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65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.4 PHY Control function | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.4.1 Introduction to PHY control function | PHY Control function is in charge to enable the PHY for reliable communication with the link partner. PHY Control shall comply with the state diagram described by figure 36. PHY Control information is exchanged between link partners using bits contained in the physical headers of the frames. The format and use of those bits is defined in clause 5.2.4.2. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.4.2 Start up sequence | The start up sequence shall comply with the state diagram description given in figure 36. Upon power on, reset, or release from power down, the PHY shall carry out the clock recovery from the receive signal. The clock recovery is composed of two states. The first one is in charge of obtaining the symbol and frame synchronization by using the a priori known S1 pilot signal that is inserted by the transmitter at the beginning of the frame (see clause 5.2.2). After frame synchronization is achieved, the CMB Clock Recovery function shall carry out the fine recovery to provide a stable clock that samples the receive signal with a suitable phase for reliable reception. Fine timing recovery may be implemented either based on the a priori known S1 and S2 pilot signals (i.e. data-aided algorithms) or based on blind algorithms that use payload sub-blocks and physical header sub-frames after equalization. When clock is stable, the CMB Receive function shall be able to train the equalizers based on pilots S1 and S2 reception in order to compensate the inter-symbol interference caused by the communication channel. Blind tracking algorithms for timing recovery may be enabled after the equalizer training has finished. After this, the CMB Receive function shall be able to receive the physical header data (PHD) from the link partner carrying information about the transmission parameters as well as optional capabilities like LPI and ABR. The CMB Phy Control function shall be able then to assign OK to the rcvr_hdr_lock state variable when CMB Receive function is able to provide reliable reception of PHD. The criteria to determine reliable PHD reception is left to the implementer and it may be based on the correctness of PHD.CRC16 field. The CMB Receive function shall implement continuous checking of reliable PHD reception, which should be assured for valid link operation. As soon as the physical header data is reliable the CMB shall be able to carry out the THP initialization making the first coefficients adaptation between the link partners and, optionally, carry out the first ABR adaptation. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 39 Figure 36: PHY Control state diagram THP initialization is implemented in the same way the continuous tracking, according to the state diagrams defined in clause 5.4.3.2. CMB Phy Control function shall assign OK to rcvr_thp_lock indicating the THP is locked and the payload data is being received precoded with the first THP coefficients requested to the link partner. When THP is locked and ABR is locally and remotely enabled, the CMB PHY Control function shall be able to make the first request of MLCC spectral efficiency adaptation to the link partner by using the PHD over the return channel. The ABR initialization is implemented in the same way the continuous tracking, according to the state diagrams defined in clause 5.4.3.3. Once ABR initialization has finished it is communicated via the variable rcvr_abr_lock. Finally, the CMB Phy Control function shall assign OK to the loc_rcvr_status variable when CMB Receive function is able to provide a reliable reception of payload sub-blocks according with specifications in clause 5.3. The criteria to determine reliable reception of payload sub-blocks is left to the implementer and it may be based on SNR measured in data decoding. The loc_rcvr_status shall be signalled to the link partner by means of the field PHD.RX.STATUS. Further, the value of the rem_rcvr_status variable shall be supplied according to the value of PHD.RX.STATUS received from the remote PHY. The CMB Receive function shall implement tracking of the decoded signal to continuously determine the correct value of variable loc_rcvr_status. A PHY that locally implements LPI mode in payload data sub-blocks, shall disable the LPI mode during the start-up sequence, until link_status = OK and PHD.CAP.LPI signalled by the remote PHY takes value 1. All the variables used in the state diagram are defined in clause 6.6. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 40 |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.4.3 Continuous tracking sequences | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.4.3.1 Introduction to tracking functions | Upon the link_status being asserted OK, both PHY link partners are able for reliable transmission. Further, both link partners are able to properly use the PHD to carry out continuous adaptation of THP coefficients as well as to optionally implement continuous adaptive bit rate (ABR). The state diagrams defined in the following clause 5.4.3.2 and clause 5.4.3.3, described in figure 37, figure 38, figure 39 and figure 40, for continuous tracking of THP and ABR are the same used during the start-up sequence to respectively initialize the THP and ABR. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.4.3.2 THP coefficients adaptation sequence | Figure 37 provides the state diagram that shall be implemented by a PHY to adapt the THP coefficients of the CMB Transmit function in response to the requests performed by the link partner. A PHY shall always announce the THP set-id in the previous frame to the one in which the THP coefficients according with the set-id shall be applied. Figure 37: Transmitter THP coefficients adaptation state diagram All the variables used in the state diagram are defined in clause 6.6. The CMB receive function shall implement the algorithms to estimate the equalization coefficients suitable to compensate the inter-symbol interference by means of Tomlinson-Harashima precoding. The algorithms for coefficients estimation are left to the implementer. The state diagram to implement the THP configuration requests is defined in figure 38. The CMB PHY Control function shall use the local CMB Transmit function to encode the THP configuration request in the corresponding PHD bits (see clause 5.2.4.2). The PHD.RX.REQ.THP.SETID field shall be used to guarantee that the coefficients used in link partner CMB Transmit function match with the local state of the CMB Receive function. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 41 Figure 38: THP configuration request state diagram |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.4.3.3 Adaptive Bit Rate sequence | Figure 39 provides the state diagram that shall be implemented by a PHY supporting Adaptive Bit Rate (ABR) to adapt the CMB Transmit function according to the requests performed by the link partner to change the MLCC encoder spectral efficiency. CMB Transmit function shall always announce the new MLCC spectral efficiency in the frame before the MLCC encoder is re-configured. All the variables used in the state diagram are defined in clause 6.6. When both link partners have signalled ABR support by means of PHD.CAP.ABR field, the CMB Transmit functions shall be configured to use the minimum MLCC spectral efficiency, to enable the CMB Receive function of the link partner to make the first channel quality measurement with good accuracy. After this, CMB PHY Control shall wait for the requests done by the link partner to accordingly adapt the MLCC configuration. The CMB Receive function shall implement the algorithms to make the channel quality measurements that allow to dynamically adapt the MLCC rate. These algorithms are implementation dependent and shall always provide the block error rate (PDB-ER) indicated in clause 5.3 for any adaptive MLCC spectral efficiency. Figure 40 provides the state diagram that shall be implemented by CMB PHY Control function to make the requests to the link partner to adapt the bit rate. The CMB PHY Control function shall use the local CMB Transmit function to encode the MLCC configuration request in the corresponding PHD bits (see clause 5.2.4.2). The matching between both link partners is assured because the MLCC spectral efficiency is always announced in the previous frame. The PHY shall be able to reconfigure the CMB Receive functions on a per frame basis, according to the last decoded PHD received from the remote PHY. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 42 Figure 39: Transmit Adaptive Bit Rate state diagram Figure 40: Adaptive Bit Rate configuration request state diagram ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 43 |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.5 Link Monitor function | Link Monitor function uses the receive channel status of the local and remote PHYs to establish the status of the link and informs it via the link_status variable. When there is a failure of link the CMB stops normal operation. The Link Monitor function shall comply with the state diagram of figure 41. Upon power on, reset, or release from power down, the PHY shall perform the start-up sequence to supply the transmission link. As soon as reliable transmission is achieved in both link partners, the variable link_status = OK is asserted, upon which further PHY operations data packet communications can take place. Figure 41: Link Monitor state diagram |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.6 Clock Recovery function | The Clock Recovery function shall provide a clock suitable for signal sampling on the receiver so that the block error rate (PDB-ER) indicated in clause 5.3 is achieved. The received clock signal should be stable and ready for use when equalizer training is performed during start-up sequence and when it has been completed (rcvr_clock_lock = OK). The Clock Recovery function shall be able to recover a transmit symbol frequency with a deviation of ±100 ppm respect to the nominal symbol frequency. See annexes from A to D for detailed specification of the receiver frequency tolerance. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.7 Interface to the EO | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.7.1 Introduction to the EO interface | The interface between the CMB and the EO is defined in terms of signals for which no specific implementation is described. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.7.2 Signals transmitted to the EO interface | Depending on the CMB_DATATYPE.request message the signals transmitted to the EO transmit are different each symbol time. However, all of them can be expressed in a general form as follows: x(n) = SF(n)× FM (a(n)− x(n −i −1)×b(i) i=0 Nb∑ ) ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟= SF(n)× a(n)+ 2M × m(n)− x(n −i −1)× b(i) i=0 Nb∑ ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 44 Where, a(n) is the PAM modulation symbol from the to be transmitted at time n × Ts, Ts is the transmit symbol period (always Ts = 1 / Fs), SF(n) is the power scaling factor specified in clause 5.2.6 for each frame data type, b(i) are the coefficients of TH precoding specified in clause 5.2.6, and the nonlinear operation corresponds to changing the modulation symbol a(n) to an augmented modulation symbol with the integer m(n) chosen such that the output lies in the interval . When tx_type parameter takes values S1 or HEADER, M = 2 and for S2, M = 256. For ZERO a(n) takes the value 0. For PAYLOAD, the value of M depends on the MLCC encoding configuration, which can be fixed or adapted as a function of the channel condition. M can take values from 2 to 64. M remains constant at least during a complete frame for PAYLOAD type. Finally, the b(i) are 0 for all the values of tx_type except for PAYLOAD, which depends on the signalled coefficients PHD.RX.REQ.THP.COEF by the remote PHY. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 5.7.3 Signals received from EO | Signals received from the EO can be expressed as pulse-amplitude modulated signals that have been filtered by a non- linear channel and corrupted by noise as follows: ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , , ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( ) ( ) ( ) ( 0 0 0 2 1 2 1 0 0 2 1 2 1 2 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 1 2 1 n N l n x l n x l n x l l l w l n x l n x l l w l n x l w w n y L l L l L l P P oP L l L l o L l o o p + − − − + + − − + − + = ∑∑∑ ∑∑ ∑ = = = = = = K K K K Where the received signal y(n) is considered sampled by CMB receive function with the recovered clock, at the optimum phase and with a frequency equal to the transmit symbol clock. x(n) is the transmitted signal to EO, N(n) the additive noise from optical to electrical conversion, and are the kernels of a truncated Volterra series that represents the non-linear response of the communication channel. The received signal considers the electrical-to-electrical communication channel composed by all the elements from the CMB transmit function to CMB receive function, including the electrical-to-optical conversion carried out by EO transmit function, the fibre and the optical-to-electrical conversion carried out by EO receive function. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6 PHY service messages and interfaces | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.1 Introduction to service interfaces | PHY transfers data and control messages across the following three service interfaces: a) Data Interface. b) CMB Service Interface. c) Connector Interface (Conn). |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.2 Data Interface | Data interface transmits and receives data to be transmitted and is being received. This interface is with external PHY components. The format and description of this interface is out of scope of the present document. Data interface may be different depending of the type of data to be transmitted by the PHY. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.3 Monitor Interface | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.3.1 Message description | The following service messages are used by the PHY to exchange control and status signals across the Monitor Interface. {−M +1,−M + 3,L, M −3, M −1} FM (α) = mod(α + M,2M) −M −M ≤x(n) < M ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 45 |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.3.2 CMB_LINK.indication | The CMB generates this message showing the link status of the lower levels. This message is used mainly by the CMB PHY Control function. The possible values of the message are: CMB_LINK.indication (link_status) = FAIL, or OK. FAIL: Failed to establish a reliable link. • OK: A reliable link is established The CMB generates this message when there is a change in link_status as described in clause 5.5. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.4 CMB Service Interface | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.4.1 CMB service messages | PHY uses the following service messages to exchange symbols, status indications, and control signals across the service interfaces: • CMB_UNITDATA.request(tx_symb) • CMB_UNITDATA.indication(rx_symb) • CMB_DATATYPE.request(tx_type) • CMB_DATATYPE.indication(rx_type) • CMB_RXSTATUS.indication(loc_rcvr_status) • CMB_REMRXSTATUS.request(rem_rcvr_status) |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.4.2 CMB_UNITDATA.request | CMB uses this message to transfer data in the form of PAM symbols (tx_symb). The PAM symbols are obtained in the CMB Transmit function using the coding rules defined in clause 5.2 for each of the frame data types indicated by tx_type parameter. The meaning of the message is: CMB_UNITDATA.request(tx_symb). During transmission, this message conveys to the CMB via the parameter tx_symb the value of PAM symbol to be sent over the optical link. The set of values that can take this parameter depends on the frame data type as well as the current configuration of the payload data encoding generated by the CMB transmit function. The CMB transmit function generates CMB_UNITDATA.request(tx_symb) synchronously with every transmit symbol clock cycle. The frequency of this clock varies with the PHY speed, defined in the respective annexes. For example when the speed is 1 000 Mbit/s, the symbol rate is 312,5 MHz, which results in a symbol period of 3,2 ns. Upon receipt of this message the CMB transmits to the EO the signals corresponding to the indicated symbols after processing with the THP, scale factor and frame building. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.4.3 CMB_UNITDATA.indication | This message is used in the CMB Receive functions and defines the data to be transfer in the form of recovered PAM symbols to the CMB decoding blocks. The format of the message is: CMB_UNITDATA.indication(rx_symb). During reception, this message conveys to the CMB via the parameter rx_symb the value of PAM symbol recovered from the optical link. The CMB receive function generates CMB_UNITDATA.indication (rx_symb) messages synchronously with every data payload and physical header symbol recovered from the EO interface. The nominal rate of the CMB_UNITDATA.indication message varies with the PHY speed defined in the annexes from A to D and is governed by the recovered clock, internally generated by the CMB receive function. This clock shall be recovered from the signals received at the CMB to have the same frequency and constant phase as the transmit clock used by the remote PHY. The effect of receipt of this message is unspecified. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 46 |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.4.4 CMB_DATATYPE.request | This message defines the type of data (tx_type) transferred in the form of PAM symbols from the CMB. The format of the message is: CMB_DATATYPE.request(tx_type). During transmission, this message conveys to the CMB via the parameter tx_type the type of PAM symbol to be sent over the optical link. The set of values that this parameter can take is as follows: • S1: the PAM symbol belongs to the pilot signal S1, which is designed to aid in frame synchronization and clock recovery tasks to be carried out by CMB receive function. The generation of S1 pilot is specified in clause 5.2.5.2. • S2: the PAM symbol belongs to the pilot signal S2 designed to aid in clock recovery and equalization tasks to be carried out by CMB receive function. The generation of S2 pilot is specified in clause 5.2.5.3. • HEADER: the PAM symbol belongs to the physical header designed to carry control information for CMB. The encoding and modulation of the physical header is specified in clause 5.2.4. • ZERO: the PAM symbol belongs to the sequence of zeroes inserted at the beginning and the end of the S1, S2 and PHS sub-blocks. The insertions of ZERO symbols are defined in clause 5.2.4.7, clause 5.2.5.2 and clause 5.2.5.3. • PAYLOAD: the PAM symbol conveys encoded encapsulated user information. The payload data encoding is specified in clause. • PAYLOAD_OFF: the CMB transmit function is requested to power off the EO, when Low Power Idle mode has been negotiated to be used between both link partners. The CMB transmit function generates CMB_DATATYPE.request(tx_type) synchronously with every CMB_UNITDATA.request(tx_symb). Based on receipt of this message the CMB transmit function shall configure the THP processing and power scaling processing, as specified in clause 5.2.7 and clause 5.2.6. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.4.5 CMB_DATATYPE.indication | This message defines the type of data (rx_type) transferred in the form of PAM symbols. The format of this message is: CMB_DATATYPE.indication(rx_type). During reception, this message tells the CMB receive function the parameter rx_type the type of PAM symbol recovered from optical link. The set of values that this parameter can take is as follows: • HEADER: the PAM symbol belongs to the physical header designed to carry control information. The encoding and modulation of the physical header is specified in clause 5.2.4. • PAYLOAD: the PAM symbol conveys encoded encapsulated user information. The payload data encoding is specified in clause 5.2.3. • PAYLOAD_OFF: the CMB receive function indicates that Low Power Idle was detected, so that no payload data are indicated to CMB receive function for the current payload sub-block. See clause 5.2.2 for frame structure when Low Power Idle is used. The CMB receive function generates CMB_DATATYPE.indication(rx_type) synchronously with every CMB_UNITDATA.indication(rx_symb). |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.4.6 CMB_RXSTATUS.indication | CMB Receive generates this message when there is a change in the status of the receive link. The information indicated by this message is the loc_rcvr_status parameter, which is sent to the CMB Transmit and Receive, the CMB PHY Control function, and the Link Monitor indicating the status of the receive link. How the loc_rcvr_status parameter is set is up to the implementer. The remote PHY is informed of the loc_rvr_status parameters by the local PHY via the PHD as specified in clause 5.2.4.2. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 47 The format of this message is CMB_RXSTATUS.indication(loc_rcvr_status). The possible values of loc_rcvr_status parameter are: • OK: Set and remains valid while the reception link is reliable. • NOT_OK: Set when the reception link is unreliable. It is generated when the CMB Receive informs of a change in the reception link status. The effect of receipt of this message is specified by CMB PHY Control function in clause 5.4. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.4.7 CMB_REMRXSTATUS.request | Local CMB Receive generates this message to indicate the remote PHY about the receive link status. The Local CMB Receive uses the loc_rcvr_status parameter to inform the remote PHY. When the loc_rcvr_status parameter is sent to the remote CMB, the parameter is redefined as rem_rcvr_status. The CMB PHY Control function receives the rem_rcvr_status parameter with the information of the receive link status of the remote PHY. The parameter rem_rcvr_status is provided by the remote PHY communicating its loc_rcvr_status by using the physical header data (PHD) as specified in clause 5.2.4.2, and shall be available when CMB receive is able to provide reliable reception. The format of the message is: CMB_REMRXSTATUS.request (rem_rcvr_status). The possible values of rem_rcvr_status parameter are: • OK: Set and remains valid while the remote reception link is reliable. • NOT_OK: Set when the remote reception link is not detected as reliable. The decoded PHD makes the CMB to generate a CMB_REMRXSTATUS.request message to indicate a change in rem_rcvr_status. The effect of receipt of this message is specified by CMB PHY Control function in clause 5.4. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.5 EO service interface | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.5.1 EO service messages | PHY uses the following service messages to exchange communication and control signals across the EO service interfaces. EO interface is described in an abstract manner and does not imply any particular implementation. The EO Service Interface supports the exchange of analogue electrical signals between CMB entities. The EO translates the electrical analogue signals to and from optical signals suitable for the specified medium. The following messages are defined: • EO_UNITDATA.request • EO_UNITDATA.indication • EO_TXPWR.request • EO_RXPWR.request The electrical specifications of the EO service interface are not system compliant points, because these are not readily testable in a system implementation. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.5.2 EO_UNITDATA.request | This message defines the transfer of data in the form of analogue signal from the CMB to the EO interface. The format of the message is EO_UNITDATA.request(tx_signal). During transmission, this message conveys to the EO via the parameter tx_signal the value of the discrete time analogue electrical signal to be converted by EO and sent over the optical link, at the nominal symbol frequency, which is dependent on the PHY, defined in annexes from A to D. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 48 The tx_signal value is obtained by digital-to-analogue conversion from the THP and power scaling processed PAM symbols in CMB Transmit function. When the Low Power Idle mode is used, the analogue signal is undetermined during payload sub-blocks as described in clause 5.2.2. The CMB transmit function generates EO_UNITDATA.request(tx_signal) synchronously with every transmit symbol clock cycle. The frequency of this clock varies with the PHY speed, defined in annexes from A to D. Upon receipt of this message the EO converts the electrical analogue signal from the CMB into the appropriate optical signals on the optical connector. Optical levels are specified by the EO interface in clause 8.2.1 and in the annexes from A to D. Electrical levels are unspecified by the EO. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.5.3 EO_UNITDATA.indication | This message defines the transfer of data in the form of continuous analogue electrical signal from the EO to the CMB. The format of the message is EO_UNITDATA.indication(rx_signal). During reception, this message conveys to the CMB via the parameter rx_signal the value of received signal converted by EO interface from optical signal received through the optical connector. Electrical levels are unspecified by the EO interface. The EO interface in clause 8.2.2 and the annexes from A to D specifies the optical levels at optical connector. When the Low Power Idle mode is used, the analogue signal shall take a value less than an upper bound during the payload sub-bocks as described in clause 5.2.2. The upper bound is implementation dependent and will correspond to the state of no light received from the fibre, caused by no light being injected to the fibre from the EO transmit function of the remote PHY. The EO_UNITDATA.indication(rx_signal) is continuously generated by the EO in the form of an electrical analogue signal from opto-electrical conversion. This rx_signal shall be properly sampled by the CMB receive function in order to recover the clock and the PAM symbols. The frequency and phase of the sampling clock implemented by the CMB receive function as well as the clock recovery algorithms are unspecified. The effect of receipt of this message is unspecified. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.5.4 EO_TXPWR.request | This message is generated by the CMB transmit function to indicate to the EO interface transmit function to turn off or turn on the injection of optical power in the fibre, when Low Power Idle mode is used. The implementation of this message is optional, and the ability of PHY to use LPI shall be announced by the CMB in the physical header, as it is specified in clause 5.2.4.2. The format of the message is EO_TXPWR.request(tx_pwr). The tx_pwr parameter can take one of the two values: ON or OFF: • ON: The EO Transmit function requests to turn on the optical power injection. • OFF: The EO Transmit function requests to turn off the optical power injection. The EO_TXPWR.request(tx_pwr) is generated by the EO transmit function taking tx_pwr the value OFF at the event of CMB generates the first CMB_DATATYPE.request with value PAYLOAD_OFF after ZERO. The EO_TXPWR.request(tx_pwr) shall be generated by CMB transmit function taking into account the delays of power scaling and frame building algorithms such that the optical power is powered off after the last ZERO symbol has been transmitted and synchronously with the transmit symbol clock. The frequency of transmit symbol clock is defined for each PHY at annexes from A to D. The EO_TXPWR.request(tx_pwr) is generated by the CMB transmit function taking tx_pwr the value ON at the event of CMB generates the first CMB_DATATYPE.request with value ZERO after PAYLOAD_OFF. The EO_TXPWR.request(tx_pwr) shall be generated by CMB transmit function taking into account the delays of power scaling and frame building algorithms and the required time to wake up the EO transmit function. The wake up time is implementation dependent. EO_TXPWR.request(ON) shall be generated such that the optical power is powered on before the first ZERO symbol is received and synchronously with the transmit symbol clock. • EO_TXPWR.request(OFF) shall produce the EO transmit function to power off the light injected to the fibre. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 49 • EO_TXPWR.request(ON) shall produce the EO transmit function to power on the light injected to the fibre. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.5.5 EO_RXPWR.request | This message is generated by the EO receive function to indicate to the EO receive function to turn off or turn on the optical to electrical conversion, when Low Power Idle mode is used. The implementation of this message is optional, and the ability of PHY to use LPI shall be announced by the CMB in the physical header, as specified in clause 5.2.4.2. The format of the message is: EO_RXPWR.request(rx_pwr). The rx_pwr parameter can take one of the two values: ON or OFF: • ON: The EO Receive function requests to turn on the optical to electrical conversion carried out in the EO interface. • OFF: The EO Receive function requests to turn off the optical to electrical conversion carried out in the EO interface. The generation of this message by CMB receive function is unspecified. The CMB receive function may implement a signal processing algorithm in order to determine the lack of optical power during the payload sub-block periods in order to indicate to the CMB receive function the rx_type with value PAYLOAD_OFF and turn off the EO Receive. The effect of receipt of this message is unspecified. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 6.6 Connector interface | This interface is between the EO with the plastic optical fibre. Several options are proposed in clause 8. Data transmitted in the connector is optical information coming from the EO interface. Received optical information in the connector is distorted by the optical fibre. Optical information is provided to the EO interface. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7 EO interface specifications | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.1 Introduction to EO interface | The present clause specifies the PHY Electro Optical interface and baseband medium for Plastic Optical Fibre (POF). The present clause also specifies the common parts to be fulfilled by all the PHYs defined in the annexes from A to D. In addition the definition of optical parameters and the corresponding measurement procedures are specified. The values of these parameters are specified in the annexes from A to D of each PHY. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.2 EO interface functional specification | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.2.1 Introduction to EO interface | The EO performs the Transmit and Receive functions that convey data between the EO service interface and the fibre connector. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.2.2 EO interface block diagram | For purpose of system conformance, the EO interface is defined at the following points, depicted in figure 42. The optical transmit signal is defined at the output end of a patch cord (TP2), of 1 meter in length, of Plastic Optical Fibre consistent with the link type connected to the fibre connector, specified in clause 8. All the transmitter measurements and tests shall be made at TP2. The optical receive signal is defined at the output of the fibre optic cabling (TP3) connected to the receiver connector defined in clause 8. All the receiver measurements and specifications are made at TP3. TP1 and TP4 are defined reference points as a reference for implementers. They might be used to certify component conformance. Electrical specifications are not defined for these points, as they might not be testable in a system implementation. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 50 Figure 42: EO interface block diagram |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.2.3 Optical transmit function | The optical transmit function makes the electrical-to-optical conversion from the communication data in form of discrete time analogue electrical signal generated by the CMB transmit function to the fibre connector. Electrical levels at the EO interface are unspecified. The signal at the fibre connector shall meet the optical specifications defined in clause 7.3.2 and the annexes from A to D. Maximum positive value of transmit signal (see clause 5.7.2) from CMB Transmit function shall correspond with higher optical power in TP2. Minimum negative value of transmit signal from CMB Transmit function shall correspond with lower optical power in TP2. Optionally, the optical transmit function can also be able to sleep and wake up the optical power injected to fibre during a period of time. This functionality enables to use Low Power Idles during the data payload sub-blocks, so reducing the energy consumption of the PHY, as specified in clause 5.2.2. The EO interface shall be controlled from the CMB by means of the CMB_TXPWR.request message, as specified in clause 6.5.4. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.2.4 Optical receive function | The optical receive function performs the optical-to-electrical conversion from the optical signal received from fibre connector to the continuous analogue electrical signal used by the CMB receive function to recover the communication PAM symbols. Electrical levels at the EO interface are unspecified. The signal at the fibre connector shall meet the optical specifications defined in clause 7.3.3 and the annexes from A to D. Optionally, when the Low Power Idle mode is used by the remote PHY, the analogue signal shall take a value less than an upper bound during the payload sub-bocks as described in clause 5.2.2. The upper bound is implementation dependent and corresponds to the state of no light received from the fibre, caused by no light being injected to the fibre from the EO transmit function of the remote PHY. Optionally, the Low Power Idle is detected by the CMB receive function, as specified in clause 5.3, which may power off the optical receive function to reduce the energy consumption by means of the message EO_RXPWR.request (see clause 6.5.5). The ability to support LPI during the payload sub-blocks shall be signalled by the local PHY in the physical header information as it is specified in clause 5.2.4.2. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.3 Optical to fibre connector optical specification | 7.3.1 Introduction to the optical to fibre connector optical specification The operating range for EO interface is defined for each PHY in annexes from A to D. The annexes from A to D specify the parameters of CMB as well as the EO interface optical specifications for each specific PHY. In the present clause the transmitter and receiver optical parameters are described and the values for these parameters are specified for each PHY in annexes from A to D. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.3.2 Transmitter optical specifications | Any transmitter shall meet the specifications at TP2 defined in table 8 per measurements techniques defined in clause 7.4. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 51 Table 8: PHY transmit optical characteristics Description Value Units Transmitter type Defined in annexes from A to D - Wavelength range (λ) Defined in annexes from A to D nm RMS spectral width (max) Defined in annexes from A to D nm Extinction ratio (min) Defined in annexes from A to D dB Average Optical Power (max) AOPmax@TP2 Defined in annexes from A to D dBm Average Optical Power (min) AOPmin@TP2 Defined in annexes from A to D dBm Trise / Tfall (max; 20 % to 80 %) Defined in annexes from A to D ns EVM for 2-PAM (max) Defined in annexes from A to D % EVM for 4-PAM (max) Defined in annexes from A to D % EVM for 8-PAM (max) Defined in annexes from A to D % Transmitter timing jitter (max) Defined in annexes from A to D ps RMS All the parameters in table 8 are defined in clause 7.4. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.3.3 Receiver optical specifications | Any receiver shall meet the specifications at TP3 defined in table 9. All the parameters in table 9 are defined in clause 7.4. Table 9: PHY receive optical characteristics Description Value Units Wavelength range (λ) Defined in annexes from A to D nm Average Optical Power (max) AOPmax@TP3 Defined in annexes from A to D dBm Average Optical Power Sensitivity (min) AOPmin@TP3 Defined in annexes from A to D dBm The optical analogue signals arriving to the fibre connector, coming from a remote PHY within the specifications of clause 7.3.2, and have passed through an optical medium specified in clause 7.5, are translated to CMB by means of EO_UNITDATA.indication message, such that, after clock recovery and equalization in CMB receive function and MLCC BCH decoding and block alignment in CMB receive function, the quality of the received data shall meet, for PDB.CTRL blocks, a PDB block error rate (PDB-ER) of less than 6,5 × 10-9, as specified in clause 5.3. This shall be fulfilled in all the average optical power (AOP) range between the minimum and maximum defined in table 9 and annexes from A to D. The sensitivity is defined as the minimum AOP in TP3 that fits with table 9 requirements. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.3.4 Worst-case link budget and system margin | The worst-case link budget and system margin for the PHY are defined in table 10, based on the transmitter and the receiver optical specifications provided in clause 8.2.1 and clause 8.2.2, respectively. The link budget chain is depicted in figure 43, as reference for the parameters defined in table 10. See clause 8.1.1 for the TP2 and TP3 definitions. Table 10: PHY link budget and system margin definition Description Value Units Fibre Insertion Loss (IL1 in figure 43) Defined in annexes from A to D dBo Worst-case System Margin - IL2 in figure 43 (see note) Defined in annexes from A to D dBo Worst-case Link budget - difference between the minimum AOP at TP2 and the sensitivity (min AOP) at TP3 Defined in annexes from A to D dBo NOTE: Minimums of transmit AOP and transmit ER are assumed at TP2. The different insertion loss contributions, depicted in figure 43, are defined as follow: a) IL1 - Fibre Insertion Loss: operating distances are used to calculate the insertion loss. b) IL2 - Worst-case System Margin: every excess loss that is not considered in IL1, e.g. bends, repair, intermediate in-line connectors. The worst-case System Margin is defined as: SM = IL2 = AOPmin@TP2 −IL1-AOPmin@TP3 ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 52 Minimum transmit Extinction Ratio at TP2 is also considered for definition. c) Link Budget: the available attenuation between transmitter and receiver. This is defined as: LB= AOPmin@TP2 −AOPmin@TP3 Figure 43: PHY reference diagram for link budget and system margin definition |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.3.5 Test modes | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.3.5.1 Introduction to test modes | Following test modes are defined to instruct the PHY to generate special signal patterns that are suitable for optical measurements defined in clause 7.3. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.3.5.2 Test mode 1 | The signal pattern generated by CMB in Test mode 1 shall consist on a square bipolar signal of FS / 20 MHz, which takes the extreme values corresponding to a 2-PAM modulation. The scale factor defined in clause 5.2.6 shall be configured to 255 in this test mode and both CMB and THP shall be bypassed. FS is the transmit symbol rate that is defined for each PHY in annexes from A to D. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.3.5.3 Test mode 2 | The CMB shall be instructed to generate pseudo-random M-PAM sequences, using the full range of CMB transmit output. THP shall be bypassed and the Scale Factors defined in column 4 of table 7 shall be used for each M-PAM configuration in CMB transmit function. CMB transmit function shall be configured as follows to generate the signal pattern: • The data encapsulator shall be disconnected from binary scrambler. • The frame building functionality shall be disabled, so header and pilot sections shall not be generated. • The binary scrambler defined in clause 5.2.3.6 shall be fed with a zeroes binary stream, initialized at the beginning of test as it is defined in clause 5.2.3.6 and free running. • The pseudo-random binary stream shall feed a mapper as defined in clause 5.2.3.7.4, being the mapper configured according to M-PAM, being kI = kQ = log2(M) < 16, and kI = 4, kQ = 3 for M = 16. This mapper shall generate two-dimensional symbols at half of the symbol rate. • The output of mapper shall be connected to the multiplexer defined in clause 5.2.3.7.8, to generate the M-PAM symbols at symbol rate. • The symbol rate is specified for each PHY in the respective annexes. • LPI functionality shall be disabled. MDI IL1 Fibre insertion loss MDI Patch Cord TP2 TP3 IL2 bending, repair, in-line connectors , etc. Link budget (under min. AOP at TP2) System Margin (under min. AOP at TP2) Conn Conn ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 53 • M shall be configured setting the bits with the desired bit density through Data Packet Interface. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.3.5.4 Test mode 3 | The signal pattern generated by CMB shall consist on a square bipolar signal, which takes the extreme values corresponding to a 2-PAM modulation. The scale factor defined in clause 5.2.6 shall be configured to 255 in this test mode and most of the CMB shall be bypassed. The CMB transmit function shall generate the transmitted symbols using a symbol frequency FS clock, therefore providing a square signal of FS / 2 MHz. FS is specified for each PHY in annexes from A to D. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.3.5.5 Test mode 4 | The CMB shall be instructed to generate pseudo-random M-PAM signal, as in the Test mode 2, but with a symbol rate of FS / 10 MHz. FS is defined for each PHY in annexes from A to D. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4 Optical measurement requirements | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.1 Introduction to optical measures | All the optical measurements shall be made through a short patch cord cable, as defined in clause 7.2.2, at TP2. The optical measurements in the receiver shall be done at TP3. The transmitter testing methodology is such that the EO is not tested in isolation, but is always considered as part of the complete physical layer, i.e. TP1 is not used as a stimulus point, rather the complete physical layer is instructed to generate signals which are in turn measured at TP2. The main reason for this approach is to allow vendors the freedom to partition the contributions to noise and other non- ideal aspects across the physical layer instead of the present document imposing any such partitioning. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.2 Central wavelength measurement | The central wavelength shall be measured using an optical spectrum analyser per EIA/TIA standard FOTP-127/61.1 [2], 1991. This shall be measured under normal conditions using a valid PHY signal as specified in clause 5.2, and LPI will not be used to make this measurement. The symbol rate of the modulated signal is defined for each PHY in annexes from A to D. The central wavelength is defined as: λC = Piλi i=1 N ∑ Pi i=1 N ∑ where the power spectral density is measured in N points, taking the PSD Pi (in watts/nm) for each λi (in nm). |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.3 Spectral width measurement | The spectral width (RMS) shall be measured using an optical spectrum analyser per EIA/TIA standard FOTP-127/61.3 [2], 1991. This shall be measured under normal conditions using a valid PHY signal as specified in clause 5.2, and LPI will not be used to make this measurement. The symbol rate of the modulated signal is defined for each PHY in annexes from A to D. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 54 The spectral width is defined as: λW = Piλi 2 i=1 N ∑ Pi i=1 N ∑ ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎟ −λC 2 ⎛ ⎝ ⎜ ⎜ ⎜⎜ ⎞ ⎠ ⎟ ⎟ ⎟⎟ 1 2 where the power spectral density is measured in N points, taking the PSD Pi (in watts/nm) for each λi (in nm). |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.4 Extinction Ratio (ER) measurement | The Extinction Ratio (ER) shall be measured in time domain through the measurement of maximum optical power (P1) and minimum optical power (P0). It is defined as (in dBm): ( ) 0 1 10 / log 10 P P ER × = being P1 and P0 measured in mW, as the integration of all the optical PSD along the complete spectrum. To make negligible the effects in transmit signals of band limitation and possible AC coupling implementation of EO transmitter, a specific signal pattern shall be generated by the CMB. The signal pattern shall be generated configuring the PHY in Test mode 1. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.5 Average Optical Power (AOP) measurement | The AOP shall be measured at TP2 and TP3 by means of a large area photo-detector able to couple all the output optical power from the fibre. In order to make properly the AOP measurement, and considering the non-linear effects of the electrical-to-optical conversion of EO transmitter, the PHY shall be configured in Test mode 2 with M = 16 levels. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.5 Transmit rise/fall time characteristics | The transmit rise and fall times measurement shall be done using an electrical oscilloscope after optical to electrical conversion or an optical oscilloscope. The minimum required bandwidth of the optical-to-electrical converter and oscilloscope shall be 5 / 2 times the symbol rate FS defined for each PHY in the respective annexes. Excess bandwidth could be used to not degrade the measurement. Rise time shall be measured as the time to pass the optical signal from 20 % to 80 % of maximum amplitude. In a similar way, the fall time shall be measured as the time to pass the optical signal from 80 % to 20 % of maximum amplitude. The PHY shall be configured in Test mode 1 to make these measurements. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.6 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) measurement | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.6.1 Introduction to EVM | EVM measurements are used to define conformance specifications at TP2 including other non-linear effects of the optical transmitter that cannot be measured by the measurement procedures defined in clause 7.3. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.6.2 Reference receiver | Rather than analysing the optical signal from a transmitter directly, an idealized reference receiver is assumed, that demodulates and samples the signal prior to any EVM specification parameter computation. The reference receiver is illustrated in figure 44. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 55 Figure 44: Reference receiver for EVM specification The integrate & dump circuit gathers energy from whole symbol periods and, in effect, performs an average; this is equivalent to a matched filter receiver if the transmitter uses a rectangular pulse shaping filter (e.g. a zero order hold digital to analogue converter exhibits such a characteristic). The purpose of the block labelled "Sync" is to direct the timing of the "Integrate & dump" operation so that symbol spaced samples are taken at the end of each symbol period. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.6.3 Definitions | Throughout the EVM measurement description the following notation will be used: • Define %y t( ) as the continuous time domain optical signal present at TP2. • Define y t( ) as the corresponding electrical signal after an ideal / reference power photo-detector. • Define yk { } as the set of correctly synchronized baud-rate samples of y t( ) . • Define xk { } as the set of corresponding M-PAM levels transmitted, which are assumed known to the test environment. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.6.4 Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) | The Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) is a measure of the deviation between the actual signals at TP2 compared to the ideal. Measurement is performed assuming an ideal / reference receiver composing a direct photo-detector and a correctly synchronized baud rate sampling device. The formal definition of EVM is: EVM =100 × 1 N yk −xk ( ) 2 k=1 N ∑ E xk 2 ⎡⎣ ⎤⎦ % [ ] , where E xk 2 ⎡⎣ ⎤⎦ is the expected value of xk 2 used to normalize the EVM. Note that E xk 2 ⎡⎣ ⎤⎦ is known (and fixed) for a particular PAM modulation format, and so it does not need to be computed at run-time. Also note that under good signal to noise and small distortion conditions (which could be the case for transmitter measurements), it is not necessary for the test equipment to have exact knowledge of the transmit sequence xk { }, rather it can approximate xk { } by ˆyk { }, a collection of hard decisions based on the noisy observations yk { }. For an accurate EVM measurement it is suggested to use exact knowledge of sequence xk { }. Direct Photo- detector Integrate & Dump ∫ Analysis Electrical baseband signal Symbol spaced samples EVM TP2 Continuous time Discrete time Continuous or discrete time (implementation dependent) yk { } %y(t) y(t) Sync. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 56 |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.6.5 Signal pattern for EVM measurement | The CMB shall be instructed to generate the reference signal xk { } as pseudo-random M-PAM sequences, configuring the PHY in Test mode 2 (see clause 7.3.5.3). The number of M-PAM levels shall be configured through the Data Packet Interface, to make the EVM measurements as specified in clause 7.2.2. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.4.7 Transmitter timing jitter measurement | The transmitter timing jitter measurement shall be done using an internal or external optical to electrical converter and a general-purpose oscilloscope or jitter meter. The PHY shall be configured in Test mode 3 to generate the signal pattern for the transmitter timing jitter measurement. The RMS jitter of the crossing events of the EO transmit signal with the average optical power, measured at TP2, relative to the corresponding edges of an unjittered clock reference with a frequency of FS / 2 shall be measured. In order to guarantee null frequency deviation between the transmitter and the unjittered clock reference, the test instrument and testing device may share a low frequency clock reference if it can be proven this does not affect measurement accuracy. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.5 Characteristics of the Plastic Optical Fibre cabling (channel) | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 7.5.1 Duplex cable | The EO specified in the present clause is for a plastic optical fibre cable with a multimode optical fibre IEC 60793-2-40 [1] types A4a.2. The cable may be duplex or simplex. The construction of the duplex cable is illustrated in figure 45 and it may meet, but not limited to, the specifications given in table 11 or table 12. Jacket material specification is out of scope of the present document. Figure 45: Plastic Optical Fibre duplex cable Table 11: Plastic Optical Fibre duplex cable specification for 2,2 mm diameter Jacket Dimensions Units Min Nominal Max Minor Axis mm 2,13 2,20 2,27 Major Axis mm 4,30 4,40 4,50 Table 12: Plastic Optical Fibre duplex cable specification for 1,5 mm diameter Jacket Dimensions Units Min Nominal Max Minor Axis mm 1,43 1,49 1,55 Major Axis mm 2,85 3,00 3,15 Major Axis Minor Axis Major Axis Minor Axis ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 57 |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 8 Fibre connector specifications (Conn) | |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 8.1 Introduction to the fibre connector | The EO is coupled to the fibre optic cabling at the fibre connector. The fibre connector is the interface between the EO interface and the fibre optical cabling as specified in clause 7.5. The fibre connector shall be either: a) connectorized duplex receptacle of type LC, or b) connector-less duplex receptacle that accepts a bare duplex cable termination. |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 8.2 Connectorized duplex fibre connector | The EO interface is coupled to the fibre optic cabling through a connector plug into the fibre connector optical receptacle. The fibre connector optical receptacle is the duplex LC, meeting the following requirements: a) Meet the dimension and interface specifications of IEC 61754-20 [3] Ed.2.0. b) Meet the performance specifications as specified in IEC 61754-20 [3] Ed.2.0. c) Ensure that polarity is maintained. d) The transmit side of the receptacle is located on the left when viewed looking into the transceiver optical ports with the keys on the bottom surface. A sample drawing of a duplex LC connector is provided in figure 46. Figure 46: Duplex LC connector (informative) |
65f6ec82a1f2dba7e17c26a7e3a90b4f | 105 175-1-2 | 8.3 Connector-less duplex fibre connector | The EO interface is coupled to the fibre optic cabling by means of connector-less duplex receptacle that accepts a bare duplex cable termination, where the receive side of the receptacle is located on the right when viewed looking into the transceiver. The connector-less fibre connector requires no connector plug to be mounted on the plastic optical fibre cable. The terminated fibre cable (which could be cut with a simple cutting tool) is located and retained in the receptacle using a mechanism that relies on securing the cable by means of its jacket only. An example of a connector-less fibre connector is shown for information in figure 47. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 58 Figure 47: Connector-less duplex fibre connector (informative) ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 59 Annex A (normative): Specification for 1 000 Mbit/s over Plastic Optical Fibre A.1 Parameters specification for CMB 1 000 Mbit/s operation defines a set of parameters and requirements for a sub-class of PHYs. The specific parameters of the CMB that shall be met by a 1 000 Mbit/s PHY are the following: a) The transmit symbol frequency shall be within the range 312,5 MHz ± 100 ppm. b) The receive feature shall properly receive incoming data with a symbol rate within the range 312,5 MHz ± 100 ppm. c) The MLCC will be configured to 3,3145 bits per symbol corresponding to: 1 bit for the first two levels and 1,5 bits for the third level as illustrated in table 5. Therefore, the modulation format outgoing the CMB transmit function during the payload sub-blocks shall be 16-PAM. d) No ABR support shall be signalled by the PHY by means of the physical header PHD. e) Low Power Idle mode implementation is optional, and its support shall be signalled by means of the PHD. A.2 Delay constraints The sum of the transmit and receive data delays for an implementation of a 1 000 Mbits/s PHY shall not exceed 25 µs, regardless of the data packet length. A.3 EO specifications A.3.1 Transmitter optical specifications for POF link of 25 metres Any 1 000 Mbit/s transmitter shall meet the specifications defined in table A.1, as specified in clause 7.3.2, per measurements techniques defined in clause 7.4. Table A.1: 1 000 Mbit/s transmit optical characteristics at TP2 for 25 m of POF Description Value Units Transmitter type LED, Laser, VCSEL n/a Wavelength range (λ) 640 to 670 nm RMS spectral width (max) 30 nm Extinction ratio (min) 8 dB Average Optical Power (max) -1,5 dBm Average Optical Power (min) -8,0 dBm Trise / Tfall (max; 20 % to 80 %) 2,0 ns EVM for 2-PAM (max) 28 % EVM for 4-PAM (max) 29 % EVM for 8-PAM (max) 29 % Transmitter timing jitter (max) 8 ps RMS A.3.2 Receiver optical specifications for POF link of 25 metres Any 1 000 Mbit/s receiver shall meet the specifications defined in table A.2 as specified in clause 7.3.3, per measurement techniques defined in clause 7.4. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 60 Table A.2: 1 000 Mbit/s receiver optical characteristics at TP3 for 25 m of POF Description Value Units Wavelength range (λ) 640 to 670 nm Average Optical Power (max) -1,5 dBm Average Optical Power Sensitivity (min) (see note) -19 dBm NOTE: For minimum transmit ER. A.3.3 Worst-case link budget and system margin for POF of 25 metres Table A.3 contains information about the link power budget for 1 000 Mbit/s, congruent with the transmitter and receiver optical specifications given in clause A.3.1 and clause A.3.2. Table A.3: 1 000 Mbit/s worst-case link budget and system margin for 25 m of POF Description Value Units Fibre Insertion Loss 6,0 dBo Worst-case System Margin 5,0 dBo Worst-case Link Budget 11,0 dBo A.3.4 Transmitter optical specifications for POF link of 50 metres Any 1 000 Mbit/s transmitter shall meet the specifications defined in table A.4, as specified in clause 7.3.2, per measurements techniques defined in clause 7.4. Table A.4: 1 000 Mbit/s transmit optical characteristics at TP2 for 50 m of POF Description Value Units Transmitter type LED, Laser, VCSEL n/a Wavelength range (λ) 640 to 670 nm RMS spectral width (max) 30 nm Extinction ratio (min) 8 dB Average Optical Power (max) -1,5 dBm Average Optical Power (min) -7,0 dBm Trise / Tfall (max; 20 % to 80 %) 2,0 ns EVM for 2-PAM (max) 28 % EVM for 4-PAM (max) 29 % EVM for 8-PAM (max) 29 % Transmitter timing jitter (max) 8 ps RMS A.3.5 Receiver optical specifications for POF link of 50 metres Any 1 000 Mbit/s receiver shall meet the specifications defined in table A.5 as specified in clause 7.3.3, per measurement techniques defined in clause 7.4. Table A.5: 1 000 Mbit/s receiver optical characteristics at TP3 for 50 m POF Description Value Units Wavelength range (λ) 640 to 670 nm Average Optical Power (max) -1,5 dBm Average Optical Power Sensitivity (min) (see note) -19,0 dBm NOTE: For minimum transmit ER. A.3.6 Worst-case link budget and system margin for POF of 50 metres Table A.6 contains information about the link power budget for 1 000 Mbit/s, congruent with the transmitter and receiver optical specifications given in clauses A.3.1 and A.3.4. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 61 Table A.6: 1 000 Mbit/s worst-case link budget and system margin for 50 m POF Description Value Units Fibre Insertion Loss 10,0 dBo Worst-case System margin 2,0 dBo Worst-case Link Budget 12,0 dBo ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 62 Annex B (normative): Specification for 100 Mbit/s over Plastic Optical Fibre B.1 Parameters specification for CMB 100 Mbit/s defines a set of parameters and requirements for a sub-class of PHYs. The specific parameters of the CMB that shall be met by a 100 Mbit/s PHY are the following: a) The transmit symbol frequency shall be within the range 62,5 MHz ± 100 ppm. b) The receive feature shall properly receive incoming data with a symbol rate within the rage 62,5 MHz ± 100 ppm. c) The MLCC will be configured to 1,8145 bits per symbol corresponding to: 1 bit for the first two levels and no bits for the third level as illustrated in table 5. Therefore, the modulation format outgoing the CMB transmit function during the payload sub-blocks shall be 4-PAM. d) No ABR support shall be signalled by the PHY by means of the physical header PHD. e) Low Power Idle mode implementation is optional, and its support shall be signalled by means of the PHD. B.2 Delay constraints The sum of the transmit and receive data delays for an implementation of a 100 Mbit/s PHY shall not exceed 90 µs, regardless of the data packet length. B.3 EO interface specifications B.3.1 Transmitter optical specifications Any 100 Mbit/s transmitter shall meet the specifications defined in table B.1, as specified in clause 7.3.2 per measurements techniques defined in clause 7.4. Table B.1: 100 Mbit/s transmit optical characteristics at TP2 Description Value Units Transmitter type LED, Laser, VCSEL n/a Wavelength range (λ) 640 to 670 nm RMS spectral width (max) 30 nm Extinction ratio (min) 8 dB Average Optical Power (max) -1,5 dBm Average Optical Power (min) -8,0 dBm Trise / Tfall (max; 20 % to 80 %) 7 ns EVM for 2-PAM (max) 19 % EVM for 4-PAM (max) 21 % EVM for 8-PAM (max) 21 % Transmitter timing jitter (max) 43 ps RMS ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 63 B.3.2 Receiver optical specifications for POF link of 100 metres Any 100 Mbit/s receiver shall meet the specifications defined in table B.2 as specified in clause 7.3.3, per measurement techniques defined in clause 7.4. Table B.2: 100 Mbit/s receiver optical characteristics at TP3 for 100 m POF Description Value Units Wavelength range (λ) 640 to 670 nm Average Optical Power (max) -1,5 dBm Average Optical Power Sensitivity (min) (see note) -33,0 dBm NOTE: For minimum transmit ER. B.3.3 Worst-case link budget and system margin for POF of 100 metres Table B.3 contains information about the link power budget for 100 Mbit/s, congruent with the transmitter and receiver optical specifications given in clauses B.3.1 and B.3.2. Table B.3: 100 Mbit/s worst-case link budget and system margin for 100 m POF Description Value Units Fibre Insertion loss 18,0 dBo Worst-case System Margin 7,0 dBo Worst-case Link Budget 25,0 dBo ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 64 Annex C (normative): Specification for Gigabit Adaptive Bit Rate over Plastic Optical Fibre C.1 Parameters specification for CMB The gigabit adaptive bit rate defines a set of parameters and requirements for a sub-class of PHYs. The specific parameters of the CMB sublayers that shall be met by a gigabit adaptive bit rate PHY are the following: a) The transmit symbol frequency shall be within the range 312,5 MHz ± 100 ppm. b) The receive feature shall properly receive incoming data with a symbol rate within the range 312,5 MHz ± 100 ppm. c) The MLCC shall be configured according to the channel capacity. The receiver shall estimate the most suitable configuration and request its use to the transmitter using the relevant PHD fields. The receiver may implement the bit rate decision based on the reception quality of the pilot signals and/or the data payload sub-blocks. d) Low Power Idle mode implementation is optional, and its support shall be signalled by means of the PHD. The field PHD.TX.NEXT.CODING.SE specifies the MLCC configuration that shall be used by the transmitter in the next frame. The receiver shall configure the CMB to ensure that the specified MLCC configuration is used in the next frame. The PHD.RX.REQ.CODING.SE specifies the MLCC configuration that the receiver requests the transmitter to use in the next frame. The transmitter, when possible, should use that configuration in the next frame. A gigabit adaptive bit rate PHY shall be able to work at data-rates less than 1 000 Mbit/s. An implementation of a 1 Gbit/s data interface is recommended, to reduce both complexity and data delay. For systems integrating gigabit adaptive bit rate with no exposed data interfaces, there are no constraints on the possible MLCC configurations that can be used. C.2 MLCC bit rate configurations Table C.1 provides the bit-rate for the different configurations of MLCC encoding implementing adaptive bit rate. The bit-rate is provided at the input of the encapsulation procedure carried out by the CMB transmit function, taking into account the overheads produced by the transmission of the pilot signals and physical header as well as the overhead produced by the encapsulation of user data in PDB blocks. Table C.1: MLCC bit rate configurations for gigabit adaptive bit rate η (bits/s/ Hz/D) M-PAM nb(1) (bits/dim) nb(2) (bits/dim) nb(3) (bits/dim) PHY bit rate (Mbit/s) 0,825 4 2 1 0 0 249 1,314 5 4 1 0,5 0 396 1,814 5 4 1 1 0 547 2,314 5 8 1 1 0,5 698 2,814 5 8 1 1 1,0 849 3,314 5 16 1 1 1,5 1 000 C.3 Delay constraints The sum of the transmit and receive data delays for an implementation of a gigabit adaptive bit rate PHY shall not exceed the values provided in table C.2 in microseconds. These delay values are provided for data packets of 1 518 octets. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 65 Table C.2: Delay constraints as function of MLCC configuration for a gigabit adaptive bit rate PHY Data packet of 1 518 octets η (bits/s/ Hz/D) M-PAM PHY bit rate (Mbit/s) Delay max (µs) 0,825 4 2 249 64 1,314 5 4 396 51 1,814 5 4 547 42 2,314 5 8 698 44 2,814 5 8 849 40 3,314 5 16 1 000 25 For data delays provided in table C.2 it is assumed that a 1 Gbit/s data interface is used as data interface for PHY rates equal to or less than 1 000 Mbit/s. For data packets with minimum length of 64 octets, the delay constraints can be reduced. The sum of the transmit and receive data delays for an implementation of an gigabit adaptive bit rate PHY shall not exceed the values provided in table C.3 in microseconds, for data packets of 64 octets. Table C.3: Delay constraints as function of MLCC configuration for gigabit adaptive bit rate PHY Data packets of 64 octets η (bits/s/ Hz/D) M-PAM PHY bit rate (Mbit/s) Delay max (µs) 0,825 4 2 249 13 1,314 5 4 396 19 1,814 5 4 547 18 2,314 5 8 698 25 2,814 5 8 849 25 3,314 5 16 1 000 25 As specified in clause 5.2.3.5.1, when the data packet length is known, the encapsulation procedure shall include this information in the PDB.CTRL preceding the data packet. For this kind of data packets, the delay can be reduced when PHY bit rate is less than the 1 Gbit/s data interface, since the buffering of CMB de-encapsulation does not require storing the complete data packet before starting the transfer to the reception data interface. Delays for this kind of data packets are provided only as information in table C.4 and table C.5. Table C.4: Delay constraints as function of MLCC configuration for gigabit adaptive bit rate PHY, in case of data packets with signalled Length data packet of 1 518 octets η (bits/s/ Hz/D) M-PAM PHY bit rate (Mbit/s) Delay max (µs) 0,825 4 2 249 51 1,314 5 4 396 38 1,814 5 4 547 29 2,314 5 8 698 30 2,814 5 8 849 27 3,314 5 16 1 000 25 Table C.5: Delay constraints as function of MLCC configuration for gigabit adaptive bit rate, in case of data packets with signalled Length data packet of 64 octets η (bits/s/ Hz/D) M-PAM PHY bit rate (Mbit/s) Delay max (µs) 0,825 4 2 249 12 1,314 5 4 396 18 1,814 5 4 547 18 2,314 5 8 698 25 2,814 5 8 849 25 3,314 5 16 1 000 25 ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 66 C.4 EO specifications C.4.1 Transmitter optical specifications Any gigabit adaptive bit rate transmitter shall meet the same specifications as the 1 Gbit/s bit rate transmitter. They are defined in table A.1, per measurement techniques defined in clause 7.4. C.4.2 Receiver optical specifications Any gigabit adaptive bit rate receiver shall meet the specifications defined in table A.2 for a POF link of 25 metres length when the provided PHY rate is 1 000 Mbit/s, per measurement techniques defined in clause 7.3. C.4.3 Adaptive Bit Rate performance Table C.6 provides, only for information, the performance that may be provided by a gigabit adaptive bit rate PHY that fits with the optical specifications defined in clause C.4.1 and clause C.4.2, as a function of the POF link length as well as the transmit average optical power. For the data reported in table C.6, the transmit AOP variation can be considered either produced by temperature dependency of the light emitter or produced by coupling, bending, or connectors losses in the fibre and/or the receiver. Table C.6: Gigabit Adaptive Bit Rate performance Transmit AOP (dBm) PHY rate (Mbit/s) 10 m POF IL = 3 dBo PHY rate (Mbit/s) 25 m POF IL = 6 dBo PHY rate (Mbit/s) 50 m POF IL = 10 dBo PHY rate (Mbit/s) 80 m POF IL = 14,7 dBo PHY rate (Mbit/s) 100 m POF IL = 18 dBo -1,5 1 754 1 754 1 452 1 000 547 -3,0 1 754 1 603 1 301 849 396 -6,0 1 603 1 452 1 150 698 249 -8,0 1 603 1 301 1 000 547 NO LINK ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 67 Annex D (normative): Specification for hundred adaptive bit rate over Plastic Optical Fibre D.1 Parameters specification for CMB The hundred adaptive bit rate defines a set of parameters and requirements for a sub-class of PHYs. The specific parameters of the CMB sublayers that shall be met by a hundred adaptive bit rate PHY are the following: a) The transmit symbol frequency shall be within the range 62,5 MHz ± 100 ppm. b) The receive feature shall properly receive incoming data with a symbol rate within the range 62,5 MHz ± 100 ppm. c) The MLCC shall be configured according to the channel capacity. The receiver shall estimate the most suitable configuration and request its use to the transmitter using the relevant PHD fields. The receiver may implement the bit rate decision based on the reception quality of the pilot signals and/or the data payload sub-blocks. d) Low Power Idle mode implementation is optional, and its support shall be signalled by means of the PHD. The field PHD.TX.NEXT.CODING.SE specifies the MLCC configuration that is used by the transmitter in the next frame. The receiver shall configure the CMB to ensure that the specified MLCC configuration is used in the next frame. The PHD.RX.REQ.CODING.SE specifies the MLCC configuration that the receiver requests the transmitter to use in the next frame. The transmitter when possible should use that configuration in the next frame. A hundred adaptive bit rate PHY shall be able to work at data-rates greater than and less than 100 Mbit/s. If the data interface services interface is exposed in form of 100 Mbit/s or 1 000 Gbit/s interface, the PHY shall implement 1 000 Mbit/s data interface to be able to carry information at bit-rates greater than 100 Mbit/s. In case only MLCC rates of approximately 100 Mbit/s or less are supported, implementation of a 100 Mbit/s data interface is recommended to reduce the total delay (transmit plus receive), see table D.1. For systems integrating hundred adaptive bit rate with no exposed data interfaces, there are no constraints on the possible MLCC configurations that can be used. D.2 MLCC bit rate configurations Table D.1 provides the bit-rate for the different configurations of MLCC encoding implementing adaptive bit rate. The bit-rate is provided at the input of the encapsulation carried out by the CMB transmit function, taking into account the overheads produced by the transmission of the pilot signals and physical header as well as the overhead produced by the encapsulation of user data in PDB blocks. Table D.1: MLCC bit rate configurations for hundred adaptive bit rate PHY η (bits/s/ Hz/D) M-PAM nb(1) (bits/dim) nb(2) (bits/dim) nb(3) (bits/dim) PHY bit rate (Mb/s) Data interface 0,825 4 2 1 0 0 49 100 Mbit/s 1,314 5 4 1 0,5 0 79 100 Mbit/s 1,814 5 4 1 1 0 109 100 Mbit/s D.3 Delay constraints The sum of the transmit and receive data delays for an implementation of an hundred adaptive bit rate PHY shall not exceed the values provided in table D.2 in microseconds. These delay values are provided for data packets of 1 518 octets. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 68 Table D.2: Delay constraints as function of MLCC configuration for hundred adaptive bit rate PHY, data packets of 1 518 octets η (bits/s/ Hz/D) M-PAM PHY bit rate (Mbit/s) Data interface Delay max (µs) 0,825 4 2 49 100 Mbit/s 324 1,314 5 4 79 100 Mbit/s 258 1,814 5 4 109 100 Mbit/s 90 For data delays provided in table D.2 it is assumed that 100 Mbit/s data interface is used for PHY rates equal to or less than 109 Mbit/s, and 1 000 Mbit/s is used for greater PHY rates. The delay constraints are valid for any data packet transmitted from 100 Mbit/s and 1 000 Mbit/s, independently of whether the length information is provided. For data packets with minimum length of 64 octets, the delay constraints can be reduced. The sum of the transmit and receive data delays for an implementation of a hundred adaptive bit rate PHY shall not exceed the values provided in table D.3 in microseconds, for data packets of 64 octets. Table D.3: Delay constraints as function of MLCC configuration for hundred adaptive bit rate PHY, data packet of 64 octets η (bits/s/ Hz/D) M-PAM PHY bit rate (Mbit/s) Data interface Delay max (µs) 0,825 4 2 49 100 Mbit/s 64 1,314 5 4 79 100 Mbit/s 95 1,814 5 4 109 100 Mbit/s 90 As specified in clause 5.2.3.5.1, when the data packet length information is provided, the encapsulation procedure shall include this information in the PDB.CTRL preceding the data frame. For this kind of data packets, the delay can be reduced when PHY bit rate is less than the 1 000 Mbit/s and 100 Mbit/s rate, since the buffering of CMB de- encapsulation does not require storing the complete data packet before starting the data interface transfer. Delays for this kind of data packets are provided only as information in table D.4 and table D.5. Table D.4: Delay constraints as function of MLCC configuration for hundred adaptive bit rate PHY, in case of data packets with provided length information, data packet of 1 518 octets η (bits/s/ Hz/D) M-PAM PHY bit rate (Mbit/s) Data interface Delay max (µs) 0,825 4 2 49 100 Mbit/s 189 1,314 5 4 79 100 Mbit/s 123 1,814 5 4 109 100 Mbit/s 90 Table D.5: Delay constraints as function of MLCC configuration for hundred adaptive bit rate PHY, in case of data packets with signalled length data packet of 64 octets η (bits/s/ Hz/D) M-PAM PHY bit rate (Mbit/s) Data interface Delay max (µs) 0,825 4 2 49 100 Mbit/s 59 1,314 5 4 79 100 Mbit/s 89 1,814 5 4 109 100 Mbit/s 90 D.4 EO specifications D.4.1 Transmitter optical specifications Any hundred adaptive bit rate PHY transmitter shall meet the same specifications that hundred adaptive bit rate PHY. They are defined in table B.1, per measurements techniques defined in clause 7.4. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 69 D.4.2 Receiver optical specifications Any hundred adaptive bit rate PHY receiver shall meet the specifications defined in table B.2 for a POF link of 100 metres length when the provided PHY rate is 100 Mbit/s, per measurement techniques defined in clause 7.3. D.4.3 Adaptive Bit Rate performance Table D.6 provides, only for information, the performance that may be provided by a hundred adaptive bit rate PHY that fits with the optical specifications defined in clause D.4.1 and clause D.4.2, as a function of the POF link length as well as the transmit average optical power. For the data reported in table D.6, the transmit AOP variation can be considered either produced by temperature dependency of the light emitter or produced by coupling, bending, or connectors losses in the fibre and/or the receiver. Table D.6: Adaptive Bit Rate performance Transmit AOP (dBm) PHY rate (Mbit/s) 25 m POF IL = 6 dBo PHY rate (Mbit/s) 50 m POF IL = 10 dBo PHY rate (Mbit/s) 100 m POF IL = 18 dBo PHY rate (Mbit/s) 150 m POF IL = 25 dBo PHY rate (Mbit/s) 200 m POF IL = 32 dBo -1,5 109 109 109 109 79 -3,0 109 109 109 109 49 -6,0 109 109 109 109 NO LINK -8,0 109 109 109 109 NO LINK ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 V1.1.1 (2015-04) 70 History Document history V1.1.1 April 2015 Publication |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 1 Scope | The present document provides a compendium of application requirements for full-duplex 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s Ethernet based home networking infrastructures based on Plastic Optical Fibre (POF) transmission media. The description of applications covers different network topologies as well as different field particularities. |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 2 References | |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 2.1 Normative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents, which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location, might be found at http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long-term validity. The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. [1] ETSI TS 105 175-1 (V2.0.0): "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Plastic Optical Fibre System Specifications for 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s". [2] IEC 60793-2:2011: "Optical fibres - Part 2: Product specifications - General". [3] IEC 60793-2-40: "Optical fibres - Part 2-40: Product specifications - Sectional specification for category A4 multimode fibres". [4] IEC 60794-2-40: "Optical fibre cables - Part 2-40: Indoor optical fibre cables - Family specification for A4 fibre cables". [5] ETSI TS 105 175-1-2: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Plastic Optical Fibres; Part 1: Plastic Optical Fibre System Specifications for 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s; Sub-part 2: 1 Gbit/s and 100 Mbit/s physical layer for Plastic Optical Fibres". [6] CENELEC EN 50173-1:2011: "Information technology - Generic cabling systems - Part 1: General requirements". [7] CENELEC EN 50173-4:2007: "Information technology - Generic cabling systems - Part 4: Homes". [8] IETF RFC 2544: "Benchmarking Methodology for Network Interconnect Devices". [9] IEEE™ 802.3: "IEEE™ Standard for Ethernet". [10] Recommendation ITU-T Y.1564: "Ethernet service activation test methodology". |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 2.2 Informative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long-term validity. The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] Recommendation ITU-T G.9960: "Unified high-speed wire-line based home networking transceivers - System architecture and physical layer specification". ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 6 [i.2] IEEE™ 802.3z: "Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers, Repeater and Management Parameters for 1,000 Mb/s Operation, Supplement to Information Technology - Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications". [i.3] IEEE™ 802.3u: "Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Supplement - Media Access Control (MAC) Parameters, Physical Layer, Medium Attachment Units and Repeater for 100Mb/s Operation, Type 100BASE-T (clauses 21-30)". [i.4] IEEE™ 802.1Q: "IEEE™ Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Virtual Bridged Local Area Networks". [i.5] IEEE™ 802.1p: "IEEE™ Standard for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Supplement to Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges: Traffic Class Expediting and Dynamic Multicast Filtering". [i.6] IEEE™ 802.1D: "IEEE™ Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks: Media Access Control (MAC) Bridges". [i.7] IEEE™ 802.11a -1999: "Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) specifications. High-speed Physical Layer in the 5 GHz Band". [i.8] European Council Document 12608: "The potential dangers of electromagnetic fields and their effect on the environment". [i.9] Broadband Forum TR-069 Amendment 4: "CPE WAN Management Protocol". [i.10] IETF RFC from 3410 to 3418: "Internet Management Protocol. SNMPv3". [i.11] Broadband Forum TR-143: "Enabling Network Throughput Performance Tests and Statistical Monitoring". [i.12] ICT ALPHA [PUBLIC] D1.1p: "Architectures for flexible Photonic Home and Access Networks' - "End user future services in access, mobile and in building networks". [i.13] ANSI/TIA/EIA-568: "Commercial Building Telecommunications Cabling Standards". [i.14] ISO/IEC 9314-3:1990: "Information processing systems -- Fibre distributed Data Interface (FDDI) -- Part 3: Physical Layer Medium Dependent (PMD)". |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: B2B Business-to-Business BER Bit Error Rate BW Bandwidth CAT Category CPE Customer Premises Equipment DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications DVB-X Digital Video Broadcasting technology ECG Electro Cardio Gram EHC Electronic Health Care EHG Electro Hystero Gram EMC Electro Magnetic Compatibility EMI Electro Magnetic Immunity EU European Union FDDI Fibre Distributed Data Interface FEC Forward Error Correction FER Frame Error Rate FTTH Fibre To The Home GOF Glass Optical Fibre HD High Definition ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 7 HDTV High Definition Television ICT Information and Communication Technologies IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IP Internet Protocol IPTV IP Television IT Information Technology ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-T ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector LC Lucent Connector MAC Media Access Control MDI Medium Dependent Interface MDU Multi Dwelling Units MIC Media Interface Connector MMOG Massively Multiplayers Online Games MTRJ Mechanical Transfer Registered Jack MTTFPA Mean Time To False Packet Acceptance MTU Maximum Transfer Unit NA Not Applicable NDIM Neighbouring Domain Interference Mitigation NIR Near Infra Red NRZ Non Return to Zero NRZI Non Return to Zero Inverted OFDM Orthogonal Frequency De-multiplexing PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation PCS Physical Coding Sublayer PDA Personal Digital Assistant PHY Physical PLC Power Line Communications PMA Physical Medium Attachment PMD Physical Medium Dependent POF Plastic Optical Fibre RFC Request for Comments (RFC) is a publication of the Internet Engineering Task Force RJ Registered Jack RX Reception SC Subscriber Connector SI-POF Step Index Plastic Optical Fibre ST Straight Tip connector STB Set Top Box STB/TV Set Top Box / Television TC Technical Committee TV Television TX Transmission UHDTV Ultra High Definition TV UPA Universal Powerline Association US United States of America VDE VDE, the Association for Electrical, Electronic &Information Technologies VLAN Virtual Local Area Network VPN Virtual Private Network xDSL Generic Digital Subscriber Line technology |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4 New home networking application requirements | |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.1 Introduction | In the past, POF has been used in the networking market with limited success. The main reasons for that are: • xDSL was bringing up to 20 Mbit/s to the home. • PLC and Wi-Fi™ already fulfilled the requirement for the home networking. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 8 In Europe, since 2009, and much earlier in Japan, South Korea and US, the situation has changed. Telecom operators are in a competitive race of bit rates and prices and are using different access technologies as marketing slogans. In parallel with this market push effort, bit rate demand is steadily increasing due to new services like HD-IPTV, Clouding, VPN, and life/work styles (Remote jobs, self-employment, etc.). This competitive landscape has forced telecom operators to invest on massive FTTH deployment projects. • At the end of 2011 > 75 million FTTH subscribers worldwide. At 2020, up to 50 % of EU households should have 100 Mbit/s. The bitrate race has started from 20 Mbit/s (xDSL/Cable) to 50 Mbit/s, 100 Mbit/s and 200 Mbit/s. Rather than price reduction as a strategy, telecom operators are offering more and more bit-rates supporting new services. To fulfil this trend, a robust, reliable, stable and flexible network topology is needed within the house. The customer needs to be able to use the total provided bit-rate in any point of the house as well as have a remaining extra bandwidth to be used for services like file sharing and local video streaming. A hybrid mixture of networking technologies, offering Fixed-Wired-Reliable network and a Wi-Fi Flexible-Mobility- Ubiquity, is demanded. Tablets, Laptops and smart-phones require a Mobile network. Fixed PCs, Multimedia hard- drives, IPTV set-top-boxes and routers are normally wire connected. New wire installations may reuse mains conduits within a daisy chain/tree topology. This is the easiest, less expensive and fastest way to introduce a new wiring either in green (new construction) or brown (already constructed) fields. Moreover, wired networks are naturally more "Energy Efficient" than wireless. Energy efficiency is an important topic in the society for two reasons: environmental care arguments are forcing the use of an Energy Efficient infrastructure. Secondly, health reasons are starting to force the limitation in transmitted power in the Wi-Fi network, limiting the high-speed coverage to a single room (see Council of Europe. Document 12608 [i.8] May 6th 2011). |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.2 FTTH deployment | Even when Asia-Pacific countries are leading the FTTH deployment, North America is following with a big growth rate. Europe is following the tendency. This deployment multiplies by 2, 4 or even 10 times the available bitrates in the home. New services are offered in parallel to just the Internet connection. This increase of the services is seen by the Internet Providers as a fundamental requirement in todays competitive market. The Internet Provider offers the bit rate and the services. That is why the quality of the access network, as well as the quality of the home network is a major requirement of this deployment. Home networking has to accommodate to the required performance, robustness, and feasibility of the offered services. The Internet providers are the main supporters of a high quality home networking. |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.3 Internet based services | To the traditional World Wide Web surfing and e-mail services, other services have been added to the public Internet offer: • Voice over IP: Traditional analogue phone lines are being replaced more and more with VoIP digital technology. Nevertheless, the requirements of this service are more related with signal jitter and latency than with bit rates. A low packet error rate is required to avoid artefacts in the sound. • Video over IP, or IPTV: Consists on providing video services over IP networks, within a local network, or via the Internet. Currently the IPTV business is growing and competing with Satellite, Cable and Terrestrial TV. The biggest added value of IPTV over its competitors is the Pay-Per-View service. IPTV requires high bandwidths up to 16 Mbit/s for a very high quality HD compressed video. Multi room IPTV (several TVs in a home) is now becoming a popular service offered in most of the provider portfolio. Jitter is typically an important metric for this type of service, whereas latency is not. There is an increase in demand for HDTV as well as more than one HDTV terminal per household. Each HDTV service requires around 4 Mbit/s to 20 Mbit/s depending on the quality issued and programme type (news, sports, etc.). ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 9 • Telework: Home-based Businesses and Remote employment opportunities. Remote access to office networks requires bitrates in the order of 1 Mbit/s to 10 Mbit/s. But home workers will appreciate speeds as fast as possible, even 100 Mbit/s, to have the same work experience as in the office. Telework is growing in US and Europe as a consequence of the economic downturn and the increasing cost of transportation. Work-life balance is also playing an important role in Telework growth. • Telehealth: Access to Healthcare Professionals and "multiplication of specialists". Consists mainly in video traffic, requiring low latency and 2 Mbit/s speed. • Tele-education: Specialized courses, retention of impacted workers and enhancement of classroom training. Typical requirements are around 1 Mbit/s to 2 Mbit/s speed. • E-Government: Access to forms and applications, communication to representatives, citizen involvement, intelligent first-responders. • File storing in the "cloud": The requirement is "as fast as possible". Pictures and videos represents multi gigabyte source of information in a house nowadays. Moving all this information may take forever if speed is not high enough. • Online gaming: Requirements of 1 Mbit/s and low latency is needed for this service. • Sustainability: Energy management systems within the home and the future Smart Grid deployment will also add to the demand for higher bandwidth at home. In table 1 a summary of the main needs of current Internet services is shown (see ICT Alpha [i.12]). Table 1: Needs of Internet services Service Bit rate Delay Jitter Packet loss Mobility Traffic Priority Security Internet 1 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s Relaxed specification < 10 ms None (BER < 10-8) Yes Low No Music 5 kbit/s to 128 kbit/s Buffer dependent Buffer dependent < 1 % Yes High No File sharing (peer-to- peer) 1 Mbit/s to 100 Mbit/s Relaxed specification < 10 ms None (BER < 10-8) Yes Low No Web3D 10 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s Relaxed specification < 10 ms None (BER < 10-8) Yes Low No |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.4 Current in-home networking services | The communication networks essentially allow an exchange of information between persons, between persons and equipment (e.g. a video server), and between equipment (e.g. a sensor and an actuator). Based on the type of the information exchange and the inherent service requirements, the following groups/classes of services can be identified (see ICT Alpha [i.12]): • Basic communication such as telephony, e-mail, and instant messaging. • Internet-related services such as general browsing, e-banking, e-shopping and similar; including file sharing. • Video-related services such as Video on Demand, IPTV, video conferencing and similar. • Online Virtual Environments such as social network or gaming. • Remote Technical services such as the ability to remotely control/survey your home. • Remote Health services such as remote health monitoring. From the above classification, video-related services are among the most bandwidth demanding services with presence today at the home. A few examples follow: • IPTV. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 10 • Video on Demand, multimedia content production and delivery. • Video conferencing and video telephony. • Video streaming/Home Theatre. • TV Broadcast (DVB-X). Table 2 summarizing the demands for these applications follows (see ICT Alpha [i.12]). Table 2: New application demands Service Bit rate Delay Jitter Packet loss Mobility Traffic Priority Security IPTV 2 Mbit/s to 20 Mbit/s (for HD) < 400 ms; 200 ms recommended < 50 ms < 1 %; < 0,1 % recommended Yes High No VoD 2 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s < 400 ms; 200 ms recommended < 50 ms < 1 %; < 0,1 % recommended Yes High No Videoconference 128 kbit/s to 4 Mbit/s < 400 ms; 200 ms recommended < 50 ms < 1 %; < 0,1 % recommended Yes High No Video Streaming (uncompressed) 128 kbit/s to 10 Gbit/s < 400 ms; 200 ms recommended < 50 ms < 1 %; < 0,1 % recommended No High No TV Broadcast (DVB-IP) 96 kbit/s to 45 Mbit/s (HD) < 400 ms < 20 ms None (or use FEC) Yes High No TV Broadcast (DVB-x, non IP based) N/A rather BW occupied up to 8 MHz < 400 ms < 20 ms None (or use FEC) Yes High No Immersive TV (e.g. UHDTV) 24 Gbit/s uncompressed; < 640 Mbit/s compressed < 400 ms; < 150 ms recommended < 20 ms < 0,4 % No High No Immersive Videoconference using UHDTV < 640 Mbit/s compressed < 400 ms; < 150 ms recommended < 20 ms < 0,2 % No High No Stereoscopic TV 62,5 Mbit/s to 320 Mbit/s < 400 ms; < 150 ms recommended < 20 ms < 0,4 % No High No Free Viewpoint TV 937,5 Mbit/s < 400 ms; < 150 ms recommended < 20 ms < 0,4 % No High No |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.5 Current home networking technologies | |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.5.1 Introduction | 4. |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 5.1 Introduction | The main classification criteria for home networking technologies is the one based on wired versus no wired home networks. The flexibility provided by no wired networks has to be well balanced with other advantages provided by the wired technologies. These advantages are summarized in the following paragraph: • Wired networks are more stable and dependable than wireless and channel interference in wired network from other devices is non-existent (or other access points operating in the same channel). • Wired networks are faster than their wireless counterparts with, multi-media, voice, video, network games and other real time applications performing better in a wired network. • Wired networks are more secure despite the existence of encryption in wireless networks. It is still possible for a determined hacker to access the network with the right tools or awareness of vulnerabilities in the network but wired networks can only be connected from within the home thus making it difficult for the hacker to access. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 11 |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.5.2 Ethernet CAT-5e/CAT-6 100 Mbit/s / 1 000 Mbit/s | This is the main solution to connect ONTs or Modems to routers and/or IPTV set-top-boxes when distances are higher than a few meters. Is based on the IEEE™ 802.3z [i.2] (1000BASE-T) and IEEE™ 802.3u [i.3] (100BASE-T) standard for the physical layer and the cable is based on ANSI/TIA/EIA-568 [i.13]. The main drawback of this technology is the thickness of CAT-5e or CAT-6 cable. It is difficult for the customer to carry out an invisible installation. Technical support and installation is needed due to the need of cable connectorization and termination. |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.5.3 Wi-Fi 802. 11 a/b/g/n/ac | Wi-Fi (IEEE™ 802.11 [i.7]) is the technology of choice for mobile devices like Laptops, Tablets and Smart-Phones. It normally offers a good QoS within a single room range. Nevertheless, Wi-Fi performance degrades very fast with the number of walls to be crossed and neighbours sharing the same channels. It is a known fact that 2,4 GHz channels are already saturated in big cities. The use of 5 GHz channels provides a new future to the Wi-Fi technology. 5 GHz is currently being adopted in Europe and US. On the other hand there is a growing trend from the European Commission to warn on potential health issue from microwave radiation. Recommendations on Wi-Fi banning and power limitation on schools, libraries, etc. where children and young people are present, have been recently issued (see European Council Document 12608 [i.8]). |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.5.4 Power Line Communications (PLC) | PLC has been used for the last 10 years. Several standards are available without interoperability (HomePlug™, UPA, HomeGrid, etc.). G.hn is expected to solve this multi-standard situation that is jeopardizing the market growth. PLC is typically deployed to avoid the installation of CAT-5e links between distant places within the same home. Devices are connected to the PLC modems using either CAT-5e cables or Wi-Fi. PLC cannot guarantee either bitrate or quality in terms of packet loss (unless packet repetition technology is enabled with a big hit on jitter and latency). Several Internet Providers have discontinued PLC offering in their portfolios due to a 5 % to 20 % complain ratios from customers due to unacceptable QoS. PLC is a shared media and always needs to fight external disturbances from home appliances and neighbours in condominiums. |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.5.5 G.hn | G.hn (Recommendation ITU-T G.9960 [i.1]) is the big strategic move of the home networking industry trying to join together all the cable technologies in the home, Coaxial, Phone line and Power line, guaranteeing interoperability. The bit rates provided by G.hn go up to several hundreds of Mbit/s. G.hn will be used in most of the houses where the existing cabling provides enough coverage. QoS is stable during operation time for all types of wires. G.hn provides both prioritized and parameterized QoS und solves the PLC problem of shared media by a Neighbouring Domain Interference Mitigation (NDIM) function. There are also some issues in some EU countries with the radiated power of these technologies. Further G.hn advantages are information privacy by end-to-end encryption, and profiles adapted to complexity of CPE, e.g. residential gateways with high data rate and home automation devices with low data rate. Usage of star topology and passive optical splitters in simplex POF networks offers P2MP and MP2MP communication possibilities. |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.5.6 POF (100 Mbit/s) | Plastic Optical Fibre based home networks have been deployed for the last few years. POF has a clear value proposition when compared to other "new wires" installations like CAT-5e/CAT-6 as it is easier to install. POF installations do not require any connectorization and can be laid down sharing the existing main ducts. Several financial studies based on field trials report savings on the order of 15 % to 20 % mainly coming from installation time. Figure 1 shows a typical POF installation. A more detailed POF topology description is provided in clause 5.3. A well-established market of device OEMs and installation companies exists in Europe and North America. China is rapidly adopting POF as a cheap and easy way to deploy broadband home networks. Continental associations are already promoting POF within the home construction, rehabilitation and Office installation professionals (POF association, POF Chinese Association, etc.). ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 12 Figure 1: Typical POF based home network All the POF networking equipment so far in the market is using simple NRZ modulation techniques inherited from the Glass Optical Fibre world thus limiting the performance to 100 Mbit/s for typical home links on the order of 10 m to 20 m. A comparison of different home network technologies is summarized in table 3. Table 3: Comparison between home network technologies ISSUE POF (simplex) POF (duplex) CAT-5e/6 HomePlugTM (PLC) HomePNATM (Coax+Phon.) Coax Wireless Customer Installable Yes Yes Not Yes Yes No Not Always Network user reconfigurable Yes Yes No No No No N/A Whole House Coverage Yes (note 1) Yes (note 1) Not Always Yes Not Always Not Always Not Always Immune to Interference Yes Yes No No No No No Enables Mobility Yes (note 1) Yes (note 1) No Available No No Yes Cost Effective Yes Yes Not Always (note 4) Not Always (note 4) Not Always (note 4) Not Always (note 4) Not Always (note 4) Reliable Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Not Always Number of Outlets (Typical) N/A Unlimited (note 2) 4, 8, 24 40 8, 62, 120 3 N/A Half /Full duplex Half Full Full Half Half Half Half Bandwidth (Mbit/s) [No Data] 100, 1 000 100, 1 000 14, 85, 200 128, 160, 256 270 11, 54, 108, 130 Dedicated QoS links Yes (note 3) Yes (note 3) Yes (note 3) No Yes No No NOTE 1: Customer can move retrofit devices within home. NOTE 2: End-point devices can be explicitly "daisy-chained" to extend coverage. NOTE 3: True multi-drop 100 Mbit/s links with high (QoS) for HD-IPTV can be realized for MDU installations. NOTE 4: On a connection-point comparison, beyond single connectivity these systems have significant cost increases. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 13 |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.6 Current home networking topologies | The home networking topologies depend mostly in the technology supporting the network. Each technology has a "way" of working which conditions its natural topology. Nevertheless, the interconnection between the modem, the router or the STB is, nowadays, done with a CAT-5e/CAT-6 Ethernet link. The reason for this choice is to guarantee the quality of the link in these critical parts of the network. • Ethernet: When using CAT-5e to interconnect all the home devices the natural topology to follow is a "star". A central point like the router or a switch is typically used to provide connection to all the rooms on the house. This topology increases cabling complexity due to the fact that the place where the router or switch is located requires wide conduits in order to accommodate the CAT-5e outgoing bundle. • Wi-Fi: There are normally one or two Wi-Fi points per house. The main one is normally located by the router, and the second is optional and typically located in the opposite side of the home. The interconnection between these two points is usually done either with CAT-5e, Wi-Fi repeaters or PLC (G.hn) technology. Being Wi-Fi a shared access media, devices with poor reception quality degrade the total performance of the Wi-Fi network. Even if it is not accurate to talk about network topology on Wi-Fi networks, it is useful to regard Wi-Fi as a common "wire" that shares its capacity among all the connected devices. • PLC: As described above, PLC is normally used to extend Wi-Fi coverage or to avoid the installation of long CAT-5e cables. The added value of PLC is the reuse of the mains ducts. Typical mains networks have a tree topology originating in the power meter. From the point of view of the PLC network, the mains line is seen as a single "wire" interconnecting all the devices in a communication shared media. • G.hn: G.hn would be a usual PLC network if there were no use of the Coax or Phone lines. The use of Coax or phone can be seen as an increase of the capillarity in a shared media communication system. • POF: As said before POF uses the existing mains ducts on brown fields. This generates tree topologies where several branches born at the power meter and the different rooms might hang from the same branch depending on the proximity and floor level. Green fields typically lay down specific communication network ducts, which follow a star topology (see figure 2 for an example). Figure 2: POF star topology example |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 4.7 New application requirements | Besides the above mentioned existing home applications like video, internet based or home security, new applications and existing applications upgrades are already being offered and in the future more applications will expand the portfolio of service and telecom operators. A list of these services along with its requirements is provided in table 4 (see ICT Alpha [i.12]). ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 14 Existing applications upgrades: Table 4: Future applications requirements Service Bit rate Delay Jitter Packet loss Mobility Traffic Priority Security Immersive TV (e.g. UHDTV) 24 Gbit/s uncompressed; < 640 Mbit/s compressed < 400 ms; < 150 ms recommended < 20 ms < 0,4 % No High No Immersive Videoconference using UHDTV < 640 Mbit/s compressed < 400 ms; < 150 ms recommended < 20 ms < 0,2 % No High No Stereoscopic TV 62,5 Mbit/s to 320 Mbit/s < 400 ms; < 150 ms recommended < 20 ms < 0,4 % No High No Free Viewpoint TV 937,5 Mbit/s < 400 ms; < 150 ms recommended < 20 ms < 0,4 % No High No New applications include inter alia: • Online virtual environments: MMOGs (Massively Multiplayers Online Games), Online Distributed Virtual Environments and interactive games for mobile terminals (see table 5). Table 5: Virtual Environments requirements Service Bit rate Delay Jitter Packet loss Mobility Traffic Priority Security MMOG 56 kbit/s (relaxed) < 100 ms (best quality); up to 1 s < 10 ms Highly dependent on the engine from 3 % to 35 % No High No Online Distributed Environmen ts up to 400 kbit/s < 100 ms (best quality); up to 1 s < 10 ms Highly dependent on the engine from 3 % to 35 % Yes High No Interactive games (mobile) 1 kbit/s 250 ms < 10 ms None Yes Low No • Remote technical services: Remote residential backup, Remote home monitoring, network watchdog (TR-069 [i.9]), thin client application (remote computer), Robotic assistant, Location based services and grid computing (see table 6). ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 15 Table 6: Remote technical services requirements Service Bit rate Delay Jitter Packet loss Mobility Traffic Priority Security Residential Backup 500 Mbit/s Relaxed specification < 10 ms None (BER < 10-8) Yes Low No Home Monitoring 0,1 Mbit/s to 1 Mbit/s (surveillance video) < 400 ms < 50 ms < 1 % Yes Low Yes Network Watchdog 20 kbit/s to 100 Mbit/s Relaxed specification < 10 ms < 2 % Yes Low No Thin Clients 100 kbit/s to 6 Mbit/s < 150 ms; < 80 ms for video < 10 ms None or very small, < 0,1 % recommended Yes High Yes Robotic Assistant under study Location Based Services 10 kbit/s to 20 kbit/s < 400 ms < 50 ms < 3 %; < 0,1 % recommended Yes Low No Grid Computing 1 Gbit/s < 40 ms < 1 ms None or very small, < 0,1 % recommended No Variable No • Health/monitoring services: Electronic Health Care (EHC) systems, Tele-electrocardiogram (ECG), Tele-electrohysterogram (EHG) and medical localization devices (see table 7). Table 7: Health applications requirements Service Bit rate Delay Jitter Packet loss Mobility Traffic Priority Security TeleEHC 0,5 Mbit/s to 5 Mbit/s (patient); 100 Mbit/s to 1 Gbit/s (hospital/doctor) 80 ms to 100 ms < 10 ms None (BER < 10-8) Yes High Yes TeleECG 32 kbit/s (user); 500 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s (central) 80 ms to 100 ms < 10 ms None (BER < 10-8) Yes (patient); No (central) High Yes TeleEHG 32 kbit/s (user); 500 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s (central) 80 ms to 100 ms < 10 ms None (BER < 10-8) Yes, but limited (patient); No (central) High Yes Localizatio n services (medicine) 16 kbit/s (user); 250 kbit/s to 2 Mbit/s (central) 80 ms to 100 ms < 10 ms None (BER < 10-8) Yes (patient); No (central) High Yes The main conclusion from this service enumeration/grouping is that the different networks transport services that have an ever-increasing need for bandwidth and more and more stringent requirements in terms of delay as services become more and more interactive and video based. As well, it has to be noted that the current trend shows that the services that were once confined to a particular type of network can now be transported by a variety of networks (a user may want to check his emails from its desktop computer but also from its mobile phone or PDA). This implies seamless handovers as well as unified service management requirements. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 16 5 Gigabit POF as a the trunk home networking technology 5.1 Introduction This clause describes the POF media itself as the trunk or backbone communication media for the home. It is naive to assume that wireless will always be the answer for home triple-play networking. Although highly desirable to connect a broadband modem or router to IPTV or IP Set-top Box (STB) without the added expense and complication of wiring, it is not always feasible. Each home is unique in structure and layout, and already congested with wireless signals from mobiles, DECT phones, microwaves, wireless PCs, printers and gaming. Telephone companies are now predicting that the necessary quality-of-service (QoS) required for a wireless video link between router and STB/TV cannot be delivered in up to as many as 30 percent of homes. In these cases, a wired alternative solution will be required. Once the need for a new cabling is established, given the service requirements for the home, POF is a very suitable option described in the present document. The reason for this comes from the installation advantages of POF over other technologies and the possibility of reusing the mains ducts allowing several topologies. The seamless usage of POF as the home backbone along with low power Wi-Fi access points and CAT-5e bridges in each room brings together the best of both worlds: wire and wireless, and makes it an optimum solution. The present document brings to completion the task to specify a complete, POF based, Gigabit Home networking infrastructure. Other documents from IEC and ETSI standardize the fibre and physical layer as well as the communication requirements respectively. |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 5.2 POF installation advantages | Table 8 describes the chief advantages of a POF backbone installation versus its closer competitor, CAT-5e/CAT-6, as well versus GOF (Glass Optical Fibre). Table 8: POF vs CAT6 and GOF POF Cable diameter depends on communication type (i.e. simplex or duplex), and jacket type (1,5 mm or 2,2 mm). ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 17 |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 5.3 POF based home networking topologies | As said before, POF is suitable either for Green or Brown fields. Typically, Green fields provide pre-set installations with Star Topologies. In this case POF will follow the supplied ducts and will evolve the star from the central IT cabinet of the home by means of an optical POF switch. Each room will typically get one access point connecting the POF backbone to the external world either with a Wi-Fi pico-cell or RJ-45 connector. In the future POF native connection will also make sense. Sometimes, and depending on the specifics of the installation, mostly on Brown fields installations that reuse the main ducts, daisy-chain connections will make sense, either in combination with a star topology giving rise to a tree network or a sort of ring connecting room to room, (see figure 3). Figure 3: Example of POF home network topology Another example of a tree POF network is shown in figure 4. Here, a star is deploying the network from a central switch to each room being the most distant rooms connected to the same branch with an outlet that provides this functionality. Figure 4: POF star topology example POF to RJ45 POF to RJ45 POF to RJ45 POF to RJ45 POF to RJ45 ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 18 |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 5.4 Suitability of a POF-WiFi-CAT-5e hybrid network | As said before, there are personal devices like PDAs, Smart Phones, Tablets or portable game consoles that always rely on a wireless connection to deliver the mobility experience to the user. On the other hand, most of the typical home services require a QoS (jitter, latency, priority, etc.) that could only be delivered by dedicated transport media like a wired network. This is the example of HD-IPTV, online Gaming, remote office, etc. The best solution to be able to fulfil the needs of both types of devices and services is the concept of a POF home backbone or trunk network, running at Gigabit speed with connected access points in each room delivering the Wi-Fi signal in a pico-cell access point or connecting with wired Ethernet devices through RJ-45. See figure 5. With this solution, a seamless merge of the best of both worlds (mobility and QoS at broadband) is achieved. Legacy support for wireless or wired, Ethernet based, devices is ensured at the same time that new services and devices are easily integrated in the network without the need to upgrade the backbone infrastructure in the mid-term. There is a wide availability of products in the market that help to build such a network at a reasonable cost. Figure 5: POF products examples |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 5.5 POF Standards | |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 5.5.1 Introduction | Thanks to the effort of the POF industry and academia, several standards are available. The coverage of these standards is fairly wide from the POF as a physical media to the Gigabit communication protocol. The final objective of each and all the standards is to enable an open and interoperable market that ensures a reliable quality for end users avoiding compatibility issues or unstable performance. The following clauses provide a brief overview of each document. |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 5.5.2 Fibre - IEC 60793-2-40 A4a.2 POF | International Standard IEC 60793-2-40 [3] has been prepared by subcommittee 86A: Fibres and cables, of IEC TC 86: Fibre optics. This is the fourth edition that cancels and replaces the third edition published in 2009 and constitutes a harmonized terminology within the IEC 60793-2 [2] series. POF to RJ45 POF to RJ45 with WiFi POF to RJ45 with ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 19 This part of IEC 60793-2 [2] is applicable to category A4 optical multimode fibres and the related sub-categories A4a, A4b, A4c, A4d, A4e, A4f, A4g and A4h. These fibres have a plastic core and plastic cladding and may have step-index, multi-step index, or graded-index profiles. The fibres are used in information transmission equipment and optical fibre cables. In IEC 60794-2-40 [4] the use of these fibres in the indoor applications is specified. The fibre of choice for POF home network installation is A4a.2. A4a sub-category is a 1 000 μm cladding diameter step-index fibre. Implementation A4a.2 fibre is a higher grade of sub-category A4a fibre in terms of attenuation and bandwidth, to achieve longer distance transmission than implementation A4a.1 fibre. The standard defines the following attributes: • Dimensional requirements. • Mechanical requirements: tensile performance and elongation and tensile load at yield. • Transmission requirements: attenuation, bandwidth, NA, chromatic dispersion and macro bending loss. • Environmental requirements: change in attenuation and tensile loads after temperature and humidity cycles. |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 5.5.3 EN 50173-1 and EN 50173-4 | CENELEC EN 50173-4 [7] defines channel losses. Different fibres in different scenarios are defined in the document. In concrete POF fibre within indoor applications, and its link budget requirements are described. Following described standards like ETSI TS 105 175-1 [1] and ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 [5] take in consideration and fully support the CENELEC EN 50173-4 [7] requirements. The present document is linked with CENELEC EN 50173-1 [6]. |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 5.5.4 ETSI TS 105 175-1 (V2.0.0) | The present document from the ATTM technical Committee (Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing) aims to define a set of relevant Plastic Optical Fibre System Specifications for 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s. ETSI TS 105 175-1 [1] (V2.0.0 from October 2011), the latest revision of this document, specifies the POF cabling system 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s for interoperability among different suppliers. The system comprises the active optical elements, the cables, connectors and wall plugs. A future revision will aim to achieve integration of POF interfaces into end user equipment. A summary of the main specified items follows: • Requirements for 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s: - Performances: Max. PHY layer data rate. Reachable distance. Macro bend radius and attenuation measurement method. Communication mode (Duplexing). Latency. Temperature range. Eye Safety level. - Higher Level: QoS specifications. Interoperability requirements. IP versions compatibility. Plug & Play requirements. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 20 Drop in requirements. Remote management and diagnostic requirements. • Cabling solutions: - Cable and fibre: Manufacturing requirements. Fibre configuration. Fibre compliance category. Dimensions. Accessibility requirements. Materials safety requirements. - Connectors: Typology. • Installation: - Bending radius. - Bending loss. - Bending loss measurement method. • Energy Efficiency: - Power consumption in idle or stand by modes. - Stand by modes. - Transition times. • Integrated Wall Plug: - Power supply: Rating, consumption at idle, efficiency. - Lifetime. - Operating temperature. - Interfaces. External sockets: - Socket type per country. - Ports. - Ethernet interfaces and cable autosensing features. Internal sockets: - POF interfaces. - Optical interface requirements. - Installation procedures. - Aesthetic requirements. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 21 - Wall socket plug versions: Socket configuration classes. Ethernet packet management. Switching functionality specification and compliance. Safety classification and requirements. Mechanical and electrical robustness. EMC requirements. - Sustainability requirements: materials and energy consumption. • Annex A (informative): Integrated wall plug form factor. 5.5.5 IEEE™ 802.3 100BASE-FX Current POF deployments uses IEEE™ 802.3 [9] 100BASE-FX standard as physical layer. This physical layer was designed for glass fibre applications. The suitability for POF applications of this physical layer in 100 Mbit/s bit rate is guaranteed by the band-width limitations of the channel (around 100 MHz) for the typical lengths of fibre in In Home applications. Longer distances and/or higher bit-rates cannot be provided by IEEE™ physical layers due to the bandwidth limitations of the communication channel. The IEEE™ 802.3 [9] 100BASE-FX standard specifies multimode fibre as the transmission medium. Because 100-FX operates over multimode fibre and reaches distances up to two kilometres, there continues to be widespread use of 100-FX as a cost-effective way to extend Ethernet networks. 100BASE-FX [9] is a version of Fast Ethernet over optical fibre. It uses a 1 300 nm near-infrared (NIR) light wavelength transmitted via two strands of optical fibre, one for reception (RX) and the other for transmission (TX). Maximum length is 400 metres for half-duplex connections (to ensure collisions are detected), and two kilometres for full-duplex over multi-mode optical fibre. 100BASE-FX [9] uses the same 4B5B encoding and NRZI line code that 100BASE-TX does. 100BASE-FX [9] should use SC, ST, LC, MTRJ or MIC connectors with SC being the preferred option. 100BASE-FX [9] is not compatible with 10BASE-FL clause 34 of [9], the 10 Mbit/s version over optical fibre. 100BASE-FX [9] refers to a specific Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer and baseband medium of specification 802.3. This clause specifies the 100BASE-X PMD (including MDI) and fibre optic medium for multimode fibre, 100BASE-FX [9]. In order to form a complete 100BASE-FX [9] Physical Layer it shall be integrated with the 100BASE-FX [9] PCS and PMA of clause 24 of the same 802.3 specifications. As such, the 100BASE-FX [9] PMD shall comply with the PMD service interface specified in the mentioned clause 24. The 100BASE-FX [9] PMD (and MDI) is specified by incorporating the FDDI PMD standard, ISO/IEC 9314-3:1990 [i.14], by reference. This standard provides support for two optical fibres. It specifies at MDI level the connectors and Crossover functions. 5.5.6 ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 1 Gbit/s and 100 Mbit/s data rate physical layer for Plastic Optical Fibre The ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 [5] describes a physical layer for transmitting 1 Gbit/s and 100 Mbit/s over plastic optical fibre. The objectives of ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 [5] are: • Provide 1 Gbit/s or 100 Mbit/s full duplex data transmission. • Provide lower speeds than 1 Gbit/s or 100 Mbit/s with adaptive bit rate functionality if communication channel does not provide enough capacity. • Support operation over Plastic Optical Fibres defined in IEC 60793-2-40 [3] types A4a.2 with the parameters specified in the respective annexes for each PHY. • Provide a Bit Error Rate (BER) less than or equal to 10-12. • Provide low power operation mode for power management. ETSI ETSI TS 105 175-1-1 V1.1.1 (2015-10) 22 For the purpose of the present document, the data packets used by a PHY based on ETSI TS 105 175-1-2 [5] shall be standard Ethernet frames. 5.5.7 Recommendation ITU-T G.9960 with Annex F for Plastic Optical Fibre Recommendation ITU-T G.9960 [i.1]) specifies the system architecture and functionality for all components of the physical layer of home network transceivers designed for the transmission of data over premises wiring including inside telephone wiring, coaxial cable, power-line wiring, plastic optical fibres, and combinations of these. These transceivers are intended to be compatible with other devices sharing the in-premises wiring. An overview is given in clause 4.5.5. Annex F of [i.1] specifies parameters for LED-based optical transmission over SI-POF, e.g. centre wavelength of 640 nm to 660 nm, besides OFDM parameters for various bandplans. 6 Requirements for 1 Gbit/s and 100 Mbit/s POF based applications |
b7c242d7dc897cefd2ac133fc9d40a42 | 105 175-1-1 | 6.1 Introduction | Most of the requirements of the Gigabit POF based applications are already compatible and defined in ETSI TS 105 175-1 [1]. |
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