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3fe5352ea29484004b7f0a2cc1be07d5 | 110 174-2-1 | 5.4 Usages of post box and waste trash | Most of these urban assets can play a role in the enhancement of the sustainability of the city and the operations of their partners. These assets can be promoted to a role which provides additional services beyond the native one. These urban assets have in common a physical characteristic associated to a "level of spatial volume used". By associating appropriated sensors, the cross-domain pillar associated with the data culture and appropriated Big Data processing can add value to: • The optimization of the paths executed by the waste collecting trucks. • The conservation of the state of cleanness of the city by avoiding overfilled bin. • The optimization of the paths executed for the sent mail collection. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11) 15 • The opening of the post boxes to other type of content to be shipped (e.g. e-commerce good delivery/return). • Etc. Associating appropriated sensors to waste trashes can also monitor air quality and pollution/ unpleasantness caused by odours in order to keep a good the quality of life for the surrounding peoples. The position of the waste trashes on the street level is a strategic advantage, particularly in dense skyscrapers cities, when considering delivering Wi-Fi hotspot to the pedestrian, the surrounding vehicle or other city urban assets. Since the bins are located on street level, service coverage and signal quality can be outstanding as they the wireless network is not perturbed from any interference from the buildings. |
3fe5352ea29484004b7f0a2cc1be07d5 | 110 174-2-1 | 5.5 Usages of traffic signs and traffic lights | Most of these urban assets can play a role in the enhancement of the sustainability of the city. On one hand, these assets can have their operations improved and on the other promoted to a role which provides additional services beyond the native one. These urban assets have in common the functions to signal and communicate to the proximity users (e.g. pedestrians, motorists, cyclists, drivers and workers) important information but also to secure and regulate the associated traffic (e.g. road, street, highway, rail road, tram line, crossroads, railroad crossing). These urban assets are traditional places where sensors (e.g. motion sensors, radars, CCTVs) are located and information presented (e.g. traffic lights, info screens, sound alerts). However, recent digital technologies can still increase the benefits of such urban assets. Furthermore, the connection to the digital multiservice city network of the city can empower the cross domain pillar by enabling new types of innovative services. These urban assets are often in proximity of a substantial number of individuals. Hence, they may be considered as an appropriate location to deliver cellular network communication (e.g. via small cells). This would represent on one side the opportunity to improve the overall performances of the mobile network while opening a complementary channel for (geo)localized digital service information delivery directly into the user mobile terminal or onto next generation connected devices such as automotive which would embed a screen right into the windshield to support the driver by displaying for example a focus on the nearest traffic sign(s). Electronic paper coupled with a dynamic access to the digital multiservice network of the city can transform any fixed infographic traffic sign into an adaptive infographic which communicates different contextualized information to the proximity users. Such dynamic road signalling can also be of a benefit in the regulation and optimization of the traffic within the city (e.g. guidance to the nearest available parking place, guidance to the least crowded street). Enabling alternative sustainable transportation mechanisms is within the concern of many city councils. Today, cycling is considered a significant instrument that cities stimulate to answer their sustainability concerns. Prioritizing cyclists when it rains can be achieved by associating heavy rain sensors to the traffic lights operation. Nevertheless, such dynamicity of operations should be handled with care. Connectivity to the digital multiservice city network should be available to ensure that the monitoring and global operation of the cross-over is performing well. 5.6 Usages of fountains, public lavatories, watering troughs, street gutters, storm drains and fire hydrants Most of these urban assets can play a role in the enhancement of the sustainability of the city. These assets can be promoted to a role which provides additional services beyond the native one. All of these urban assets are related to water. The origin of the water supply can be: • water from a cave source; • water from the distribution network; • water from the sewing collecting network; • water from a river; ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11) 16 • water from a wastewater treatment plant; • etc. For instance, these urban assets can be the operation points for: • water source pumping (production) monitoring and control; • water recycling (production) monitoring; • water volume consumption monitoring and control; • water quality monitoring; • operational (pressure, temperature, hydraulic, etc.) parameters monitoring and control; • servicing control (tap/valve: open, close, flow regulation) management and control; • securing critical services (fire hydrant operation, water tower operation); • water pollution (e.g. pollutant, decease microbe) containment; • water flows (clean and dirty) monitoring; • water leakage monitoring and control; • water flooding (e.g. river level, drain sewer, street gutter) prevention. Production, distribution, consumption, collection and treatment of waste water represents the full cycle in the water department. Good operation of such city responsibility is a key element of an urban system. Although numerous water services management standards have been developed there is a need for defining, through use cases, what IoT can bring into the scene to address sustainable development goals. |
3fe5352ea29484004b7f0a2cc1be07d5 | 110 174-2-1 | 5.7 Usages of memorials, statues, and public sculptures or art | Most of these urban assets can play a role in the enhancement of the sustainability of the city. These assets can be promoted to a role which provides additional services beyond the native one and in full accordance with preservation of cultural heritage. All of these urban assets are related to city history, local art, tourist attraction, etc. These urban assets can be a collecting point for various environmental information: • Air quality monitoring. • Noise pollution monitoring. • Sound level monitoring. • Movement activity monitoring. • Etc. But they can also be delivery point for the information related to the urban asset itself (artist, history, art description, etc.) through: • A mobile terminal of the proximity users with: - Near Field Communication. - Bluetooth. - Wi-Fi. - Li-Fi. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11) 17 • An associated Digital Human Interface: - Interactive display through touch screen. - Interactive display through camera motion tracking interface. Digital technologies can also be a way to increase the attractiveness of the sites: interactive experiences such as adaptive lightning, voice interactions, virtual complementary educational content projections, etc. Beside data harvesting functions, these urban assets can be considered as information delivery points, to the proximity users, either through local display mechanisms (e.g. info kiosks, interactive or not) either through digital service delivery pushing the contextualized information directly into the user mobile terminal (e.g. smartphone, tablet) via locally generated wireless access point (e.g. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Near Field Communication (NFC)) or through voice and data communication over cellular networks (e.g. via small cells). 6 Technologies which leverage the digital sustainability of a city |
3fe5352ea29484004b7f0a2cc1be07d5 | 110 174-2-1 | 6.1 Spread efforts for the digital multiservice city | Specialist Task Force 505 (STF 505) is a group of experts, funded by the European Commission and supported by ETSI, commissioned to provide on the one hand an in-depth analysis of the IoT Standardization landscape and on the other hand, an identification of the IoT standardization gaps. STF 505 technical recommendation ETSI TR 103 375 [i.6] provides an overview of the IoT standards (requirements, architecture, protocols, tests and related open source projects) for the various landscape introduced by "IoT LSP Standard Framework Concept" [i.7] from the Alliance for the Internet of Things Innovation (AIOTI). The Internet of Things requires and triggers the development of standards and protocols in order to allow heterogeneous devices to communicate and to leverage common software applications. Several standardization initiatives currently co-exist, in individual standardization organization or partnerships (e.g. ETSI SmartM2M, ETSI SmartBAN, ITU-T, ISO, IEC, ISO/IEC JTC 1, oneM2M, W3C, IEEE, OASIS, IETF, etc.) and also in conjunction with a number of industrial initiatives (e.g. All Seen Alliance, Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC), Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF), Thread protocol, Platform Industry 4.0, etc.). It is therefore necessary to understand the global dynamics of IoT standardization in order to leverage on existing standardization activities, if relevant, vis-à-vis existing initiatives and to ensure a thorough understanding of market needs and requirements. ITU-R is working on the future International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) for 2020 and beyond, that covers all aspects for enhanced mobile broadband telecommunication including Internet of Things (IoT). Enhanced mobile broadband networks enable high-speed and ultra-reliable mobile (Internet) connectivity to applications such as video streaming/UHD screens, work and play in the cloud, voice, augmented/virtual reality, industrial automation (M2M), smart grids, self-driving cars, smart homes/buildings and smart cities. Sustainable digital city content is made up of many services, e.g. smart transportation, smart home, smart waste management to mention just a few. Clause 6 of ETSI TR 103 375 [i.6] focuses on the standards that are available to enable the ICT systems of a city to function as a clever and performing single integrated system. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11) 18 |
3fe5352ea29484004b7f0a2cc1be07d5 | 110 174-2-1 | 7 Engineering of the urban assets (street furniture) | |
3fe5352ea29484004b7f0a2cc1be07d5 | 110 174-2-1 | 7.1 Common engineering | Serious evolutions in the field of fixed and mobile connectivity and wireless contactless technologies are turning urban, passive physical assets into smart, connected street furniture which can interact in the city with the people offering contextualized contents. These interaction points should be able to communicate with inhabitants, visitors, travellers with the help of digital devices which could be mobile terminals in their hands (smartphone, tablet, etc.) or embedded in a vehicle (car, bike, bus, train, etc.) as well as Human Machine Interfaces (HMI) attached to the urban assets itself. To provide services beyond the function for which they are engineered, street furniture and city urban assets in general should be connected to the digital multiservice city infrastructure. Interconnecting these elements should enable the municipality and related partners, to leverage the cross domain and data culture pillars. To leverage network connectivity and digital service functions, the urban asset should be powered by electricity. The electrical power may be delivered by a permanent link to the electrical distribution network remotely fed or may be consumed from a local battery source feed by solar panel or alternative power generating devices. Energy which is consumed by the urban asset in performing its digital services should be monitored and appropriate levels of energy saving should be applied when possible. The monitoring of the consumed energy should be performed in centralized operations. However, energy saving capabilities (e.g. standby mode, sleep mode) may operate in a decentralized manner which can be on the level of the urban asset itself. Connected urban assets are part of the whole Internet of Things sphere. As such, smart urban assets contain hardware platforms with embedded computing platform running firmware and Operating System (OS). These hardware platforms can leverage UEFI Forum Advance Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI [i.28]) specifications for power management. When the urban asset is not connected to a permanent source of electrical energy, appropriate engineering should be applied to the battery capacity to enable the digital services functions to operate without any interruptions also during the recharging cycles. Urban assets should require regular voltage (220 Vac) or low power voltage (48 Vdc) to operate. Urban assets should be considered as leaf node of a network for data collection and processing. When interconnecting with the digital multiservice city network, the urban asset should attach to the access network layer. However, in certain cases the urban asset may be attached to the distribution network layer. Such situations are, in a non-exhaustive way, when: • the node is enabling other network nodes to attach to the network; • the node is acting as part of a meshed network; • the node is performing specific network services (e.g. data packet routing/filtering, QoS); etc. When the digital features set includes such function the urban asset should be considered as a layer 3 access node. Physical network connectivity of the urban asset to the digital multiservice city infrastructure should be correctly engineered according to network characteristics required for the provided digital features set: • low latency services should be associated with fibre connectivity; • bandwidth intensive services should be associated with fibre connectivity; • high upstream data rate services should be associated with fibre connectivity; • low data rate service should be associated with wireless connectivity. When the digital features set includes mission critical functions, the urban asset should be connected to at least two network nodes of the access layer or the distribution layer. Network addressing of the urban asset should use IP technology and should support IPv4 and IPv6. Technologies such as Network Address Translation should be banned. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11) 19 When an urban asset is considered as an access layer node which aggregates several concurrent digital services, the urban asset should be capable to identify and provide services differentiation in order to ensure the delivery of the appropriate Quality of Service to each of the leaf nodes which require it. Networking technologies such as: • IETF Type of Services Diffserv protocol (IETF RFC 2474 [i.29], IETF RFC 2475 [i.30]) to differentiate services on the IP network layer. • IEEE Class of Services (IEEE 802.1p [i.32]) for Ethernet Virtual LAN (IEEE 802.1q [i.24]) to differentiate services on the Media Access Control (MAC) of the Ethernet network layer. • Wi-Fi Multimedia (WMM IEEE 802.11e [i.33]) to differentiate services on the Media Access Control (MAC) of the Wi-Fi network layer. When an urban asset is considered as an access layer node for non IP digital leaf nodes (e.g. sensor, actuator), the urban asset IP identity should be used on behalf of this network leaf node. Furthermore, if these complementary digital technologies offer any service quality feature, they should be used to deliver end to end QoS when necessary. In order to facilitate the IP addressing of the urban asset, a dedicated network hostname associated with an appropriate network domain name should be defined in a Domain Name Service (DNS, IETF RFC 1034 [i.26], IETF RFC 1035 [i.27]) directory. Beside the digital addressing scheme, the digital asset should be associated with a geolocation parameter indicating the geographical position within the city area. For fixed urban assets, the position can be identified by an operator; however, for mobile urban assets the position should be defined by mechanisms such as GPS, radio triangulation, etc. The above technical engineering should be taken into consideration for each street furniture (urban asset) on a per use case situation. As introduced in clause 4.2, urban assets can be categorized into digital contextual purposes: • Engineering of billboard, streetlamp, bollard and various poles, bench and picnic table. • Engineering of bus or tram stop, taxi stands and phone box. • Engineering of post box and waste trash. • Engineering of traffic sign and traffic light. • Engineering of fountains, public lavatory, watering trough, gutter, storm drain and fire hydrant. • Engineering of memorial, statue, and public sculpture or art. The engineering of these digital contextual purposes will be described into separated technical specification. These documents will be complementary individual specifications for these network entity (leaf nodes) and network sub- systems (IoT nodes gateways/bridges) of the presently introduced digital multi service city Next Generation Network. Clause 7.2 introduces the suggested technical engineering architecture for the first urban asset category. 7.2 Engineering of billboard, streetlamp, bollard and various poles, bench and picnic table The urban assets can play a role in the enhancement of the sustainability of the city by providing additional services beyond the native one. This street furniture can, with appropriated structural layouts (build-in, adjusted or revised), be promoted to a network node for various communication technologies to either harvest data of or to provide communication facilities to other network nodes. Figure 1 shows the content and external connectivity of a specific category of the city urban assets in a little more details though this diagram is intended to illustrate the types of equipment employed, not its internal connectivity. For the purposes of the present study, the boxes marked "TxRx" will be regarded as part of the access or distribution network, as appropriate and their power requirements included in the assessments for those networks. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11) 20 Figure 1: Engineering of urban asset Connection link to the digital multiservice city network Access to the digital multiservice city infrastructure from various parts within the city area implies to cope with multiple distances ranges. Urban assets node links can deal with distances which ranges from hundreds of metres to a few km. The transmission capability to achieve such distances depends of the physical communication medium: optical fibre is nowadays the preferred media to succeed in the delivery of (multi) gigabits for such distances links through optical transmissions. Physical connectivity of the street furniture to the digital multiservice city network should be point-to- point fibre link to the nearest access or distribution node. However, in various cases electrical transmissions over copper (twisted pair or coax) can still be delivering acceptable high-speed data rate for the connection to the digital multiservice city infrastructure. ETSI TR 105 174-4 [i.3] and ETSI TS 105 174-4-1 [i.4] detail measures which may be taken to improve the energy management of access networks for broadband deployment. To the extent possible the city shall do everything to have total control over the urban asset link to the digital multiservice city infrastructure. In other words, it is valuable and advantageous for the city to deploy its own physical networking fibre connectivity links when technically feasible. When considered in a mid (3 years) to long term (10 years) strategic vision, having the ownership of the networking links is smarter than having contractual access to a service provider (SP) network infrastructure. Beside such economical considerations, there are various technical reasons which drive the city to deploy its own physical fibre network infrastructure or to contract, from a carrier, for dark (unlit) fibre links: • Freedom of the optical transmission standard: network bandwidth depends of the fibre transceivers which are bound at the extremities of the fibre link and the length of this one. According to the link needs, the municipality can light the fibre with the most appropriate transceiver (from a single wavelength to wavelength- division multiplexing, from gigabit to multigigabits). Should a link speed need to increase, the municipality has the freedom to upgrade the transceivers. • Freedom of the digital transmission standard: digital data transmissions can be operated by various technologies such as Metro Ethernet, MPLS, etc. According to the engineering of the digital services and the requirement for network resilience one can be more suitable than the other. Network size, number of digital services, security concerns, multi-homing requirement, etc. are concerns which drives the choice of the optimal transmission standard. • Ease of introduction of new digital services: to leverage a single physical network infrastructure sharing while delivering to each digital service within its own controlled environment, the municipality can either chose to introduce a new IP service by the mean of a complementary VLAN in Ethernet, a complementary LSP in MPLS, or even by the assignment of a specific light wavelength which virtualizes the link at the optical level. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11) 21 • Freedom of the choice of ISP: different Internet access might be required to be served by different service providers. While public administration agents require access to specific Internet service provider with specified technical SLA (redundancy, low latency, security, etc.), schools, libraries, police, citizen free public Internet, IoT sensors, etc. may use other service providers. ETSI TS 105 174-1 [i.2] focuses on the best practice for cabling and installations and transmission implementation independently from the ownership of these infrastructures. ETSI TS 102 973 [i.5] describes a proposal of requirements for a Network Termination (NT) device in Next Generation Access Networks. Data communication service To deliver data connectivity to neighbourhood network nodes towards the digital multiservice city network, the urban asset may support the following set (or subset) of standardized technologies: • Wireless networking: IEEE 802.11 [i.9] Wi-Fi: - Hotspot should support speed requirements: IEEE 802.11ac [i.35] and IEEE 802.11ah [i.13] and may support IEEE 802.11ad [i.34]. - Hotspot should support services differentiations: multiple Service Set Identifiers (SSID) for services separation and IEEE 802.11e [i.33] for QoS. - Hotspot may support wireless meshing IEEE 802.11s [i.10]. • Fixed networking IEEE 802.3 [i.17] Ethernet: - Ethernet access ports should support Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet standard: IEEE 802.3u [i.20] (100BASE-TX/UTP; 100BASE-FX/Glass Optical Fibre (GOF), Plastic Optical Fibre (POF)); IEEE 802.3ab [i.19] (1000BASE-TX/UTP); IEEE 802.3z [i.21] (1000BASE-X/Glass Optical Fibre (GOF)); and future IEEE 802.3bv [i.36] (1000BASE-X/Plastic Optical Fibre (POF)). - Energy efficiency should be considered according to IEEE 802.3az [i.18]. - Ethernet switching should support multiservice separation (VLAN IEEE 802.1q [i.24]) and traffic priority (VLAN IEEE 802.1p [i.32]). - Local power source should be available by IEEE 802.3af [i.22] "Power over Ethernet" or IEEE 802.3at [i.23] "Power over Ethernet plus". • Wireless networking: Li-Fi [i.8]. • Wireless networking: cellular networking (2G/3G/4G, etc.) [i.37]. • IETF Type of Services Diffserv protocol (IETF RFC 2474 [i.29], IETF RFC 2475 [i.30]) to differentiate services on the IP network layer when routing IP. Environment sensing and operation service The distribution of such urban assets within the city area enables to establish a significate sensing network for various types of services such as environmental sensing (e.g. air quality, noise level) through either locally connected sensors or through the connection to Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). Furthermore, as the urban asset has an identity on the digital multiservice city network, individual control of the native service (e.g. lightning) can be operated remotely. When the urban asset is considered as an access layer node for non IP digital leaf nodes (e.g. sensor, actuator), the urban asset IP identity should be used on behalf of this network leaf node. Furthermore, if these complementary digital technologies offer any service quality feature, they should be used to deliver end to end QoS when necessary. The urban asset may support non IP based Wireless Sensor Network such as those based on IEEE 802.15.4 [i.12] (e.g. 6LoWPAN, Zigbee™, Bluetooth™ low energy) and Recommendation ITU-T G.9959 [i.31] Z-Wave. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11) 22 IP video surveillance service To deliver data connectivity to IP camera (e.g. CCTV service, motion capture service, depth vision measurement, etc.), the urban asset should support Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet standard to enable high quality video streaming. Furthermore, to deliver power to the IP camera, the urban asset should support IEEE 802.3af [i.22] "Power over Ethernet" and IEEE 802.3at [i.23] (for motorized camera). Fixed Ethernet connectivity, IEEE 802.3u [i.20] (100BASE-TX/UTP; 100BASE-FX/Glass Optical Fibre (GOF), Plastic Optical Fibre (POF)), IEEE 802.3ab [i.19] (1000BASE-TX/UTP), IEEE 802.3z [i.21] (1000BASE-X/Glass Optical Fibre (GOF)) and future IEEE 802.3bv [i.36] (1000BASE-X/Plastic Optical Fibre (POF)) should be preferred over wireless Wi-Fi connectivity to ensure service availability. Standardization of IP video surveillance (IP CCTV) is driven by industry groups Open Network Video Interface Forum (ONVIF) and Physical Security Interoperability Alliance (PSIA). ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11) 23 History Document history V1.1.1 November 2018 Publication |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 1 Scope | The present document introduces the common and generic aspects of the societal and technical pillars to achieve sustainability objectives behind the deployment of smart new services within the IP network of a single city or an association of cities administratively clustered. Clause 4 identifies and presents a general overview of a city from small entity to significantly large municipality clustering several cities and villages. Clause 5 presents the pursued objectives behind the concept of smart city. Clause 6 describes the general theoretical pillars which bear the engineering requirements to deploy a digital multi service city. Clause 7 identifies the general needs from the cities. |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 2 References | |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 2.1 Normative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. [1] CENELEC EN 50173-2: "Information technology - Generic cabling systems - Part 2: Office spaces". [2] CENELEC EN 50173-4: "Information technology - Generic cabling systems - Part 4: Homes". [3] CENELEC EN 50174-1: "Information technology - Cabling installation - Part 1: Installation specification and quality assurance". [4] CENELEC EN 50174-2: "Information technology - Cabling installation - Part 2: Installation planning and practices inside buildings". [5] CENELEC EN 50174-3: "Information technology - Cabling installation - Part 3: Installation planning and practices outside buildings". |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 2.2 Informative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 7 The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] ETSI TS 105 174-5-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband Deployment and Energy Management; Part 5: Customer network infrastructures; Sub-part 1: Homes (single-tenant)". [i.2] ETSI TR 105 174-5-2: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband Deployment - Energy Efficiency and Key Performance Indicators; Part 5: Customer network infrastructures; Sub-part 2: Office premises (single-tenant)". [i.3] ETSI TS 105 174-5-4: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband Deployment - Energy Efficiency and Key Performance Indicators; Part 5: Customer network infrastructures; Sub-part 4: Data centres (customer)". [i.4] ETSI TR 105 174-2-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband Deployment - Energy Efficiency and Key Performance Indicators; Part 2: Network sites; Sub-part 1: Operator sites". [i.5] ETSI TR 103 290: "Machine-to-Machine communications (M2M); Impact of Smart City Activity on IoT Environment". [i.6] ETSI TR 102 898: "Machine to Machine communications (M2M); Use cases of Automotive Applications in M2M capable networks". [i.7] ETSI TR 102 935: "Machine-to-Machine communications (M2M); Applicability of M2M architecture to Smart Grid Networks; Impact of Smart Grids on M2M platform". [i.8] ETSI TR 102 857: "Machine-to-Machine communications (M2M); Use Cases of M2M applications for Connected Consumer". [i.9] European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities: "Operational Implementation Plan". NOTE: Available at http://ec.europa.eu/eip/smartcities/files/operational-implementation-plan-oip-v2_en.pdf. [i.10] European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities: "Strategic Implementation Plan". NOTE: Available at http://ec.europa.eu/eip/smartcities/files/sip_final_en.pdf. [i.11] European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities: "Humble Lamppost". NOTE: Available at https://eu-smartcities.eu/commitment/6670. [i.12] ETSI GS OEU 009: "Operational energy Efficiency for Users (OEU); Global KPI Modelling for Green Smart Cities". [i.13] ETSI GS OEU 019: "Operational energy Efficiency for Users (OEU); KPIs for Smart Cities". [i.14] ETSI TS 103 463: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Key Performance Indicators for Sustainable Digital Multiservice Cities ". [i.15] IEEE 802.11: "Wireless LAN; 802.11-2012 -- IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Telecommunications and information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific requirements -- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications". [i.16] Market Place of the European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities. NOTE: Available at http://eu-smartcities.eu. [i.17] European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities "s[m2]art". NOTE: Available at https://eu-smartcities.eu/commitment/7434. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 8 [i.18] Recommendation ITU-T Y.4900: "Overview of key performance indicators in smart sustainable cities". [i.19] Recommendation ITU-T Y.4901: "Key performance indicators related to the use of information and communication technology in smart sustainable cities". [i.20] Recommendation ITU-T Y.4902: "Key performance indicators related to the sustainability impacts of information and communication technology in smart sustainable cities". [i.21] Recommendation ITU-T Y.4903: "Key performance indicators for smart sustainable cities to assess the achievement of sustainable development goals". [i.22] ISO 37120:2014: "Sustainable development of communities -- Indicators for city services and quality of life". |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 3 Definition of terms and abbreviations | |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 3.1 Terms | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply: digital multiservice cities: cities using digital infrastructure which consists of a single unified high-speed networking infrastructure that allows the ICT systems of the complete city services departments to interconnect seamlessly and securely to each other street furniture: collective term for objects and pieces of equipment installed on city streets, city roads, and public areas under responsibility of the city for various purposes. These objects and equipment belong to the wider terminology of the urban assets as named by cities urban asset: collective term to qualify the physical assets which belong to a city and which are located across its territory, in streets, roads, public parks and associated urban constructions |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: API Application Programming Interface ATTM Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing CCTV Closed-Circuit TeleVision EIP European Innovation Partnership EIP-SCC European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities GS Group Specification ICT Information and Communication Technology IEEE Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers IoT Internet of Things IP Internet Protocol ISG Industrial Specification Group ISO International Organization for Standardization ISP Internet Service Provider IT Information Technology ITS Intelligent Transportation Systems ITU International Telecommunication Union KPI Key Performance Indicator LAN Local Area Network M2M Machine to Machine MAC Media Access Control OEU Operational energy Efficiency for Users SME Small and Medium Enterprise SOHO Small Office Home Office ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 9 TR Technical Report Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity WLAN Wireless LAN |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 4 General overview of a city | 4.1 Reaching sustainability through digital multiservice city networks Municipality facilities range from a single premise to multiple buildings located across the city territory. Single premise municipality comes from the origin of this administrative facility: "the city house" where the mayor was living and where all government administrative duties were performed. Through the centuries, the mayor has been supported by more and more complementary staff creating by purposes respective services departments. Along this employment growth, city property availabilities or acquisitions, services offices started to span either across several physical building facilities within the city area either across larger geographical areas when the administrative entity spanned on multiple contiguous cities or villages. Municipalities nowadays have also undertaken several other responsibilities such as safety, education, waste management, recycling, healthcare, water and electricity distribution, public transportation and potentially many more. Most of today's municipalities are supported by Information and Communications Technologies to help the city staff to perform the daily work, communicate with each other and with the higher authorities. In that concern, municipalitie's operations should be considered as an enterprise ranging from a Small Office Home Office (SOHO), a Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) up to large enterprise. According to the respective type of enterprise the city can be matched to, technical recommendations which apply to homes and offices ICT deployments such as ETSI TS 105 174-5-1 [i.1], ETSI TR 105 174-5-2 [i.2] and ETSI TS 105 174-5-4 [i.3] or to telecommunication services providers such as ETSI TR 105 174-2-1 [i.4] should be considered to improve the energy management of the city ICT deployment. Indeed, from a networking perspective municipalities have various challenges to face. |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 4.2 Inside-building connectivity cabling infrastructure | Regularly the buildings which host the municipal staff are not contemporary and have not been designed with IT in mind. Furthermore, in important cities, these buildings are often classified heritage buildings and construction works are heavily constrained. The result is that network cabling is regularly a concern. It is common to see physical deployments where rooms are not correctly equipped with appropriate network access sockets, that network cables are inappropriately installed, that technical facilities such as cable patch panels are imperfectly installed or simply missing, etc. Finally, poor cross- domains vision leads often to the installation of several independent physical network cabling setups such as: • Network cablings for analog/digital telephony services. • Network cablings for emergency (e.g. alarms, elevators) services. • Network cabling for IT data networking service. • Network cabling for IP telephony service. • Network cabling for analog/digital video surveillance service. • Network cabling for IP video surveillance service. There is a clear need to unify these ICT independent infrastructures through a common multi-services physical engineering architecture. Requirements, specifications and best practices for the deployment of these physical cabling infrastructures are covered by various norms such as CENELEC EN 50173-2 [1], CENELEC EN 50173-4 [2], CENELEC EN 50174-1 [3] and CENELEC EN 50174-2 [4]. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 10 |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 4.3 Inter-buildings connectivity cabling infrastructure | Nowadays, in many cases municipal facilities are spread across many buildings which may or may not be near to one another. Besides the constraint of classified heritage buildings, distances between facilities may be large. In that regard and according to the capabilities, municipalities either opt to deploy their own inter-building cablings or either opt for contracting external service provider(s). Similarly to the local cabling, poor cross-domains vision regularly leads to the installation of several independent physical network cabling setups thus establishing multiple service contracts with service providers. There is a clear need to improve the engineering architecture which interconnects the various facilities spread across the territory. Requirements, specifications and best practices for the deployment of these physical cabling infrastructures are covered by various norms such as CENELEC EN 50174-1 [3] and CENELEC EN 50174-3 [5]. |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 4.4 Digital services availability | IP networking technology leverages numerous IT services such as data transfer, digital telephony, video surveillance, IoT operation and monitoring, etc. IT staff availability within the municipality shall be taking into account and due to financial constraints regularly missing (small cities, villages) or outsourced to external services providers. The consequence is that there is limited or a missing engineering view on the deployment of the digital services. It is a common situation where the IP data network is unfortunately fragmented into multiple independent IP networks isolated from one another and even requires to pass through externals service providers for internal communications. By example, when migrating from analog/digital telephony or video security to IP telephony or video security, lack of technical engineering and poor global networking views often lead to mirror traditional POTS (Plain Old Telephone Service) or situation. Municipalities often deploy independent and isolated IP networks per service and per site (even per building) whereas technically engineered design would suggest to architecture the deployment as a single unified IP voice or video platform leveraging a multi service network spanning across the building facilities. The engineering of a multi-services network would also open the way to innovative IT solution such as voice and video convergences while also enabling communication between: • physical IP phones and softphone running on municipal employee's computer, • access to IP camera video streams from authorized computer within the network. |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 4.5 Network access coherence | Local or inter-buildings physical networking connectivity has constrained the municipal authorities to fragment their local IP networks into isolated networking areas. Access to the Internet, or specific national network resources, with such engineering implies to install a dedicated physical connection to a network service provider (e.g. ISP) within each local network. Unfortunately, it is also common to have cities where Internet connections are even physically linked to single agent computers therefore removing the capability to share the service provider access with the agent department. The engineering of a multi-services network would also improve the accessibility to the Internet as well as to other specific external services (e.g. national citizen or enterprise's registries) such as those provided by higher authorities of the government. |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 5 General considerations about digital multiservice city | Renowned technology organizations such as the ITU-T describes the concept of the sustainable city with the following terms: "A smart sustainable city is an innovative city that uses ICT and other means to improve quality of life, efficiency of urban operation and services, and competitiveness, while ensuring that it meets the needs of present and future generations with respect to economic, social and environmental aspects". This definition has been developed based on the work carried out by FG-SSC and UNECE in ITU-T SG5. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 11 The point of view of internationally recognized analysts share a strong position that technology organizations emphasise the importance of a transversal approach across the various services which build the organization of a city: "A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of information that flow between its many different subsystems. This flow of information is analysed and translated into citizen and enterprises services. The city will act on this information flow to make its wider ecosystem more resource-efficient and sustainable. The information exchange is based on a smart governance operating framework designed for cities sustainable" (Gartner, 2011). An increasing number of everyday machines and objects are now embedded with sensors or actuators and have the ability to communicate over the Internet. Collectively they make up the Internet of Things (IoT). With the development of the IoT, more and more of the information systems present in the city are now offered technologies which enable real-time data harvesting and almost real-time data processing and sharing. Within ETSI, the SmartM2M Technical Committee (TC) is focusing on the specifications and requirements to enable end to end interoperability between Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications. The scope of the following documents covers topics such as smart grids, connected cars, home automation and smart cities. The work program includes: • to develop and maintain an end-to-end overall telecommunication high level architecture for M2M; • to identify gaps within existing standards and provide specifications to fill these gaps. TC SmartM2M has initiated several developments of standards for communication between Smart Appliances. The standards are based upon ETSI's functional architecture for Machine to Machine communications, and includes a common data model and the identification of communication protocols for several use cases such as transport, water management, building management, culture & tourism, described in ETSI TR 103 290 [i.5], ETSI TR 102 898 [i.6], ETSI TR 102 935 [i.7] and ETSI TR 102 857 [i.8]. To be sustainable in servicing or introducing new digital services, the city needs to have an ICT infrastructure which enables seamless end to end communications at the lowest possible cost of installation, energy consumption and operation. By enabling a common infrastructure, structural expenses can be shared amongst the variety of services that the ICT of a digital city has to cover. |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 6 Theoretical pillars for a digital multiservice city | |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 6.1 Convergence path | From villages to megacities, across urban cities, all of these living places can be qualified by some 'smart' attributes within the different delivered services: energy (electricity, gas) delivery, water management (distribution, recycling), waste (organic, plastic, generic) management, transportation (bus, metro, train), education, healthcare, public security and mobility (road, traffic light). The daily operations of the administration, which could be considered as the enterprise behind the scene, are also areas where smart process and smart management, smart building, etc. could be realized. It is now clear that with the maturity of various ICT technologies, most of these public order services could benefit from the data era to improve their efficiency, sustainability and increase the level of quality for the resident citizen, the municipal workforces or the enterprise's commuters. From data collection (e.g. consumption metering, traffic flow, air/water quality monitoring) to data analytics, all these types of data processing may receive the added values behind the sustainablility mindset. Nevertheless, before any specific ICT terminology this road has to be first defined in terms of functional aims which are presented in figure 1. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 12 Figure 1: Functional aims of a digital multiservice city |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 6.2 Cross domain | The municipal services provided to residents, in return of their local taxes, depend on numerous factors: size of the territory, number of inhabitants, history, geographical location, etc. Basic services expected by the city authorities range from water delivery, sanitation sewer, sanitation refuse & waste, street/parking/public transport (bus, metro, etc.) and lighting for mobility, schools and public libraries for education, police and fire departments for security, hospitals and ambulances for healthcare, etc. For ages, these services have been the concern of several different municipal employees who often belong to separate and independent departments. This underlying administrative structure, "bigger the city,bigger the gap", has lead cities to adopt an operational model which inducts the silos mentality. Silos Mentality is a mindset present when certain departments or sectors are unable or do not wish to share information with others in the same organization. Such low working relationships and lack of cooperation have also impacted the way ICT technologies have been introduced into the operational engine of the cities. In most cases IT applications have been designed and developed to answer specific service needs independently from one another. It is also likewise that these applications evolve independently of each other. Consequences of such a behaviour reduce the efficiency in the overall operation but also do not contribute to productivity improvement. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 13 The presence of these silos has numerous impacts such as: • Information fragmentation: - In the presence of different and non-interworking applications and systems, the data tends to remain isolated whereas specific cross domains exchanges would be beneficial. For example, crossing real-time household data on water consumption with the water pumping station operational network would probably reduce the leakage in delivery in some under provisioned areas at critical moments of the day. • Inability to think of the economy of scale: - Existing silo-based model leads to multiple procurements for similar infrastructures or applications. For example, installing outdoor IEEE 802.11 [i.15] WLAN (Wi-Fi) networks for public Internet access, deploying another for the video security purposes while also setting up separated backbone networks would imply both cost increase in procurements, management and support but also constraints on technical aspects such as radio frequency interferences, physical asset limitations and urbanistic headaches. • Lack of uniform technical specifications: - Independent applications or network infrastructures design, non-coordinated procurements result in heterogeneous technological platforms, which are more difficult and costly to manage, maintain and evolve. For example, area-wide villages or municipalities have often their employees and workers spread across several buildings situated in different locations. The local IT networking infrastructures are commonly independent from one another leading regularly to situations where both networks cannot talk to each other and most probably have their standalone Internet access. Such an unplanned situation would seriously impact the setup and Total Cost of Ownership of an IP telephony platform. It is therefore clear that cross domain thinking shall be applied when possible. The various levels where this specific exercise should be realized are: • service business logic on both functional and operational levels; • network (wired & wireless) architecture on Local Area Networks, Metropolitan Area Networks and Wide Area Networks; • applications data structure, semantic and correspondences; • data access methods; • application software architecture. By embracing cross domain mentality versus silos mentality, serious operational improvements could be achieved thus strengthening the adoption of the smart city. As an example, real time crossing data of city parking availabilities, city traffic status, and street traffic lights might enable both free parking locations suggestions to car drivers while making traffic more fluid through the avoidance of congestion areas where many drivers will converge. Furthermore, this fluidity in the traffic could be reflected by influencing the traffic lights in a positive manner. |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 6.3 Data Culture & Open Data governance | For ages, municipalities have been servicing public interests and citizen needs generating numerous information of different kinds not shared with any party outside the city. Even in the presence of ICT technologies, these data have been locked within the specific business applications in which there were processed. One key feature of digital multiservice city is the adoption of the cross-domain approach. When ICT technologies are designed with this mentality many innovations may emerge. To remain competitive and achieve sustainable growth, cities shall embrace the Data Culture philosophy. By changing the way government officials look at and use data such a mindset enables the ICT ecosystem to be creative and this out of the box. Indeed, rather than limiting the usage of a specific set of data within a city department to its specific business processing, sharing this set with other departments but also with a third party outside the city sphere could benefit to the overall community. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 14 For example, it is the water department which usually manages the fire hydrant locations as they belong to the water infrastructure city assets. However, the primary beneficiaries of this location data set are entities like the fire department and public safety. The water department has traditionally the responsibility for disseminating this information to those that need it. By embracing the Data Culture, instead of keeping these locations records and the associated operational status (operational valve, water flow, water pressure, etc.) closed and communicating these only once in a while, sharing dynamically these precious data with the outside could be of a great benefit and even can save lives. Opening Data outside the traditional scope of single or multiple city departments often faces technological and political barriers. Indeed, many city data are decades old, and extracting information to release as Open Data can be time consuming and difficult. Furthermore, some fear that releasing information could be used by outside parties to evaluate their performances. Open Data does not mean providing access to anyone or in any way. When adopting this practice, data governance should be associated. Indeed, data should be structured in understandable formats, with defined semantics, open access should be presented according to their respective scope and usage should be logged. Furthermore, Open Data does not mean Free Data. Data Culture of a municipality is therefore also the ability to both operate as a free public service but also as an enterprise minded organization. |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 6.4 Data Culture & Open Data governance | When it comes to IT, there are important inequalities between the cities. According to the size of the area, the number of inhabitants, the variability in the publicly provided services, the specificities (industrial, vacation, port, university, etc.) or the status (village, capital, etc.), the obligations and the finances (through regional/governmental subsidy or local taxes) are different. These differences have an impact on the level of use of IT and therefore on the service level and service quality which could be achieved through the digital infrastructure within reasonable limits. Nevertheless, whatever the city, critical services shall be treated with the same importance. ICT infrastructures and applications related to the critical domains (e.g. police, fire department, alerting system) shall be seriously analysed and associated with particular service levels such as: • availability; • interoperability; • scalability; • resilience. Besides critical conditions where all these service levels shall be simultaneously associated, independent concerns should be applied in ICT fields such as to: • avoid vendor lock-in and proprietary technologies; • enable common information and meta-data semantic across vertical domains; • enable open data interfaces/API between applications; • enable infrastructures/platforms monitoring and proactive supervision. By introducing these service level requirements, it is possible to embrace the concept of a digital multiservice city. As an illustration there are numerous city departments which may have valuable information serviceable to address the question of unoccupied dwellings: • The revenue department views the notion of vacant property through their records which keep track of those who pay property taxes and those who do not. • The water and electricity departments view the notion of vacant property through their records which keep track of those who have an active account and effective consumption and those who do not. • The sanitation refuse and waste department views the notion of vacant property through their records which keep track of the collection passages and the weight of waste collected. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 15 As there is not a department in charge of keeping track of vacant properties, there is not an appropriate view on this question. Several departments have some data on the problem of vacancy, but their interpretation of the question is approached through the lens of the service they deliver. However, if these data sets are made available, in a digital and interoperable format, crossing them would give a better view and help reduce the vacancy rate. This will be of added value for the citizen (vacant properties negatively impact housing values), the real estate business (increase value proposition), the city (population growth) and even the police (vacant units are more likely to be vandalized or squatted). |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 6.5 Digital Equity | On the road to digital, cities are taking important decisions which impact the operation and delivery of their public services. From data scanning to e-Government, gradually the delivery model is modernized with digital assets and offering. While Municipal Service Counters are complemented with digital counterpart, some are simply replaced by their digital counterpart. Digital Service Counters are of a great benefit to the population or the businesses/commerce. Residents who have mobility issues, poor health, the elderly and those living in geographically remote areas can take advantage of this delivery method. A local trader should no longer be forced to close shop to get to the administration offices and neither should business employees have to take breaks during work. Digital services provide also facilities for the administration to communicate with the population, alerting systems are in the first line for such improvement. To illustrate these, it can be mentioned: • alerting the inhabitant of a specific geographical zone in case of water contamination, fire and air pollution; • notifying the inhabitants of a neighbourhood before the waste truck round; • soliciting the citizen for the electoral duty; • invoicing the inhabitant for the various city taxes; • etc. Public libraries, municipal schools, social services: It seems obvious that these multi service facilities are permitted through the Internet. However, even if every day the penetration of the broadband access in increasing, there is still a large percentage of the population without Internet access or who do not have access at all. Literature refers to this inequality as the Digital Divide. It is therefore essential that the digital multi service city does everything in its power to reduce and defeat this Digital Divide. Cities have some answers to fulfil the Digital Equity: • Digital Public Space in some of the city property (e.g. city house, library house, library truck). • In such places where anyone who wishes (children, adults, all social classes, all ages) can come to connect the available computers and access the Internet for all types research. • Public Wi-Fi in some of the city property or areas (e.g. city house, city green park, city places). • Facilitating (e.g. building permit, taxes incentives) Service Provider in their Broadband deployment (wired or wireless) within the city administrative scope. • Specific education courses within the children schools or recycling courses for elderly. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 16 |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 6.6 Pledge of confidence | Municipalities collect and own numerous information about their inhabitants, companies established in the territory and commuters. On one side, they have immediate access to data such as electricity or water consumptions, the amount of produced waste, the financial income, the properties ownership, the various contacts information (addresses, phones numbers, etc.), the family status and composition, etc. On another side, when fostering smart city, through various deployed digital technologies, they may have access to people locations (e.g. Bluetooth kiosk on bus stops, Wi-Fi in hotspot, video security camera, Location Based App, etc.), to consuming habit (e.g. traffic through the public internet access), etc. Many smart cities platforms collect, analyse and share the data about the citizen or produced by them. This extraordinary amount of information, combined with Big Data processing can really impact the privacy of the citizen. It is important that cities take action to analyse and define framework in domains such as data ownership, data privacy, data access transparency and also offer a way for the citizen to control these subjects. Numerous studies have established that personal data are valuable. In the business data broker industry, monetization of personal data is common: one gets finance free access to a service but in exchange accepts to trade the data generated by the service usage. It is commonly known that an individual is worth around one euro. The market leads to multi- billion euro when brokers have access to abundant numbers of individual profiles. Cities have often budget difficulties, particularly when it deals with ICT. It is important that city authorities are not attracted by such a kind of monetization and that they comply with the regulatory framework. Besides their role of ensuring people's data privacy, cities shall also ensure the confidentiality of these data. It is important to apply this constraint to both data transfer and data storage. |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 6.7 Digital Infrastructure | Some of the services delivered by cities are associated with physical networks assets such as delivery (e.g. water, electricity, gas, lightning), collection (e.g. sewage), mobility (e.g. metro, tram) and telecommunication (e.g. data, voice, IoT sensors, traffic light, video security). Similarlar to the behaviour that can be observed in the data silos generated by the independence of service departments, cities often suffer from important separations in the various networks. To reach a correct level of sustainability, cities should rationalize and unify networks when possible. Telecommunication networks are appropriated for such operational merging through infrastructure sharing. Synergies are also possible with the other network assets: • Fibre backbone and access can be deployed in aerially through the lamp pole infrastructure or underground through the sewage infrastructure. • IoT sensors or Wi-Fi hotspots can be deployed through urban assets such as bus stops, public dustbins, or tourist information kiosks. |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 6.8 Metric and KPI | In order to measure the improvements that ICT technologies bring to the city services and the quality of life of its citizens and enterprise's commuters, it is crucial to define Key Performance Indicators (KPI) which are clear, understandable and realistic to determine. These KPIs enable both the city to calculate the smart enhancements in the provided services but also to position itself into the regional, national and international scene. Through these indicators, the municipal authorities and their stakeholders should have a common understanding of the "smartness level" of the various fields of involvement of the city. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 17 |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 7 General needs from the cities | |
5395e81c5d8119a46094cc0b1bde4d1d | 110 174-1 | 7.1 ICT users' position | Energy efficiency of data centre buildings, transmission node building, computer rooms, networks and IT systems is of high importance for the ICT Customers who are users of ICT System Installations e.g. Car manufacturers, Banks, Insurance Companies, Network Operators, Airplane Companies and Governmental Ministries. Independently from the ICT systems integrators, service providers, producers and manufacturers of ICT system installations, in the perspective of EU Digital Agenda mechanism and law enforcements, these Users are proposing commonly agreed, proofed KPIs and framework of implementation. Such energy management KPIs will help Users of Operational Architecture to easily identify, compare and scale the effective energy efficiency of their ICT installations internally and with the other Users. The following Position Papers from the Industrial Specification Group Operational energy Efficiency for Users (ISG OEU), focusing on smart cities will be provided in order to complement these following ETSI standards: • ETSI GS OEU 009 [i.12]: Global KPI Modelling for Green Smart Cities "Definition of Global KPI Modelling for Green Smart Cities. This modelling will cover ICT domain including residential and office areas". • ETSI GS OEU 019 [i.13]: OEU KPIs for Smart Cities "The deliverable will define indicators (KPI) for Smart Cities expressing city level in terms of People, Planet, Prosperity, Governance and Propagation". The following Technical Specification from the Sustainable Digital Multiservice Cities (SDMC), focusing on smart cities, transposes the position expressed by the users and complement the present document: • ETSI TS 103 463 [i.14]: Key Performance Indicators for Sustainable Digital Multiservice Cities "Defining indicators (KPIs) for Smart Cities expressing city level in terms of People, Planet, Prosperity and Governance". The following recommendation from the ITU-T Study Group 20, focusing on smart sustainable cities, gives a general guidance to cities and provides an overview of Key Performance Indicators in the context of smart sustainable cities: • Recommendation ITU-T Y.4900 [i.18]: "Overview of Key Performance Indicators in smart sustainable cities". It belongs to a series of recommendations and supplements about KPI definitions which also includes: • Recommendation ITU-T Y.4901 [i.19]: "Key performance indicators related to the use of information and communication technology in smart sustainable cities". This recommendation lists the KPIs focusing on ICT use in smart sustainable cities. • Recommendation ITU-T Y.4902 [i.20]: "Key performance indicators related to the sustainability impacts of information and communication technology in smart sustainable cities". This recommendation lists the KPIs used for ICT impact on sustainability. • Recommendation ITU-T Y.4903 [i.21]: "Key performance indicators for smart sustainable cities to assess the achievement of sustainable development goals". This supplement provides information regarding KPIs and evaluation index systems of smart cities, KPIs of sustainable cities, etc. The following recommendation from the ISO/TC 268 technical committee, focusing on sustainable cities and communities, defines and establishes methodologies for a set of indicators to steer and measure the performance of city services and quality of life. • ISO 37120:2014 [i.22]: "Sustainable development of communities -- Indicators for city services and quality of life". ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 18 Figure 2: ICT users' digital domains of interest ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 19 Annex A (informative): General needs from the cities A.1 European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities (EIP-SCC) The European Innovation Partnership on Smart Cities and Communities (EIP-SCC) brings together cities, industries and citizens to improve urban life through more sustainable integrated solutions. This includes applied innovation, better planning, a more participatory approach, higher energy efficiency, better transport solutions, an intelligent use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), etc. EIP-SCC invitation for commitments was closed on June 2015 with 370 eligible commitments by over 3 000 partners. All these are published on the online European Innovation Partnership marketplace [i.16] and the first public draft of the Operational Implementation Plan [i.9], the operational annex to the Strategic Implementation Plan [i.10] gives a wealth of detailed examples for integrated smart city solutions. The operational plan suggests several Priority Areas amongst which the third is focused on "Integrated Infrastructures": "Significant and yet insufficiently tapped value is offered by integrating the various existing and new infrastructure networks within and across cities - be they energy, transport, communications or others - rather than duplicating these needlessly. This point applies, both, to active and passive infrastructure. Many such infrastructures are ageing; budgets to replace them are stretched; they are procured and managed 'in silos'; yet the potential afforded to cities and their customers through new joined-up approaches, exploiting modern technologies is substantial. This is achievable. However, it will take sustained commitment from multiple parties to access value". The "Integrated Infrastructures" Priority Area suggest 11 potential actions. Amongst these actions, some are strengthening and supporting the notion of digital multiservice city network infrastructure and related smart urban assets: • Potential Action #1: The Humble Lamppost: - "Reduce energy consumption and maintenance costs through implementing e.g. efficient long-lasting lighting; motion-sensing; PV-power. Use lamppost for e.g. Wi-Fi; CCTV (parking, safety, etc.). Test innovative business models". • Potential Action #3: Shared infrastructure planning: - "Systematically exploit synergies between smart grid and broadband infrastructure, including shared engineering works, reuse of passive infrastructures, communications networks, data centres and services". • Potential Action #5: Road Systems: - "Mobile ITS (location-based route/travel information + traffic light systems = optimized traffic flow to reduce emissions and energy consumption). Work with traffic management systems and automotive industry to re-use urban sensors deployed in street scenes. Exploit sensors and devices to predict traffic conditions/improve road and traffic management". • Potential Action #7: Parking systems: - "Connect infrastructure, people and devices, and sensors to address the up to 25 % of congestion caused by people looking for parking. Mode shift through yield management pricing". • Potential Action #10: Adverse Events: - "Connect key information sources with city monitoring systems (sensors, people); with city 'life-lines' infrastructures (transport, power, water, and communication) to build city resilience in the face of incidents and crisis". ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 20 • Potential Action #11: Intelligent Bins: - "Putting sensors on bins enables cities to communicate within the waste collection system, optimizing truck routing, minimizing energy consumption and congestion, and satisfying customers". A.2 Humble Lamppost Amongst the commitments for integrated smart city solutions, the Humble Lamppost [i.11] is an illustration of urban asset (street furniture) valorization for sustainable city development through a digital multiservice city infrastructure. Lighting in a city is everywhere. It is typically treated in a very tactical manner, evidenced by the ageing assets that exist, and the volume of citizen complaints (in some cities it represents 20 % of the contact centre calls). Light does not come cheap - savings on energy bills is of growing attractiveness. Quality low-energy lighting is required for 'place- making', for public safety and security. Lights are also too often swiched on when not needed - wasting power and money; and can result in light pollution. The lamppost is also typically a single purpose asset - for light; however that is not necessarily the only role it can play. New ICT-technologies can help transform the role of the "humble lamppost". The goal is to demonstrate how lighting can deliver early rewards for cities providing investment funds through saving for further integrated solutions in the areas of environmental and building monitoring and traffic analysis for overall emissions reduction. Firstly, in terms of using the existing physical infrastructure, enhanced with digital infrastructure, for multiple purposes: synergy across city services and goals. Secondly, in significant financial terms: lighting can represent some 20 % of a cities electricity budget; and savings in energy costs and maintenance costs of 20 % and 70 % are not uncommon, through installation of more efficient lamps. This is therefore a "quick win" for smart cities. It addresses all three content domains of the EIP (to greater or lesser extents), and services the 20/20/20 energy and climate goals. A.3 Shared infrastructure planning The deployment of high-speed broadband networks can be made cheaper and faster by cooperating at infrastructure and services level between sectors. Various inefficiencies and bottlenecks in the rollout process exist, which lead to high costs and heavily administrative burdens for organizations wishing to deploy networks. It is estimated that up to 80 % of the costs of deploying new networks are civil engineering costs. It is also believed that savings up to 30 % could be achieved by adopting a set of simple measures, such as maximizing the use of existing passive infrastructure or co- deploying infrastructure. The goal is to demonstrate synergies between the energy and telecommunication sectors at infrastructure and services levels whilst deploying Smart Grids in cities. In particular, the underlying vision is to work towards: • creating a favourable business, and technological environment for a low carbon electricity grid; • clarifying which data could be transmitted in support of Smart Grids via existing (and future) telecom network infrastructures and which data might need to have a dedicated connection/network for the purpose. A.4 s[m2]art Amongst the commitments for integrated smart city solutions, s[m2]art [i.17] is an illustration of street furniture valorization for sustainable city development through a digital multiservice city infrastructure. The project aims at creating a scalable system of smart street furniture connected as nodes of a network for data collection and processing. s[m2]art addresses the creation of innovative prototypes of smart street furniture which can offer smart services. In a user-friendly perspective, this furniture integrates physical objects, electronic components and digital services to meet the actual needs of users, public administrations and local utilities. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 21 These smart street furniture address the challenges to assist reducing energy usage, environmental impact and carbon footprint while modernizing the infrastructure and creating high quality living environments. ETSI ETSI TS 110 174-1 V1.1.1 (2018-12) 22 History Document history V1.1.1 December 2018 Publication |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 1 Scope | The present document specifies European requirements for ADSL2plus. The present document endorses ITU-T Recommendation G.992.5 [1] and amendments 1 [2], 2 [3] and 3 [4], the contents of which apply together with the addition of the modifications being covered herein, to the exclusion of annex C of G.992.5. In particular the aspects covered by the present document are related to: 1) Define INP values as mandatory. 2) Define specific European tests. 3) Define mandatory S&D values. 4) Define mandatory support of extended interleaving memory. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 2 References | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. • Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following cases: - if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the purposes of the referring document; - for informative references. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference. For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably, the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper case and lower case letters. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 2.1 Normative references | The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. [1] ITU-T Recommendation G.992.5 (01/05): "Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) transceivers - extended bandwidth ADSL2 (ADSL2plus)". [2] ITU-T Recommendation G.992.5 (07/05): Amendment 1, "Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) transceivers - extended bandwidth ADSL2 (ADSL2plus)". [3] ITU-T Recommendation G.992.5 (06/06) Amendment 2: "Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) transceivers - extended bandwidth ADSL2 (ADSL2plus)". [4] ITU-T Recommendation G.992.5 (07/02) Amendment 3: "Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) transceivers - extended bandwidth ADSL2 (ADSL2plus)". ETSI ETSI TS 105 388 V1.1.1 (2008-04) 6 [5] DSL Forum TR-100 (2007): "ADSL2/ADSL2plus Performance test plan". [6] ETSI TS 101 388 (V1.4.1): "Access Terminals Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Access transmission systems on metallic access cables; Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) - European specific requirements [ITU-T Recommendation G.992.1 modified]". [7] ITU-T Recommendation G.992.3 (09/05) Amendment 1: "Asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL) transceivers". |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 2.2 Informative references | The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Not applicable. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 3 Abbreviations | |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 3.1 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: DSL Digital Subscriber Line INP Impulse Noise Protection REIN Repetitive Electrical Impulse Noise |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 4 Test methods | All test methods shall be as defined in TS 101 388 [6], and DSL Forum Technical report TR 100 [5], as required by test definitions in clause 5. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5 Other specific requirements | |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5.1 European specific tests | This clause contains European specific tests. Other performance requirements are for further study. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5.1.1 Repetitive Electrical Impulse Noise (REIN) test | The test method shall be identical to the section 7.2.2 of DSL Forum TR-100 [5]. Additional European requirements are for further study. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5.2 Reach requirements | This clause contains European specific reach requirements. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5.2.1 Reach requirements for FDD ADSL2plus from cabinet in "FD" noise | Shall meet the requirements of A.3.1 (rate adaptive) and A.3.2 (fixed rate) in DSL Forum TR-100 [5]. Additional European requirements are for further study. ETSI ETSI TS 105 388 V1.1.1 (2008-04) 7 |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5.3 Framing related requirements | This clause contains European specific requirements related to framing parameter and framing parameter control. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5.3.1 Requirements for INP | The mandatory values for Impulse Noise Protection (INP) for upstream and downstream transmission in European ADSL2plus transmission systems are 0, 1/2, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16. The choice of values for INP_min and Delay_max can dramatically affect the resulting net data rate of the transmission system. This is illustrated in Tables K.3a/G.992.5 and K.3b/G.992.5 of ITU-T Recommendation G.992.5 [1] for upstream and downstream transmission. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5.3.2 Requirements for interleaving memory | From January 1st, 2009, the extended interleaving memory of 24 000 bytes, that can be negotiated as defined in ITU-T Recommendation G.992.5 amendment 3 [4], shall be mandatory. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5.3.3 Requirements for S&D framing parameters | |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5.3.3.1 Requirement for use in conjunction with 16 002 bytes interleaving memory | The mandatory framing configurations are extended as follows: The mandatory downstream framing control parameter support for the mandatory latency path 0 is extended as follows (extension of table 7-9/G.992.3 amendment 1 [7]). The values in the table shall be supported in the transmitter and receiver. Table 1: Mandatory downstream control parameter support for latency path #0 in conjunction with 16 002 bytes interleaving memory Parameter Capability D0 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 96, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256, 288, 320. Support of the mandatory D0 values above 64 shall be indicated during initialization, through individual indication with 1 bit per value. Support of additional optional D0 values is indicated during initialization. All indicated values of D0 shall be supported. S0 1/11 ≤ S0 < 64. Support of these mandatory S0 values shall be indicated during initialization, through S0 min, with S0 min ≤ 1/11. Support of additional optional S0 values is indicated during initialization, through S0 min, with 1/16 ≤ S0 min < 1/11. All values of S0, with S0 min ≤ S0 ≤ 1/11, shall be supported. |
f0f800df3c84125f7fc10713bc87e0fa | 105 388 | 5.3.3.2 Requirement for use in conjunction with 24 000 bytes interleaving memory | From January 1st, 2009, in conjunction with the 24 000 bytes interleaving memory defined in clause 5.3.2, the mandatory downstream framing control parameter support for the mandatory latency path 0 will be extended as follows (extension of table 7-9/G.992.3 amendment 1 [7]). The values in the table shall be supported in the transmitter and receiver. ETSI ETSI TS 105 388 V1.1.1 (2008-04) 8 Table 2: Mandatory downstream control parameter support for latency path #0 in conjunction with 24 000 bytes interleaving memory Parameter Capability D0 1,2,4,8,16,32,64,96,128,160,192,224,256,288,320, 352, 384 Support of the mandatory D0 values above 64 shall be indicated during initialization, through individual indication with 1 bit per value. Support of additional optional D0 values is indicated during initialization. All indicated values of D0 shall be supported. S0 1/11 ≤ S0 < 64. Support of these mandatory S0 values shall be indicated during initialization, through S0 min, with S0 min ≤ 1/11. Support of additional optional S0 values is indicated during initialization, through S0 min, with 1/16 ≤ S0 min < 1/11. All values of S0, with S0 min ≤ S0 ≤ 1/11, shall be supported. ETSI ETSI TS 105 388 V1.1.1 (2008-04) 9 History Document history V1.1.1 April 2008 Publication |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 1 Scope | The reporting of Global KPIs in accordance with ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] requires the collection of data to enable the calculation of the following aspects: • Objective KPI relating to task efficiency (KPITE) based on data_volume and total energy consumption (KPIEC). • Objective KPI relating to the use of renewable energy (KPIREN). The present document supports the requirements of ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] providing a framework for, and detailing, the implementation procedures including any necessary techniques for estimation of energy consumption together with clarification and treatment of different types of data volume. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 2 References | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 2.1 Normative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. [1] ETSI EN 305 200 series: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy management; Operational infrastructures; Global KPIs". [2] ETSI EN 305 200-2-3: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy management; Operational infrastructures; Global KPIs; Part 2: Specific requirements; Sub-part 3: Mobile broadband access networks". |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 2.2 Informative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] ETSI EN 303 472: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement methodology and metrics for RAN equipment". ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 10 |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 3.1 Terms | For the purposes of the present document, the terms given in ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] and the following apply: Access Gateway (AG): gateway that interworks a significant number of analogue lines to a packet network BaseBand Unit (BBU): mobile access network equipment that processes baseband signal, connected to one or more Remote Radio Units through optical fibre or metallic cabling, or by microwave links downstream: relative location in the mobile access network in the direction of User Equipment Fixed Wireless Access (FWA): means of providing internet connectivity that uses wireless network technology rather than fixed lines fronthaul infrastructure: portion of a mobile access network telecommunications architecture including the intermediate links between the BaseBand Units and Remote Radio Units Management Information Base (MIB): database allowing management of ICT devices using Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) Mobile Network Operator (MNO): provider of wireless communications services that owns or controls all the elements necessary to sell and deliver services to an end user including radio spectrum allocation, wireless network infrastructure, backhaul infrastructure, billing, customer care, provisioning computer systems and marketing and repair organizations Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC): network architecture that supports increases in data processing and storage at the edge of the of a mobile access network (closer to end-user) to reduce latency Remote Radio Unit (RRU): radio transceiver equipment connected to a BaseBand Unit upstream: relative location in the mobile access network in the direction of an Operator Site |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 3.2 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the symbols given in ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] apply. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the abbreviations given in ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] and the following apply: AG Access Gateway BBU BaseBand Unit FWA Fixed Wireless Access MEC Multi-access Edge Computing MIB Management Information Base MNO Mobile Network Operator QoS Quality of Service RRU Remote Radio Unit SIM Subscriber Identity Module SMPA Switched Mode Power Amplifier SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 11 |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4 Global KPIs of ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.1 Mobile broadband access networks | The network schematic used in the present document is shown in Figure 1 (amended from that of ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2]). Figure 1: Mobile access network implementations Within the mobile access network, the term Network Distribution Node (NDN) is employed to describe a variety of aggregations of Network Telecommunications Equipment (NTE) at locations within the backhaul network (also known as transport network) between the Operator Site (OS) and the Base Station site accommodating a Base Station or BaseBand Units (BBU). The BBUs are shown connected over the fronthaul links to Remote Radio Units (RRUs). BS sites, repeaters (R) and RRUs are shown as specific examples of NDNs. Figure 1 shows certain NDNs within dashed boxes to indicate that they are: • optional; • not restricted in number to the configurations shown. The present document also considers the use of small cell and Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) implementations. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2 KPIs for energy management | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.1 Global KPI (KPIEM) for mobile access networks | From ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2], KPIEM is a combination of two separate KPIs, in a common assessment period, as follows: 1) the Objective KPI for task effectiveness expressed as KPITE (see clause 4.2.2.2); 2) the Objective KPI for renewable energy contribution expressed as KPIREN (see clause 4.2.2.3); BS site Backhaul (transport) UE R OS NDN NDN NDN Access network Optical fibre, metallic and microwave infrastructure BS BBU BBU BBU RRU RRU RRU BS site UE UE UE Fronthaul Backhaul (transport) ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 12 and both of these Objective KPIs incorporate a third Objective KPIs for energy consumption expressed as KPIEC (see clause 4.2.2.1). From ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2], KPIEM is defined as: _ data volume KPITE KPIEC = in conjunction with KPIREN The Global KPI, KPIEM, and the underpinning Objective KPIs are primarily intended for trend analysis - not to enable comparison between mobile access networks. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.2 Objective KPIs | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.2.1 Energy consumption (KPIEC) | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.2.1.1 General | The present document supports the evaluation of the energy consumption required to provide a given level of service as a primary objective. From ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2], KPIEC, for a given assessment period, is defined mathematically as: = + where, for the assessment period: j = index of NDN sites N = total number of OS M = total number of NDN sites i OS C = energy consumption of all the mobile access network NTE at OSi NOTE 1: COS includes the energy consumption of the supporting infrastructure at OSs where all the NTE is under common governance. j N D N C = energy consumption of all the mobile access network NTE at NDNj supplied from the utility, from upstream sources or generated on-site NOTE 2: CNDN includes the energy consumption of the supporting infrastructure at NDNs where all the NTE is under common governance. The note text in the explanations of the parameters are taken from ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2]. However, it should be noted that network and location sharing (see clause 5.2.1.5) implies that not all NTE at OS and NDN sites is under common governance and the present document refines the approach taken in such situations. The above formula and terms do not take account of equipment that is powered by third parties including small cell (microcell, picocell and femtocell) and FWA equipment powered by the end-user. This is not addressed in ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] and the inclusion of such equipment requires a modification to the above formula (see clause 4.2.2.1.2). It has to be considered that a mobile access network is complex and consists of a large number of distributed sites accommodating BS and RRU equipment. A typical MNO has many thousand sites, up to tens of thousands. The number of sites is predicted to increase further with the advent of 5G. ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 13 KPIEC can be either measured or estimated: • KPIEC-measured is the energy consumption obtained through direct measurement by the MNO or electricity supplier, or provided by another MNO if equipment is co-located in the OS or the NDN; • KPIEC-estimated is the energy consumption obtained through direct measurement by the MNO or electricity supplier, or provided by another MNO if equipment is co-located in the OS or the NDN. NOTE 3: This is applied in mixed, "access/core", network sites where equipment of other network segments is present (core, fixed access, etc.) and the energy split is not made through continuous measurement. Estimation is also needed for the energy consumed by network equipment in small cells, powered from CP as described in clause 4.2.2.1.2. 4.2.2.1.2 Small cells in CP, FWA, public WiFi and "street level" equipment within the calculation of KPIEC For coverage extension, offloading of data traffic and to improve Quality of Service (QoS), operators install small cells near the users' location and propose that end-users acquire service via a cell in their own location. These cells can be deployed in different places such as: • microcells, typically outdoors, at "street level"; • picocells (typically installed in residential, commercial and industrial premises); • femtocells in homes or other CP which are connected to, or integrated within, CP equipment; • WiFi access points for public WiFi service. The consumption of the equipment or an apportionment relevant to the mobile access network, even if it is not directly accounted for by the MNO, has an integral role in powering the mobile access network and should be part of the KPIEC. The estimation of this consumption can be made by multiplying the quantity of such equipment by its maximum energy consumption. The presence of CP powered equipment within the mobile access network requires an amendment of the formula for KPIEC of clause 4.2.2.2.1 as follows: = + + with: = where, for the assessment period: k = index of small cells P = total number of small cells under consideration = energy consumption of small cell k Considering the power needed by small cells varies from a few watts for home equipment femtocells up to 200 W for microcells, the total amount of energy could become significant as the number of such equipment grows dramatically in the coming years. For example, the picocell function integrated within an Access Gateway (AG) can consume up to 25 % of the maximum AG energy consumption (as specified in the equipment's technical specification). NOTE: This represents the energy portion of the AG to deliver the mobile service and its need to remain always on. The energy consumption of the TE of FWA services (that can be integrated within the antenna) should also be accounted for. ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 14 As a result the total CSC is reported separately (see clause 7). |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.2.1.3 Measurement (and estimation) of total energy consumption | As indicated above KPIEC (as either KPIEC-measured or KPIEC-estimated) is the arithmetic sum of the consumption of all the NTE of the mobile access network, together with the energy consumed by their supporting infrastructure where all the NTE is under common governance. The supporting infrastructure considers powering; cooling; lighting and any further ancillary equipment in the mobile access network sites. As described in detail in clause 5.2.1, the consumption information sources can be: • the utility meter, through the fiscal energy billing; • a sensor and metering network installed by the MNO; • energy consumption estimation; • consumption of small cells (see clause 4.2.2.1.2). Although the primary objective of present document is the evaluation of KPIs of a mobile access network only, in some cases it could prove difficult to apportion the consumption of mixed-use sites, that are hosting both access and core network equipment and even offices for the MNO's employees. This could lead to extensive need to split by estimation of the shares due to the various network segments (see clause 5.2.1.5). This complexity is going to increase as the Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) equipment is going to spread across the access network sites. In such a case, in addition to NTE, other infrastructures composed of ITE will be present in the ICT site. In order to simplify the task for the MNO and to improve dependability of the data, it could then be acceptable that the consumption of the MEC ITE equipment, up to that of the whole mobile network is used as KPIEC. The approach chosen on the network boundaries considered will have to be declared in the Reporting Template. KPIEC is expressed in kWh; the unit for consumption of electricity which is the main source of energy in mobile access networks. Nevertheless, other energy vectors can be part of the total energy consumption such as: diesel oil used in gen- sets that power off-grid, remote sites, natural gas used in high efficiency "combined heat and power" co/tri-generators. The additional use of energy from different sources than electricity has to be converted from the original form into kWh. Requirements or recommendations in relation to the improvement of the energy consumption of the NTE and support infrastructures are not within the scope of the present document. It is desirable that the actual energy consumption of all relevant NTE and supporting infrastructure equipment is measured and used to calculate the KPI. However, in situations where direct measurement of the consumption is not possible, the maximum consumption of the equipment contained within the vendors technical specification may be used. This latter approach will result in a generally higher value of KPIEC. This will encourage the implementation of methodologies to enable the direct measurements to be made. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.2.2 Task effectiveness (KPIEC) | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.2.2.1 General | The present document supports the evaluation of the task effectiveness as a primary objective. KPITE is a measure of the data volume transported across the mobile access network per unit of energy consumed by the entire network. An improvement of KPITE reflects a reduction of the overall energy consumption required to deliver a given data volume (which is noted by a reduction in KPIEC) and/or an increase in the data volume provided for a given level of energy consumption. ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 15 From ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2], KPITE, for a given assessment period, is defined mathematically as: _ 1 N data volumei i KPIEC KPITE = = where, for the assessment period, KPIEC = total of KPIEC-measured and KPIEC-estimated i = index of BS N = total number of BSs _ data volumei = total data volume at BSi (which can be measured at the highest hierarchical level which provides clear and unambiguous data) In order to obtain the total data volume, it is not necessary to measure the data traffic at each BS as an aggregated view of data volume can be obtained by measurement at the core level or other location in the network where data are aggregated. This represents a wider interpretation to that given ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] which implies measurements at BS locations in accordance with ETSI EN 303 472 [i.1]. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.2.2.2 Measurement of data volumes | The measurement of the total data volume transported across the mobile network could be made at different probing points, from each NDN, up to the core network. Nevertheless, measuring at each NDN is quite complex both due to the quantity of equipment involved and the lack of such probing points in legacy equipment. Practical reasons favour the measurement at high level network points (towards the boundaries between access and core network) as they are significantly less numerous and, anyway, in today's network architecture all the mobile data traffic is crossing them. The introduction of MEC will introduce new paths for the data flow as a relevant part of the data served to customers will not cross the core network anymore, but will be limited to the extreme downstream part of the access network. In order to ensure that the data traffic of these future mobile services is accounted for, each MEC installation shall be provided with data flow measurement features. Some legacy technologies are expressing the traffic in other terms than bit rate. Voice traffic (In GSM or UMTS for 2G and 3G mobile generations) is expressed in "minutes of call". To determine the data traffic contribution of such technologies it is then needed to convert the minutes of calls using the following formulas: Trafficvoice = 22 [kbits/s] x 60 [s/minutes] x CALLmillion minutes. x 2 (bi-directional data flow) where: Trafficvoice = data volume equivalent (Gbit) of total call time of the mobile access network CALLmillion minutes = total call time (in millions of minutes) over the mobile access network NOTE: The "22 [kbit/s]" values comprises the bit rate for the call itself + an additional bit rate for the signalling and framing overhead. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.2.3 Renewable energy (KPIREN) | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.2.3.1 General | From ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2], KPIREN , for a given assessment period, is defined mathematically as: 1 1 N M C R C R OS OS NDN NDN i i j j i j KPIEC KPIREN × + × = = = ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 16 where, for the assessment period, i = index of OS j = index of NDN sites N = total number of OS M = total number of NDN sites i OS C = energy consumption of all the mobile access network NTE at OSi j N D N C = energy consumption of all the mobile access network NTE at NDNj supplied from the utility, from upstream sources or generated on-site i OS R = ratio of renewable energy generated on-site at OSi j ND N R = ratio of renewable energy generated on-site at NDNj KPIREN is the ratio of energy consumption from renewable sources to the total energy consumption of clause 4.2.2.1. It is a dimensionless number. Small cells (as described in clause 4.2.2.1.2) are not considered within calculations of KPIREN unless the energy source is under the control of the MNO. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 4.2.2.3.2 Measurement of renewable energy consumption | ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] and the present document support the use of renewable energy as a primary objective. KPIREN is the ratio of energy consumption from renewable sources to the total energy consumption of clause 4.2.2.1. It is a dimensionless number. Only the sources contributing to KPIEC will be taken into account, whether dedicated or shared. KPIREN takes account of renewable energy that is produced by: a) sources dedicated to and directly serving an NDN; b) sources under common governance with the NDNs they serve and from which it is conveyed by the utility (grid) serving an NDNs in the group defined for the application of the KPIEM. In the case of b): • the renewable energy shall not be included within KPIREN of the recipient site if it is already included in the proportion of "green" energy within the energy mix of the utility (grid) supplied to the NDN as defined in European standards or other international schemes; NOTE: Any proportion in the mix of utility electricity supplies certified as "renewable" (e.g. based on the carbon footprint of the energy source) by electricity suppliers or in accordance with nationally recognized schemes is not recognized by the present document. • the portion of such energy allocated to the recipient NDN added to other NDN consumptions shall not exceed the overall energy consumption by the NDN. ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 17 |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5 Collection of data | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.1 General | The data collection provides the input for KPI calculation. Data are obtained from different sources at the sites or equipment comprising the mobile access network as described in clause 4. This clause describes the origin of the data and the way they could be collected. It is not within the scope of the present document to provide a detailed view of mobile access network equipment (see ETSI EN 303 472 [i.1]). However, some basic information is required to allow the calculation of the Objective KPIs. Information related to energy consumption can be collected from different sources as described in clause 5.2.1.1. Once the data are collected by the operator, they will have to be stored in a database to be analysed and sorted for providing the KPIs and help stakeholders in the management and improvement of their energy usage. A certain level of basic information is required to calculate the different indicators (see clause 4.2.2). Partial information, or a too high level of extrapolation will not give a realistic view of the energy consumption, KPIEC, task efficiency, KPITE, and renewable energy usage, KPIREN. This will also falsify the results of the global indicator KPIEM. Figure 2 is a schematic view of data collection and storage which excludes any contribution of energy provided from CPs. Figure 2: Data collection architecture Backhaul (transport) Access network Database Data analysis Reports = measurement point BS site UE R OS NDN NDN NDN BS BBU BBU BBU RRU RRU RRU BS site UE UE UE ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 18 Figure 3 is a schematic view of the several steps to produce reporting for the KPIs. Figure 3: Data processing and reporting architecture Clause 7 describes a reporting template for the mobile access network KPIs. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.2 Estimation of energy consumption and renewable content | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.2.1 Energy consumption | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.2.1.1 Overview | The estimation of the energy consumption is given by the KPIEC indicator. For a mobile access network, composed of thousands of remote sites, the KPIEC for the global access network will be the arithmetic sum of all KPIEC, estimated or measured, for each site (OS or NDN). This is the same for the objective KPIREN. For example, KPIREN will be the quantity of renewable energy which is locally generated at all the sites which are fully or for a part-powered with renewable energy (solar, wind or other). NOTE 1: Any proportion in the mix of utility electricity supplies certified as "renewable" (e.g. based on the carbon footprint of the energy source) by electricity suppliers or in accordance with nationally recognized schemes is not recognized by the present document. Figure 4 is a schematic from ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] which has been modified to include the concept of powering of sites from CPs. Figure 4: Schematic of mobile access network energy consumption Measure on-site Collect information Store data Data processing Report Meters, bills, other methods Data collected, centralized and transferred to a central management system Data stored in database Data sorted and analyzed to produce the KPI NTE Other NTE NTE OS Other* Other* * This allows for the inclusion of supporting infrastructures if all the NTE at the remote site is under common governance Access network boundary Remote provision NDN Energy Renewable Non-renewable Renewable Non-renewable Energy Renewable Non-renewable Remote provision Renewable Non-renewable BS Schematic of EN 305 200-2-3 Powering from CP ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 19 For an MNO, the large number of sites make it difficult to collect the data to estimate their individual site consumption and efficiency since the deployment of a smart metering solution on each site is very costly. This clause describes the origin of the data giving some elements in order to evaluate the energy consumption. For the energy use, data can be collected from different sources such as: • energy bills from the electricity/gas/fuel supplier (see clause 5.2.1.2); • proprietary meters installed on sites at different levels in the access network (see clause 5.2.1.3); NOTE 2: This solution ideally enables full coverage of all sites but the complexity and costs of monitoring the many thousands of sites in a typical mobile access network often force the MNO to only cover a sample of the sites. • estimation by the MNO, based on samples of typical access network sites (see clause 5.2.1.3). However, this will reflect an approximate view of the energy consumption and usage; • the equipment itself, if it is equipped with the appropriate mechanism to record data on energy consumption (see clause 5.2.1.4). All equipment at the site, including that for the ancillary services, has to be equipped with such features. The MNO has to provide the consumptions related to the different points of measurement, for all sites or equipment connected to the grid, and for the renewable part, the global amount of energy generated by the production source. The information detailed above is meaningful only for dedicated ICT sites since supporting infrastructure consumption is included for KPIEC in such locations. Clause 5.2.1.5 addresses network and location sharing. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.2.1.2 Energy bills | Most sites connected to the grid are equipped with a meter provided by the electricity supplier. This meter allows the supplier to collect (manually or automatically) the energy consumed during a certain period (typically monthly). The collected information on the consumption are used by the supplier to invoice the customer. The collection, storage and analysis of information given by the bill is generally made by MNO and provides a clear and dependable view of the entire energy consumption of all sites which are connected to the grid. Similarly, if the site produces energy based on renewable sources and feeds energy to the electricity supplier, this will be separately recorded by the meter used for the Feed-in Tariff. Clause 4.2.2.3.2 specifies how such renewable energy may be included in KPIREN at other sites under common ownership. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.2.1.3 Meters installed by the MNO (smart metering) | Some MNOs, for various reasons, have deployed their own meters on some, or all, of their sites, together with a software platform to analyse data and produce detailed reporting. This solution, even if it is the best to know clearly where energy is consumed, is very costly because it needs to deploy, instead of primary meters at the site entrance, some sub-meters in all parts of the sites, for cooling, racks, equipment, etc. To cover the whole mobile access network, this implies the deployment of thousands of meters and probes. Generally, the MNO limits these solutions to their main ICT sites and a sample of other, typical, access network sites. They then extrapolate to the entire range of access network sites. For such reasons it is normally considered not a practical solution to obtain a dependable information on the exact overall energy consumption of the network. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.2.1.4 Energy consumption provided by the equipment | Certain equipment such as servers, base stations, even cells, is now able to collect internally information on its own energy consumption and store this information in a Management Information Base (MIB). NOTE: Older equipment does not implement such features and this option is of limited value for legacy installations. ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 20 The MIB can be collected through the network and be managed by a software platform to provide any KPI as defined by the MNO. This method can be valid to keep track of the consumption of more modern equipment, but is not available for older NDNs and not, normally, for the consumption of the ancillary equipment. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.2.1.5 Network and location sharing | Mobile infrastructure sharing means the process by which MNOs share their infrastructure to deliver a mobile service to end users. In the case of the mobile access network, one of the main challenges will be to be in order to split the consumption between several stakeholders, knowing that a great part of the network, the sites, the equipment, could be shared with other MNOs. Usually, the energy meter provided by the electricity company gives a global consumption for the whole site. Sharing the mobile access network is a widespread policy, and several levels of sharing exist including: • real estate (field, site, building); • mast (several operator's RRUs on the same mast); • mobile access network technologies and components; • technical infrastructure (energy, cooling); • core network elements; • service platforms. Two main domains of sharing are addressed in the present document. • Passive sharing: sharing of the passive elements of network infrastructure such as masts, sites, cabinet, power, and environmental control. This happens where a BS accommodates equipment for more than one MNO or where a BS is hosted in an OS that provides the BS with power and environmental control. • Active sharing: sharing of active elements. In both cases the energy consumption is apportioned among those present by the site owner and the way the energy cost is subdivided is normally defined in the contract between the site owner and the MNO. The higher levels of sharing (core network elements and service platforms) are not considered in the present document. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.2.2 Renewable energy | Two different methods are possible to collect data for renewable energy: • measure the total of energy generated from renewable sources in a site; • measure the renewable energy consumption of the site (which may differ form that produced at the site). |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.3 Data related to traffic | For KPITE, (related to measure the data volume transported across the mobile access network per unit of energy consumed by the entire network), the energy consumption depends on two parts. The first is related to the infrastructure and it is the "fixed" part, typically responsible for major part (50 % to 70 %) of the energy consumption, the other part is linked to the load of the network activity. This amount of energy consumption depends on the traffic and data-volumes generated at the different levels of the network and linked to the type of communication and service offered. ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 21 Data volumes are obtained via monitoring probes that can be placed over suitable interfaces within the mobile access network. Depending on their position, these probes allow to data volumes to be captured with various levels of granularity. Probes may take measurements at different levels of the network such as: • core network (charging and policy servers, gateways); • OSs; • NDNs including BSs. The present document focusses on the measurement of the total aggregated information and there is no requirement for the collection of data from each OS or NDN. However, the introduction of MEC will require each MEC site to be provided with the capability to measure their individual data flow in order to ensure the correct data volume is accounted for. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 5.4 Clarification of data | There are two different types of data which are basic to KPITE calculation: • energy consumption: all data containing information on the energy consumed or any energy generated by renewable sources; • data-traffic: all data containing information on the volumes of information (uplink and downlink) exchanged on the network between the UE and the BS (see Figure 1). Each type of data refers to one or more objectives indicators (KPIEC, KPITE, KPIREN). The data will have to be identified to provide the appropriate information for the calculation method of the KPIs: • data related to energy consumption as input for KPIEC; • data related to renewable energy generated as input for KPIREN; • data related to traffic volumes as input for KPITE. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 6 Trend analysis | |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 6.1 Overview | Mobile access networks have developed significantly over recent years and offer data-oriented services that include, in addition to voice communications, multimedia communication, online gaming, high-quality video streaming, and many other future services needing increasing bandwidth and generating substantial growth of traffic on the mobile access network. The number of mobile subscribers has also increased forcing MNOs to deploy more and more BS to serve the demand. Each new generation of network requires a new infrastructure to be deployed. The number of network components to be exchanged in such a programme together with the new features provided by equipment increases the energy consumption of the network. NOTE: For a period of time, the existing and new networks co-exist to maintain legacy service provision which can further increase energy consumption. However, this increase is balanced by the effectiveness of the new equipment in terms of ratio of kbps/W which has been multiplied by more than 1 000 over the last thirty years (see Figure 5). ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 22 Figure 5: Growth of traffic data rate per W Considering that each new mobile generation is associated with an increase of the total energy needs to guarantee the service. Each new generation of mobile access network exhibits an improved efficiency and can affect positively the KPITE by offering a higher ratio of kbps/W. The energy consumption of the mobile access networks can be reduced by one of more of the following: 1) the use of more energy efficient hardware - reducing KPIEC and increasing KPITE of BS equipment; 2) the increased adoption of renewable energy systems as main power sources for BSs, where relevant - increasing KPIREN; 3) the intelligent management of the network elements in operation, management and deployment (such as the application of sleep mode features described in clause 6.3) based on traffic load variations and geographical considerations. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 6.2 Renewable energy sources | BSs could be supplied in part or in full using the renewable energy. Different ways to generate renewable energy to supply Access Networks sites are presented in Annex A. Currently, the most important part of renewable energy in mobile access network is the use of solar photovoltaic panels for energy generation for BS sites. This has the advantage of being easy to deploy in many different countries and regions. Some electricity suppliers propose to acquire via the grid energy with a guarantee of "green" renewable sources. Both ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] and the present document do not consider this aspect. Renewable energy powered cellular BSs are a relevant solution for the mobile access network in the following conditions: • "off-the-grid" areas; • regions that suffer from frequent power cuts; • optimal climatic conditions for solar and wind energy generation; • proximity of a river, torrent, sea current, tides for hydraulic energy generation (see note); 0.1 0.5 0.8 1 12 80 120 240 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 1992 GSM 1997 GPRS 2000 EDGE 2002 WCDMA/DCH 2008 WCDMA/HSPA 2012 LTE 2015 LTE A 2020 5G kbps/W Evolution of data rates in mobile communications ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 23 • possibility to obtain vegetal or animal wastes, generally in rural areas for energy generation from biomass (see note). NOTE: This solution is generally at an experimental state but will certainly become more deployed in the future due to their potential yield. Renewable energy sources can only produce electricity when some conditions are respected. To avoid power cuts, it is usually coupled with a backup source (grid or generator) or in most cases, batteries which can assume the service continuity during non-production hours or days. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 6.3 Intelligent management | The deployment of many BSs to cover quite small dense areas could make "sleep mode" a solution to save significant energy. For example, a large business district in a city with a deep coverage in terms of BS, due to the needs during the working hours, will see significant reduction in activity at night and at weekends. In such a case, for these BSs, the sleep mode is relevant. This approach conserves energy by monitoring the traffic load in the network and deciding appropriate times to switch off/on certain elements of the network, such as power amplifiers, signal processing units, cooling equipment, the entire BS. However, a minimum number of BSs shall remain "on" to support the basic operations. As sleep mode techniques are based on the current architecture of BSs, they can be easily implemented, and they do not need replacement of physical components. By reduction of the distance between the UE and BS it possible to increase data rate and reduce the power thereby improving the energy efficiency of communication. The deployment of small cells and heterogeneous networks increases energy efficiency by decreasing the propagation distance between UE and BS. A significant amount of energy and traffic capacity can be saved by deploying micro BSs in consideration of other network design parameters. Integrating the deployment of small cell BSs using sleep mode schemes can save a large amount of energy. Turning the transceivers on and off to be in line with the variations of traffic demand can also reduce energy consumption. Using sleep modes to reduce the total energy consumption in mobile access networks is generally preferred because they are software features and do not require the replacement of physical components and therefore have a low implementation cost. These features shall only be automatically activated when needed. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 6.4 Summary of possible actions to improve KPIEM | Each new generation of mobile access network represents a step-change in energy performance. However, within each generation, improvements in equipment design, changes to network deployment and the application of software features provide ongoing opportunities for the improvement of KPIEM. Table 1 summarizes the different techniques to improve KPIEM by the reduction of energy consumption. KPIEM can also be improved by the use of renewable energy which also reduces carbon footprint and operating expenditure. The opportunity for this depends upon climatic/meteorological conditions at the location of the ICT site and the type of renewable energy source but can involve high capital expenditure. ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 24 Table 1: Techniques for improvement of KPIEM Approach Energy savings Advantages Considerations Improved power amplifier design Up to 85 % of the power amplifier consumption, dependent on specific design. Significant savings when using certain technologies such as switched-mode power amplifiers. High capital expenditure to replace power amplifiers. Network operations and management Up to 50 % in certain areas. Dependent on the number of BS placed in sleep mode (and the duration of sleep mode). Easy to implement. East to test. Coverage and QoS. Network deployment Up to 60 %. Low implementation costs. Significant savings. Inter-cell interference. Resource management. QoS and complexity. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 6.5 Reporting of trend data | KPIEM represented by the combination of KPITE or KPIREN is a measure of the energy management across an entire mobile access network. MNOs can demonstrate their commitment to improving the energy management by highlighting trends in the measured values of KPITE or KPIREN. However, certain operational decisions can mask the true energy performance of the network by effectively "outsourcing" energy consumption to third party. An example of this would be a move towards the use of shared infrastructures at ICT sites and NDNs. This could produce a significant improvement in KPITE which could overwhelm both smaller improvements, or even reductions, in energy performance elsewhere. See clause 7 for reporting requirements. |
a513af9ce5ab906076c7d610412d3c77 | 105 200-2-3 | 7 Reporting templates | As specified in the ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 [2] the following values shall be reported for the mobile access network for which the KPIEM has been determined using the template of Table 2: • TKPI: the period of time over which the Objective KPIs are assessed; • TREPEAT: the time between which the Objective and Global KPIs are assessed to determine relevant trend information; • Δt: the maximum time variation between measurement points of the different Objective KPIs within a given Global KPI. In view of the two options for the assessment of energy consumption the KPIEC shall be reported as either: • KPIEC-power: Objective KPI of energy consumption if any OS or NDN measurements are based on power rather than energy; or • KPIEC: Objective KPI for energy consumption (indicated as either KPIEC-measured or KPIEC-estimated). In addition, the existence of small cells being powered by CP requires the separate reporting of the total energy consumption CSC (see clause 4.2.2.1.2) in addition to its inclusion in KPIEC-power. The report shall also include any relevant business information which serves to explain any trends in the Global KPI (as either KPITE or KPIREN) which the report highlights. Such information includes, for example, a significant move towards shared infrastructure which improves KPITE as described in clause 6.5. ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 25 Table 2: Template for mobile network report Mobile network Name, designation, etc. Assessment date End date of assessment Foundations Value Δt To be determined by the MNO TREPEAT To be determined by the MNO TKPI To be determined by the MNO N (total number of OS) To be completed by the MNO M (total number of NDN) To be completed by the MNO P (total number of small cells powered by CP) To be completed by the MNO Baseline data Value KPIEC as either KPIEC-measured, KPIEC-estimated or KPIEC-power Calculated COS (energy consumption of the MNO NTE at all the OSs) Calculated CNDN (energy consumption of the MNO NTE at all the NDNs supplied from the utility, from upstream) Calculated CSC (total energy consumption of all the small cells supplied from downstream CPs) Calculated Total data volume Calculated KPI results Value KPIREN Calculated KPITE Calculated ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 26 Annex A (informative): Mobile access networks and energy A.1 Network energy consumption and supply The mobile access network delivers communications between the BSs and the UE and includes the following equipment: • BSs; • RRUs; • small cells (microcell, microcells, picocells and femtocells); • functional elements within fronthaul and backhaul links; • other active equipment such as repeaters, etc. As shown schematically in Figure 1, the first generations of mobile access networks (2G, 3G), BSs were usually located on the same site as the cells and the RRUs, both in outdoor and indoor sites. Current and future network technologies, BSs (physical or virtual) are or will be centralized in sites, which could be OS, Points of Presence, BBU in order to distribute the network to a great number of remote cells. The energy consumed by the great majority of urban and rural sites is provided by the grid. Operators or third party stakeholders providing facilities and accommodation for sites are searching to introduce renewable energy solutions in order to decrease operating expenditure by generating a part of the energy needed. Table A.1 presents some existing solutions of renewable energy sources that are or could be used to supply energy for the access network. Some of them are already deployed by operators in part of their networks, some others are currently experimental solutions, but could be relevant solutions for the future. Table A.1: Renewable energy source solutions Renewable energy sources Yield Location Types of ICT sites or equipment Type of supply Solar (photovoltaic) panels Dependent on solar conditions Urban or rural areas NDN, BS, Cells, WiFi hotspots, sensors Primary, backup Windmills Dependent on wind conditions Urban or rural areas OS, NDN, BS, Cells, Primary, backup Fuel cells 24h/24 Urban or rural areas OS, NDN, BS, Cells, Primary, backup Hydraulic turbines Possibly 24h/24 dependent on location Rural areas BS, Cells, Primary Gas turbines (methane) Possibly 24h/24 dependent on location Rural areas OS, NDN Primary Primary batteries (non-rechargeable) 24h/24 Urban or rural areas Sensors Primary A.2 Energy consumption trends The data collected by means of the annual reports and other information obtained during the processing of that data will generate the set of KPIs defined in present document. In addition to presenting the information in tabular form, it can be useful to represent them in graphical form so to enable visual trend analysis. Examples for such representations are given in the Figure A.1 to Figure A.6. These figures are provided as pure guidance only and should not be considered as having any implication for the MNOs that will apply the present document. ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 27 The historical data in Figures A.1 to A.6 come from trend information MNOs such as sustainability reports and conference papers. The data for the 2020-2030 periods are based public internet traffic forecasts and network development trends. They are included for guidance for possible evolution due to the appearance of new technologies (e.g. 5G) or to the removal of legacy ones (e.g. 2G and 3G). The development of small cells, often installed at the CPs, will rely on customer providing the necessary power. The impact on the consumption at the CPs has been taken into account. Figure A.1 shows the exponential growth of data volumes. The share due to voice calls, one dominant, has become marginal and is due to disappear as the 2G and 3G platforms have come of age and are will be removed in the next decade. In addition, the frequencies will be re-framed for 5G. Then the voice traffic of mobile access networks will be directly originated as VoIP. Figure A.1: Trends in data volume Figure A.2 shows the historical, non-regular, behaviour of the yearly increase of the data volume. Such irregularity is due to the various phases of development of mobile access technologies and to the advent of more data-hungry services, such as video streaming. Figure A.2: Trends in data volume increase (annual) 10% 100% 1000% 10000% 100000% 1000000% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Mobile access network – Total data traffic Base data 2004 = 100% Data Voice GSM and UMTS network switch-off 0.00% 10.00% 20.00% 30.00% 40.00% 50.00% 60.00% 70.00% 80.00% 90.00% 100.00% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Mobile access network – Data traffic increase (annual) Initial data point 2004 Video-on-demand boom Deployment of 3G Ramp-up of 4G ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 28 As shown in Figure A.3, the energy consumption of mobile access networks exhibits a step increase each time a new network technology is installed. MNOs try to counterbalance such increases with efficiency actions. One of such efficiency actions has been the replacement of the older equipment of 2G and 3G networks with more modern and efficient ones. The switch-off of the earlier generations will produce a major energy consumption reduction. The development of 5G will produce a remarkable additional energy load, both directly at the MNO and at the customer premises where most of the small cells are going to be installed. Figure A.3: Trends in energy consumption and sourcing As shown in Figure A.4, in the past, only a substantial fraction of the energy consumption of the mobile access network was estimated as the energy load of the BSs hosted in fixed network central offices was not directly sub-metered. Since then, that percentage has reduced. For the future it is foreseeable that the amount of estimated energy load will grow, mainly due to the user powered small cells. Figure A.4: Trends in energy consumption and sourcing As shown in Figure A.5, the dramatic increase in the amount of data delivered, while the energy consumption has remained nearly constant, has produced an enormous growth of KPITE. Such trend is expected to be maintained in the next decade also. 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250% 300% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Mobile access network – Energy consumption CP supplied Operator supplied 2G/3G replacement with efficient equipment Deployment of 4G Deployment of 5G 2G/3G network switch-off Development of small cells 0.00% 50.00% 100.00% 150.00% 200.00% 250.00% 300.00% 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 Mobile access network – Measured vs estimated energy consumption Base data 2004 = 100% Estimated Measured OS dominates load BS dominate load Development of small cells 2G/3G network switch-off ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 29 Figure A.5: Trends in KPITE As shown in Figure A.6, the yearly progress of KPITE, is expected to generally follow the incremental rate of the data traffic. Figure A.6: Trends in KPITE increase (annual) ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 30 Annex B (informative): Change History Date Version Information about changes 05-2019 0.0.1 First formal WD for circulation and comment 05-2019 0.0.2 Second formal WD for circulation and comment 05-2019 0.0.3 Third formal WD for circulation and comment 06-2019 0.0.4 Fourth formal WD for circulation and comment prior to stable draft 29/07/2019 0.0.5 Stable draft ETSI ETSI TS 105 200-2-3 V1.2.1 (2019-12) 31 History Document history V1.1.1 June 2018 Publication as ETSI EN 305 200-2-3 V1.2.1 December 2019 Publication |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 1 Scope | The present document specifies Ethernet & Power over Coax system characteristics in such a way that interoperability issues arising from the connection of several Ethernet & Power over Coax devices in such system are minimized, providing a specification that can be used as the basis for testing and certification. |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 2 References | |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 2.1 Normative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. [1] IEEE Std 1901TM-2010: "IEEE Standard for Broadband over Power Line Networks: Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifications". NOTE: Available at https://standards.ieee.org/findstds/standard/1901-2010.html. [2] HomePlug AV Specification Version 1.1 May 21, 2007. NOTE: Available at https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/homeplug_av11/homeplug_av11_specification_final_public.pdf. [3] HomePlug AV Specification Version 2.1 February 21, 2014. NOTE: Available at https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/homeplug_av21/homeplug_av21_specification_final_public.pdf. |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 2.2 Informative references | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. Not applicable. ETSI ETSI TS 105 176-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06) 8 |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations | |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 3.1 Terms | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply: Basic Service Set (BSS): set of stations that is compliant with the Basic Service Set (BSS) definition, as described in IEEE 1901 [1]. E&PoC Basic Service Set (BSS): set of E&PoC stations (E&PoC STAs) forming an E&PoC network E&PoC Station (E&PoC STA): device or chipset that contains a Medium Access Control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to the communication and power medium that are compliant with the specification defined in the present document NOTE: One device may embed several E&PoC STA, e.g. an IEEE 1901 power over coax switch device may embed several chipsets, each chipset being considered as an E&PoC STA (actually an rSTA). E&PoC System: Ethernet & Power over Coax system made of one or more receiver stations (rSTA) and one or more edge stations (eSTA) - i.e. multiple E&PoC BSSs) - as defined in clause 4.3.1 edge Device (eDEV): communication device having edge connectivity - e.g. PoC IP camera, PoC adapter as defined in clause 4.3.2 NOTE: There are 2 types of eDEVs: Adapter eDEV and Terminal eDEV. Terminal eDEV devices are typically Ethernet and IP devices. Such IP devices may implement an IPv4 or an IPv6 stack, supporting either a fixed or a dynamic (e.g. DHCP) IP configuration, and providing adequate user interface to configure the IP addresses. edge Station (eSTA): E&PoC edge station, as defined in clause 4.3.4 edge System (eSYS): both Terminal eDEV or entity composed of an Adapter eDEV and the communication device (e.g. an IP camera) connected to this Adapter eDEV HomePlugAV Station: device that contains an HomePlugAV-conformant Medium Access Control (MAC) and PHYsical layer (PHY) interface to the communication and power medium, compliant with either [2] or [3] IEEE 1901 Station: device that contains an IEEE 1901-conformant Medium Access Control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to the communication and power medium, compliant with [1], [2] and [3] linear bus topology: topology wherein at least two eDEV / eSYS are connected to a same rDEV port, using T-connectors point-to-point topology: topology wherein only one eDEV / eSYS is connected to an rDEV port Power over Coax (PoC): ability for an rDEV to provide power to an eDEV / eSYS through a coaxial cable receiver Device (rDEV): communication device having receiver capability - e.g. PoC switch, as defined in clause 4.3.1 receiver Station (rSTA): E&PoC receiver station, as defined in clause 4.3.3 User Interface (UI): mechanism (preferably keyboard and display) to enable user interaction with the network, as defined in [1], [2] or [3] |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 3.2 Symbols | Void. ETSI ETSI TS 105 176-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06) 9 |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: 1901 STA IEEE 1901 Station AV Audio Video AVLN Audio Video Logical Network, HomePlug AV IN-Home Logical Network BM BSS Manager BSS Basic Service Set CI Crosstalk Interference DEV Device E&PoC BSS E&PoC Basic Service Set E&PoC STA E&PoC Station E&PoC Ethernet and Power over Coax eDEV E&PoC edge Device eSTA E&PoC edge Station eSYS edge System FFT Fast Fourier Transform IP Internet Protocol LAN Local Area Network MAC Medium Access Control NMK Network Management Key NN Neighbour Network OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing PHY Physical layer PoC Power over Coax rDEV E&PoC receiver Device rSTA E&PoC receiver Station STA Station UI User Interface UIS User Interface Station VMS Video Management System |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 4 The E&PoC System | |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 4.1 Introduction | The clause 4 provides an overview of an E&PoC System for video surveillance, focusing on the several system devices and wiring infrastructure, as well as the network topologies for this system. |
78562718753e0d19d95686376ba8abd8 | 105 176-2 | 4.2 System overview | An E&PoC System allows transferring data between an Edge Device (eDEV), as defined in clause 4.3.2, and a Receiver Device (rDEV), as defined in clause 4.3.1, over a coaxial cable infrastructure. Typically, an Edge Device (eDEV) is sending one or more video streams to the Receiver Device (rDEV). Both eDEV and rDEV are relying on IEEE Std. 1901-2010 and HomePlugAV MAC and PHY layers to operate layer 1 and 2 communication (as defined in [1], [2] and [3]). These video streams are further conveyed to a remote Video Management System (VMS) and/or recorded on a dedicated server, through a dedicated LAN. An E&PoC System also allows transferring power from a Receiver Device (rDEV) to an Edge Device (eDEV) - e.g. a PoC camera - or an Edge System (eSYS) - e.g. an Adapter device connected to an IP camera - over a coaxial cable infrastructure. ETSI ETSI TS 105 176-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06) 10 Figure 1: E&PoC system and topology example |
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