-Dhalea and Lahj. [ 77 ] Military brigades from those areas bombed Aden from land and sea, forcing Ali Nasser Muhammad to flee and hundreds of thousands of civilians and soldiers to flee to northern Yemen, including Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi . [ 78 ] This was followed by systematic killings and liquidations against the people of Abyan Governorate, on charges that they were collaborating with Ali Nasser Muhammad. Nearly ten thousand people were killed, and thousands migrated towards North Yemen, most of whom were from Abyan and Shabwa. [ 78 ] With the unification of north and south Yemen in 1990, Aden was no longer a national capital but remained the capital of Aden Governorate which covered an area similar to that of the Aden Colony. On 29 December 1992, Al Qaeda conducted its first known terrorist attack in Aden, bombing the Gold Mohur Hotel , where US servicemen were known to have been staying en route to Somalia for Operation Restore Hope . A Yemeni and an Austrian tourist died in the attack. [ 79 ] That war marked the end of the state of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas assumed the presidency until May 22, 1990, the unity of South Yemen with North Yemen , and the establishment of the Republic of Yemen. At that time, Ali Salem Al-Baidh was considered Ali Abdullah Saleh 's deputy, and Haider Abu Bakr Al-Attas was considered prime minister , and after the 1993 elections . Conflicts began within the ruling coalition, and Vice President Ali Salem Al-Beidh retreated to Aden in August 1993. The general security situation in the country deteriorated, and the complete integration of the two armies failed. The southern forces, which were transferred to Amran , clashed with the northern forces there, and the forces of the northern giants, which were transferred to Amran, clashed. Abyan with the southern forces, and the political parties signed the 1994 Covenant and Agreement , in the Jordanian capital, on February 20, 1994, in an attempt to end the crisis, and successive events led to the outbreak of the Summer 1994 civil war , and the southern military leaders who fled after the events of 1986 joined the ranks of the forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, and supported the Unity Army in the war against their former comrades in 1994 in the war against the separatists. [ 80 ] At the forefront of these emerged a group of the brightest officers, such as Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi, who became Minister of Defense at the time; the former Chief of Staff, Major General Abdullah Aliwa; and Major General Salem Qatan, who was assassinated by an Al-Qaeda gunman. After the war, Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi was appointed Vice President of the Republic, and remained in office. He held his position until 2012, when he was elected president of the country. Members of al Qaeda attempted to bomb the US guided-missile destroyer The Sullivans at the port of Aden as part of the 2000 millennium attack plots . The boat that had the explosives in it sank, forcing the planned attack to be aborted. [ 81 ] [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The bombing attack on destroyer USS Cole took place in Aden on 12 October 2000. [ 84 ] In 2007 growing dissatisfaction with unification led to the formation of the secessionist South Yemen Movement . According to The New York Times , the Movement's mainly underground leadership includes socialists, Islamists and individuals desiring a return to the perceived benefits of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen . [ 85 ] Temporary capital and civil war Aden remained in a state of political stagnation for 25 years until President Abd Rabbuh Mansour Hadi took refuge there and carried out his work from the Republican Palace in Aden. On 7 March 2015, Hadi declared Aden the temporary capital, instead of Sanaa , which he described as occupied by the Houthis. This was after the Houthis took control of Sanaa on 21 September 2014, and imposed a siege on the Republican Palace and the home of President Hadi on 20 January. On 22 January, Hadi submitted his resignation to Parliament; it did not hold a session to accept or reject the resignation, and Hadi remained under house arrest imposed by the Houthis. Until he was able to leave for Aden on 21 February 2015, he retracted his resignation, and gave a statement in which he said: "All decisions taken since September 21 are invalid and have no legitimacy." President Abd Rabbuh Mansur Hadi fled to Aden, his hometown, in February 2015 after being deposed in the coup d'état that many consider to be the start of the Yemeni civil war . Others consider that the civil war began in September 2014 when Houthi forces took over the capital city Sanaa , which was followed by a rapid Houthi takeover of the government . Hadi declared in Aden that he was still Yemen's legitimate president and called on state institutions and loyal officials to relocate to Aden. [ 86 ] In a televised speech on 21 March 2015, he declared Aden to be Yemen's "economic and temporary capital" while Sanaa is controlled by the Houthis . [ 87 ] Aden was hit by violence in the aftermath of the coup d'état , with forces loyal to Hadi clashing with those loyal to former president Ali Abdullah Saleh in a battle for Aden International Airport on 19 March 2015. [ 88 ] After the airport battle, the entire city became a battleground for the Battle of Aden , which left large parts of the city in ruins and has killed at least 198 people since 25 March 2015. [ 89 ] Some Arab and foreign embassies were transferred to Aden, and Defense Minister Mahmoud Al-Subaihi was able to leave Sanaa for Aden and met with President Hadi. On March 4, 2016, unidentified gunmen stormed the Mother Teresa House in the city and killed sixteen people, including four nuns. A number of the old city's churches have also been destroyed by Islamic extremists since mid-2015. On 14 July 2015, the Saudi Arabian Army launched an offensive to win control of the city. Within three days, the city was cleared of Houthi rebels, ending the Battle of Aden with a coalition victory. [ 90 ] Beginning on 28 January 2018, separatists loyal to the Southern Transitional Council (STC) seized control of the Yemeni government headquarters in Aden in a coup d'état against the Hadi-led government. [ 91 ] [ 92 ] On 30 December 2020, the undersecretary of labour and deputy minister of public works were killed along with between 20 and 30 others at the Aden airport while they conducted an international press briefing about their new arrangements with the STC, which includes the partition of forces inside Aden, as they returned from hiding in the Saudi capital. Prime Minister Maeen Abdulmalik Saeed , his ministers and his entourage were conducted to safety under the barrage of hostile fire. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Culture Dialects The entry of the Yemenis into Islam contributed to their abandoning their ancient script and replacing it with the late Nabataean alphabet in which the Qur'an was written. [ a ] Today, Yemenis speak Arabic in the Yemeni dialect, which is a developed dialect and closely linked to the ancient language. [ 95 ] It has three dialects with branches: the Sanʽani dialect , the Hadrami dialect , and the Taʽizzi-Adeni dialect , in addition to the Bedouin dialect of the residents of Marib . Al Jawf , Shabwa , and Inner Hadhramaut , and each of these dialects has characteristics and features. [ 96 ] [ 97 ] Music and poetry Adeni art or the Adeniyat is an art of Arabic music. Among the ancient artists of Aden are Iskander Thabet Saleh and Muhammad Murshid Naji, and among the poets are Abdul Rahman Ibrahim Muhammad, Ahmed Ghaleb Muhammad Al-Jabri, Abdullah Abdul Karim Muhammad, Ali Abdullah Jaafar Aman, Farid Muhammad Barakat, Lotfi Jaafar Aman, and Mohsen Ali Brik. [ 98 ] "Adeni music" played a major role in Aden society, and artists in the Aden dialect were called "al-Mutariba", meaning people of music. Adeni music began in 1920 when the army of the Aden Protectorate was formed, and after it the National Guard, where there were teams for those forces and those teams participated On special occasions and weddings. Sports Pre-independence The first beginning of Adenian sports dates back to the year 1902, when the Adeni Tennis Club was established, with its headquarters in the Al-Qatee' neighbourhood in Crater, and Youssef Muhammad Khan founded the "Recreational Club United" in the city of Crater, and it was known as the Yousef Khan Stadium. The city of Aden is considered the first city in which sports were practiced in the Arabian Peninsula, and the first private club in Aden was founded in 1905 under the name "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", as the first sports club in Yemen and the Arab world. He was fighting the occupation army divisions and the fleet divisions coming and passing to the port of Aden. [ 99 ] In 1924, the "Al-Husseini Sports Club" was founded in Crater, and a third club appeared in Tawahi under the name "Al-Bamboot Club" and Sheikh Othman. The 1930s witnessed the emergence of a number of clubs. In 1933, the "Nujoom Al-Layl Club", Al-Aidrousi Club, and Nujoom Al-Sabah Club appeared in Crater, and in Tawahi, the "Al-Ittihad Al-Islami Club" (Al-Mawlada) appeared. [ 99 ] Until that year, football matches were played in a friendly manner between the teams of the Crater, Al-Tawahi, and Sheikh Othman regions, as there were no federations regulating sports activity. In 1934, the occupation authority announced the establishment of a sports association called the "Adeniya Sports Association", after the increasing number of local clubs. Its members were appointed by the Governor-General of Aden, and all of its members were English, headed by the English Governor of Aden, Bernard Reilly, as sponsor. The association's board of directors consists of Hikam Bottom as president, the Indian Rosario as secretary, and two other members. This association began holding the first club tournament, which was the "Rosario Cup Championship". Six clubs participated in the tournament, three from Crater (Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi, Al-Husseini, and Nojoom Al-Layl), from Al-Tawahi (Al-Mawalda, and Al-Bamiot), and from Sheikh Othman, Sheikh Othman Club, which includes Players from various small teams in the Sheikh Othman area, and Al-Ittihad Al-Mohammadi Club won this championship. Among the most important tournaments held in Aden before independence were the Rosario Cup, the Riley Cup, the Somali Bassem Al-Nar Cup, the Aramco Cup, and the Kik Muncherji Championship. Post-independence After independence, the "Football Federation" was established on January 18, 1968, on the ruins of the "Adeniya Sports Association". The Federation took a decision regarding the Adeniya clubs, which had numbered about 64 sports clubs, reducing and merging the clubs in Aden and Lahj to only 16 clubs, and the clubs were forced to join or unite with large teams. In February 1968, several sports clubs were abolished, leaving only 12 clubs remaining. In December 1968, Al-Islah Club and Al-Shaab Club were merged into one club under the name of the latter in Al-Tawahi. In 1969, the Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club and Al-Tadamon Club were united in Crater , under the name Al-Tadamon Al-Muhammadi Club. [ citation needed ] In the "First General Sports Conference" in 1973, the clubs were merged and reduced again, so that their number became only 7 clubs: Al-Ahrar Club, Al-Ahly Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Shaab Club, Al-Hilal Club, United Youth Club, and Aden Tennis Club. On July 18, 1975, the stage of forming urban clubs, and the beginning of the stage of politicisation of the clubs in favour of the National Liberation Front, took place. It was decided to change their names and reduce them to become 5 clubs: Al-Tilal Club, Shamsan Club, Al-Minaa Club, Al-Wahda Club, and Al-Shoula Club. [ citation needed ] On July 18, 1975, the "Al-Tilal Sports Club" appeared, headed by Yassin Saeed Noman, as a new name for the "Al-Ittihad Al-Muhammadi Club", which was founded in 1905, and in 1976 the "Yemeni Football Federation" appeared. Al-Tilal Club participated in the "September 26 Cup Competition" in 1980, as the first football competition in which it participated with teams from northern and southern Yemen, such as the national team of Ibb Governorate, Taiz Governorate, Hadhramaut Governorate, Lahj and Hodeidah, at the Shaheed Al-Dharafi Stadium in Sanaa, and Al-Hilal was crowned champion of the September 26 Cup, after victory over Hodeidah national team by five clean goals. [ 100 ] Football is the most popular sport in Aden. There are 9 stadiums in Aden, including the May 22 International Stadium, and 10 sports clubs. In November 2010, Aden hosted the 2010 Arabian Gulf Football Cup . [ 101 ] Tourist sites Aden has several historical and natural sites of interest to visitors. These include: The historical British churches, one of which lies empty and semi-derelict in 2019. [ 102 ] The Zoroastrian Temple The Cisterns of Tawila —an ancient water-catchment system located in the sub-centre of Crater Sira Fortress The Aden Minaret [ 103 ] Little Ben , a miniature Big Ben Clock Tower overlooking Steamer Point. Built during the colonial period, this was restored in 2012 after 3 decades of neglect since the British withdrawal of 1967. The Landing Pier at Steamer Point is a 19th-century building used by visiting dignitaries during the colonial period, most notably Queen Elizabeth during her 1954 visit to the colony. This building was hit by an airstrike in 2015 and is currently in the process of being restored in 2019. The Crescent Hotel which contained a number of artifacts relating to the Royal Visit of 1954 and which currently remains derelict as a result of a recent airstrike. The Palace of the Sultanate of Lahej /National Museum—The National Museum was founded in 1966 and is located in what used to be the Palace of the Sultanate of Lahej. Northern forces robbed it during the 1994 Civil War, but its collection of pieces remains one of the biggest in Yemen. [ 104 ] [ 105 ] The Aden Military Museum which features a painting depicting the 20 June 1967 ambush by Arab Police Barracks on a British Army unit when a number of the 22 soldiers killed that day were driving in two Land Rovers on Queen Arwa Road, Crater. The Rimbaud House, which opened in 1991, is the two-story house of French poet Arthur Rimbaud who lived in Aden from 1880 to 1891. Rimbaud moved to Aden on his way to Ethiopia in an attempt for a new life. As of the late 1990s, the first floor of the house belonged to the French Consulate, a cultural centre and a library. The house is located in al-Tawahi —the European Quarter of Aden—and is politically and culturally debated for its French nature in an area previously colonised by Britain. [ 106 ] The fortifications of Jebal Hadid and Jebal Shamsan The beaches of Aden and Little Aden—Some of the popular beaches in Aden consist of Lover's Bay Beach, Elephant Beach and Gold Beach. The popular beach in Little Aden is called Blue Beach. [ 104 ] Some beaches are private and some are public, which is subject to change over time due to the changing resort industry. According to the Wall Street Journal, kidnappings on the beaches and the threat of Al Qaeda has caused problems for the resort industry in Aden, which used to be popular among locals and Westerners. [ 107 ] Al-Aidaroos Mosque [ 103 ] Main Pass – now called Al-Aqba Road is the only road into Aden through Crater. Originally an Arched Upper bridge known as Main Gate, it overlooked Aden city and was built during the Ottoman Empire. A painted crest of the 24th British army battalion is still visible on the brickwork adjacent to the Gate site and is believed to be the only remaining army Crest from colonial rule still visible in Aden. In March 1963 the bridge was removed by a British Army controlled explosion to widen the 2 lane roadway to the present 4 lane highway and the only reminder of this bridge is a quarter scale replica built at the end of the Al-Aqba road intersection known as the AdenGate Model roundabout. Economy and transportation The industrial activity in Aden is represented by a group of factories and production units, the forefront of which is the oil refinery. The oil refinery in Aden is considered one of the first refineries to be established in the region, and began operating in 1954 AD. The Aden Refineries Company has facilities such as an oil tanker port, a network of storage tanks, and a centre to supply ships with fuel. [ 108 ] Historically, Aden was a station for importing goods from the African coast and from Europe, the United States, and India. As of 1920, Aden was a major commercial centre for trade in the Arabian Peninsula, and the port exported small quantities of local products to most Arab ports. Aden provided coal and salt to passing ships, and the port was a stopping point for ships when they entered Bab al-Mandab. Transport Historically, the port of Aden was the main transport port in the region. Passenger ships land in Al-Tawahi District, and the city is served by Aden International Airport , which is about 10 kilometres (6 mi) from the city. The airport is the main headquarters of Al-Saeeda Airlines and its operations centre. The airport is considered the second largest airport. In Yemen, after Sanaa International Airport , it is considered the best airport in Yemen in terms of location due to the mountainous nature of Yemen. However, this airport is surrounded by the Arabian Sea in terms of take-off and landing. The establishment of Aden Airport dates back to the year 1927 when the British forces established a military airport in the district. Khor Maksar. After World War II, Britain carried out extensive urban modernisation and built Aden International Airport, known today, next to the military airport. Alyemda Airlines was the official carrier of South Yemen, before unification, and was based in Aden, before merging with Yemen Airways in 1996. Before the Battle of Aden Airport and the 2015 military intervention in Yemen closed this airport along with other airports in Yemen. On 22 July, Aden International Airport was declared fit for operation again after the Houthi forces were driven from the city, and a Saudi plane carrying aid reportedly became the first plane to land in Aden in four months. [ 109 ] The same day, a ship chartered by the World Food Programme carrying fuel docked in Aden's port. [ 110 ] Historically, Aden's harbour has been a major hub of transportation for the region. As of 1920, the harbour was 13 by 6 km (8 by 4 mi) in size. Passenger ships landed at Steamer Point now called Tawahi . [ 111 ] During the British colonial period motor vehicles drove on the left , as in the United Kingdom. On 2 January 1977, Aden, along with the rest of South Yemen, changed to driving on the right, bringing it into line with neighbouring Arab states. [ 112 ] During the early 20th century, Aden was a prominent export centre for coffee grown in the Jubail highlands. And also to export frankincense, wheat, barley, alfalfa and millet, which are produced and exported from Aden. The leaves and stems of clover, millet, and corn produced in Aden were generally used as fodder. Beginning in 1920, Aden was desalinating seawater to produce table salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced more than 120,000 tons of salt. Aden also produced potash, which was exported to Mumbai. Economy Historically, Aden would import goods from the African coast and from Europe, the United States , and India . [ 111 ] [ 113 ] As of 1920, the British described it as "the chief emporium of Arabian trade, receiving the small quantities of native produce, and supplying the modest wants of the interior and of most of the smaller Arabian ports." At the docks, the city provided coal to passing ships. The only item being produced by the city, as of 1920, was salt . [ 113 ] Also, the port was the stop ships had to take when entering the Bab-el-Mandeb ; this was how cities like Mecca had received goods by ship. Yemen Airlines , the national airline of South Yemen, had its head office in Aden. On 15 May 1996, Yemen Airlines merged with Yemenia . [ 114 ] [ 115 ] During the early 20th century Aden was a notable centre of coffee production. Women processed coffee beans, grown in the Yemen highlands. [ 116 ] Frankincense , wheat , barley , alfalfa , and millet was also produced and exported from Aden. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The leaves and stalks of the alfalfa, millet and maize produced in Aden were generally used as fodder . [ 118 ] As of 1920, Aden was also gathering salt from salt water . An Italian company called Agostino Burgarella Ajola and Company gathered and process the salt under the name Aden Salt Works. There was also a smaller company from India , called Abdullabhoy and Joomabhoy Lalji & Company that owned a salt production firm in Aden. Both companies exported the salt. Between 1916 and 1917, Aden produced over 120,000 tons of salt. Aden has also produced potash , which was generally exported to Mumbai. [ 119 ] Aden produced jollyboats . Charcoal was produced as well, from acacia , and mainly in the interior of the region. Cigarettes were produced by Jewish and Greek populations in Aden. The tobacco used was imported from Egypt. [ 120 ] Since the outbreak of the Yemeni Civil War spread to Aden in 2015, the city has been struck by constant protests over a range of issues, but especially concerning electricity generation. Aden's power grid is composed solely of diesel generators and is thus heavily dependent on imported fuel. [ 121 ] The main power plant is al-Hasswa diesel power plant, which in June 2021 had only two turbines out of five running, producing up to 50 megawatts (MW) of power in a region where the deficit hovers around 300 MW. Nawfal al-Mojamal, the plant director, said "In its 35 years of existence, al-Hasswa station never had any kind of maintenance, except in 2016 ... when the two turbines were restored". [ 122 ] This electricity shortage led to the development of Yemen's first large-scale solar power plant servicing Aden with a 120 MW capacity, opened in July 2024. [ 123 ] Free zone The free zone, which was opened in 1991, represents Yemen's economic gateway and the meeting point of the continents of Asia and Africa. The free zone gains its strategic importance from the special location of the port of Aden, as it is located directly on the main trade route around the world and from the Middle East to Europe and America, and is distinguished by the possibility of providing transit services. To East Africa, the Red Sea, the Indian subcontinent and the Arabian Gulf. The free zone represents a storage and distribution area suitable for Africa, the Red Sea and the Arabian Gulf. [ 108 ] Geography Aden is located on the coast of the Gulf of Aden, and is about 363 kilometres from the capital, Sanaa. It is located between latitudes 47 and 12 north of the equator, and at an altitude of 6 metres above sea level. It is surrounded by Lahj Governorate to the north and east, and the Governorate of Abyan is to the northwest. Aden has an airport (Aden International Airport), a seaport (the port of Aden), and has land routes from the north linking it to Hajj, Abyan and Taiz. Landforms Aden is a coastal city; it overlooks the Gulf of Aden, which opens to the Indian Ocean. The shape of the city of Aden in the form of two peninsulas helped this factor to make the city of Aden unique in this particularity, which clearly affected the occurrence of the phenomenon of land and sea breezes. Which occurs due to air exchange between land and water during the day and night. Its location on the water surface also affects the daily and annual temperature range. This does not mean that there are no significant differences in temperatures in summer and winter. [ 124 ] The surface of the city of Aden slopes south, and the highlands appear in the southern part of Aden, represented by the highlands of Jabal Shamsan, whose highest peaks exceed 500 metres, and the highlands of Jabal Ihsan and Jabal Al-Muzalqim in Little Aden, which are lower in height than Jabal Shamsan, and the highlands of Aden do not differ from the rest of the highlands of Yemen in terms of In terms of composition, it is of volcanic origin, and although the mountain highlands occupy large areas of the city, their influence is weak and limited on the climate of the city of Aden. Climate Aden has a hot desert climate (BWh) in the Köppen-Geiger climate classification system . Although Aden sees next-to-no precipitation year-round, it is humid throughout the year. Climate data for Aden Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 31.1 (88.0) 31.7 (89.1) 35.0 (95.0) 37.8 (100.0) 41.1 (106.0) 41.1 (106.0) 41.1 (106.0) 42.8 (109.0) 38.3 (100.9) 38.9 (102.0) 35.0 (95.0) 32.8 (91.0) 42.8 (109.0) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 28.5 (83.3) 28.6 (83.5) 30.2 (86.4) 32.2 (90.0) 34.1 (93.4) 36.6 (97.9) 35.9 (96.6) 35.3 (95.5) 35.4 (95.7) 33.0 (91.4) 30.7 (87.3) 28.9 (84.0) 32.4 (90.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 25.7 (78.3) 26.0 (78.8) 27.2 (81.0) 28.9 (84.0) 31.0 (87.8) 32.7 (90.9) 32.1 (89.8) 31.5 (88.7) 31.6 (88.9) 28.9 (84.0) 27.1 (80.8) 26.0 (78.8) 29.1 (84.4) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.6 (72.7) 23.2 (73.8) 24.0 (75.2) 25.6 (78.1) 27.7 (81.9) 28.8 (83.8) 28.0 (82.4) 27.5 (81.5) 27.8 (82.0) 24.6 (76.3) 23.2 (73.8) 22.9 (73.2) 25.5 (77.9) Record low °C (°F) 15.6 (60.1) 17.2 (63.0) 18.9 (66.0) 18.9 (66.0) 21.1 (70.0) 23.9 (75.0) 22.8 (73.0) 23.3 (73.9) 25.0 (77.0) 18.9 (66.0) 18.3 (64.9) 16.7 (62.1) 15.6 (60.1) Average precipitation mm (inches) 6 (0.2) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 2 (0.1) 1 (0.0) 0 (0) 3 (0.1) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 1 (0.0) 3 (0.1) 5 (0.2) 36 (1.4) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3 2 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 20 Average relative humidity (%) 72 72 74 74 72 66 65 65 69 68 70 70 70 Mean monthly sunshine hours 241.8 203.4 217.0 240.0 303.8 282.0 241.8 269.7 270.0 294.5 285.0 257.3 3,106.3 Mean daily sunshine hours 7.8 7.2 7.0 8.0 9.8 9.4 7.8 8.7 9.0 9.5 9.5 8.3 8.5 Source: Deutscher Wetterdienst [ 125 ] Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 25 °C (77 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) 26 °C (79 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 29 °C (84 °F) 30 °C (86 °F) 28 °C (82 °F) 27 °C (81 °F) 25 °C (77 °F) Environment Coasts Most of the coasts of Aden Governorate along the coastal strip are sandy coasts, and the governorate has coastal beaches, including the Golden Coast in Al-Tawahi District, the coast of Abyan Bakhour Maksar, Al-Ghadeer Beach, and Kud Al-Nimr Beach in Buraiqa. [ 126 ] Offshore islands There are about 21 islands around the peninsulas of Aden, Aden Lesser, and Ras Amran. They are mostly rocky islands, some of which are surrounded by incomplete coral reefs, and most of them are considered fishing areas. A number of islands have many activities, especially on Al-Ummal Island and Sirah Island. Wild and domestic animal diversity Yemen is considered one of the countries rich in bird species in the Middle East due to the availability of many suitable coastal environments that helped attract many migratory birds to wetland sites, coasts and islands. The Aden region (Khor Maksar – Al-Haswah) was registered on the list of important areas of the World Bird Organization as a habitat. The last three species that are globally threatened with extinction are: the great eagle, the gull eagle, and the eastern king eagle. [ 127 ] There are dozens of bird species recorded in the wetlands of Aden and the Caltex swamp area, which are rich in a wide variety of endemic and migratory birds, including birds that are present throughout the year. There are many birds in the area, including great flamingos, dwarf flamingos, and rock egrets. And the spoonbill, the hooked tern and the seagull. [ 127 ] Public services Education There are 95 schools in Aden, including 13 kindergartens, and 82 basic education schools, including 29 schools for boys, 29 schools for girls, and 29 joint schools for boys and girls. There are also 29 secondary schools, including 15 schools for boys and 14 schools for girls, all of which are in a double shift system. Until 2004, the number of male students reached In basic education, there were 57,941 students and 48,081 female students, with a total of 104,622 students. In secondary education, the number of male students reached 11,029 students, and 9,643 female students. [ 128 ] As for vocational, technical and vocational education centres and institutes, their number is 13, with 2,214 students enrolled, including 453 teachers. The health institutes have one institute, with 864 students enrolled, including 147 teachers, according to 2010 statistics. [ 129 ] As for higher education, there is one government university in Aden, which is the University of Aden, which has 9 colleges. More than 29 thousand students are enrolled, according to 2010 statistics. [ 129 ] Health There are 15 hospitals in the economic capital, Aden, including 5 public government hospitals, 6 belonging to the private sector, and 37 health centres. There are 34 facilities in the city that provide maternity and childhood services, and the number of specialised workforce in health facilities is 2,825 specialists. [ 129 ] Endemic areas In June 2015, the International Red Cross team present in conflict areas in Yemen during the events of the Yemeni civil war announced that the cities of Crater, Al-Mualla, Khor Maksar and Al-Tawahi in the Aden Governorate in the south of the country were areas affected by dengue fever . The health authorities in Aden said that this fever had spread remarkably and widely. Since the beginning of May, health services have deteriorated and infrastructure facilities, such as electricity, water, and sanitation, have been damaged as a result of the ongoing fighting in the city for months. [ 130 ] Mail Aden has known mail since June 15, 1839, that is, a year after the British occupation, although the official post office was not inaugurated until 1857. Postage stamps of both Britain and India were used in Aden until it became called the Aden Colony on April 1, 1937, although the stamps of this stage It bears no distinctive sign, but the use of the number 124 as a postal code is attributed to Aden as part of the Indian postal numerical system. Then, when it became a colony in 1937, it had sets of postage stamps containing pictures and the name Aden printed on them. In 1939, a new postage set was issued containing a picture of King George VI, but the Sultans of Hadhramaut – who were under the umbrella of the Aden Protectorate – controlled Britain has had it since the 1880s – they refused to do so, and so Britain issued a separate postal set in 1942, but this time with the inclusion of a phrase and pictures expressing the Kathiri Sultanate in Sayun and the Qu'aiti Sultanate in Shihr and Mukalla, in addition to pictures of the sultans. Media Journalism The weekly Al-Amal newspaper was founded in 1957 in Aden. Its slogan was "Freedom, Bread, and Peace". The British authorities allowed only 1,500 copies to be printed weekly, and the newspaper was banned shortly afterward. [ 131 ] In 1958, Al-Ayyam , an independent daily newspaper in the Arabic language, was established in Aden during the British occupation. The first issue was published on 30 July 1958, and its founder and editor-in-chief was Brigadier General Muhammad Ali Bashraheel. It stopped publishing after independence during the era of the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, and then resumed publication. After achieving Yemeni unity, the first issue of the second edition was on 7 November 1990, after a hiatus that lasted more than 23 years. In 1998, Al-Ayyam was the first newspaper in Yemen to be prosecuted by the government under a criminal law. Other cases followed until it became public by the end of the year. 2008, responsible for 73% of the total number of cases filed by the Ministry of Information and the Yemeni government against the press in Yemen. [ 132 ] When the protests and clashes intensified in Aden in April 2009, "Al-Ayyam covered the events extensively, and pictures of blood and injuries were on the cover of the newspaper for days." President Ali Abdullah Saleh sent delegations to the newspaper, asking them to reduce the severity of their coverage, and to stop using pictures of the injured. [ 132 ] On 12 May 2009, security forces launched an attack on the headquarters of Al-Ayyam newspaper in Aden. [ 132 ] Radio and television Radio Aden was established on 17 August 1954, under the name "Aden Radio Station". [ 133 ] It is currently broadcast in two periods, morning and evening. The British occupation opened the Aden Channel on 11 September 1964, following the revolution of 14 October 1963. Television transmission was limited to covering populated neighbourhoods in the city of Aden, especially where soldiers and families of the British forces were present. In January 1979, the television headquarters moved to the "Radio and Television Building" in Tawahi; at that time broadcasts were in black-and-white. In March 1981 the gradual transition to colour broadcasting began, and in June 1981 the channel began broadcasting via satellite. After the Yemeni unification on 22 May 1990, Aden Channel was the second official channel of Yemeni TV. [ 134 ] Notable people Sabah al-Alwani — first woman member of Yemen's Supreme Judicial Council Mukesh Ambani (born 1957) — businessman Amr Gamal (born 1983) — film and theatre director, producer, and writer Eddie Izzard (born 1962) — comedian Shafiqa Zawqari (born 1942) — author Barry Stewart Hunter (born 1973) — author (born in Aden) See also Hadhramaut Mountains History of the Jews in Aden Military history of Britain Postage stamps and postal history of Aden Yemen Ports Authority Footnotes ^ Jawad Ali says: It appears from researchers finding writings written in the Musnad in various places in the Arabian Peninsula, including the coasts of the Arabian Gulf, some of which are ancient and some of which are close to Islam, that the Musnad pen was the authentic and first Arabic pen among the Arabs. All the people of the Arabian Peninsula wrote about it, but the Christian preaching that entered the Arabian Peninsula and spread in various places brought with it the late Armenian pen, the pen of the Eastern churches, and began spreading it among the people. Because it was his sacred pen with which the clerics used to write. Since this pen was easier to write than the musnad, it found widespread followers among those who converted to Christianity and among pagans as well, due to its ease of writing. However, it was not able to eliminate the musnad as people continued to write with it. When Islam came, the scribes wrote the revelation with the pen of the people of Mecca so that the revelation would descend among them. The Mecca pen became the official pen for the Muslims, and Al-Musnad was then sentenced to death. He died and was forgotten by the Arabs, until the Orientalists resurrected him and brought him back to existence again, to translate for us the ordinary writings that were recorded in him. Jawad Ali, Al-Mufassal fi Tarikh al-Arab before Islam, vol. 8, p. 153 References Constructs such as ibid. , loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's style guide for footnotes , as they are easily broken. Please improve this article by replacing them with named references ( quick guide ), or an abbreviated title. ( March 2025 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) ^ .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} Britannica, N.A. 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Garston, J. "Aden: The First Hundred Years", History Today (March 1965) 15#3, pp. 147–158. Covers 1839 to 1939. Norris, H.T.; Penhey, F.W. (1955). "The Historical Development of Aden's defences". The Geographical Journal . CXXI part I (1): 11. Bibcode : 1955GeogJ.121...11N . doi : 10.2307/1791802 . JSTOR 1791802 . Further reading Khalili, Laleh (2020). Sinews of War and Trade: Shipping and Capitalism in the Arabian Peninsula . London: Verso Books. ISBN 9781786634818 . Retrieved 14 January 2021 . External links Media from Commons News from Wikinews Travel information from Wikivoyage Data from Wikidata Resources in your library Resources in other libraries ArchNet.org. "Aden" . Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA: MIT School of Architecture and Planning. Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Photos of Aden at the American Center of Research Geographic data related to Aden at OpenStreetMap Aden City Profile at the United Nations Human Settlements Programme Government Annual Statistical Book of Aden 2017–2021 – Central Statistical Organization – Yemen .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Aden Governorate v t e Capital: Aden Districts Al Buraiqeh district Al Mansura district Mualla district Sheikh Othman district Tawahi district Crater district Dar Sad district Khormaksar district Al Buraiqeh district Al Mansura district Mualla district Sheikh Othman district Tawahi district Crater district Dar Sad district Khormaksar district v t e Yemeni cities and towns by population v t e 1,000,000 and more Aden Sanaa Aden Sanaa 100,000-999,999 Dhamar Al Hudaydah Ibb Taiz Mukalla Dhamar Al Hudaydah Ibb Taiz Mukalla 10,000-99,999 Abs Ad-Dahi 'Amran Ataq Bajil Bayt al-Faqih Al Bayda' Beihan Dimnat Chadir Al Ghaydah Hais Hajjah Lahej Khamir Al-Mahabischa Al Mahwit Al-Marawi'a Marib Mokha Mudiyah Rada'a Sayyan Seiyun Al-Shihr Socotra Tarim Thula Yarim Zabid Zinjibar Abs Ad-Dahi 'Amran Ataq Bajil Bayt al-Faqih Al Bayda' Beihan Dimnat Chadir Al Ghaydah Hais Hajjah Lahej Khamir Al-Mahabischa Al Mahwit Al-Marawi'a Marib Mokha Mudiyah Rada'a Sayyan Seiyun Al-Shihr Socotra Tarim Thula Yarim Zabid Zinjibar less than 9,999 Dammaj Habban Al Hajjarah Hutayb Jaʽār Jibla Kawkaban Manakhah Mukayras Saada Shaharah Shibam At Tawilah Wadi Dawan Dammaj Habban Al Hajjarah Hutayb Jaʽār Jibla Kawkaban Manakhah Mukayras Saada Shaharah Shibam At Tawilah Wadi Dawan Authority control databases International VIAF 2 GND FAST WorldCat VIAF 2 2 GND FAST WorldCat National United States Japan Czech Republic Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Israel Geographic Pleiades Pleiades Other IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX IdRef NARA İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX Aden Capitals in Asia Capitals of former nations Former colonial capitals Gulf of Aden Installations of the Soviet Navy Populated coastal places in Yemen Populated places in Aden Governorate Port cities and towns in the Arabian Peninsula Port cities and towns of the Red Sea Ports and harbours of the Indian Ocean Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Pages with non-numeric formatnum arguments CS1: unfit URL Webarchive template wayback links CS1 errors: missing title CS1 errors: chapter ignored Source attribution Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from February 2015 CS1 maint: archived copy as title CS1 German-language sources (de) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from September 2024 Articles containing Arabic-language text Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Coordinates on Wikidata Pages with Arabic IPA Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2023 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024 Articles with ibid from March 2025 CS1: long volume value This page was last edited on 14 January 2026, at 20:30 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 January Toggle January subsection 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 1.1 17 1.2 16 1.3 15 1.4 14 1.5 13 1.6 12 1.7 11 1.8 10 1.9 9 1.10 8 1.11 7 1.12 6 1.13 5 1.14 4 1.15 3 1.16 2 1.17 1 2 References 3 External links Deaths in 2026 العربية Azərbaycanca Беларуская Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Italiano کٲشُر Magyar Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item The following notable deaths occurred in 2026. Names are reported under the date of death, in alphabetical order. A typical entry reports information in the following sequence: Name, age, country of citizenship at birth, subsequent nationality (if applicable), what subject was noted for, cause of death (if known), and a reference. January 17 16 Olena Grechanina , 90, Ukrainian scientist. [ 1 ] Ratbek hadji Nysanbayev , 85, Kazakh religious figure, supreme mufti of Kazakhstan (1990–2000). [ 2 ] (death announced on this date) 15 Abdullahi Abubakar , 90, Nigerian Islamic cleric and humanitarian. [ 3 ] Ante Grgurević , 50, Croatian basketball player ( Split , Lugano Tigers ) and coach (Split). [ 4 ] Rafael Gvaladze , 78, Azerbaijani jurist, judge of the Constitutional Court (1998–2025). [ 5 ] Princess Irene of Greece and Denmark , 83, Greek-Spanish royal. [ 6 ] Kim Sin-yong , 80, South Korean writer. [ 7 ] Mutumwa Mawere , 66, Zimbabwean-South African mining industry executive. [ 8 ] Kenny Morris , 68, English drummer ( Siouxsie and the Banshees ). [ 9 ] (death announced on this date) Edgar Salvé , 79, Belgian Olympic middle-distance runner ( 1968 , 1972 ). [ 10 ] Ajay Varma , 62, Indian cricketer ( Bengal ). [ 11 ] Gagik Yeganyan , 69, Armenian politician. [ 12 ] 14 Layonel Adams , 31, Russian footballer ( Banants , Cerceda , Isloch Minsk Raion ), fall. [ 13 ] Dmitri Akimov , 45, Russian footballer ( Metallurg Lipetsk , Sibir Novosibirsk , Rostov ). [ 14 ] Aroha Awarau , 49, New Zealand playwright and journalist. [ 15 ] Namirembe Bitamazire , 84, Ugandan academic and politician, MP (2001–2011). [ 16 ] Alfonso Castellanos , 91, Colombian radio broadcaster and journalist. [ 17 ] Jean-Hugues Colonna , 91, French politician, deputy (1981–1988). [ 18 ] (death announced on this date) Valeria Fedeli , 76, Italian politician, minister of education (2016–2018) and senator (2013–2022). [ 19 ] Oleksandr Kabanov , 52, Ukrainian politician, deputy (since 2019). [ 20 ] Kim Min-jae , 53, South Korean baseball player ( Lotte Giants , Hanwha Eagles ) and coach ( Doosan Bears ), cancer. [ 21 ] Rick Link , 66, American professional wrestler, trainer and promoter. [ 22 ] Nie Weiping , 73, Chinese Go player. [ 23 ] Melania Pérez [ es ] , 76, Argentine singer. [ 24 ] Ricard Pérez Casado , 80, Spanish politician, mayor of Valencia (1979–1988) and deputy (2000–2004). [ 25 ] Seppo Reijonen , 81, Finnish Olympic ski jumper ( 1968 ). [ 26 ] Jean Rossier , 81, Belgian biologist and academic. [ 27 ] (death announced on this date) Ernestine Russell , 87, Canadian Olympic gymnast ( 1956 , 1960 ). [ 28 ] Ado Schlier , 90, German radio personality ( Radio Salzburg , Bayerischer Rundfunk ). [ 29 ] Vera Valdez , 89, Brazilian model. [ 30 ] Quemil Yambay , 87, Paraguayan musician and composer. [ 31 ] Igor Zolotovitskiy , 64, Russian actor ( Taxi Blues , Luna Park , Composition for Victory Day ), academic and television director, cancer. [ 32 ] 13 Scott Adams , 68, American cartoonist ( Dilbert ), prostate cancer. [ 33 ] Iqbal Athas , 81, Sri Lankan journalist ( The Sunday Times , Jane's Defence Weekly ). [ 34 ] Lina Bernardi [ it ] , 87, Italian actress ( The Story of Piera , The Last Kiss , The Embalmer ). [ 35 ] Alfred Blumstein , 95, American scientist. [ 36 ] Mark Brnovich , 59, American politician and attorney, Arizona attorney general (2015–2023), heart attack. [ 37 ] Paola Cardia [ it ] , 73, Italian footballer ( national team ). [ 38 ] David Collier , 70, English sports administrator, chief executive of the England and Wales Cricket Board (2004–2014). [ 39 ] Claudette Colvin , 86, American civil rights activist ( Browder v. Gayle ). [ 40 ] Indira Devi Dhanrajgir , 95, Indian poet and socialite. [ 41 ] Catherine Duprat , 89, French historian. [ 42 ] Barbara Eustachiewicz , 87, Polish Olympic gymnast ( 1960 , 1964 ). [ 43 ] Jesse Flis , 92, Canadian politician, MP (1979–1984, 1988–1997). [ 44 ] Bir Bhadra Hagjer , 75, Indian politician, Assam MLA (2016–2021). [ 45 ] Ali Hassan , 61, Mozambican footballer ( Sporting , Vitória de Setúbal , national team ), cancer. [ 46 ] Hun Yuan , 81, Taiwanese religious leader, founder of Weixinism . [ 47 ] Heiki Kranich , 64, Estonian politician, twice MP , minister of finance (1994) and environment (1999–2003). [ 48 ] Jason Lafreniere , 59, Canadian ice hockey player ( Quebec Nordiques , Tampa Bay Lightning , New York Rangers ). [ 49 ] (death announced on this date) Blanche Marvin , 100, American-born British theatre critic, producer and writer. [ 50 ] Doug McConnell , 80, American television journalist. [ 51 ] Bruce McLeod , 96, Canadian clergyman, moderator of the United Church of Canada (1972–1974). [ 52 ] Rolando Nannicini , 79, Italian politician, deputy (2001–2013). [ 53 ] Seán Ó Sé , 89, Irish tenor singer. [ 54 ] Ivan Onufriyev , 58, Russian footballer ( Geolog Tyumen , MTsOP-Metallurg Verkhnyaya Pyshma , Dynamo Stavropol ). [ 55 ] Annemarie Prins , 93, Dutch actress ( Accused , Memory Lane ), director and writer. [ 56 ] Renzo Ragonesi [ it ] , 82, Italian footballer ( Venezia , Reggiana , Modena ). [ 57 ] Jean-Loup Trassard , 92, French photographer. [ 58 ] (death announced on this date) Rudolf Urc [ sk ] , 88, Slovak director of documentary and animated films and academic. [ 59 ] George Vassiliou , 94, Cypriot politician, president (1988–1993) and MP (1996–2001), respiratory infection. [ 60 ] David Webb , 60, British-born Hong Kong activist investor, prostate cancer. [ 61 ] Hans Wiktorsson [ sv ] , 75, Swedish actor ( The Painter , Kurt Olssons julkalender ), complications from a brain injury. [ 62 ] Brian Wilshire , 81, Australian radio broadcaster ( 2GB ). [ 63 ] Razmik Zohrabyan , 75, Armenian politician, MP (2007–2017). [ 64 ] 12 Oba C. D. Akran , 89, Nigerian politician and traditional ruler. [ 65 ] Mahmoud Al-Astal , Palestinian police chief, shot. [ 66 ] Sheila Bernette , 94, English singer ( The Good Old Days , The Black and White Minstrel Show ) and actress ( The Magnificent Seven Deadly Sins ). [ 67 ] Paul Clauson , 76, Australian politician, Queensland MP (1985–1989), attorney-general (1986–1989). [ 68 ] Rolland Courbis , 72, French football player ( Monaco ) and manager ( Bordeaux , Marseille ). [ 69 ] Bill Courtney , 55, American college basketball coach ( Cornell Big Red , Miami Hurricanes , Temple Owls ). [ 70 ] Mochammad Djamhari , 82, Indonesian military officer and politician, Regent of Bekasi Regency (1993–1998). [ 71 ] John Forté , 50, American rapper ( Refugee Camp All-Stars ) and producer ( The Score ). [ 72 ] Rick Garcia , 69, American LGBTQ activist. [ 73 ] Mohammad Ilyas , 79, Pakistani cricketer ( Lahore , Pakistan International Airlines , national team ), cancer. [ 74 ] Asda Jayanama , 84, Thai diplomat. [ 75 ] Robert Jensen , 52, Dutch television personality ( Jensen! ), cardiac arrest. [ 76 ] Jayashree Kabir , 73, Indian actress ( Pratidwandi , Simana Periye , Rupali Saikate ). [ 77 ] Robert V. Kohn , 72, American mathematician, cancer. [ 78 ] Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin , 26, British guitarist ( Black Midi ). [ 79 ] (death announced on this date) Jan Mårtenson , 92, Swedish author and diplomat, ambassador to Switzerland and Liechtenstein (1993–1995). [ 80 ] Eddie McCreadie , 85, Scottish football player ( Chelsea , national team ) and manager (Chelsea). [ 81 ] Luigi Nicolais , 83, Italian engineer and politician, minister for public administration (2006–2008), deputy (2008–2012), and president of the National Research Council (2012–2016). [ 82 ] Alain Orsoni , 71, French politician, Corsican independence militant ( FLNC ) and football executive ( AC Ajaccio ), shot. [ 83 ] Mario Rigutti , 99, Italian astronomer. [ 84 ] Roland Riz , 98, Italian politician, deputy (1958–1963, 1968–1987), senator (1987–1996). [ 85 ] Catherine Samie , 92, French actress ( Lovers of Paris , The Old Maid , They Came Back ). [ 86 ] Michel Tombereau , 80, French painter, complications from influenza. [ 87 ] Karen Vold , 86, American Hall of Fame trick rider. [ 88 ] Martin Willich , 80, German politician, member of the Hamburg Parliament (1974–1995). [ 89 ] Isaac Witz , 91, Austrian-born Israeli immunologist. [ 90 ] Benjaminas Zelkevičius , 81, Lithuanian football player ( Žalgiris Vilnius , Shakhtar Donetsk ) and manager ( national team ). [ 91 ] 11 Pavel Akishev , 42, Russian baseball player ( national team ). [ 92 ] (death announced on this date) Gabriel Barkay , 81, Israeli archaeologist. [ 93 ] Alberto Benzoni , 90, Italian journalist and politician. [ 94 ] Louis E. Brus , 82, American chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (2023). [ 95 ] Thomas Causey , 76, American sound engineer ( Dick Tracy , Star Trek Generations , Escape from New York ). [ 96 ] Giancarlo Cauteruccio , 69, Italian theatre actor and director. [ 97 ] Richard Codey , 79, American politician, governor of New Jersey (2004–2006), member of the New Jersey Senate (1982–2024). [ 98 ] Marcus Gilbert , 67, British actor ( Army of Darkness , The Masks of Death , Rambo III ), throat cancer. [ 99 ] Dave Giusti , 86, American baseball player ( Houston Astros , Pittsburgh Pirates ), World Series champion ( 1971 ). [ 100 ] Robert Hopkins , 64, English footballer ( Birmingham City , West Bromwich Albion , Shrewsbury Town ). [ 101 ] Bennie Carlton Keel , 91, American archaeologist. [ 102 ] Ueli Kestenholz , 50, Swiss snowboarder, Olympic bronze medallist ( 1998 ), avalanche. [ 103 ] Mukharby Kirzhinov , 77, Russian weightlifter, Olympic champion ( 1972 ). [ 104 ] Kōtarō Kodama , 91, Japanese politician, mayor of Akitakata (1980–2008). [ 105 ] Nelson Manrique , 78, Peruvian historian and sociologist. [ 106 ] Titina Medeiros , 48, Brazilian actress ( Cheias de Charme , A Lei do Amor , Now Generation ), pancreatic cancer. [ 107 ] Ahmad Melli , 76–77, Syrian actor. [ 108 ] Miquel Naudí , 77, Andorran politician, member of the General Council (1981–1983). [ 109 ] Takashi Ono , 97, Japanese-born American mathematician. [ 110 ] Park Soon-yong , 81, South Korean lawyer, prosecutor general (1999–2001). [ 111 ] Miroslava Pešíková , 79, Czech dancer and ballet master. [ 112 ] Clarence Pierce , 97, American politician, member of the Mississippi House of Representatives (1952–1984). [ 113 ] Eugen Pojoni , 84, Romanian footballer ( Viitorul București , Crișul Oradea , UTA Arad ). [ 114 ] Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell , Samoan politician, MLA (2021–2025). [ 115 ] Samir Putatundu , 73, Indian politician. [ 116 ] Nasser bin Radan Al Rashid Al Wadaei , Saudi longevity claimant. [ 117 ] Grete Salomonsen , 74, Norwegian film director ( Kamilla and the Thief , Yohan: The Child Wanderer ). [ 118 ] Robert G. Shulman , 101, American biophysicist. [ 119 ] Aniceto Sobrepeña , 77, Filipino banker and public servant. [ 120 ] Prashant Tamang , 43, Indian singer ( Indian Idol ) and actor ( Paatal Lok ), cardiac arrest. [ 121 ] Sergio Tarquinio , 100, Italian painter. [ 122 ] Trevor A. Toussaint , 65, British actor ( Hollyoaks ). [ 123 ] John Wallace , 76, Scottish trumpeter, composer and arts educator. [ 124 ] Herman Wouters , 85, Belgian politician, mayor of Grobbendonk (1989–1997). [ 125 ] 10 Sturla Böðvarsson , 80, Icelandic politician, minister of communications and transportation (1999–2007), president of the Althing (2007–2009). [ 126 ] Manoel Carlos , 92, Brazilian television writer ( Por Amor , Laços de Família , Mulheres Apaixonadas ). [ 127 ] Daniel Colson , 82, French sociologist and academic. [ 128 ] Yolande Viviane Compaoré , Burkinabe politician, governor of Nord Region . [ 129 ] Erich von Däniken , 90, Swiss author and ufologist ( Chariots of the Gods? ). [ 130 ] Distorted Humor , 32, American Thoroughbred racehorse and sire, euthanized. [ 131 ] Sergey Galkov , 60, Russian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 1988 ). [ 132 ] Richard Hynes , 81, British biologist. [ 133 ] (death announced on this date) Jim Hartung , 65, American gymnast, Olympic champion ( 1984 ), and coach. [ 134 ] Mario Jacquet [ es ] , 79, Paraguayan footballer ( Cerro Porteño , Real Oviedo , Real Valladolid ). [ 135 ] Włodzimierz Jakubowski , 86, Polish football player ( Lech Poznań ) and manager ( Mieszko Gniezno , Bałtyk Gdynia ). [ 136 ] Kathy Javner , 52, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (since 2018), breast cancer. [ 137 ] Yeison Jiménez , 34, Colombian singer, plane crash . [ 138 ] Václav Klučka , 72, Czech politician, deputy (1992–1996, 2006–2017). [ 139 ] Robert Kostelka , 92, American politician, member of the Louisiana State Senate (2003–2016). [ 140 ] Derek Martin , 92, British actor ( Law & Order , Eldorado , EastEnders ). [ 141 ] Marco Proaño Maya , 80, Ecuadorian politician, three-time deputy . [ 142 ] Davinder Singh , 73, Indian field hockey player, Olympic champion ( 1980 ). [ 143 ] Ivan Štampach , 79, Czech religionist and theologian. [ 144 ] Thierry Steimetz , 42, French footballer ( Amnéville , Metz , Homburg ), cancer. [ 145 ] Orazio Svelto , 89, Italian physicist. [ 146 ] Isabel Veloso , 19, Brazilian social media influencer, complications from bone marrow transplant. [ 147 ] Manolo Villaverde , 91, Cuban-American actor ( ¿Qué Pasa, USA? , Taina , Wiseguy ). [ 148 ] Prawase Wasi , 93, Thai hematologist. [ 149 ] Bob Weir , 78, American Hall of Fame musician ( Grateful Dead ) and songwriter (" Sugar Magnolia ", " One More Saturday Night "), complications from cancer. [ 150 ] Robert Wolgemuth , 77, American author, chairman of the Evangelical Christian Publishers Association . [ 151 ] 9 Ai , 49, Japanese Western chimpanzee , subject of cognition studies, multiple organ failure. [ 152 ] Zeno Bianu , 75, French writer. [ 153 ] Andrés Caniulef , 48, Chilean journalist, heart attack. [ 154 ] T. K. Carter , 69, American actor ( The Thing , Punky Brewster , Runaway Train ). [ 155 ] Robert Croft , 91, American freediver. [ 156 ] Jean-Louis Duplat , 88, Belgian magistrate. [ 157 ] Beatriz González , 93, Colombian painter, sculptor and art historian. [ 158 ] Ulf Granberg , 80, Swedish comics creator and editor ( The Phantom ). [ 159 ] Jitka Gruntová , 80, Czech politician, deputy (2002–2006). [ 160 ] Hans Herrmann , 97, German racing driver ( Formula One ). [ 161 ] Sandra Hester , 68, American socio-political activist. [ 162 ] Pirkko Ikonen , 98, Finnish politician, MP (1983–1991). [ 163 ] Heber Jentzsch , 90, American Scientology executive ( Church of Scientology International ), actor and journalist ( Los Angeles Free Press ). [ 164 ] (death announced on this date) Manfred Kuhmichel , 82, German politician, member of the Landtag of North Rhine-Westphalia (1990–2012). [ 165 ] Lê Văn Dũng , 80, Vietnamese military officer and politician, chief of the general staff (1998–2001). [ 166 ] Khawlhring Lalremruata , 38, Indian cricketer ( Mizoram ), heart attack. [ 167 ] Diane Munday , 94, British political activist, co-founder of the British Pregnancy Advisory Service . [ 168 ] Valery Noskov [ ru ] , 59, Russian biathlete. [ 169 ] Tina Packer , 87, British actress ( David Copperfield , Doctor Who ) and stage director, co-founder of Shakespeare & Company . [ 170 ] Zelico Petrovic [ it ] , 77, Yugoslav-born Italian footballer ( Taranto , Rimini , Catania ). [ 171 ] Larry Snook , 84, American politician. [ 172 ] Terry Sullivan , 87, British drummer ( Renaissance ). [ 173 ] Josep Maria Triginer , 82, Spanish politician. [ 174 ] Eleni Varikas , 76, Greek-born French political philosopher and academic, lung cancer. [ 175 ] Yao Chiang-lin [ zh ] , 75, Taiwanese politician. [ 176 ] Vincenzo Zarri , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Bologna (1976–1988) and bishop of Forlì-Bertinoro (1988–2005). [ 177 ] 8 Dolores Ashcroft-Nowicki , 96, British occult writer. [ 178 ] Musa Gibril Bala Gaye , 79, Gambian economist and politician, minister of finance (2003–2009) and foreign affairs (2005). [ 179 ] Murat Bisembin , 53, Kazakh actor, cancer. [ 180 ] Loraine Braham , 87, Australian politician, member (1994–2008) and speaker (1997–1999, 2001–2005) of the Northern Territory Legislative Assembly . [ 181 ] Günther Brendel , 95, German painter, graphic artist and academic. [ 182 ] Heloísa de Carvalho , 56, Brazilian writer and political activist. [ 183 ] Václav Cigler , 96, Czech sculptor and visual artist. [ 184 ] Conrado Corsalette , 47, Brazilian journalist. [ 185 ] Mieczysław Czerniawski , 77, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991, 1993–2005). [ 186 ] Nelly Chatué Diop , 41, Cameroonian computer scientist. [ 187 ] Jean-Luc Domenach , 80, French historian, sinologist and political scientist. [ 188 ] Jim Furlong , 85, Canadian football player ( Calgary Stampeders ). [ 189 ] Sergio Goizauskas , 69, Argentine-born French cartoonist. [ 190 ] Vijay Singh Gond , 68, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (1980–2007, since 2024), kidney failure. [ 191 ] Dave Hitchcock , 76, English record producer ( In the Land of Grey and Pink , Foxtrot , The Snow Goose ) and accountant. [ 192 ] Jian Shuisheng [ zh ] , 96, Chinese academic. [ 193 ] Philippe Junot , 85, French venture capitalist and property developer. [ 194 ] Madalitso Kazombo , 46, Malawian politician, first deputy speaker of the National Assembly (2019–2025), asthma attack. [ 195 ] Dieudonné Larose , 80, Haitian singer. [ 196 ] Rhoda Levine , 93, American opera director and choreographer. [ 197 ] (death announced on this date) Elisa Lisboa [ pt ] , 81, Portuguese actress ( Sabor da Paixão , Morangos com Açúcar , A Impostora ). [ 198 ] Evgeny Lyubivyi , 51, Russian politician. [ 199 ] Antonino Mangano [ it ] , 75, Italian marathon and middle-distance runner. [ 200 ] Guy Moon , 63, American composer ( The Fairly OddParents , Big Time Rush , Danny Phantom ), traffic collision. [ 201 ] Jafar Nainggolan , 79, Indonesian politician, MP (2009–2014). [ 202 ] Hiroshi Nakamura , 93, Japanese surrealist painter, pancreatic cancer. [ 203 ] Álvaro Peña-Rojas , 82, Chilean-German singer and songwriter. [ 204 ] Howard Riley , 87, English footballer ( Leicester City , Walsall , Barrow ). [ 205 ] Astrid Roemer , 78, Surinamese-Dutch writer and teacher. [ 206 ] Kjersti Scheen , 82, Norwegian journalist and writer. [ 207 ] Uljana Semjonova , 73, Latvian basketball player, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1980 ). [ 208 ] Sir Tim Shadbolt , 78, New Zealand politician, mayor of Waitemata City (1983–1989) and Invercargill (1993–1995, 1998–2022). [ 209 ] Meinam Bhorot Singh , 75, Indian politician, Manipur MLA (2002–2007). [ 210 ] Mojtaba Tarshiz , 47, Iranian footballer ( Shahr Khodro F.C. , Sanat Mes Kerman F.C. , Gostaresh Foulad F.C. ), shot . [ 211 ] Matthew Taylor , 57–58, American musician ( Bellini ) and artist, heart attack. [ 212 ] Wim Van Belleghem , 62, Belgian Olympic rower ( 1988 , 1992 ), world champion ( 1987 ). [ 213 ] Paul Calvin Visser , 89, American politician, mayor of Flint, Michigan (1973–1975). [ 214 ] Terry Yorath , 75, Welsh football player ( Leeds United , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 215 ] 7 Ali Ardestani , Iranian convicted spy, execution by hanging. [ 216 ] Madjoulba Batocfetou , Togolese agronomic engineer. [ 217 ] James Bernard , American music journalist and magazine editor ( The Source , XXL ). [ 218 ] (death announced on this date) Ihor Blazhkov , 89, Ukrainian conductor. [ 219 ] Albert Bourgi , 90, French jurist. [ 220 ] Raffaella Bragazzi , 66, Italian television presenter and radio host. [ 221 ] Frank S. Cerveny , 92, American Episcopalian clergyman, bishop of Florida (1974–1992). [ 222 ] Camilo Isaac Chavarría , 27, Panamanian model ( Mister Panamá ) and reality show contestant ( Calle 7 ), heart attack. [ 223 ] Martin Chivers , 80, English footballer ( Southampton , Tottenham Hotspur , national team ). [ 224 ] Ángel Coerezza , 92, Argentine football referee ( AFA ). [ 225 ] John W. Derr , 84, American politician, member of the Maryland Senate (1983–1999), cancer. [ 226 ] Hiroya Ebina , 67, Japanese politician, mayor of Kushiro (2008–2024), member of the Hokkaido Legislative Assembly (1999–2008), cardiac arrest. [ 227 ] Tony Field , 79, English footballer ( Blackburn Rovers , Southport , Memphis Rogues ). [ 228 ] Vera Frances , 95, English actress ( Back-Room Boy , King Arthur Was a Gentleman , It's That Man Again ). [ 229 ] Madhav Gadgil , 83, Indian ecologist. [ 230 ] Renee Good , 37, American poet and writer, shot . [ 231 ] Domenico Graziani , 81, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Cassano all'Jonio (1999–2006) and archbishop of Crotone-Santa Severina (2006–2019). [ 232 ] Glenn Hall , 94, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Chicago Black Hawks , Detroit Red Wings , St. Louis Blues ), Stanley Cup champion ( 1952 , 1961 ). [ 233 ] Sidney de Jong , 46, Dutch Olympic baseball player ( 2004 , 2008 ). [ 234 ] Rebecca Kilgore , 76, American jazz vocalist. [ 235 ] Jon Lindsay , 90, American politician, member of the Texas Senate (1997–2007). [ 236 ] Uri Lupolianski , 74, Israeli politician, mayor of Jerusalem (2003–2008) and founder of Yad Sarah . [ 237 ] Ian McCrae , 84, Scottish rugby union player ( Gordonians , national team ). [ 238 ] Randy McMillan , 67, American football player ( Baltimore/Indianapolis Colts ). [ 239 ] Roberto Mondragón , 85, American politician, lieutenant governor of New Mexico (1971–1975, 1979–1983). [ 240 ] Kabindra Purkayastha , 94, Indian politician, MP (1991–2014). [ 241 ] Howard Sanderford , 90, American politician, member of the Alabama House of Representatives (1989–2022). [ 242 ] Dietrich Stratmann , 88, German politician, member of the Landtag of Lower Saxony (1982–2003). [ 243 ] Seydou Madani Sy , 92, Senegalese jurist and politician, minister of justice (1986–1990). [ 244 ] Kim Thorson , 93, Canadian politician, Saskatchewan MLA (1956–1960, 1971–1975). [ 245 ] Billy Truax , 82, American football player ( Los Angeles Rams , Dallas Cowboys ). [ 246 ] Chiara Valentini , 84, Italian journalist and writer. [ 247 ] Murad Wahba , 99, Egyptian writer, philosopher and academic. [ 248 ] Athol Webb , 90, Australian footballer ( Melbourne ). [ 249 ] 6 Ang Ziming [ zh ] , 65, Chinese academic. [ 250 ] Joe Arlooktoo , 86, Canadian visual artist and politician, Northwest Territories MLA (1979–1991). [ 251 ] (death announced on this date) Odette Bergoffen , 101, French resistance fighter. [ 252 ] Andrzej Bogusławski , 94, Polish philologist and semanticist. [ 253 ] Ron Boswell , 85, Australian politician, senator (1983–2014). [ 254 ] John Cunningham , 93, American actor ( Titanic , Company , Mystic Pizza ). [ 255 ] Dick Dull , 80, American athletic director ( Maryland Terrapins ). [ 256 ] V. K. Ebrahimkunju , 73, Indian politician, Kerala MLA (2011–2021). [ 257 ] Anna Eder [ de ] , 75, German politician, mayor of Deggendorf (2000–2012). [ 258 ] Johannes Fabian , 88, German anthropologist. [ 259 ] Alex Felipe , 32, Brazilian futsal player ( Sporting CP , Norilsk Nickel , national team ). [ 260 ] Angella D. Ferguson , 100, American pediatrician. [ 261 ] Edith M. Flanigen , 96, American chemist. [ 262 ] Robert Goebbels , 81, Luxembourgish politician, minister for the economy (1989–1999) and energy (1994–1999), signatory of the Schengen Agreement . [ 263 ] Suresh Kalmadi , 81, Indian politician and sports administrator, MP (1982–2014) and president of the IOA (1996–2011). [ 264 ] Doug LaMalfa , 65, American politician, member of the U.S. House of Representatives (since 2013), heart attack. [ 265 ] József Láyer , 70, Hungarian politician, MP (1998–2006). [ 266 ] Jim McBride , 78, American country music songwriter (" Chasing That Neon Rainbow ", " (Who Says) You Can't Have It All ", " Chattahoochee "). [ 267 ] Jack McGregor , 91, American politician and sports team owner, member of the Pennsylvania State Senate (1963–1970) and founder of the Pittsburgh Penguins . [ 268 ] Kathleen Muxel , 54, German politician, member of the Landtag of Brandenburg (since 2019). [ 269 ] Raffaele Nogaro , 92, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, bishop of Sessa Aurunca (1982–1990) and of Caserta (1990–2009). [ 270 ] James E. O'Grady , 96, American law enforcement officer, Cook County sheriff (1986–1990). [ 271 ] Saeid Pirdoost , 85, Iranian actor ( Snake Fang , Son of Adam, Daughter of Eve , Great Award ), cancer. [ 272 ] Claude Pivi , 66, Guinean military officer, complications from diabetes. [ 273 ] Jaap Pop , 84, Dutch politician, mayor of Haarlem (1995–2006). [ 274 ] David Quail , 88, South African politician and educator, member of the Gauteng Provincial Legislature (1999–2009). [ 275 ] Nihal Seneviratne , 91, Sri Lankan civil servant, secretary general of the Parliament of Sri Lanka (1981–1994). [ 276 ] Baghir Suleimanov , 66, Azerbaijani petroleum scientist. [ 277 ] Béla Tarr , 70, Hungarian film director ( Sátántangó , Werckmeister Harmonies , The Turin Horse ). [ 278 ] Jerry Thomas , 90, American baseball player ( Minnesota Golden Gophers ). [ 279 ] Gianpaolo Tosel [ it ] , 85, Italian magistrate. [ 280 ] Robert Vicot , 94, French football player ( SC Toulon ) and manager ( Paris Saint-Germain FC , Gabon national team ). [ 281 ] Anatoly Yevtushenko , 91, Russian handball coach, Olympic champion ( 1976 , 1988 ). [ 282 ] Zhang Shaokang [ zh ] , 90, Chinese scholar. [ 283 ] Zhou Liwei [ zh ] , 94, Chinese electro-optics professor. [ 284 ] 5 Ahn Sung-ki , 74, South Korean actor ( Silmido , Two Cops , Radio Star ), blood cancer. [ 285 ] Aldrich Ames , 84, American counterintelligence officer ( CIA ) and convicted Soviet-era spy. [ 286 ] Bonifacio Ávila , 75, Colombian Olympic boxer ( 1972 ). [ 287 ] Herbert Beck , 84, German art historian. [ 288 ] Andrew Bodnar , 71, English bass guitarist ( The Rumour ) and songwriter (" I Love the Sound of Breaking Glass "). [ 289 ] (death announced on this date) Andrew Carter , 86, English composer ( Benedicite ) and conductor. [ 290 ] Tom Cherones , 86, American television director ( Seinfeld , NewsRadio , Ellen ), complications from Alzheimer's disease. [ 291 ] Beatriz de Lenclós [ es ] , 102, Spanish dancer. [ 292 ] Jim Dennison , 87, American football coach ( Akron Zips , Walsh Cavaliers ). [ 293 ] Marian Diamond , 89, English actress ( Subterfuge , Goodbye Gemini , The Lord of the Rings ). [ 294 ] Miklós Dudás , 34, Hungarian Olympic sprint canoeist ( 2012 ), world champion ( 2014 ). [ 295 ] Mike Embro , 63, Canadian drummer ( Razor ). [ 296 ] (death announced on this date) Aoi Fujino , 27, Japanese gravure idol , rhabdomyosarcoma . [ 297 ] Paolo Gillet , 96, Italian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Albano (1993–2005). [ 298 ] Pier Francesco Guarguaglini , 88, Italian defense industry executive, chairman of Finmeccanica (2002–2011). [ 299 ] Bruce Hammock , 78, American entomologist. [ 300 ] Ad van Kempen , 81, Dutch actor ( 1-900 , 'n Beetje Verliefd , Winter in Wartime ), prostate cancer. [ 301 ] Wiktor Kinecki , 96, Polish politician, MP (1976–1980). [ 302 ] José Mingorance , 87, Spanish football player ( Espanyol , national team ) and manager ( Granada ). [ 303 ] Reza Moradi Abdolvand , 18, Iranian protester, shot. [ 304 ] Jawann Oldham , 68, American basketball player ( Chicago Bulls , Houston Rockets , New York Knicks ). [ 305 ] Induratana Paribatra , 103, Thai royal. [ 306 ] Molly Parkin , 93, Welsh painter, novelist and journalist. [ 307 ] Christos Politis [ el ] , 83, Greek actor ( Lampsi ). [ 308 ] Bob Pulford , 89, Canadian Hall of Fame ice hockey player ( Toronto Maple Leafs , Los Angeles Kings ), coach ( Chicago Blackhawks ), and executive, NHLPA president (1967–1972), four-time Stanley Cup champion. [ 309 ] Cosimo Scaglioso , 89, Italian politician, senator (1994–1996). [ 310 ] Elle Simone , 49, American chef ( America's Test Kitchen ) and food stylist. [ 311 ] Miroslav Stárek [ cs ] , 77, Czech footballer ( Sparta Prague , Slavia Prague , Mladá Boleslav ). [ 312 ] Elsje de Wijn , 82, Dutch actress ( De stille Oceaan , For a Lost Soldier , Het 14e kippetje ) and singer. [ 313 ] Ken Wilcock , 91, British sprinter. [ 314 ] (death announced on this date) Mike Wilson , 66, British kart racer, six-time world champion . [ 315 ] Jiří Witzany [ cs ] , 84, Czech academic and rector of ČVUT (2000–2006). [ 316 ] Wu Lintao [ zh ] , 105, Chinese politician. [ 317 ] 4 Forest Able , 93, American basketball player ( Syracuse Nationals ). [ 318 ] Ali Abu al-Ragheb , 79, Jordanian politician, prime minister (2000–2003). [ 319 ] Fazl-ur-Raheem Ashrafi , 81, Pakistani Islamic scholar, patron of Wifaq-ul-Madaris al-Arabia . [ 320 ] Céline Bellot , 55, Canadian criminologist and academic, breast cancer. [ 321 ] Mario Blasone [ it ] , 85, Italian basketball player. [ 322 ] Bob Boyer , 93, Canadian professional wrestler. [ 323 ] David Branch , 77, Canadian ice hockey administrator, commissioner of the OHL (1979–2024) and president of the CHL (1996–2019). [ 324 ] Calbo , 52, French rapper ( Ärsenik ). [ 325 ] Germaine Cousin-Zermatten , 100, Swiss herbalist. [ 326 ] Kamiel Dierckx [ nl ] , 84, Belgian basketball player ( Belgian Lions ). [ 327 ] Frank Dunlop , 98, British theatre director. [ 328 ] Manuel Fernández Ilarraza , 85, Spanish gynaecologist and politician, president of the Parliament of La Rioja (1987–1988). [ 329 ] Miloslav Fiala , 97, Czech Roman Catholic priest. [ 330 ] Andy Friendly , 74, American television producer ( Entertainment Tonight ). [ 331 ] L. Ganesan , 91, Indian politician, MP (1980–1986, 2004–2009). [ 332 ] Anne-Claire Goulon , 51, French businesswoman, breast cancer. [ 333 ] Vicki L. Gregory , 75, American academic and librarian. [ 334 ] Michel Griffon , 77, French agronomist. [ 335 ] Roger Guesnerie , 82–83, French economist and academic. [ 336 ] Denise Harlow , 55, American politician, member of the Maine House of Representatives (2010–2018), cancer. [ 337 ] Bobby Holmes , 93, Scottish footballer ( St Mirren ). [ 338 ] (death announced on this date) Nora Ikstena , 56, Latvian writer and cultural manager. [ 339 ] Klaus Keitel , 86, German politician, member (1990–2002) and president (1990–1998) of the Landtag of Saxony-Anhalt . [ 340 ] Kim Young-in [ ko ] , 85, South Korean actor ( Dachimawa Lee , No Blood No Tears , Arahan ). [ 341 ] Milorad Kosanović , 75, Serbian football player ( Proleter Zrenjanin , Vojvodina ) and manager ( Malta national team ). [ 342 ] Bernard Lemoux , 83, French businessman, president of Stade Rennais FC (1973–1977). [ 343 ] George C. Lodge , 98, American politician. [ 344 ] Oscar Lofton , 87, American football player ( Boston Patriots ) and coach ( Southeastern Louisiana Lions ). [ 345 ] Naser Toure Mahama , 60, Ghanaian politician, MP (since 2012). [ 346 ] Miloslav Masopust , 101, Czech general. [ 347 ] Giorgos Papadakis [ el ] , 74, Greek journalist and television presenter, heart attack. [ 348 ] Daniel Pelletti , 77, Belgian painter. [ 349 ] Jules Radich , 71, New Zealand politician, mayor of Dunedin (2022–2025), heart attack. [ 350 ] Michael Reagan , 80, American political commentator. [ 351 ] Marissa Sanchez , 69, Filipino tennis player. [ 352 ] Jacqueline Schaeffer , 91, French psychoanalyst. [ 353 ] Steve Sheetz , 77, American convenience store operator, CEO and president of Sheetz, Inc. (1984–1995). [ 354 ] Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo , 79, Indian historian and archaeologist. [ 355 ] Ralph L. Thomas , 86, Brazilian-born Canadian film director ( The Terry Fox Story , Apprentice to Murder , Ticket to Heaven ) and screenwriter, complications from heart disease. [ 356 ] Horacio Usandizaga , 85, Argentine politician, senator (1995–2003) and mayor of Rosario (1983–1989), complications from multiple strokes. [ 357 ] Mary White , 81, Irish businesswoman and politician, senator (2002–2016). [ 358 ] Xiao Zhuang , 92–93, Chinese photographer. [ 359 ] Teresa Zalewska , 83, Polish politician, MP (1989–1991). [ 360 ] 3 Hushang Ansary , 98, Iranian-American diplomat and politician, minister of finance (1974–1977) and information (1971–1974), ambassador to the United States (1967–1969), cardiac arrest. [ 361 ] Joan Costa Armengol [ es ] , 91, Spanish journalist. [ 362 ] Jamil Azar , 89, Jordanian journalist and broadcaster, founder of Al Jazeera . [ 363 ] Dietmar Bachmann , 91, Austrian politician, member of the Landtag of Tyrol (1965–1994). [ 364 ] Claude-Inga Barbey , 64, Swiss comedian, writer, and actress ( The Death of Mario Ricci ). [ 365 ] Stephen E. Braude , 80, American philosopher. [ 366 ] Natale Carlotto , 94, Italian politician, senator (1987–1994) and deputy (1976–1987). [ 367 ] Francesco Paolo Casavola , 94, Italian jurist, president of the Constitutional Court (1992–1995). [ 368 ] Frédéric Cerdal , 81, French actor and stage director. [ 369 ] Maria Eugènia Cuenca , 78, Spanish politician, member of the Catalan parliament (1999–2006) and the Congress of Deputies (1986–1992). [ 370 ] Tony Dennis , 63, Canadian football player ( Saskatchewan Roughriders ), multiple organ failure. [ 371 ] Dong Xiaoping [ zh ] , 75, Chinese folklorist. [ 372 ] Gerry Gable , 88, British political activist and magazine editor ( Searchlight ). [ 373 ] Bret Hanna-Shuford , 46, American actor ( Paramour , Amazing Grace , The Wolf of Wall Street ), cancer. [ 374 ] Franz Herre , 99, German journalist and biographer. [ 375 ] Marvalene Hughes , 88, American educator and academic administrator. [ 376 ] Mesut İktu , 78, Turkish operatic baritone. [ 377 ] Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo , 89, Colombian Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Pereira (1984–1987), bishop of Málaga–Soatá (1987–2001) and of Buga (2001–2012). [ 378 ] Nalani Kanakaʻole , 79, American kumu hula . [ 379 ] Latif Karimi , Iranian protester, Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps brigadier general, shot . [ 380 ] Michael Kemner , 72, German bass guitarist ( Fehlfarben ), cancer. [ 381 ] David M. Maddox , 87, American army general. [ 382 ] Guðmundur Oddur Magnússon , 70, Icelandic artist and academic. [ 383 ] Sir Graham McCamley , 93, Australian beef producer. [ 384 ] John Meredith , 85, English footballer ( Doncaster Rovers , Chesterfield , Gillingham ). [ 385 ] Errol Moorcroft , 85, South African politician, member of the House of Assembly (1981–1987, 1989–1994) and National Assembly (1999–2004). [ 386 ] Dastagir Hossain Nira , 60, Bangladeshi footballer ( Dhaka Abahani , Mohammedan , national team ), cardiac arrest. [ 387 ] Pa O'Dwyer , 40, Irish strongman. [ 388 ] Sverre Anker Ousdal , 81, Norwegian actor ( Insomnia , Flight of the Eagle , The Last Place on Earth ). [ 389 ] Andrzej Paczkowski , 87, Polish historian. [ 390 ] Dimitar Penev , 80, Bulgarian football player ( CSKA Sofia , national team ) and manager (national team). [ 391 ] Jenny Plocki , 100, French women's rights activist. [ 392 ] Rolf Riehm , 88, German composer ( Sirenen ), oboist and academic ( Musikhochschule Frankfurt ). [ 393 ] Randy Riley , 63, American librarian. [ 394 ] Eva Schloss , 96, Austrian-British Holocaust survivor and memoirist. [ 395 ] Robert K. Tanenbaum , 83, American trial attorney and novelist, mayor of Beverly Hills, California (1988–1989, 1992–1993), cancer. [ 396 ] Nam Singh Thapa , 79, Nepali Olympic boxer ( 1964 ), cancer. [ 397 ] Samuel O. Thier , 88, American doctor and academic, president of Brandeis University (1991–1994). [ 398 ] Ivan Varshavsky , 87, Russian engineer and railway track foreman. [ 399 ] Wang Zheng , 64, Chinese vice admiral. [ 400 ] Terry Wharton , 83, English footballer ( Wolverhampton Wanderers , Bolton Wanderers , Crystal Palace ). [ 401 ] William H. Yohn Jr. , 90, American jurist and politician, judge of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania (since 1991), member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives (1968–1980). [ 402 ] Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi , 76, Indonesian Muslim scholar. [ 403 ] Mirosław Zdanowicz [ pl ] , 88, Polish social activist. [ 404 ] Zhang Kerang [ zh ] , 78, Chinese Peking opera actor. [ 405 ] 2 Ritva Auvinen , 93, Finnish opera singer. [ 406 ] Ian Balding , 87, British horse trainer. [ 407 ] Sukumar Barua , 87, Bangladeshi poet. [ 408 ] Shyam Bihari Lal , 60, Indian politician, Uttar Pradesh MLA (since 2017), heart attack. [ 409 ] Carmen Arnold Biucchi , Swiss numismatist and archaeologist. [ 410 ] Dominique Bucchini , 82, French politician, MEP (1979–1984) and mayor of Sartène (1977–2001). [ 411 ] Tony Carr , 98, Maltese session drummer and percussionist ( CCS , Hot Chocolate ). [ 412 ] Jean-Max Causse , 85, French actor ( I Stand Alone ). [ 413 ] Bohdan Chufus , 75, Ukrainian journalist, actor and singer. [ 414 ] Jenny Collins , 83, English radio presenter ( BBC Radio Merseyside ). [ 415 ] (death announced on this date) Miquel Contestí , 92, Spanish football executive, president of RCD Mallorca (1978–1992). [ 416 ] Sir Patrick Duffy , 105, British politician, MP (1963–1966, 1970–1992) and president of the NATO Assembly (1988–1990). [ 417 ] Toshio Fujii , 83, Japanese politician, member of the House of Councillors (1998–2004), heart failure. [ 418 ] Francis Grant , 101, British marine and World War II veteran. [ 419 ] Stephen E. Haggerty , 87, American geophysicist. [ 420 ] Evan Hammond , 45, Canadian radio host and sports broadcaster ( CJAV-FM ), stroke. [ 421 ] Sidney Kibrick , 97, American actor ( Our Gang ). [ 422 ] Kristi Kiick , 58, American academic. [ 423 ] Elbert Kimbrough , 87, American football player ( San Francisco 49ers , Los Angeles Rams , New Orleans Saints ). [ 424 ] Anna Kurek , 96, Polish nurse and Warsaw Uprising participant. [ 425 ] Paul C. Lambert , 97, American diplomat, ambassador to Ecuador (1990–1992). [ 426 ] Johnny Legend , 77, American rockabilly musician, film producer and wrestling manager, stroke and heart failure. [ 427 ] Vladimir Lukić , 92, Bosnian Serb politician, prime minister of Republika Srpska (1993–1994). [ 428 ] Ashok Gajanan Modak , 85, Indian politician and academic, Maharashtra MLC (1994–2006). [ 429 ] Con Pederson , 91, American visual effects artist ( 2001: A Space Odyssey , Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back , Garfield: The Movie ). [ 430 ] Valery Fyodorovich Plotnikov , 82, Russian photographer. [ 431 ] Tim Robertson , 81, English-born Australian actor ( Chances , Australia You're Standing In It , Stingers ). [ 432 ] (death announced on this date) Lajos Rovátkay , 92, Hungarian-born German harpsichordist and musicologist. [ 433 ] Saleh Rusheidat , 80, Jordanian politician, member of the House of Representatives (1993–1997) and Senate (since 2009). [ 434 ] Edith Renfrow Smith , 111, American supercentenarian. [ 435 ] Phoenix Spicer , 23, Australian footballer ( North Melbourne ). [ 436 ] Ivanne Trebbi , 97, Italian partisan and politician, deputy (1979–1987). [ 437 ] Jim Willis , 98, American baseball player ( Chicago Cubs ). [ 438 ] Robert Wolski , 43, Polish Olympic high jumper ( 2004 ), traffic collision. [ 439 ] Nellie Wong , 91, American poet. [ 440 ] 1 Marat Amankulov , 55, Kyrgyz politician, MP (2015–2021). [ 441 ] Yvan Aumont , 87, French engineer and journalist ( Lys rouge ). [ 442 ] Alan Baker , 81, English footballer ( Aston Villa ). [ 443 ] Allyn Bromley , 97, American visual artist and art educator. [ 444 ] Xesús Cañedo [ es ] , 67, Spanish politician, co-founder of the Partíu Asturianista . [ 445 ] Lana Chornohorska , 26, Ukrainian soldier. [ 446 ] Diane Crump , 77, American jockey and horse trainer, glioblastoma. [ 447 ] Nexhat Daci , 81, Kosovan politician, acting president (2006) and chairman of the Assembly (2001–2006). [ 448 ] Brian Doyle , 90, Canadian writer. [ 449 ] Yehezkel Dror , 97, Austrian-born Israeli political scientist. [ 450 ] Imants Freibergs , 91, Latvian computer scientist, first gentleman (1999–2007). [ 451 ] James Grauerholz , 72, American writer, pneumonia. [ 452 ] Mohamed Harbi , 92, Algerian historian. [ 453 ] Huang Dongbi , 86, Chinese diplomat. [ 454 ] Jeon Jun-ho [ ko ] , 50, South Korean baseball player ( Hyundai Unicorns , Woori Heroes , SK Wyverns ), lung cancer. [ 455 ] Victoria Jones , 34, American actress. [ 456 ] Morris Kahn , 95, South African-born Israeli telecommunications industry executive, founder of Golden Pages , Amdocs and the Aurec Group . [ 457 ] Andrey Khoroshev [ ru ] , 66, Russian actor and screenwriter ( Engineering Red , 8 ½ $ , Admiral ). [ 458 ] Harvey C. Krautschun , 76, American politician, member of the South Dakota House of Representatives (1985–1996). [ 459 ] Hiroshi Kume , 81, Japanese television host, lung cancer. [ 460 ] John Langdon , 79, American typographer and graphic designer. [ 461 ] Arno Liiver , 71, Estonian actor ( Spring , Summer , Autumn ). [ 462 ] Lin Chaoqiang , 92, Chinese aerodynamicist. [ 463 ] Arnold Long , 85, British cricketer ( Sussex , MCC , Surrey ), cancer. [ 464 ] Volodymyr Marchenko , 103, Ukrainian mathematician ( Marchenko equation , Marchenko–Pastur distribution ). [ 465 ] Hélio Mauro , 83, Brazilian politician, deputy (1975–1978), mayor of Goiânia (1978–1979), cardiac arrest. [ 466 ] Paul McCullagh Jr. , 25, Northern Irish boxer, bone cancer. [ 467 ] Colin McDonald , 95, English footballer ( Burnley , Headington United , national team ). [ 468 ] Enric Mestre , 89, Spanish sculptor. [ 469 ] Mukhsin Mukhamadiev , 59, Tajik-Russian football player ( Tajikistan national team , Russia national team ) and manager (Tajikistan national team). [ 470 ] Sir James Munby , 77, English judge, president of the Family Division (2013–2018). [ 471 ] Hubertus von Pilgrim , 94, German sculptor. [ 472 ] Gregory de Polnay , 82, English actor ( Dixon of Dock Green , Doctor Who , Howards' Way ). [ 473 ] Dame Karen Poutasi , 76, New Zealand public health official, director general of health (1995–2006). [ 474 ] Candy Raymond , 75, Australian actress ( Don's Party , Number 96 , Prisoner ). [ 475 ] (death announced on this date) Amit Saar , 47, Israeli intelligence officer, head of the Military Intelligence Research Department (2020–2024), brain cancer. [ 476 ] Roland Schäfer , 76, German politician, mayor of Bergkamen (1998–2020). [ 477 ] Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo , 80, Angolan Roman Catholic prelate, auxiliary bishop of Luanda (1990–1992) and bishop of Mbanza Congo (1992–2008). [ 478 ] Margaret Anne Staggers , 79, American politician, member of the West Virginia House of Delegates (2007–2014). [ 479 ] Hessy Levinsons Taft , 91, German chemist and child model. [ 480 ] Ruben Yesayan , 79, Russian-Armenian test pilot. [ 481 ] Yuen Cheung-yan , 68, Hong Kong actor ( The Miracle Fighters , Drunken Tai Chi , Flying Dagger ), director, and martial arts choreographer. [ 482 ] Valentin Zakharov , 92, Russian figure skater. [ 483 ] References ^ На 91-му році життя померла фахівчиня у галузі медичної генетики Олена Гречаніна ^ First mufti of Kazakhstan passes away ^ Plateau Imam who shielded 262 Christians during attack is dead ^ Preminuo je Ante Grgurević (51), jedan od najomiljenijih splitskih košarkaša i trenera! Bio je sinonim za borbenost (in Croatian) ^ Rafael Qvaladze vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Muere Irene de Grecia, hermana y fiel escudera de la reina Sofía (in Spanish) ^ '한국의 장 주네' 김신용 시인 별세…향년 81세 (in Korean) ^ Zimbabwean Tycoon Mutumwa Mawere Dies in SA Days After 66th Birthday ^ Siouxsie And the Banshees Drummer Kenny Morris Has Died ^ Athlétisme : décès d’Edgar Salvé, ex-champion d’Europe indoor du 1.500 m (in French) ^ বাংলার প্রাক্তন ক্রিকেটার অজয় ভার্মা প্রয়াত, শোকের ছায়া ময়দানে (in Bengali) ^ Մահացել է Գագիկ Եգանյանը (in Armenian) ^ Воспитанник ЦСКА найден мертвым в Подмосковье (in Russian) ^ Умер Дмитрий Акимов (in Russian) ^ Queer Māori Playwright Aroha Awarau Passes Away Peacefully in Ponsonby ^ Uganda mourns loss of education pioneer Namirembe Bitamazire ^ Murió el periodista colombiano Alfonso Castellanos (in Spanish) ^ Ancien député et père d'Yvan Colonna, Jean-Hugues Colonna est mort (in French) ^ È morta Valeria Fedeli, ex ministra dell’Istruzione (in Italian) ^ Помер народний депутат від "Слуги народу" Олександр Кабанов: перші подробиці (in Ukrainian) ^ Former Lotte Coach Kim Min-jae, National Team Shortstop, Dies ^ Rick Link Passes Away ^ Chinese Go legend Nie Weiping passes away ^ Adiós a Melania Pérez, voz emblema de la música argentina y del Festival de Cosquín (in Spanish) ^ Fallece el exalcalde de València Ricard Pérez Casado a los 80 años (in Spanish) ^ Jyväskylässä vaikuttanut olympiaurheilija Seppo Reijonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Décès de Jean Rossier, président de Parole et Musique (in French) ^ Ernestine Russell Weaver, two-time Canadian Olympian and legendary U.S. coach, passes away at age 87 ^ Radio-Legende Ado Schlier mit 90 Jahren in Würzburg gestorben (in German) ^ Morre a atriz e modelo Vera Barreto Leite Valdez aos 89 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Fallece el músico Quemil Yambay, ícono del folclore paraguayo (in Spanish) ^ Умер Игорь Золотовицкий (in Russian) ^ Scott Adams, Creator of the ‘Dilbert’ Comic Strip, Dies at 68 ^ Veteran journalist Iqbal Athas passes away ^ Addio a Lina Bernardi, l’attrice di Latina aveva lavorato con i più grandi registi (in Italian) ^ Alfred Blumstein ^ Former Arizona Attorney General Mark Brnovich dies at age 59 ^ Capoterra, addio alla calciatrice Paola Cardia, 74 anni, nota Paoletta: il centrocampo era il suo mondo (in Italian) ^ Former ECB chief executive David Collier dies aged 70 ^ Claudette Colvin, US civil rights pioneer, dies at 86 ^ Regal Nizam-era Socialite Indira Devi Passes Away ^ Mort de Catherine Duprat, historienne de la Révolution française (in French) ^ Nie żyje Barbara Eustachiewicz-Kowal, wybitna polska gimnastyczka sportowa (in Polish) ^ Odszedł Jesse Philip Flis (1933–2026) – rozmowa z 2018 r. (in Polish) ^ Assam: Retired IAS officer Bir Bhadra Hagjer passes away at 75 ^ Mozambique: Footballer Ali Hassan passes away at 61 ^ 混元禪師圓寂！曾腎臟萎縮病危、長期糖尿病 醫示警6徵兆快就醫 (in Chinese) ^ Suri endine poliitik Heiki Kranich (in Estonian) ^ 97 Play Off Champion Jason Lafreniere Passes Away, aged 59 ^ Theatre world pays tribute to Blanche Marvin, who has died aged 100 ^ Doug McConnell, longtime host of OpenRoad with Doug McConnell and Friends, dies ^ Bruce McLeod, 25th Moderator of The United Church of Canada, Dies at Age 97 ^ Addio a Rolando Nannicini, il cordoglio del mondo politico (in Italian) ^ Renowned Cork singer Seán Ó Sé dies aged 89 ^ Ушёл из жизни бывший футболист тюменского «Геолога» Иван Онуфриев (in Russian) ^ Voor theatermaker Annemarie Prins was maatschappijkritiek en engagement tweede natuur (in Dutch) ^ Lutto nel calcio, si è spento l'ex calciatore della Spal: vinse un campionato di Serie C (in Italian) ^ « Écrivain de l’agriculture » et photographe, le Mayennais Jean-Loup Trassard est décédé (in French) ^ Zomrel režisér, dramaturg a publicista Rudolf Urc, významná osobnosť slovenskej kinematografie (in Slovak) ^ Former Cyprus President George Vassiliou, who put the country on the path to EU membership, has died ^ Hong Kong corporate governance activist David Webb dies at 60 ^ ”Arne” i Kurt Olsson död (in Swedish) ^ Veteran 2GB radio announcer Bruce Wilshire has died aged 81 ^ Մահացել է հայ քաղաքական գործիչ, ՀՀԿ առանցքային ներկայացուցիչ Ռազմիկ Զոհրաբյանը (in Armenian) ^ Oba Babatunde Akran of Badagry dies at 89 ^ Israeli-backed group kills a senior Hamas police officer in Gaza, threatens more attacks ^ BBC's Good Old Days and Coronation Street star and singer Sheila Bernette dies aged 94 ^ Clauson, Paul John ^ Entraîneur français emblématique, Rolland Courbis est mort (in French) ^ George Mason Athletics Mourns The Loss of Longtime Assistant Bill Courtney ^ Mantan Bupati Bekasi Mochammad Djamhari Tutup Usia di Bandung (in Indonesian) ^ John Forté, celebrated recording artist, dies suddenly at 50 ^ Rick Garcia, activist and leader in Chicago's LGBTQ+ civil rights movement, dies at 69 ^ Ex-cricketer Mohammad Ilyas passes away in Lahore ^ สิ้น “อัษฎา ชัยนาม” อดีตเอกอัครราชทูตและผู้แทนถาวรไทยประจำUN ถึงแก่อนิจกรรม (in Thai) ^ Presentator Robert Jensen (52) overleden aan hartstilstand (in Dutch) ^ Renowned actress Jayasree Kabir passes away in London ^ Professor Emeritus Robert Kohn (1953-2026) ^ Black Midi Co-Founder Matt Kwasniewski-Kelvin Dies at 26 ^ Author Jan Mårtenson dies at 92 ^ Eddie McCreadie – 1940-2026 ^ Morto Luigi Nicolais, è stato presidente della fondazione Reggia di Carditello (in Italian) ^ Alain Orsoni, ancien dirigeant nationaliste, abattu lors des obsèques de sa mère en Corse (in French) ^ Mario Rigutti (in Italian) ^ Südtirol trauert um Roland Riz (in German) ^ Décès de Catherine Samie, pilier de la Comédie-Française (in French) ^ e peintre nîmois Michel Tombereau est mort (in French) ^ Hall of Fame Trick Rider and Wife of Hall of Fame Stock Contractor Passes Away ^ „Einer der besten Debattenredner": Martin Willich ist tot (in German) ^ הפקולטה למדעי החיים מרכינה ראשה בצער על פטירתו של פרופ' יצחק (איציק) ויץ ז"ל (in Hebrew) ^ Mirė legendinis Lietuvos futbolo treneris Benjaminas Zelkevičius (in Lithuanian) ^ Умер бывший бейсболист сборной России Павел Акишев (in Russian) ^ The Passing of Dr. Gabriel Barkay ^ Addio Alberto Benzoni. Socialista di valore dallo sguardo acuto (in Italian) ^ Brus, Rice alumnus and Nobel laureate, passes away at 82 ^ Thomas Causey, Sound Mixer on ‘Dick Tracy,’ ‘Broadcast News’ and ‘Defending Your Life,’ Dies at 76 ^ [1] (in Italian) ^ Richard Codey, former governor of New Jersey, dies at 79 ^ Marcus Gilbert 1958 - 2026 RIP ^ Pirates World Series champion Dave Giusti dies at age 86 ^ Clubs pay tribute to former player Hopkins ^ Bernie Carlton Keel ^ Ueli Kestenholz, snowboarder e sportivo estremo svizzero, è morto travolto da una valanga (in Italian) ^ Ушел из жизни олимпийский чемпион по тяжелой атлетике (in Russian) ^ 児玉更太郎さん（こだま・こうたろう＝元安芸高田市長) (in Japanese) (subscription required) ^ Falleció el huancaíno Nelson Manrique, referente de las ciencias sociales del Perú (in Spanish) ^ Morre a atriz Titina Medeiros, aos 48 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Veteran Syrian Actor Ahmad Melli dies at 80 ^ Mor als 77 anys Miquel Naudí, qui va ser conseller general entre 1981 i 1983 i conseller comunal de Canillo (in Catalan) ^ Takashi Ono, 1928–2026 ^ 박순용(전 검찰총장)씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Zemřela Miroslava Pešíková, osobnost našeho baletu a sólistka Národního divadla (in Czech) ^ Clarence Pierce ^ Doliu la UTA Arad » Eugen Pojoni, dublu campion al României, a murit la 84 de ani (in Romanian) ^ Laumatiamanu Ringo Purcell passes away ^ Veteran Left leader Samir Putatundu dies following prolonged illness ^ Saudi Arabia’s oldest man dies at 142, leaves 134 children and grandchildren ^ Filmskaper Grete Salomonsen Hynnekleiv er død (in Norwegian) ^ Robert G. Shulman, Yale biophysicist and pioneer of spectroscopy ^ Aniceto “Chito” Sobrepeña, veteran public servant and corporate leader, dies at 77 ^ Singer-actor Prashant Tamang passes away at 43 in Delhi ^ Addio a Sergio Tarquinio, una vita lunga un secolo tra fumetto e arte (in Italian) ^ ‘Enigmatic’ Hollyoaks star Trevor A Toussaint dies aged 65 ^ Tributes paid to 'extraordinary musician' John Wallace ^ Oud-burgemeester van Grobbendonk Herman Wouters overleden in ziekenhuis (in Dutch) ^ Andlát: Sturla Böðvarsson (in Icelandic) ^ Manoel Carlos, autor de grandes novelas da TV brasileira, morre aos 92 anos no Rio (in Portuguese) ^ Daniel Colson (1943-2026) ^ Former Burkinabe minister Viviane Compaoré found murdered ^ Schweizer Autor und Publizist Erich von Däniken ist gestorben (in German) ^ Leading Sire Distorted Humor Dies at 33 ^ Умер призер чемпионатов мира по гребле на байдарках Сергей Галков (in Russian) ^ In Memoriam: Richard Hynes ^ Husker Legend Jim Hartung Passes Away ^ Fallece el exblanquivioleta Mario Jacquet a los 79 años (in Spanish) ^ Zmarł Włodzimierz Jakubowski (in Polish) ^ Sitting Maine representative Kathy Javner dies of cancer ^ Atención: en accidente de avioneta esta tarde en Paipa (Boyacá) muere el cantante Yeison Jiménez y sus músicos (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel opavský politik, bývalý poslanec Václav Klučka (in Czech) ^ Former Louisiana State Senator Robert Kostelka dies at 92 ^ EastEnders actor Derek Martin dies aged 92 ^ Fallece Marco Proaño Maya, exvicepresidente del Congreso Nacional (in Spanish) ^ Hockey Olympian Davinder Singh Garcha passes away ^ Zemřel religionista Ivan Štampach. Spojoval křesťanství s otevřeností a dialogem (in Czech) ^ Monsieur Thierry STEINMETZ footballeur professionnel (in French) ^ Addio a Orazio Svelto, pioniere della ricerca sui laser in Italia (in Italian) ^ Isabel Veloso Dead: Influencer Dies at Age 19 After Battling Hodgkin’s Lymphoma ^ Fallece el actor cubano Manolo Villaverde, el querido Pepe en "¿Qué pasa USA? (in Spanish) ^ Honoured health reformer Prawase dies aged 93 ^ Bob Weir, co-founder of rock group the Grateful Dead, dies at age 78 ^ Robert Wolgemuth, Best-Selling Christian Author and Husband of Nancy DeMoss, Dies at 77 ^ Genius Chimpanzee Ai Dies at Age 49, Primate Known for Enthusiastic Role in Research on Learning, Memory ^ Zéno Bianu (1950-2025) (in French) ^ Muere el periodista Andrés Caniulef a los 48 años de edad - Chilevisión (in Spanish) ^ 'The Thing' Actor T.K. Carter Dead at 69 ^ Father of American Freediving Bob Croft Dies Aged 91 ^ Décès de Jean-Louis Duplat, ancien président de la Commission bancaire (in French) ^ Murió la maestra Beatriz González, ícono del arte colombiano (in Spanish) ^ Serieskaparen Ulf Granberg död (in Swedish) ^ Zemřela PaedDr. Jitka Gruntová (in Czech) ^ Porsche mourns the loss of Hans Herrmann ^ Longtime New Orleans activist Sandra Wheeler Hester dies ^ Entinen keskisuomalainen kansanedustaja Pirkko Ikonen on kuollut (in Finnish) ^ Heber Jentzsch Dead at 90: Scientology's Longtime 'President' Dies Years After Being Transferred to a Nursing Home ^ CDU Essen trauert um Manfred Kuhmichel (in German) ^ Đại tướng, Anh hùng LLVT nhân dân Lê Văn Dũng – Một cuộc đời trọn vẹn với non sông (in Vietnamese) ^ Former Ranji Trophy Cricketer from Mizoram Dies After Collapsing During Match ^ Humanists UK mourns Diane Munday, leading campaigner for the Abortion Act (1931-2026) ^ Ушел из жизни Валерий Носков (in Russian) ^ Shakespeare and Company Founding Artistic Director Tina Packer dies ^ Ci lascia Zelico Petrovic, stagioni meravigliose a Taranto (in Italian) ^ Larry Snook ^ Renaissance drummer Terry Sullivan has died ^ Muere Josep Maria Triginer, fundador del PSC y firmante de los Pactos de la Moncloa (in Spanish) ^ Eleni Varikas: the years with the FI in Greece ^ 前中常委「姚董」姚江臨辭世 國民黨工感念：他永遠走在第一線 (in Chinese) ^ Bishop Vincenzo Zarri † ^ Farewell to a great lady ^ Celebrating the Life and Legacy of Musa Gibril Bala Gaye ^ Танымал қазақстандық актер Мұрат Бисенбин өмірден өтті (in Kazakh) ^ Loraine Braham, trailblazing Northern Territory politician dies, aged 87 ^ Maler Günther Brendel gestorben (in German) ^ Filha de Olavo de Carvalho é encontrada morta (in Portuguese) ^ Zemřel sochař Václav Cigler, bylo mu 96 let. Poprvé v historii použil optické sklo k tvorbě uměleckého díla (in Czech) ^ Jornalista Conrado Corsalette morre em São Paulo aos 47 anos (in Portuguese) ^ Nie żyje były poseł i prezydent Łomży. Mieczysław Czerniawski miał 77 lat (in Polish) ^ Nelly Chatue-Diop, pionnière de la crypto pour tous en Afrique, est morte (in French) ^ La disparition de Jean-Luc Domenach (in French) ^ Former all-star linebacker, Grey Cup champion with Stamps, Jim Furlong, dead at 85 ^ Serguei, dessinateur au « Monde » depuis quarante-cinq ans, est mort (in French) ^ Veteran SP Leader, Eight-Time MLA Vijay Singh Gond Passes Away at 68 ^ Foxtrot producer David Hitchcock has passed away ^ 痛别！简水生院士逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Mort de l’ex-mari de Caroline de Monaco, le déchirant message de sa fille Victoria Junot : "À mon papa légendaire…" (in French) ^ Malawi Mourns Former Deputy Speaker Madalitso Kazombo ^ Larose, whose signature voice helped shape Haitian music, dies at 80 ^ Obituary: Opera Director Rhoda Levine Dies at 93 ^ Atriz Elisa Lisboa morreu aos 81 anos (in Portuguese) ^ В Кургане погиб экс-глава Калининграда Евгений Любивый (in Russian) ^ Padova piange Antonino Mangano, il maestro dell’atletica veneta (in Italian) ^ Guy Moon Dies: Emmy-Nominated ‘Fairly OddParents’ Composer Was 63 ^ Politikus Demokrat dan Mantan Ketua Komisi IV DPR RI, Kolonel (Purn) Jafar Nainggolan Wafat (in Indonesian) ^ 画家・中村宏さん死去 砂川闘争描いた「ルポルタージュ絵画」：朝日新聞 (in Japanese) ^ El Punk está de luto: falleció el gran músico Álvaro Peña Rojas (1943-2026) (in Spanish) ^ Howard Riley: 1938–2026 ^ Schrijfster Astrid Roemer overleden (in Dutch) ^ Kjersti Scheen (in Norwegian) ^ Sēru vēsts: mūžībā devusies Latvijas un pasaules basketbola leģenda Uļjana Semjonova (in Latvian) ^ Sir Tim Shadbolt has died at age 78 ^ Manipur BJP leader Meinam Bhorot Singh dies after prolonged illness in Imphal ^ جمهوری اسلامی مجتبی ترشیز، بازیکن پیشین تراکتور و همسرش را به قتل رساند (in Persian) ^ Matthew Taylor RIP ^ Le sport belge en deuil : le rameur Wim Van Belleghem, le seul Belge champion du monde en aviron, est décédé (in French) ^ Paul Visser ^ Terry Yorath obituary ^ Iran executes a man convicted of spying for Israel's Mossad ^ Madjoulba Batocfetou, patron de l'ICAT s'est éteint (in French) ^ James Bernard, founding editor of ‘The Source’ and co-founder of ‘XXL,’ dies ^ Помер український композитор Блажков, Гордон, 8.1.2026, автор - Ельчін Садаєв (in Ukrainian) ^ Mort d'Albert Bourgi, professeur de droit et figure du socialisme en Afrique (in French) ^ È morta Raffaella Bragazzi, storica voce di «Ok, il prezzo è giusto», aveva 66 anni (in Italian) ^ Frank Stanley Cerveny ^ Muere "El Chiri", excompetidor de Calle y beisbolista chiricano (in Spanish) ^ Obituary | Martin Chivers ^ Falleció Ángel Coerezza, uno de los mejores árbitros argentinos y ejemplo de persona (in Spanish) ^ John Witt Derr ^ 北海道・前釧路市長の蝦名大也さん（67）死去 議員秘書や北海道議などを経て4期16年釧路市長 防災インフラの整備に尽力 関係者からも悼む声 (in Japanese) ^ Former Memphis Rogues soccer star Tony Field dies at 79 ^ Vera Frances dead: Child star dies surrounded by family as tributes pour in ^ Madhav Gadgil (1942-2026) ^ Woman killed by ICE in Minneapolis identified ^ Morto monsignor Domenico Graziani, fu vescovo di Cassano e arcivescovo di Crotone (in Italian) ^ Hall, ironman goaltender with record 502 consecutive starts, dies at 94 ^ Sidney de Jong ^ Rebecca, Becky, Roo: Missing Miss Kilgore ^ Jon Lindsay, the longest-serving Harris County judge, dies at 90 ^ Former Jerusalem mayor Uri Lupolianski dies at 74 ^ Obituary: Ian McCrae ^ Former Colts RB Randy McMillan dies at 67 ^ New Mexico remembers former lieutenant governor, musician ^ Kabindra Purkayastha, the Patriarch of Assam BJP Passes Away at 94 ^ Former State Rep. Howard Sanderford dies at 90 ^ Dietrich Stratmann (in German) ^ Death of Seydou Madani Sy, former Minister of Justice and first Senegalese rector of UCAD ^ Kim Thorson ^ Hall of Fame tight end Billy Truax dies at 82 ^ Muore a 84 anni la giornalista parmigiana Chiara Valentini, è stata la biografa di Berlinguer (in Italian) ^ وفاة المفكر والفيلسوف المصري مراد وهبة عن 100 عام (in Arabic) ^ Vale Athol Webb | Melbourne mourns premiership hero ^ 云南省民间文艺家协会第六届副主席昂自明逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Former MLA and mayor Joe Arlooktoo passes away at 86 ^ Elle avait risqué sa vie pour en sauver d'autres : Odette Bergoffen, Juste parmi les Nations, est morte à 101 ans (in French) ^ Odszedł Profesor Andrzej Bogusławski (in Polish) ^ Former Queensland senator Ron 'Bozzie' Boswell dies aged 85 ^ John Cunningham, Veteran Broadway Actor, Dies at 93 ^ Former Maryland AD Dick Dull Passes Away ^ V.K. Ebrahim Kunju, IUML leader and former Kerala Minister, passes away ^ Deggendorfs frühere Oberbürgermeisterin Anna Eder ist gestorben (in German) ^ Johannes Fabian (in Dutch) ^ В Ухте скончался 32-летний нападающий МФК «Норильский никель» Алекс Фелипе (in Russian) ^ Angella Ferguson ^ Edith Flanigen ^ Schengen signatory Robert Goebbels passes away at 81 ^ Former Union minister Suresh Kalmadi passes away at 81 after prolonged illness ^ Doug LaMalfa, California Republican congressman, dies aged 65 ^ Elhunyt Láyer József volt országgyűlési képviselő (in Hungarian) ^ Alabama Music Hall of Famer, Huntsville native Jim McBride, dies at 78 ^ Jack McGregor, original founder of Pittsburgh Penguins, dies at 91 ^ AfD-Landtagsabgeordnete Muxel gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Raffaele Nogaro † ^ James E. O'Grady ^ Veteran Iranian actor Saeid Pirdoost passes away ^ Guinea ex-security chief convicted over crimes against humanity dies ^ Oud-burgemeester Jaap Pop overleden (in Dutch) ^ DA Gauteng mourns passing of former MPL David Quail ^ Obituary: Nihal Seneviratne ^ Bağır Süleymanov vəfat etdi (in Azerbaijani) ^ Meghalt Tarr Béla (in Hungarian) ^ Jerry Thomas, MVP of 1956 College World Series with Gophers, dies at 90 ^ Morto Gianpaolo Tosel, è stato per anni giudice sportivo della Serie A: aveva 85 anni (in Italian) ^ Le PSG en deuil, une figure historique du club s'est éteinte (in French) ^ Не стало Анатолия Евтушенко (in Russian) ^ 著名文艺理论家、北大中文系教授张少康逝世 (in Chinese) ^ 周立伟院士逝世：他“创立了自己的科学学派” (in Chinese) ^ South Korean Film Legend Ahn Sung-ki Dies at 75 ^ Aldrich Ames, CIA officer convicted of spying for Russia, dies at age 84 ^ Luto en el boxeo colombiano por la muerte del legendario 'Bony' Ávila (in Spanish) ^ Mustergültiger Aufklärer (in German) ^ Bassist Andrew Bodnar (o.a. Graham Parker & The Rumour) overleden (in Dutch) ^ Andrew Carter - In Memoriam ^ Tom Cherones, Emmy-Winning ‘Seinfeld’ Director and Producer, Dies at 86 ^ Fallece Beatriz de Lenclós, la gran vedette vitoriana que marcó época (in Spanish) ^ Jim Dennison, winningest football coach at Akron and Walsh, dies ^ Marian Diamond: Miriam Margolyes pays tribute to 'dear friend' after Jackanory star's death aged 89 ^ Meghalt Dudás Miki (in Hungarian) ^ Razor – Former Drummer Mike Embro Dead At 63 ^ 元グラドル藤乃あおいさんが死去、27歳 親族が発表 23年に希少がんを公表 闘病続けていた (in Japanese) ^ Bishop Paolo Gillet † ^ Morto Pier Francesco Guarguaglini, Crosetto: uomo di intelligenza e visione (in Italian) ^ Bruce Hammock: 1947-2026 ^ Acteur Ad van Kempen overleden op 81-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Odszedł na Wieczną Wartę Druh harcmistrz Wiktor Kinecki (in Polish) ^ Fallece José Mingorance, leyenda de la época dorada del Córdoba CF en Primera División (in Spanish) ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن رضا مرادی عبدالوند ششمین جانباخته اعتراضات شهر ازنا (in Persian) ^ Jawann Oldham, a basketball star at Cleveland High, Seattle U, dies at 68 ^ “พระองค์หญิงอินทุรัตนา บริพัตร” (พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้าอินทุรัตนา) สิ้นพระชนม์ สิริพระชันษา ๑๐๓ ปี (in Thai) ^ Artist and fashion writer Molly Parkin dies ^ Χρήστος Πολίτης: Πέθανε τη Δευτέρα και τον βρήκε ο αδελφός του νεκρό μια μέρα αργότερα (in Greek) ^ Pulford, 4-time Stanley Cup champion with Maple Leafs, dies at 89 ^ La città piange Cosimo Scaglioso. Fu docente emerito e senatore (in Italian) ^ Chef and food stylist Elle Simone Scott dies at 49 ^ Zemřel specialista na pokutové kopy. Brankář si zachytal za Slavii i Spartu (in Czech) ^ Karel-zangeres Elsje de Wijn overleden op 82-jarige leeftijd (in Dutch) ^ Tribute to Sutton Harrier Ken Wilcock, who has died aged 91 ^ Mike Wilson (1959-2026): The King of Karting takes his final bow ^ Po těžké nemoci zemřel bývalý rektor ČVUT Jiří Witzany, bylo mu 84 let (in Czech) ^ 105岁东北妇运工作开拓者之一、黑龙江省妇联原主任吴琳涛逝世 (in Chinese) ^ WKU Athletics Hall of Famer Forest "Frosty" Able Passes Away ^ رئيس الوزراء الأسبق علي ابو الراغب في ذمة الله (in Arabic) ^ Jamia Ashrafia head Maulana Ashrafi passes away ^ Pionnière du travail social sur l’itinérance et le profilage, la chercheuse Céline Bellot s’éteint (in French) ^ Ci ha lasciati coach Mario Blasone. Le condoglianze del presidente Petrucci. Disposto minuto di silenzio (in Italian) ^ Robert Gerald Boyer ^ OHL, CHL Mourn the Loss of David Branch, Transformative Commissioner and Hockey Visionary ^ Le rappeur Calbo, membre du duo emblématique Ärsenik, est mort à l’âge de 52 ans (in French) ^ Gardienne des remèdes d'antan, la Valaisanne Germaine Cousin-Zermatten s'est éteinte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Le magicien de bal Kamiel Dierckx est décédé à l’âge de 84 ans (in French) ^ Edinburgh's last star director has died, at 97 ^ Muere Manuel Fernández Ilarraza, expresidente del Parlamento (in Spanish) ^ Zemřel kněz Miloslav Fiala (in Czech) ^ Andy Friendly Dies: First ‘Entertainment Tonight’ Producer, Son Of Legendary CBS Newsman Fred Friendly Was 74 ^ Veteran Dravidian ideologue L. Ganesan no more ^ Anne-Claire Goulon, ex-dirigeante du groupe Livio, s'est éteinte à 51 ans (in French) ^ Vicki Gregory ^ Hommage à Michel Griffon (in French) ^ Hommage à Roger Guesnerie (in French) ^ Former Portland lawmaker Denise Harlow dies at 55 ^ Bobby Holmes ^ Mūžībā devusies rakstniece Nora Ikstena (in Latvian) ^ Erster Landtagspräsident von Sachsen-Anhalt ist verstorben (in German) ^ '원조 스턴트맨'…60년간 배우 활동한 김영인씨 별세 (in Korean) ^ Na svoj rođendan preminuo Milorad Kosanović (in Serbian) ^ Stade Rennais : l'ancien président du club Bernard Lemoux est décédé (in French) ^ George Lodge ^ Oscar Warren Lofton ^ Ayawaso East MP Mahama Naser Toure dies after short illness ^ Zemřel válečný veterán Miloslav Masopust (in Czech) ^ Έφυγε από τη ζωή ο Γιώργος Παπαδάκης ύστερα από έμφραγμα (in Greek) ^ La Louvière perd l'un de ses artistes emblématiques : Daniel Pelletti a tiré sa révérence à l'âge de 77 ans (in French) ^ Former mayor of Dunedin Jules Radich dies ^ Michael Reagan, Eldest Son Of Ronald Reagan, Has Died ^ ‘70s PHL tennis star Marissa Sanchez dies at 69 ^ Décès de Jacqueline Schaeffer (1934-2026) (in French) ^ Former Sheetz president and CEO Steve Sheetz dies at age 77 ^ Khadial King Jitamitra Prasad Singh Deo Passes Away at 80 ^ Ralph L. Thomas, ‘The Terry Fox Story’ Director and Journalist, Dies at 86 ^ Murió Horacio Usandizaga, histórico dirigente de la UCR y primer intendente de Rosario tras el regreso de la democracia (in Spanish) ^ ‘She was a force of nature’ – Mary White, former senator and founder of Lir Chocolates, dies aged 81 ^ 著名摄影家、新中国第一批女摄影记者晓庄逝世，享年94岁 (in Chinese) ^ Zmarła Pani Teresa Zalewska (in Polish) ^ Hushang Ansary (98) overleden (in Dutch) ^ S’ha mort el periodista Joan Armengol a 91 anys (in Catalan) ^ وفاة الإعلامي الأردني جميل عازر أحد مؤسسي قناة “الجزيرة” القطرية (in Arabic) ^ Langjähriger Tiroler ÖVP-Mandatar Bachmann 91-jährig verstorben (in German) ^ La comédienne genevoise Claude-Inga Barbey s'en est allée (in French) ^ Stephen Edward Braude ^ Morto a 94 anni l'ex senatore Natale Carlotto (in Italian) ^ Morto Francesco Paolo Casavola, il diritto come missione (in Italian) ^ Il prêtait sa voix à une légende du cinéma : le comédien français Frédéric Cerdal nous a quittés à l'âge de 81 ans (in French) ^ Mor Maria Eugènia Cuenca, la primera dona que va ser consellera de la Generalitat (in Catalan) ^ Obit: Former Windsor CFL receiver Tony Dennis dies after multiple organ failure ^ 著名民俗学家、教育家、北京师大教授董晓萍逝世，享年75岁 (in Chinese) ^ Gerry Gable (1937–2026) ^ Broadway Alum Bret Hanna-Shuford Passes Away at 46 ^ Franz Herre (in German) ^ Marvalene Hughes ^ Opera sanatçısı Prof. Dr. Mesut İktu vefat etti (in Turkish) ^ Bishop Hernán Giraldo Jaramillo † ^ Nālani Kanakaʻole, revered Kumu Hula and cultural matriarch, passes at 79 ^ گزارش ههنگاو از جانباختن لطیف کریمی با شلیک مستقیم نیروهای حکومتی/ تلاش حکومت برای مصادره و وارونهسازی واقعیت (in Persian) ^ Zum Tod des Fehlfarben-Bassisten Michael Kemner: Ohne Atempause Rockgeschichte gemacht (in German) ^ E-News — January 2026 ^ Goddur er látinn (in Icelandic) ^ Tributes flow for founding father of Australian beef industry, Sir Graham McCamley ^ John Meredith (1940 – 2026) ^ Former DA Federal Chairperson Errol Moorcroft Has Passed Away ^ Former Bangladesh footballer Golam Dostogir no more ^ Strongman turned hilarious Instagram star dies aged 40 ^ Sverre Anker Ousdal er død (in Norwegian) ^ Zmarł prof. Andrzej Paczkowski, jeden z najwybitniejszych polskich historyków (in Polish) ^ The great coach and football player Dimitar Penev has passed away ^ Jenny Plocki, rescapée de la rafle du Vél' d'Hiv et témoin du siècle, est morte à 100 ans (in French) ^ Komponist Rolf Riehm ist gestorben: Immer mit Einspruch (in German) ^ Randy Joseph Riley ^ In memoriam – Eva Schloss-Geiringer ^ Former Deputy Chief Counsel for the House Select Committee on Assassinations, Robert K. Tanenbaum, has died at the age of 83 ^ Nam Singh Thapa, Nepal's first Olympian, dies ^ Remembering Samuel O. Thier, IOM President (1985-1991) ^ В Тынде умер легендарный строитель БАМа Иван Варшавский (in Russian) ^ 海军原副政委王征中将逝世，享年64岁 (in Chinese) ^ Terry Wharton | 1942-2026 ^ Yohn, William Hendricks, Jr. ^ Pimpinan PMDG Gontor KH Amal Fathullah Zarkasyi wafat (in Indonesian) ^ Zmarł Mirosław Zdanowicz - przedsiębiorca i legenda sportu (in Polish) ^ 著名京剧表演艺术家、马连良先生入室弟子张克让逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Ihana ja ihmeellinen karjalainen, muistelee Sinikka Sokka tätiään Ritva Auvista (in Finnish) ^ Ian Balding, legendary trainer of Mill Reef, dies aged 87 ^ Rhymester Sukumar Barua passes away ^ Shyam Bihari Lal, BJP MLA, dies in Bareilly a day after celebrating his 60th birthday, CM Yogi expresses grief ^ In memoriam: Carmen Arnold-Biucchi, respected numismatist and educator ^ Ancien président de l'Assemblée de Corse et maire de Sartène, Dominique Bucchini est décédé (in French) ^ Tony Carr, Maltese jazz drummer to the stars, dies aged 98 ^ Jean-Max Causse, exploitant de cinémas et grand nom de la cinéphilie parisienne, est mort (in French) ^ Odesa reports the death of artist Bohdan Chufus ^ BBC Radio Merseyside founding member dies as tributes paid ^ Mor Miquel Contestí, històric expresident del RCE Mallorca (in Catalan) ^ Sir Patrick Duffy, Britain’s oldest living former MP, passes away at the age of 105 ^ 藤井俊男さん死去 元民主党参院議員 (in Japanese) ^ D-Day veteran who escorted allied troops landing in Normandy dies aged 101 ^ Diamond legend Steve Haggerty has died ^ 'He was awesome': Fans grieve death of beloved Island radio host ^ Sidney Kibrick, Last of the 'Our Gang' Kids, Dies at 97 ^ Kristi L. Kiick ^ Elbert Leon Kimbrough ^ Anna Kurek, medic of the 1944 Warsaw Uprising, has died ^ Paul Lambert ’46, Former Trustee, Dies at 97 ^ Daily Update: NJPW Wrestle Kingdom 20, CMLL Sin Salida, Johnny Legend ^ Преминуо проф. Владимир Лукић (in Serbian) ^ Former MLC Ashok Modak passes away at 85 ^ Con Pederson, ‘2001: A Space Odyssey’ Special Effects Supervisor, Dies at 91 ^ В Петербурге умер снимавший Высоцкого фотограф Валерий Плотников (in Russian) ^ Vale: Tim Robertson ^ Rovátkay Lajostól búcsúzunk (in Hungarian) ^ PM Mourns Former Deputy Prime Minister, Minister Saleh Irshaidat ^ Edith Renfrow Smith, a 'memory keeper' and living link to history, dies at 111 ^ Former AFL player Phoenix Spicer dies as heartbroken family and football figures pay tribute ^ Ivonne Trebbi è morta, addio alla partigiana Bruna. Aveva 97 anni (in Italian) ^ James Gladden Willis ^ Tragiczna śmierć polskiego olimpijczyka. Robert Wolski nie żyje (in Polish) ^ Remembering Nellie Wong ^ Former Speaker of Bishkek City Council Marat Amankulov passes away ^ Communiqué d'Action française – Un camelot du roi exemplaire (in French) ^ Walsall confirm death of former Saddlers and Aston Villa creative favourite Alan Baker ^ Allyn Bromley-Baron ^ Fallece Xesús Cañedo, referente del asturianismo político y cultural (in Spanish) ^ "Це велика втрата": на фронті загинула операторка дронів і мисткиня Лана Чорногорська (in Ukrainian) ^ Diane Crump, the first female jockey to race in the Kentucky Derby, dies at 77 ^ Figura e shquar e politikës dhe shkencës - liderët politikë shprehin dhimbjen dhe mirënjohjen për Nexhat Dacin (in Albanian) ^ Brian Doyle, celebrated Ottawa author, dies at age 90 ^ פרופסור יחזקאל דרור, חתן פרס ישראל, מת בגיל 98 (in Hebrew) ^ Ex-president Vīķe-Freiberga's husband Imants Freibergs dies ^ Obituary #8: James Grauerholz ^ وفاة مؤرخ الثورة الجزائرية محمد حربي (in Arabic) ^ 中国驻瓦努阿图原大使、驻美国芝加哥原总领事黄东璧逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Hyundai Dynasty's 2006 Win Rate King Jeon Joon-ho Dies ^ Victoria Jones, daughter of Tommy Lee Jones, found dead in San Francisco ^ Billionaire philanthropist Morris Kahn dies at 95 ^ Умер известный телеведущий Андрей Хорошев (in Russian) ^ Harvey C. Krautschun ^ Famed TV presenter Hiroshi Kume passes away at 81 ^ Remembering John Langdon ^ Suri Arno Talit kehastanud näitleja Arno Liiver (in Estonian) ^ 我国空气动力学界先驱、西北工业大学资深教授林超强逝世 (in Chinese) ^ Arnold Long (1940-2026) - Obituary ^ З глибоким сумом сповіщаємо, що 1 січня ц.р. на 104-му році пішов із життя видатний український математик та організатор науки академік НАН України Володимир Олександрович Марченко (in Ukrainian) ^ Ex-prefeito de Goiânia na década de 1970, Hélio Mauro Umbelino Lobo morre em Anápolis (in Portuguese) ^ Paul McCullagh Jr: Boxer dies age 25 as father confirms heartbreaking cause of death ^ Burnley pay tribute to their former great and England goalkeeper Colin McDonald ^ Fallece a los 89 años Enric Mestre, referente mundial de la cerámica (in Spanish) ^ Умер бывший футболист "Спартака" Мухсин Мухамадиев (in Russian) ^ Death of Sir James Munby ^ Skulpteur der Erinnerung (in German) ^ Monsieur Gregory, Peter de Polnay ^ Dame Karen Poutasi, first female director-general of health, dies aged 76 ^ Tributes paid to Australian actor Candy Raymond who has died aged 75 ^ Amit Saar, top IDF intelligence officer on Oct. 7, dies of cancer at 47 ^ 31 Jahre für Bergkamen: Früherer Bürgermeister Roland Schäfer gestorben (in German) ^ Bishop Serafim Shyngo-Ya-Hombo, O.F.M. Cap. † ^ Former Fayette County delegate and physician Dr. Margaret Staggers has passed away ^ Jewish woman whose baby photo was chosen by Goebbels as Aryan exemplar dies at 91 ^ Умер заслуженный летчик-испытатель Рубен Есаян, критиковавший «Сухой суперджет» (in Russian) ^ 港星病逝！享壽69歲 妻證實噩耗 (in Chinese) ^ Ушел из жизни первый советский фигурист – участник чемпионатов Европы и мира Захаров Валентин Дмитриевич (in Russian) External links The Guardian (UK) obituaries The Telegraph (UK) obituaries The Irish Times obituaries Obituaries, Irish Examiner Obituaries, Chicago Tribune Obituaries, Los Angeles Times The New York Times , obituaries The Washington Post obituaries The Sydney Morning Herald (Australia) obituaries .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e 2020s deaths by month v t e 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2026 Jan Jan 2025 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2024 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2023 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2022 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2021 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2020 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2000s ← 2010s ← Lists of deaths by year 2026 deaths Lists of deaths in 2026 Articles with Croatian-language sources (hr) Articles with Azerbaijani-language sources (az) Articles with Spanish-language sources (es) Articles with Korean-language sources (ko) Articles with French-language sources (fr) Articles with Bengali-language sources (bn) Articles with Armenian-language sources (hy) Articles with Russian-language sources (ru) Articles with Italian-language sources (it) Articles with Ukrainian-language sources (uk) Articles with Finnish-language sources (fi) Articles with German-language sources (de) Articles with Portuguese-language sources (pt) Articles with Polish-language sources (pl) Articles with Chinese-language sources (zh) Articles with Estonian-language sources (et) 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Davam etməzdən əvvəl müəllif hüququ və təsvirdən istifadə siyasətini başa düşdüyünüzə əmin olun . Vikianbara ( ing. Wikimedia Commons ) yüklə Azad olmayan faylı yükləyin Lokal olaraq Vikipediyaya yüklə . Ədalətli istifadə meyarlarına uyğun olmalıdır. Sizdə JavaScript aktiv deyil Üzr istəyirik, bu yükləmə skriptindən istifadə etmək üçün JavaScript aktiv olmalıdır. Siz hələ də JavaScript olmadan Azərbaycanca Vikipediyasda faylları yükləmək üçün sadə Xüsusi:Yüklə səhifəsindən istifadə edə bilərsiniz. Siz hazırda Vikipediyaya daxil olmamısınız. Üzr istəyirik, bu yükləmə skriptindən istifadə etmək və faylları yükləmək üçün siz hesabınıza daxil olmalısınız. Zəhmət olmasa, daxil olun və sonra yenidən cəhd edin. Hesabınız hələ təsdiqlənməyib. Bağışlayın, Azərbaycanca Vikipediyada fayl yükləmək üçün siz yükləyici qrupununda olmalısınız. Əgər bu hesabınız bu qrup daxilində deyilsə VP:İHM -ə hüquq üçün müraciət edə bilərsiniz. Əgər yükləmək istədiyiniz faylın azad lisenziyası varsa, lütfən, Vikianbara keçin və ora yükləyin. Vacib qeyd: VP:YMM vasitəsilə ilə faylın yüklənilməsi üçün sorğu göndərə bilərsiniz. Nadir hallarda inzibatçı sizi Təsdiqlənmiş istifadəçi qrupuna əlavə edərək hesabınızı əl ilə təsdiqləyə bilər. Bunun üçün inzibatçıların müzakirə səhifəsinə yaza bilərsiniz. Addım 1: Faylı seçin Fayl: Kompüterinizdən faylı seçin. Maksimum fayl ölçüsü: 100 MB. İcazə verilən fayl növləri: png, gif, jpg, jpeg, xcf, pdf, mid, mp3, mpeg, mpg, ogg, ogv, opus, svg, djvu, tiff, tif, oga, flac, wav, wave, webm, webp. Addım 2: Faylı təsvir edin Zəhmət olmasa, faylınızın Vikipediyada tanınması üçün onun adını dəqiq verin. Unikal ad seçin ki, Vikipediyada tanınması asan və məlumatlandırıcı olsun. Kifayət qədər uzun bir ad istifadə etmək problem deyil. Bura boşluqlar, vergüllər və digər durğu işarələri də daxil ola bilər. Xahiş edirik, unutmayın ki, fayl adları böyük hərflərlə yazılmamalıdır (ilk hərf istisna olmaqla). Yaxşı: "London şəhəri, London Siti Holl səmasında gün batımı, oktyabr 2008.jpg". Pis : "Gün batımı.jpg", "DSC0001234.jpg". Üzr istəyirik, texniki səbəblərə görə bir neçə xüsusi simvol və simvol birləşməsi fayl adında istifadə edilə bilməz. Bunlar xüsusilə # < > [ ] | : { } / və ~~~ simvollarına şamiledilir. Bunların qarşısını almaq üçün faylınızın adı dəyişdirilib. Zəhmət olmasa, indi yaxşı olub-olmadığını yoxlayın. Seçdiyiniz fayl adı çox qısa və ya çox ümumi görünür. Zəhmət olmasa, istifadə etməyin: Yalnız çox ümumi təsviri sözlərdən ibarət başlıqlar (məsələn, "Gün batımı.jpg", "Şəhər zalı.jpg") Yalnız bir şəxsin adı və ya soyadından ibarət olan başlıqlar (məsələn, "Rüfət.jpg", "Rəhimov.jpg") Sadəcə rəqəmlərdən ibarət olan başlıqlar. Bunlara rəqəmsal kameralar tərəfindən avtomatik təyin olunan başlıqlar (məs., "DSC_001234", "IMGP0345") və ya internetdən yüklənmiş faylların təsadüfi adları (məs.,"30996951316264l.jpg") daxildir. Bu adda fayl artıq Vikianbarda mövcuddur! Faylınızı bu adla yükləsəniz, mövcud faylı maskalayacaq və onu əlçatmaz edəcəksiniz. Yeni faylınız mövcud faylın əvvəllər istifadə edildiyi hər yerdə göstəriləcək. Çox nadir hallar istisna olmaqla, bu edilməməlidir. Xahiş olunur, nə etdiyinizi bilmirsinizsə, faylınızı bu adla yükləməyin. Bunun əvəzinə faylınız üçün fərqli ad seçin. Bu adda fayl artıq mövcuddur. Faylınızı bu adla yükləsəniz, mövcud faylın üzərinə yazmış olacaqsınız. Yeni faylınız mövcud faylın əvvəllər istifadə edildiyi hər yerdə göstəriləcək. Zəhmət olmasa, bunu etmək üçün ciddi səbəbiniz olmadıqca bunu etməyin: Yox , Mövcud faylın üzərinə yazmaq istəmirəm. Bunun əvəzinə yeni faylım üçün başqa ad seçəcəyəm. Hə , Mövcud faylın üzərinə yazmaq istəyirəm. Mənim faylım sadəcə eyni əsərin yeni, təkmilləşdirilmiş və mübahisəsiz versiyasıdır. Mənbə və müəllif hüququ məlumatı daxil olmaqla köhnə təsvir səhifəsindəki məlumatlar doğrudur və eyni qala bilər. Hə , mövcud faylın üzərinə yükləmək istəyirəm və sehrbazı yeni təsvir və yeni mənbə məlumatı əlavə etmək üçün istifadə edəcəyəm. Əvvəlki versiya mənə məxsus olduğu üçün əvvəlki yükləyicilərin bu dəyişikliyə etiraz etmiəyəcəyindən əminəm. Bu faylın məzmununun qısa təsvirini verin. Bu məzmun saxlanılacaq və fayl təsviri səhifəsinin bir hissəsi kimi göstəriləcək. Digər redaktorların bu faylın nə haqqında olduğunu başa düşmələri vacibdir. Bu fayl nəyi göstərir? Bu nəyinsə fotosu, diaqramı, yoxsa səs və ya videoyazısıdır? İstifadə edəcəyiniz məqaləyə vikikeçid də əlavə etsəniz, faydalı olar. Addım 3: Mənbə və müəllif hüququ məlumatlarını təqdim edin Aşağıdakı seçim və sualları yaxşı oxumağınız və bütün tələb olunan məlumatları düzgün və diqqətlə təqdim etməyiniz çox vacibdir. Bu azad faydır. Hər kəsin Vikipediyada və başqa yerlərdə hər hansı məqsəd üçün istifadə etməsinin qanuni olduğunu göstərə bilərəm. Azad fayl yüklədiyiniz üçün təşəkkür edirik. Vikipediya azad faylları sevir. Bununla belə, onları qardaş layihəmiz Vikianbara yükləsəniz, daha çox sevinərdik. Vikianbara yüklənmiş fayllar Vikipediyada, eləcə də onun bütün qardaş layihələrində istifadə edilə bilər. Vikianbara faylların yüklənməsi burada olduğu kimidir. Buradan faylınızı Vikianbara yükləyə bilərsiniz . Faylı buraya yükləməyi üstün tutursunuzsa, bu sorğu formasını dolduraraq davam edə bilərsiniz. Siz həmçinin bu sorğu formasına faylınız haqqında məlumatları əlavə etdikdən sonra onu Vikianbara ixrac etmək üçün istifadə edə bilərsiniz. Müəlliflik statusu: Bu fayl tamamilə öz işimdir. Mən müəllif hüququnun sahibiyəm və bu media faylı başqasının yaradıcılığını kopyalamadan və ya daxil etmədən sıfırdan özüm hazırladım və onu azad lisenziya əsasında paylaşmağa hazıram. Lütfən, "tamamilə öz işiniz" dedikdə, həqiqətən bu media faylı nəzərdə tutduğunuzdan əmin olun. Bu bölməni aşağıdakılardan heç biri üçün istifadə etməyin : İlkin olaraq başqası tərəfindən yaradılmış rəsm, rəsm, çap səhifəsi və ya digər əşyanın skan və ya fotoşəkili. Müəllif hüququ sizə deyil, orijinal yaradıcıya məxsusdur. Skrinşot və ya videonun, kompüter ekranının, televiziya proqramının və ya başqa növ vizual medianın çəkilməsi. Başqa bir şəkli dəyişdirərək və ya kopyalayaraq və ya başqası tərəfindən hazırlanmış bir neçə əvvəldən mövcud olan şəkilləri birləşdirərək yaratdığınız şəkil. Başqasının sizə verdiyi şəkil. İnternetdə haradansa tapdığınız şəkil. Bu materialları öz işi kimi saxtalaşdıraraq yükləyən istifadəçilər bloklanacaq . Bu faylı necə və nə vaxt yaratdığınızı təsvir edin. Necə? (məs.: Bu şəkli harada və nə vasitəsilə çəkmisiniz? Bu diaqramı necə yaratdınız? və s.) Vaxt (mümkünsə İİİİ-AA-GG formatından istifadə edin). Nəşr: Zəhmət olmasa, bu mediaa faylı əvvəllər başqa yerdə dərc etmisinizsə, burada qeyd edin. Məs. öz veb saytınızda, "Flickr" və ya "Facebook" hesabınızda və s. Bu işi azad lisenziya altında yerləşdirməyiniz vacibdir ki, bu da hər kəsə ondan istənilən məqsədlə, o cümlədən kommersiya və qeyri-kommersiya məqsədləri üçün istifadə etməyə və onu dəyişdirməyə imkan verəcəkdir. Bu lisenziya geri qaytarıla bilməz. Bu faylı mənə onun sahibi verib . Bu faylın müəllif hüququ sahibi onu Vikipediyaya yükləmək üçün mənə verdi. Mən sübut təqdim edə bilərəm ki, onlar onu azad lisenziya əsasında, hər kəs tərəfindən azad istifadə üçün və istənilən məqsədlə paylaşmağa razılaşıblar. Zəhmət olmasa, bu əsərin kimə məxsus olduğunu və necə əldə etdiyinizi təsvir edin. Sahib/müəllif: Yaranma tarixi: Mənbə: Faylı haradan almısınız? (məsələn, onlayn mövcuddur, yaxud mənə göndərilib...) İcazə: İcazəni necə aldınız? (məsələn: e-poçtla, yaxud mən sahibi üçün işləyirəm...) Müəllif hüququ sahibi aşağıdakı lisenziyanı seçdi: Lisenziya: Digər: Sübut: Lisenziya bəyanatını onlayn olaraq tapa bilərsiniz: Lisenziya müqaviləsi "permissions-az@wikimedia.org" ünvanında Vikimediyanın könüllü cavab komandasına göndərilib. OTRS bileti alındı: Lisenziya hələ göndərilməyib, lakin mən bunu tezliklə əlavə edəcəyəm və ya sahibindən onu göndərməsini xahiş edəcəyəm. Hazırda dəlillərim yoxdur, amma tələb olunarsa, bəzilərini təqdim edəcəm. Qeyd: Yoxlanıla bilən icazələri olmayan fayllar silinə bilər. Əvvəlcə icazənin sübutunu əldə etməyiniz daha yaxşı olar. Bu fayl azad dərc edilmiş mənbədəndir. Mən onu hərhansı bir vebsaytdan və ya başqa nəşr edilmiş mənbədən götürdüm, burada müəllif faylı açıq şəkildə azad lisenziya ilə yerləşdirib və hər kəs tərəfindən azad təkrar istifadəyə icazə verib. Bunu yalnız mənbədə azad lisenziya ifadəsi olduqda istifadə edin. Vebsayt açıq şəkildə deməlidir ki, təsvir istənilən məqsəd üçün azad təkrar istifadəyə imkan verən lisenziya əsasında yayımlanır. Məsələn., "Creative Commons Attribution lisenziyası". Bu məlumatın keçidini dəqiq göstərməlisiniz. Mənbə saytı bunu açıq şəkildə bildirmirsə, lütfən, faylı yükləməyin . Müəllif/sahibi: Yükləmə tarixi: Mənbə: Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), faylın özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.). Müəllif hüququ sahibi bu fayl üçün aşağıdakı lisenziyanı seçdi: Lisenziya: Other: Sübut: Müəllifin faylın azad lisenziya əsasında paylaşılmasını açıq-aşkar qeyd etdiyi yerə keçidi təmin edin (mənbə səhifənin özündə görünmürsə). Bu əsər o qədər köhnədir ki, onun müəlliflik hüququ müddəti bitib . Bu köhnə fotoşəkil və ya köhnə rəsm və s.-nin foto reproduksiyasıdır. Mən onun müəllif hüquqlarının sona çatması üçün kifayət qədər köhnə olduğunu sübut etmək üçün onun müəllifi və mənşəyi haqqında kifayət qədər məlumat verə bilərəm. İndi qanuni olaraq ictimai mülkiyyətdir . Orjinal müəllif: Zəhmət olmasa bu əsərin orijinal müəllifinin adını qeyd edin. Doğum/vəfat tarixi: İctimai mülkiyyətdir statusuna uyğundursa, ölüm tarixini göstərin. Müəllifin nə vaxt vəfat etməsi ilə bağlı məlumatlar dəqiq olmalıdır, bir çox hallarda 1931-cu ildən əvvəl. Orijinal nəşr: Bu əsərin ilkin nəşr vaxtı və yeri haqqında mümkün qədər çox məlumat verin. Çap nəşrləri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin. Nəşr tarixi: İlk nəşr tarixini və ya fərqli fayldırsa yaradılma tarixini göstərin. Birbaşa mənbə: Bu faylı dəqiq haradan tapdığınızı göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) İctimai mülkiyyət statusu: Bu iş bütün müəllif hüquqlarından azaddır, çünki: 1931-dan əvvəl yaradılıb və yayınlanıb və buna görə də ABŞ-də ictimai mülkiyyətdir. Bu ilk dəfə ABŞ-dan kənarda nəşr olunub və " URMQ tarixinə " qədər mənşə ölkəsində İctimai mülkiyyət idi. Əksər ölkələr üçün bu o deməkdir ki, müəllif 1996-cı il yanvarın 1-dən 70 il əvvəl, yəni 1926-cı ildən əvvəl vəfat etmişdir. Lütfən, konkret bir ölkə üçün müəllif hüququ qaydalarına buradan baxın: [1] . İlk dəfə 1989-cu ildən əvvəl ABŞ-da nəşr edilib və müəllif hüququ bildirişi olmadan, və yaxud lazımi müəllif hüquqları qeydiyyatı olmadan dərc edildiyi üçün onun müəllif hüququ müddəti başa çatıb. Zəhmət olmasa qaydalarla daha dəqiq tanış olun [2] . Onun müəlliflik hüququ başqa səbəbə görə başa çatıb [Aşağıda izah edin]. İzah: İctimai mülkiyyət statusunu yoxlamaq üçün lazım olan hər hansı sübutu təqdim edin. Bu fayl başqa səbəbə görə ictimai mülkiyyətdir . Mən sübut edə bilərəm ki, bu əsər qanuni olaraq ictimai mülkiyyətdir, yəni heç kimin onun üzərində müəllif hüquqları yoxdur. Bu, müxtəlif səbəblərə görə ola bilər, məsələn, ABŞ Federal Hökuməti tərəfindən yaradıldığına və ya müəllif hüququnlarının alınmasının çox sadə olmasına görə. İctimai mülkiyyət o deməkdir ki, bu əsərin müəllif hüquqları heç kəsə aid deyil. Bu, sadəcə olaraq onun internetdə hər hansı bir yerdə sərbəst görünməsi və ya başqaları tərəfindən geniş şəkildə istifadə edilməsi demək deyil . Bu sadəcə olaraq internetdə haradansa tapdığınız şəkillər üçün deyil . İnternetdəki şəkillərin əksəriyyəti müəllif hüququ altındadır və kiməsə məxsusdur, hətta sahibinin bu müəllif hüququna əhəmiyyət verməyəcəyinə inansanız belə. Əgər fayl, ictimai mülkiyyətdədirsə, bunun üçün faktiki qanuna işarə edə bilməlisiniz. Əgər belə bir qanuna işarə edə bilmirsinizsə, lütfən, onu yükləməyin . Müəllif: Zəhmət olmasa bu əsərin orijinal müəllifinin adını qeyd edin. Mənbə: Bu faylı haradan tapdığınızı dəqiq göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) Yaranma tarixi: İctimai mülkiyyət statusu: Bu iş bütün müəllif hüquqlarından azaddır, çünki: O, ABŞ Federal Hökumətinin agentliyi tərəfindən yaradılmışdır. Bu, ABŞ-ın əksər dövlət və yerli agentliklərinə , nə də digər ölkələrin hökumətlərinə aid deyil ! Bu bayraq, dövlət gerbi, əskinas və ya poçt markası kimi rəsmi dövlət əşyasıdır ki, yerli qanunlara əsasən bu cür əşyalar müəlliflik hüququndan azad edilir. Bu, bütün nəşrlərə şamil və ümumiyyətlə, bütün ölkələrə şamil edilmir ! Məsələn, hökumət saytında dərc olunan sadə reklam fotoşəkillərinə şamil edilmir. Lütfən, sözügedən ölkə üçün müəllif hüququ qaydalarına baxın. Ölkədə bu maddəyə aid istisna qaydası yoxdursa, aşağıda azad olmayan müəllif hüquqları ilə qorunan əsərlər bölməsinə keçin . İzah: Yuxarıdakı ifadənizi əsaslandırmaq üçün lazım olan hər hansı izahat və ya sübut əlavə edin. Mümkünsə, müvafiq qanuna istinad edin və link verin. Müəllif hüququna uyğunlaşdırmaq çox sadədir. Bu adətən sadə həndəsi fiqurlara, və yaxud bir neçə hərf və sözdən ibarət olan qrafika, riyazi və ya kimyəvi düsturlar kimi elementlərə aiddir. Mürəkkəb şəkil elementləri olmayan bəzi çox sadə loqolara da aid edilə bilər. Lakin heç vaxt fotoşəkillərə aid edilmir! Başqa bir səbəbə görə ictimai mülkiyyətdir. İzah: Azad fayl yüklədiyiniz üçün təşəkkür edirik. Vikipediya azad faylları sevir. Bununla belə, onları qardaş layihəmiz Vikianbara yükləsəniz, daha çox sevinərdik. Vikianbara yüklənmiş fayllar Vikipediyada, eləcə də onun bütün qardaş layihələrində istifadə edilə bilər. Vikianbara faylların yüklənməsi burada olduğu kimidir. Buradan faylınızı Vikianbara yükləyə bilərsiniz . Faylı buraya yükləməyi üstün tutursunuzsa, bu sorğu formasını dolduraraq davam edə bilərsiniz. Siz həmçinin bu sorğu formasına faylınız haqqında məlumatları əlavə etdikdən sonra onu Vikianbara ixrac etmək üçün istifadə edə bilərsiniz. Müəlliflik statusu: Bu fayl tamamilə öz işimdir. Mən müəllif hüququnun sahibiyəm və bu media faylı başqasının yaradıcılığını kopyalamadan və ya daxil etmədən sıfırdan özüm hazırladım və onu azad lisenziya əsasında paylaşmağa hazıram. Lütfən, "tamamilə öz işiniz" dedikdə, həqiqətən bu media faylı nəzərdə tutduğunuzdan əmin olun. Bu bölməni aşağıdakılardan heç biri üçün istifadə etməyin : İlkin olaraq başqası tərəfindən yaradılmış rəsm, rəsm, çap səhifəsi və ya digər əşyanın skan və ya fotoşəkili. Müəllif hüququ sizə deyil, orijinal yaradıcıya məxsusdur. Skrinşot və ya videonun, kompüter ekranının, televiziya proqramının və ya başqa növ vizual medianın çəkilməsi. Başqa bir şəkli dəyişdirərək və ya kopyalayaraq və ya başqası tərəfindən hazırlanmış bir neçə əvvəldən mövcud olan şəkilləri birləşdirərək yaratdığınız şəkil. Başqasının sizə verdiyi şəkil. İnternetdə haradansa tapdığınız şəkil. Bu materialları öz işi kimi saxtalaşdıraraq yükləyən istifadəçilər bloklanacaq . Bu faylı necə və nə vaxt yaratdığınızı təsvir edin. Necə? (məs.: Bu şəkli harada və nə vasitəsilə çəkmisiniz? Bu diaqramı necə yaratdınız? və s.) Vaxt (mümkünsə İİİİ-AA-GG formatından istifadə edin). Nəşr: Zəhmət olmasa, bu mediaa faylı əvvəllər başqa yerdə dərc etmisinizsə, burada qeyd edin. Məs. öz veb saytınızda, "Flickr" və ya "Facebook" hesabınızda və s. Bu işi azad lisenziya altında yerləşdirməyiniz vacibdir ki, bu da hər kəsə ondan istənilən məqsədlə, o cümlədən kommersiya və qeyri-kommersiya məqsədləri üçün istifadə etməyə və onu dəyişdirməyə imkan verəcəkdir. Bu lisenziya geri qaytarıla bilməz. Lütfən, "tamamilə öz işiniz" dedikdə, həqiqətən bu media faylı nəzərdə tutduğunuzdan əmin olun. Bu bölməni aşağıdakılardan heç biri üçün istifadə etməyin : İlkin olaraq başqası tərəfindən yaradılmış rəsm, rəsm, çap səhifəsi və ya digər əşyanın skan və ya fotoşəkili. Müəllif hüququ sizə deyil, orijinal yaradıcıya məxsusdur. Skrinşot və ya videonun, kompüter ekranının, televiziya proqramının və ya başqa növ vizual medianın çəkilməsi. Başqa bir şəkli dəyişdirərək və ya kopyalayaraq və ya başqası tərəfindən hazırlanmış bir neçə əvvəldən mövcud olan şəkilləri birləşdirərək yaratdığınız şəkil. Başqasının sizə verdiyi şəkil. İnternetdə haradansa tapdığınız şəkil. Bu faylı necə və nə vaxt yaratdığınızı təsvir edin. Necə? (məs.: Bu şəkli harada və nə vasitəsilə çəkmisiniz? Bu diaqramı necə yaratdınız? və s.) Vaxt (mümkünsə İİİİ-AA-GG formatından istifadə edin). Nəşr: Zəhmət olmasa, bu mediaa faylı əvvəllər başqa yerdə dərc etmisinizsə, burada qeyd edin. Məs. öz veb saytınızda, "Flickr" və ya "Facebook" hesabınızda və s. Bu işi azad lisenziya altında yerləşdirməyiniz vacibdir ki, bu da hər kəsə ondan istənilən məqsədlə, o cümlədən kommersiya və qeyri-kommersiya məqsədləri üçün istifadə etməyə və onu dəyişdirməyə imkan verəcəkdir. Bu lisenziya geri qaytarıla bilməz. Bu faylı mənə onun sahibi verib . Bu faylın müəllif hüququ sahibi onu Vikipediyaya yükləmək üçün mənə verdi. Mən sübut təqdim edə bilərəm ki, onlar onu azad lisenziya əsasında, hər kəs tərəfindən azad istifadə üçün və istənilən məqsədlə paylaşmağa razılaşıblar. Zəhmət olmasa, bu əsərin kimə məxsus olduğunu və necə əldə etdiyinizi təsvir edin. Sahib/müəllif: Yaranma tarixi: Mənbə: Faylı haradan almısınız? (məsələn, onlayn mövcuddur, yaxud mənə göndərilib...) İcazə: İcazəni necə aldınız? (məsələn: e-poçtla, yaxud mən sahibi üçün işləyirəm...) Müəllif hüququ sahibi aşağıdakı lisenziyanı seçdi: Lisenziya: Digər: Sübut: Lisenziya bəyanatını onlayn olaraq tapa bilərsiniz: Lisenziya müqaviləsi "permissions-az@wikimedia.org" ünvanında Vikimediyanın könüllü cavab komandasına göndərilib. OTRS bileti alındı: Lisenziya hələ göndərilməyib, lakin mən bunu tezliklə əlavə edəcəyəm və ya sahibindən onu göndərməsini xahiş edəcəyəm. Hazırda dəlillərim yoxdur, amma tələb olunarsa, bəzilərini təqdim edəcəm. Qeyd: Yoxlanıla bilən icazələri olmayan fayllar silinə bilər. Əvvəlcə icazənin sübutunu əldə etməyiniz daha yaxşı olar. Zəhmət olmasa, bu əsərin kimə məxsus olduğunu və necə əldə etdiyinizi təsvir edin. Sahib/müəllif: Yaranma tarixi: Mənbə: Faylı haradan almısınız? (məsələn, onlayn mövcuddur, yaxud mənə göndərilib...) İcazə: İcazəni necə aldınız? (məsələn: e-poçtla, yaxud mən sahibi üçün işləyirəm...) Müəllif hüququ sahibi aşağıdakı lisenziyanı seçdi: Lisenziya: Digər: Sübut: Lisenziya bəyanatını onlayn olaraq tapa bilərsiniz: Lisenziya müqaviləsi "permissions-az@wikimedia.org" ünvanında Vikimediyanın könüllü cavab komandasına göndərilib. OTRS bileti alındı: Lisenziya hələ göndərilməyib, lakin mən bunu tezliklə əlavə edəcəyəm və ya sahibindən onu göndərməsini xahiş edəcəyəm. Hazırda dəlillərim yoxdur, amma tələb olunarsa, bəzilərini təqdim edəcəm. Qeyd: Yoxlanıla bilən icazələri olmayan fayllar silinə bilər. Əvvəlcə icazənin sübutunu əldə etməyiniz daha yaxşı olar. Lisenziya bəyanatını onlayn olaraq tapa bilərsiniz: Lisenziya müqaviləsi "permissions-az@wikimedia.org" ünvanında Vikimediyanın könüllü cavab komandasına göndərilib. OTRS bileti alındı: Lisenziya hələ göndərilməyib, lakin mən bunu tezliklə əlavə edəcəyəm və ya sahibindən onu göndərməsini xahiş edəcəyəm. Hazırda dəlillərim yoxdur, amma tələb olunarsa, bəzilərini təqdim edəcəm. Qeyd: Yoxlanıla bilən icazələri olmayan fayllar silinə bilər. Əvvəlcə icazənin sübutunu əldə etməyiniz daha yaxşı olar. Bu fayl azad dərc edilmiş mənbədəndir. Mən onu hərhansı bir vebsaytdan və ya başqa nəşr edilmiş mənbədən götürdüm, burada müəllif faylı açıq şəkildə azad lisenziya ilə yerləşdirib və hər kəs tərəfindən azad təkrar istifadəyə icazə verib. Bunu yalnız mənbədə azad lisenziya ifadəsi olduqda istifadə edin. Vebsayt açıq şəkildə deməlidir ki, təsvir istənilən məqsəd üçün azad təkrar istifadəyə imkan verən lisenziya əsasında yayımlanır. Məsələn., "Creative Commons Attribution lisenziyası". Bu məlumatın keçidini dəqiq göstərməlisiniz. Mənbə saytı bunu açıq şəkildə bildirmirsə, lütfən, faylı yükləməyin . Müəllif/sahibi: Yükləmə tarixi: Mənbə: Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), faylın özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.). Müəllif hüququ sahibi bu fayl üçün aşağıdakı lisenziyanı seçdi: Lisenziya: Other: Sübut: Müəllifin faylın azad lisenziya əsasında paylaşılmasını açıq-aşkar qeyd etdiyi yerə keçidi təmin edin (mənbə səhifənin özündə görünmürsə). Bunu yalnız mənbədə azad lisenziya ifadəsi olduqda istifadə edin. Vebsayt açıq şəkildə deməlidir ki, təsvir istənilən məqsəd üçün azad təkrar istifadəyə imkan verən lisenziya əsasında yayımlanır. Məsələn., "Creative Commons Attribution lisenziyası". Bu məlumatın keçidini dəqiq göstərməlisiniz. Mənbə saytı bunu açıq şəkildə bildirmirsə, lütfən, faylı yükləməyin . Müəllif/sahibi: Yükləmə tarixi: Mənbə: Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), faylın özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.). Müəllif hüququ sahibi bu fayl üçün aşağıdakı lisenziyanı seçdi: Lisenziya: Other: Sübut: Müəllifin faylın azad lisenziya əsasında paylaşılmasını açıq-aşkar qeyd etdiyi yerə keçidi təmin edin (mənbə səhifənin özündə görünmürsə). Bu əsər o qədər köhnədir ki, onun müəlliflik hüququ müddəti bitib . Bu köhnə fotoşəkil və ya köhnə rəsm və s.-nin foto reproduksiyasıdır. Mən onun müəllif hüquqlarının sona çatması üçün kifayət qədər köhnə olduğunu sübut etmək üçün onun müəllifi və mənşəyi haqqında kifayət qədər məlumat verə bilərəm. İndi qanuni olaraq ictimai mülkiyyətdir . Orjinal müəllif: Zəhmət olmasa bu əsərin orijinal müəllifinin adını qeyd edin. Doğum/vəfat tarixi: İctimai mülkiyyətdir statusuna uyğundursa, ölüm tarixini göstərin. Müəllifin nə vaxt vəfat etməsi ilə bağlı məlumatlar dəqiq olmalıdır, bir çox hallarda 1931-cu ildən əvvəl. Orijinal nəşr: Bu əsərin ilkin nəşr vaxtı və yeri haqqında mümkün qədər çox məlumat verin. Çap nəşrləri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin. Nəşr tarixi: İlk nəşr tarixini və ya fərqli fayldırsa yaradılma tarixini göstərin. Birbaşa mənbə: Bu faylı dəqiq haradan tapdığınızı göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) İctimai mülkiyyət statusu: Bu iş bütün müəllif hüquqlarından azaddır, çünki: 1931-dan əvvəl yaradılıb və yayınlanıb və buna görə də ABŞ-də ictimai mülkiyyətdir. Bu ilk dəfə ABŞ-dan kənarda nəşr olunub və " URMQ tarixinə " qədər mənşə ölkəsində İctimai mülkiyyət idi. Əksər ölkələr üçün bu o deməkdir ki, müəllif 1996-cı il yanvarın 1-dən 70 il əvvəl, yəni 1926-cı ildən əvvəl vəfat etmişdir. Lütfən, konkret bir ölkə üçün müəllif hüququ qaydalarına buradan baxın: [1] . İlk dəfə 1989-cu ildən əvvəl ABŞ-da nəşr edilib və müəllif hüququ bildirişi olmadan, və yaxud lazımi müəllif hüquqları qeydiyyatı olmadan dərc edildiyi üçün onun müəllif hüququ müddəti başa çatıb. Zəhmət olmasa qaydalarla daha dəqiq tanış olun [2] . Onun müəlliflik hüququ başqa səbəbə görə başa çatıb [Aşağıda izah edin]. İzah: İctimai mülkiyyət statusunu yoxlamaq üçün lazım olan hər hansı sübutu təqdim edin. Orjinal müəllif: Zəhmət olmasa bu əsərin orijinal müəllifinin adını qeyd edin. Doğum/vəfat tarixi: İctimai mülkiyyətdir statusuna uyğundursa, ölüm tarixini göstərin. Müəllifin nə vaxt vəfat etməsi ilə bağlı məlumatlar dəqiq olmalıdır, bir çox hallarda 1931-cu ildən əvvəl. Orijinal nəşr: Bu əsərin ilkin nəşr vaxtı və yeri haqqında mümkün qədər çox məlumat verin. Çap nəşrləri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin. Nəşr tarixi: İlk nəşr tarixini və ya fərqli fayldırsa yaradılma tarixini göstərin. Birbaşa mənbə: Bu faylı dəqiq haradan tapdığınızı göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) İctimai mülkiyyət statusu: Bu iş bütün müəllif hüquqlarından azaddır, çünki: 1931-dan əvvəl yaradılıb və yayınlanıb və buna görə də ABŞ-də ictimai mülkiyyətdir. Bu ilk dəfə ABŞ-dan kənarda nəşr olunub və " URMQ tarixinə " qədər mənşə ölkəsində İctimai mülkiyyət idi. Əksər ölkələr üçün bu o deməkdir ki, müəllif 1996-cı il yanvarın 1-dən 70 il əvvəl, yəni 1926-cı ildən əvvəl vəfat etmişdir. Lütfən, konkret bir ölkə üçün müəllif hüququ qaydalarına buradan baxın: [1] . İlk dəfə 1989-cu ildən əvvəl ABŞ-da nəşr edilib və müəllif hüququ bildirişi olmadan, və yaxud lazımi müəllif hüquqları qeydiyyatı olmadan dərc edildiyi üçün onun müəllif hüququ müddəti başa çatıb. Zəhmət olmasa qaydalarla daha dəqiq tanış olun [2] . Onun müəlliflik hüququ başqa səbəbə görə başa çatıb [Aşağıda izah edin]. 1931-dan əvvəl yaradılıb və yayınlanıb və buna görə də ABŞ-də ictimai mülkiyyətdir. Bu ilk dəfə ABŞ-dan kənarda nəşr olunub və " URMQ tarixinə " qədər mənşə ölkəsində İctimai mülkiyyət idi. Əksər ölkələr üçün bu o deməkdir ki, müəllif 1996-cı il yanvarın 1-dən 70 il əvvəl, yəni 1926-cı ildən əvvəl vəfat etmişdir. Lütfən, konkret bir ölkə üçün müəllif hüququ qaydalarına buradan baxın: [1] . İlk dəfə 1989-cu ildən əvvəl ABŞ-da nəşr edilib və müəllif hüququ bildirişi olmadan, və yaxud lazımi müəllif hüquqları qeydiyyatı olmadan dərc edildiyi üçün onun müəllif hüququ müddəti başa çatıb. Zəhmət olmasa qaydalarla daha dəqiq tanış olun [2] . Onun müəlliflik hüququ başqa səbəbə görə başa çatıb [Aşağıda izah edin]. İzah: İctimai mülkiyyət statusunu yoxlamaq üçün lazım olan hər hansı sübutu təqdim edin. Bu fayl başqa səbəbə görə ictimai mülkiyyətdir . Mən sübut edə bilərəm ki, bu əsər qanuni olaraq ictimai mülkiyyətdir, yəni heç kimin onun üzərində müəllif hüquqları yoxdur. Bu, müxtəlif səbəblərə görə ola bilər, məsələn, ABŞ Federal Hökuməti tərəfindən yaradıldığına və ya müəllif hüququnlarının alınmasının çox sadə olmasına görə. İctimai mülkiyyət o deməkdir ki, bu əsərin müəllif hüquqları heç kəsə aid deyil. Bu, sadəcə olaraq onun internetdə hər hansı bir yerdə sərbəst görünməsi və ya başqaları tərəfindən geniş şəkildə istifadə edilməsi demək deyil . Bu sadəcə olaraq internetdə haradansa tapdığınız şəkillər üçün deyil . İnternetdəki şəkillərin əksəriyyəti müəllif hüququ altındadır və kiməsə məxsusdur, hətta sahibinin bu müəllif hüququna əhəmiyyət verməyəcəyinə inansanız belə. Əgər fayl, ictimai mülkiyyətdədirsə, bunun üçün faktiki qanuna işarə edə bilməlisiniz. Əgər belə bir qanuna işarə edə bilmirsinizsə, lütfən, onu yükləməyin . Müəllif: Zəhmət olmasa bu əsərin orijinal müəllifinin adını qeyd edin. Mənbə: Bu faylı haradan tapdığınızı dəqiq göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) Yaranma tarixi: İctimai mülkiyyət statusu: Bu iş bütün müəllif hüquqlarından azaddır, çünki: O, ABŞ Federal Hökumətinin agentliyi tərəfindən yaradılmışdır. Bu, ABŞ-ın əksər dövlət və yerli agentliklərinə , nə də digər ölkələrin hökumətlərinə aid deyil ! Bu bayraq, dövlət gerbi, əskinas və ya poçt markası kimi rəsmi dövlət əşyasıdır ki, yerli qanunlara əsasən bu cür əşyalar müəlliflik hüququndan azad edilir. Bu, bütün nəşrlərə şamil və ümumiyyətlə, bütün ölkələrə şamil edilmir ! Məsələn, hökumət saytında dərc olunan sadə reklam fotoşəkillərinə şamil edilmir. Lütfən, sözügedən ölkə üçün müəllif hüququ qaydalarına baxın. Ölkədə bu maddəyə aid istisna qaydası yoxdursa, aşağıda azad olmayan müəllif hüquqları ilə qorunan əsərlər bölməsinə keçin . İzah: Yuxarıdakı ifadənizi əsaslandırmaq üçün lazım olan hər hansı izahat və ya sübut əlavə edin. Mümkünsə, müvafiq qanuna istinad edin və link verin. Müəllif hüququna uyğunlaşdırmaq çox sadədir. Bu adətən sadə həndəsi fiqurlara, və yaxud bir neçə hərf və sözdən ibarət olan qrafika, riyazi və ya kimyəvi düsturlar kimi elementlərə aiddir. Mürəkkəb şəkil elementləri olmayan bəzi çox sadə loqolara da aid edilə bilər. Lakin heç vaxt fotoşəkillərə aid edilmir! Başqa bir səbəbə görə ictimai mülkiyyətdir. İzah: İctimai mülkiyyət o deməkdir ki, bu əsərin müəllif hüquqları heç kəsə aid deyil. Bu, sadəcə olaraq onun internetdə hər hansı bir yerdə sərbəst görünməsi və ya başqaları tərəfindən geniş şəkildə istifadə edilməsi demək deyil . Bu sadəcə olaraq internetdə haradansa tapdığınız şəkillər üçün deyil . İnternetdəki şəkillərin əksəriyyəti müəllif hüququ altındadır və kiməsə məxsusdur, hətta sahibinin bu müəllif hüququna əhəmiyyət verməyəcəyinə inansanız belə. Əgər fayl, ictimai mülkiyyətdədirsə, bunun üçün faktiki qanuna işarə edə bilməlisiniz. Əgər belə bir qanuna işarə edə bilmirsinizsə, lütfən, onu yükləməyin . Müəllif: Zəhmət olmasa bu əsərin orijinal müəllifinin adını qeyd edin. Mənbə: Bu faylı haradan tapdığınızı dəqiq göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) Yaranma tarixi: İctimai mülkiyyət statusu: Bu iş bütün müəllif hüquqlarından azaddır, çünki: O, ABŞ Federal Hökumətinin agentliyi tərəfindən yaradılmışdır. Bu, ABŞ-ın əksər dövlət və yerli agentliklərinə , nə də digər ölkələrin hökumətlərinə aid deyil ! Bu bayraq, dövlət gerbi, əskinas və ya poçt markası kimi rəsmi dövlət əşyasıdır ki, yerli qanunlara əsasən bu cür əşyalar müəlliflik hüququndan azad edilir. Bu, bütün nəşrlərə şamil və ümumiyyətlə, bütün ölkələrə şamil edilmir ! Məsələn, hökumət saytında dərc olunan sadə reklam fotoşəkillərinə şamil edilmir. Lütfən, sözügedən ölkə üçün müəllif hüququ qaydalarına baxın. Ölkədə bu maddəyə aid istisna qaydası yoxdursa, aşağıda azad olmayan müəllif hüquqları ilə qorunan əsərlər bölməsinə keçin . İzah: Yuxarıdakı ifadənizi əsaslandırmaq üçün lazım olan hər hansı izahat və ya sübut əlavə edin. Mümkünsə, müvafiq qanuna istinad edin və link verin. Müəllif hüququna uyğunlaşdırmaq çox sadədir. Bu adətən sadə həndəsi fiqurlara, və yaxud bir neçə hərf və sözdən ibarət olan qrafika, riyazi və ya kimyəvi düsturlar kimi elementlərə aiddir. Mürəkkəb şəkil elementləri olmayan bəzi çox sadə loqolara da aid edilə bilər. Lakin heç vaxt fotoşəkillərə aid edilmir! Başqa bir səbəbə görə ictimai mülkiyyətdir. İzah: O, ABŞ Federal Hökumətinin agentliyi tərəfindən yaradılmışdır. Bu, ABŞ-ın əksər dövlət və yerli agentliklərinə , nə də digər ölkələrin hökumətlərinə aid deyil ! Bu bayraq, dövlət gerbi, əskinas və ya poçt markası kimi rəsmi dövlət əşyasıdır ki, yerli qanunlara əsasən bu cür əşyalar müəlliflik hüququndan azad edilir. Bu, bütün nəşrlərə şamil və ümumiyyətlə, bütün ölkələrə şamil edilmir ! Məsələn, hökumət saytında dərc olunan sadə reklam fotoşəkillərinə şamil edilmir. Lütfən, sözügedən ölkə üçün müəllif hüququ qaydalarına baxın. Ölkədə bu maddəyə aid istisna qaydası yoxdursa, aşağıda azad olmayan müəllif hüquqları ilə qorunan əsərlər bölməsinə keçin . İzah: Yuxarıdakı ifadənizi əsaslandırmaq üçün lazım olan hər hansı izahat və ya sübut əlavə edin. Mümkünsə, müvafiq qanuna istinad edin və link verin. Müəllif hüququna uyğunlaşdırmaq çox sadədir. Bu adətən sadə həndəsi fiqurlara, və yaxud bir neçə hərf və sözdən ibarət olan qrafika, riyazi və ya kimyəvi düsturlar kimi elementlərə aiddir. Mürəkkəb şəkil elementləri olmayan bəzi çox sadə loqolara da aid edilə bilər. Lakin heç vaxt fotoşəkillərə aid edilmir! Başqa bir səbəbə görə ictimai mülkiyyətdir. İzah: Bu, müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan, azad olmayan işdir, lakin mən bunun ədalətli istifadə olduğuna inanıram. Mən ədalətli istifadə barədə Vikipediya qaydalarını oxudum və bu fayldan necə istifadə olunacağını izah etməyə hazıram. Orada göstərilən meyarlara cavab verəcəkdir. Bunları göstərməli olduğunuzu unutmayın.: Fayl müəyyən bir məqalədə mühüm funksiyanı yerinə yetirəcək. ( AOMM8 ) Onu hələ ki, başqa bir azad illüstrasiya ilə əvəz etmək mümkün deyil. ( AOMM1 ) Onun istifadəsi sahibinin kommersiya maraqlarına mənfi təsir göstərmir. ( AOMM2 ) Lazım olduğundan daha çox azad olmayan material istifadə edilməyəcək. ( AOMM3 ) Bu fayl aşağıdakı məqalədə istifadə olunacaq: Vikipediya məqaləsinin adını mötərizəsiz ([[...]]) və URL kodu (" olmadan qeyd edin. Bu müzakirə səhifəsi, şablon, istifadəçi səhifəsi və s. deyil, aktual məqalə olmalıdır. Əgər faylı birdən çox məqalədə istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, onlardan yalnız birinin adını burada qeyd edin. Yüklədikdən sonra redaktə etmək üçün faylın təsviri səhifəsini açın və hər bir əlavə məqalə üçün ayrıca izahatlarınızı əl ilə əlavə edin. Misal – məqalə mövcuddur. Bu məqalə mövcud deyil! Məqaləni Misal tapmaq mümkün olmadı. Lütfən orfoqrafiyanı yoxlayın və bu faylı daxil edəcəyiniz mövcud məqalənin adını daxil etdiyinizə əmin olun. Əgər bu yalnız yazmağı planlaşdırdığınız məqalədirsə, zəhmət olmasa əvvəlcə onu yazın və sonra faylı yükləyin. Bu faktiki ensiklopediya məqaləsi deyil! Səhifə Example əsas ad fəzasında deyil . Azad olmayan fayllar yalnız məqalə səhifələrində istifadə edilə bilər, istifadəçi səhifəsində, müzakirə səhifəsində, şablonda və s. yox . Zəhmət olmasa bu faylı yalnız faktiki məqalədə istifadə olunacaqsa yükləyin. Əgər bu səhifə qaralamasıdırsa, üzr istəyirik. Səhifə hazır olana və əsas fəzaya köçürülənə qədər gözləməyinizi və yalnız bundan sonra faylı yükləmənizi xahiş edirik. Bu aydınlaşdırma səhifəsidir! Səhifə Example məqalə deyil, aydınlaşdırma səhifəsidir. Zəhmət olmasa yenidən yoxlayın və nəzərdə tutduğunuz faktiki hədəf məqalənin başlığını daxil edin. Sərbəst olmayan istifadə əsaslandırması Bu şəkil məqalədə müzakirə obyektidir. Bu müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan sənət əsəri və ya fotoşəkildir və şəklin özü məqalədə müzakirə mövzusudur. Müzakirə şəxs haqqında deyil , fotoşəkil və ya rəsm əsəri haqqındadır. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Bu əsəri kim yaradıb? Müəllif/sahibi: Date: Mənbə: Bu faylı haradan tapdığınızı dəqiq göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) İstifadəsi: Bütövlükdə məqalə bu xüsusi fotoşəkilin/rəsmin müzakirəsinə həsr edilmişdir (söhbət təkcə şəkildə göstərilən şəxs, və ya əşyadan getmir ). Bu məqalədə fotoşəkil/rəsm haqqında çoxlu ensiklopedik müzakirələr var (təkcə orada göstərilən şəxs, və ya başqa şey haqqında deyil ). Aşağıdakı bəndi dəstəkləmək üçün faylın təsvirini xüsusi olaraq qeyd etmək lazımdır: Bu iki ifadədən heç biri uyğun gəlmirsə, lütfən, bu şəkli yükləməyin . Bu bölmə sadəcə bir şəxs və ya əşya haqqında məqaləni təsvir etmək üçün istifadə edilən, həmin şəxsin və ya əşyanın necə göründüyünü göstərən şəkillər üçün deyil . Bu məqalədə müzakirə obyekti olan müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan üçölçülü əsərin və ya binanın təsviridir . Bu heykəl və ya memarlıq əsəri kimi müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan, üçölçülü yaradıcı işin fotoşəkili və ya başqa cür təsviridir. Məqalədə illüstrasiya tələb edən işin müzakirəsi var. Fotoşəkil pulsuzdur və ya heykəlin yaradıcısı tərəfindən təqdim edilmişdir. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Əvvəlcə təsvir olunan orijinal əsəri kimin yaratdığını təsvir edin: Yaradan: Tarix: İstifadəsi: Bütövlükdə məqalə xüsusi olaraq bu işə həsr edilmişdir. Bu məqalədə bu əsərin kifayət qədər ensiklopedik müzakirəsi mövcuddur. Aşağıdakı bəndi dəstəkləmək üçün təsvir xüsusi olaraq lazımdır: İndi şəkli kimin yaratdığını təsvir edin: Müəllif: Tarix: Mənbə: Bu faylı dəqiq harada tapdığınızı göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) Şəklin statusu Təsvir orijinal obyektin hüquqlarına sahib olan eyni müəllif tərəfindən yaradılmış və nəşr edilmişdir. Heç bir alternativ təsvir uyğun şəkildə yaradıla bilməz. Şəklin müəllifi faylı azad lisenziya ilə paylaşıb və ya ictimai mülkiyyətdədir: Lisenziya statusunun yoxlanıla bilməsi üçün lazımi sübutları əlavə edərək, lisenziyanı faylın səhifəsinə əlavə edin və ictimai mülkiyyət statusunu təsvir edin. Bu müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan əsərdən bir parçadır . Bu müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan əsərdən çıxarışdır, məs. film və ya televiziya proqramından skrinşot, komiksdən panel və ya mahnıdan səs nümunəsi. Faylın mövcudluğu həmin əsər və ya onun yaradıcısı ilə bağlı məqalə ilə bağlı açıq-aşkar tənqidi müzakirəni dəstəkləmək üçün lazımdır. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Müəllif: (əsərin müəllifi/müəllif hüquqları sahibi) Yaradıla vaxtı: Mənbə: (bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) Zəhmət olmasa məqalədə bununla nəyi təsvir etmək istədiyinizi izah edin. Tipik olaraq illüstrasiya məqalədə müəyyən müzakirə mövzusunu dəstəkləmək üçün istifadə edilməlidir. Zəhmət olmasa konkret olun. Başqa yerdən əldə edilmiş məlumatlar kopyalamayın. Bu faylın məqalədəki rolunu öz sözlərinizlə açıq şəkildə ifadə edin. Lazım gələrsə bu məqsədə təkcə mətn vasitəsilə nail olmağın mümkün olmadığını izah edin. Bu əsərin rəsmi üz qabığıdır . Bu kitabın üz qabığı, CD və ya videonun üz qabığı, filmin rəsmi buraxılış posteri, və s. kimi bunlara oxşar bir işdir. Həmin əsərin əsas vizual identifikasiya vasitəsi kimi sözügedən kitab, film və s. haqqında məqalənin yuxarı hissəsinə daxil ediləcək. Qeyd: Faylı bundan başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Müəllif: (əsərin müəllifi/müəllif hüquqları sahibi) Nəşr vaxtı: Mənbə: (bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) Bu şəkil sözügedən işə həsr olunmuş məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı bundan başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Bu təşkilatın, şirkətin, brendin və s. loqosudur . Bu, Vikipediya məqaləsinin mövzusu olan qurumun rəsmi loqosudur. O sözügedən məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Qeyd: Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı bundan başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Mənbə: (bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) O sözügedən məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı bundan başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Bu həyatda olmayan insanın tarixi portretidir . Bu həyatda olmayan insanın tarixi fotoşəkili, və ya başqa bir təsviridir. Məqalədə həmin şəxsin vizual tanınması üçün əsas vasitə kimi istifadə olunacaq. Vəfat tarixi: (Bu tip fayl adətən yalnız həyatda olmayan insanlarla istifadə edilə bilər.) Müəllif: (Bu görüntünün müəllifi kimdir?) Orjinal nəşr: (Bu şəkil ilk dəfə harada, nə vaxt və necə dərc olunub?) Nəşr tarixi: Mənbə: (Bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) O sözügedən məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Zəhmət olmasa, niyə bu şəkilə azad alternativ tapılmadığını izah edin. Bu yaxınlarda vəfat etmiş şəxslər üçün: Bu şəxsin fotoşəkillərinə sahib ola biləcək və bu şəkilləri paylaşmaq istəyən insanları tapmaq üçün kifayət qədər səy göstərmisinizmi? 20-ci əsrin əvvəlindən ortalarına qədər yaşamış şəxslər üçün: Azad olan fotoşəkilin olub-olmadığını düşünmüsünüzmü? Zəhmət olmasa, bu fayldan istifadənin onun sahibinin heç bir kommersiya imkanlarına zərər verməyəcəyinə əmin olduğunuzu izah edin. Əgər faylın istifadəsi onun müəllifinin bazardakı mövqeyinə və kommersiya maraqlarına ziyan vurursa, biz adətən fayldan istifadə etməyəcəyik. Bu, qanuni ədalətli istifadə olduğuna inandığım başqa bir növ azad işdir. Bu istifadəsi yuxarıda göstərilən bəndlərin heç birinə aid olmayan müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan işdir. Mən ədalətli istifadəyə dair Vikipediya qaydalarını oxudum və bu faylın orada göstərilən bütün meyarlara necə cavab verdiyini izah edəcəyəm. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Müəllif: (Who made this image?) Orijinal nəşr: (Bu şəkil ilk dəfə harada, nə vaxt və necə dərc olunub?) Nəşr vaxtı: Mənbə: (Bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) Zəhmət olmasa, məqalədə bu faylın hansı məqsədə xidmət edəcəyini izah edin. Zəhmət olmasa konkret olun. Başqa yerdən əldə edilmiş bəyanatları kopyalamayın. Bu faylın, bu məqalədə nə işə yarayacağını öz sözlərinizlə açıq şəkildə qeyd edin. Qeydləriniz bu faylın məqalənin məzmununa nə dərəcədə təsir edəcəyini izah edəcək. Lazım gələrsə bu məqsədə təkcə mətn vasitəsilə nail olmağın mümkün olmadığını izah edin. Lütfən bu məqsədə niyə hələ ki, tapılmamış, yaxud mövcud olmayan alternativ, azad bir illüstrasiya ilə nail ola bilmədiyinizi açıqlayın. Bir faylın dəyişdirilə bilən hesab edilməsi üçün, uyğun əvəzedici faylın halhazırda mövcud olması mühüm deyil. Əvəzedicinin yaradılması mümkün olsa belə, biz azad olmayan fayldan istifadə etməyəcəyik. Zəhmət olmasa, bizim fayldan istifadəmizin onun sahibinin heç bir kommersiya imkanlarına zərər verməyəcəyinə əmin olduğunuzu izah edin. Əgər faylın istifadəsi onun müəllifinin bazardakı mövqeyinə və kommersiya maraqlarına ziyan vurursa, biz adətən fayldan istifadə etməyəcəyik. Unutmayın ki, azad olmayan faylların istifadəsi minimum olmalıdır. Bu bir neçə şeyi ifadə edə bilər: Hər məqalə/mövzu üçün lazım olduğundan daha çox fayl istifadə etməyin. Eyni faylı lazım olduğundan daha çox məqalədə istifadə etməyin. Bir əsərin məzmunundan lazım olduğundan daha çox istifadə etməyin Lazım olduğundan daha böyük ölçülü şəkillərdən istifadə etməyin Bunu nəzərə alaraq, bu fayldan istifadənin necə minimal olacağını izah edin. Xüsusi mənbə və lisenziya şərtləri (istəyə bağlı) Bu fayl haqqında əlavə məlumat varmı? Xülasəni redaktə edin: Faylın qısa təsviri. Bu təsvir fayl səhifəsində olmayacaq, redaktə tarixçəsində göstəriləcək. Hə , mən bu faylın bütün Vikimedia layihələrində, bütün dillərdə mövcud olmasını istəyirəm. Mən onu Vikianbara yükləyəcəm. Bu düyməyə klikləməklə siz Vikianbardakı səhifəyə yönləndirəcəksiniz. Lütfən yükləmədən əvvəl bu keçiddən hesabınıza daxil olub-olmadığınızı yoxlayın.. Yox , Mən bu faylı yerli olaraq yükləmək istəyirəm. Bu yolla o, yalnız Azərbaycanca Vikipediyada istifadə edilə bilər. Lokal yükləmə üçün ciddi səbəb olmadığı halda, onu Vikianbara yükləməyinizi xahiş edirik. Çox vaxt lokal yüklənməli fayllar başqa yerdə istifadə üçün Vikianbara əlavə edilir və sonra oradan silinir. Həmin faylların geri qaytarılması könüllülərin üzərində əlavə iş yükü olur. Faylınızın Vikianbara yüklənilməsini və lokal olaraq silinməsini istəmirsinizsə , .mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-weak{color:#72777d}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe{margin:0 2px}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe+.ts-templateCallCode-pipe,.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe+.ts-templateCallCode-param>.ts-templateCallCode-weak:first-child>.ts-templateCallCode-pipe:first-child{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-param+.ts-templateCallCode-closing{margin-left:2px}.mw-parser-output span.ts-templateCallCode>.ts-templateCallCode-templateName a{padding:0 0.5em!important;position:relative;margin:-0.5em} {{ Lokalda saxla }} şablonunu əlavə etməyi düşünün. Bu formanı sıfırlayın və yenidən başlayın. Bunları göstərməli olduğunuzu unutmayın.: Fayl müəyyən bir məqalədə mühüm funksiyanı yerinə yetirəcək. ( AOMM8 ) Onu hələ ki, başqa bir azad illüstrasiya ilə əvəz etmək mümkün deyil. ( AOMM1 ) Onun istifadəsi sahibinin kommersiya maraqlarına mənfi təsir göstərmir. ( AOMM2 ) Lazım olduğundan daha çox azad olmayan material istifadə edilməyəcək. ( AOMM3 ) Bu fayl aşağıdakı məqalədə istifadə olunacaq: Vikipediya məqaləsinin adını mötərizəsiz ([[...]]) və URL kodu (" olmadan qeyd edin. Bu müzakirə səhifəsi, şablon, istifadəçi səhifəsi və s. deyil, aktual məqalə olmalıdır. Əgər faylı birdən çox məqalədə istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, onlardan yalnız birinin adını burada qeyd edin. Yüklədikdən sonra redaktə etmək üçün faylın təsviri səhifəsini açın və hər bir əlavə məqalə üçün ayrıca izahatlarınızı əl ilə əlavə edin. Misal – məqalə mövcuddur. Bu məqalə mövcud deyil! Məqaləni Misal tapmaq mümkün olmadı. Lütfən orfoqrafiyanı yoxlayın və bu faylı daxil edəcəyiniz mövcud məqalənin adını daxil etdiyinizə əmin olun. Əgər bu yalnız yazmağı planlaşdırdığınız məqalədirsə, zəhmət olmasa əvvəlcə onu yazın və sonra faylı yükləyin. Bu faktiki ensiklopediya məqaləsi deyil! Səhifə Example əsas ad fəzasında deyil . Azad olmayan fayllar yalnız məqalə səhifələrində istifadə edilə bilər, istifadəçi səhifəsində, müzakirə səhifəsində, şablonda və s. yox . Zəhmət olmasa bu faylı yalnız faktiki məqalədə istifadə olunacaqsa yükləyin. Bu aydınlaşdırma səhifəsidir! Səhifə Example məqalə deyil, aydınlaşdırma səhifəsidir. Zəhmət olmasa yenidən yoxlayın və nəzərdə tutduğunuz faktiki hədəf məqalənin başlığını daxil edin. Sərbəst olmayan istifadə əsaslandırması Bu şəkil məqalədə müzakirə obyektidir. Bu müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan sənət əsəri və ya fotoşəkildir və şəklin özü məqalədə müzakirə mövzusudur. Müzakirə şəxs haqqında deyil , fotoşəkil və ya rəsm əsəri haqqındadır. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Bu əsəri kim yaradıb? Müəllif/sahibi: Date: Mənbə: Bu faylı haradan tapdığınızı dəqiq göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) İstifadəsi: Bütövlükdə məqalə bu xüsusi fotoşəkilin/rəsmin müzakirəsinə həsr edilmişdir (söhbət təkcə şəkildə göstərilən şəxs, və ya əşyadan getmir ). Bu məqalədə fotoşəkil/rəsm haqqında çoxlu ensiklopedik müzakirələr var (təkcə orada göstərilən şəxs, və ya başqa şey haqqında deyil ). Aşağıdakı bəndi dəstəkləmək üçün faylın təsvirini xüsusi olaraq qeyd etmək lazımdır: Bu iki ifadədən heç biri uyğun gəlmirsə, lütfən, bu şəkli yükləməyin . Bu bölmə sadəcə bir şəxs və ya əşya haqqında məqaləni təsvir etmək üçün istifadə edilən, həmin şəxsin və ya əşyanın necə göründüyünü göstərən şəkillər üçün deyil . Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Bu əsəri kim yaradıb? Müəllif/sahibi: Date: Mənbə: Bu faylı haradan tapdığınızı dəqiq göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) İstifadəsi: Bütövlükdə məqalə bu xüsusi fotoşəkilin/rəsmin müzakirəsinə həsr edilmişdir (söhbət təkcə şəkildə göstərilən şəxs, və ya əşyadan getmir ). Bu məqalədə fotoşəkil/rəsm haqqında çoxlu ensiklopedik müzakirələr var (təkcə orada göstərilən şəxs, və ya başqa şey haqqında deyil ). Aşağıdakı bəndi dəstəkləmək üçün faylın təsvirini xüsusi olaraq qeyd etmək lazımdır: Bu iki ifadədən heç biri uyğun gəlmirsə, lütfən, bu şəkli yükləməyin . Bu bölmə sadəcə bir şəxs və ya əşya haqqında məqaləni təsvir etmək üçün istifadə edilən, həmin şəxsin və ya əşyanın necə göründüyünü göstərən şəkillər üçün deyil . Bu iki ifadədən heç biri uyğun gəlmirsə, lütfən, bu şəkli yükləməyin . Bu bölmə sadəcə bir şəxs və ya əşya haqqında məqaləni təsvir etmək üçün istifadə edilən, həmin şəxsin və ya əşyanın necə göründüyünü göstərən şəkillər üçün deyil . Bu məqalədə müzakirə obyekti olan müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan üçölçülü əsərin və ya binanın təsviridir . Bu heykəl və ya memarlıq əsəri kimi müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan, üçölçülü yaradıcı işin fotoşəkili və ya başqa cür təsviridir. Məqalədə illüstrasiya tələb edən işin müzakirəsi var. Fotoşəkil pulsuzdur və ya heykəlin yaradıcısı tərəfindən təqdim edilmişdir. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Əvvəlcə təsvir olunan orijinal əsəri kimin yaratdığını təsvir edin: Yaradan: Tarix: İstifadəsi: Bütövlükdə məqalə xüsusi olaraq bu işə həsr edilmişdir. Bu məqalədə bu əsərin kifayət qədər ensiklopedik müzakirəsi mövcuddur. Aşağıdakı bəndi dəstəkləmək üçün təsvir xüsusi olaraq lazımdır: İndi şəkli kimin yaratdığını təsvir edin: Müəllif: Tarix: Mənbə: Bu faylı dəqiq harada tapdığınızı göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) Şəklin statusu Təsvir orijinal obyektin hüquqlarına sahib olan eyni müəllif tərəfindən yaradılmış və nəşr edilmişdir. Heç bir alternativ təsvir uyğun şəkildə yaradıla bilməz. Şəklin müəllifi faylı azad lisenziya ilə paylaşıb və ya ictimai mülkiyyətdədir: Lisenziya statusunun yoxlanıla bilməsi üçün lazımi sübutları əlavə edərək, lisenziyanı faylın səhifəsinə əlavə edin və ictimai mülkiyyət statusunu təsvir edin. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Əvvəlcə təsvir olunan orijinal əsəri kimin yaratdığını təsvir edin: Yaradan: Tarix: İstifadəsi: Bütövlükdə məqalə xüsusi olaraq bu işə həsr edilmişdir. Bu məqalədə bu əsərin kifayət qədər ensiklopedik müzakirəsi mövcuddur. Aşağıdakı bəndi dəstəkləmək üçün təsvir xüsusi olaraq lazımdır: İndi şəkli kimin yaratdığını təsvir edin: Müəllif: Tarix: Mənbə: Bu faylı dəqiq harada tapdığınızı göstərin. Veb mənbələri üçün: Lütfən, faylın tapıla biləcəyi "html" veb səhifəsinə keçid verin (" .html"), şəkil faylının özünə birbaşa keçid deyil (" .jpg"). Çap mənbələri üçün: Tam biblioqrafik məlumat verin (müəllif, başlıq, nəşriyyat, il, səhifə və s.) Şəklin statusu Təsvir orijinal obyektin hüquqlarına sahib olan eyni müəllif tərəfindən yaradılmış və nəşr edilmişdir. Heç bir alternativ təsvir uyğun şəkildə yaradıla bilməz. Şəklin müəllifi faylı azad lisenziya ilə paylaşıb və ya ictimai mülkiyyətdədir: Lisenziya statusunun yoxlanıla bilməsi üçün lazımi sübutları əlavə edərək, lisenziyanı faylın səhifəsinə əlavə edin və ictimai mülkiyyət statusunu təsvir edin. Bu müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan əsərdən bir parçadır . Bu müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan əsərdən çıxarışdır, məs. film və ya televiziya proqramından skrinşot, komiksdən panel və ya mahnıdan səs nümunəsi. Faylın mövcudluğu həmin əsər və ya onun yaradıcısı ilə bağlı məqalə ilə bağlı açıq-aşkar tənqidi müzakirəni dəstəkləmək üçün lazımdır. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Müəllif: (əsərin müəllifi/müəllif hüquqları sahibi) Yaradıla vaxtı: Mənbə: (bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) Zəhmət olmasa məqalədə bununla nəyi təsvir etmək istədiyinizi izah edin. Tipik olaraq illüstrasiya məqalədə müəyyən müzakirə mövzusunu dəstəkləmək üçün istifadə edilməlidir. Zəhmət olmasa konkret olun. Başqa yerdən əldə edilmiş məlumatlar kopyalamayın. Bu faylın məqalədəki rolunu öz sözlərinizlə açıq şəkildə ifadə edin. Lazım gələrsə bu məqsədə təkcə mətn vasitəsilə nail olmağın mümkün olmadığını izah edin. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Müəllif: (əsərin müəllifi/müəllif hüquqları sahibi) Yaradıla vaxtı: Mənbə: (bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) Zəhmət olmasa məqalədə bununla nəyi təsvir etmək istədiyinizi izah edin. Tipik olaraq illüstrasiya məqalədə müəyyən müzakirə mövzusunu dəstəkləmək üçün istifadə edilməlidir. Zəhmət olmasa konkret olun. Başqa yerdən əldə edilmiş məlumatlar kopyalamayın. Bu faylın məqalədəki rolunu öz sözlərinizlə açıq şəkildə ifadə edin. Lazım gələrsə bu məqsədə təkcə mətn vasitəsilə nail olmağın mümkün olmadığını izah edin. Bu əsərin rəsmi üz qabığıdır . Bu kitabın üz qabığı, CD və ya videonun üz qabığı, filmin rəsmi buraxılış posteri, və s. kimi bunlara oxşar bir işdir. Həmin əsərin əsas vizual identifikasiya vasitəsi kimi sözügedən kitab, film və s. haqqında məqalənin yuxarı hissəsinə daxil ediləcək. Qeyd: Faylı bundan başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Müəllif: (əsərin müəllifi/müəllif hüquqları sahibi) Nəşr vaxtı: Mənbə: (bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) Bu şəkil sözügedən işə həsr olunmuş məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı bundan başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Müəllif: (əsərin müəllifi/müəllif hüquqları sahibi) Nəşr vaxtı: Mənbə: (bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) Bu şəkil sözügedən işə həsr olunmuş məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı bundan başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Bu təşkilatın, şirkətin, brendin və s. loqosudur . Bu, Vikipediya məqaləsinin mövzusu olan qurumun rəsmi loqosudur. O sözügedən məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Qeyd: Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı bundan başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Mənbə: (bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) O sözügedən məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı bundan başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Mənbə: (bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) O sözügedən məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı bundan başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Bu həyatda olmayan insanın tarixi portretidir . Bu həyatda olmayan insanın tarixi fotoşəkili, və ya başqa bir təsviridir. Məqalədə həmin şəxsin vizual tanınması üçün əsas vasitə kimi istifadə olunacaq. Vəfat tarixi: (Bu tip fayl adətən yalnız həyatda olmayan insanlarla istifadə edilə bilər.) Müəllif: (Bu görüntünün müəllifi kimdir?) Orjinal nəşr: (Bu şəkil ilk dəfə harada, nə vaxt və necə dərc olunub?) Nəşr tarixi: Mənbə: (Bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) O sözügedən məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Zəhmət olmasa, niyə bu şəkilə azad alternativ tapılmadığını izah edin. Bu yaxınlarda vəfat etmiş şəxslər üçün: Bu şəxsin fotoşəkillərinə sahib ola biləcək və bu şəkilləri paylaşmaq istəyən insanları tapmaq üçün kifayət qədər səy göstərmisinizmi? 20-ci əsrin əvvəlindən ortalarına qədər yaşamış şəxslər üçün: Azad olan fotoşəkilin olub-olmadığını düşünmüsünüzmü? Zəhmət olmasa, bu fayldan istifadənin onun sahibinin heç bir kommersiya imkanlarına zərər verməyəcəyinə əmin olduğunuzu izah edin. Əgər faylın istifadəsi onun müəllifinin bazardakı mövqeyinə və kommersiya maraqlarına ziyan vurursa, biz adətən fayldan istifadə etməyəcəyik. Vəfat tarixi: (Bu tip fayl adətən yalnız həyatda olmayan insanlarla istifadə edilə bilər.) Müəllif: (Bu görüntünün müəllifi kimdir?) Orjinal nəşr: (Bu şəkil ilk dəfə harada, nə vaxt və necə dərc olunub?) Nəşr tarixi: Mənbə: (Bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) O sözügedən məqalənin yuxarı hissəsində əsas vizual identifikasiya kimi göstəriləcəkdir. Bu fayl istifadə növünə uyğun olaraq standart ədalətli istifadə əsaslandırması əlavə olunacaq. Faylı başqa hər hansı bir məqsəd üçün istifadə etməyi planlaşdırırsınızsa, lütfən, aşağıdakı "digər azad olmayan iş" üçün olan xananı işarələyin . Zəhmət olmasa, niyə bu şəkilə azad alternativ tapılmadığını izah edin. Bu yaxınlarda vəfat etmiş şəxslər üçün: Bu şəxsin fotoşəkillərinə sahib ola biləcək və bu şəkilləri paylaşmaq istəyən insanları tapmaq üçün kifayət qədər səy göstərmisinizmi? 20-ci əsrin əvvəlindən ortalarına qədər yaşamış şəxslər üçün: Azad olan fotoşəkilin olub-olmadığını düşünmüsünüzmü? Zəhmət olmasa, bu fayldan istifadənin onun sahibinin heç bir kommersiya imkanlarına zərər verməyəcəyinə əmin olduğunuzu izah edin. Əgər faylın istifadəsi onun müəllifinin bazardakı mövqeyinə və kommersiya maraqlarına ziyan vurursa, biz adətən fayldan istifadə etməyəcəyik. Bu, qanuni ədalətli istifadə olduğuna inandığım başqa bir növ azad işdir. Bu istifadəsi yuxarıda göstərilən bəndlərin heç birinə aid olmayan müəllif hüququ ilə qorunan işdir. Mən ədalətli istifadəyə dair Vikipediya qaydalarını oxudum və bu faylın orada göstərilən bütün meyarlara necə cavab verdiyini izah edəcəyəm. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Müəllif: (Who made this image?) Orijinal nəşr: (Bu şəkil ilk dəfə harada, nə vaxt və necə dərc olunub?) Nəşr vaxtı: Mənbə: (Bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) Zəhmət olmasa, məqalədə bu faylın hansı məqsədə xidmət edəcəyini izah edin. Zəhmət olmasa konkret olun. Başqa yerdən əldə edilmiş bəyanatları kopyalamayın. Bu faylın, bu məqalədə nə işə yarayacağını öz sözlərinizlə açıq şəkildə qeyd edin. Qeydləriniz bu faylın məqalənin məzmununa nə dərəcədə təsir edəcəyini izah edəcək. Lazım gələrsə bu məqsədə təkcə mətn vasitəsilə nail olmağın mümkün olmadığını izah edin. Lütfən bu məqsədə niyə hələ ki, tapılmamış, yaxud mövcud olmayan alternativ, azad bir illüstrasiya ilə nail ola bilmədiyinizi açıqlayın. Bir faylın dəyişdirilə bilən hesab edilməsi üçün, uyğun əvəzedici faylın halhazırda mövcud olması mühüm deyil. Əvəzedicinin yaradılması mümkün olsa belə, biz azad olmayan fayldan istifadə etməyəcəyik. Zəhmət olmasa, bizim fayldan istifadəmizin onun sahibinin heç bir kommersiya imkanlarına zərər verməyəcəyinə əmin olduğunuzu izah edin. Əgər faylın istifadəsi onun müəllifinin bazardakı mövqeyinə və kommersiya maraqlarına ziyan vurursa, biz adətən fayldan istifadə etməyəcəyik. Unutmayın ki, azad olmayan faylların istifadəsi minimum olmalıdır. Bu bir neçə şeyi ifadə edə bilər: Hər məqalə/mövzu üçün lazım olduğundan daha çox fayl istifadə etməyin. Eyni faylı lazım olduğundan daha çox məqalədə istifadə etməyin. Bir əsərin məzmunundan lazım olduğundan daha çox istifadə etməyin Lazım olduğundan daha böyük ölçülü şəkillərdən istifadə etməyin Bunu nəzərə alaraq, bu fayldan istifadənin necə minimal olacağını izah edin. Xüsusi mənbə və lisenziya şərtləri (istəyə bağlı) Bu fayl haqqında əlavə məlumat varmı? Xülasəni redaktə edin: Faylın qısa təsviri. Bu təsvir fayl səhifəsində olmayacaq, redaktə tarixçəsində göstəriləcək. Hə , mən bu faylın bütün Vikimedia layihələrində, bütün dillərdə mövcud olmasını istəyirəm. Mən onu Vikianbara yükləyəcəm. Bu düyməyə klikləməklə siz Vikianbardakı səhifəyə yönləndirəcəksiniz. Lütfən yükləmədən əvvəl bu keçiddən hesabınıza daxil olub-olmadığınızı yoxlayın.. Yox , Mən bu faylı yerli olaraq yükləmək istəyirəm. Bu yolla o, yalnız Azərbaycanca Vikipediyada istifadə edilə bilər. Lokal yükləmə üçün ciddi səbəb olmadığı halda, onu Vikianbara yükləməyinizi xahiş edirik. Çox vaxt lokal yüklənməli fayllar başqa yerdə istifadə üçün Vikianbara əlavə edilir və sonra oradan silinir. Həmin faylların geri qaytarılması könüllülərin üzərində əlavə iş yükü olur. Faylınızın Vikianbara yüklənilməsini və lokal olaraq silinməsini istəmirsinizsə , .mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-weak{color:#72777d}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe{margin:0 2px}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe+.ts-templateCallCode-pipe,.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe+.ts-templateCallCode-param>.ts-templateCallCode-weak:first-child>.ts-templateCallCode-pipe:first-child{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-param+.ts-templateCallCode-closing{margin-left:2px}.mw-parser-output span.ts-templateCallCode>.ts-templateCallCode-templateName a{padding:0 0.5em!important;position:relative;margin:-0.5em} {{ Lokalda saxla }} şablonunu əlavə etməyi düşünün. Bu formanı sıfırlayın və yenidən başlayın. Bu seçimlərdən hansı bu faylı daha yaxşı təsvir edir? Müəllif: (Who made this image?) Orijinal nəşr: (Bu şəkil ilk dəfə harada, nə vaxt və necə dərc olunub?) Nəşr vaxtı: Mənbə: (Bu faylı tam olaraq haradan əldə etmisiniz?) Zəhmət olmasa, məqalədə bu faylın hansı məqsədə xidmət edəcəyini izah edin. Zəhmət olmasa konkret olun. Başqa yerdən əldə edilmiş bəyanatları kopyalamayın. Bu faylın, bu məqalədə nə işə yarayacağını öz sözlərinizlə açıq şəkildə qeyd edin. Qeydləriniz bu faylın məqalənin məzmununa nə dərəcədə təsir edəcəyini izah edəcək. Lazım gələrsə bu məqsədə təkcə mətn vasitəsilə nail olmağın mümkün olmadığını izah edin. Lütfən bu məqsədə niyə hələ ki, tapılmamış, yaxud mövcud olmayan alternativ, azad bir illüstrasiya ilə nail ola bilmədiyinizi açıqlayın. Bir faylın dəyişdirilə bilən hesab edilməsi üçün, uyğun əvəzedici faylın halhazırda mövcud olması mühüm deyil. Əvəzedicinin yaradılması mümkün olsa belə, biz azad olmayan fayldan istifadə etməyəcəyik. Zəhmət olmasa, bizim fayldan istifadəmizin onun sahibinin heç bir kommersiya imkanlarına zərər verməyəcəyinə əmin olduğunuzu izah edin. Əgər faylın istifadəsi onun müəllifinin bazardakı mövqeyinə və kommersiya maraqlarına ziyan vurursa, biz adətən fayldan istifadə etməyəcəyik. Unutmayın ki, azad olmayan faylların istifadəsi minimum olmalıdır. Bu bir neçə şeyi ifadə edə bilər: Hər məqalə/mövzu üçün lazım olduğundan daha çox fayl istifadə etməyin. Eyni faylı lazım olduğundan daha çox məqalədə istifadə etməyin. Bir əsərin məzmunundan lazım olduğundan daha çox istifadə etməyin Lazım olduğundan daha böyük ölçülü şəkillərdən istifadə etməyin Bunu nəzərə alaraq, bu fayldan istifadənin necə minimal olacağını izah edin. Hər məqalə/mövzu üçün lazım olduğundan daha çox fayl istifadə etməyin. Eyni faylı lazım olduğundan daha çox məqalədə istifadə etməyin. Bir əsərin məzmunundan lazım olduğundan daha çox istifadə etməyin Lazım olduğundan daha böyük ölçülü şəkillərdən istifadə etməyin Bunu nəzərə alaraq, bu fayldan istifadənin necə minimal olacağını izah edin. Xüsusi mənbə və lisenziya şərtləri (istəyə bağlı) Bu fayl haqqında əlavə məlumat varmı? Xülasəni redaktə edin: Faylın qısa təsviri. Bu təsvir fayl səhifəsində olmayacaq, redaktə tarixçəsində göstəriləcək. Hə , mən bu faylın bütün Vikimedia layihələrində, bütün dillərdə mövcud olmasını istəyirəm. Mən onu Vikianbara yükləyəcəm. Bu düyməyə klikləməklə siz Vikianbardakı səhifəyə yönləndirəcəksiniz. Lütfən yükləmədən əvvəl bu keçiddən hesabınıza daxil olub-olmadığınızı yoxlayın.. Yox , Mən bu faylı yerli olaraq yükləmək istəyirəm. Bu yolla o, yalnız Azərbaycanca Vikipediyada istifadə edilə bilər. Lokal yükləmə üçün ciddi səbəb olmadığı halda, onu Vikianbara yükləməyinizi xahiş edirik. Çox vaxt lokal yüklənməli fayllar başqa yerdə istifadə üçün Vikianbara əlavə edilir və sonra oradan silinir. Həmin faylların geri qaytarılması könüllülərin üzərində əlavə iş yükü olur. Faylınızın Vikianbara yüklənilməsini və lokal olaraq silinməsini istəmirsinizsə , .mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-weak{color:#72777d}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe{margin:0 2px}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe+.ts-templateCallCode-pipe,.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe+.ts-templateCallCode-param>.ts-templateCallCode-weak:first-child>.ts-templateCallCode-pipe:first-child{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-param+.ts-templateCallCode-closing{margin-left:2px}.mw-parser-output span.ts-templateCallCode>.ts-templateCallCode-templateName a{padding:0 0.5em!important;position:relative;margin:-0.5em} {{ Lokalda saxla }} şablonunu əlavə etməyi düşünün. Bu formanı sıfırlayın və yenidən başlayın. Xülasəni redaktə edin: Faylın qısa təsviri. Bu təsvir fayl səhifəsində olmayacaq, redaktə tarixçəsində göstəriləcək. Hə , mən bu faylın bütün Vikimedia layihələrində, bütün dillərdə mövcud olmasını istəyirəm. Mən onu Vikianbara yükləyəcəm. Bu düyməyə klikləməklə siz Vikianbardakı səhifəyə yönləndirəcəksiniz. Lütfən yükləmədən əvvəl bu keçiddən hesabınıza daxil olub-olmadığınızı yoxlayın.. Yox , Mən bu faylı yerli olaraq yükləmək istəyirəm. Bu yolla o, yalnız Azərbaycanca Vikipediyada istifadə edilə bilər. Lokal yükləmə üçün ciddi səbəb olmadığı halda, onu Vikianbara yükləməyinizi xahiş edirik. Çox vaxt lokal yüklənməli fayllar başqa yerdə istifadə üçün Vikianbara əlavə edilir və sonra oradan silinir. Həmin faylların geri qaytarılması könüllülərin üzərində əlavə iş yükü olur. Faylınızın Vikianbara yüklənilməsini və lokal olaraq silinməsini istəmirsinizsə , .mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-weak{color:#72777d}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe{margin:0 2px}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe+.ts-templateCallCode-pipe,.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-pipe+.ts-templateCallCode-param>.ts-templateCallCode-weak:first-child>.ts-templateCallCode-pipe:first-child{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .ts-templateCallCode-param+.ts-templateCallCode-closing{margin-left:2px}.mw-parser-output span.ts-templateCallCode>.ts-templateCallCode-templateName a{padding:0 0.5em!important;position:relative;margin:-0.5em} {{ Lokalda saxla }} şablonunu əlavə etməyi düşünün. Bu formanı sıfırlayın və yenidən başlayın. Bu fayl yuxarıdakı kateqoriyaların heç birinə uyğun gəlmir. Bu fayl yuxarıdakı kateqoriyaların heç birinə aid deyil, və yaxud onun statusunun nə olduğundan əmin deyiləm. Mən bu faylı haradansa tapmışam amma onu kimin hazırladığını və ya kimə məxsus olduğunu bilmirəm. Üzr istəyirik, lakin bu faylın müəllif hüququ statusuna əmin deyilsinizsə, və ya yuxarıdakı qrupların heç birinə uyğun gəlmirsə, onda: Zəhmət olmasa onu yükləməyin. Hər hansı bir məqalə üçün önəmli bir əlavə olacağını düşünsəniz belə, lütfən yükləməyin. Biz həqiqətən Vikipediyada müəllif hüququ qaydalarına çox ciddi yanaşırıq. Faylın mənbəsi və müəllifi göstərilmədiyi təqdirdə yük yükləyənin üzərinə düşür. Xüsusilə aşağıdakı bəndlərə uyğun fayllardırsa: Müəllifinin və ya müəllif hüquqları sahibinin kim olduğunu bilmədən hansısa internet saytında tapdığınız hər hansı fayl. Hətta faylı istifadə etdiyiniz təqdirdə müəllif hüququ sahibinin etiraz etməyəcəyindən əmin olsanız belə, lisenziyalaşdırma üçün dəlil olmayan fayl. Sahibləri tərəfindən reklam məqsədləri üçün paylaşılmış, azad təkrar istifadə üçün tam pulsuz lisenziyası olmayan istənilən fayl. "Reuters", "AP" və "Getty Images" kimi kommersiya məqsədli fəaliyyət göstərən agentliklər tərəfindən hazırlanmış istənilən fayl. Nadir hallar istisna olmaqla, belə fayllar adətən "ədalətli istifadə" qaydalarına uyğun istifadə oluna bilməz. Hər hansı bir şübhəniz varsa, yükləməzdən əvvəl təcrübəli istifadəçilərdən məsləhət istəyin. Kömək üçün Vikipediya:Kənd meydanı səhifəsinə baş çəkə bilərsiniz. Təşəkkür edirik. Üzr istəyirik, lakin bu faylın müəllif hüququ statusuna əmin deyilsinizsə, və ya yuxarıdakı qrupların heç birinə uyğun gəlmirsə, onda: Zəhmət olmasa onu yükləməyin. Hər hansı bir məqalə üçün önəmli bir əlavə olacağını düşünsəniz belə, lütfən yükləməyin. Biz həqiqətən Vikipediyada müəllif hüququ qaydalarına çox ciddi yanaşırıq. Faylın mənbəsi və müəllifi göstərilmədiyi təqdirdə yük yükləyənin üzərinə düşür. Xüsusilə aşağıdakı bəndlərə uyğun fayllardırsa: Müəllifinin və ya müəllif hüquqları sahibinin kim olduğunu bilmədən hansısa internet saytında tapdığınız hər hansı fayl. Hətta faylı istifadə etdiyiniz təqdirdə müəllif hüququ sahibinin etiraz etməyəcəyindən əmin olsanız belə, lisenziyalaşdırma üçün dəlil olmayan fayl. Sahibləri tərəfindən reklam məqsədləri üçün paylaşılmış, azad təkrar istifadə üçün tam pulsuz lisenziyası olmayan istənilən fayl. "Reuters", "AP" və "Getty Images" kimi kommersiya məqsədli fəaliyyət göstərən agentliklər tərəfindən hazırlanmış istənilən fayl. Nadir hallar istisna olmaqla, belə fayllar adətən "ədalətli istifadə" qaydalarına uyğun istifadə oluna bilməz. Hər hansı bir şübhəniz varsa, yükləməzdən əvvəl təcrübəli istifadəçilərdən məsləhət istəyin. Kömək üçün Vikipediya:Kənd meydanı səhifəsinə baş çəkə bilərsiniz. Təşəkkür edirik. Önizləmə (test) Yükləmək zamanı təqdim ediləcək məlumatlar: Faylın adı: Xülasəni redaktə et: Mətn: Yükləmə prosesi gedir Faylınız yüklənir. Proses faylın ölçüsündən və internet bağlantınızın sürətindən asılı olaraq bir və ya iki dəqiqə çəkə bilər. Yükləmə tamamlandıqdan sonra yeni faylınızı bu keçiddən tapa bilərsiniz: File:Example.jpg Fayl uğurla yüklənildi Faylınız uğurla yükləndi və indi buradan tapa bilərsiniz: File:Example.jpg Lütfən, keçidə daxil olun və şəkil təsviri səhifəsində daxil etmək istədiyiniz bütün məlumatların olub-olmadığını yoxlayın. Təsviri dəyişdirmək istəyirsinizsə, fayl səhifəsinə keçin, səhifənin yuxarısındakı "redaktə" düyməsinə klikləyin və digər səhifələri redaktə etdiyiniz kimi redaktə edin. Faylın yeni versiya yükləmək istəyirsinizsə, fayl səhifəsinin aşağısındakı "Bu faylın yeni versiyasını yüklə" düyməsinə klikləyin Bu faylı məqaləyə daxil etmək üçün aşağıdakı nümunədən istifadə edə bilərsiniz: Əgər siz sadəcə mətndə fayla keçid vermək istəyirsinizsə, aşağıdakı nümunədən istifadə edə bilərsiniz: Şəkillərin səhifələrə daxil edilməsi və yerləşdirilməsinə dair daha ətraflı məlumat üçün Vikipediya:Şəkil təlimatı səhifəsinə baxın. Yükləmə sehrbazından istifadə etdiyiniz üçün təşəkkür edirik. Əlavə təklif, şərh və səhvlik barədə məlumat üçün Yükləmə sehrbazının müzakirə səhifəsinə yaza bilərsiniz. Media faylların yüklənilməsi Vikianbar Vikipediya Vikianbara yükləmə, sehrbazla (azad fayllar üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Vikianbara yükləmə, sadə forma (təcrübəli istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Köhnə forma Yükləmə müraciətlərinə müraciət et (yeni istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Lokal yükləmələr üçün sadə forma (təcrübəli istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Köhnə forma Vikianbar Vikipediya Vikianbara yükləmə, sehrbazla (azad fayllar üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Vikianbara yükləmə, sadə forma (təcrübəli istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Köhnə forma Yükləmə müraciətlərinə müraciət et (yeni istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Lokal yükləmələr üçün sadə forma (təcrübəli istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Köhnə forma Vikianbar Vikipediya Vikianbara yükləmə, sehrbazla (azad fayllar üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Vikianbara yükləmə, sadə forma (təcrübəli istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Köhnə forma Vikianbara yükləmə, sehrbazla (azad fayllar üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Vikianbara yükləmə, sadə forma (təcrübəli istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Köhnə forma Yükləmə müraciətlərinə müraciət et (yeni istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Lokal yükləmələr üçün sadə forma (təcrübəli istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Köhnə forma Yükləmə müraciətlərinə müraciət et (yeni istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Lokal yükləmələr üçün sadə forma (təcrübəli istifadəçilər üçün tövsiyyə olunur) Köhnə forma Yardım və təlimatlar Müəllif hüququ ilə bağlı suallar Şəklin istifadə qaydası Ədalətli istifadə Müəllif hüququ ilə bağlı suallar Şəklin istifadə qaydası Ədalətli istifadə Bu səhifə Sənədləşmə Skript Müzakirə Sənədləşmə Skript Müzakirə Bu səhifə sonuncu dəfə 05:42, 5 noyabr 2025 tarixində redaktə edilib. Mətn Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike lisenziyası altındadır, bəzi hallarda əlavə şərtlər tətbiq oluna bilər. Ətraflı məlumat üçün istifadə şərtlərinə baxın. Gizlilik siyasəti Vikipediya haqqında Məsuliyyətdən imtina Davranış Kodeksi Tərtibatçılar Statistikalar Kuki məlumatı Mobil versiya
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https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikipediya:Y%C3%BCkl%C9%99m%C9%99_sehrbaz%C4%B1
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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Themes 5 Marketing 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Batman (1989 film) العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Theatrical release poster by Bill Garland Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Story by Sam Hamm Based on Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Produced by Jon Peters Peter Guber Jon Peters Peter Guber Starring Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Ray Lovejoy Music by Danny Elfman (score) Prince (songs) Production companies Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) Running time 126 minutes Countries United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] Language English Budget $48 million [ 5 ] Box office $411.6 million [ 6 ] Batman is a 1989 superhero film based on the DC Comics character , created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . Directed by Tim Burton , it is the first installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Jack Nicholson , Michael Keaton , Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough , and Jack Palance . The film's score was composed by Danny Elfman , and songs were written by Prince . The film takes place early in the war on crime of the title character (Keaton) and depicts his conflict with his archenemy the Joker (Nicholson). After Burton was hired as director in 1986, Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay. Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice (1988). The tone and themes of the film were partly influenced by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts and then diverges from the " Red Hood " origin story for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently cause gangster Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the psychotic Joker. Additionally, Batman co-creator Bob Kane worked as a consultant for the film. Numerous leading men were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role. [ 7 ] Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top billing , a portion of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million, while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out. Warren Skaaren did rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done by Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400 million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer Danny Elfman 's score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination for Nicholson's performance, and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film was followed by three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; Batman Forever (1995), with Joel Schumacher directing and Val Kilmer in the lead role; and Batman & Robin (1997), which featured George Clooney in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash (2023). The film also led to the development of Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), which in turn began the DC Animated Universe of spin-off media, and has influenced Hollywood 's modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre. Two sequel novels were written by John Jackson Miller , Batman: Resurrection (2024) and Batman: Revolution (2025). Plot Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale investigate sightings of " Batman ", a masked vigilante targeting Gotham City 's criminals. Both attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire Bruce Wayne, who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command Jack Napier to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier murdered for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. However, Commissioner James Gordon learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots and kills Eckhardt as revenge for the double-cross. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair and nails. He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a rictus grin . Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, now calling himself "the Joker", kills Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins terrorizing Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" – a deadly chemical that causes victims to die laughing . Joker soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen vandalize . Batman rescues Vicki, takes her to the Batcave , and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment intending to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth , who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his Batwing to remove the balloons, but Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach Joker's leg to a crumbling gargoyle that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the Bat-Signal . Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham should crime strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to Wayne Manor , explaining that Wayne will be a little late. She responds that she is not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. Cast Jack Nicholson as Jack Napier / The Joker Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Kim Basinger as Vicki Vale Robert Wuhl as Alexander Knox Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth Jack Palance as Carl Grissom Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt Tracey Walter as Bob the Goon Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt Liza Ross as tourist mom Garrick Hagon as tourist dad Adrian Meyers as tourist son David Baxt as Thomas Wayne Sharon Holm as Martha Wayne Production Development "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning. [ 9 ] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows." [ 9 ] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s television series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film. [ 10 ] A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of the successful four-part comic book The Dark Knight Returns , which his script predated by six years. [ 9 ] In November 1979, producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project. [ 5 ] Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978). [ 11 ] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down. [ 12 ] Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York. Warner Bros. , the studio behind the successful Superman film franchise , decided to also accept and produce Batman . [ 13 ] Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest. [ 14 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman: Strange Apparitions , written by Steve Englehart . [ 15 ] Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . [ 12 ] The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth , and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin , whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature. [ 13 ] Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin. [ 7 ] Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However, Mankiewicz's script was still being used to guide the project. [ 16 ] Due to the work they did together with the film Swamp Thing (1982), Wes Craven was among the names that Melniker and Uslan considered while looking for a director. [ 17 ] After the financial success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct Batman . Burton had then-girlfriend Julie Hickson write a new 30-page film treatment , feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was campy . The success of The Dark Knight Returns and the graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both The Dark Knight Returns and The Killing Joke . [ 7 ] Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986. [ 18 ] Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own Strange Apparitions and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker, and Rupert Thorne, as well as a cameo appearance by the Penguin . Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986. [ 18 ] Burton approached Sam Hamm , a comic book fan, to write the screenplay. [ 13 ] Hamm decided not to use an origin story , feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that "unlocking the mystery" would become part of the storyline. [ 15 ] He reasoned, "You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman." [ 19 ] Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation, Carl Grissom. He completed his script in October 1986, which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character. [ 20 ] One scene in Hamm's script had a young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. When Hamm's script was rewritten, the scene was deleted, reducing it to a photo in the Gotham Globe newspaper seen in the film. [ 21 ] Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Kane greeted with positive feedback. [ 7 ] Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. [ 15 ] Batman was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice the same year. [ 7 ] When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction Batman was going in. [ 22 ] Hamm explained, "They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of Pee-wee's Big Adventure . They hear Keaton's name, and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of Batman , and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us." [ 15 ] To combat negative reports on the film's production, Kane was hired as creative consultant. [ 11 ] Batman's co-creator, Bill Finger , was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman-related media until 2016. [ 1 ] Casting Parallel to the Superman casting, a variety of Hollywood A-listers were considered for the role of Batman, including Mel Gibson , Michael Biehn , [ 23 ] Steven Seagal , [ 24 ] Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Bill Murray, [ 5 ] [ 13 ] Harrison Ford and Dennis Quaid . [ 25 ] Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star, [ 7 ] and had approached Pierce Brosnan , but he had no interest in playing a comic book character. [ 26 ] Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor, [ 25 ] Willem Dafoe , who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker but had actually been considered for Batman early in development. [ 27 ] Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton, arguing he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" after having seen his dramatic performance in Clean and Sober (1988). [ 28 ] Having directed Keaton in Beetlejuice , Burton agreed. [ 5 ] The casting of Keaton caused a furor among comic book fans, [ 22 ] [ 29 ] with 50,000 protest letters sent to Warner Bros. offices. [ 20 ] Kane, Hamm, and Uslan also heavily questioned the casting. [ 15 ] "Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people. I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series, and make it campy, because they thought of Michael Keaton from Mr. Mom and Night Shift and stuff like that." [ 30 ] Keaton studied The Dark Knight Returns for inspiration. [ 31 ] Tim Curry , David Bowie , John Lithgow , Brad Dourif , Ray Liotta , and James Woods were all considered for the Joker. [ 19 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Lithgow, during his audition, attempted to talk Burton out of casting him, a decision he would later publicly regret, stating, "I didn't realize it was such a big deal." [ 35 ] Burton wanted to cast John Glover , but the studio insisted on using a movie star. [ 36 ] Robin Williams lobbied hard for the part. [ 20 ] Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of The Witches of Eastwick ; [ 37 ] unlike Keaton, he was a popular choice for his role. [ 29 ] Nicholson had what was known as an "off-the-clock" agreement. His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day, from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming, [ 13 ] as well as being off for Los Angeles Lakers home games. [ 38 ] Nicholson demanded that all of his scenes be shot in a three-week block, but the schedule lapsed into 106 days. [ 37 ] He reduced his standard $10 million fee to $6 million in exchange for a cut of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), which led to remuneration in excess of $50 million [ 39 ] —biographer Marc Eliot reports that Nicholson may have received as much as $90 million. [ 40 ] He also demanded top billing on promotional materials. [ 41 ] Sean Young was originally cast as Vicki Vale, but was injured in a horse-riding accident prior to commencement of filming. [ 42 ] Young's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who, besides being right for the part, could commit to the film at very short notice. Peters suggested Kim Basinger : she was able to join the production immediately and was cast. [ 5 ] [ 42 ] As a fan of Michael Gough 's work in various Hammer horror films, Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne's mysterious butler, Alfred . [ 43 ] Reporter Alexander Knox was portrayed by Robert Wuhl . In the original script, Knox was killed by the Joker's poison gas during the climax, but the filmmakers "liked [my] character so much," Wuhl said, "that they decided to let me live." [ 44 ] Burton chose Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent because he wanted to include the villain Two-Face in a future film using the concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept, [ 45 ] but Tommy Lee Jones was later cast in the role for Batman Forever (1995), which disappointed Williams. [ 44 ] Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend Tracey Walter as the Joker's henchman Bob. [ 46 ] Irish child actor Ricky Addison Reed was cast as Dick Grayson before the character was removed by Warren Skarren for the revised shooting script. [ 47 ] The rest of the cast included Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon , Jerry Hall as Alicia, Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg, William Hootkins as Lt. Eckhardt, and Jack Palance as crime boss Carl Grissom. Design "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" Burton had been impressed with the design of Neil Jordan 's The Company of Wolves (1984), but was unable to hire its production designer Anton Furst for Beetlejuice [ 29 ] as he had instead committed to Jordan's London-filmed ghost comedy High Spirits (1988), a choice he later regretted. [ 13 ] A year later Burton successfully hired Furst for Batman , and they enjoyed working with each other. "I don't think I've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director," Furst said. "Conceptually, spiritually, visually, or artistically. There was never any problem because we never fought over anything. Texture, attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at." [ 11 ] Furst and the art department deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to "make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable". [ 49 ] Furst continued, "[W]e imagined what New York City might have become without a planning commission . A city run by crime, with a riot of architectural styles. An essay in ugliness. As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going". [ 50 ] The 1985 film Brazil by Terry Gilliam was also a notable influence upon the film's production design, as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference. [ 11 ] Black and white charcoal drawings of key locations and sets were created by Furst's longtime draftsman, Nigel Phelps . Derek Meddings served as the visual effects supervisor , overseeing the miniatures and animation. Conceptual illustrator Julian Caldow designed the Batmobile, Batwing and assorted bat-gadgets that were later constructed by prop builder John Evans. Keith Short sculpted the final body of the Batmobile , [ 51 ] adding two Browning machine guns . [ 52 ] On designing the Batmobile, Furst explained, "We looked at jet aircraft components, we looked at war machines, we looked at all sorts of things. In the end, we went into pure expressionism, taking the Salt Flat Racers of the 30s and the Sting Ray macho machines of the 50s". The car was built upon a Chevrolet Impala when previous development with a Jaguar and Ford Mustang failed. [ 37 ] The car itself was later purchased by standup comedian/ventriloquist Jeff Dunham , who had it outfitted with a Corvette engine to make it street legal. [ 53 ] Costume designer Bob Ringwood turned down the chance to work on Licence to Kill (1989) in favor of Batman . Ringwood found it difficult designing the Batsuit because "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build", he stated. "The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature." [ 54 ] Burton commented, "Michael is a bit claustrophobic , which made it worse for him. The costume put him in a dark, Batman-like mood though, so he was able to use it to his advantage". [ 54 ] Burton's idea was to use an all-black suit, and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane. Vin Burnham was tasked with sculpting the Batsuit, in association with Alli Eynon. Jon Peters wanted to use a Nike product placement with the Batsuit. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration. 28 sculpted latex designs were created; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made, accumulating a total cost of $250,000. [ 57 ] Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit. [ 29 ] Burton opted not to use tights, spandex, or underpants as seen in the comic book, feeling it was not intimidating. [ 7 ] Prosthetic makeup designer Nick Dudman used acrylic-based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson's chalk-white face. Part of Nicholson's contract was approval over the makeup designer. [ 58 ] Filming The filmmakers considered filming Batman entirely on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank, California , but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at Pinewood Studios in England from October 10, 1988, to February 14, 1989, with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting. [ 59 ] 18 sound stages were used, with seven stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio. [ 59 ] [ 11 ] Locations included Knebworth House and Hatfield House doubling for Wayne Manor , plus Acton Lane Power Station and Little Barford Power Station . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] For the production at Acton Lane Power Station, the power plant and alien nest sets from Aliens (1986) were reused as interiors for Axis Chemicals. [ 62 ] The original production budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million. [ 5 ] Filming was highly secretive. The unit publicist was offered and refused £ 10,000 for the first pictures of Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen. [ 37 ] With various problems during filming, Burton called it "Torture. The worst period of my life!" [ 5 ] Hamm was not allowed to perform rewrites during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike . [ 13 ] Warren Skaaren , who had also worked on Burton's Beetlejuice , did rewrites. Jonathan Gems and Charles McKeown rewrote the script during filming. [ 63 ] Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm. Hamm criticized the rewrites, but blamed the changes on Warner Bros. [ 15 ] Burton explained, "I don't understand why that became such a problem. We started out with a script that everyone liked, although we recognized it needed a little work." [ 7 ] Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted because the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot; [ 13 ] Kane supported this decision. [ 43 ] Keaton used his comedic experience for scenes such as Bruce and Vicki's Wayne Manor dinner. [ 29 ] He called himself a "logic freak" and was concerned that Batman's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover. Keaton discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character, including the use of contact lenses . Ultimately, Keaton decided to perform Batman's voice at a lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne, which became a hallmark of the film version of the character, with Christian Bale later using the same technique. [ 64 ] Originally in the climax, the Joker was meant to kill Vicki Vale, sending Batman into a vengeful fury. Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a 38-foot (12 m) model of the cathedral. [ 65 ] This cost $100,000 when the film was already well over budget. Burton disliked the idea, having no clue how the scene would end: "Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral, and halfway up Jack turns around and says, 'Why am I walking up all these stairs? Where am I going?' 'We'll talk about it when you get to the top!' I had to tell him that I didn't know." [ 65 ] Music Burton hired Danny Elfman of Oingo Boingo , his collaborator on Pee-wee's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice , to compose the music score. For inspiration, Elfman was given The Dark Knight Returns . Elfman was worried, as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale. [ 66 ] In addition, producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman, but was later convinced when he heard the opening number. [ 67 ] Peters and Peter Guber wanted Prince to write music for the Joker and Michael Jackson to do the romance songs. Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson's songs together for the entire film score. [ 7 ] At the encouragement of Prince's then-manager Albert Magnoli , it was agreed that Prince himself would write and sing the film's songs . [ 68 ] Burton protested the ideas, citing "my movies aren't commercial like Top Gun ." [ 7 ] Elfman enlisted the help of composer Shirley Walker and Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek to arrange the compositions for the orchestra. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Elfman was later displeased with the audio mixing of his film score. " Batman was done in England by technicians who didn't care, and the non-caring showed," he stated. "I'm not putting down England because they've done gorgeous dubs there, but this particular crew elected not to." [ 71 ] Batman was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks. One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman's score. Both were successful, [ 72 ] and compilations of Elfman's opening credits were used in the title sequence theme for Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), also composed by Walker. [ 33 ] Themes When discussing the central theme of Batman , director Tim Burton explained, "the whole film and mythology of the character is a complete duel of the freaks. It's a fight between two disturbed people", adding, "The Joker is such a great character because there's a complete freedom to him. Any character who operates on the outside of society and is deemed a freak and an outcast then has the freedom to do what they want... They are the darker sides of freedom. Insanity is in some scary way the most freedom you can have, because you're not bound by the laws of society". [ 7 ] Burton saw Bruce Wayne as the bearer of a double identity, exposing one while hiding the reality from the world. [ 7 ] Burton biographer Ken Hanke wrote that Bruce Wayne, struggling with his alter-ego as Batman, is depicted as an antihero . Hanke felt that Batman has to push the boundaries of civil justice to deal with certain criminals, such as the Joker. [ 16 ] Kim Newman theorized that "Burton and the writers saw Batman and the Joker as a dramatic antithesis, and the film deals with their intertwined origins and fates to an even greater extent". [ 73 ] Batman conveys trademarks found in 1930s pulp magazines , notably the design of Gotham City stylized with Art Deco design. [ 74 ] Richard Corliss , writing for Time , observed that Gotham's design was a reference to films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and Metropolis (1927). "Gotham City, despite being shot on a studio backlot ", he continued, "is literally another character in the script. It has the demeaning presence of German Expressionism and fascist architecture , staring down at the citizens." [ 75 ] Hanke further addressed the notions of Batman being a period piece , in that "The citizens, cops, people and the black-and-white television looks like it takes place in 1939"; but later said: "Had the filmmakers made Vicki Vale a femme fatale rather than a damsel in distress , this could have made Batman as a homage and tribute to classic film noir ." [ 60 ] Portions of the climax pay homage to Vertigo (1958). [ 76 ] Marketing The B.D. Fox ad agency created hundreds of unused logos and posters for promotion, many by John Alvin . In the end Burton and producers decided on only using a gold and black logo designed by Anton Furst and airbrushed by Bill Garland, with no other key art variation, to keep an air of mystery about the film. [ 77 ] The logo is also an ambiguous image , which can be read either as Batman's symbol or as a gaping mouth. [ 78 ] Earlier designs "had the word 'Batman' spelled in RoboCop or Conan the Barbarian -type font". [ 5 ] Jon Peters unified all the film's tie-ins , even turning down $6 million from General Motors to build the Batmobile because the car company would not relinquish creative control. [ 5 ] During production, Peters read in The Wall Street Journal that comic book fans were unsatisfied with the casting of Michael Keaton. In response, Peters rushed the first film trailer that played in thousands of theaters during Christmas. It was simply an assemblage of scenes without music, but created enormous anticipation for the film, with audiences clapping and cheering. [ 5 ] [ 29 ] DC Comics allowed screenwriter Sam Hamm to write his own comic book miniseries . Hamm's stories were collected in the graphic novel Batman: Blind Justice ( .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 978-1563890475 ). Denys Cowan and Dick Giordano illustrated the artwork. [ 19 ] Blind Justice tells the story of Bruce Wayne trying to solve a series of murders connected to Wayne Enterprises . It also marks the first appearance of Henri Ducard , who was later used in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005), albeit as an alias for the more notable Ra's al Ghul . [ 19 ] In the months leading up to Batman ' s release in June 1989, a popular culture phenomenon known as " Batmania " began. Over $750 million worth of merchandise was sold. [ 33 ] Cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith remembered: "That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot." [ 79 ] Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization, Batman , written by Craig Shaw Gardner . [ 80 ] It remained on The New York Times Best Seller list throughout June 1989. [ 81 ] Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of The New York Observer categorized Batman as a high concept film. He believed "it is less movie than a corporate behemoth ". [ 76 ] Reception Box office Batman grossed $2.2 million in late night previews on June 22, 1989, on 1,215 screens and grossed $40.49 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend. [ 82 ] This broke the opening weekend records held by Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (which had a 4-day Memorial Day weekend gross of $37.0 million the previous month) [ 83 ] and Ghostbusters II (which had a $29.4 million 3-day weekend the previous weekend). [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Upon opening, the film would go on to reach the number one spot above Honey, I Shrunk the Kids . [ 86 ] Additionally, it had the largest opening weekend for a Jack Nicholson film for 14 years until it was dethroned by Anger Management in 2003. [ 87 ] Batman also set a record for a second weekend gross with $30 million (also the second biggest 3-day weekend of all time) [ 83 ] and became the fastest film to earn $100 million, reaching it in 11 days (10 days plus late night previews). [ 84 ] [ 88 ] The film closed on December 14, 1989, with a final gross of $251.4 million in North America and $160.2 million internationally, totaling $411.6 million. [ 89 ] The film would hold the record for being the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film until 1996 when Twister surpassed it. [ 90 ] It was the highest-grossing film based on a DC comic book until The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] Furthermore, Batman held the record for being the highest-grossing superhero film of all time until it was taken by Spider-Man in 2002. [ 92 ] The film's gross is the 143rd highest ever in North American ranks. [ 93 ] Although Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade made the most money worldwide in 1989, [ 94 ] Batman was able to beat The Last Crusade in North America , [ 95 ] and made a further $150 million in home video sales. [ 96 ] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US. [ 97 ] Despite the film's box office – over $400 million against a budget of no more than $48 million – Warner Bros. claimed it ended up losing $35.8 million and "not likely to ever show a profit," which has been attributed to a case of Hollywood accounting . [ 98 ] Critical response Batman was criticized by some for being too dark, but nonetheless received a generally positive response from critics. [ 7 ] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 142 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An eerie, haunting spectacle, Batman succeeds as dark entertainment, even if Jack Nicholson's Joker too often overshadows the title character." [ 99 ] On Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 69 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 100 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [ 101 ] Many observed that Burton was more interested in the Joker and the art and set production design than Batman or anything else in terms of characterization and screentime. [ 7 ] Comic book fans reacted negatively over the Joker murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne ; in the comic book, Joe Chill is responsible. Writer Sam Hamm said it was Burton's idea to have the Joker murder Wayne's parents. "The Writer's Strike was going on, and Tim had the other writers do that. I also hold innocent to Alfred letting Vicki Vale into the Batcave . Fans were ticked off with that, and I agree. That would have been Alfred's last day of employment at Wayne Manor ," Hamm said. [ 67 ] The songs written by Prince were criticized for being "too out of place". [ 13 ] While Burton stated he had no problem with the Prince songs, he was less enthusiastic with their use in the film. [ 16 ] On the film, Burton remarked, "I liked parts of it, but the whole movie is mainly boring to me. It's OK, but it was more of a cultural phenomenon than a great movie." [ 96 ] Despite initial negative reactions from comics fans prior to the film's release, Keaton's portrayal of Batman was generally praised. [ 76 ] [ 102 ] James Berardinelli called the film entertaining, with the highlight being the production design. However, he concluded, "the best thing that can be said about Batman is that it led to Batman Returns , which was a far superior effort." [ 103 ] Variety felt "Jack Nicholson stole every scene" but still greeted the film with positive feedback. [ 104 ] Roger Ebert was highly impressed with the production design, but claimed " Batman is a triumph of design over story, style over substance, a great-looking movie with a plot you can't care much about." He also called the film "a depressing experience". [ 105 ] On the syndicated television series Siskel & Ebert , his reviewing partner Gene Siskel disagreed, describing the film as having a "refreshingly adult" approach with performances, direction and set design that "draws you into a psychological world". [ 106 ] Legacy Anton Furst and Peter Young won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , [ 107 ] while Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) . [ 108 ] The British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated Batman in six categories ( Production Design , Visual Effects , Costume Design , Makeup , Sound and Actor in a Supporting Role for Nicholson), but it won none of the categories. [ 109 ] Nicholson, Basinger, the makeup department, and costume designer Bob Ringwood all received nominations at the Saturn Awards . The film was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film [ 110 ] and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . [ 111 ] The success of Batman prompted Warner Bros. Animation to create the acclaimed Batman: The Animated Series , as a result beginning the long-running DC Animated Universe [ 112 ] and helped establish the modern day superhero film genre. Series co-creator Bruce Timm stated the television show's Art Deco design was inspired from the film. Timm commented, "our show would never have gotten made if it hadn't been for that first Batman movie." [ 113 ] Burton joked, "ever since I did Batman , it was like the first dark comic book movie. Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie. I guess I'm the one responsible for that trend." [ 114 ] Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), and Batman & Robin (1997), the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively. Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be "the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of Batman and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman ." [ 5 ] A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit. Total revenues of Batman have topped $2 billion, with Uslan claiming to have "not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless." [ 5 ] Warner Bros. offered the pair an out-of-court settlement, a sum described by Melniker and Uslan's attorney as "two popcorns and two Cokes ". [ 115 ] Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on Salon.com , film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that Batman has had on the motion film industry, including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts; the narrowing window between a film's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second-run movie theaters; the accelerated acquisition of pre-existing, pre-sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie-ins; the primacy of the MPAA PG-13 as the target rating for film producers; and more off-beat, non-traditional casting opportunities for genre films. [ 116 ] The film was responsible for the British Board of Film Classification introducing its "12" age rating, as its content fell between what was expected for a "PG" or "15" certificate. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The American Film Institute anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains . [ 119 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated [ 120 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated [ 121 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains : The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes : "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated [ 123 ] AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film [ 124 ] Robert Wuhl reprises his role as Alexander Knox in The CW 's Arrowverse crossover, Crisis on Infinite Earths . The event also retroactively established that the world of the film and its sequel, Batman Returns , takes place on Earth-89; which is one of the worlds destroyed by the Anti-Monitor ( LaMonica Garrett ) during the Crisis. [ 125 ] Michael Keaton reprises his role as Batman in The Flash set in the DC Extended Universe . [ 126 ] Video games Several video games based on the film were released: By Ocean Software in 1989 , [ 127 ] by Sunsoft in 1989 and 1990 , [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and by Atari Games in 1991 . [ 130 ] Konami was also in talks of releasing an arcade game around the same time as Atari. [ 131 ] Comic book continuations In March 2016, artist Joe Quinones revealed several art designs he and Kate Leth had created to pitch a comic book continuation set in the 1989 Batman universe to DC Comics. The pitch, which was rejected, would have included the story of Billy Dee Williams' Harvey Dent turning into Two-Face as well as the inclusion of characters such as Batgirl in a story that took place following the events of Batman Returns . [ 132 ] In 2021, DC announced it would be releasing a comic book continuation of the film titled Batman '89 . The series would be written by Sam Hamm and illustrated by Joe Quinones. The comic's synopsis revealed that it would include the return of Selina Kyle/Catwoman, an introduction of a new Robin, and the transformation of Williams' Harvey Dent into Two-Face. [ 133 ] A follow-up series was later announced by DC Comics on August 17, 2023. The first issue of the new series was released on November 28, 2023. It was written again by Sam Hamm, with art by Joe Quinones. In the series, Batman has mysteriously disappeared after Dent's death, leading Gotham citizens to take to the streets to fight in his place, including Barbara Gordon, who becomes Batgirl . Scarecrow and Harley Quinn will be featured as the main antagonists, [ 134 ] seemingly referencing the unproduced fifth film in the Burton and Schumacher series, Batman Unchained . [ 135 ] Direct sequel novels On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel would be released which would tie-in to the film. Announced with the title Batman: Resurrection , the novel was written by author John Jackson Miller , and acts as a direct sequel to the film, being set between the events of Batman and its sequel Batman Returns , with Batman focusing on dismantling the remnants of Joker's organization, while contemplating on the idea that Joker might not actually be dead. The novel also includes certain characters introduced in the sequel, with one example being Max Shreck. [ 136 ] It was released on October 15, 2024, by Penguin Random House ; a sequel, titled Batman: Revolution , was later revealed by Miller and was released in October 2025. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Home media Batman has been released on various formats, including VHS , LaserDisc , DVD and Blu-ray . In an unprecedented move at the time, it was made available to buy on VHS in the United States on November 15, 1989, less than six months after its theatrical release, at a suggested retail price of only $24.95 although most sellers sold it for less. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] It was first released on DVD on March 25, 1997, as a double sided disc containing both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. The 2005 Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology 1989–1997 included 2-disc special edition DVDs of the film and all three of its sequels. The anthology was also released as a 4-disc Blu-ray set in 2009, with each film and its previous extras contained on a single disc. Other Blu-ray reissues include a "30th Anniversary" Digibook with 50-page booklet, and a steelcase edition; both also include a Digital Copy . Most recently the "25th Anniversary" Diamond Luxe reissue contained the same disc as before and on a second disc, a new 25-minute featurette: "Batman: The Birth of the Modern Blockbuster". The film was also included in The Tim Burton Collection DVD and Blu-ray set in 2012, alongside its first sequel, Batman Returns . Batman was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 4, 2019. [ 142 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger , co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016. [ 1 ] References ^ a b "DC Will Finally Credit Bill Finger As Co-Creator Of Batman" . Gizmodo . September 20, 2015. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019 . Retrieved August 31, 2019 . ^ a b c d "Batman (1989)" . American Film Institute . 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Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ Schedeen, Jesse (August 21, 2023). "Batman '89: Echoes Adds Scarecrow and Harley Quinn to the Burtonverse" . IGN . ^ Matthew Aguilar (April 11, 2024). "Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection by John Jackson Miller" . Penguin Random House . Archived from the original on April 11, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection Continues the Dark Knight's Tale From the Tim Burton Film (Exclusive)" . comicbook.com . October 13, 2024. ^ "New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns" . slashfilm.com . October 15, 2024. ^ " 'Batman' a Potent Weapon in Sell-through Crusade". Variety . November 15, 1989. p. 31. ^ " 'Batman' Vids Fly Off Shelves; Stores Face Limited Supploy". Variety . November 22, 1989. p. 81. ^ Batman 4K Blu-ray , archived from the original on April 9, 2019 , retrieved April 12, 2019 Further reading Halfyard, Janet K. (October 28, 2004). Danny Elfman's Batman: A Film Score Guide (Paperback). A careful study of Elfman's scoring technique with a detailed analysis of the film itself. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5126-1 . Craig Shaw Gardner (June 1, 1989). Batman (Mass Market Paperback). Novelization of the film. Hachette Book Group USA . ISBN 0-446-35487-2 . External links Film portal United States portal Speculative fiction portal 1980s portal Batman at IMDb Batman at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Official website Batman (1989) Official website at Warner Bros. Official website Batman (1989) Official website at DC Comics .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e President's Memorial Award v t e Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) Time Bandits (1982) Roger Corman (1984) Jack Arnold (1985) Woody Allen (1986) The Purple Rose of Cairo (1986) Joseph Stefano (1987) Marshall Brickman (1987) The Manhattan Project (1987) Mike Jittlov (1988) The Wizard of Speed and Time (1988) Carrie Fisher (1990) Batman (1991) Robert Shaye (1992) Gale Anne Hurd (1993) Steven Spielberg (1994) Bryan Singer (1996) Robert Wise (1996) Billy Bob Thornton (1997) James Cameron (1998) Gods and Monsters (1998) William Friedkin (1999) David Shepard (1999) Richard Donner (2000) Dustin Lance Black (2001) Sherry Lansing (2002) James Cameron (2003) Gale Anne Hurd (2004) Steven E. de Souza Elsa Lanchester Guillermo del Toro (2018) v t e Batman (1989–97 film series) v t e Films Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) DC Extended Universe The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) The Flash (2023) Batgirl (unreleased) Other media Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Batman OnStar commercials (2000–02) Batman '89 (2021–present) Batman: Resurrection (2024) Batman: Revolution (2025) Characters Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Bruce Wayne / Batman Jack Napier / Joker Selina Kyle / Catwoman Barry Allen / Flash Music Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman: Original Motion Picture Score (1989) Batman (1989) " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " " Batdance " " Partyman " " The Arms of Orion " " Scandalous! " " The Future " Batman Returns Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " Batman Returns: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (1992) " Face to Face " " Face to Face " Batman Forever Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman Forever: Original Motion Picture Score Album (1995) Batman Forever: Music from the Motion Picture (1995) " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " " Hold Me, Thrill Me, Kiss Me, Kill Me " " Kiss from a Rose " " The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game " " Nobody Lives Without Love " " Smash It Up " " The Riddler " " The Passenger " Batman & Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Related Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Batman & Robin: The Chiller Batman Forever Pinball Batmania Category Category v t e Batman franchise media v t e Live-action television Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman (1966) Batman episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Batman episodes episodes Return to the Batcave: The Misadventures of Adam and Burt Gotham (franchise) Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Gotham episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 characters episodes season 1 2 3 4 5 season 1 2 3 4 5 characters Pennyworth Arrowverse Batwoman episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " Batwoman episodes characters episodes characters " Crisis on Infinite Earths " The Penguin The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " The Penguin " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " " After Hours " " Inside Man " " Bliss " " Cent'Anni " " Homecoming " " Gold Summit " " Top Hat " " A Great or Little Thing " Other Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Batman OnStar commercials Birds of Prey Gotham Knights Live-action films Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production Early films Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) Batman (1943) Batman and Robin Batman (1966) 1989–1997 film series Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin Batman (1989) Batman Returns ( special effects ) Batman Forever Batman & Robin The Dark Knight Trilogy Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises Batman Begins The Dark Knight The Dark Knight Rises DC Extended Universe Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice Batgirl (unreleased) The Batman Epic Crime Saga The Batman production The Batman production production Animated television The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes The Batman characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam The Batman/Superman Hour The Adventures of Batman The New Adventures of Batman The Batman/Tarzan Adventure Hour The Animated Series episodes episodes The New Batman Adventures Batman Beyond characters episodes characters episodes The Batman characters episodes characters episodes The Brave and the Bold episodes episodes Beware the Batman Batwheels Caped Crusader Bat-Fam Animated films Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Mask of the Phantasm SubZero Return of the Joker Mystery of the Batwoman The Batman vs. Dracula Gotham Knight Public Enemies Under the Red Hood Apocalypse Year One The Dark Knight Returns DC Super Heroes Unite Son of Batman Assault on Arkham Animal Instincts Batman vs. Robin Monster Mayhem Bad Blood The Killing Joke Mechs vs. Mutants Return of the Caped Crusaders The Lego Batman Movie Batman and Harley Quinn Batman vs. Two-Face Scooby-Doo! & Batman: The Brave and the Bold Gotham by Gaslight Batman Ninja Batman vs. Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Hush Family Matters Soul of the Dragon The Long Halloween Battle of the Super Sons The Doom That Came to Gotham Merry Little Batman Batman Ninja vs. Yakuza League Aztec Batman: Clash of Empires Animated shorts Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Chase Me Strange Days Death in the Family Novels The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution The Ultimate Evil Enemies & Allies Wayne of Gotham Batman: Resurrection Batman: Revolution Podcasts Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Batman: The Audio Adventures Batman Unburied DC High Volume: Batman Enemies in other media Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Bane Joker Mr. Freeze Penguin Riddler Scarecrow Two-Face Supporting characters in other media Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Barbara Gordon Catwoman Robin Related topics Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One Batman & Bill Bruce Wayne (unproduced series) Batkid Begins Batman action figures Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Lego Batman Batman Total Justice Batman Unlimited Bat phone Bat-Manga!: The Secret History of Batman in Japan List of Batman films cast members List of Batman television series cast members List of Batman video games List of Batman children's books Batman music Batman Live Holy Musical B@man! Batman '89 (comic book) The Riddler: Year One v t e Batman in film v t e Serials Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Batman (1943 serial) Batman and Robin (1949 serial) Adam West films Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) Batman (1966) Return of the Caped Crusaders (2016) Batman vs. Two-Face (2017) 1989–1997 series Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Films Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game Batman (1989) score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game score soundtrack home computer game NES game Game Boy game Sega Genesis game PC Engine game arcade game Batman Returns (1992) soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game soundtrack special effects Sega games Atari Lynx game NES game SNES game Batman Forever (1995) score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game score soundtrack video game arcade game pinball game Batman & Robin (1997) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman Bruce Wayne Joker Catwoman The Dark Knight trilogy Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Films Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack Batman Begins (2005) soundtrack video game soundtrack video game The Dark Knight (2008) soundtrack canceled video game soundtrack canceled video game The Dark Knight Rises (2012) soundtrack soundtrack Characters Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes Bruce Wayne Joker Rachel Dawes DC Extended Universe Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Films Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Suicide Squad (2016) soundtrack soundtrack Justice League (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) soundtrack soundtrack The Flash (2023) soundtrack soundtrack Batgirl (unreleased) Characters Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn Bruce Wayne Harley Quinn The Batman series The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack The Batman (2022) production accolades soundtrack production accolades soundtrack Theatrical animated films Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack Mask of the Phantasm (1993) soundtrack soundtrack The Killing Joke (2016) The Lego Batman Movie (2017) soundtrack soundtrack Spin-off films Catwoman (2004) video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack Catwoman (2004) video game video game Joker (2019) accolades soundtrack accolades soundtrack Birds of Prey (2020) soundtrack soundtrack Joker: Folie à Deux (2024) score soundtrack score soundtrack Unofficial and fan films Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Features Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Batman Dracula Alyas Batman at Robin James Batman Batman Fights Dracula Fight Batman Fight! Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Yearly highest-grossing films in the United States v t e Films listed as number-one by in-year release 1970s–1980s Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) 1990s−2000s Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) 2010s−2020s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 GND VIAF 2 3 4 2 3 4 GND National United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia 1989 films 1989 action films 1989 American films 1989 British films 1980s English-language films 1980s superhero films American action films American films about revenge American superhero films Films set in art museums and galleries Batman (1989 film series) British action films British films about revenge British superhero films Casting controversies in film Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Jon Peters Films produced by Peter Guber Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot at Pinewood Studios Films shot in Bedfordshire Films shot in Hertfordshire Films shot in London Films whose production designer won the Best Production Design Academy Award Films with screenplays by Sam Hamm Films with screenplays by Warren Skaaren Gothic films Joker (character) in other media PolyGram Filmed Entertainment films Saturn Award–winning films Warner Bros. films English-language action films Dolby Cinema films CS1 maint: archived copy as title Pages containing links to subscription-only content Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Good articles Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use American English from January 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in American English Use mdy dates from May 2015 Template film date with 3 release dates Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Official website different in Wikidata and Wikipedia This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 06:53 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production Toggle Production subsection 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.1 Development 3.2 Casting 3.3 Design 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 4 Themes 5 Marketing 6 Reception Toggle Reception subsection 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 6.1 Box office 6.2 Critical response 7 Legacy Toggle Legacy subsection 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 7.1 Video games 7.2 Comic book continuations 7.3 Direct sequel novels 7.4 Home media 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Batman (1989 film) العربية Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Latviešu Magyar Македонски მარგალური مصرى Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikiquote Wikidata item Batman Theatrical release poster by Bill Garland Directed by Tim Burton Screenplay by .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Sam Hamm Warren Skaaren Story by Sam Hamm Based on Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Characters by DC Comics Batman by Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Bob Kane Bill Finger [ a ] Produced by Jon Peters Peter Guber Jon Peters Peter Guber Starring Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Jack Nicholson Michael Keaton Kim Basinger Robert Wuhl Pat Hingle Billy Dee Williams Michael Gough Jack Palance Cinematography Roger Pratt Edited by Ray Lovejoy Music by Danny Elfman (score) Prince (songs) Production companies Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Guber-Peters Company [ 2 ] PolyGram Pictures [ 2 ] Distributed by Warner Bros. [ 2 ] Release dates June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) June 19, 1989 ( 1989-06-19 ) ( Westwood, Los Angeles ) June 23, 1989 ( 1989-06-23 ) (United States) August 11, 1989 ( 1989-08-11 ) (United Kingdom) Running time 126 minutes Countries United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] United States [ 3 ] United Kingdom [ 4 ] Language English Budget $48 million [ 5 ] Box office $411.6 million [ 6 ] Batman is a 1989 superhero film based on the DC Comics character , created by Bob Kane and Bill Finger . Directed by Tim Burton , it is the first installment of Warner Bros. ' initial Batman film series . The film stars Jack Nicholson , Michael Keaton , Kim Basinger , Robert Wuhl , Pat Hingle , Billy Dee Williams , Michael Gough , and Jack Palance . The film's score was composed by Danny Elfman , and songs were written by Prince . The film takes place early in the war on crime of the title character (Keaton) and depicts his conflict with his archenemy the Joker (Nicholson). After Burton was hired as director in 1986, Steve Englehart and Julie Hickson wrote film treatments before Sam Hamm wrote the first screenplay. Batman was not greenlit until after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice (1988). The tone and themes of the film were partly influenced by Alan Moore and Brian Bolland 's The Killing Joke and Frank Miller 's The Dark Knight Returns . The film primarily adapts and then diverges from the " Red Hood " origin story for the Joker, having Batman inadvertently cause gangster Jack Napier to fall into Axis Chemical acid, triggering his transformation into the psychotic Joker. Additionally, Batman co-creator Bob Kane worked as a consultant for the film. Numerous leading men were considered for the role of Batman before Keaton was cast. Keaton's casting was controversial since, by 1988, he had become typecast as a comedic actor and many observers had doubt he could portray a serious role. [ 7 ] Nicholson accepted the role of the Joker under strict conditions that dictated top billing , a portion of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), and his own shooting schedule. Filming took place at Pinewood Studios from October 1988 to January 1989. The budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million, while the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike forced Hamm to drop out. Warren Skaaren did rewrites, with additional uncredited drafts done by Charles McKeown and Jonathan Gems . Batman was both critically and financially successful, earning over $400 million in box office totals. Critics and audiences particularly praised Nicholson and Keaton's performances, Burton's direction, the production design, and composer Danny Elfman 's score. It was the sixth-highest-grossing film in history at the time of its release. The film received several Saturn Award nominations and a Golden Globe nomination for Nicholson's performance, and won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction . The film was followed by three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), with both Burton and Keaton returning; Batman Forever (1995), with Joel Schumacher directing and Val Kilmer in the lead role; and Batman & Robin (1997), which featured George Clooney in the role. Keaton would later reprise the role of Batman in the DC Extended Universe film The Flash (2023). The film also led to the development of Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), which in turn began the DC Animated Universe of spin-off media, and has influenced Hollywood 's modern marketing and development techniques of the superhero film genre. Two sequel novels were written by John Jackson Miller , Batman: Resurrection (2024) and Batman: Revolution (2025). Plot Newspaper reporter Alexander Knox and photojournalist Vicki Vale investigate sightings of " Batman ", a masked vigilante targeting Gotham City 's criminals. Both attend a fundraiser hosted by billionaire Bruce Wayne, who is secretly Batman, having chosen this path after witnessing a mugger murder his parents when he was a child. During the event, Wayne becomes attracted to Vale. Meanwhile, mob boss Carl Grissom sends his sociopathic second-in-command Jack Napier to break into Axis Chemicals and retrieve incriminating evidence. However, this is secretly a ploy to have Napier murdered for carrying on an affair with Grissom's mistress, Alicia Hunt. Corrupt Gotham City police lieutenant Max Eckhardt arranges the hit on Napier by conducting an unauthorized raid on Axis Chemicals. However, Commissioner James Gordon learns of the raid and takes command, ordering the officers to capture Napier alive. Batman also appears, while Napier shoots and kills Eckhardt as revenge for the double-cross. During a scuffle with Batman, Napier topples off a catwalk and falls into a vat of chemicals. Although presumed dead, Napier survives with various disfigurements including chalk white skin and emerald-green hair and nails. He undergoes surgery to repair the damage, but ends up with a rictus grin . Driven insane by his hideous appearance, Napier, now calling himself "the Joker", kills Grissom, massacres Grissom's associates, and takes over his operations. The Joker begins terrorizing Gotham by lacing various hygiene products with "Smylex" – a deadly chemical that causes victims to die laughing . Joker soon becomes obsessed with Vicki and lures her to the Flugelheim Museum, which his henchmen vandalize . Batman rescues Vicki, takes her to the Batcave , and provides her with all of his research on Smylex, which will allow Gotham's residents to escape the toxin. Conflicted with his love for her, Wayne visits her apartment intending to reveal his secret identity, only for the Joker to interrupt the meeting. Joker asks Wayne, "Have you ever danced with the devil in the pale moonlight?", which Wayne recognizes as the phrase used by the mugger who murdered his parents. He shoots Wayne, who survives by hiding a serving tray underneath his shirt. Vicki is taken to the Batcave by Wayne's butler, Alfred Pennyworth , who had been coaxing the relationship between the pair. After Vicki learns his secret, Wayne chooses to battle the Joker for the sake of the city over their relationship. He then departs to destroy the Axis plant used to create Smylex. Meanwhile, Joker lures Gotham's citizens to a parade honoring Gotham's bicentennial with the promise of free money. This turns out to be a trap designed to dose them with Smylex gas held within giant parade balloons. Batman foils his plan by using his Batwing to remove the balloons, but Joker shoots him down. The Batwing crashes in front of a cathedral, which Joker uses to take Vicki hostage. Batman pursues the Joker, and in the ensuing fight, he identifies Napier killed his parents and thus, indirectly created Batman. Joker eventually pulls Batman and Vicki over the cathedral's roof, leaving them hanging while he calls for a helicopter piloted by his goons, who throw down a ladder for him to climb. Batman uses a grappling hook to attach Joker's leg to a crumbling gargoyle that eventually falls off the roof. Unable to bear the statue's immense weight, Joker falls to his death while Batman and Vicki make it to safety. Sometime later, Gordon announces that the police have arrested all of Joker's men, effectively dismantling the remains of Grissom's organizations, and unveils the Bat-Signal . Batman leaves the police a note, promising to defend Gotham should crime strike again, and asking them to use the Bat-Signal to summon him in times of need. Alfred takes Vicki to Wayne Manor , explaining that Wayne will be a little late. She responds that she is not surprised, as Batman looks at the signal's projection from a rooftop, standing watch over the city. Cast Jack Nicholson as Jack Napier / The Joker Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Hugo E. Blick as young Jack Napier Michael Keaton as Bruce Wayne / Batman Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Charles Roskilly as young Bruce Wayne Kim Basinger as Vicki Vale Robert Wuhl as Alexander Knox Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent Michael Gough as Alfred Pennyworth Jack Palance as Carl Grissom Jerry Hall as Alicia Hunt Tracey Walter as Bob the Goon Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg William Hootkins as Lt. Max Eckhardt Liza Ross as tourist mom Garrick Hagon as tourist dad Adrian Meyers as tourist son David Baxt as Thomas Wayne Sharon Holm as Martha Wayne Production Development "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." "I was never a giant comic book fan, but I've always loved the image of Batman and the Joker. The reason I've never been a comic book fan – and I think it started when I was a child – is because I could never tell which box I was supposed to read. I don't know if it was dyslexia or whatever, but that's why I loved The Killing Joke , because for the first time I could tell which one to read. It's my favorite. It's the first comic I've ever loved. And the success of those graphic novels made our ideas more acceptable." In the late 1970s, Batman's popularity was waning. [ 9 ] CBS was interested in producing a Batman in Outer Space film. Producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan purchased the film rights of Batman from DC Comics on October 3, 1979. It was Uslan's wish "to make the definitive, dark, serious version of Batman, the way Bob Kane and Bill Finger had envisioned him in 1939. A creature of the night; stalking criminals in the shadows." [ 9 ] Richard Maibaum was approached to write a script with Guy Hamilton to direct, but the two turned down the offer. Uslan was unsuccessful with pitching Batman to various movie studios because they wanted the film to be similar to the campy 1960s television series . Columbia Pictures and United Artists were among those to turn down the film. [ 10 ] A disappointed Uslan then wrote a script titled Return of the Batman to give the film industry a better idea of his vision for the film. Uslan later compared its dark tone to that of the successful four-part comic book The Dark Knight Returns , which his script predated by six years. [ 9 ] In November 1979, producers Jon Peters and Peter Guber joined the project. [ 5 ] Melniker and Uslan became executive producers. The four felt it was best to pattern the film's development after that of Superman (1978). [ 11 ] Uslan, Melniker and Guber pitched Batman to Universal Pictures , but the studio turned it down. [ 12 ] Though no movie studios were yet involved, the project was publicly announced with a budget of $15 million in July 1980 at the Comic Art Convention in New York. Warner Bros. , the studio behind the successful Superman film franchise , decided to also accept and produce Batman . [ 13 ] Tom Mankiewicz completed a script titled The Batman in June 1983, focusing on Batman and Dick Grayson 's origins, with the Joker and Rupert Thorne as villains and Silver St. Cloud as the romantic interest. [ 14 ] Mankiewicz took inspiration from the limited series Batman: Strange Apparitions , written by Steve Englehart . [ 15 ] Comic book artist Marshall Rogers , who worked with Englehart on Strange Apparitions , was hired for concept art . [ 12 ] The Batman was then announced in late 1983 for a mid-1985 release date on a budget of $20 million. Originally, Mankiewicz had wanted an unknown actor for Batman, William Holden for James Gordon , David Niven as Alfred Pennyworth , and Peter O'Toole as the Penguin , whom Mankiewicz wanted to portray as a mobster with low body temperature. [ 13 ] Holden died in 1981 and Niven in 1983, so this would never come to pass. A number of filmmakers were attached to Mankiewicz' script, including Ivan Reitman and Joe Dante . Reitman wanted to cast Bill Murray as Batman and Eddie Murphy as Robin. [ 7 ] Nine rewrites were performed by nine separate writers. Most of them were based on Strange Apparitions . However, Mankiewicz's script was still being used to guide the project. [ 16 ] Due to the work they did together with the film Swamp Thing (1982), Wes Craven was among the names that Melniker and Uslan considered while looking for a director. [ 17 ] After the financial success of Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985), Warner Bros. hired Tim Burton to direct Batman . Burton had then-girlfriend Julie Hickson write a new 30-page film treatment , feeling the previous script by Mankiewicz was campy . The success of The Dark Knight Returns and the graphic novel Batman: The Killing Joke rekindled Warner Bros.' interest in a film adaptation. Burton was initially not a comic book fan, but he was impressed by the dark and serious tone found in both The Dark Knight Returns and The Killing Joke . [ 7 ] Warner Bros. enlisted the aid of Englehart to write a new treatment in March 1986. [ 18 ] Like Mankiewicz's script, it was based on his own Strange Apparitions and included Silver St. Cloud, Dick Grayson, the Joker, and Rupert Thorne, as well as a cameo appearance by the Penguin . Warner Bros. was impressed, but Englehart felt there were too many characters. He removed the Penguin and Dick Grayson in his second treatment, finishing in May 1986. [ 18 ] Burton approached Sam Hamm , a comic book fan, to write the screenplay. [ 13 ] Hamm decided not to use an origin story , feeling that flashbacks would be more suitable and that "unlocking the mystery" would become part of the storyline. [ 15 ] He reasoned, "You totally destroy your credibility if you show the literal process by which Bruce Wayne becomes Batman." [ 19 ] Hamm replaced Silver St. Cloud with Vicki Vale and Rupert Thorne with his own creation, Carl Grissom. He completed his script in October 1986, which demoted Dick Grayson to a cameo rather than a supporting character. [ 20 ] One scene in Hamm's script had a young James Gordon on duty the night of the murder of Bruce Wayne's parents. When Hamm's script was rewritten, the scene was deleted, reducing it to a photo in the Gotham Globe newspaper seen in the film. [ 21 ] Warner Bros. was less willing to move forward on development, despite their enthusiasm for Hamm's script, which Kane greeted with positive feedback. [ 7 ] Hamm's script was then bootlegged at various comic book stores in the United States. [ 15 ] Batman was finally given the greenlight to commence pre-production in April 1988, after the success of Burton's Beetlejuice the same year. [ 7 ] When comic book fans found out about Burton directing the film with Michael Keaton starring in the lead role, controversy arose over the tone and direction Batman was going in. [ 22 ] Hamm explained, "They hear Tim Burton's name and they think of Pee-wee's Big Adventure . They hear Keaton's name, and they think of any number of Michael Keaton comedies. You think of the 1960s version of Batman , and it was the complete opposite of our film. We tried to market it with a typical dark and serious tone, but the fans didn't believe us." [ 15 ] To combat negative reports on the film's production, Kane was hired as creative consultant. [ 11 ] Batman's co-creator, Bill Finger , was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman-related media until 2016. [ 1 ] Casting Parallel to the Superman casting, a variety of Hollywood A-listers were considered for the role of Batman, including Mel Gibson , Michael Biehn , [ 23 ] Steven Seagal , [ 24 ] Kevin Costner , Charlie Sheen , Tom Selleck , Bill Murray, [ 5 ] [ 13 ] Harrison Ford and Dennis Quaid . [ 25 ] Burton was pressured by Warner Bros. to cast an obvious action movie star, [ 7 ] and had approached Pierce Brosnan , but he had no interest in playing a comic book character. [ 26 ] Burton was originally interested in casting an unknown actor, [ 25 ] Willem Dafoe , who was falsely reported to be considered for the Joker but had actually been considered for Batman early in development. [ 27 ] Producer Jon Peters suggested Michael Keaton, arguing he had the right "edgy, tormented quality" after having seen his dramatic performance in Clean and Sober (1988). [ 28 ] Having directed Keaton in Beetlejuice , Burton agreed. [ 5 ] The casting of Keaton caused a furor among comic book fans, [ 22 ] [ 29 ] with 50,000 protest letters sent to Warner Bros. offices. [ 20 ] Kane, Hamm, and Uslan also heavily questioned the casting. [ 15 ] "Obviously there was a negative response from the comic book people. I think they thought we were going to make it like the 1960s TV series, and make it campy, because they thought of Michael Keaton from Mr. Mom and Night Shift and stuff like that." [ 30 ] Keaton studied The Dark Knight Returns for inspiration. [ 31 ] Tim Curry , David Bowie , John Lithgow , Brad Dourif , Ray Liotta , and James Woods were all considered for the Joker. [ 19 ] [ 32 ] [ 33 ] [ 34 ] Lithgow, during his audition, attempted to talk Burton out of casting him, a decision he would later publicly regret, stating, "I didn't realize it was such a big deal." [ 35 ] Burton wanted to cast John Glover , but the studio insisted on using a movie star. [ 36 ] Robin Williams lobbied hard for the part. [ 20 ] Jack Nicholson had been the studio's top choice since 1980. Peters approached Nicholson as far back as 1986, during filming of The Witches of Eastwick ; [ 37 ] unlike Keaton, he was a popular choice for his role. [ 29 ] Nicholson had what was known as an "off-the-clock" agreement. His contract specified the number of hours he was entitled to have off each day, from the time he left the set to the time he reported back for filming, [ 13 ] as well as being off for Los Angeles Lakers home games. [ 38 ] Nicholson demanded that all of his scenes be shot in a three-week block, but the schedule lapsed into 106 days. [ 37 ] He reduced his standard $10 million fee to $6 million in exchange for a cut of the film's earnings (including associated merchandise), which led to remuneration in excess of $50 million [ 39 ] —biographer Marc Eliot reports that Nicholson may have received as much as $90 million. [ 40 ] He also demanded top billing on promotional materials. [ 41 ] Sean Young was originally cast as Vicki Vale, but was injured in a horse-riding accident prior to commencement of filming. [ 42 ] Young's departure necessitated an urgent search for an actress who, besides being right for the part, could commit to the film at very short notice. Peters suggested Kim Basinger : she was able to join the production immediately and was cast. [ 5 ] [ 42 ] As a fan of Michael Gough 's work in various Hammer horror films, Burton cast Gough as Bruce Wayne's mysterious butler, Alfred . [ 43 ] Reporter Alexander Knox was portrayed by Robert Wuhl . In the original script, Knox was killed by the Joker's poison gas during the climax, but the filmmakers "liked [my] character so much," Wuhl said, "that they decided to let me live." [ 44 ] Burton chose Billy Dee Williams as Harvey Dent because he wanted to include the villain Two-Face in a future film using the concept of an African-American Two-Face for the black and white concept, [ 45 ] but Tommy Lee Jones was later cast in the role for Batman Forever (1995), which disappointed Williams. [ 44 ] Nicholson convinced the filmmakers to cast his close friend Tracey Walter as the Joker's henchman Bob. [ 46 ] Irish child actor Ricky Addison Reed was cast as Dick Grayson before the character was removed by Warren Skarren for the revised shooting script. [ 47 ] The rest of the cast included Pat Hingle as Commissioner Gordon , Jerry Hall as Alicia, Lee Wallace as Mayor Borg, William Hootkins as Lt. Eckhardt, and Jack Palance as crime boss Carl Grissom. Design "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" "On Batman , our vision of Gotham City was influenced by the tone of the 'Dark Knight' comics, and also Andreas Feininger 's photographs of New York buildings and the work of Japanese architect Shin Takamatsu . ( Blade Runner was consciously avoided as a reference; no one was allowed to watch it while we were designing the film and neon was shunned altogether!)" Burton had been impressed with the design of Neil Jordan 's The Company of Wolves (1984), but was unable to hire its production designer Anton Furst for Beetlejuice [ 29 ] as he had instead committed to Jordan's London-filmed ghost comedy High Spirits (1988), a choice he later regretted. [ 13 ] A year later Burton successfully hired Furst for Batman , and they enjoyed working with each other. "I don't think I've ever felt so naturally in tune with a director," Furst said. "Conceptually, spiritually, visually, or artistically. There was never any problem because we never fought over anything. Texture, attitude and feelings are what Burton is a master at." [ 11 ] Furst and the art department deliberately mixed clashing architectural styles to "make Gotham City the ugliest and bleakest metropolis imaginable". [ 49 ] Furst continued, "[W]e imagined what New York City might have become without a planning commission . A city run by crime, with a riot of architectural styles. An essay in ugliness. As if hell erupted through the pavement and kept on going". [ 50 ] The 1985 film Brazil by Terry Gilliam was also a notable influence upon the film's production design, as both Burton and Furst studied it as a reference. [ 11 ] Black and white charcoal drawings of key locations and sets were created by Furst's longtime draftsman, Nigel Phelps . Derek Meddings served as the visual effects supervisor , overseeing the miniatures and animation. Conceptual illustrator Julian Caldow designed the Batmobile, Batwing and assorted bat-gadgets that were later constructed by prop builder John Evans. Keith Short sculpted the final body of the Batmobile , [ 51 ] adding two Browning machine guns . [ 52 ] On designing the Batmobile, Furst explained, "We looked at jet aircraft components, we looked at war machines, we looked at all sorts of things. In the end, we went into pure expressionism, taking the Salt Flat Racers of the 30s and the Sting Ray macho machines of the 50s". The car was built upon a Chevrolet Impala when previous development with a Jaguar and Ford Mustang failed. [ 37 ] The car itself was later purchased by standup comedian/ventriloquist Jeff Dunham , who had it outfitted with a Corvette engine to make it street legal. [ 53 ] Costume designer Bob Ringwood turned down the chance to work on Licence to Kill (1989) in favor of Batman . Ringwood found it difficult designing the Batsuit because "the image of Batman in the comics is this huge, big six-foot-four hunk with a dimpled chin. Michael Keaton is a guy with average build", he stated. "The problem was to make somebody who was average-sized and ordinary-looking into this bigger-than-life creature." [ 54 ] Burton commented, "Michael is a bit claustrophobic , which made it worse for him. The costume put him in a dark, Batman-like mood though, so he was able to use it to his advantage". [ 54 ] Burton's idea was to use an all-black suit, and was met with positive feedback by Bob Kane. Vin Burnham was tasked with sculpting the Batsuit, in association with Alli Eynon. Jon Peters wanted to use a Nike product placement with the Batsuit. [ 55 ] [ 56 ] Ringwood studied over 200 comic book issues for inspiration. 28 sculpted latex designs were created; 25 different cape looks and 6 different heads were made, accumulating a total cost of $250,000. [ 57 ] Comic book fans initially expressed negative feedback against the Batsuit. [ 29 ] Burton opted not to use tights, spandex, or underpants as seen in the comic book, feeling it was not intimidating. [ 7 ] Prosthetic makeup designer Nick Dudman used acrylic-based makeup paint called PAX for Nicholson's chalk-white face. Part of Nicholson's contract was approval over the makeup designer. [ 58 ] Filming The filmmakers considered filming Batman entirely on the Warner Bros. backlot in Burbank, California , but media interest in the film made them change the location. It was shot at Pinewood Studios in England from October 10, 1988, to February 14, 1989, with 80 days of main shooting and 86 days of second unit shooting. [ 59 ] 18 sound stages were used, with seven stages occupied, including the 51 acre backlot for the Gotham City set, one of the biggest ever built at the studio. [ 59 ] [ 11 ] Locations included Knebworth House and Hatfield House doubling for Wayne Manor , plus Acton Lane Power Station and Little Barford Power Station . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] For the production at Acton Lane Power Station, the power plant and alien nest sets from Aliens (1986) were reused as interiors for Axis Chemicals. [ 62 ] The original production budget escalated from $30 million to $48 million. [ 5 ] Filming was highly secretive. The unit publicist was offered and refused £ 10,000 for the first pictures of Nicholson as the Joker. The police were later called in when two reels of footage (about 20 minutes' worth) were stolen. [ 37 ] With various problems during filming, Burton called it "Torture. The worst period of my life!" [ 5 ] Hamm was not allowed to perform rewrites during the 1988 Writers Guild of America strike . [ 13 ] Warren Skaaren , who had also worked on Burton's Beetlejuice , did rewrites. Jonathan Gems and Charles McKeown rewrote the script during filming. [ 63 ] Only Skaaren received screenplay credit with Hamm. Hamm criticized the rewrites, but blamed the changes on Warner Bros. [ 15 ] Burton explained, "I don't understand why that became such a problem. We started out with a script that everyone liked, although we recognized it needed a little work." [ 7 ] Dick Grayson appeared in the shooting script but was deleted because the filmmakers felt he was irrelevant to the plot; [ 13 ] Kane supported this decision. [ 43 ] Keaton used his comedic experience for scenes such as Bruce and Vicki's Wayne Manor dinner. [ 29 ] He called himself a "logic freak" and was concerned that Batman's secret identity would in reality be fairly easy to uncover. Keaton discussed ideas with Burton to better disguise the character, including the use of contact lenses . Ultimately, Keaton decided to perform Batman's voice at a lower register than when he was portraying Bruce Wayne, which became a hallmark of the film version of the character, with Christian Bale later using the same technique. [ 64 ] Originally in the climax, the Joker was meant to kill Vicki Vale, sending Batman into a vengeful fury. Jon Peters reworked the climax without telling Burton and commissioned production designer Anton Furst to create a 38-foot (12 m) model of the cathedral. [ 65 ] This cost $100,000 when the film was already well over budget. Burton disliked the idea, having no clue how the scene would end: "Here were Jack Nicholson and Kim Basinger walking up this cathedral, and halfway up Jack turns around and says, 'Why am I walking up all these stairs? Where am I going?' 'We'll talk about it when you get to the top!' I had to tell him that I didn't know." [ 65 ] Music Burton hired Danny Elfman of Oingo Boingo , his collaborator on Pee-wee's Big Adventure and Beetlejuice , to compose the music score. For inspiration, Elfman was given The Dark Knight Returns . Elfman was worried, as he had never worked on a production this large in budget and scale. [ 66 ] In addition, producer Jon Peters was skeptical of hiring Elfman, but was later convinced when he heard the opening number. [ 67 ] Peters and Peter Guber wanted Prince to write music for the Joker and Michael Jackson to do the romance songs. Elfman would then combine the style of Prince and Jackson's songs together for the entire film score. [ 7 ] At the encouragement of Prince's then-manager Albert Magnoli , it was agreed that Prince himself would write and sing the film's songs . [ 68 ] Burton protested the ideas, citing "my movies aren't commercial like Top Gun ." [ 7 ] Elfman enlisted the help of composer Shirley Walker and Oingo Boingo lead guitarist Steve Bartek to arrange the compositions for the orchestra. [ 69 ] [ 70 ] Elfman was later displeased with the audio mixing of his film score. " Batman was done in England by technicians who didn't care, and the non-caring showed," he stated. "I'm not putting down England because they've done gorgeous dubs there, but this particular crew elected not to." [ 71 ] Batman was one of the first films to spawn two soundtracks. One of them featured songs written by Prince while the other showcased Elfman's score. Both were successful, [ 72 ] and compilations of Elfman's opening credits were used in the title sequence theme for Batman: The Animated Series (1992–1995), also composed by Walker. [ 33 ] Themes When discussing the central theme of Batman , director Tim Burton explained, "the whole film and mythology of the character is a complete duel of the freaks. It's a fight between two disturbed people", adding, "The Joker is such a great character because there's a complete freedom to him. Any character who operates on the outside of society and is deemed a freak and an outcast then has the freedom to do what they want... They are the darker sides of freedom. Insanity is in some scary way the most freedom you can have, because you're not bound by the laws of society". [ 7 ] Burton saw Bruce Wayne as the bearer of a double identity, exposing one while hiding the reality from the world. [ 7 ] Burton biographer Ken Hanke wrote that Bruce Wayne, struggling with his alter-ego as Batman, is depicted as an antihero . Hanke felt that Batman has to push the boundaries of civil justice to deal with certain criminals, such as the Joker. [ 16 ] Kim Newman theorized that "Burton and the writers saw Batman and the Joker as a dramatic antithesis, and the film deals with their intertwined origins and fates to an even greater extent". [ 73 ] Batman conveys trademarks found in 1930s pulp magazines , notably the design of Gotham City stylized with Art Deco design. [ 74 ] Richard Corliss , writing for Time , observed that Gotham's design was a reference to films such as The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920) and Metropolis (1927). "Gotham City, despite being shot on a studio backlot ", he continued, "is literally another character in the script. It has the demeaning presence of German Expressionism and fascist architecture , staring down at the citizens." [ 75 ] Hanke further addressed the notions of Batman being a period piece , in that "The citizens, cops, people and the black-and-white television looks like it takes place in 1939"; but later said: "Had the filmmakers made Vicki Vale a femme fatale rather than a damsel in distress , this could have made Batman as a homage and tribute to classic film noir ." [ 60 ] Portions of the climax pay homage to Vertigo (1958). [ 76 ] Marketing The B.D. Fox ad agency created hundreds of unused logos and posters for promotion, many by John Alvin . In the end Burton and producers decided on only using a gold and black logo designed by Anton Furst and airbrushed by Bill Garland, with no other key art variation, to keep an air of mystery about the film. [ 77 ] The logo is also an ambiguous image , which can be read either as Batman's symbol or as a gaping mouth. [ 78 ] Earlier designs "had the word 'Batman' spelled in RoboCop or Conan the Barbarian -type font". [ 5 ] Jon Peters unified all the film's tie-ins , even turning down $6 million from General Motors to build the Batmobile because the car company would not relinquish creative control. [ 5 ] During production, Peters read in The Wall Street Journal that comic book fans were unsatisfied with the casting of Michael Keaton. In response, Peters rushed the first film trailer that played in thousands of theaters during Christmas. It was simply an assemblage of scenes without music, but created enormous anticipation for the film, with audiences clapping and cheering. [ 5 ] [ 29 ] DC Comics allowed screenwriter Sam Hamm to write his own comic book miniseries . Hamm's stories were collected in the graphic novel Batman: Blind Justice ( .mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}} ISBN 978-1563890475 ). Denys Cowan and Dick Giordano illustrated the artwork. [ 19 ] Blind Justice tells the story of Bruce Wayne trying to solve a series of murders connected to Wayne Enterprises . It also marks the first appearance of Henri Ducard , who was later used in the rebooted Batman Begins (2005), albeit as an alias for the more notable Ra's al Ghul . [ 19 ] In the months leading up to Batman ' s release in June 1989, a popular culture phenomenon known as " Batmania " began. Over $750 million worth of merchandise was sold. [ 33 ] Cult filmmaker and comic book writer Kevin Smith remembered: "That summer was huge. You couldn't turn around without seeing the Bat-Signal somewhere. People were cutting it into their fucking heads. It was just the summer of Batman and if you were a comic book fan it was pretty hot." [ 79 ] Hachette Book Group USA published a novelization, Batman , written by Craig Shaw Gardner . [ 80 ] It remained on The New York Times Best Seller list throughout June 1989. [ 81 ] Burton admitted he was annoyed by the publicity. David Handelman of The New York Observer categorized Batman as a high concept film. He believed "it is less movie than a corporate behemoth ". [ 76 ] Reception Box office Batman grossed $2.2 million in late night previews on June 22, 1989, on 1,215 screens and grossed $40.49 million in 2,194 theaters during its opening weekend. [ 82 ] This broke the opening weekend records held by Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (which had a 4-day Memorial Day weekend gross of $37.0 million the previous month) [ 83 ] and Ghostbusters II (which had a $29.4 million 3-day weekend the previous weekend). [ 84 ] [ 85 ] Upon opening, the film would go on to reach the number one spot above Honey, I Shrunk the Kids . [ 86 ] Additionally, it had the largest opening weekend for a Jack Nicholson film for 14 years until it was dethroned by Anger Management in 2003. [ 87 ] Batman also set a record for a second weekend gross with $30 million (also the second biggest 3-day weekend of all time) [ 83 ] and became the fastest film to earn $100 million, reaching it in 11 days (10 days plus late night previews). [ 84 ] [ 88 ] The film closed on December 14, 1989, with a final gross of $251.4 million in North America and $160.2 million internationally, totaling $411.6 million. [ 89 ] The film would hold the record for being the highest-grossing Warner Bros. film until 1996 when Twister surpassed it. [ 90 ] It was the highest-grossing film based on a DC comic book until The Dark Knight (2008). [ 91 ] Furthermore, Batman held the record for being the highest-grossing superhero film of all time until it was taken by Spider-Man in 2002. [ 92 ] The film's gross is the 143rd highest ever in North American ranks. [ 93 ] Although Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade made the most money worldwide in 1989, [ 94 ] Batman was able to beat The Last Crusade in North America , [ 95 ] and made a further $150 million in home video sales. [ 96 ] Box Office Mojo estimates that the film sold more than 60 million tickets in the US. [ 97 ] Despite the film's box office – over $400 million against a budget of no more than $48 million – Warner Bros. claimed it ended up losing $35.8 million and "not likely to ever show a profit," which has been attributed to a case of Hollywood accounting . [ 98 ] Critical response Batman was criticized by some for being too dark, but nonetheless received a generally positive response from critics. [ 7 ] On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes , the film holds an approval rating of 77% based on 142 reviews, with an average score of 7.1/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "An eerie, haunting spectacle, Batman succeeds as dark entertainment, even if Jack Nicholson's Joker too often overshadows the title character." [ 99 ] On Metacritic , the film received a weighted average score of 69 based on 21 reviews, indicating "generally favorable" reviews. [ 100 ] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale. [ 101 ] Many observed that Burton was more interested in the Joker and the art and set production design than Batman or anything else in terms of characterization and screentime. [ 7 ] Comic book fans reacted negatively over the Joker murdering Thomas and Martha Wayne ; in the comic book, Joe Chill is responsible. Writer Sam Hamm said it was Burton's idea to have the Joker murder Wayne's parents. "The Writer's Strike was going on, and Tim had the other writers do that. I also hold innocent to Alfred letting Vicki Vale into the Batcave . Fans were ticked off with that, and I agree. That would have been Alfred's last day of employment at Wayne Manor ," Hamm said. [ 67 ] The songs written by Prince were criticized for being "too out of place". [ 13 ] While Burton stated he had no problem with the Prince songs, he was less enthusiastic with their use in the film. [ 16 ] On the film, Burton remarked, "I liked parts of it, but the whole movie is mainly boring to me. It's OK, but it was more of a cultural phenomenon than a great movie." [ 96 ] Despite initial negative reactions from comics fans prior to the film's release, Keaton's portrayal of Batman was generally praised. [ 76 ] [ 102 ] James Berardinelli called the film entertaining, with the highlight being the production design. However, he concluded, "the best thing that can be said about Batman is that it led to Batman Returns , which was a far superior effort." [ 103 ] Variety felt "Jack Nicholson stole every scene" but still greeted the film with positive feedback. [ 104 ] Roger Ebert was highly impressed with the production design, but claimed " Batman is a triumph of design over story, style over substance, a great-looking movie with a plot you can't care much about." He also called the film "a depressing experience". [ 105 ] On the syndicated television series Siskel & Ebert , his reviewing partner Gene Siskel disagreed, describing the film as having a "refreshingly adult" approach with performances, direction and set design that "draws you into a psychological world". [ 106 ] Legacy Anton Furst and Peter Young won the Academy Award for Best Art Direction , [ 107 ] while Nicholson was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor (Musical or Comedy) . [ 108 ] The British Academy of Film and Television Arts nominated Batman in six categories ( Production Design , Visual Effects , Costume Design , Makeup , Sound and Actor in a Supporting Role for Nicholson), but it won none of the categories. [ 109 ] Nicholson, Basinger, the makeup department, and costume designer Bob Ringwood all received nominations at the Saturn Awards . The film was also nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Fantasy Film [ 110 ] and the Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation . [ 111 ] The success of Batman prompted Warner Bros. Animation to create the acclaimed Batman: The Animated Series , as a result beginning the long-running DC Animated Universe [ 112 ] and helped establish the modern day superhero film genre. Series co-creator Bruce Timm stated the television show's Art Deco design was inspired from the film. Timm commented, "our show would never have gotten made if it hadn't been for that first Batman movie." [ 113 ] Burton joked, "ever since I did Batman , it was like the first dark comic book movie. Now everyone wants to do a dark and serious superhero movie. I guess I'm the one responsible for that trend." [ 114 ] Batman initiated the original Batman film series and spawned three sequels: Batman Returns (1992), Batman Forever (1995), and Batman & Robin (1997), the latter two of which were directed by Joel Schumacher instead of Burton and replaced Keaton as Batman with Val Kilmer and George Clooney , respectively. Executive producers Benjamin Melniker and Michael E. Uslan filed a breach of contract lawsuit in Los Angeles County Superior Court on March 26, 1992. Melniker and Uslan claimed to be "the victims of a sinister campaign of fraud and coercion that has cheated them out of continuing involvement in the production of Batman and its sequels. We were denied proper credits, and deprived of any financial rewards for our indispensable creative contribution to the success of Batman ." [ 5 ] A superior court judge rejected the lawsuit. Total revenues of Batman have topped $2 billion, with Uslan claiming to have "not seen a penny more than that since our net profit participation has proved worthless." [ 5 ] Warner Bros. offered the pair an out-of-court settlement, a sum described by Melniker and Uslan's attorney as "two popcorns and two Cokes ". [ 115 ] Reflecting on the twentieth anniversary of its release in a retrospective article on Salon.com , film commentator Scott Mendelson noted the continuing impact that Batman has had on the motion film industry, including the increasing importance of opening weekend box office receipts; the narrowing window between a film's debut and its video release that caused the demise of second-run movie theaters; the accelerated acquisition of pre-existing, pre-sold properties for film adaptations that can be readily leveraged for merchandizing tie-ins; the primacy of the MPAA PG-13 as the target rating for film producers; and more off-beat, non-traditional casting opportunities for genre films. [ 116 ] The film was responsible for the British Board of Film Classification introducing its "12" age rating, as its content fell between what was expected for a "PG" or "15" certificate. [ 117 ] [ 118 ] The American Film Institute anointed Batman the 46th greatest movie hero and the Joker the 45th greatest movie villain on AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains . [ 119 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies – Nominated [ 120 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills – Nominated [ 121 ] AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains : The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero The Joker – #45 Villain Batman – #46 Hero AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes : "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] "Have you ever danced with the Devil in the pale moonlight?" – Nominated [ 122 ] AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores – Nominated [ 123 ] AFI's 10 Top 10 – Nominated Fantasy Film [ 124 ] Robert Wuhl reprises his role as Alexander Knox in The CW 's Arrowverse crossover, Crisis on Infinite Earths . The event also retroactively established that the world of the film and its sequel, Batman Returns , takes place on Earth-89; which is one of the worlds destroyed by the Anti-Monitor ( LaMonica Garrett ) during the Crisis. [ 125 ] Michael Keaton reprises his role as Batman in The Flash set in the DC Extended Universe . [ 126 ] Video games Several video games based on the film were released: By Ocean Software in 1989 , [ 127 ] by Sunsoft in 1989 and 1990 , [ 128 ] [ 129 ] and by Atari Games in 1991 . [ 130 ] Konami was also in talks of releasing an arcade game around the same time as Atari. [ 131 ] Comic book continuations In March 2016, artist Joe Quinones revealed several art designs he and Kate Leth had created to pitch a comic book continuation set in the 1989 Batman universe to DC Comics. The pitch, which was rejected, would have included the story of Billy Dee Williams' Harvey Dent turning into Two-Face as well as the inclusion of characters such as Batgirl in a story that took place following the events of Batman Returns . [ 132 ] In 2021, DC announced it would be releasing a comic book continuation of the film titled Batman '89 . The series would be written by Sam Hamm and illustrated by Joe Quinones. The comic's synopsis revealed that it would include the return of Selina Kyle/Catwoman, an introduction of a new Robin, and the transformation of Williams' Harvey Dent into Two-Face. [ 133 ] A follow-up series was later announced by DC Comics on August 17, 2023. The first issue of the new series was released on November 28, 2023. It was written again by Sam Hamm, with art by Joe Quinones. In the series, Batman has mysteriously disappeared after Dent's death, leading Gotham citizens to take to the streets to fight in his place, including Barbara Gordon, who becomes Batgirl . Scarecrow and Harley Quinn will be featured as the main antagonists, [ 134 ] seemingly referencing the unproduced fifth film in the Burton and Schumacher series, Batman Unchained . [ 135 ] Direct sequel novels On April 11, 2024, it was announced that a new novel would be released which would tie-in to the film. Announced with the title Batman: Resurrection , the novel was written by author John Jackson Miller , and acts as a direct sequel to the film, being set between the events of Batman and its sequel Batman Returns , with Batman focusing on dismantling the remnants of Joker's organization, while contemplating on the idea that Joker might not actually be dead. The novel also includes certain characters introduced in the sequel, with one example being Max Shreck. [ 136 ] It was released on October 15, 2024, by Penguin Random House ; a sequel, titled Batman: Revolution , was later revealed by Miller and was released in October 2025. [ 137 ] [ 138 ] [ 139 ] Home media Batman has been released on various formats, including VHS , LaserDisc , DVD and Blu-ray . In an unprecedented move at the time, it was made available to buy on VHS in the United States on November 15, 1989, less than six months after its theatrical release, at a suggested retail price of only $24.95 although most sellers sold it for less. [ 140 ] [ 141 ] It was first released on DVD on March 25, 1997, as a double sided disc containing both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions of the film. The 2005 Batman: The Motion Picture Anthology 1989–1997 included 2-disc special edition DVDs of the film and all three of its sequels. The anthology was also released as a 4-disc Blu-ray set in 2009, with each film and its previous extras contained on a single disc. Other Blu-ray reissues include a "30th Anniversary" Digibook with 50-page booklet, and a steelcase edition; both also include a Digital Copy . Most recently the "25th Anniversary" Diamond Luxe reissue contained the same disc as before and on a second disc, a new 25-minute featurette: "Batman: The Birth of the Modern Blockbuster". The film was also included in The Tim Burton Collection DVD and Blu-ray set in 2012, alongside its first sequel, Batman Returns . Batman was released on Ultra HD Blu-ray on June 4, 2019. [ 142 ] Notes ^ Bill Finger , co-creator of Batman, the Penguin, and Catwoman, was uncredited at the time of the film's release and his name was not added to any Batman related media until 2016. [ 1 ] References ^ a b "DC Will Finally Credit Bill Finger As Co-Creator Of Batman" . Gizmodo . September 20, 2015. Archived from the original on August 31, 2019 . Retrieved August 31, 2019 . ^ a b c d "Batman (1989)" . American Film Institute . 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"Tim Burton, Batman and The Joker" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on March 27, 2018 . Retrieved March 26, 2018 . ^ Hilary de Vries (February 5, 1989). " Batman Battles for Big Money" . The New York Times . Archived from the original on December 7, 2019 . Retrieved October 26, 2008 . ^ Daniels, Les (2000). Batman: The Complete History . Chronicle Books . p. 164. ISBN 0-8118-2470-5 . ^ Gilchrist, Todd (November 4, 2011). "Ray Liotta Says Tim Burton Wanted To Meet With Him For 'Batman' " . Indiewire . Archived from the original on September 3, 2014 . Retrieved August 29, 2014 . ^ a b c Hughes, David (2003). "Batman". Comic Book Movies . Virgin Books . pp. 33– 46. ISBN 0-7535-0767-6 . ^ Child, Ben (October 15, 2013). "Batman's Joker was originally Brad Dourif, not Jack Nicholson, says Dourif" . The Guardian . Retrieved October 27, 2021 . ^ Van Syckle, Katie (June 13, 2017). "John Lithgow Still Regrets Passing on Playing the Joker in Tim Burton's Batman" . Vulture . 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Retrieved August 2, 2023 – via Newspapers.com . ^ Gray, Brandon (April 14, 2003). " 'Anger' Manages April Record: $42.2 Million" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on May 14, 2023 . Retrieved May 14, 2023 . ^ McBride, Joseph (July 5, 1989). " 'Batman' Tops $100-Million". Variety . p. 1. ^ "Batman (1989)" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on June 11, 2009 . Retrieved May 3, 2008 . ^ Mendelson, Scott. " 'Twister': The Circumstances Of Its Blockbuster Success May Be Impossible To Replicate" . Forbes . Archived from the original on February 27, 2022 . Retrieved February 27, 2022 . ^ "DC Comics Movies" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 22, 2019 . Retrieved May 3, 2008 . ^ Gray, Brandon (May 20, 2002). " 'Spider-Man,' 'About a Boy' Survive and Thrive Under 'Attack' " . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on January 1, 2023 . Retrieved January 1, 2023 . ^ "All Time Domestic Box Office Results" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 3, 2018 . Retrieved July 5, 2012 . ^ "1989 Worldwide Grosses" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on October 15, 2007 . Retrieved May 3, 2008 . ^ "1989 Domestic Grosses" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on December 16, 2008 . Retrieved May 3, 2008 . ^ a b Jeffrey Resner (August 1992). "Three Go Mad in Gotham", Empire , pp. 44–52. Retrieved on August 14, 2008. ^ "Batman (1989)" . Box Office Mojo . Archived from the original on August 4, 2016 . Retrieved May 31, 2016 . ^ McDougal, Dennis (March 21, 1991). "A Blockbuster Deficit : 'Batman' Accounts Show a $35.8-Million Deficit for the Warners Hit That Grossed $253.4 Million; the Film May Never Show Profit" . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on July 31, 2020 . Retrieved May 5, 2020 . ^ "Batman (1989)" . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango . Archived from the original on July 25, 2022 . Retrieved August 28, 2024 . ^ "Batman (1989): Reviews" . Metacritic . Archived from the original on March 26, 2013 . Retrieved February 21, 2020 . ^ "CinemaScore" . Archived from the original on September 16, 2017 . Retrieved May 6, 2021 . ^ Sauriol, Patrick (July 1998). "Dark Knight Triumphant". Wizard . p. 208. ^ Berardinelli, James (June 5, 2001). "Batman (1989)" . ReelViews . Archived from the original on November 21, 2020 . Retrieved May 5, 2008 . ^ "Film Reviews: Batman" . Variety . June 14, 1989 . Retrieved May 5, 2008 . ^ Ebert, Roger (June 23, 1989). "Batman" . Chicago Sun-Times . Archived from the original on April 13, 2013 . Retrieved May 5, 2008 – via RogerEbert.com . ^ Ebert, Roger (host); Gene, Siskel (host) (June 24, 1989). "Batman, Honey I Shrunk the Kids, Tummy Trouble, Ghostbusters II, Kung-fu Master!" . Siskel & Ebert . Season 3. Episode 41. Archived from the original on November 15, 2021 – via YouTube. ^ "Batman" . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on September 17, 2017 . Retrieved September 16, 2017 . ^ "Batman" . Hollywood Foreign Press Association . Archived from the original on August 28, 2008 . Retrieved May 6, 2008 . ^ "Batman" . British Academy of Film and Television Arts . Archived from the original on July 7, 2012 . Retrieved October 4, 2008 . ^ "Past Saturn Awards" . Saturn Awards .org . Archived from the original on May 11, 2008 . Retrieved May 7, 2008 . ^ "1990 Hugo Awards" . The Hugo Awards . Archived from the original on March 2, 2013 . Retrieved May 6, 2008 . ^ Dini, Paul ; Kidd, Chip (1998). Batman Animated . Titan Books . p. 2. ISBN 1-84023-016-9 . ^ Timm, Bruce ; Nolen-Weathington, Erick (2004). Modern Masters Volume 3: Bruce Timm . TwoMorrows Publishing . pp. 38– 49. ISBN 1-893905-30-6 . ^ Boucher, Geoff (October 15, 2008). "Tim Burton talks about Johnny Depp, 'Alice in Wonderland' and 'The Dark Knight' " . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on December 2, 2013 . Retrieved April 18, 2016 . ^ Olly Richards (September 1992). "Trouble in Gotham", Empire , pp. 21–23. Retrieved on August 14, 2008. ^ Mendelson, Scott (June 24, 2009). "20 years later, how Batman changed the movie business..." Salon.com . Archived from the original on June 27, 2009 . Retrieved July 4, 2009 . ^ "The 12: From Batman to Spider-Man" . BBC News . August 29, 2002. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021 . Retrieved March 2, 2021 . ^ "Along came a spider" . The Independent . January 10, 2014. Archived from the original on May 6, 2021 . Retrieved March 2, 2021 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Heroes and Villains" (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on August 7, 2011 . Retrieved 2010-05-21 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years... 100 Greatest American Movie Nominees" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on October 26, 2013 . Retrieved September 16, 2017 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills Nominees" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ "AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes Nominees" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ "HollywoodBowlBallot" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on July 6, 2011 . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ "AFI's 10 Top 10 Ballot" (PDF) . Archived (PDF) from the original on March 26, 2017 . Retrieved August 20, 2011 . ^ Drum, Nicole (October 13, 2019). "Batman '89 Universe Confirmed For Crisis on Infinite Earths" . ComicBook . Archived from the original on December 8, 2019 . Retrieved December 8, 2019 . ^ Breznican, Anthony (August 20, 2020). "Ben Affleck Will Return as Batman in The Flash " . Vanity Fair . Archived from the original on August 20, 2020 . Retrieved August 20, 2020 . ^ Glancey, Paul (November 1989). "Review - Amiga - Batman". Computer & Video Games (96). EMAP : 54, 55. ^ Rasa, Chris (December 12, 2014). "Batman: The Video Game (NES)" . Hardcore Gaming 101 . Retrieved March 15, 2023 . ^ Levi Buchanan (July 23, 2008). "Batman Retro Review The game" . IGN . Retrieved March 23, 2014 . ^ Schwartz, Michael; Dykman, Joan. "Overview - Batman" . allgame . Archived from the original on December 10, 2014 . Retrieved October 23, 2015 . ^ Yarwood, Jack (March 15, 2023). "Ex-Konami Artist Says Developer Wanted To Make A Batman Game For Arcades" . Time Extension . Hookshot Media . Retrieved March 15, 2023 . ^ Whitbrook, James (February 17, 2021). "Behold the Batman '89 Comic That DC Rejected Because They Hate Joy" . Gizmodo . Archived from the original on February 16, 2021 . Retrieved February 17, 2021 . ^ Arvedon, Jon (February 17, 2021). "DC Announces Batman '89 and Superman '78 Digital First Series" . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 17, 2021 . Retrieved February 17, 2021 . ^ Matthew Aguilar (August 17, 2023). "DC Reveals Sequels to Batman '89 and Superman '78 (Exclusive)" . Comicbook.com . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ Schedeen, Jesse (August 21, 2023). "Batman '89: Echoes Adds Scarecrow and Harley Quinn to the Burtonverse" . IGN . ^ Matthew Aguilar (April 11, 2024). "Batman 1989 Continues, in a Brand New Novel" . Gizmodo . Retrieved April 13, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection by John Jackson Miller" . Penguin Random House . Archived from the original on April 11, 2024 . Retrieved April 14, 2024 . ^ "Batman: Resurrection Continues the Dark Knight's Tale From the Tim Burton Film (Exclusive)" . comicbook.com . October 13, 2024. ^ "New Batman: Resurrection Book Fills In The Gap Between Batman 1989 And Batman Returns" . slashfilm.com . October 15, 2024. ^ " 'Batman' a Potent Weapon in Sell-through Crusade". Variety . November 15, 1989. p. 31. ^ " 'Batman' Vids Fly Off Shelves; Stores Face Limited Supploy". Variety . November 22, 1989. p. 81. ^ Batman 4K Blu-ray , archived from the original on April 9, 2019 , retrieved April 12, 2019 Further reading Halfyard, Janet K. (October 28, 2004). Danny Elfman's Batman: A Film Score Guide (Paperback). A careful study of Elfman's scoring technique with a detailed analysis of the film itself. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 0-8108-5126-1 . Craig Shaw Gardner (June 1, 1989). Batman (Mass Market Paperback). Novelization of the film. Hachette Book Group USA . ISBN 0-446-35487-2 . External links Film portal United States portal Speculative fiction portal 1980s portal Batman at IMDb Batman at the TCM Movie Database (archived version) Official website Batman (1989) Official website at Warner Bros. 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Robin Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Batman & Robin: Music from and Inspired by the "Batman & Robin" Motion Picture (1997) " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " " The End Is the Beginning Is the End " " Look into My Eyes " " Gotham City " " Foolish Games " " Lazy Eye " " Poison Ivy " " Moaner " Video games Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade Batman & Robin (1998) Batman: The Movie (1989–90) PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade PC NES Game Boy Sega Genesis PC Engine arcade Batman Returns (1992) Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Lynx NES SNES Sega systems Batman Forever (1995) arcade arcade 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Alyas Batman en Robin Batman XXX Shorts Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild Dead End Grayson World's Finest City of Scars Dying Is Easy Batman Beyond: Year One Jokers Wild See also Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials Batman franchise List of Batman films cast members Batman OnStar commercials v t e Live-action films based on DC Comics v t e Serials Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Adventures of Captain Marvel (1941) Spy Smasher (1942) Batman (1943) Hop Harrigan (1946) The Vigilante (1947) Superman (1948) Congo Bill (1948) Batman and Robin (1949) Atom Man vs. Superman (1950) Blackhawk (1952) Single films Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Steel (1997) Catwoman (2004) Constantine (2005) Watchmen (2009) Jonah Hex (2010) Green Lantern (2011) Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice (2016) Justice League (2017) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) production Zack Snyder's Justice League (2021) Birds of Prey (2020) Batgirl (produced 2021–2022; unreleased) Black Adam (2022) The Flash (2023) Blue Beetle (2023) Clayface (2026) Franchises Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Aquaman Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Aquaman (2018) The Lost Kingdom (2023) Batman Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production Batman (1966) Batman (1989) Batman Returns (1992) special effects special effects Batman Forever (1995) Batman & Robin (1997) Batman Begins (2005) The Dark Knight (2008) The Dark Knight Rises (2012) The Batman (2022) production production Joker Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Joker (2019) Folie à Deux (2024) Shazam Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Shazam! (2019) Fury of the Gods (2023) Suicide Squad Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Suicide Squad (2016) The Suicide Squad (2021) Supergirl Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Supergirl (1984) Supergirl (2026) Superman Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Superman and the Mole Men (1951) Stamp Day for Superman (1954) Superman (1978) Superman II (1980) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) The Richard Donner Cut (2006) Superman III (1983) The Quest for Peace (1987) Superman Returns (2006) Man of Steel (2013) Superman (2025) Swamp Thing Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Swamp Thing (1982) The Return of Swamp Thing (1989) Wonder Woman Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) Wonder Woman (2017) Wonder Woman 1984 (2020) DC Imprints Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Single films Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Road to Perdition (2002) The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen (2003) A History of Violence (2005) V for Vendetta (2006) Stardust (2007) The Spirit (2008) The Losers (2010) The Kitchen (2019) Red Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) Red (2010) Red 2 (2013) See also DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Studios DC Extended Universe DC Universe List of unproduced DC Comics projects DC Imprints DC Imprints v t e Tim Burton v t e Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Filmography Frequent collaborators Unproduced projects Tim Burton Productions Skellington Productions Awards and nominations Director Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Feature films Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Pee-wee's Big Adventure (1985) Beetlejuice (1988) Batman (1989) Edward Scissorhands (1990) Batman Returns (1992) Ed Wood (1994) Mars Attacks! (1996) Sleepy Hollow (1999) Planet of the Apes (2001) Big Fish (2003) Charlie and the Chocolate Factory (2005) Corpse Bride (2005) Sweeney Todd: The Demon Barber of Fleet Street (2007) Alice in Wonderland (2010) Dark Shadows (2012) Frankenweenie (2012) Big Eyes (2014) Miss Peregrine's Home for Peculiar Children (2016) Dumbo (2019) Beetlejuice Beetlejuice (2024) Short films The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) The Island of Doctor Agor (1971) Stalk of the Celery Monster (1979) Vincent (1982) Hansel and Gretel (1983) Frankenweenie (1984) Stainboy (2000) Television series Wednesday (2022–present) Wednesday (2022–present) Music videos " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " " Bones " " Here with Me " " The Dead Dance " Writer Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) Films The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993) Poetry " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) " The Nightmare Before Christmas " (1982) The Melancholy Death of Oyster Boy & Other Stories (1997) TV series created Beetlejuice (1989–91) Beetlejuice (1989–91) v t e Yearly highest-grossing films in the United States v t e Films listed as number-one by in-year release 1970s–1980s Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) Star Wars ( 1977 ) Grease ( 1978 ) Kramer vs. Kramer ( 1979 ) The Empire Strikes Back ( 1980 ) Raiders of the Lost Ark ( 1981 ) E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial ( 1982 ) Return of the Jedi ( 1983 ) Beverly Hills Cop ( 1984 ) Back to the Future ( 1985 ) Top Gun ( 1986 ) Three Men and a Baby ( 1987 ) Rain Man ( 1988 ) Batman ( 1989 ) 1990s−2000s Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Terminator 2: Judgment Day ( 1991 ) Aladdin ( 1992 ) Jurassic Park ( 1993 ) Forrest Gump ( 1994 ) Toy Story ( 1995 ) Independence Day ( 1996 ) Titanic ( 1997 ) Saving Private Ryan ( 1998 ) Star Wars: Episode I – The Phantom Menace ( 1999 ) How the Grinch Stole Christmas ( 2000 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone ( 2001 ) Spider-Man ( 2002 ) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King ( 2003 ) Shrek 2 ( 2004 ) Star Wars: Episode III – Revenge of the Sith ( 2005 ) Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man's Chest ( 2006 ) Spider-Man 3 ( 2007 ) The Dark Knight ( 2008 ) Avatar ( 2009 ) 2010s−2020s Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) Toy Story 3 ( 2010 ) Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2 ( 2011 ) The Avengers ( 2012 ) The Hunger Games: Catching Fire ( 2013 ) American Sniper ( 2014 ) Star Wars: The Force Awakens ( 2015 ) Rogue One ( 2016 ) Star Wars: The Last Jedi ( 2017 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) Avengers: Endgame ( 2019 ) Bad Boys for Life ( 2020 ) Spider-Man: No Way Home ( 2021 ) Top Gun: Maverick ( 2022 ) Barbie ( 2023 ) Inside Out 2 ( 2024 ) List of highest-grossing films in the United States and Canada Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 GND VIAF 2 3 4 2 3 4 GND National United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia United States France BnF data Spain Israel Catalonia 1989 films 1989 action films 1989 American films 1989 British films 1980s English-language films 1980s superhero films American action films American films about revenge American superhero films Films set in art museums and galleries Batman (1989 film series) British action films British films about revenge British superhero films Casting controversies in film Films adapted into comics Films directed by Tim Burton Films produced by Jon Peters Films produced by Peter Guber Films scored by Danny Elfman Films shot 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Pre-World War I 2 Army intelligence agent 3 National Socialist German Workers' Party 4 Beer Hall Putsch 5 Mein Kampf 6 Völkisch nationalism 7 Social conservatism 8 Contempt for democracy 9 Anti-communism 10 Antisemitism, anti-slavism , Lebensraum , and the invasion of the Soviet Union 11 The Holocaust 12 See also 13 Notes 14 References Toggle References subsection 14.1 Citations 14.2 Bibliography 14.1 Citations 14.2 Bibliography Political views of Adolf Hitler العربية Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Română Русский Türkçe 中文 Article Talk Read Edit View history Read Edit View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikidata item The political views of Adolf Hitler , the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945, have presented historians and biographers with some difficulty. Adolf Hitler 's writings and methods were often adapted to need and circumstance, although there were some steady themes, including antisemitism , anti-communism , anti-Slavism , anti-parliamentarianism , German Lebensraum ( ' living space ' ), belief in the superiority of an Aryan race and an extreme form of German nationalism . Hitler personally claimed he was fighting against Jewish Marxism . [ a ] Hitler's political views were formed during three periods; namely (1) his years as an impoverished young man in Vienna and Munich prior to the First World War , during which time he turned to nationalist-oriented political pamphlets and antisemitic newspapers out of distrust for mainstream newspapers and political parties; (2) the closing months of the war when the German Empire lost, since Hitler claimed to have developed his extreme nationalism and allegedly pledged to "save" Germany from both external and internal enemies, who in his view had betrayed it ( stab in the back myth ); (3) and the 1920s, during which his early political career began and he wrote his autobiographical political manifesto Mein Kampf ( lit. ' My Struggle ' ). Hitler formally renounced his Austrian citizenship on 7 April 1925, but did not acquire German citizenship until almost seven years later in 1932, thereby allowing him to run for public office. [ 2 ] Hitler was influenced by Benito Mussolini , who was appointed Prime Minister of Italy on 31 October 1922 after his March on Rome . [ b ] Hitler in many ways epitomised "the force of personality in political life" as described by historian Friedrich Meinecke . [ 4 ] Hitler was essential to National Socialism 's political appeal and development in Germany. So important were Hitler's views that they immediately affected the political policies of Nazi Germany. He asserted the Führerprinzip ( ' leader principle ' ), which advocated the absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors. Correspondingly, Hitler viewed himself at the top of both the party and government in this structure. [ 5 ] Hitler firmly believed that the force of "will" was decisive in determining the political course for a nation and rationalised his actions accordingly. Given that Hitler was appointed "leader of the German Reich for life", he "embodied the supreme power of the state and, as the delegate of the German people", it was his role to determine the "outward form and structure of the Reich". [ 6 ] To that end, Hitler's political motivation consisted of an ideology that combined traditional German and Austrian antisemitism with an intellectualised racial doctrine resting on an admixture of elements of social Darwinism and the ideas—mostly obtained second-hand and only partially understood—of Friedrich Nietzsche , Arthur Schopenhauer , Richard Wagner , Houston Stewart Chamberlain , Arthur de Gobineau and Alfred Rosenberg as well as Paul de Lagarde , Georges Sorel , Alfred Ploetz and others. [ 7 ] Pre-World War I During his life in Vienna between 1907 and 1913, Hitler was exposed to racist rhetoric. [ 8 ] Populists such as Mayor Karl Lueger exploited the city's prevalent antisemitic sentiment, blamed Jews "for simply anything and everything", [ 9 ] [ c ] and also espoused German nationalist notions for political benefit. German nationalist sentiments were widespread in the Mariahilf district, where Hitler then lived. [ 10 ] Hitler read local newspapers that promoted prejudice, along with pamphlets in relation to philosophers and theoreticians such as Houston Stewart Chamberlain , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , Gustave Le Bon , and Arthur Schopenhauer . [ 11 ] Hitler developed fervent anti-Slavic sentiments during his life in Vienna. [ 12 ] [ 13 ] [ d ] He became strongly influenced by the ideas of Nordicist philosophers like Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels and Houston Stewart Chamberlain who promulgated the theory of "Aryan Herrenvolk " and advocated notions of racial superiority of Nordic peoples. [ 15 ] [ 16 ] These philosophers claimed that the " Aryan people " were facing dangerous threats from those whom they considered inferior, such as Jews and Slavs . They further advocated for implementing what they regarded as " racial purity ", arguing that it was necessary for the survival of Nordic peoples in the modern world, while also denouncing communism. [ 17 ] Hitler was also influenced by the Austrian politician Georg Ritter von Schönerer , [ 18 ] a radical pan-Germanic nationalist who campaigned for the incorporation of Austria into the German Empire and fervently denounced the Jewish and Slavic minorities living in the Austro-Hungarian Empire . [ 17 ] During his time in Vienna, Hitler also became vehemently opposed to ideas of social democracy . Earlier, he had a favourable opinion of the social democratic party, since he viewed them as a political faction that could facilitate the collapse of the Habsburg rule, which he regarded too pro-Slavic and anti-Germanic. Hitler regarded Slavs as inferior people who were incapable of political organising skills [ e ] and regarded them as the biggest threat to pan-Germanic movement. Hitler eventually turned against the social democrats for their policy of accepting non-German-speaking members within their ranks. [ 20 ] Describing his experience with the social democrats he encountered in Vienna, Hitler wrote in his autobiographical political manifesto Mein Kampf : "What most repelled me was its hostile attitude toward the struggle for the preservation of Germanism, its disgraceful courting of the Slavic 'comrade,’ who accepted this declaration of love in so far as it was bound up with practical concessions, but otherwise maintained a lofty and arrogant reserve, thus giving the obtrusive beggars their deserved reward." "What most repelled me was its hostile attitude toward the struggle for the preservation of Germanism, its disgraceful courting of the Slavic 'comrade,’ who accepted this declaration of love in so far as it was bound up with practical concessions, but otherwise maintained a lofty and arrogant reserve, thus giving the obtrusive beggars their deserved reward." — Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf Volume One, Chapter II: Years of Study and Suffering in Vienna, p. 38 ( Ralph Manheim ) Army intelligence agent During the First World War , Hitler was temporarily blinded in a mustard gas attack on 15 October 1918, for which he was hospitalised in Pasewalk . [ 21 ] While there, Hitler learned of Germany's defeat, with the armistice to take effect on 11 November. By his own account, upon receiving this news, he suffered a second bout of blindness. [ 22 ] Days after digesting this traumatic news, Hitler later stated his decision: "... my own fate became known to me ... I ... decided to go into politics." [ 23 ] On 19 November 1918 Hitler was discharged from Pasewalk and returned to Munich, which at the time was in a state of socialist upheaval . [ 24 ] Arriving on 21 November, he was assigned to the 7th Company of the 1st Replacement Battalion of the 2nd Infantry Regiment. In December he was reassigned to a prisoner-of-war camp in Traunstein as a guard. [ 25 ] There he would stay until the camp dissolved January 1919. [ f ] Returning to Munich, Hitler spent a few months in barracks waiting for reassignment. During this time Munich was a part of the People's State of Bavaria , which was still in a state of chaos with a number of assassinations occurring, including that of Kurt Eisner , [ g ] the socialist Minister President of Bavaria who was shot dead in Munich by a German nationalist on 21 February 1919. [ 28 ] Other acts of violence were the killings of both Major Paul Ritter von Jahreiß and the conservative MP Heinrich Osel [ de ] . [ 29 ] In this political turmoil, Berlin sent in the military, whom the communists called the "White Guards of Capitalism". On 3 April 1919, Hitler was elected as the liaison of his military battalion and again on 15 April. During this time he urged his unit to stay out of the fighting and not join either side. [ 30 ] The Bavarian Soviet Republic was officially crushed on 6 May 1919, when Lt. General Burghard von Oven and his military forces declared the city secure. In the aftermath of arrests and executions, Hitler denounced a fellow liaison, Georg Dufter, as a Soviet "radical rabble-rouser." [ 31 ] Other testimony he gave to the military board of inquiry allowed them to root out other members of the military that "had been infected with revolutionary fervor." [ 32 ] For his anti-communist views he was allowed to avoid discharge when his unit was disbanded in May 1919. [ 26 ] In June 1919 he was moved to the demobilisation office of the 2nd Infantry Regiment. [ h ] Around this time the German military command released an edict that the army's main priority was to "carry out, in conjunction with the police, stricter surveillance of the population ... so that the ignition of any new unrest can be discovered and extinguished." [ 31 ] In May 1919 Karl Mayr became commander of the 6th Battalion of the guards regiment in Munich and from 30 May the head of the "Education and Propaganda Department" (Dept Ib/P) of the Bavarian Reichswehr , Headquarters 4. [ 33 ] In this capacity as head of the intelligence department, Mayr recruited Hitler as an undercover agent in early June 1919. Under Captain Mayr "national thinking" courses were arranged at the Reichswehrlager Lechfeld near Augsburg, [ 33 ] with Hitler attending from 10 to 19 July 1919. During this time Hitler so impressed Mayr that he assigned him to an anti-bolshevik "educational commando" as one of 26 instructors in the summer of 1919. [ 34 ] [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ i ] These courses he taught helped to popularise the notion that there was a scapegoat responsible for the outbreak of war and Germany's defeat. Hitler's own bitterness over the collapse of the war effort also began to shape his ideology. [ 38 ] Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende ( ' stab-in-the-back myth ' ) which claimed that the German Army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders and Marxists , later dubbed the "November criminals". [ 39 ] "International Jewry" was described as a scourge composed of communists relentlessly destroying Germany. [ 40 ] Such scapegoating was essential to Hitler's political career and it seems that he genuinely believed that Jews were responsible for Germany's post-war troubles. [ j ] The origin and development of Hitler's antisemitism remain a matter of debate. [ 42 ] His friend August Kubizek claimed that Hitler was a "confirmed anti-Semite" before he left Linz . [ 43 ] However, historian Brigitte Hamann described Kubizek's claim as "problematical". [ 44 ] While Hitler asserted in his autobiographical manifesto " Mein Kampf " that he had first become an antisemite in Vienna, [ 45 ] Reinhold Hanisch , who helped him sell his paintings, disagreed with that assertion. Hitler had dealings with Jews while living in Vienna. [ 46 ] [ 47 ] Historian Richard J. Evans stated that "historians now generally agree that his notorious, murderous anti-Semitism emerged well after Germany's defeat [in World War I], as a product of the paranoid "stab-in-the-back" explanation for the catastrophe". [ 48 ] In July 1919 Hitler was appointed Verbindungsmann ( ' intelligence agent ' ) of an Aufklärungskommando ( ' reconnaissance commando ' ) of the Reichswehr , both to influence other soldiers and to infiltrate the German Workers' Party (DAP). [ 49 ] Much like the political activists in the DAP, Hitler blamed the loss of the war on Jewish intrigue at home and abroad, espousing völkisch -nationalist political beliefs with the intention of resurrecting Germany's greatness by smashing the Versailles Treaty. Along those lines, Hitler proclaimed that the "German yoke must be broken by German iron" ( Das deutsche Elend muß durch deutsches Eisen zerbrochen werden ). [ 50 ] National Socialist German Workers' Party In September 1919 Hitler wrote what is often deemed his first antisemitic text, requested by Mayr as a reply to an inquiry by Adolf Gemlich, who had participated in the same "educational courses" as Hitler. In this report, Hitler argued for a "rational anti-Semitism" which would not resort to pogroms , but instead "legally fight and remove the privileges enjoyed by the Jews as opposed to other foreigners living among us. Its final goal, however, must be the irrevocable removal of the Jews themselves". [ 51 ] Most people at the time understood this as a call for forced expulsion. Europe has a long history of expelling Jews and the auto-da-fé of the Inquisition . [ k ] While he studied the activities of the German Workers' Party (DAP), Hitler became impressed with founder Anton Drexler 's antisemitic , nationalist , anti-capitalist and anti-Marxist ideas. [ 49 ] Drexler was impressed with Hitler's oratory skills and invited him to join the DAP on 12 September 1919. On the orders of his army superiors, Hitler applied to join the party [ 53 ] and within a week was accepted as party member 555 (the party began counting membership at 500 to give the impression they were a much larger party). [ 54 ] [ 55 ] In Mein Kampf , Hitler later claimed to be the seventh party member, one of many myths in Mein Kampf designed, as biographer Ian Kershaw writes, "to serve the Führer legend". [ 56 ] Hitler was discharged from the army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the party. [ 57 ] Displaying his talent for oratory and propaganda skills, with the support of Drexler, Hitler became chief of propaganda for the party in early 1920. When early party members promulgated their 25-point manifesto on 24 February 1920 (co-authored by Hitler, Anton Drexler, Gottfried Feder and Dietrich Eckart ), it was Hitler who penned the first point, revealing his intention to unify German-speaking peoples, claiming that the party demanded "all Germans be gathered together in a Greater Germany on the basis of the right of all peoples to self-determination". [ 58 ] By the spring of 1920, he engineered the change of name to the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), commonly known as the Nazi Party . Under his influence, the party adopted a modified swastika , a well-known good luck charm that had previously been used in Germany as a mark of volkishness and " Aryanism ", along with the Roman salute used by Italian fascists . [ l ] At this time, the Nazi Party was one of many small extremist groups in Munich, but Hitler's vitriolic beer hall speeches began attracting regular audiences. [ 59 ] He became adept at using populist themes, including the use of scapegoats , who were blamed for his listeners' economic hardships. [ 60 ] He gained notoriety for his rowdy polemic speeches against the Treaty of Versailles , rival politicians and especially against Marxists and Jews. [ 59 ] Hitler used personal magnetism, charismatic authority , and an understanding of crowd psychology to advantage while engaged in public speaking. [ 61 ] [ 62 ] While Hitler and Eckart were on a fundraising trip to Berlin in June 1921, a mutiny broke out within the Nazi Party in Munich. Members of its executive committee wanted to merge with the rival German Socialist Party (DSP). [ 63 ] Hitler returned to Munich on 11 July and angrily tendered his resignation. The committee members realised that the resignation of their leading public figure and speaker would mean the end of the party. [ 64 ] Hitler announced he would rejoin on the condition that he would replace Drexler as party chairman and that the party headquarters would remain in Munich. [ 65 ] They capitulated to Hitler's demand and on 29 July 1921 a special congress was convened to formalise Hitler as the new chairman (the vote was 543 for Hitler and one against). [ 66 ] Hitler asserted the Führerprinzip ( ' leader principle ' ). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors as he viewed the party structure and later the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex. Rank in the party was not determined by elections—positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank, who demanded unquestioning obedience to the will of the leader. [ 5 ] Early followers of the party included Rudolf Hess , Hermann Göring (command of the Sturmabteilung (SA) as Oberster SA-Führer in 1923), [ 67 ] Ernst Röhm (later head of the SA), Alfred Rosenberg (prominent racial theorist), Gregor Strasser , Dietrich Eckart (a key founder of the party), Hermann Esser , Ludwig Maximilian Erwin von Scheubner-Richter and Erich Ludendorff (Field-Marshal who was the party's candidate for President of the Republic in 1925). [ 68 ] Beer Hall Putsch Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Ludendorff to try to seize power in Munich (the capital of Bavaria ) in an attempt later known as the Beer Hall Putsch of 8–9 November 1923. [ 69 ] This would be a step in the seizure of power nationwide, overthrowing the Weimar Republic in Berlin. On 8 November, Hitler's forces initially succeeded in occupying the local Reichswehr and police headquarters; however, neither the army nor the state police joined forces with him. [ 70 ] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government on their "March on Berlin". Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini 's March on Rome (1922) by staging his own coup in Bavaria to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. However, the Bavarian authorities ordered the police to stand their ground. The putschists were dispersed after a short firefight in the streets near the Feldherrnhalle . [ 71 ] In all, sixteen Nazi members and three police officers were killed in the failed coup. [ 72 ] Hitler fled to the home of Ernst Hanfstaengl and by some accounts contemplated suicide, although this state of mind has been disputed. [ 73 ] Hitler was depressed but calm when he was arrested on 11 November 1923. [ 74 ] Fearing "left-wing" members of the Nazi Party might try to seize leadership from him during his incarceration, Hitler quickly appointed Alfred Rosenberg as the party's temporary leader. [ 75 ] Mein Kampf Beginning in February 1924, Hitler was tried for high treason before the special People's Court in Munich. [ 74 ] He used his trial as an opportunity to spread his message throughout Germany. At one point during the trial, Hitler discussed political leadership, during which he stated that leading people was not a matter of political science ( Staatswissenschaft ) but an innate ability, one of statecraft ( Staatskunst ). [ 76 ] He further elaborated by claiming that out of 10,000 politicians, only one, Otto von Bismarck , emerged, subtly implying that he too had been born with this gift. Continuing, he declared that it was not Karl Marx who stirred the masses and ignited the Russian Revolution , but Vladimir Lenin , by making his appeal to the senses rather than the mind. [ 77 ] Hitler's speeches during the trial made him famous, but they did not exonerate him. In April 1924, he was sentenced to five years' imprisonment in Landsberg Prison , where he received preferential treatment from sympathetic guards and received substantial quantities of fan mail, including funds and other forms of assistance. During 1923 and 1924 at Landsberg, he dictated the first volume of Mein Kampf ( My Struggle ) to his deputy Rudolf Hess . [ 78 ] Originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice , his publisher shortened the title to Mein Kampf . [ 79 ] The book, dedicated to the Thule Society member Dietrich Eckart , was an autobiography and exposition of his ideology. In Mein Kampf , Hitler speaks at length about his youth, his early days in the Nazi Party and general ideas on politics, including the transformation of German society into one based on race , with some passages implying genocide . [ 80 ] Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, it sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. In 1933, Hitler's first year in office, 1,000,000 copies were sold. [ 81 ] The book acts as a reference, giving insight into the world view from which Hitler never wavered throughout his life. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] In Mein Kampf , Hitler states that he had little interest in politics as a child, aspiring instead to become a painter. Like other boys in his part of Austria, he was attracted to pan-Germanism , but his intellectual pursuits were generally those of a dilettante . Hitler portrays himself as a born leader interested in knightly adventures and exploration. By the time he was 11, Hitler was a nationalist and interested in history. [ 84 ] [ m ] Hitler never finished his primary schooling, dropping out by the time he was 16. He devoted his attention instead to his artistic pursuits, which led him to move to Vienna in 1905. [ 86 ] Hitler was later to proclaim that he learned some hard lessons in Vienna, namely that life was a critical struggle between the weak and the strong; in Hitler's worldview, morality did not matter, and everything simply boiled down to "victory and defeat". [ 87 ] While Hitler was incarcerated at the Landsberg prison writing Mein Kampf , he had routine visits from the respected First World War veteran, Major General Dr Karl Haushofer , who was the chair of the military science and geography department at the University of Munich . These meetings consisted of lectures and academic briefings on geopolitics , most certainly covering the Nazi ideal of Lebensraum and which likely influenced the views Hitler laid out in Mein Kampf . [ 88 ] Haushofer espoused the theory that Germany was defeated in World War I by lack of sufficient space and autarchy . [ 89 ] More importantly, Haushofer believed that nations which rested their power upon command of the sea and maritime trade routes were doomed to fail, since any such control "would soon be broken", writing that human history stood "at the great turning-point in the favourable position of the island empires". [ 90 ] Hitler believed that for Germany to expand its influence, it would have to rely on continental space and abundant arable soil, which could only be found eastward. Influenced by Haushofer's theories, Hitler believed it was Germany's right to seize the cultivatable land in Russia, since the earth belonged to those people willing to till it "industriously". Describing the Russians in the harshest of terms while intimating that the German people were more deserving by virtue of their alleged superior intellect, Hitler stated: "It is criminal to ask an intelligent people to limit its children in order that a lazy and stupid people next door can literally abuse a gigantic surface of the earth". [ 91 ] Presaging this Nazi goal, Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf : "Without consideration of traditions and prejudices, Germany must find the courage to gather our people and their strength for an advance along the road that will lead this people from its present restricted living space to new land and soil, and hence also free it from the danger of vanishing from the earth or of serving others as a slave nation". [ 92 ] In this sense, social Darwinism and geography were merged in Hitler's mind. [ 93 ] Many historians contend that Hitler's essential character and political philosophy can be discovered in Mein Kampf . Historian James Joll once claimed that Mein Kampf constituted "all of Hitler's beliefs, most of his programme and much of his character". [ 94 ] According to historian Andreas Hillgruber , evident within the text of Mein Kampf is nothing less than the very crux of Hitler's program. [ 95 ] One of Hitler's foremost goals was that Germany should become "a World Power " on the geopolitical stage, or as he stated, "it will not continue to exist at all". [ 96 ] Biographer Joachim Fest asserted that Mein Kampf contained a "remarkably faithful portrait of its author". [ 97 ] In Mein Kampf , Hitler categorised human beings by their physical attributes, claiming German or Nordic Aryans were at the top of the hierarchy, while assigning the bottom orders to Jews and Romani . Hitler claimed that dominated people benefit by learning from superior Aryans and said the Jews were conspiring to keep this " master race " from rightfully ruling the world by diluting its racial and cultural purity and exhorting Aryans to believe in equality rather than superiority and inferiority. Within Mein Kampf , Hitler describes a struggle for world domination, an ongoing racial, cultural and political battle between Aryans and Jews, the necessary racial purification of the German people and the need for German imperial expansion and colonisation eastwards. [ 98 ] According to Hitler and other pan-German thinkers, Germany needed to obtain additional living space or Lebensraum which would properly nurture the "historic destiny" of the German people. This was a key idea he made central in his foreign policy. [ 99 ] Hitler wrote in Mein Kampf of his hatred of what he believed were the world's twin evils, namely communism and Judaism. He said his aim was to eradicate both from Germany and moreover stressed his intention to unite all Germans in the process of destroying them. [ 100 ] Völkisch nationalism Hitler was a pan-Germanic nationalist whose ideology was built around a philosophically authoritarian , anti-Marxist , antisemitic and anti-democratic worldview. Such views of the world in the wake of the fledgling Weimar government were not uncommon in Germany since democratic/parliamentary governance seemed ineffectual to solve Germany's problems. [ 101 ] [ 102 ] Correspondingly, veterans of the First World War and like-minded nationalists formed the Vaterlandspartei which promoted expansionism, soldierly camaraderie and heroic leadership, all under the guise of völkisch traditions like ethnic and linguistic nationalism, but which also included obedience to authority as well as the belief in political salvation through decisive leadership. [ 103 ] The völkisch parties began to fractionalise during Hitler's absence from the revolutionary scene in Germany after the failed "Beer Hall Putsch" of November 1923. When he re-emerged upon release from Landsberg Prison, his importance to the movement was obvious and he came to believe that he was the realisation of völkisch nationalistic ideals in a sort of near messianic narcissism which included his conviction to shake off the restrictive Treaty of Versailles and to "restore Germany's might and power", creating a reborn German nation as the chosen leader of the Nazi Party. [ 104 ] Hitler stressed the völkisch ideology, claiming Germanic/Aryan superiority in Mein Kampf : The völkisch nationalism of Hitler and convinced Nazis encompassed the notion that the German Volk were epitomised by German farmers and peasants; people who remained uncorrupted by modern ideals and whose greatest attribute was their "cheerful subservience" and their capacity to respond to their "monarchical calling". [ 106 ] Hitler was their new monarch in a manner of speaking. Völkisch nationalism also forged into its ideals, the importance of nature, the centrality of a knightly saviour (Hitler in this case) and the belief in the superior Aryan. [ 107 ] Antisemitism remained a key component of the völkisch movement and a permanent undercurrent throughout conservative parties in German history and after many years culminated with the view that the Jews were the only thing standing in the way of the ideal society. [ 108 ] As Germany's newfound völkisch nationalist leader, Hitler initiated a policy of ethnic nationalism replete with directives to eliminate Jews and other identified enemies as Nazism ultimately became the religion of the movement and the "irrational became concrete" under the terms of its "ideological framework". [ 109 ] Social conservatism Hitler and the Nazis promoted a socially conservative view concerning many aspects of life, supported by harsh discipline and a militaristic point of view. [ 110 ] Conservative opinions about sexuality amid the Nazis led to extreme homophobia which resulted in the systematic persecution of homosexuals . [ 111 ] Hitler and his paladins also controlled what constituted acceptable artistic expression in Nazi Germany, abolishing what they considered to be " degenerate art ". [ 112 ] The Nazis strongly discouraged and in some cases outright rejected the following behaviors, namely the use of cosmetics, premarital sex, prostitution, pornography, sexual vices, smoking and excessive drinking. [ 113 ] In many ways, there was a distinct anti-intellectualism present within Nazi philosophy. [ 114 ] Hearkening back to a simpler time, Hitler and the Nazis attempted to vindicate the glorious past as the key to a more promising future. [ 115 ] Evidence of Hitler's disdain for Weimar's cultural and social decadence appears on multiple occasions in Mein Kampf . In his seminal tome, he expresses an ultraconservatism : If we study the course of our cultural life during the last twenty-five years we shall be astonished to note how far we have already gone in this process of retrogression. Everywhere we find the presence of those germs which give rise to protuberant growths that must sooner or later bring about the ruin of our culture. Here we find undoubted symptoms of slow corruption; and woe to the nations that are no longer able to bring that morbid process to a halt. [ 116 ] If we study the course of our cultural life during the last twenty-five years we shall be astonished to note how far we have already gone in this process of retrogression. Everywhere we find the presence of those germs which give rise to protuberant growths that must sooner or later bring about the ruin of our culture. Here we find undoubted symptoms of slow corruption; and woe to the nations that are no longer able to bring that morbid process to a halt. [ 116 ] Hitler raved against what he considered to be tasteless and morally destructive art on display throughout Germany in Mein Kampf , calling some of it morbid and declaring that "people would have benefited by not visiting them at all". [ 116 ] Convinced that it was necessary to show the German people what comprised, "degenerate art" so as to protect them in the future, Hitler arranged for a formally commissioned exhibit in July 1937 of specially selected carvings, sculptures, and paintings. Once the exhibit was at an end, selected artists' works were banned from Nazi Germany. [ 117 ] Well known was Hitler's vehement opposition to racial-mixing . He was also a natalist as he believed, as did other pan-Germans, that Germans had an obligation to procreate: That such a mentality [racial purity] may be possible cannot be denied in a world where hundreds and thousands accept the principle of celibacy from their own choice, without being obliged or pledged to do so by anything except an ecclesiastical precept. Why should it not be possible to induce people to make this sacrifice if, instead of such a precept, they were simply told that they ought to put an end to this truly original sin of racial corruption which is steadily being passed on from one generation to another. And, further, they ought to be brought to realize that it is their bounden duty to give to the Almighty Creator beings such as He himself made to His own image. [ 118 ] That such a mentality [racial purity] may be possible cannot be denied in a world where hundreds and thousands accept the principle of celibacy from their own choice, without being obliged or pledged to do so by anything except an ecclesiastical precept. Why should it not be possible to induce people to make this sacrifice if, instead of such a precept, they were simply told that they ought to put an end to this truly original sin of racial corruption which is steadily being passed on from one generation to another. And, further, they ought to be brought to realize that it is their bounden duty to give to the Almighty Creator beings such as He himself made to His own image. [ 118 ] Another area of concern for Hitler and which was mentioned by his childhood companion in Vienna, August Kubizek, was prostitution . Hitler associated it with venereal disease and cultural decline. [ 119 ] Moreover, Hitler found the practice counter to proper family development and displayed a puritanical view in Mein Kampf , writing: Prostitution is a disgrace to humanity and cannot be removed simply by charitable or academic methods. Its restriction and final extermination presupposes the removal of a whole series of contributory circumstances. The first remedy must always be to establish such conditions as will make early marriages possible, especially for young men... [ 120 ] Prostitution is a disgrace to humanity and cannot be removed simply by charitable or academic methods. Its restriction and final extermination presupposes the removal of a whole series of contributory circumstances. The first remedy must always be to establish such conditions as will make early marriages possible, especially for young men... [ 120 ] He goes on asserting that prostitution was dangerous and intimated much more significant, destructive socio-political implications. [ 121 ] Once Hitler came to power, his regime moved against all forms of sexual deviations and sexual crimes, especially homosexuality , which was prosecuted as a crime as many as 30,000 times between 1934 and 1939. [ 122 ] Hitler's social conservatism was so extreme towards homosexuals that he deemed them "enemies of the State" and grouped them in the same category as Jews and communists; a special department of the Gestapo (Secret State Police) was formed to deal with the matter. [ 123 ] Hitler's general perception about women was ultra-conservative and patriarchal, with their foremost task being a domestic one as a mother of children who worked contentedly at home, ensuring it remained clean and orderly. Meanwhile, it was the woman's role to educate her children to be conscious of their importance as Aryans and instill within them a commitment to their ethnic community. Consequently, Hitler believed women had no place in public or political life due to their differing nature from men. [ 124 ] [ 125 ] Like many Romantic artists, musicians, and writers, the Nazis valued strength, passion, frank declarations of feelings and deep devotion to family and community (with women being seen as the center of the family in Nazi Germany). [ n ] So great was Hitler's influence in all political aspects of social life that even education for children was subordinate to his opinion. Profoundly anti-intellectual and against conventional education for children, Hitler determined instead that training and education should be designed to create young German "national comrades" who were utterly convinced of their "superiority to others". [ 127 ] Moreover, Hitler wanted to create young German soldiers who were willing to fight for their convictions so they were accordingly indoctrinated by Nazi propaganda, trained in military discipline and taught obedience to authority in the Hitler Youth . [ 128 ] Contempt for democracy Hitler blamed Germany's parliamentary government for many of the nation's ills. The Nazis and especially Hitler associated democracy with the failed Weimar government and the punitive Treaty of Versailles. [ 129 ] Hitler often denounced democracy , equating it with internationalism . Since democratic ideals espoused equality for all men , it represented to Hitler and his Nazi ideologues the notion of mob rule and the hatred of excellence. [ 130 ] Not only was democracy antithetical to their social-Darwinist abstractions, but its international-capitalist framework was considered an exclusively Jewish-derived conception. [ 131 ] Hitler also thought democracy was nothing more than a preliminary stage of Bolshevism. [ 132 ] Hitler believed in the leader principle (hence his title, the Leader, der Führer ) and considered it ludicrous that an idea of governance or morality could be held by the people above the power of the leader. Joachim Fest described a 1930 confrontation between Hitler and Otto Strasser as such: "Now Hitler took Strasser to task for placing 'the idea' above the Führer and wanting 'to give every party comrade the right to decide the nature of the idea, even to decide whether or not the Führer is true to the so-called idea.' That, he cried angrily, was the worst kind of democracy, for which there was no place in their movement. 'With us the Führer and the idea are one and the same, and every party comrade has to do what the Führer commands, for he embodies the idea and he alone knows its ultimate goal'". [ 133 ] [ o ] Although Hitler realised that his ascension to power required the use of the Weimar Republic's parliamentary system (founded on democratic principles), he never intended for the continuation of democratic governance once in control. Contrarily, Hitler proclaimed that he would "destroy democracy with the weapons of democracy". [ 135 ] The rapid transition made by the Nazis once they assumed control clearly reveals that Hitler succeeded in this regard. For the most part, democratic governance was never embraced by the German masses or by the elite. [ 136 ] The ill-fated Weimar democracy's inability to provide economic relief to the German people during the Great Depression further enhanced its image as an ineffectual system of government amid the masses. [ 136 ] Hitler offered people the prospect of a "new and better society". [ 137 ] He exploited the conditions in Germany in the ultimate expression of political opportunism when he brought his dictatorial and totalitarian government to power and thereafter attempting to impose himself and his system upon the world in the process. [ 136 ] Anti-communism In Hitler's mind, communism was a major enemy of Germany, an enemy he often mentions in Mein Kampf . During the trial for his involvement in the Beer Hall Putsch, Hitler claimed that his singular goal was to assist the German government in "fighting Marxism ". [ 138 ] Marxism, Bolshevism, and communism were interchangeable terms for Hitler as evidenced by their use in Mein Kampf : In the years 1913 and 1914 I expressed my opinion for the first time in various circles, some of which are now members of the National Socialist Movement, that the problem of how the future of the German nation can be secured is the problem of how Marxism can be exterminated. [ 139 ] In the years 1913 and 1914 I expressed my opinion for the first time in various circles, some of which are now members of the National Socialist Movement, that the problem of how the future of the German nation can be secured is the problem of how Marxism can be exterminated. [ 139 ] Later in his seminal tome, Hitler advocated for "the destruction of Marxism in all its shapes and forms". [ 140 ] According to Hitler, Marxism was a Jewish strategy to subjugate Germany and the world, as well as a mental and political form of slavery. [ 141 ] From Hitler's vantage point, Bolsheviks existed to serve "Jewish international finance". [ 142 ] When the British tried negotiating with Hitler in 1935 by including Germany in the extension of the Locarno Pact , he rejected their offer and instead assured them that German rearmament was important in safeguarding Europe against communism, [ 143 ] a move which clearly showed his anti-communist proclivities. [ p ] In 1939, Hitler told the Swiss Commissioner to the League of Nations Carl Burckhardt that everything he was undertaking was "directed against Russia" and that "if those in the West are too stupid or too blind to understand this, then I shall be forced to come to an understanding with the Russians to beat the West, and then, after its defeat, turn with all my concerted force against the Soviet Union". [ 144 ] When Hitler finally ordered the attack against the Soviet Union, it was the fulfillment of his ultimate goal and the most important campaign in his estimation, as it comprised a struggle of "the chosen Aryan people against Jewish Bolsheviks". [ 145 ] Biographer Alan Bullock avows Hitler "laid great stress" on the need to concentrate on a single enemy, an enemy he lumps together as "Marxism and the Jew". [ 146 ] Shortly in the wake of the Commissar Order , a directive pursuant to the German invasion of the Soviet Union, SS Deputy Reinhard Heydrich informed the SS of Hitler's geopolitical philosophy which conflated Bolshevism and Jews, writing that "eastern Jewry is the intellectual reservoir of Bolshevism and in the Führer's view must therefore be annihilated". [ 147 ] [ q ] Considering the eventual Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union ( Operation Barbarossa ), no additional inducements are really requisite concerning Hitler's hatred of communism, particularly since the Nazi persecution and extermination of these groups was not only systematic, but it was extensive both within Germany and only intensified in the occupied zones during the war under Hitler's leadership. [ 148 ] Because Nazism co-opted the popular success of socialism and Communism among working people while simultaneously promising to destroy Communism and offer an alternative to it, Hitler's anti-communist program allowed industrialists with traditional conservative views (tending toward monarchism, aristocracy and laissez-faire capitalism) to cast their lot with and help underwrite the Nazi rise to power . [ 149 ] [ r ] When asked in a 1923 interview why Hitler called himself a National Socialist when the Nazi Party was "the very antithesis of that commonly accredited to socialism", Hitler responded: "Socialism is the science of dealing with the common weal. Communism is not Socialism. Marxism is not Socialism. The Marxians have stolen the term and confused its meaning. I shall take Socialism away from the Socialists." [ 150 ] Antisemitism, anti-slavism , Lebensraum , and the invasion of the Soviet Union Antisemitism and anti-Slavism were central components in Adolf Hitler's Lebensraum settler-colonial programme, and constituted the ideological basis of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union. Hitler's push for eastward expansion (" Drang nach Osten ") of German territories, outlined in " Mein Kampf ", was driven significantly by his hatred and contempt of Slavs and Jews alike, both groups well-represented in the East. This contempt included the notion that the Slavs in particular, were manipulated by the Jews; Hitler being utterly convinced that the people of Soviet Russia were "controlled by Jews." [ 151 ] [ s ] In this, Hitler exploited the historic Prussian and German revulsion against Slavs to ideologically defend his bio-political agenda to German audiences. [ 153 ] There were also deeply antisemitic and anti-Slavic elements among German scholars, particularly by the twentieth-century concerning the need for Lebensraum , who opined that the vast natural resources of the East were "wasted on racially “inferior” peoples like Slavs and Jews". [ 154 ] [ t ] Historian Roderick Stackelberg contended that Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union was the result of "mutually reinforcing ideological, racial, and geopolitical assumptions" that Hitler had plainly laid out in Mein Kampf . [ 156 ] The German historian Andreas Hillgruber shared Stackelberg's view. In fact, Hillgruber encapsulates Hitler's political views (which drove German policy throughout his rule) in summary through the invasion of the Soviet Union. He places it within the context of Hitler's intent to create a continental Reich which included the destruction of the Jews. According to Hillgruber, Hitler had the following objectives in mind when he invaded the former Soviet Union: Not alone in this interpretation of Hitler's invasion of the Soviet Union as a move of continental expansion and one with an antisemitic eliminationist political intent, Hillgruber is joined by the likes of historian Karl Dietrich Bracher, among others. [ 158 ] [ u ] In his work The German Dictatorship , Bracher called the invasion the consequence of Hitler's "ideological obsession" and stated that "Hitler's drive for territorial expansion and the relentless expansion of the SS state ushered in the final phase of National Socialist rule". [ 159 ] That final phase proved disastrous for the Jews , Slavs , Roma-Sinti and countless others. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] [ v ] The Holocaust Among scholars of the Nazi era, Hitler's role and relationship to the regime and the Holocaust have been a source of consternation and acrimonious historiographical debate. Historian and biographer Ian Kershaw wrote that for historians Hitler was "unreachable" and that he was "cocooned in the silence of the sources". [ 164 ] What Kershaw was referencing was the absence of any clear political directives accompanied by Hitler's signed authorisation (primary source documents) regarding the atrocities carried out by his Nazi underlings. Given the abounding circumstantial evidence in Hitler's speeches, writing in Mein Kampf , administrative meeting notes taken by subordinates and the recollections of those in or near his inner circle, it seems that his political intention was for Jews, Slavs and other "enemies" of the Nazi state to be persecuted without mercy in lieu of how gradual the process actually developed. A debate between two primary schools of thought emerged about Hitler's political role in Nazi policy and the Holocaust. One is termed intentionalist , represented by scholars who contend that virtually all Nazi policies (including the extermination of the Jews) were resultant from Hitler's desires; whereas the other school, entitled functionalist/structuralist , consists of scholars who see the intensification of Nazi persecution policies due to power struggles within the Nazi government as his minions attempted to "interpret" their master's wishes, often acting autonomously. [ 165 ] [ w ] Either way, antisemitism always constituted one of the most important aspects of Hitler's political views. Historian Peter Longerich writes: "There can be no doubt that Hitler's behaviour during his entire political career... was characterised by radical antisemitism". [ 166 ] Correspondingly, Germanic cultural and racial purity remained paramount in his understanding of the world, having once exclaimed: "The greatest danger is and remains for us, the alien racial poison in our body. All other dangers are transitory". [ 167 ] [ x ] Hitler wrote his first antisemitic letter to Adolf Gemlich on 16 September 1919 stating that Jews were a race and not a religious group and that the aim for the government "must unshakably be the removal of the Jews altogether". [ 168 ] According to the journalist and retired major Josef Hell, Hitler told him in 1922 that: "Once I really am in power, my first and foremost task will be the annihilation of the Jews." [ 169 ] Throughout Mein Kampf , Hitler employs biological crudity by describing the Jews as "parasites" or "vermin". [ 170 ] Reflecting back on the beginning of the First World War, Hitler makes the eerily prescient statement that if "twelve or fifteen thousand of these Hebrew corrupters of the people had been held under poison gas, as happened to hundreds of thousands of our very best German workers in the field, the sacrifice of millions at the front would not have been in vain." [ 171 ] Underlining the argument that Hitler had overt eliminationist intentions for the Jews is the "prophecy" quote from the 30 January 1939 Reichstag speech : I want to be a prophet again today: if international finance Jewry in Europe and beyond should succeed once more in plunging the peoples into a world war, then the result will be not the Bolshevization of the earth and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe. [ 172 ] I want to be a prophet again today: if international finance Jewry in Europe and beyond should succeed once more in plunging the peoples into a world war, then the result will be not the Bolshevization of the earth and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe. [ 172 ] German historian Klaus Hildebrand insisted that Hitler's moral responsibility for the Holocaust was the culmination of his pathological hatred of the Jews and his ideology of "racial dogma" formed the basis of Nazi genocide. [ 173 ] Historian David Welch asserts that even if Hitler never gave the direct order for the implementation of the Final Solution, this is nothing more than a "red herring" as it fails to recognise his "leadership style" where Hitler's simple verbal statements were sufficient to launch initiatives "from below". Those "working towards the Führer" would often implement "his totalitarian vision without written authority". [ 174 ] Longerich also stresses, "A history of the 'final solution' must... take account of his central role in the decision-making process, not least because Hitler's constant authorization and legitimization of this policy articulated the central importance of persecuting the Jews for National Socialist policies as a whole." [ 166 ] Throughout his work Hitler and the Final Solution, historian Gerald Fleming demonstrates that on multiple occasions Heinrich Himmler referenced a Führer-Order concerning the destruction of the Jews, making it abundantly clear that Hitler had at the very least verbally issued a command on the matter. [ 175 ] The diary entries of Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels allude to Hitler being the driving force behind Nazi genocide, that he followed the subject closely and that Goebbels even described Hitler as "uncompromising" about eliminating the Jews. [ 176 ] Taking the scale of the logistical operations that the Holocaust comprised in the middle of a war into consideration alone, it is highly unlikely, if not impossible, that the extermination of so many people and the coordination of such an extensive effort could have occurred in the absence of Hitler's authorisation. [ 177 ] As Welch relates, if Himmler was the "architect of genocide", he was merely "an instrument of Hitler's will". [ 178 ] In the final analysis, Hitler was essentially omnipotent as Nazi Germany's Führer with all-encompassing power as the "supreme legislator, supreme administrator, and supreme judge" along with being the "leader of the Party, the Army, and the people". [ 179 ] Hitler ruled the Nazi Party autocratically by asserting the Führerprinzip (leader principle). The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader —at the apex. [ 5 ] See also Germany portal Politics portal Adolf Hitler's rise to power Bibliography of Nazi Germany Big lie Early timeline of Nazism Religious views of Adolf Hitler Racial views of Adolf Hitler Notes ^ Hitler believed the Jewish people were "the plague of the world." [ 1 ] ^ An insightful book as to Hitler's outlook on the world, including his political philosophy, is Eberhard Jäckel’s work, Hitler's Worldview: A Blueprint for Power . Jäckel details the sophisticated and contradictory nature of Hitler's views, which he fashioned according to need on his path to power. According to Jäckel, the one thing that remained consistent throughout Hitler's life was his single-mindedness, even if it was derived from a lengthy synthesis "haphazardly" brought together; there can be no denying that Hitler possessed an "unusual programmatic mind", which was also "an unusual political force". [ 3 ] ^ Historian Peter Longerich described Lueger (along with Georg Ritter von Schönerer ) as Hitler's potential "anti-Semitic mentors" but also points out how Hitler took a different approach "portraying his development into a radical anti-Semite as the result of personal experiences and as his ‘most difficult transformation’, lasting more than two years and a phase of ‘bitter internal struggle’". [ 9 ] ^ Historian John Connelly notes that when one "examines the early writings of Adolf Hitler... one finds few signs of intentions toward Slavs. Especially noticeable... is an absence of hostility toward Poles. If any Slavic people provoked Hitler's ill will it was the Czechs, about whom, he had formed opinions as a young man in Austria" [ 14 ] ^ According to reports from Baldur von Schirach , Hitler once tellingly remonstrated him in April 1943 at Berchtesgaden for suggesting that it might benefit the Nazis more if Ukraine governed itself, to which Hitler exclaimed, "Please do not speak, Schirach, about matters that do not concern you. The Slavs are utterly incapable of governing themselves". [ 19 ] Original From: Baldur von Schirach, Ich glaubte an Hitler (Hamburg, 1967), pp. 290–291. ^ Guard duty at a POW camp to the East, near the Austrian border. The prisoners were Russian, and Hitler had volunteered for the posting. [ 26 ] [ 27 ] ^ As a socialist journalist, Eisner organised the Socialist Revolution that overthrew the Wittelsbach monarchy in Bavaria in November 1918, which led to his being described as "the symbol of the Bavarian revolution". ^ Toland suggests that Hitler's assignment to this department was partially a reward for his "exemplary" service in the front lines, and partially because the responsible officer felt sorry for Hitler as having no friends, but being very willing to do whatever the army required. [ 27 ] ^ Apparently someone in an army "educational session" had made a remark that Hitler deemed "pro-Jewish" and Hitler reacted with characteristic ferocity. Shirer states that Hitler had attracted the attention of a right-wing university professor who was engaged to educate enlisted men in "proper" political belief, and that the professor's recommendation to an officer resulted in Hitler's advancement. [ 36 ] "I was offered the opportunity of speaking before a larger audience; and ... it was now corroborated: I could 'speak.' No task could make me happier than this; ... I was able to perform useful services to ... the army. ... [I]n ... my lectures I led many hundreds ... of comrades back to their people and fatherland." [ 37 ] ^ More than that, Hitler thought the Jews were a problem for the entire world and their elimination essential to survival. [ 41 ] ^ For more on European conceptions about the Jews, see the two chapters, "The Jews: Myth and Counter-Myth", and "Infected Christianity" in Toward the Final Solution: A History of European Racism by George Mosse. [ 52 ] ^ For a comprehensive analysis of this salute, see: Allert, Tilman. The Hitler Salute: On the Meaning of a Gesture. Henry Holt and Company, 2009. ^ Historian Sebastian Haffner claims that at the basest or lowest of levels, Hitler's philosophical "bedrock" was a fusion of "nationalism and anti-Semitism." [ 85 ] ^ Hitler had very clear ideas about the woman's role in the Nazi state - she was the centre of family life, a housewife and mother. [ 126 ] ^ Democracy or more specifically "Germanic democracy", according to Hitler's deputy Rudolf Hess , consisted of "unconditional authority downwards, and responsibility upwards." This hierarchical image of democracy was anything but democratic in nomenclature and was most likely an ironic remark. [ 134 ] ^ Later when the Nazi–Soviet agreement was made, otherwise known as the Molotov–Robbentrop Pact, the British were stunned. This surprising (and temporary) treaty was signed by the Nazis for the sake of geopolitical convenience. Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union dissolved its contents. ^ See: [DNA Nuremberg NO-4145/2 (deposition of Walter Blume 29 VI 47)] ^ In the 1920s and 1930s, there was a fear among German industrialists, not wholly unfounded, that Germany would likely suffer an October-style Bolshevik revolution at some point and become a Soviet republic of the "World Soviet Federation" envisioned by international communists , unless drastic anti-communist measures were taken. For example, Fritz Thyssen , who had been arrested by German "Reds" in 1918, did not trust that the Weimar Republic would indefinitely succeed in fending off a Bolshevist-type revolution. ^ Historian Alex J. Kay explicitly writes for the Nazis: "...Slavic peoples such as Czechs, Poles, Russians and others were in themselves primitive, backward and passive ‘sub-humans’ who posed a threat only when led by supposedly cunning and nefarious Jews — as in the case of the Bolsheviks, who were viewed by National Socialists as the stooges of ‘international Jewry’. In accordance with this way of thinking, Slavs were eminently expendable and formed a regional obstacle to the expansion of German power, but they did not constitute a real danger for the Germans as such. Jews, by contrast, were portrayed as the global enemy and a worldwide threat to the very existence of the German people. While the Slav masses were deemed fit, at best, for enslavement, the Nazis conferred agency on the Jews: they were the alleged leaders and revolutionaries pulling the strings behind the scenes." [ 152 ] ^ German historian Wolfgang Wippermann labelled the Nazi version of " Drang nach Osten " as a " Kontinuitätsbruch " ( transl. "interruption of continuity" ), noting that Hitler's irredentism radically exceeded the geo-strategic posture of preceding Prussian militarism and also had an explicitly " racial-biological " dimension. [ 155 ] ^ Stackelberg claims Hitler's "attack on the Soviet Union was the fulfillment of the mission of his life." [ 158 ] ^ Hitler's attempt to acquire Lebensraum eventually brought untold suffering to his beloved German Volksgenossen as the British and American bombers unleashed their wrath on German cities, demoralizing the German people. [ 162 ] Meanwhile, the Red Army counter-attacked at Stalingrad late in 1942, reclaimed once German-occupied territory, and killed upwards of 500,000 German troops and their allies by February 1943; they also held captive some 91,000 prisoners—among them twenty-two German generals. [ 163 ] ^ For more on this debate, also see: Functionalism versus intentionalism . According to historian Richard Bessel , most academics studying Hitler and the Nazi regime have embraced and synthesized these once divergent schools of thought and now see the merit in both. Richard Bessel, "Functionalists vs. Intentionalists: The Debate Twenty Years on or Whatever Happened to Functionalism and Intentionalism?" German Studies Review 26, no. 1 (2003):15–20. JSTOR 1432899 ^ Also see: Klöss, Erhard, ed. Reden des Führers. Politik and Propaganda Adolf Hitlers, 1922–1945 (München: Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1967), 49. 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Antisemitism See also: Massacres or pogroms against Jews Core topics Canards Geography History Persecution of Jews Antisemitism studies Nazism Adolf Hitler Americas Propaganda New antisemitism Three Ds Working definition Rootless cosmopolitan Stereotypes of Jews Timeline 19th C. 20th 21st Types Economic Eliminationist Racial Religious Secondary Antisemitism and Christianity New Testament Healthcare Islam Middle Ages Nation of Islam Olympic Games Soviet mathematics Universities Columbia Related topics Anti-Indigenous sentiment Anti-Slavic sentiment Anti-Polish sentiment Anti-Romani sentiment Anti-Zionism Christian Identity Cultural Marxism Double genocide theory International Jewish conspiracy The International Jew Jewish Bolshevism Żydokomuna Khazar theory Khazarian Mafia Ku Klux Klan Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Normalization of antisemitism Persecution of Jews during the Black Death On the Jews and Their Lies Philosemitism The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Contemporary imprints Racism Rothschild conspiracy theories The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews Self-hating Jew George Soros conspiracy theories Xenophobia Weaponization White genocide conspiracy theory Zhyd Zionist antisemitism Religious antisemitism Anti-Judaism Jewish deicide Catholic Inquisition Portuguese Inquisition Roman Inquisition Spanish Inquisition Rhineland massacres Martin Luther Blood curse Blood libel Host desecration Judensau Pogrom Antisemitic laws, policies and government actions Ghetto benches Hep-Hep riots Pogroms in the Russian Empire May Laws 1968 Polish political crisis Jewish Anti-Zionist League Leo Frank trial (US) Expulsions of Poles and Jews by Germany (DE/PL) Prussian deportations Act of 5th November Generalplan Ost Dreyfus affair (FR) Beilis trial (Russian Empire) Farhud (Iraq) Anti-Zionist League (IQ) General Order No. 11 (US, 1862) Racial policy of Nazi Germany Madagascar Plan Final Solution The Holocaust Anti-cosmopolitan campaign Night of the Murdered Poets Slánský trial Doctors' plot Holocaust denial Yellow badge ZOG conspiracy On the internet Bible Believers The Daily Stormer Institute for Historical Review Jew Watch Metapedia Podblanc QAnon Radio Islam Redwatch Social media Reddit Wikipedia and antisemitism The Right Stuff (blog) Stormfront Terrorgram Persecution Rhineland massacres Black Death persecutions Boycotts Expulsions Jewish quarter Ghettos in Europe Mellah The Holocaust Jewish hat Jewish quota Judensau Martyrdom in Judaism Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Expulsion Yellow badge Combating antisemitism Anti-Defamation League (ADL) Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP) Community Security Trust Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI) Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC) Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) Stephen Roth Institute Yad Vashem By region Arab world Palestinian Territories Saudi Arabia Australia China Europe Austria Belgium France 21st century Germany 21st century Greece Hungary Italy Norway Romania Russia Imperial Soviet Spain Sweden Ukraine United Kingdom Conservative Party Labour Party Japan New Zealand Pakistan South Africa Turkey Americas Canada Argentina México Venezuela Chile Costa Rica United States History 21st century v t e Adolf Hitler Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category .mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal} v t e Nazism Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Fascism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Antisemitism v t e See also: Massacres or pogroms against Jews Core topics Canards Geography History Persecution of Jews Antisemitism studies Nazism Adolf Hitler Americas Propaganda New antisemitism Three Ds Working definition Rootless cosmopolitan Stereotypes of Jews Timeline 19th C. 20th 21st Canards Geography History Persecution of Jews Antisemitism studies Nazism Adolf Hitler Americas Propaganda Adolf Hitler Americas Propaganda New antisemitism Three Ds Working definition Three Ds Working definition Rootless cosmopolitan Stereotypes of Jews Timeline 19th C. 20th 21st 19th C. 20th 21st Types Economic Eliminationist Racial Religious Secondary Economic Eliminationist Racial Religious Secondary Antisemitism and Christianity New Testament Healthcare Islam Middle Ages Nation of Islam Olympic Games Soviet mathematics Universities Columbia Christianity New Testament New Testament Healthcare Islam Middle Ages Nation of Islam Olympic Games Soviet mathematics Universities Columbia Columbia Related topics Anti-Indigenous sentiment Anti-Slavic sentiment Anti-Polish sentiment Anti-Romani sentiment Anti-Zionism Christian Identity Cultural Marxism Double genocide theory International Jewish conspiracy The International Jew Jewish Bolshevism Żydokomuna Khazar theory Khazarian Mafia Ku Klux Klan Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Normalization of antisemitism Persecution of Jews during the Black Death On the Jews and Their Lies Philosemitism The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Contemporary imprints Racism Rothschild conspiracy theories The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews Self-hating Jew George Soros conspiracy theories Xenophobia Weaponization White genocide conspiracy theory Zhyd Zionist antisemitism Anti-Indigenous sentiment Anti-Slavic sentiment Anti-Polish sentiment Anti-Polish sentiment Anti-Romani sentiment Anti-Zionism Christian Identity Cultural Marxism Double genocide theory International Jewish conspiracy The International Jew Jewish Bolshevism Żydokomuna Żydokomuna Khazar theory Khazarian Mafia Khazarian Mafia Ku Klux Klan Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Normalization of antisemitism Persecution of Jews during the Black Death On the Jews and Their Lies Philosemitism The Protocols of the Elders of Zion Contemporary imprints Contemporary imprints Racism Rothschild conspiracy theories The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews Self-hating Jew George Soros conspiracy theories Xenophobia Weaponization White genocide conspiracy theory Zhyd Zionist antisemitism Religious antisemitism Anti-Judaism Jewish deicide Catholic Inquisition Portuguese Inquisition Roman Inquisition Spanish Inquisition Rhineland massacres Martin Luther Blood curse Blood libel Host desecration Judensau Pogrom Anti-Judaism Jewish deicide Catholic Inquisition Portuguese Inquisition Roman Inquisition Spanish Inquisition Portuguese Inquisition Roman Inquisition Spanish Inquisition Rhineland massacres Martin Luther Blood curse Blood libel Host desecration Judensau Pogrom Antisemitic laws, policies and government actions Ghetto benches Hep-Hep riots Pogroms in the Russian Empire May Laws 1968 Polish political crisis Jewish Anti-Zionist League Leo Frank trial (US) Expulsions of Poles and Jews by Germany (DE/PL) Prussian deportations Act of 5th November Generalplan Ost Dreyfus affair (FR) Beilis trial (Russian Empire) Farhud (Iraq) Anti-Zionist League (IQ) General Order No. 11 (US, 1862) Racial policy of Nazi Germany Madagascar Plan Final Solution The Holocaust Anti-cosmopolitan campaign Night of the Murdered Poets Slánský trial Doctors' plot Holocaust denial Yellow badge ZOG conspiracy Ghetto benches Hep-Hep riots Pogroms in the Russian Empire May Laws 1968 Polish political crisis Jewish Anti-Zionist League Leo Frank trial (US) Expulsions of Poles and Jews by Germany (DE/PL) Prussian deportations Act of 5th November Generalplan Ost Prussian deportations Act of 5th November Generalplan Ost Dreyfus affair (FR) Beilis trial (Russian Empire) Farhud (Iraq) Anti-Zionist League (IQ) Anti-Zionist League (IQ) General Order No. 11 (US, 1862) Racial policy of Nazi Germany Madagascar Plan Final Solution The Holocaust Madagascar Plan Final Solution The Holocaust Anti-cosmopolitan campaign Night of the Murdered Poets Slánský trial Doctors' plot Holocaust denial Yellow badge ZOG conspiracy On the internet Bible Believers The Daily Stormer Institute for Historical Review Jew Watch Metapedia Podblanc QAnon Radio Islam Redwatch Social media Reddit Wikipedia and antisemitism The Right Stuff (blog) Stormfront Terrorgram Bible Believers The Daily Stormer Institute for Historical Review Jew Watch Metapedia Podblanc QAnon Radio Islam Redwatch Social media Reddit Wikipedia and antisemitism Reddit Wikipedia and antisemitism The Right Stuff (blog) Stormfront Terrorgram Persecution Rhineland massacres Black Death persecutions Boycotts Expulsions Jewish quarter Ghettos in Europe Mellah The Holocaust Jewish hat Jewish quota Judensau Martyrdom in Judaism Nuremberg Laws Pale of Settlement Pogroms Refuseniks Segregation Spanish Inquisition Expulsion Yellow badge Rhineland massacres Black Death persecutions 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e Adolf Hitler v t e Politics Führer Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Führer Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Political views Political directives List List Speeches Prophecy Mein Kampf in Arabic in English in Arabic in English Zweites Buch Last will and testament Books Nazism Events Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories Military career Rise to power Hitler cabinet Nazi Germany World War II The Holocaust Assassination attempts Death conspiracy theories conspiracy theories Places of residence Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Führer Headquarters Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Berghof ( Kehlsteinhaus ) Reich Chancellery ( Führerbunker / Vorbunker ) Adlerhorst Anlage Süd Felsennest Tannenberg Werwolf Wolf's Lair Wolfsschlucht I Wolfsschlucht II Special train ( Führersonderzug ) Civilian residences Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Braunau am Inn Linz Vienna ( Meldemannstraße dormitory ) Munich ( 16 Prinzregentenplatz ) Obersalzberg ( Kampfhäusl ) Personal life Health possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Health possible monorchism possible monorchism Wealth and income Religious views Sexuality Vegetarianism Staff Bodyguard August Kubizek Stefanie Rabatsch Reinhold Hanisch Psychopathography Hitler's Table Talk Paintings 50th birthday German naturalization Personal belongings Hitler's Globe Private library Hitler's Globe Private library Perceptions Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Books Cult of personality In popular culture Killing baby Hitler The Victory of Faith Triumph of the Will Hitler: The Last Ten Days The Meaning of Hitler Hitler Diaries Moloch Hitler: The Rise of Evil Downfall Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler Apocalypse: Hitler Family Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Eva Braun (wife) Alois Hitler (father) Klara Hitler (mother) Johann Georg Hiedler (grandfather) Maria Schicklgruber (grandmother) Angela Hitler (half-sister) Paula Hitler (sister) Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr. (half-nephew) Geli Raubal (half-niece) William Stuart-Houston (half-nephew) Heinz Hitler (half-nephew) Jean-Marie Loret (possible illegitimate son) Blondi (dog) Other Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Streets named after Hitler Mannerheim recording Category Category v t e Nazism v t e Organisation Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS Ahnenerbe Artaman League Geheime Staatspolizei Deutscher Fichte-Bund Deutsches Jungvolk Franz Eher Nachfolger Hitler Youth League of German Girls Organisation Todt NSDÄB NSDStB NSRL NSFK NSKK NSF Nazi media organizations Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte Neues Volk NS-Frauen-Warte Das Reich Das Schwarze Korps Nazi Party NYKP Sicherheitsdienst (SD) Sturmabteilung (SA) Schutzstaffel (SS) SS Gefolge Waffen-SS SS Gefolge Waffen-SS History Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Early timeline National Socialist Program Hitler's rise to power Machtergreifung Gleichschaltung German rearmament Nazi Germany Kirchenkampf Hitler's personality cult Enabling Act of 1933 Night of the Long Knives Nuremberg rallies Nuremberg Laws Anti-Comintern Pact Kristallnacht Anschluss World War II The Holocaust 1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet Tripartite Pact Denazification Nuremberg trials Final Solution Concentration camps Deportations Doctors' Trial Extermination camps Genocide Ghettos Human experimentation Forced labour Labour camps Labour camps Pogroms Racial segregation Ideology Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-intellectualism Anti-liberalism Anti-pacifism Blood and soil Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Stab-in-the-back myth International Jewry Judeo-Bolshevism Corporatism Counter-Enlightenment Cult of personality Dictatorship Führerprinzip Führerprinzip Direct action Market intervention Eugenics Geopolitik Heimat Imperialism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Greater Germanic Reich Heim ins Reich Lebensraum Pan-Germanism Militarism Morality Nationalism Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra Ethno Racial Palingenetic Revolutionary Ultra New Man New Order One-party state Populism Propaganda Prussianism Racism Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Antisemitism Anti-Slavic sentiment Aryan race Aryanism Master race Nordicism Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Nordic Indo-Germanic people Renordification Rassenschande Untermensch Völkisch equality Völkisch movement Reactionary modernism Romanticism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Syncretism Totalitarianism Volksgemeinschaft Volk ohne Raum Volkskörper Politicians Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Bloem Bormann Daluege Dönitz Drexler Eichmann Esser Fischer Frank Frick Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Goebbels Göring Keller Lammers Lutze Mitford von Neurath Quisling von Ribbentrop Röhm Schacht von Schirach Scholtz-Klink Seldte Seyss-Inquart Speer Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Szálasi Thierack Ideologues Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Pre- Machtergreifung Arndt Burnouf Chamberlain Drumont Eckart Fritsch de Gobineau Grant von Liebenfels von List Löns Lueger Marr Nietzsche (contentious) Ratzel Riehl Ruskin Wagner Post- Machtergreifung Anacker Baeumler Bergmann Berndt Darré Eggers Eichrodt Feder Ford Grimm Günther Hauer Haushofer Heidegger (contentious) Hentschel Hoche al-Husseini Jung Krannhals Kriek Lindbergh Müller Plenge Rahn Rosenberg Saadeh Schäfer Schmalenbach Schmitt (contentious) von Sebottendorf Schwarz Stapel Wirsing Zimmermann Atrocities and war crimes Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Action T4 Nazi concentration camps Extermination camp Final Solution Human experimentation Romani Holocaust Outside Germany Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Parties Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Americas Brazil Chile Mexico Brazil Chile Mexico Europe Greece Sweden Greece Sweden Arrow Cross Party Frontist movement German American Bund German National Movement in Liechtenstein Nasjonal Samling National Socialist Movement (Netherlands) National Socialist Movement of Chile National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark Ossewabrandwag Lists Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Doctors Last surviving war crime suspects Nazi Party members Nicknames and pseudonyms NSDAP leaders and officials Publishers SS personnel Role and impact in German society the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility the Wehrmacht Economy Nobility Related topics Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Analogies Art Architecture Cinema Architecture Cinema Atsızism " Beefsteak Nazi " Economy Denordification Renordification Renordification Glossary Drang nach Osten Generalplan Ost German American Bund Horst-Wessel-Lied Hitler's political views Propaganda and the UK Racial theories Strasserism Women Category v t e Fascism v t e Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Themes Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Core tenets Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Actual idealism Aestheticization of politics Anti-communism Anti-materialism Anti-pacifism Authoritarianism Chauvinism Class collaboration Conspiracism Corporatism Cult of personality Dictatorship Direct action Dirigisme Economic interventionism Eugenics Heroic capitalism Heroic realism Heroism Imperialism Indoctrination Irrationalism Machismo Masculinity Militarism National syndicalism Nationalism Integral Palingenetic Ultra Integral Palingenetic Ultra New Man One-party state Perpetual war Populism Proletarian nation Propaganda Racism Reactionary modernism Social Darwinism Social interventionism Social order State capitalism Statolatry Supercapitalism Syncretism Third Position Totalitarianism Topics Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Definitions Economics Fascism and ideology Fascism worldwide Symbolism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Variants Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Italian Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Arab Argentine Nacionalismo Nacionalismo Austrian Banderism Brazilian British Christian Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Christian Identity Mexican synarchism Clerical Crypto Eco English Falangism French Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Doriotism Pétainism Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Neo-Pétainism Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Jeune Nation L'Œuvre Française Valoisism Hindutva Hungarism Hutu Irish Islamic Ziaism Ziaism Italian Intransigent Intransigent Japanese Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Emperor-system Statism Restoration Ultra Restoration Ultra Jewish/Israeli Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Kahanism Revisionist Maximalism Korean Ilminism Nyulaiteu Ilminism Nyulaiteu Latvian Mystical Nazism Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Strasserism Swedish Austrian Esoteric Hitlerism Neo-Nazism Russian Russian Strasserism Swedish Neo Finnish NRx Finnish NRx Pan-Turkic Rexism Polish Romanian Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Neo-Legionarism Romanianism/Stelism Russian Neo-Eurasianism Neo-Eurasianism Syndicalist Syrian Social Nationalism Techno Third Positionism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism National-anarchism National Bolshevism Nazi-Maoism Uruguayan Marzism Revisionism Sosism Marzism Revisionism Sosism Ustašism Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Movements Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Africa Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Coalition for the Defence of the Republic Greyshirts Muslim Association of the Lictor National Revolutionary Movement for Development Ossewabrandwag Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines Republican Democratic Movement Young Egypt Party (1933) Asia Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Abhinav Bharat Al-Muthanna Club Aria Party Azerbaijan National Democrat Party Azure Party Black Dragon Society Brit HaBirionim Concordia Association Grey Wolves Golden Square Hindu Mahasabha Iran-e-No Party Jewish National Front Kach Kataeb Party Kenkokukai Kokumin Dōmei Korea Nationalist Party Korean National Youth Association Lehi Liberal Party (South Korea) Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf National Socialism Association Nationalist Movement Party National Will Party Nation Party of Iran Otzma Yehudit Pan-Iranist Party Palestine Arab Party Progress Party (Iran) Philippine Falange Rastakhiz Party Rastriya Prajatantra Party Reform bureaucrats Religious Zionist Party Sakurakai Sangh Parivar Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal Bharatiya Janata Party Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha Bharatiya Jana Sangh Bharatiya Kisan Sangh Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh Bharat Vikas Parishad Ekal Vidyalaya Hindu Makkal Katchi Hindu Munnani Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh Jammu Praja Parishad Muslim Rashtriya Manch Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas Rashtra Sevika Samiti Rashtriya Sikh Sangat Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana Seva Bharati Vidya Bharati Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram Vishva Hindu Parishad Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini Bajrang Dal Durga Vahini SUMKA Syrian Social Nationalist Party Tōhōkai Tsagaan Khas Turkish Union Party Wang Jingwei Kuomintang Northern / Northwestern Europe Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Academic Karelia Society Ailtirí na hAiséirghe Autonome Nationalisten Bases Autónomas Black Front (Netherlands) Blueshirts Breton Social-National Workers' Movement British Democratic Party British Fascists Britain First British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women British Movement British National Party (1960) British National Party British People's Party (1939) British People's Party (2005) British Union of Fascists The Britons La Cagoule Casuals United Centre Party '86 Clerical People's Party Dutch Defence League Dutch Fascist Union English Defence League European Defence League European Defence League English National Association Le Faisceau Fédération d'action nationale et européenne Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation Finnish People's Organisation Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party Flemish National Union French National-Collectivist Party French Nationalist Party French Popular Party General Dutch Fascist League Greater Britain Movement Groupe Collaboration Heathen Front Imperial Fascist League International Third Position Jeune Nation Lalli Alliance of Finland Lapua Movement League of Saint George Les Identitaires Mouvement d'Action Civique Mouvement Franciste Nasjonal Samling National Alliance (Sweden) National Corporate Party National Fascisti National Front (UK) National League of Sweden Nationalist Party National Popular Rally National Rally National Syndicalists National Union (Netherlands) National Union (Portugal) New Party Nipsters Nordic League Nordic Resistance Movement Northern League Norwegian Defence League Nouvelle Droite L'Œuvre Française Official National Front Order of Flemish Militants Organisation of National Socialists Parti Communautaire National-Européen Party of Finnish Labor Party of the Swedes Patriotic Alternative Patriotic People's Movement Patriotic People's Movement (1993) Pērkonkrusts Phalange Française Ragnarock Rebelles Européens Rexist Party Rising Finland Scottish Democratic Fascist Party Scottish Protestant League Skrewdriver Skullhead Stormers Terre et Peuple Third Way (France) Third Way (UK) Union Movement Verdinaso Vigrid White Aryan Resistance Central Europe Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists Arrow Cross Party Artgemeinschaft Austrian Nazism Black Front (Germany) Bund Deutscher Osten Christian National Socialist Front Deutsche Reichspartei Eidgenössische Sammlung Falanga Free German Workers' Party German Faith Movement German National Movement in Liechtenstein German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia) German Party (Slovakia) German Social Union Honor Hungarian National Front Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party Hungarian National Socialist Party Combat League of German Socialists Kotlebists – People's Party Our Slovakia Landser Liechtenstein Homeland Service National Democratic Party (Austria) National Democratic Party of Germany National Fascist Community National Front (Hungary) National Front (Switzerland) National Movement of Switzerland National Radical Camp National Radical Camp (1993) National Revival of Poland National Union (Switzerland) Nationalist Front (Germany) Nazi Party Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association Greater German People's Community Nazi Germany National Socialist Freedom Movement National Socialist Working Association New Order Nipsters No Colours Records PC Records Positive Christianity German Christians German Christians Republic Movement The Right (Germany) Rock-O-Rama Records Shield and Sword Slovak People's Party Socialist Reich Party Stahlgewitter Sudeten German Party The Third Path United Hungarian National Socialist Party Vlajka Volksdeutsche Bewegung Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit Wiking-Jugend Southern Europe ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front ADÑ–Spanish Identity Albanian Fascist Party Balli Kombëtar Brothers of Italy CEDADE Democratic Fascist Party European Nation State Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Fasci Italiani di Combattimento Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Falange Sección Femenina Sección Femenina La Falange (1999) Falange Auténtica Falange Española Falange Española Auténtica Falange Española de las JONS Falange Española de las JONS (1976) Falange Española Independiente Falangist Movement of Spain Freethinkers' Party Imperium Europa Italian fascism National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party National Fascist Party (Italy) Italian Social Republic Republican Fascist Party Italian Social Movement Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista Juntas Españolas National Alliance (Spain) National Alliance July 18 National Democracy (Italy) National Democracy (Spain) National Front (Spain, 1986) National Front (Spain, 2006) National Union (Italy, 1923) National Union (Spain) New Force (Italy) New Force (Spain) Republican Social Movement The Right (Italy) Sammarinese Fascist Party Spanish Military Union Struggle of the People Student Action Terza Posizione Tricolour Flame Unidad Falangista Montañesa Youth Front Eastern and Southeastern Europe Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights Bosnian Movement of National Pride Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party Croatian Liberation Movement Croatian National Resistance Croatian Party of Rights Crusade of Romanianism Ethnic National Union Eurasia Movement Eurasia Party Format18 For the Native Language! Front of National Revolutionary Action German Party German People's Party Golden Dawn Greek National Socialist Party Hosank Iron Guard Kolovrat LEPEN Liberal Democratic Party of Russia Lithuanian Nationalist Union National Agrarian Party National Bolshevik Front National Bolshevik Party National-Christian Defense League National Christian Party National Fascist Movement National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement National Party – Greeks National Socialist Patriotic Organisation National Socialist Society National Social Movement National Romanian Fascio National Renaissance Front National Salvation Front Nokturnal Mortum Obraz Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov Pamyat Patriotic Alliance People's Party Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine Ratniks (Bulgaria) Romanian Front Russian Imperial Movement Russian Fascist Party Russian Women's Fascist Movement Serbian Action Serbian Radical Party Steel Shield Svoboda Union of Bulgarian National Legions Ustaše Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Ustaše in Australia Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood Yugoslav Radical Union ZBOR North America Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Fascism in Canada Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Aryan Guard Canadian Association for Free Expression Canadian Union of Fascists Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform Heritage Front Parti national social chrétien Fascism in the United States American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront American Front American Nazi Party Betar US Fascist League of North America Identity Evropa League of the South Nationalist Social Club-131 Nationalist Front (United States) Patriot Front Proud Boys Rise Above Movement Silver Legion of America Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Christian Party (United States, 1930s) Traditionalist Worker Party Vanguard America Volksfront Revolutionary Mexicanist Action Mexican Democratic Party Mexican Fascist Party National Pro Patria Party National Synarchist Union Nationalist Front of Mexico Oceania Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front Action Zealandia Antipodean Resistance Australia First Movement Australia First Party Australian Defence League Australian National Socialist Party Centre Party Lads Society National Action (Australia) National Socialist Network National Socialist Party of Australia Progressive Nationalist Party Reclaim Australia True Blue Crew United Patriots Front South America Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement Agrarian Labor Party Argentine Anticommunist Alliance Argentine Fascist Party Argentine Nationalist Action Argentine Patriotic League Bolivian Socialist Falange Brazilian Integralism Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Brazilian Integralist Action Brazilian Integralist Front Falangism in Latin America Female Peronist Party Iron Guard (Argentina) Nacionalismo National Fascist Party (Argentina) National Fascist Union Nationalist Liberation Alliance National Liberation Movement National Socialist Movement of Chile National Universitary Concentration New Triumph Party Patriot Front (Argentina) Popular Dignity Popular Freedom Alliance Popular Representation Party Popular Socialist Vanguard Republican League La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia Revolutionary Union Tacuara Nationalist Movement People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi People Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Australia Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Campbell (Eric) Campbell (Graeme) Cottrell Groot Mills Saleam Austria Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Dollfuss Miklas Pfrimer Planetta Schuschnigg Seyss-Inquart Starhemberg Belgium Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Daye Declercq Degrelle Denis Elias Eriksson Hermans Lagrou Poulet Severen Streel van de Wiele Croatia Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Boban Francetić Kraljević Kvaternik Luburić Pavelić Pavičić Rover Servatzy Finland Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen Helanen Isotalo Kalsta Konkka Kosola Orko Simojoki Somersalo Törni Varjonen France Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Augier Bardèche Benoist-Méchin Béraud Brasillach Bucard Châteaubriant Déat Déroulède Dior Doriot La Rochelle Lagardelle Laval Pétain Rebatet Valois Vial Germany Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Abetz Andrae Baeumler Berchtold Berger Best Brunner Bühler Darré Falkenhausen Hocke Feder Forster Frank Franz V Gesche Goebbels Göring Graf Greiser Günther Hanke Heiden Hess Heydrich Himmler Hitler Klintzsch Kuhn Ludendorff Maurice Müller Niekisch Ploetz Rahn Reitsch Renthe-Fink Ribbentrop Rieger Rosenberg Schmitt Schreck Skorzeny Strasser (Gregor) Strasser (Otto) Streicher Terboven Thadden Krosigk Zündel Greece Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos Dragoumis Kasidiaris Koryzis Lagos Michaloliakos Papadopoulos India Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Adityanath Advani Bose Godse Golwalkar Hedgewar Mukherjee Savarkar Thakur Vajpayee Iran Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Forouhar Kashani Monshizadeh Pezeshkpour Teymourtash Israel Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Ahimeir Ben-Ari Ben-Gvir Eldad Eliyahu Goldstein Gopstein Greenberg Ha'ivri Heruti Kahane Marzel Natan-Zada Stern Yeivin Italy Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Acerbo Alfieri Ambris D'Annunzio Azara Badoglio Balbo Torrente Ballester Bastianini Bianchi Boni Bono Boselli Bottai Ciano (Costanzo) Ciano (Galeazzo) Cogni Corradini Freda Gentile Giuriati Gozi Grandi Graziani Guidi Malaparte Marinetti Michels Morgagni Mussolini Olivetti Panunzio Papini Pavolini Rauti Ricci Ridruejo Rocco Rossoni Sarfatti Soffici Spirito Volpi Japan Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Akao Araki Chō Hashimoto Honjō Kita Kodama Matsuoka Nonaka Ōkawa Sasakawa Romania Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Antonescu Bacaloglu Codreanu Crainic Cuza Gigurtu Goga Manoilescu Moța Ogoranu Sima Russia Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Astroŭski Borovikov Ilyin Kaminski Martsinkevich Milchakov Oktan Prilepin Prokhanov Rodzaevsky Spain Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Arrese Bau Nolla Bilbao Eguía Carrero Blanco Fernández-Cuesta Franco Franco y Polo Giménez Caballero Primo de Rivera Ramos Sánchez Mazas Serrano Suñer Ukraine Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko Bandera Biletsky Dontsov Gubarev Klyachkivsky Lebed Rebet Samchuk Shukhevych Stetsko Tyahnybok Vitrenko United Kingdom Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley Beckett Chamberlain Chesterton Lake Leese Mosley (Diana) Mosley (Oswald) Pankhurst Pearson Ramsay Robinson Southgate Tyndall Wellesley United States Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Auernheimer Collins Fuentes Joyce Pelley Pound Yockey Other Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Burdi Celmiņš Martínez Perón Quisling Ramírez Riva-Agüero y Osma Šešelj Szálasi Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Works Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Literature 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? 1776 Returns La Conquista del Estado The Culture of Critique Defiance Did Six Million Really Die? The Doctrine of Fascism Essentials of Hindutva Fascist Manifesto For My Legionaries The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia The Fourth Political Theory Hitlers Zweites Buch Hutu Ten Commandments Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus Kokutairon and Pure Socialism The Last Will of a Russian Fascist Manifesto of Race Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals Mein Kampf My Autobiography My Life The Myth of the Twentieth Century OPROP! Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World Protestantische Rompilger A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century Uncomfortable Questions for Comfortable Jews A Warning to the Hindus Who Are the Mind Benders? Periodicals Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Action Ajan Suunta L'Alba El Alcázar The American Review Der Angriff Arriba The Blackshirt La Conquista del Estado The Daily Stormer Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung Das Deutsche Mädel La Difesa della Razza Eleftheros Kosmos The European Fashist Fashizmi La France au travail Fritt Folk Fronten Gândirea Gioventù Fascista Golden Dawn Hamaas Hrvatski Domobran Je suis partout Kangura Kansallissosialisti Limonka Masada2000 Münchener Beobachter Nash Put' Nástup Nation Europa Neue Anthropologie Neues Volk Het Nieuwe Volk Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Novopress Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift Organiser Panchjanya Panzerbär Parole der Woche Le Pays Réel Der Pimpf Il Popolo d'Italia Das Reich Revue d'histoire du fascisme Das Schwarze Korps Sfarmă-Piatră Signal Siniristi Spearhead Der Stürmer Türkische Post Der Umbruch Vairas Vlajka Volk en Staat Völkischer Beobachter Die Wehrmacht Wochenspruch der NSDAP Film L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will L'Armata Azzurra Bengasi Condottieri The Daughter of the Samurai Erbkrank Europa: The Last Battle The Great Appeal The Old Guard Raza Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal Der Sieg des Glaubens The Siege of the Alcazar Lo squadrone bianco Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht Triumph of the Will Music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Fashwave Hindutva pop National Socialist black metal Nazi punk Rock Against Communism White power music Other Allach StoneToss Allach StoneToss Related topics Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema Art of the Third Reich Fascist architecture Heroic realism Nazi architecture Nazism and cinema History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials History 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials 1900s Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust 1910s Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust Arditi Fascio Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria Armenian genocide and the Holocaust 1920s March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide March on Rome Corfu incident Acerbo Law Beer Hall Putsch Aventine Secession Italian economic battles Le Faisceau 28 May 1926 coup d'état Libyan genocide 1930s March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War March of the Iron Will November 1932 German federal election March 1933 German federal election Enabling Act Austrian Civil War July Putsch 1934 Montreux Fascist conference Romani Holocaust 4th of August Regime Anti-Comintern Pact Spanish Civil War 1940s World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials World War II Nazi crimes against the Polish nation The Holocaust Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia End in Italy Nuremberg Trials Tokyo Trials Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Lists Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Anti-fascists British fascist parties Fascist movements by country ( A-F G-M N-T U-Z ) Secretaries of Italian fascist parties Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Related topics Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Anti-fascism Criticism of fascism Fascist (epithet) Fascist mysticism Feudal fascism F-scale (personality test) Morenazi Para-/semi-fascism Post-fascism Proto-fascism Red fascism Red–green–brown alliance Roman salute Sansepolcrismo Social fascism Sorelianism Synarchism Szeged Idea Trumpism Donald Trump and fascism Donald Trump and fascism Völkisch movement Category Category Adolf Hitler Political positions of politicians Anti-Marxism Nazism Anti-Slavic sentiment Far-right politics Antisemitism Anti-Judaism Homophobia Aryanism Articles containing German-language text Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Use dmy dates from October 2021 Use British English from April 2025 All Wikipedia articles written in British English Articles containing Portuguese-language text CS1 German-language sources (de) Articles with excerpts This page was last edited on 15 January 2026, at 17:37 (UTC) . 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Main page Contents Current events Random article About Wikipedia Contact us Help Learn to edit Community portal Recent changes Upload file Special pages Donate Create account Log in Donate Create account Log in Contents (Top) 1 Background Toggle Background subsection 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 1.1 War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF 1.2 Political transition 1.3 Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM 1.4 Prelude 2 Course of the war Toggle Course of the war subsection 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.1 April–May 2023 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.1.1 Battle of Khartoum 2.1.2 Treaty of Jeddah 2.2 June–September 2023 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.2.1 Continued fighting in Khartoum 2.2.2 Diplomatic efforts 2.2.3 SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement 2.2.4 Darfur front 2.3 October–December 2023 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.3.1 SAF collapse in Darfur 2.3.2 Peace negotiations stall 2.3.3 RSF crossing of the Nile 2.4 January–April 2024 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.4.1 Hemedti travels abroad 2.4.2 Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira 2.4.3 SAF gains in Omdurman 2.5 April–December 2024 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.5.1 Fighting in Darfur 2.5.2 Fighting in Kordofan 2.5.3 Fighting along the Nile 2.5.4 SAF offensives 2.6 2025 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 2.6.1 Liberation of Khartoum 2.6.2 Fall of El Fasher 2.6.3 Kordofan offensives 2.6.4 Fighting in border regions 2.6.5 Diplomacy 3 Casualties and war crimes Toggle Casualties and war crimes subsection 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 3.1 Darfur 3.2 Foreign casualties 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.2.1 Evacuation of foreign nationals 3.3 War crimes 4 Foreign involvement Toggle Foreign involvement subsection 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 4.1 Canada 4.2 Chad 4.3 China 4.4 Egypt 4.5 Eritrea 4.6 Ethiopia 4.7 Iran 4.8 Kenya 4.9 Libyan National Army 4.10 Russia 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.10.1 Wagner Group 4.11 Saudi Arabia 4.12 South Sudan 4.13 Turkey 4.14 Ukraine 4.15 United Arab Emirates 4.16 United Kingdom 4.17 United States 5 Humanitarian impact 6 Economy 7 Disinformation 8 Sanctions 9 In popular culture 10 See also 11 Notes 12 References 13 External links Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Afrikaans العربية Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца) Brezhoneg Català Čeština Chi-Chewa الدارجة Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hausa Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית کٲشُر Қазақша Latviešu Lietuvių Malti მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本語 Norsk bokmål Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Article Talk Read View source View history Read View source View history What links here Related changes Upload file Permanent link Page information Cite this page Get shortened URL Download QR code Download as PDF Printable version Wikimedia Commons Wikidata item Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Part of the Sudanese Civil Wars Military situation as of 1 January 2026 [update] [ 19 ] .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} Controlled by Sudanese Armed Forces and allies ( Transitional Sovereignty Council ) Controlled by Rapid Support Forces ( Government of Peace and Unity ) Controlled by SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by allied Rapid Support Forces and SPLM-N (al-Hilu) Controlled by SLM (al-Nur) ( Detailed map ) ( Engagements ) ( Detailed map ) Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Date .mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0} 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) 15 April 2023 – present (2 years, 9 months and 2 days) Location Sudan (with spillovers into Libya , [ 20 ] Egypt , Ethiopia , Chad , South Sudan and Central African Republic ) [ 21 ] [ 22 ] [ 23 ] [ 24 ] [ 25 ] Status Ongoing Territorial changes Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Rapid Support Forces occupy most [ a ] of Darfur and parts of Kordofan . [ 26 ] [ 27 ] SPLM-N (al-Hilu) occupies parts of South Kordofan . [ 28 ] [ 29 ] [ 30 ] SLM (al-Nur) occupies parts of Darfur . Belligerents .mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url(" 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px} Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023) Egypt Saudi Arabia Sudanese Government Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Sudanese Armed Forces Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Sudanese Army Sudanese Navy Sudanese Air Force Republican Guard PDF [ 1 ] Popular Resistance Al-Bara Battalion AWB Al-Bara Battalion AWB SPLM-N (Agar) [ 2 ] JEM [ 3 ] SLM (Minnawi) [ 4 ] SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023) [ 5 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] United Arab Emirates [ 9 ] [ 10 ] Tamazuj (from August 2023) Coalition of Patriots for Change [ 11 ] Desert Wolves [ 12 ] Libyan National Army [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Wagner Group (until early 2024) [ 15 ] [ 16 ] [ 17 ] Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) [ 6 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Rapid Support Forces Non-RSF Janjaweed militias Non-RSF Janjaweed militias SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025) [ 7 ] [ 8 ] Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Liberated Areas SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] SLM (al-Nur) [ 18 ] New Sudan SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) Commanders and leaders Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Abdel Fattah al-Burhan Yasser al-Atta Shams al-Din Khabbashi Malik Agar Mustafa Tambour Minni Minnawi Gibril Ibrahim [ 31 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Hemedti Abdelrahim Dagalo Abdel Rahman Jumma Abdelaziz al-Hilu [ 7 ] Khalifa Haftar [ 13 ] Noureddine Adam ( WIA ) [ 11 ] Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur Strength 2024 ~300,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns 2024 ~100,000 [ 32 ] 2023 120,000 total fighters (14 April 2023, per SAF) [ 33 ] 67,135 fighters 39,490 recruits 400 Colombian mercenaries [ 12 ] 2,950 vehicles 104 armored personnel carriers 171 vehicles with machine guns Unknown Casualties and losses Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] Highly uncertain, [ 34 ] could be more than 150,000 total killed [ 35 ] [ 36 ] [ 37 ] Nearly 25 million affected by famine; 4 million children acutely malnourished [ 38 ] 8,856,313 internally displaced 3,506,383 refugees [ 39 ] .mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}} v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Prelude War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident War in Darfur Sudanese revolution 2021 Sudanese coup d'état 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Battles Khartoum Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Bahri offensive Khartoum airport Laboratory crisis Yarmouk airstrike Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher Kutum Merowe Kordofan campaign El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Babanusa Al Fulah Dilling Wad Madani Sennar offensive Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Drone attacks War crimes Atrocities in Khartoum Masalit genocide Ardamata Misterei Ardamata Misterei Gezira State massacres Wad An Nora Wad An Nora Galgani Civilian airstrikes Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital Kabkabiya market Omdurman market Mayo Kadugli market Saudi hospital al-Kadaris and al-Khelwat Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camps Al Jamia mosque El Fasher massacre Humanitarian crisis Famine Refugee crisis El Fasher El Fasher Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Other Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Treaty of Jeddah (2023) Attempted assassination of Abdel Fattah al-Burhan 2024 Darfur Ilyushin Il-76 shootdown Destruction of cultural heritage during the Sudanese civil war 2025 IBM Airlines Boeing 737 incident v t e Conflicts in Sudan v t e First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) First Sudanese Civil War Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Torit mutiny 1958 coup 1964 Revolution 1969 coup Second Sudanese Civil War 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters 1985 coup 1989 coup Thunderbolt Infinite Reach War of the Peters Disarmament of the Lou Nuer Battle of Malakal War in Darfur Omdurman and Khartoum Omdurman and Khartoum Sudanese nomadic conflicts Sudanese conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile George Athor's rebellion Heglig Crisis South Sudanese Civil War Sudanese Revolution 2019 coup 2021 coup 2019 coup 2021 coup Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Sudanese peace process Since April 2023, there has been a civil war in Sudan between two factions of the country's military government. The conflict involves the internationally recognized government controlled by the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF), led by General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and consisting of the Army, Navy , Air Force and Republican Guard ; and the paramilitary Rapid Support Forces (RSF), led by General Hemedti , who leads the broader Janjaweed coalition. Smaller armed groups have taken part. [ 40 ] Fighting began on 15 April 2023 after a power struggle within the government that had taken power following the 2021 coup . As of 5 February 2025 [update] the conflict has caused 12 million people to be forcibly displaced , 9 million internally and 3.5 million have fled the country as refugees, [ 39 ] [ 41 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 42 ] Since gaining independence in 1956, Sudan has endured chronic instability marked by 20 coup attempts , prolonged military rule, two civil wars and the Darfur genocide . The war erupted amid tensions over the integration of the RSF into the Sudanese Army following the 2021 coup, starting with RSF attacks on government sites in the capital Khartoum , and other cities. The conflict began with the Battle of Khartoum , and there has been fighting in the Darfur region. [ 43 ] [ 44 ] [ 45 ] The capital region was divided between the two factions, and al-Burhan relocated his government to Port Sudan . International efforts, including the 2023 Jeddah Declaration, failed to stop the fighting, while various rebel groups entered the war: the SPLM–North attacked the SAF in the south; the Tamazuj movement joined the RSF; and the SAF gained support from factions of the Sudan Liberation Movement and Justice and Equality Movement . By late 2023, the RSF controlled most of Darfur and advanced on Khartoum, taking over most of the capital, Kordofan and Gezira . The SAF regained momentum in 2024, making gains in Omdurman and retaking Khartoum by March 2025. Despite negotiations, no lasting ceasefire has been reached, and the war continues with severe humanitarian consequences and regional implications. In October 2025 the city of El Fasher fell, giving the RSF control over the SAF's last stronghold in Darfur. Famine is widespread. Sudan faces one of the world's worst humanitarian crises , with 25 million people suffering from severe food insecurity. [ 46 ] Four million children are acutely malnourished, including 770,000 at imminent risk of death and famine had been confirmed in several regions. [ 38 ] There are extreme shortages of water, medicine and aid access, widespread hospital closures, disease outbreaks, mass displacement , looting of humanitarian supplies, and the near-collapse of education and infrastructure, leaving half the population in urgent need of assistance. The death toll of the war, including fatalities from violence , starvation and disease , is high; thousands remain missing or have been killed in targeted massacres, primarily attributed to the RSF and allied militias. [ 47 ] 61,000 people have died in Khartoum State alone, of which 26,000 were a direct result of the violence. [ 48 ] Sexual violence, committed on refugees and during looting, has been widespread. [ 49 ] [ 50 ] [ 51 ] There have been calls for more aid, legal protections for humanitarian workers , refugee support and an end to international arms supplies to the RSF, particularly by the United Arab Emirates . [ 52 ] [ 53 ] [ 54 ] [ 55 ] [ 56 ] The US, UK, EU and Canada , imposed sanctions on individuals, companies and entities linked to the SAF and RSF for ceasefire violations and human rights abuses. The UAE has been found to have violated the sanctions, despite denials, shipping Chinese weapons to RSF rebels. [ 52 ] Many civilians in Darfur have been killed as part of the Masalit genocide . [ 57 ] On 7 January 2025, the US said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide. [ 58 ] Background Since Sudan gained independence in 1956, the country has experienced 20 military coup attempts , the most of any African nation. [ 59 ] Sudan has usually been ruled by the military, interspersed with short periods of democratic parliamentary rule . [ 60 ] [ 61 ] Two civil wars – 1955–1972 and 1983–2005 – between the central government and the southern regions , killed 1.5 million people and ultimately led to the independence of South Sudan in 2011. Separately, the conflict in the western region of Darfur displaced two million people and killed more than 200,000. [ 62 ] War in Darfur and the formation of the RSF By the turn of the 21st century, Sudan's western Darfur region had endured prolonged instability and social strife due to ethnic tensions and disputes over land and water. In 2003, this situation erupted into a full-scale rebellion against government rule, against which president and military strongman Omar al-Bashir vowed to use forceful action. The resulting War in Darfur was marked by widespread state-sponsored acts of violence, leading to charges of war crimes and genocide against al-Bashir. [ 63 ] The initial phase of the conflict left approximately 300,000 dead and 2.7 million forcibly displaced; even though the intensity of the violence later declined, the situation in the region remained far from peaceful. [ 64 ] To crush uprisings by non-Arab tribes in the Nuba Mountains , al-Bashir relied upon the Janjaweed , a collection of Sudanese Arab militias that were drawn from camel-trading tribes which were active in Darfur and portions of Chad . In 2013, al-Bashir announced that the Janjaweed would be reorganised as the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) and he also announced that the RSF would be placed under the command of the Janjaweed's commander General Hemedti . [ 65 ] [ 66 ] [ 67 ] [ 68 ] The RSF perpetrated mass killings, mass rapes, pillage, torture, and destruction of villages. They were accused of committing ethnic cleansing against the Fur , Masalit , and Zaghawa peoples. [ 67 ] Leaders of the RSF have been indicted for genocide, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by the International Criminal Court (ICC), [ 69 ] but Hemedti was not personally implicated in the 2003–2004 atrocities. [ 64 ] In 2017, a new law gave the RSF the status of an "independent security force". [ 67 ] Hemedti received several gold mines in Darfur as patronage from al-Bashir, and his personal wealth grew substantially. [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Bashir sent RSF forces to quash a 2013 uprising in South Darfur and deployed RSF units to fight in Yemen and Libya . [ 66 ] During this time, the RSF developed a working relationship with the Russian private military outfit Wagner Group . [ 70 ] These developments ensured that RSF forces grew into the tens of thousands and came to possess thousands of armed pickup trucks which regularly patrolled the streets of Khartoum. [ 70 ] The Bashir regime allowed the RSF and other armed groups to proliferate to prevent threats to its security from within the armed forces, a practice known as " coup-proofing ". [ 71 ] Political transition In December 2018, protests against al-Bashir's regime began, starting the first phase of the Sudanese Revolution . Eight months of sustained civil disobedience were met with violent repression. [ 72 ] In April 2019, the military (including the RSF) ousted al-Bashir in a coup d'état , ending his three decades of rule; the military established the Transitional Military Council , a junta . [ 68 ] [ 69 ] [ 72 ] Bashir was imprisoned in Khartoum; he was not turned over to the ICC, which had issued warrants for his arrest on charges of war crimes . [ 73 ] Protests calling for civilian rule continued; in June 2019, the TMC's security forces, which included both the RSF and the SAF, perpetrated the Khartoum massacre , in which more than a hundred demonstrators were killed [ 74 ] [ 66 ] [ 68 ] [ 72 ] and dozens were raped. [ 66 ] Hemedti denied orchestrating the attack. [ 68 ] In August 2019, in response to international pressure and mediation by the African Union and Ethiopia, the military agreed to share power in an interim joint civilian-military unity government (the Transitional Sovereignty Council ), headed by a civilian Prime Minister, Abdalla Hamdok , with elections planned for 2023 . [ 63 ] [ 72 ] In October 2021, the military seized power in a coup led by Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) leader Abdel Fattah al-Burhan and Hemedti. The Transitional Sovereignty Council was reconstituted as a new military junta led by al-Burhan, monopolizing power and halting Sudan's transition to democracy . [ 73 ] [ 75 ] Origins of the SPLM-N and the SLM The Sudan Liberation Movement (or Army; SLM, SLA, or SLM/A) is a rebel group active in Darfur, primarily composed of members of non-Arab ethnic groups [ 76 ] and established in response to their marginalization by the Bashir regime. [ 77 ] [ 78 ] Since 2006, the movement has split into several factions due to disagreements over the Darfur Peace Agreement , with some factions joining the government in Khartoum. [ 79 ] [ 80 ] [ 81 ] By 2023, the three most prominent factions were the SLM-Minnawi under Minni Minnawi , the SLM-al-Nur under Abdul Wahid al-Nur , and the SLM-Tambour under Mustafa Tambour . The SLM-Minnawi and SLM-Tambour signed the 2020 Juba Peace Agreement , ceasing hostilities and receiving political appointments, but the SLM-al-Nur refused to sign and kept fighting. [ 82 ] [ 83 ] The SPLM-N was founded by units of the predominantly South Sudanese Sudan People's Liberation Movement /Army stationed in areas that remained in Sudan following the South Sudanese vote for independence in 2011 . These forces then led a rebellion in the southern states of South Kordofan and Blue Nile a few months later. [ 84 ] In 2017, the SPLM-N split between a faction led by Abdelaziz al-Hilu and one led by Malik Agar , with al-Hilu demanding secularism as a condition for peace while Agar did not agree with this. [ 85 ] During the Sudanese Revolution, al-Hilu's faction declared an indefinite unilateral ceasefire. [ 86 ] In 2020, a peace agreement was signed between the Sudanese government and Agar's faction, [ 81 ] with Agar later joining the Transitional Sovereignty Council in Khartoum. Al-Hilu held out until he agreed to sign a separate peace agreement with the Sudanese government a few months later. [ 87 ] Further steps to consolidate the agreement stalled following the 2021 coup, and the al-Hilu faction instead signed an agreement with the SLM-al-Nur and the Sudanese Communist Party , agreeing to co-operate to draft a 'revolutionary charter' and remove the military from power. [ 88 ] Prelude In the months after the 2021 coup the already weak Sudanese economy steeply declined, fueling wide protests demanding that the junta return power to civilian authorities. [ 89 ] Tensions arose between al-Burhan and Hemedti over al-Burhan's restoration to the office of old-guard Islamist officials who had dominated the Omar al-Bashir government. Hemedti saw the appointment of these officials as a signal that al-Burhan was attempting to maintain the dominance of Khartoum's traditional elite over Sudanese politics. This was a danger to the RSF's political position, as said elites were hostile to Hemedti due to his ethnic background as a Darfuri Arab. [ 90 ] Hemedti's expression of regret over the October 2021 coup signalled a widening divide between him and al-Burhan. [ 75 ] Tensions between the RSF and the SAF began to escalate in February 2023, as the RSF began to recruit members across Sudan. [ 89 ] Throughout February and early March the RSF built up in the Sudanese capital of Khartoum , until a deal was brokered on 11 March and the RSF withdrew. [ 89 ] [ 91 ] As part of this deal negotiations were conducted between the SAF, RSF, and civilian leaders, but these negotiations were delayed and halted by political disagreements. [ 92 ] Chief among the disputes was the integration of the RSF into the military: the RSF insisted on a 10-year timetable for its integration into the regular army, while the army demanded integration within two years. [ 93 ] [ 94 ] Other contested issues included the status given to RSF officers in the future hierarchy, and whether RSF forces should be under the command of the army chief rather than Sudan's commander-in-chief, al-Burhan. [ 95 ] On 11 April 2023, RSF forces deployed near the city of Merowe as well as in Khartoum . [ 96 ] Government forces ordered them to leave and were refused. This led to clashes when RSF forces took control of the Soba military base south of Khartoum. [ 96 ] On 13 April, RSF forces began their mobilization, raising fears of a potential rebellion against the junta. The SAF has declared the mobilization as illegal. [ 97 ] Course of the war April–May 2023 Battle of Khartoum On 15 April 2023, the RSF attacked SAF bases across Sudan, including Khartoum and its airport . [ 93 ] [ 98 ] There were clashes at the headquarters of the state broadcaster, Sudan TV , which was later captured by RSF forces. [ 99 ] Bridges and roads in Khartoum and its hinterland were closed by RSF command. [ 100 ] The next day saw a SAF counteroffensive, with the Sudanese Army retaking Merowe Airport alongside the headquarters of Sudan TV and the state radio. [ 99 ] The Sudan Civil Aviation Authority closed the country's airspace as fighting began. [ 101 ] Telecommunications provider MTN shut down Internet services, and by 23 April there was a near-total Internet outage attributed to attacks on the electricity grid. [ 102 ] [ 103 ] Sudanese international trade began to break down, with Maersk , one of the largest shipping companies in the world, announcing a pause on new shipments to the country. [ 104 ] Hemedti directed his forces to capture or kill al-Burhan, and RSF units engaged in pitched and bloody combat with the Republican Guard . Ultimately al-Burhan managed to evade capture or assassination, but his base at the Sudanese Armed Forces Headquarters was placed under RSF siege, rendering him unable to leave Khartoum. [ 82 ] [ 105 ] In an interview with Al Jazeera , Hemedti accused al-Burhan and his commanders of forcing the RSF to start the war by scheming to bring deposed leader Omar al-Bashir back to power. [ 100 ] He called for the international community to intervene against al-Burhan, claiming that the RSF were fighting against radical Islamic militants. [ 106 ] Following the first few days of war the SAF brought in reinforcements from the Ethiopian border. [ 107 ] Although a ceasefire was announced for Eid al-Fitr , fighting continued across the country. [ 108 ] [ 109 ] Combat was described as particularly intense along the highway from Khartoum to Port Sudan and in the industrial zone of al-Bagair. [ 110 ] Intercommunal clashes were reported in Blue Nile State and in Geneina . [ 111 ] [ 112 ] By the beginning of May the SAF claimed to have weakened the RSF's combat capabilities and repelled its advances in multiple regions. [ 113 ] The Sudanese police deployed its Central Reserve Forces in the streets of Khartoum in support of the SAF, claiming to have arrested several hundred RSF fighters. [ 114 ] The SAF announced it was launching an all-out attack on RSF in Khartoum using air strikes and artillery. [ 115 ] Air strikes and ground offensives against the RSF over the next few days caused significant damage to infrastructure, but failed to dislodge RSF forces from their positions. [ 116 ] [ 117 ] Following further threats to his life from Hemedti, al-Burhan gave a public video address from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, vowing to continue fighting. [ 118 ] [ 119 ] On 19 May, al-Burhan officially removed Hemedti as his deputy in the Transitional Sovereignty Council and replaced him with former rebel leader and council member Malik Agar . [ 120 ] With al-Burhan trapped in Khartoum, Agar became de facto leader of the Sudanese government, assuming responsibility for peace negotiations, international visits and the day-to-day running of the country. [ 82 ] Treaty of Jeddah International attention to the conflict resulted in the United Nations Human Rights Council calling a special session to address the violence, voting to increase monitoring of human rights abuses. [ 121 ] On 6 May, delegates from the SAF and the RSF met directly for the first time in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia, for what was described by Saudi Arabia and the United States as "pre-negotiation talks". [ 122 ] After diplomatic lobbying from the Saudis and Americans the warring sides signed the Treaty of Jeddah on 20 May, vowing to ensure the safe passage of civilians, protect relief workers, and prohibit the use of civilians as human shields . [ 123 ] The agreement did not include a ceasefire, and clashes resumed in Geneina , causing more casualties. [ 123 ] The United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths expressed frustration at the lack of commitment from both sides to end the fighting. [ 124 ] The situation remained volatile, with both sides trading blame for attacks on churches, hospitals, and embassies. [ 125 ] [ 126 ] [ 127 ] Casualties mounted, particularly in Geneina, where Arab militias loyal to the RSF were accused of atrocities against non-Arab residents. [ 128 ] A temporary ceasefire was signed and faced challenges as fighting persisted in Khartoum, and the agreed-upon ceasefire time saw further violence. [ 129 ] Between 28 and 97 people were reportedly killed by the RSF and Arab militias when they attacked the predominantly Masalit town of Misterei in West Darfur on 28 May. [ 130 ] June–September 2023 Continued fighting in Khartoum As June began, Khartoum witnessed tank battles resulting in casualties. [ 131 ] [ 132 ] The RSF took control of several important cultural and government buildings, including the National Museum of Sudan and the Yarmouk Military Industrial Complex . [ 133 ] [ 134 ] Acute food insecurity affected a significant portion of Sudan's population. [ 135 ] [ 136 ] By July, al-Burhan was still trapped at the Army Headquarters and unable to leave, and to break him out the SAF elected to send a column of troops to lift the siege of the base. This force was ambushed by the RSF and defeated, with the paramilitary claiming it had killed hundreds of soldiers and captured 90 vehicles, along with the column's commander. [ 137 ] In response to the escalating violence in Khartoum, the SAF increased the intensity of their airstrikes and artillery bombardment, leading to heightened civilian casualties often numbering in the dozens per strike. [ 138 ] [ 139 ] [ 140 ] Shelling by the RSF also increased in intensity, leading to many civilian casualties in turn. [ 141 ] [ 142 ] Heavy fighting continued in Khartoum throughout August, with clashes breaking out across the city. The RSF laid siege to the SAF's Armoured Corps base, breaching its defences and taking control of surrounding neighbourhoods. [ 143 ] [ 144 ] The SAF also made offensives, with the RSF-controlled Republican Palace and Yarmouk Complex coming under SAF air bombardment. An offensive was launched against Yarmouk, but this was beaten back after the RSF shipped in reinforcements. [ 145 ] One of the few remaining bridges between Khartoum and Khartoum North was also destroyed by the SAF, in an attempt to deny the RSF freedom of movement. [ 146 ] On 24 August an SAF operation successfully rescued al-Burhan from his besieged base at the Army Headquarters, allowing him to head to Port Sudan and hold a cabinet meeting there. [ 147 ] [ 148 ] Diplomatic efforts Ceasefires between the warring parties were announced but often violated, leading to further clashes. The SAF and RSF engaged in mutual blame for incidents, while the Sudanese government took action against international envoys. [ 149 ] The Saudi embassy in Khartoum was attacked and evacuations from an orphanage were carried out amid the chaos. [ 150 ] Amidst the turmoil, Sudan faced diplomatic strains with Egypt, leading to challenges for Sudanese refugees seeking entry. [ 151 ] [ 152 ] With al-Burhan out of Khartoum for the first time since the start of the war, he was able to fly to Egypt and hold a meeting with the Egyptian President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi . [ 153 ] Following this visit al-Burhan went on a tour of numerous countries, heading to South Sudan, Qatar, Eritrea, Turkey, and Uganda. [ 154 ] He then proceeded to New York City as head of the Sudanese delegation to the 78th United Nations General Assembly , where he urged the international community to declare the RSF a terrorist organization. [ 155 ] [ 156 ] SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) involvement The Abdelaziz al-Hilu faction of the Sudan People's Liberation Movement–North (SPLM-N) broke a long-standing ceasefire agreement in June, attacking SAF units in Kadugli , Kurmuk and Dalang , the latter coinciding with an attack by the RSF. The SAF claimed to have repelled the attacks, [ 157 ] [ 7 ] while the rebels claimed to have attacked in retaliation for the death of one of their soldiers at the hands of the SAF and vowed to free the region from "military occupation". [ 86 ] More than 35,000 were displaced by the fighting. [ 86 ] Speculation arose as to whether the attacks were part of an unofficial alliance between al-Hilu and the RSF or an attempt by al-Hilu to strengthen his position in future negotiations concerning his group. [ 158 ] Civil society organizations supporting the SPLM-N claimed its operations sought to protect civilians from possible attacks by the RSF. [ 159 ] Al-Hilu's faction launched further offensives in July, moving into South Kordofan and gaining control of several SAF bases. [ 160 ] [ 161 ] In response the SAF brought in artillery and heavily bombarded SPLM-N positions. [ 160 ] Further attacks by the group largely petered out after this, with an assault on Kadugli in September being pushed back by the SAF. [ 162 ] In February 2025, the SPLM-N (Al-Hilu) signed the Sudan Founding Charter drafted by the RSF-led Government of Peace and Unity , officially allying itself with the RSF. [ 8 ] Darfur front In Darfur, fighting and bloodshed were particularly fierce around the city of Geneina , where hundreds died and extensive destruction occurred. [ 163 ] RSF forces engaged in frequent acts of violence against the Masalit population of Geneina, leading to accusations of ethnic cleansing . [ 164 ] On 4 August the RSF claimed that it had taken full control over all of Central Darfur . [ 165 ] A United Nations investigation discovered numerous mass graves in Darfur that contained Masalit civilians. [ 166 ] The RSF and Arab militias were additionally accused of having killed lawyers, human rights monitors, doctors and non-Arab tribal leaders. [ 167 ] The governor of West Darfur , Khamis Abakar , was abducted and killed by armed men in June, hours after accusing the RSF of genocide and calling for international intervention in a TV interview. [ 168 ] The SAF, for their part, conducted indiscriminate airstrikes against Darfur that killed many civilians, especially in Nyala. [ citation needed ] Tribal and rebel groups in Darfur began to declare allegiance to one or the other of the warring parties. A faction of the Darfur-based Sudan Liberation Movement led by Mustafa Tambour (SLM-T) joined the conflict in support of the SAF. [ 5 ] In contrast the controversial Tamazuj rebel group formally declared its alliance with the RSF, joined by the leaders of seven Arab tribes, including that of Hemedti's. [ 169 ] [ 170 ] As September arrived both sides made offensives in Darfur. The RSF took control of several towns in West Darfur and also attacked the market of El Fasher , the capital of North Darfur . [ 171 ] SAF offensives saw success in Central Darfur , with the Sudanese Army retaking parts of Zalingei from the RSF. [ 172 ] Fighting in Darfur also began to increasingly spill over into North Kordofan , with the SAF attacking RSF positions in the state capital of El-Obeid and clashes over the town of Um Rawaba . [ 173 ] Both sides made withdrawals to end the month, with the RSF retreating from Um Rawaba while the SAF withdrew from Tawila . [ 174 ] [ 175 ] October–December 2023 SAF collapse in Darfur By October 2023, the SAF in Darfur was experiencing acute shortages in supplies due to RSF-imposed sieges and had failed to utilize its air superiority to stem RSF advances. [ 176 ] On 26 October, the RSF captured Nyala , Sudan's fourth-largest city , after seizing control of the Sudanese Army's 16th Infantry Division headquarters. [ 177 ] The fall of Nyala, a strategic city with an international airport and border connections to Central Africa, allowed the RSF to receive international supplies more easily and concentrate its forces on other Sudanese cities. [ 178 ] After Nyala's fall, RSF fighters turned their focus to Zalingei , the capital of Central Darfur. The Sudanese Army's 21st Infantry Division, stationed in Zalingei, fled the city without a fight and allowed the RSF to take it over. [ 179 ] In Geneina, reports emerged that tribal elders were attempting to broker the surrender of the SAF garrison in the city to prevent bloodshed. [ 180 ] The Sudanese Army rejected the proposal, raising fears of an imminent RSF assault on the city and causing civilians to flee across the border into Chad. [ 181 ] The RSF besieged the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 15th Infantry Division in Geneina, giving the garrison a six-hour ultimatum to surrender. [ 182 ] The base was captured two days later when the 15th withdrew from the area before fleeing to Chad. [ 183 ] Those left behind, numbering in the hundreds, were taken prisoner and paraded in RSF media with signs of abuse. [ 183 ] Witnesses later reported mass atrocities perpetrated by the RSF in the city shortly after its seizure, with a local rebel group claiming up to 2,000 people were massacred in Geneina's satellite town of Ardamata . [ 184 ] With Geneina's fall, Ed Daein and El Fasher were the last remaining capitals in Darfur under government control, with both cities under heavy RSF pressure. [ 180 ] [ 183 ] The RSF stormed and plundered the town of Umm Keddada , east of El Fasher, after the SAF garrison withdrew. [ 184 ] SAF troops in El Fasher itself were reported to be running low on food, water, and medicine due to the city being under siege, and external forces noted the SAF seemed incapable of stopping the RSF advance. [ 185 ] [ 186 ] Ed Daein fell in the early hours of 21 November, with RSF forces taking control of the city after seizing the headquarters of the Sudanese Army's 20th Infantry Division. [ 187 ] SAF garrisons in East Darfur subsequently abandoned their positions and withdrew, allowing the RSF to occupy the area. [ 188 ] In response to RSF gains in Darfur and subsequent abuses, the Justice and Equality Movement , Sudan Liberation Movement/Army (Minnawi) , and other smaller rebel factions renounced their neutrality and declared war on the RSF. [ 4 ] Peace negotiations stall Attempts by other nations and international organisations to negotiate peace had largely been dormant since the failure of the Treaty of Jeddah, but in late October the RSF and SAF met once more in Jeddah to attempt to negotiate peace. [ 189 ] This new round of talks was a failure, with neither side willing to commit to a ceasefire. Instead, the warring factions agreed to open channels for humanitarian aid. [ 190 ] On 3 December negotiations were indefinitely suspended due to the failure of both the SAF and the RSF to open up aid channels. [ 191 ] With the failure of the talks in Jeddah, the East African Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) hosted a peace summit in early December. Earlier attempts by IGAD to open negotiations had floundered after the SAF had accused Kenyan President William Ruto of supporting the RSF. [ 192 ] IGAD's talks appeared to make more progress than the Jeddah negotiations, with Hemedti and al-Burhan agreeing to meet in person at some point in the future. [ 193 ] RSF crossing of the Nile The RSF attacked the town of Wad Ashana in North Kordofan on 1 October along a key commercial route. [ 194 ] [ 195 ] In West Kordofan, an uptick in fighting was reported, with the RSF assaulting a "vital" oil field in Baleela, south of Al-Fulah . [ 196 ] Geolocated footage showed RSF fighters celebrating around Baleela Airport after allegedly capturing it. [ 197 ] The Battle of Khartoum continued with the RSF seizing the town of al-Aylafoun, southeast of the capital, on 6 October. In the process, the paramilitary gained control of key oil infrastructure. [ 198 ] [ 199 ] By late October the RSF controlled most of Khartoum but had failed to seize key military bases, while al-Burhan's government had largely relocated to Port Sudan. [ 200 ] The RSF sought to capitalize on its gains by stepping up attacks on SAF positions in Khartoum and Omdurman. Days of fighting culminated in the destruction of the Shambat Bridge , which connected Khartoum North to Omdurman over the Nile; the bridge's destruction severed a critical RSF supply route. [ 201 ] This effectively cut the RSF off from its forces in Omdurman, giving the SAF a strategic advantage. [ 202 ] In an attempt to gain a new crossing over the Nile and supply its forces in Omdurman, the RSF launched an assault on the Jebel Aulia Dam in the village of Jabal Awliya . [ 203 ] As Jebel Aulia could not be destroyed without flooding Khartoum, its capture would give the RSF a path over the Nile the SAF could not easily remove. A week-long battle commenced over the dam and its surrounding village, which ended in an RSF victory. The force captured the dam on 20 November, and all SAF resistance ceased in the village the following day. [ 204 ] [ 205 ] On 5 December, local militias along with RSF soldiers attacked SPLM-N (al-Hilu) forces in the village of Tukma, southeast of Dalang in South Kordofan, resulting in the deaths of four people and the destruction of the village. [ 8 ] The RSF leadership, not wanting hostilities with the then-neutral al-Hilu faction to escalate, issued a statement condemning this attack and denouncing it as "tribal violence". [ 206 ] On 8 December, the RSF entered Gedaref State for the first time. [ 206 ] Pushing south from their gains around Jebel Aulia and Khartoum, RSF forces began to move into Gezira State on 15 December, advancing toward its capital Wad Madani . [ 207 ] [ 208 ] Elsewhere in Gezira the RSF made major gains, taking control of the city of Rufaa in the state's east and entering the Butana region. [ 209 ] After several days of fighting the RSF seized the Hantoob Bridge on Wad Madani's eastern outskirts, crossing the Blue Nile and entering the city. [ 209 ] The Sudanese Army put up little resistance in Wad Madani itself, the 1st Division withdrawing from the city as the RSF took over. [ 210 ] The fall of Wad Madani was viewed as a major blow to the SAF, as it dramatically widened the frontline and opened up large parts of the country to potential RSF offensives. [ 210 ] The city's fall allowed the RSF to capture most of Gezira and to make inroads in White Nile State , capturing the town of El Geteina . [ 211 ] Within a few days RSF fighters had advanced to within 25 km of Sennar , the largest city in Sennar State . [ 211 ] Over the next few weeks RSF forces ventured into rural areas of Al Qadarif State and River Nile State , without establishing a significant presence. In Sennar State the RSF made some further minor advances but had not attacked Sennar City by the year's end. [ 212 ] Amid the deteriorating situation, the SAF were reported to be arming civilians while government officials in the east called on the population to mobilize. [ 213 ] Al-Burhan gave a widely promoted public speech to soldiers in Red Sea State , promising to arm civilian militias to fight the RSF and to fight against 'colonialism', which was viewed by observers as a reference to Emirati support for the RSF. [ 214 ] January–April 2024 By January 2024, the war's economic costs had surpassed all prior armed conflicts since Sudanese independence in 1956 due to extensive destruction of infrastructure, particularly in urban areas such as the capital city of Khartoum . [ 215 ] Hemedti travels abroad Following the fall of Wad Madani, efforts by IGAD to negotiate a ceasefire made progress as the SAF's weakened position made them more eager to enter talks. Whereas previously opposition from Islamist political groups to negotiation had prevented al-Burhan from committing to a specific date, now both he and Hemedti agreed to meet on 28 December. [ 210 ] [ 216 ] A day before the meeting was due, it was cancelled as Hemedti recanted his desire to attend. [ 217 ] Instead the RSF leader went on a diplomatic tour, travelling on a chartered Emirati jet and meeting with several African national leaders. [ 218 ] One visit that was particularly promoted was his visit to Rwanda , where he met with Rwandan President Paul Kagame and visited the Kigali Genocide Memorial . [ 214 ] On the tour Hemedti also met with former Prime Minister Hamdok and his Taqaddum organisation in Addis Ababa , with the RSF agreeing in a declaration negotiated with the Taqaddum to release political prisoners, open up humanitarian aid corridors and negotiate further with the SAF. [ 219 ] This tour was regarded by observers as an attempt by Hemedti to portray himself as the leader of Sudan and improve his international image, as his reputation had been severely damaged since the fall of Wad Madani due to large-scale looting by RSF fighters. [ 218 ] On 5 January, al-Burhan vowed to continue the war against the RSF and rejected the latest peace efforts, declaring that war crimes committed by the RSF precluded negotiation. [ 220 ] On 14 January, both Hemedti and Burhan received official invitations from IGAD to attend its upcoming summit on 18 January. Hemedti accepted the invitation, but Burhan refused. On 16 January, the Sudanese government suspended its ties with IGAD, accusing the body of violating Sudan's sovereignty. This effectively marked the end of IGAD's efforts to mediate peace talks. [ 221 ] Fighting in Kordofan and Gezira As 2024 began, the RSF made attacks into South Kordofan , defeating SAF forces in the town of Habila in the Nuba Mountains and pushing toward Dalang . [ 222 ] On 7 January the RSF attacked SAF positions in Dalang, meeting fierce resistance from the army and civilian militias. [ 214 ] [ 223 ] During the fighting the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) entered the city, taking control of several neighbourhoods. SPLM-N forces proceeded to attack the RSF, and the paramilitary retreated from the city. [ 224 ] RSF fighters withdrawing from Dalang entered the city of Muglad in West Kordofan , easily taking control as the city had no organised SAF presence. West Kordofan had been relatively free of fighting for several months due to a local truce brokered by leaders of the Messiria tribe , but as tensions escalated rumours spread that the RSF were planning an attack on the encircled city of Babanusa and the Sudanese Army's 22nd Infantry Division garrisoning it. [ 224 ] In January 2024, the RSF focused on consolidating its gains in Gezira State . Fighting was reported on 17 January east of El Manaqil , the last major town not under RSF control. The SAF delivered weapons to the city by helicopter, including selectively distributing them among civilians in the town, attempting to bolster its defences. Sudan's National Intelligence and Security Service (NISS) selectively recruited and armed civilians based on perceived loyalty. [ 225 ] On 24 January 2024, the RSF launched an attack on Babanusa after encircling the city for months. By 25 January, the RSF gained control of the city centre and entered the headquarters of the 22nd infantry division. [ 226 ] Until March 2024, the RSF maintained its position in Gezira State but was unable to break through. [ 227 ] The RSF are recruiting in Gezira State to try to capture territory in El-Gadarif from the SAF. [ 228 ] The JEM , which has allied with the SAF, helped the SAF build up its forces in El-Gadarif for a counteroffensive to try to retake Wad Madani . In April 2024, the SAF and its allies began the counteroffensive, attacking from the east and west of Wad Madani in an attempt to retake it. [ 229 ] Clashes were reported in Al-Madina Arab on 15 April. [ 230 ] In December 2024, the SAF launched an offensive in southern Gezira. The SAF were able to make small progress, which involved recapturing the town of Wad el-Haddad, a town on the border of Sennar State. It also was able to recapture Um al-Qura , but the RSF reoccupied the village. [ 231 ] In January 2025, the SAF made the first major military operation of 2025. The Sudanese Army was able to make large gains in Gezira and some gains in North Kordofan. On 8 January, the SAF had recaptured Haj-Abdallah after a tense battle that inflicted losses on the RSF. The SAF stated that seven RSF vehicles were destroyed. [ 232 ] A day later, the SAF attacked RSF positions in Al-Shabarga in the southeastern part of the state, led by field commander Bassam Abu Satour, leading to the RSF's withdrawal and the SAF recapturing the city, while in the western part of the state, the SAF took control of the villages Mahla, Tahla, and Al-Kumar Al-Jaaliyeen. [ 233 ] On 10 January, the SAF recaptured Um al-Qura while the Sudan Shield Forces took Wad al-Abyad. [ 234 ] These successful offensives led to the SAF retaking control of Wad Madani on 11 January from three fronts. After advancing in Gezira and Khartoum, the SAF launched a military operation in North Kordofan for the first time, after being on the defensive in Darfur and Kordofan from the start of the war. The SAF's "Sayyad Force", captured the entirety of the Umm Ruwaba district. [ 235 ] By the start of February, the SAF had recaptured Al-Hasaheisa, Tambul , and Rufa'a . This left the RSF in control of only northwestern Gezira . [ 235 ] The SAF then liberated the town of Er Rahad on 19 February, and by 23 February, the SAF had lifted the almost two-year siege of El Obeid . [ 236 ] [ 237 ] SAF gains in Omdurman The SAF gained ground in Omdurman in February 2024, linking up their forces in the northern part of the city and relieving a 10-month siege of their forces in the city centre. The SAF also took control of the Al-Hilal Stadium . [ 238 ] The Omdurman front was the first area in Sudan where the SAF has carried out a sustained offensive operation and represents the first breakthrough for the SAF. [ 238 ] On 12 March, the SAF defeated an attempted RSF counteroffensive in Omdurman and took control of the headquarters of the Sudan National Broadcasting Corporation . [ 239 ] The RSF maintained its control of Khartoum and continued to threaten Khartoum North. [ 240 ] By April 2024, fighting in Khartoum State was still ongoing, with the RSF in control of the southern and western parts of Omdurman and the SAF in control of the northern and eastern parts of Omdurman, with the RSF controlling the majority of Khartoum and Khartoum North. The SAF continued to prepare an offensive to relieve its surrounded bases in Khartoum North . [ 241 ] As of March 2025, SAF controls majority of the city. On 29 March, SAF forces announced the control of the Libya Market in Omdurman and seized weapons and equipment left behind by the RSF. [ 242 ] On the same day, SAF launched new offensives into the city of Ombadda , west of Omdurman. [ 243 ] April–December 2024 Fighting in Darfur On 15 April, during the Siege of El Fasher , at least nine civilians were killed in a renewed offensive by the RSF on the city of El Fasher in North Darfur. [ 244 ] The Joint Darfur Force declared war on the RSF and allied with the SAF. [ 245 ] [ 246 ] The fighting in El Fasher diverted SAF resources from other areas, hampering planned counter-offensives to retake Khartoum and Wad Madani. In particular, the SAF has been using its limited aviation resources to carry out airstrikes in North Darfur and resupply El Fasher using airdrops. [ 247 ] From April 2024, the conflict had been escalating in El Fasher, while the civilians remained trapped with no safety or food. In a June 2024 report, the International Crisis Group said the intensifying battle could lead to mass slaughter, and that there was a need for all sides to de-escalate. The report said the UN and the US should broker the de-escalation and must put pressure on the RSF and its main supporters, including the United Arab Emirates. Crisis Group said the UAE should push the RSF to stand down, and urged all parties to allow the civilians to flee, open the region for aid delivery and resume national peace talks. [ 248 ] On 14 June 2024, the SAF announced that it had killed Ali Yaqoub Gibril , a top RSF commander, in El Fasher. The United States had sanctioned Yagoub in May 2024 for endangering civilians in Darfur. [ 249 ] In June 2024, The New York Times reported that more than 40 villages had been burned in El Fasher since April 2024. [ 250 ] Fighting in Kordofan As of May 2024, fighting is ongoing in Babanusa , West Kordofan. The RSF are conducting an offensive to attempt to take control of West Kordofan. [ 251 ] Fighting was also reported in North Kordofan. [ 252 ] On 20 June 2024, the RSF captured Al-Fulah , the capital of West Kordofan , after the SAF withdrew from the city after several hours of fighting. The SAF retreated to Babanusa, its one remaining base in Kordofan. [ 253 ] Fighting along the Nile In May 2024, the RSF launched attacks against the SAF between Khartoum State and River Nile State , as well as in White Nile State near the border with Gezira State. The SAF prepared its forces in River Nile State, ahead of a potential invasion of Khartoum Bahri. [ 254 ] In June 2024, the RSF were still in control of Khartoum and Khartoum North, though the SAF controlled one enclave in each that it supplies by airdrop. [ 255 ] In late June 2024, the RSF began an assault in the areas surrounding the city of Sennar. RSF forces struck out to the west of the city, causing the SAF to bring in reinforcements in anticipation of an attack on Sennar itself. [ 256 ] Instead RSF forces avoided Sennar and attacked south towards Singa , the capital of Sennar State, capturing the lightly defended town on 29 June. [ 256 ] [ 257 ] This prevented the SAF from reinforcing Sennar from the south, placing the city under increased pressure. [ 256 ] Following the fall of Singa, SAF resistance collapsed across much of southern Sennar, which led to the RSF occupying the towns of Dinder , Mazmoun and Wad an-Nail with minimal SAF resistance. [ 258 ] A united force consisting of the Gedaref -based 2nd SAF Infantry Division and a battalion of the JEM assaulted and retook Dinder on 1 July, but were driven out again by the RSF over the next few days. [ 259 ] On 20 July, the RSF announced the death of Brigadier General Abdel Rahman Al-Bishi, its head of operations in Sennar and Blue Nile States , with Sudanese media reporting that he had been killed in a SAF airstrike. [ 260 ] On 3 August, the RSF launched its first attack on Blue Nile State since the beginning of the war, with the group and the SAF contesting control over Al-Tadamun. [ 261 ] On 15 August 2024, the Galgani massacre was carried out by the RSF, which killed at least 108 people, [ 262 ] including at least 24 women and children. [ 263 ] SAF offensives As September 2024 came, for the first time since the start of the war the balance of power seemed to be tipping towards the SAF. On 26 September, the SAF launched a major offensive against RSF positions in Khartoum. [ 264 ] The attack on the city came from three fronts striking from the south, east and west of the capital. [ 265 ] SAF airstrikes, which killed four and wounded 14, began at dawn followed by clashes within the city. The SAF reportedly captured three key bridges connecting Khartoum to other nearby cities, including the Omdurman Bridge which had previously acted as a line of separation between government and RSF control. [ 266 ] [ 267 ] Faced with an elusive enemy, the SAF became bogged down in urban fighting , with RSF snipers routinely paralyzing infantry advances. [ 265 ] October 2024 was the deadliest month for Sudanese civilians since the war began. In Khartoum, the RSF have relentlessly shelled areas controlled by the SAF, which has amounted to daily indiscriminate bombardments of civilian areas. Escalating SAF airstrikes on RSF positions have caused dozens of civilian deaths. [ 265 ] In October 2024, the SAF also launched counteroffensives in the states of Sennar and Gezira , which were successfully recaptured from the RSF. [ 268 ] Starting on 20 October 2024, the RSF carried out the 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres , which killed at least 300 people and wounded at least 200 more. [ 269 ] According to a report by the French newspaper Le Monde , as of November 2024 the war in Sudan has possibly entered its most dangerous phase since it began in April 2023. Both the SAF and RSF have officially ruled out settling the civil war through negotiations, with the only option on the table being total war . During the recent rainy season which brought a lull in the fighting, each side rearmed and restructured their forces. [ 265 ] Many ordinary Sudanese, extending to the most serious critics of the SAF, have increasingly supported the SAF in response to RSF war crimes and atrocities. The SAF has become increasingly dependent on Islamist networks, as these movements have mobilized many civilians from popular resistance brigades . The Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion in particular is presently fighting on the Khartoum front lines against the RSF and has consequently gained popularity. [ 270 ] On 23 November, the SAF retook Singa following an offensive. [ 271 ] [ 272 ] 2025 Liberation of Khartoum The SAF retook Wad Madani , the capital of Gezira State on 11 January. [ 273 ] On 8 February 2025, the SAF regained control of nearly all of Khartoum North as it intensified its offensive, and was preparing to retake the capital of Khartoum itself. [ 274 ] On 24 February, the RSF claimed responsibility for downing a Russian-made Ilyushin aircraft in Nyala. Meanwhile, the RSF declared a rival government in Nairobi , the capital of Kenya, which the SAF-aligned administration refused to recognize. [ 275 ] [ 276 ] On 20 March, the SAF announced it was within 500 metres of the Presidential Palace [ 277 ] and captured it on the next day. [ 278 ] On 22 March, the SAF also recaptured the headquarters of the Central Bank of Sudan and the General Intelligence Service in Khartoum. [ 279 ] It also retook Tuti Island , situated at the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile , after advancing through the Tuti Bridge . [ 280 ] On 26 March, they retook Khartoum International Airport and Jebel Aulia, regarded as the RSF's last stronghold in the capital, [ 281 ] with al-Burhan proclaiming the liberation of Khartoum later in the day. [ 282 ] On 20 May, the SAF announced the clearing of Khartoum State from the RSF. [ 283 ] [ 284 ] Fall of El Fasher Earlier in November 2024, the SAF reportedly shifted tactics: withdrawing from outer bases to lure RSF forces into trap engagements, especially in the southern axis of El Fasher. [ 285 ] From December 2024 onwards the RSF were also mobilising additional fighters across Darfur for a concerted operation the city. Reports mentioned mobilisation of some 200 fighters from Central Darfur, the recruitment of foreign mercenaries and the RSF staging air and ground assaults on the city's hospitals and camps. [ 286 ] In April, the RSF launched a major offensive in North Darfur , aiming to capture El Fasher, the last state capital in the region under SAF control. Beginning on 11 April, RSF ground and aerial assaults struck El Fasher and surrounding displacement camps, including Zamzam and Abu Shouk. By 13 April, the RSF claimed control of Zamzam camp after intense fighting that left over 200 civilians dead, including children and aid workers. [ 287 ] [ 288 ] The SAF denied RSF accusations of militarizing the camp, while rights groups documented widespread abuses by RSF fighters, including targeted killings and sexual violence. [ 287 ] [ 49 ] Artillery fire by RSF howitzers preceded ground attacks deep into the southern and northwestern sectors of the city. On 30 June 2025, an RSF-launched howitzer barrage targeted SAF forward positions in southern El Fasher, which the SAF responded to with artillery and drone strikes. [ 289 ] During this exchange, civilian neighbourhoods were also caught in the fighting; one hospital source reported injuries to civilians though exact numbers were not confirmed. [ 290 ] On 19 September, RSF combat columns pushed toward SAF positions near the "Super Camp" southwest of the city, after which SAF sources reported defensive operations in the neighbourhoods of Al-Nasrat, Al-Shorfa and Al-Qubba. [ 291 ] The RSF had already throughout the siege of El Fasher erected earthen berms encircling the city from the north, west and east, forming a kill-box environment that severely restricted SAF resupply and civilian movement. [ 292 ] By August and September 2025, the siege conditions had degraded SAF supply lines significantly; SAF units admitted to hunger, low morale and desertion as food, ammunition and medical logistics dwindled. [ 293 ] RSF penetrations into the city's periphery, especially blocks 16 and 17 of Abu Shouk and Naivasha market area, indicated that the outer ring of SAF control was collapsing. [ 291 ] In October, the RSF took complete control of the headquarters of the 6th Infantry Division, the main base of the SAF in El Fasher. [ 294 ] On 28 October, General al-Burhan confirmed that the SAF had withdrawn from El Fasher, confirming RSF control over the city. In October 2025, humanitarian workers and local officials reported that more than 2,500 civilians were summarily executed by the RSF following the fall of the city. [ 295 ] The WHO reported that more than 460 patients and their companions were killed inside the city's last functioning hospital. [ 296 ] Analysis of satellite imagery suggested that the RSF disposed of tens of thousands of bodies through burial and incineration to cover up mass killings. [ 297 ] As of December 2025, some estimates place the total deaths from the El Fasher massacre between 60,000 and 68,000+. [ 298 ] Kordofan offensives On 1 May, the RSF announced that they had taken control of En Nahud , a strategic city in West Kordofan that was previously used by the SAF to send forces to Darfur. [ 299 ] Despite initial setbacks, Al-Khiwai in West Kordofan was retaken by the SAF on 11 May, [ 300 ] and on 13 May, the town of Al-Hamadi in South Kordofan , an administrative hub for the Hawazma tribe , was also retaken by the SAF, alongside some strongholds in southern Omdurman previously held by the RSF, such as the Al-Jami'a neighbourhood and all of the Al-Shaqla neighbourhood. [ 301 ] On 1 December, the RSF announced that they had taken control of Babanusa , the last SAF-held city in West Kordofan , after a two-year siege . [ 302 ] On 8 December, the RSF seized the Heglig oil field [ 303 ] after the Sudanese Army withdrew across the southern border, as they feared fighting to defend the oilfield would see it destroyed. Production at Heglig was at about 20,000 barrels per day, significantly down from the pre-war level of 64,000. [ 304 ] Upon arriving in Unity State , South Sudan, the Sudanese soldiers were disarmed by the South Sudan People's Defence Forces . Lt. Gen. Johnson Olony, South Sudan’s Deputy Chief of Defence Forces for Mobilisation and Disarmament, said “We received them because they are our brothers.” He also said this was coordinated between President Salva Kiir Mayardit of South Sudan and Abdel Fatah al-Burhan. Olony also said his army would take Heglig from the RSF “...to prioritize regional stability.” [ 305 ] Fighting in border regions On 5 May 2025, the RSF attacked Port Sudan for the first time using drones. [ 306 ] On 19 May, the SAF took Wadi al-Atrun in Al-Malha, located on a strategic road linking Northern State and North Darfur. [ 307 ] On 21 May, the SAF said it had cleared White Nile State of the RSF. [ 308 ] On 23 May, the SAF announced the capture of the strategic city of Dibebad in South Kordofan. [ 309 ] On 10 June, part of the border triangle linking Sudan, Libya, and Egypt at Gabal El Uweinat was attacked by the RSF and Libyan National Army (LNA), led by Khalifa Haftar , which struck directly into Sudanese territory controlled by the SAF. On 11 June, the RSF announced that they had entirely occupied the area; The SAF retreated and condemned the LNA for the strikes. [ 310 ] [ 311 ] By 16 June, the RSF had captured the entire Sudan-Libya border. [ 312 ] On 22 June, after several days of fighting, the SPLM-N (al-Hilu) cut off the road connecting Kadugli and Dalang , placing them under siege. On 26 June, SAF recaptured Malken in the Blue Nile front as part of efforts to eliminate RSF strongholds. The SAF launched a counterattack on 28 June, reopening the road between Dalang and Kadugli. [ 313 ] Diplomacy Diplomatic efforts to broker a truce were active in early 2025 but largely unsuccessful. Various proposed peace talks held in London, Washington, and Geneva failed to produce a lasting agreement. [ 314 ] In April 2025, a British-led conference in London attempted to establish a contact group to restart negotiations, but the effort faltered when key Arab states (especially Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE) refused to endorse a joint communiqué . [ 315 ] While the UK, EU, and African Union pushed for a ceasefire and political roadmap, the regional powers prioritized different outcomes. [ 315 ] [ 316 ] By September 2025, the United States together with Saudi Arabia, Egypt, and the UAE—known collectively as the "Quad"—presented a formal peace plan. The roadmap proposed a three-month humanitarian truce, to be followed by a permanent ceasefire and a nine-month political transition to civilian-led governance. [ 317 ] [ 318 ] [ 319 ] However, implementation remained uncertain: the SAF voiced strong reservations, particularly demanding that the RSF withdraw from civilian areas before any truce could take effect. [ 317 ] [ 319 ] Meanwhile, RSF leaders announced that they would accept the Quad's proposal for a "humanitarian ceasefire" to mitigate the civilian toll. [ 318 ] [ 319 ] [ 320 ] Some in the SAF posited that the truce would allow the RSF to consolidate gains after the fall of El Fasher. [ 321 ] [ 322 ] Casualties and war crimes The fatality numbers are highly uncertain. [ 34 ] According to a report published by Le Monde in November 2024, the war may have killed over 150,000 civilians through the combined tolls of bombardments, massacres, starvation and disease. [ 265 ] Total deaths could be significantly more than 150,000. [ 35 ] [ 36 ] A November 2024 report from the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine estimated more than 61,000 deaths in Khartoum State alone, for the period between April 2023 and June 2024. [ 323 ] Early in the conflict, doctors on the ground warned that reported figures did not include all casualties as people could not reach hospitals due to difficulties in movement. [ 324 ] Soon after the war broke out, a spokesperson for the Sudanese Red Crescent was quoted as saying that the number of casualties "was not small". [ 100 ] The Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed on 20 June 2023 that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in fighting in West Darfur alone, [ 325 ] while a Masalit tribal leader told the Sudanese news outlet Ayin Network on 22 July 2023 that more than 10,000 people had been killed in the state. [ 326 ] Sudanese prosecutors recorded over 500 missing persons cases across the country, some of which were enforced disappearances , and were mostly blamed on the RSF. [ 327 ] On 2 May 2024, a US Senate hearing on the war estimated that between 15,000 and 30,000 people had died, but considered that to be an underestimation by a factor of 10 to 15, saying the real death toll could be as high as 150,000. [ 328 ] As of 27 May 2024, Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project data reported 17,044 fatalities. [ 329 ] On 29 March 2025, the Sudanese Group for Defending Rights and Freedoms said that it had recorded 50,000 missing persons cases since the beginning of the war. [ 330 ] In early December, authorities reported that thousands of bodies hastily buried by residents and fighters were exhumed from Khartoum and the surrounding area. [ 331 ] Sources reported that 15,000 bodies were recovered since April 2024. [ 331 ] [ 332 ] Efforts to recover corpses buried outside of cemeteries began in April 2024 and was estimated to complete recoveries in Khartoum before 2026. [ 332 ] Darfur In Geneina , West Darfur, ethnic clashes that began in the last week of April 2023 had killed at least 1,100 people, [ 333 ] while the Sultanate of Dar Masalit claimed that more than 5,000 people were killed and about 8,000 were wounded in the city. [ 325 ] In July 2023, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. [ 326 ] Massacres were recorded in towns such as Tawila [ 334 ] and Misterei , [ 130 ] while a mass grave was discovered in Geneina containing the bodies of 87 people killed in clashes. [ 166 ] Several intellectuals, politicians, professionals and nobility were assassinated. Most of these atrocities were blamed on the RSF and allied Arab militias. The UK government, [ 335 ] witnesses and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing or even genocide , with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. [ 334 ] Mujeebelrahman Yagoub, Assistant Commissioner for Refugees in West Darfur called the violence worse than the War in Darfur in 2003 and the Rwandan genocide in 1994. [ 336 ] Foreign casualties Country Deaths .mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help} Ref. Ethiopia 15 [ 337 ] Syria 15 [ 338 ] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 [ 339 ] Eritrea 9 [ 340 ] United States 2 [ 341 ] India 1 [ 342 ] Turkey 1 [ 343 ] Civilians, including 15 Syrians, [ 338 ] 15 Ethiopians [ 337 ] and nine Eritreans [ 340 ] have been killed across the country. An Indian national working in Khartoum died after being hit by a stray bullet on 15 April. [ 342 ] Two Americans were killed, including a professor working in the University of Khartoum who was stabbed to death while evacuating. [ 341 ] [ 344 ] A two-year-old girl from Turkey was killed while her parents were injured after their house was struck by a rocket on 18 April. [ 343 ] Ten students from the Democratic Republic of the Congo were killed in an SAF airstrike on the International University of Africa in Khartoum on 4 June. [ 339 ] The SAF claimed that the Egyptian assistant military attaché was killed by RSF fire while driving his car in Khartoum, which was denied by the Egyptian ambassador. [ 345 ] Two Greek nationals trapped in a church on 15 April sustained leg injuries when caught in crossfire while trying to leave. [ 346 ] [ 347 ] A Filipino migrant worker [ 348 ] and an Indonesian student at a school in Khartoum were injured by stray bullets. [ 349 ] On 17 April, the European Union Ambassador to Sudan, Aidan O'Hara of Ireland, was assaulted by unidentified "armed men wearing military fatigues" in his home, he suffered minor injuries and was able to resume working on 19 April. [ 350 ] [ 351 ] On 23 April, a French evacuation convoy was shot at, injuring one person. [ 352 ] The French government later confirmed the casualty to be a French soldier. [ 353 ] An employee of the Egyptian embassy was shot and injured during an evacuation mission. [ 354 ] [ 355 ] Evacuation of foreign nationals The outbreak of violence has led foreign governments to monitor the situation in Sudan and move toward the evacuation and repatriation of their nationals. Among some countries with several expatriates in Sudan are Egypt , which has more than 10,000 citizens in the country, [ 356 ] and the United States, which has more than 16,000 citizens, most of whom are dual nationals . [ 357 ] Efforts at extraction were hampered by the fighting within the capital Khartoum, particularly in and around the airport. This has forced evacuations to be undertaken by road via Port Sudan on the Red Sea , which lies about 650 km (400 miles) northeast of Khartoum. [ 358 ] from where they were airlifted or ferried directly to their home countries or third ones. Other evacuations were undertaken through overland border crossings or airlifts from diplomatic missions and other designated locations with direct involvement of the militaries of some home countries. Some transit hubs used during the evacuation include the port of Jeddah in Saudi Arabia and Djibouti , which hosts military bases of the United States, China, Japan, France, and other European countries. [ 359 ] War crimes In Geneina , West Darfur , the RSF and Arab militias killed more than 15,000 non-Arab people. [ 362 ] On 22 July, a Masalit tribal leader claimed that more than 10,000 people had been killed in West Darfur alone, and that 80% of Geneina's residents had fled. Massacres against the Masalit were recorded in towns such as Tawila , Sirba , Ardamata , Kutum , and Misterei , while a mass grave was discovered around Geneina. The UK [ 363 ] [ 364 ] and US [ 365 ] [ 366 ] governments, witnesses, and other observers described the violence in the region as tantamount to ethnic cleansing [ 364 ] [ 367 ] or even genocide, [ 368 ] [ 369 ] [ 370 ] [ 371 ] with non-Arab groups such as the Masalit being the primary victims. The RSF and Arab militias are also accused of widespread robberies, looting food meant to feed 4.4 million people, and sexual violence against Sudanese and foreign women, particularly Masalit and non-Arab women. NGOs estimate that the actual figure of sexual violence victims could be as high as 4,400. [ 372 ] In March 2024, UNICEF reported that armed men were raping and sexually assaulting children as young as one year old. [ 373 ] [ 374 ] The UN was urged to start an inquiry, and governments were encouraged to allocate resources to aid survivors. The RSF and Arab militias in Sudan are also accused of targeted torture and killings of intellectuals, politicians, professionals, and tribal leaders. Notable victims include Adam Zakaria Is'haq, a physician and human rights advocate, and Khamis Abakar , the governor of West Darfur, who was kidnapped, tortured, and executed. [ 375 ] The RSF also targeted the families of their opponents, such as Mustafa Tambour 's family. The SAF and RSF are accused of threatening, attacking, and killing journalists and activists during the conflict. The Sudanese Journalists Syndicate documented over 40 violations in May 2023 alone. Several journalists were injured or killed, and 13 newspapers ceased operations. Humanitarian workers were also targeted, with 18 killed and many others detained. The International Criminal Court [ 376 ] [ 377 ] and Amnesty International [ 378 ] are investigating war crimes and crimes against humanity committed during the war. The SAF accused the RSF of perpetrating these crimes. General Abdel Fattah al-Burhan (SAF commander) established a committee to investigate these allegations. Several countries proposed a motion to the UN Human Rights Council for an investigation into the atrocities. The UN Human Rights Council voted to adopt a resolution creating a fact-finding committee on these crimes. Human Rights Watch and the United Nations Integrated Transition Assistance Mission in Sudan have called for measures to protect civilians. On 11 July 2025, the International Criminal Court (ICC) reported to the United Nations Security Council that war crimes and crimes against humanity are currently being committed in Sudan's Darfur region, including a severe humanitarian crisis with over 30 million people in need, amid the ongoing conflict. Foreign involvement In June 2024, a briefing by Amnesty International stated that the constant flow of foreign weapons is fueling the war and breaching the Darfur arms embargo. The organization found that the recently manufactured or transferred weapons and ammunition were being imported in large quantities into Sudan from China, Russia, Turkey, Yemen, the UAE and Serbia. The weapons supply has impacted the war by causing massive civilian displacement and a humanitarian crisis in Sudan. Both warring sides were using Chinese-manufactured advanced drone jammers, mortars and anti-material rifles. The RSF were also reported to be using recently manufactured armoured personnel carriers from the UAE. [ 379 ] [ 380 ] In October 2025, the SAF recovered boxes of arms, ammunitions and medicines supplied by the United Arab Emirates from an area previously held by the RSF in southeast Sudan. [ 381 ] The UAE had been previously known for their support to the Sudanese military, and marginalised civilian rule by promoting the idea of Hemedti to helm the country's economic policy "in the interests of a stable transition". [ 382 ] Canada In November 2025, Mark Carney visited to Abu Dhabi to meet with the UAE president. Carney said he discussed the Sudan civil war during this meeting, though the details are unclear. [ 383 ] In addition, Canada exports weapons to the UAE, however, the UAE insists these weapons do not flow into the hands of the RSF. [ 384 ] Despite this, Canadian weapons have been seen used by RSF soldiers. In 2016, a United Nations panel accused Canadian company STREIT Group of breaking the arms embargo against Sudan. The allegation involved a 2012 sales of 24 armoured vehicles. This is the third time the UN has condemned the company’s actions, which violated the terms of the UN ( Arms Trade Treaty , signed by Canada in 2019 and prohibits the export of arms to Sudan directly or through third countries. STREIT Group claimed that the exports do not violate controls because they do not have weapons attached to them. [ 385 ] [ 386 ] [ 387 ] There has also been documentation of STREIT Group's armored vehicles over the years, RSF soldiers were also seen posting on social media over the years in armored vehicles manufactured by the group, along with rifles manufactured by another Canadian company, Sterling Cross Defense Systems . [ 387 ] [ 388 ] [ 389 ] Chad On 7 June 2023, Hissein Alamine Tchaw-tchaw, a Chadian dissident who belongs to the same ethnic group as Hemedti and claims to be the leader of the Movement for the Fight of the Oppressed in Chad (MFOC), which is fighting the government of President Mahamat Déby , posted a video showing his participation in an RSF attack on the Yarmouk munitions factory in Khartoum. [ 390 ] On 17 November 2023, the SLM-Minnawi and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM) accused the Chadian government of supporting the RSF, and "supplying it with military equipment and mercenaries by opening its territory and airspace". [ 391 ] A report from Africa Analyst alleged that Chadian soldiers belonging to a joint Chadian-Sudanese command under Osman Bahr intercepted a shipment of military equipment intended for the RSF on its way from N'Djamena and gave it instead to the JEM, which the latter denied. [ 392 ] The Economist linked Chad's junta receiving financial support from the UAE in exchange for allowing it to support the RSF through Amdjarass airport. [ 393 ] [ 394 ] Following accusations by SAF deputy commander Yasser al-Atta of Chadian government support for the RSF, the Chadian government unsuccessfully demanded an apology from the Sudanese ambassador and expelled four Sudanese diplomats from the country on 17 December. [ 395 ] On 5 November 2024, the government of Sudan filed a complaint with the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights demanding reparations from Chad for their support of the RSF, accusing Chad of violating international law. [ 396 ] China Amnesty International's 2024 report highlighted China as a supplier of weapons fueling the conflict, breaching the Darfur arms embargo. Recently manufactured Chinese arms have been traced to both the SAF and the RSF, although China's official stance avoids acknowledging direct support to either faction. [ 397 ] China initially adhered to non-interference, evacuating citizens and calling for peace without taking sides. This mirrored its approach in past conflicts, prioritizing stability to protect economic interests. [ 398 ] China's Sudan strategy ties into the Belt and Road Initiative , aiming to secure Red Sea trade routes and infrastructure links, ambitions delayed by the civil war. [ 399 ] On 9 January 2025 China donated emergency food aid (1,250 tonnes) to be allocated to all states. [ 400 ] Egypt On 15 April, RSF forces claimed, via Twitter, to have taken Egyptian troops prisoner near Merowe , [ 401 ] [ 402 ] and a military plane carrying markings of the Egyptian Air Force . [ 403 ] Initially, no official explanation was given for the Egyptian soldiers' presence, while Egypt and Sudan have had military cooperation due to diplomatic tensions with Ethiopia . [ 404 ] Later on, the Egyptian Armed Forces stated that around 200 of its soldiers were in Sudan to conduct exercises with the Sudanese military. [ 93 ] Around that time, the SAF reportedly encircled RSF forces in Merowe airbase. As a result, the Egyptian Armed Forces announced that it was following the situation as a precaution for the safety of its personnel. [ 100 ] The RSF later stated that it would cooperate in repatriating the soldiers to Egypt. [ 403 ] On 19 April, the RSF stated that it had moved the soldiers to Khartoum and would hand them over when the "appropriate opportunity" arose. [ 405 ] Of the captured Egyptian troops, 177 were released and flown back to Egypt aboard three Egyptian military planes that took off from Khartoum airport later in the day. The remaining 27 soldiers, who were from the Egyptian Air Force, were sheltered at the Egyptian embassy and later evacuated. [ 406 ] [ 407 ] On 16 April 2023, the RSF claimed that its troops in Port Sudan were attacked by foreign aircraft and issued a warning against any foreign interference. [ 408 ] According to former CIA analyst Cameron Hudson, Egyptian fighter jets were a part of these bombing campaigns against the RSF, and Egyptian special forces units have been deployed and are providing intelligence and tactical support to the SAF. [ 409 ] The Wall Street Journal said that Egypt had sent fighter jets and pilots to support the Sudanese military. [ 410 ] On 17 April, satellite imagery obtained by The War Zone revealed that one Egyptian Air Force MiG-29M2 fighter jet had been destroyed and two others had been damaged or destroyed while stationed at Merowe Airbase . A Sudanese Air Force Guizhou JL-9 was among the destroyed aircraft. [ 411 ] After initial confusion, the RSF accepted the explanation that Egyptian combat and support personnel were conducting exercises with the Sudanese military before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 93 ] Eritrea Eritrea is seen as an ally of the SAF, providing military support in Sudan's eastern borders. During a state visit to Asmara in November 2024, al-Burhan thanked President Isaias Afwerki for Eritrea's support to the SAF. Eritrea's support is seen as a counterbalance to Eritrean opposition groups and their possibility of growing in influence under the advance of the RSF in Sudan's eastern border. President Afwerki has implied Eritrea's military readiness to respond in the case of an RSF advance to its borders. [ 412 ] [ 413 ] Ethiopia Ethiopia initially supported the RSF, which was seen as an ally who helped Ethiopia fight against the Tigray People's Liberation Front in the Tigray War . [ 414 ] Ethiopia was also supportive of the RSF to counter Egyptian influence in Sudan. [ 415 ] However, in July 2024, Primer Minister Abiy Ahmed visited Port Sudan and met with al-Burhan, signaling a shifting position on the conflict. [ 415 ] [ 416 ] RSF's Hemedti had previously paid a visit to Ethiopia in December 2023 to push for talks with the SAF. [ 417 ] On 4 July 2025, senior Sudanese officials accused Ethiopia of exploiting the civil war by deploying army-backed militias into the disputed Al-Fashaga District , where they blocked farmers and cleared land under Ethiopian military protection. These forces, supported by Ethiopian regular troops, reportedly expelled Sudanese farmers amid a security vacuum created when Sudanese units were redeployed. Although Sudan reclaimed much of Al-Fashqa in 2020, recent troop withdrawals have allowed fresh incursions—and traders in the border district of Al Galabat reported that an armed Ethiopian group crossed the border to loot a livestock market before withdrawing. [ 418 ] Iran In October 2023, Iran and Sudan resumed diplomatic relations, aligning Tehran with the SAF. [ 419 ] [ 420 ] A June 2024 BBC investigation revealed that Iran violated the UN arms embargo by supplying drones to both sides. [ 421 ] Analysts see this move as part of Iran's strategy to counter UAE influence in Sudan and secure access to the Red Sea. [ 422 ] [ 423 ] Although Sudanese officials denied receiving Iranian aid, [ 422 ] multiple sources—including Reuters—confirmed its impact on the battlefield. [ 424 ] Kenya The SAF rejected Kenya's mediation role in July 2023, accusing President William Ruto of having ties to RSF leader Hemedti and offering refuge to RSF members. [ 425 ] [ 426 ] SAF Lt. Gen. Yasir Alatta escalated tensions by calling Ruto a mercenary and challenging him to deploy troops. [ 427 ] Sudan later threatened to quit IGAD unless Ruto was removed as head of its mediation committee. [ 428 ] Kenya denied the accusations, calling them baseless and reaffirming its neutrality. [ 429 ] [ 430 ] In retaliation, Anonymous Sudan attacked Kenyan websites in late July. [ 431 ] Tensions amplified in February 2025 when Kenya hosted a meeting in Nairobi where the RSF and its allies signed a charter to form a parallel Sudanese government without the SAF's participation. Sudan condemned the move, accusing Kenya of undermining its sovereignty. Analysts noted a shift in Kenya's stance following Ruto's January 2025 UAE visit and economic agreement, suggesting a possible Emirati influence behind Kenya's actions. [ 432 ] [ 433 ] Libyan National Army The Egypt-backed Libyan National Army , under the command of Khalifa Haftar , dispatched aircraft to fly military supplies to the RSF before the outbreak of hostilities. [ 434 ] [ 410 ] Haftar and the LNA collaborated with the Wagner Group , a Russian private military company , to conduct these flights. [ 434 ] Haftar's support for a different faction in Sudan than the Egyptian government was commented on by The New Arab , which viewed it as a sign of Egyptian weakness due to economic malaise and reliance on Haftar to police Eastern Libya, which constitutes a security concern for the Egyptian government. The New Arab also viewed the LNA's role in the conflict as signifying a shift in its diplomatic orientation, from being primarily backed by Egypt to being primarily backed by the United Arab Emirates . [ 435 ] Russia For much of the Sudanese civil war Russia has sent weapons to both the RSF and SAF. This began to shift during mid-2024, with the Russian government beginning to favour the SAF, concurrent with Russia–SAF discussions around the construction of a Russian naval base north of Port Sudan. [ 436 ] [ 437 ] The same year, Russia began delivering large quantities of weapons, jet components, fuel, and drones, to the Sudanese government in its effort against the RSF, allowing the SAF to recapture parts of the capital, Khartoum, from the RSF. [ 438 ] Wagner Group According to CNN , Wagner supplied surface-to-air missiles to the RSF, picking up the items from Syria and delivering some of them by plane to Haftar-controlled bases in Libya to be then delivered to the RSF, while dropping other items directly to RSF positions in northwestern Sudan. [ 439 ] American officials said that Wagner was offering to supply additional weapons to the RSF from its existing stocks in the Central African Republic . [ 440 ] On 6 September, Wagner reportedly deployed a convoy of more than 100 vehicles carrying weapons to the RSF garrison in al-Zurug from Chad. [ 441 ] SAF Lieutenant General Yasser al-Atta also accused the Wagner Group of bringing in mercenaries from several African nations to fight alongside the RSF. [ 442 ] The head of the Wagner Group, Yevgeny Prigozhin , [ 443 ] and the RSF denied the allegations. [ 444 ] As relations between the Russian government and the SAF improved during mid-2024, the latter publicly claimed that the Wagner Group was no longer operating in Sudan. This claim was contradicted by a diplomatic source and eyewitnesses speaking to Middle East Eye . [ 436 ] Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia has provided military support and financial aid (though it officially denies it) [ 445 ] to the SAF, as it seeks to counterbalance the UAE's influence in Sudan, which supports the RSF. [ 446 ] In response, Sudan has provided military support for the Saudi coalition in Yemen. [ 446 ] In March 2025, al-Burhan visited Saudi Arabia in his first trip outside Sudan since the SAF retook Khartoum . There, he thanked Saudi support for Sudanese unity and the fight against the RSF. [ 447 ] South Sudan Since the outbreak of renewed violence in Sudan in 2023, South Sudan has adopted a mediatory role, urging peace and engaging with IGAD and the AU, though with limited success due to the conflict's complexity and multiple factions. South Sudan is deeply concerned about spillover effects—such as refugee flows and economic instability—and recognizes that its own fragile stability is tied to Sudan's fate. [ 448 ] [ 449 ] Tensions escalated further with a February 2025 alliance between Sudan's RSF and the SPLM-N , a rebel group near the South Sudanese border. Experts warn this could pull South Sudan into the conflict, especially if the Sudanese Army supports rival South Sudanese militias in response. With shared borders, historical ties, and existing political tensions between South Sudan's leaders (President Salva Kiir Mayardit and Vice President Riek Machar ), the risk of both wars merging is high. The strategic location of the RSF-SPLM-N alliance also boosts smuggling and military operations, weakening the Sudanese Army and increasing regional instability. If left unchecked, experts fear the two conflicts could become indistinguishable, worsening humanitarian crises in both countries. [ 450 ] [ 451 ] Turkey Turkey appears to be engaging with both sides, notably through Baykar , owned by President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan 's son-in-law, selling $120 million worth of weapons, 6 TB2 UCAV 's, 3 ground control stations, 600 warheads to the SAF in 2023, violating US and EU sanctions. [ 452 ] [ 453 ] Meanwhile, Arca Defense, another Turkish company, had extensive contact with RSF's procurement officer, though it denies selling weapons, adding complexity to Turkey's role. [ 454 ] Turkey's interests include expanding military and diplomatic ties in the Horn of Africa, offering to mediate between Sudan and the UAE in December 2024. [ 455 ] In January 2025, the Somali government agreed to host SAF troops at Camp TURKSOM for training, as part of a Turkish-led effort to bolster military support to the SAF. [ 456 ] [ 457 ] Ukraine On 19 September 2023, CNN reported that it was "likely" that Ukrainian special forces were behind a series of drone strikes and a ground operation directed against the Wagner Group-backed RSF near Khartoum on 8 September. [ 441 ] Kyrylo Budanov , the chief of the Ukrainian Main Directorate of Intelligence , stated in an interview on 22 September that he could neither confirm or deny Ukraine's involvement in the conflict, [ 458 ] but said that Ukraine "will be seeking and hunting down Russian military criminals ... sooner or later". [ 459 ] On 6 November 2023, the Kyiv Post released drone footage of what it claimed was Ukrainian special forces attacking Wagner Group personnel in an unidentified urban area in Sudan with an explosive projectile, which was believed to have been taken about two weeks before its publication. [ 460 ] Two months later on 30 January 2024, the Kyiv Post reported that Ukrainian special forces had launched three drone strikes targeting the Wagner Group and other Russian organisations in Sudan as well as their Sudanese partners in the preceding weeks. [ 461 ] The Kyiv Post released a report on 5 February 2024 with a video showing the aftermath of an attack allegedly by Ukrainian special forces on a Wagner Group unit which had purportedly suffered several deaths and the capture of at least one member of the unit who was seen being interrogated on camera. [ 462 ] United Arab Emirates The UAE has faced mounting accusations of providing military support to RSF, [ 442 ] [ 463 ] including covert arms transfers, drone supply, and logistics routed through Chad, Libya, CAR, [ 464 ] and South Sudan. [ 465 ] [ 466 ] [ 381 ] Reports by major outlets like the Wall Street Journal , [ 467 ] New York Times , [ 393 ] and BBC , [ 421 ] along with diplomatic sources and satellite evidence, suggest Emirati cargo planes delivered weapons disguised as aid, with operations coordinated through Amdjarass airport in Chad. [ 468 ] UAE denied the accusations. [ 469 ] [ 470 ] [ 471 ] Sudan expelled Emirati diplomats, [ 472 ] accused the UAE at the UN of aiding genocide, [ 473 ] [ 474 ] and submitted complaints to the International Criminal Court and the International Court of Justice . [ 475 ] [ 476 ] The residence of the UAE ambassador to Sudan in Khartoum was also attacked on 29 September 2024. [ 477 ] The UAE was accused of using humanitarian cover such as Red Crescent hospitals for military purposes, including drone operations and weapon bunkers near the border. [ 478 ] [ 479 ] [ 480 ] Sudan claimed these actions aimed to maintain Emirati influence and gold interests in Sudan, backed by historical investments and ongoing port and agriculture projects. [ 481 ] [ 482 ] [ 483 ] The UAE's ties to the RSF date back to the Yemen war in 2018. Its involvement is said to include cooperation with the Wagner Group for arms deliveries and financing RSF logistics from within the Emirates. [ 484 ] [ 485 ] Identity documents recovered from a 2024 plane crash in Sudan included a Russian passport and an ID that linked to a UAE-based company. [ 486 ] [ 487 ] The US and the UK have called on the UAE to halt support, [ 488 ] [ 489 ] with US lawmakers introducing multiple bills to block arms sales to Abu Dhabi. [ 490 ] [ 491 ] The EU [ 492 ] [ 493 ] [ 494 ] and Human Rights Watch [ 495 ] also demanded accountability. Emirati diplomatic initiatives toward Sudan continued, such as hosting a humanitarian conference and pledging $200 million aid—actions seen by Sudan as attempts by UAE to improve its image. [ 496 ] On 30 April 2025 UAE authorities said they had intercepted millions of rounds of ammunition at an airport in the UAE which was being illegally transferred to the SAF, which the latter denied. [ 497 ] Sudan opened a case at the International Court of Justice alleging that the UAE was complicit in genocide against the Masalit. The court hearings began on 10 April 2025. [ 498 ] On 5 May, the court dismissed the case, stating it "manifestly lacks" authority. [ 499 ] Since the beginning of the Sudanese war, the UAE has been using the Bosaso International Airport Co (BIAC) as a key logistical hub to supply the RSF with arms and mercenaries. Due to its strategic location and the UAE's close ties with Puntland 's leadership, Bosaso Airport serves as a crucial transit point for Emirati weapons and Colombian paramilitaries affiliated with Abu Dhabi's Global Security Service Group (GSSG) to Sudan. In September 2025, Sudan urged Somalia to cease the operations taking place in Bosaso . [ 500 ] [ 501 ] [ 502 ] Sudan's Foreign Ministry accused the UAE of making "desperate efforts" at the Non-Aligned Movement meetings to protect the RSF from condemnation and undercut international solidarity with Sudan. The Ministry said Abu Dhabi should not be allowed to exploit global forums, citing its suggestion of an alternative government. [ 503 ] [ 504 ] In August 2025, the Sudanese government released a statement accusing regional and international communities of targeting Sudan and supporting the RSF's aggression. It further claimed that the presence of numerous foreign mercenaries posed a significant threat to the nation's peace and security. The government asserted that it possessed undeniable evidence showing that UAE authorities had sponsored and financed mercenaries from Colombia and other neighboring countries. [ 505 ] [ 12 ] United Kingdom The UK is the UN Security Council's penholder [ 506 ] for Sudan. [ 507 ] In early 2023, the Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO) initiated secret talks with the RSF. [ 508 ] In June 2024, The Guardian reported that according to multiple sources, FCDO officials "attempted to suppress criticism" of the United Arab Emirates and its alleged role in supplying arms to the RSF. [ 507 ] In December 2024, Sudan's Deputy Chairman of the Sovereign Council, Malik Agar , criticized the British government's position on the conflict, stating that if the UK "wants to end the suffering of the Sudanese people, it must communicate with the UAE to stop the logistical support it provides to the militia". He also claimed that the Sudanese government was "ready to open a new page with the UK under the new government if it changes the way it manages its foreign files related to Sudan". [ 509 ] In October 2025, the Sudanese government supplied the UN Security Council with documentation of military equipment made in the UK being used by the RSF. The equipment was allegedly sold by UK firms to the UAE, which then sent them to the RSF. [ 510 ] United States On 20 January 2025, the Trump administration froze USAID payments for 90 days, redirecting most funds to military aid. [ 511 ] [ 512 ] This resulted in the closure of hundreds of soup kitchens, and increased deaths from starvation. [ 513 ] A court ordered the freeze lifted on 13 February, but the administration cancelled nearly 10,000 aid contracts instead. The judge later demanded payments by 26 February, but Chief Justice John G. Roberts paused the order pending a Supreme Court ruling by 28 February. [ 514 ] The US announced a diplomatic meeting of the International Quartet on Sudan, aiming to develop a unified vision to end the war, stop foreign involvement and secure a ceasefire. Scheduled for 29 July 2025 in Washington D.C., the meeting was to include the United States, Saudi Arabia, the UAE and Egypt. [ 515 ] [ 516 ] However, it was postponed at the last minute due to a disagreement between the UAE and Egypt. [ 517 ] Meanwhile, a coalition of Sudanese political parties rejected the UAE as a mediator, calling it "morally unqualified" due to its backing of the RSF. [ 518 ] Humanitarian impact The war has triggered a severe humanitarian crisis . Within days into the fighting, communities faced severe shortages of food, water, medical supplies and fuel, with Khartoum and its surroundings hit hardest. [ 519 ] In the first months of the war, about 25 million people out of a population of roughly 50 million, required humanitarian assistance. [ 520 ] Aid delivery was hampered as supplies were looted. [ 521 ] [ 522 ] By September 2024, roughly 80% of healthcare facilities in Sudan were no longer functional. [ 523 ] The conflict has forcibly displaced nearly 12 million people inside and outside Sudan , [ 524 ] making it one of the largest displacement crises in recent history. [ 525 ] By April 2025, the famine in Sudan had severely affected nearly 25 million people, [ 526 ] including nearly 4 million acutely malnourished children under the age of five. [ 527 ] By September 2025, the number of people requiring humanitarian aid had increased to 30.4 million. [ 528 ] Fatality figures remained highly uncertain, [ 529 ] with some assessments suggesting the true number may exceed 150,000. [ 530 ] [ 531 ] Economy Sudan's economy was seriously damaged by the conflict, with a near standstill in formal economic activity, particularly in Khartoum and parts of Darfur. [ 532 ] [ 533 ] The economy contracted heavily in 2023 and was expected to shrink further in 2024, while state revenues declined steeply. [ 534 ] Currency depreciation accelerated, [ 535 ] international trade dropped, international trade dropped, [ 532 ] and gold production fell sharply [ 536 ] amid allegations of large scale looting. [ 535 ] The fighting also rendered more than 60% of Sudan's agricultural land out of service. [ 532 ] By 2024, both warring parties were reported to be financing their operations partly through the sale of gum arabic. [ 537 ] Disinformation Throughout the Sudan conflict, the RSF have waged disinformation campaigns, using social media to manipulate public opinion, spread narratives and deny the massacres that are still happening. [ 538 ] [ 539 ] The RSF ran digital propaganda teams from Khartoum and Dubai, using verified social media accounts to distribute misleading content. The RSF were verified on Twitter and has launched a disinformation campaign against the SAF, accusing them of attacking civilians. [ 540 ] [ 538 ] The SAF used Twitter for morale-boosting and to counter RSF claims, though some posts were proven false. [ 541 ] [ 542 ] Widespread disinformation included recycled footage from video games, past conflicts like Ukraine and Libya, and even archaeological props misrepresented as war crimes. [ 543 ] For instance, SAF posted a video allegedly showing recent air operations, which was actually from the video game Arma 3 . [ 544 ] The SAF also circulated altered images, including a fabricated photo of Hemedti hospitalized in Nairobi. [ 545 ] [ 546 ] The RSF shared footage of an alleged SAF and Egyptian Air Force warplane reportedly shot down by the RSF found to be that of an Su-25 fighter jet that crashed in Mali , [ 547 ] and the other of a Libyan aircraft taken outside Sudan in 2020. [ 548 ] The RSF also sent bulletins to UK politicians with the help of Dubai-based Capital Tap Holdings, aiming to counter what it called "disproportionate" disinformation. [ 549 ] Facebook removed RSF pages in August 2024, citing policy violations. The RSF blamed the SAF for instigating the ban and said it was negotiating with Meta to restore its accounts. [ 550 ] After El Fasher was captured by the RSF, according to Middle East Eye , Emirati, Israeli, and far-right influencers tried to falsely frame the conflict as a sectarian one where Islamists were committing genocide against Christians. [ 551 ] The conflict's information space has been further destabilized by false claims against organizations like the Sudanese Doctors Syndicate [ 552 ] and by deepfake-like imagery . Disinformation experts, including Kyle Walter of Logically , warned that generative AI may be fueling the sophistication of fake content, undermining trust in all sources of information. [ 549 ] Sanctions U.S. President Joe Biden issued an executive order on 4 May 2023 authorizing sanctions against actors destabilizing the country. [ 553 ] The first sanctions followed in June, targeting companies linked to both the SAF and RSF, along with visa restrictions on unnamed individuals. [ 554 ] Subsequent rounds of sanctions included RSF leaders Abdul Rahim Dagalo and Abdel Rahman Jumma (accused of killing West Darfur's governor), Islamist leader Ali Karti , [ 555 ] firms in Sudan and Russia, and former Bashir regime officials involved in RSF support or coup plots. [ 556 ] In May 2024, more RSF commanders were sanctioned for violence in North and Central Darfur. [ 557 ] [ 558 ] On 7 January 2025, the U.S. said it had determined that the RSF and allied militias committed genocide in Sudan and imposed sanctions on RSF leader Hemedti and affiliated entities to hold them accountable for systematic atrocities and reaffirmed support for Sudanese civil society and a peaceful, democratic future. However, critics said the measures came too late and would have limited impact. [ 559 ] [ 560 ] On 22 May 2025, the US announced new sanctions on Sudan over the SAF's use of chemical weapons against the RSF. [ 561 ] One affiliated entity that received sanctions was a UAE LLC; according to Watan , in response, the UAE began lobbying in Washington to avoid direct sanctions. [ 562 ] The UAE launched an investigation into the entities and reported that none of these seven companies hold a valid commercial license in the UAE or conduct any business activities within the country. [ 563 ] On 12 July 2023, the United Kingdom announced sanctions on firms linked to the SAF and the RSF for providing funds and weapons in the conflict. [ 564 ] On 15 April 2024, Canada imposed sanctions on two individuals and four entities linked to the SAF and the RSF. [ 565 ] On 6 March 2025, Canada imposed sanctions on al-Burhan and Hemedti, due to "an unwillingness on the part of the leaders to negotiate an end to the war". [ 566 ] On 23 June 2024, the European Union imposed sanctions on six entities for manufacturing and procuring weapons for the SAF and the RSF. [ 567 ] On 18 July 2025, the European Council adopted a fourth package of restrictive measures against two individuals and two entities, Alkhaleej Bank and Red Rock Mining Company. The latter is involved in facilitating the production of weapons and vehicles for the SAF, and its parent company is already under sanctions by the EU, the US, and the UK. The mining sector is considered a key element in fueling the conflict. [ 568 ] In popular culture Sudan, Remember Us , a 2024 documentary film directed by Hind Meddeb [ 569 ] Khartoum , a 2025 documentary film by several Sudanese filmmakers [ 570 ] See also Africa portal 2021 Sudan coup d'état – Military overthrow of the Sovereignty Council of Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Democracy in Africa Next Sudanese general election Iranian intervention in Sudan (2023–present) Genocide of Indigenous peoples § Darfur Genocides in history (21st century) § Darfur Human rights in Sudan Janjaweed (Janjaweed Coalition) List of civil wars List of conflicts in Africa List of ethnic cleansing campaigns List of genocides List of ongoing armed conflicts List of wars: 2003–present New Sudan – Proposal for restructuring Sudan Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Sudanese Civil War – An index of three major civil wars that occurred in Sudan's history, as well as other separate conflicts in Sudan. Sudanese National Forces Coordination – Coalition of armed groups Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2023) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2024) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2025) Timeline of the Sudanese civil war (2026) War in Darfur – Genocidal conflict in Western Sudan Notes ^ The municipalities of Tine and Um Baru in North Darfur remain under SAF control. SAF maintains a garrison in Tine. SLM-AW controls Tawila and parts of the Marrah mountains. 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External links @media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sister-inline-image img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{filter:invert(1)brightness(55%)contrast(250%)hue-rotate(180deg)}} Media related to Sudanese civil war (2023–present) at Wikimedia Commons v t e Sudanese civil war (2023–present) v t e Belligerents RSF Hemedti SAF al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum RSF Hemedti Hemedti SAF al-Burhan al-Burhan SPLM-N (al-Hilu faction) Abdelaziz al-Hilu Abdelaziz al-Hilu SPLM-N (Agar faction) Malik Agar Malik Agar SLM (Tambour faction) Mustafa Tambour Mustafa Tambour SLM (Minnawi faction) Minni Minnawi Minni Minnawi SLM (al-Nur faction) Abdul Wahid al-Nur Abdul Wahid al-Nur JEM Gibril Ibrahim Gibril Ibrahim Popular Resistance PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB PDF Al-Bara' ibn Malik Battalion AWB Darfur Joint Protection Force Tamazuj Tagadum Battles Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat Khartoum Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Bahri Khartoum Airport RSF atrocities Darfur campaign Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Geneina Nyala El Fasher UNSC Resolution 2736 UNSC Resolution 2736 Kutum Kordofan Campaign El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling El Obeid Kadugli Al Fulah Babanusa Dilling Merowe Airport Wad Madani Sennar Jebel Moya Jebel Moya Al Maliha Gabal El Uweinat War crimes May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves May 2023 Mayo shelling Masalit genocide Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Misterei massacre Ardamata massacre Wad Al-Noora massacre Galgani massacre October 2024 civilian airstrikes 2024 eastern Gezira State massacres 2025 Saudi Hospital Attack 2025 Omdurman market attack 2025 Kadugli shelling Al-Kadaris and Al-Khelwat massacres Zamzam and Abu Shouk refugee camp massacres Al Jamia mosque massacre El Fasher massacre Mass graves Humanitarian crisis Famine Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Famine Zamzam camp Zamzam camp Refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis El Fasher refugee crisis Forced deportation of Eritreans Evacuation of foreign nationals France India Germany France India Germany Local humanitarian groups ERRs SDU ERRs SDU Cholera epidemic Damaged infrastructure Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Chevrelet Shambat Bridge Sudan Central Bank Aircraft at Khartoum airport NTC Tower Laboratory crisis Afra Mall Destroyed Heritage Sites St. Matthew's Cathedral Republican Palace National Museum of Sudan University of Khartoum PDOC Headquarters GNPOC Tower Related Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) Abdalla Hamdok government (2019–2022) Osman Hussein government (2022–2025) Government of Peace and Unity (2025–) Timelines 2023 2024 2025 2026 2023 2024 2025 2026 Attempted assassination of al-Burhan Treaty of Jeddah (2023) 2023 Foro Baranga clashes Sudanese transition to democracy (2019–2021) Abdalla Hamdok government (2019–2022) Osman Hussein government (2022–2025) Government of Peace and Unity (2025–) Category Commons Category Commons v t e Post– Cold War conflicts in Africa v t e North Africa Egypt Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Libya 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Others Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) Egypt Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Egyptian Crisis (2011–2014) 2011 revolution Sinai insurgency (2011–2013) Post-coup unrest (2013–2014) Terrorism in Egypt (2013–present) Libya 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war 2008 Kufra conflict Libyan crisis 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war 2011 civil war 2011–2014 factional violence 2014–2020 civil war Western Sahara Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Western Sahara conflict (1970–present) War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present War, 1975–1991 Clashes, 2020–present Others Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) Algerian Civil War (1991–2002) Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) Tunisian revolution (2010–2011) West Africa Nigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Mali Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Sierra Leone Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Liberia Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Côte d'Ivoire Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Others Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Nigeria Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Communal conflicts in Nigeria (1998–present) Herder–farmer conflicts Herder–farmer conflicts Religious violence Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Niger Delta conflict (2003–present) 2016 conflict 2016 conflict Insurgency in Southeastern Nigeria (2021–present) Mali Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Tuareg rebellions 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 1990–1995 2007–2009 2012 Mali War (2012–present) Sierra Leone Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Ndogboyosoi War Sierra Leone Civil War Liberia Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 Liberian Civil Wars 1989–1996 1999–2003 1989–1996 1999–2003 Côte d'Ivoire Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 Ivorian Civil Wars 2002–2007 2010–2011 2002–2007 2010–2011 Others Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Guinea-Bissau Civil War (1998–1999) Guinea clashes (2013) Casamance conflict (1982–present) 2016–2017 Gambian constitutional crisis ECOWAS military intervention ECOWAS military intervention Western Togoland Rebellion (2020–present) Central Africa Angola Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) DR Congo First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) Republic of the Congo Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Chad Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive Others Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Angola Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Cabinda War (1975–present) DR Congo First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) First Congo War (1996–1997) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Second Congo War (1998–2003) Ituri conflict (1999–2007) Kivu conflict (2004–present) Dongo conflict (2009) Ituri conflict (2009–present) March 23 Movement conflict 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign 2012–2013 rebellion 2022–present campaign Batwa–Luba clashes (2013–2018) Kamwina Nsapu rebellion (2016–2019) Western DR Congo clashes (2022–present) Republic of the Congo Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Civil wars 1993–1994 1997–1999 1993–1994 1997–1999 Pool Department conflict (2002–2003) Pool War (2016–2017) Central African Republic Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Bush War (2004–2007) Civil War (2012–present) Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Djotodia period, 2013–2014 Chad Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive Civil War (2005–2010) Insurgency in Chad (2016–present) 2021 offensive 2021 offensive Others Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Anglophone Crisis (Cameroon) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) East Africa Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Ethiopia Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Oromo conflict OLA insurgency, 2018–present OLA insurgency, 2018–present Insurgency in Ogaden (1994–2018) Second Afar insurgency (1995–2018) Eritrean–Ethiopian border conflict (2000–2018) War, 1998–2000 War, 1998–2000 Ethiopian civil conflict (2018–present) Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Afar–Somali clashes Benishangul-Gumuz conflict Oromo–Somali clashes Tigray war War in Amhara Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Puntland–Somaliland dispute (1998–present) Somali Civil War 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM 2006–2009 Ethiopian intervention 2009–present phase AMISOM Piracy off the coast of Somalia Kenya Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) Ethnic conflicts Somali–Kenyan conflict (1963–present) Likoni massacres (1997) Kenyan crisis (2007–2008) 2012–2013 Tana River District clashes (2012–2013) Baragoi clashes (2012) South Sudan Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Heglig Crisis (2012) Nomadic conflicts Ethnic violence Civil War (2013–2020) Abyei border conflict (2022–present) Sudan Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Second Sudanese Civil War (1983–2005) War in Darfur (2003–2020) Nomadic conflicts (2009–present) South Kordofan and Blue Nile conflict (2011–2020) Heglig Crisis (2012) Blue Nile clashes (2022–2023) Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Uganda Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Lord's Resistance Army insurgency (1987–present) Allied Democratic Forces insurgency (1996–present) Kasese clashes (2016) Others Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Rwandan Civil War / genocide (1990–1994) Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Hanish Islands conflict 2008 invasion of Anjouan Djiboutian–Eritrean border conflict Burundian conflicts 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest 1993–2005 Civil War 2015–2018 unrest Southern Africa Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Mozambique Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Mozambican Civil War (1977–1992) RENAMO insurgency (2013–2021) Insurgency in Cabo Delgado (2017–present) Others Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Bophuthatswana crisis (1994) Caprivi conflict (1994–1999) Lesothan conflicts SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis SADC intervention in Lesotho (1998–1999) 2014 Lesotho political crisis Related topics War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions War on terror Arab Spring Arab Winter Colour revolutions v t e Coups d'état in Sudan v t e 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November 2023 attempt 1957 attempt 1958 1959 attempt 1969 1971 1975 attempt 1976 attempt 1977 Juba attempt 1985 1989 1990 attempt 1992 attempt 2004 attempt 2008 attempt 2012 attempt 2019 2021 September attempt October–November September attempt October–November 2023 attempt v t e Coups , self-coups , and attempted coups since 1991 v t e List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 List of coups and coup attempts by country since 2010 by country since 2010 1990s Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c Mali (1991) c Lesotho (1991) c Thailand (1991) c Soviet Union (1991) Haiti (1991) c Georgia (1991–1992) c Venezuela (1992) February November February November Peru (1992) April ‡ c November April ‡ c November Sierra Leone (1992) c Algeria (1992) c Sudan (1992) Guatemala (1993) ‡ Azerbaijan (1993) c Russia (1993) ‡ c Libya (1993) Burundi (1993) Guinea-Bissau (1993) Nigeria (1993) c Bophuthatswana (1994) c Gambia (1994) c Lesotho (1994) ‡ c Liberia (1994) Cambodia (1994) Azerbaijan (1995) Qatar (1995) c São Tomé and Príncipe (1995) c Guinea (1996) Paraguay (1996) Iraq (1996) Burundi (1996) c Niger (1996) c Qatar (1996) Bangladesh (1996) Cambodia (1997) c Turkey (1997) c Zambia (1997) Guinea-Bissau (1998) Niger (1999) c Pakistan (1999) c Côte d'Ivoire (1999) c Guinea-Bissau (1999) c 2000s Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c Cambodia (2000) Ecuador (2000) c Paraguay (2000) Fiji (2000) c Solomon Islands (2000) c Côte d'Ivoire (2001) Burundi (2001) Haiti (2001) Central African Republic (2001) Venezuela (2002) Côte d'Ivoire (2002) Burkina Faso (2003) Central African Republic (2003) c Mauritania (2003) Philippines (2003) Guinea-Bissau (2003) c São Tomé and Príncipe (2003) Chad (2004) Sudan (2004) Haiti (2004) c Equatorial Guinea (2004) DR Congo (2004) Peru (2005) Nepal (2005) ‡ c Togo (2005) c Mauritania (2005) c Chad (2006) Thailand (2006) c Madagascar (2006) Fiji (2006) c Philippines (2007) Sudan (2008) Mauritania (2008) c Guinea (2008) c Madagascar (2009) c Honduras (2009) c 2010s Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) Niger (2010) c Madagascar (2010) Niger (2011) Guinea-Bissau (2011) Bangladesh (2011) Mali (2012) March c April March c April Guinea-Bissau (2012) c Sudan (2012) Eritrea (2013) Central African Republic (2013) c Chad (2013) Egypt (2013) c Libya (2013) Libya (2014) Thailand (2014) c Gambia (2014) Yemen (2014–15) c Burundi (2015) Burkina Faso (2015) Turkey (2016) Burkina Faso (2016) Libya (2016) Zimbabwe (2017) c Yemen (2018) c Gabon (2019) Sudan (2019) c Ethiopia (2019) 2020s Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) Venezuela (2020) Mali (2020) c Central African Republic (2021) Myanmar (2021) c Niger (2021) El Salvador (2021) ‡ c Mali (2021) c Guinea (2021) c Tunisia (2021) ‡ c Sudan (2021) September October c September October c Burkina Faso (2022) January c September c January c September c Guinea-Bissau (2022) São Tomé and Príncipe (2022) Peru (2022) ‡ Gambia (2022) Sudan (2023) Niger (2023) c Gabon (2023) c Burkina Faso (2023) Sierra Leone (2023) Guinea-Bissau (2023) Oyo State, Nigeria (2024) DR Congo (2024) Bolivia (2024) Tigray, Ethiopia (2024) c South Korea (2024) ‡ Madagascar (2025) c Guinea-Bissau (2025) c Benin (2025) ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies ‡ Self-coup or its attempt [no symbol] Coup attempt c Successful coup or self-coup See also: Plots and conspiracies v t e Sudanese Revolution v t e Background Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Omar al-Bashir RCCNS-Sudan War in Darfur War in South Kordofan and Blue Nile Organisations Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Government Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Transitional Military Council Rapid Support Forces Opposition (until August/September 2019) Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Forces of Freedom and Change Sudanese Women's Union No to Oppression against Women Initiative MANSAM Sudanese Professionals Association Sudanese resistance committees Angry Without Borders Angry Without Borders Darfur Bar Association National Consensus Forces Sudan Revolutionary Front Events 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election 19 December 2018 to September 2019 civil disobedience 8 April Alaa Salah photo 11 April 2019 coup d'état 3 June 2019 Khartoum massacre #BlueforSudan #BlueforSudan July, August 2019 Political Agreement and Draft Constitutional Declaration 2019–2022 Sudanese protests Killing of Sitna Killing of Sitna September 2021 coup d'état attempt October 2021 coup d'état 2023 Civil war Next Sudanese general election Institutional transition Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Sovereignty Council of Sudan military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) military: al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) al-Burhan Hemedti (3 others) civilian: Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Aish Musa Raja Nicola (4 others) Chief Justice Nemat Abdullah Khair Transitional Cabinet Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Prime Minister Abdalla Hamdok Ministers: Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Asma Abdalla al-Boushi Soughayroun Lena el-Sheikh Faisal Saleh (13 others) Khartoum massacre investigation Nabil Adib Nabil Adib Transitional Legislative Council Peace process Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Sudanese peace process Darfur war crimes court Major publications Soudan 2019, année zéro Soudan 2019, année zéro Sudanese Revolution Sudanese Revolution v t e Sudan articles v t e History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Agriculture Banking Central Bank Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Women Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Polygamy Child marriage Refugees Religion Islam Christianity Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Toilets Public toilets Public toilets Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Outline Category Outline Category Sudanese civil war (2023–present) 2020s conflicts 2020s in Sudan Civil wars in Sudan Coup-based civil wars Sudanese revolution Attempted coups d'état in Sudan Wars involving Ukraine CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list Webarchive template wayback links CS1 uses Arabic-language script (ar) CS1 Arabic-language sources (ar) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2023 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Greek-language sources (el) CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id) Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from December 2025 Articles containing potentially dated statements from January 2026 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles containing potentially dated statements from February 2025 Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2025 Articles with excerpts Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets via Module:Annotated link Commons category link from Wikidata This page was last edited on 16 January 2026, at 00:42 (UTC) . 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