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517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 7.3.1 Measurement results with different Rx level at the Cab Radio | Figure 2 shows a comparison of the measurements made in 2009 and 2010. The figure shows the C/I for one RFID interrogator experienced by the Cab Radio, with the RFID Interrogator transmitting within a 400 kHz channel width. This comparison shows that the measurement setup in 2010 was the same as the setup in 2009. There were two minor differences. Firstly the slopes of the two C/I curves are not exactly the same. This may be due to the fact that the Cab Radios were not the same, so the filters in the Cab Radios may have slightly different characteristics. Secondly the frequency offset of 0 kHz was not tested in 2009. From the measurement of 2010 it can be seen that there is a 9 dB lower C/I between the point of 0 kHz offset and the point of 100 kHz offset. This means an offset of 100 kHz between the ER-GSM centre frequencies and the RFID centre frequencies improves the protection for ER-GSM terminals by 9 dB. Figure 2: Comparison measurement 2009 / 2010 (R-GSM as a victim) A further test was made to determine which of either the idle mode or active voice call needs the most protection against interference from RFID. The result of this measurement is shown in figure 3. In the frequency offset range from 0 kHz to 600 kHz, the R-GSM terminal needs about 10 dB less protection in idle mode than in an active voice call. This means that voice call is the worst case situation and therefore should be used for all further measurements of protection range. Since voice call is the worst case situation, no additional allowance in protection range is necessary for a terminal when in idle mode. ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 10 Figure 3: Comparison of protection distances for R-GSM terminal in idle mode and voice call Figure 4 shows the absolute RF Power at the input of the Cab Radio at which its RxQual level drops to a value of 2. The three curves were measured at different R-GSM Rx power levels at the Cab Radio input. The power levels are representative of different communication scenarios of the R-GSM system and are specified below. • Cab low power -96 dBm. • Cell edge -86 dBm. • Good link -76 dBm. From the measurement it can be seen that a Cab Radio receiving a higher Rx signal from the R-GSM base station can operate with a higher interfering signal from an RFID Interrogator. This characteristic of the R-GSM terminal is true until the interfering RF power exceeds the in-band blocking level of -23 dBm. So when the interfering RF power at the receiver input of the Cab Radio exceeds about -23 dBm, it does not matter whether or not it is receiving a good R-GSM signal. The receiver of the Cab Radio is blocked. Figure 4: Protection Cab Radio in different RF link situations ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 11 Figure 5 shows a comparison of the protection ratio of R-GSM as a function of the RFID channel width. The measurement shows that it does not matter what channel width is used by the RFID system. Thus it is not possible to reduce the protection separation of 700 kHz for an RFID interrogator by reducing its channel width to 200 kHz. The reason for this result is because the Tx Mask specified in EN 302 208 [i.1] for the interrogator requires a steeper slope than the Rx Filter in a R-GSM terminal. So the Rx Filter of the R-GSM terminal determines the protection separation. Figure 5: Comparison of R-GSM protection with different RFID channel widths Figure 6 shows a comparison of different RFID modulation scenarios. From these measurements it can be seen that where the RFID signal is modulated, the R-GSM terminal requires a higher protection ratio. The worst case for the R-GSM terminal is the typical modulated RFID signal. This can be seen at offset frequencies between 400 kHz and 600 kHz. Within this range of offset frequencies, the R-GSM terminal needs between 6 dB to 9 dB better protection when an RFID interrogator is transmitting a modulated signal. Figure 6: Comparison of R-GSM protection depending on RFID modulation scenarios ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 12 |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 8 Tests concerning IM3 of RFID | The purpose of this test was to determine if the intermodulation observed in the co-existence test between ER-GSM and RFID in June 2009 was caused by RFID interrogators. A test was therefore undertaken to investigate which part of the system under test caused the intermodulation. |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 8.1 Measurement setup | The equipment was arranged as shown in figure 7. This measurement setup was very similar to the measurement setup used in the first co-existence test between ER-GSM and RFID in June 2009. The only difference to June 2009 was the use of an additional variable attenuator in front of interrogator 2. Figure 7: Setup for IM3 test |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 8.2 General Measurement procedure | The CMU behaves like a R-GSM Base Station transmitting the BCCH, (i.e. all time slots on air with constant Tx-level). The Tx-Level of the CMU was adjusted to -96 dBm input level at the Cab Radio. The frequency of the CMU was set to 922,6 MHz. Interrogator 1 was set to 921,4 MHz and interrogator 2 was set to 920,2 MHz. Both interrogators occupied a Tx channel of 400 kHz. The difference between the two interrogator frequencies was 1,2 MHz. This meant that the IM3 frequency of interrogator 1 caused by interrogator 2 was 920,2 MHz and 922,6 MHz. A test was made in which the frequency of the R-GSM system was set to 922,6 MHz. Variable attenuator 1 was used to adjust the path lost between the two interrogators and the R-GSM terminal. Variable attenuator 2 was used to adjust the path lost between interrogator 2 and interrogator 1. The variable attenuator 2 was used to set the IM3 level created by the RFID system. In step 1 of the test, attenuator 1 was adjusted to a value at which the R-GSM system could operate a voice call without interference from interrogator 1. Interrogator 1 created a strong signal on the FFT analyser so that IM3 products from interrogator 1 could be displayed within the dynamic range of the FFT analyzer. Interrogator 2 was switched off for this adjustment. To adjust attenuator 2 Interrogator 2 was switched on and attenuator 2 was decreased from the maximum attenuation until the R-GSM system could just set up a voice call on the 922,6 MHz channel. The values of the variable attenuator settings were noted. ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 13 In step 2 the path loss between the two interrogators was increased by 20 dB by adjusting the variable attenuator 2 from its original value in step 1. After this the path loss between the RFID system and the R-GSM system was decreased in 1 dB steps until the R-GSM system could not set up the voice call. The values of the variable attenuator settings were noted. |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 8.3 Measurement results | The recorded attenuator settings at step 1 and step 2 can be seen in table 3. Table 3 shows in column "Step 1" the variable attenuator settings in step 1 and the calculated power levels at certain points in the measurement setup. The highlighted value is the calculated power level at the IM3 frequency of 922,6 MHz generated by interrogator 1 at the input of the Cab Radio. The calculated value -103,5 dB for IM3 in step 1 is the same as the value that can be seen in the screen shot of the FFT analyzer in annex B. So IM3 should really be the IM3 product created by interrogator 1. In step 2 the attenuation between interrogator 1 and interrogator 2 was increased by 20 dB. That meant that the power levels of all intermodulation frequencies coming out of interrogator 1 were reduced by 20 dB. It was assumed that the attenuation between both interrogators and the R-GSM could now be reduced by 20 dB. However the test showed that by decreasing attenuator 1 by 7 dB the R-GSM system ceases to operate the voice call. This meanst that there had to be another source in the test system, which was also generating an IM3 product. Comparing the calculated IM3 power level and the measured IM3 power level at the FFT analyser showed that the calculated power level of the IM3 product generated by interrogator 1 was about 5 dB lower than the measured IM3 level. This meant that not all of the measured power level of the IM3 was generated by interrogator 1. Furthermore the fact that the measured IM3 level decreased by 7 dB from test step 1 to test step 2 indicated that the IM3 component which interfered with the R-GSM voice call was generated from elsewhere. The source had to be to the left of attenuator 1 in figure 7 and had to originate from either the CMU or Cab Radio or FFT analyser. It should be noted that during step 1 of the test, the path loss between interrogator 1 and interrogator 2 was lower than in practical use of an RFID system. For example the path loss between 2 adjacent dock doors in a distribution centre is always higher than 35 dB. This means that the IM3 products generated in step 1 of the test will not occur in the practical use of 4 W RFID systems. No further investigion of the source of the IM3 was carried out. Table 1: Attenuation setup Fixed attenuation of components in setup Var Atten 2 4 Port Var Atten 1 Coupler 2 Port 2,0 dB 10,0 dB 3,0 dB 10,0 dB 3,5 dB Table 2: Test settings Test settings Interrogator output power 36 dBm fixed attenuation: path R1 -> FFT analyser 26,5 dB fixed attenuation: path R2 -> FFT analyser 28,5 dB fixed path loss R1 - R2 21,0 dB IM3 attenuation RFID Interrogator 50,0 dB ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 14 Table 3: Test results and calculated power levels Test results and calculated power levels Step 1 Step 2 Variable attenuation attenuator 1 34,0 dB 27,0 dB Variable attenuation attenuator 2 8,0 dB 28,0 dB Power R2 at R1 7,0 dBm -13,0 dBm IM3 out R1 -43,0 dBm -63,0 dBm IM3 of R1 at FFT analyzer -103,5 dBm -116,5 dBm Measures IM3 in screen shot FFT analyzer -104,0 dBm -111,0 dBm Power R1 at FFT analyzer -24,5 dBm -17,5 dBm Power R2 at FFT analyzer -34,5 dBm -47,5 dBm Power R1 at Cab Radio -34,5 dBm -27,5 dBm Power R2 at Cab Radio -44,5 dBm -57,5 dBm |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 9 Test with RFID as a victim of R-GSM terminal | The purpose of this test was to determine the conditions under which GSM terminals can cause unacceptable interference to an RFID system. The results of the test should give an indication of the minimum frequency separation between the lowest RFID transmit channel and the GSM uplink band edge of 915 MHz. Instead of a GSM Cab Radio, the test used an R-GSM handheld. It was assumed that the R-GSM handheld had the same interference behaviour towards RFID as the other GSM terminals during the operation of voice calls. Since no GSM terminal test system was available, the band edge condition between GSM and RFID was emulated using an R-GSM test system. This made use of an R-GSM terminal operating on a single channel at a frequency of 921,1 MHz The equipment was configured in accordance with figure 8. |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 9.1 Measurement setup | Figure 8: Setup for RFID as a victim |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 9.2 General Measurement procedure | The CMU behaves like a R-GSM Base Station transmitting the BCCH, i.e. all time slots on air at a constant Tx-Level. The Cab Radio transmits at a constant level of 2 W. The Rx Level of the tag signal and the levels generated by the Cab Radio were measured with a spectrum analyser. ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 15 The CMU acting as a BTS was initially set up to transmit (normal voice call established) at a frequency of 921,1 MHz. The Cab Radio established the voice call on the corresponding uplink channel of 876,1 MHz. For the test the interrogator was set to the nominal transmit frequency of 877,3 MHz using a 200 kHz channel bandwidth. During the test, the frequency of the interrogator was shifted in steps of 100 kHz from 877,3 MHz to 876,1 MHz. The attenuation of the variable attenuator at which the read rate of the RFID system dropped below a specified percentage was recorded. |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 9.3 Measurement results | Figure 9 shows the input level at the RFID reader of the Cab Radio signal (a GSM terminal) for specified reductions in communication of the RFID system. This measurement showed that full RFID performance was achieved when the centre frequency of the terminal was separated by at least 800 kHz from the centre frequency of the RFID system. Another observation from the test was that some valid RFID protocol exchanges were possible when the frequency separation was less than 800 kHz. But the reliability of the RFID system dropped dramatically when the frequency separation was less than 800 kHz. This was because the probability of setting up a valid RFID command between two successive GSM bursts is very low. Even to operate the RFID system at a performance level of 50 %, the protection distance in space is about 3 dB lower than at 100 % performance. Measurement of the level which degrades RFID communication by 100 % shows that it is possible to set up valid RFID communication between two bursts of the R-GSM System, but the probability of achieving this is very low. The screen shot in annex C shows the operation of the R-GSM system during a voice call. The gaps between the R-GSM burst can be seen in this screen shot. Figure 9: RFID as victim, centre frequency offset versus R-GSM interference input power at RFID reader input |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 10 Measurements with an RFID near-field antenna | |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 10.1 Measurement setup | The near-field antenna measurements were performed in an anechoic chamber in the Kolberg Lab. The general setup is depicted in figure 10. The deployed equipment is listed in table 4. ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 16 Measurement receiver full anechoic chamber 3 m measurement antenna RF Generator Rubidium Standard Turntable EUT Figure 10: Setup for the measurement of antenna gain Table 4: Near-field antenna measurements, used equipment Ident-Nr. Equipment Manufacturer Typ 11009400 EMI Test-Receiver Rohde & Schwarz ESU26 6042776 Relais Matrix Rohde & Schwarz RSU 16008510 Measurement Antenna Schwarzbeck VULB9160 11005470 Positioning-Controller Inn-co CO 2000 11005471 Turntable Inn-co DS 1200 HA 6042763 Antenna mast Heinrich Deisel AS620 P / TILT 6042767 HF Generator Hewlett Packard HP 83640 A 16008512 Telescope stand Inn-co RHC 11005584 10 MHz Standard VAD GmbH Rubidium/ GPS Ref Software EMC 32 Rohde & Schwarz V.8.40 |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 10.2 Measurement results | Figure 11 shows the results for the measurement of the antenna. The antenna was measured for both the vertical and the horizontal field component. Three different frequencies were used for the evaluation. It can be seen that for both polarizations the highest gain was measured at a frequency of 915 MHz. The maximum gain in the vertical polarization is down by -12 dB to -15 dB while for horizontal polarization the range is down by -18 dB to -20 dB. ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 17 Figure 11: Antenna gain diagram for a near-field antenna for a POS application in the band 865 MHz to 915 MHz |
517a52b828a3794ba841b8ecef541827 | 101 537 | 11 Observations and conclusions | The second co-existence test between ER-GSM and RFID was performed under the same measurement conditions as the first. Thus the measurements can be compared directly and the results of the first co-existence test were confirmed by the second test. These tests confirmed that the 700 kHz frequency offset between the centre of the R-GSM channel and the RFID channel, which had been measured in June 2009. This means that if an interrogator detects an ER-GSM channel with a power above a certain limit, the interrogator should use a channel with a centre frequency which is at least 700 kHz away from the detected ER-GSM channel. For RFID channel planning this means that the highest RFID channel can be positioned 700 kHz below the lowest existing R-GSM channel of 921,2 MHz. This equates to a centre frequency for the RFID system of 920,5 MHz. The 700 kHz frequency offset was not affected by the RFID channel width or modulation scenarios. This means that an RFID Interrogator cannot influence the 700 kHz protection in frequency. A more stringent RFID spectrum mask will not improve the 700 kHz spacing of the channels, because the 700 kHz spacing is dependent on the filter width and filter steepness of the R-GSM receivers. The test confirmed that RFID interrogators which maintain a 700 kHz frequency offset from an operational R-GSM cannot cause interference to it provided the RFID interrogator is more than 20 m away from the R-GSM terminal. The second test in June 2010 showed that it is useful to implement a 100 kHz offset between the ER-GSM channels and the RFID channels because this adds an additional mitigation factor of around 9 dB independent of the deployed RFID channel bandwidth (200 kHz and 400 kHz). This result is important for the further discussion related to the channelization. ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 18 The measured protection levels in the tests in which R-GSM was the victim represents worst-case scenarios. R-GSM terminals in idle mode or in better RF link situations require lower protection levels. This should be considered in further discussion of the protection level for the different ER-GSM protection models. In the second co-existence test it was possible to again generate IM3 products. One test shows that the interrogator did not generate IM3 products, which interfere with the R-GSM system. This means a stringent IM3 test in the relevant RFID standards will not improve the level of mitigation for the co-existence of R-GSM and RFID. Assuming that the current GSM band below 915 MHz uses 200 kHz channels (centre frequency at 914,8 MHz) and based on the presented measurement results, RFID transmit channels can be placed at a minimum frequency separation between the GSM centre frequency and the RFID systems centre frequency of 800 kHz. This means that the first RFID channel could be placed at 915,6 MHz. The future channel plan for RFID systems in the proposed band 915 MHz to 921 MHz should take into account the presented measurement results and considerations. Based on the results presented in figure 11, the maximum gain of a specific near field antenna for use in POS (Point Of Sale) applications and packaging stations is down by -12 dB to -20 dB when operated within the frequency range around 915 MHz. This fact can be used as an additional mitigation factor for these kinds of applications. ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 19 Annex A: Measurement values for R-GSM as a victim Cab Level -96 dBm -96 dBm -86 dBm -76 dBm -96 dBm -96 dBm -86 dBm -76 dBm -96 dBm -96 dBm -86 dBm -76 dBm cab low power (voice) cab low power (idle) cell edge (voice) good link (voice) cab low power (voice) cab low power (idle) cell edge (voice) good link (voice) cab low power (voice) cab low power (idle) cell edge (voice) good link (voice) Cab mode voice call idle mode voice call voice call voice call idle mode voice call voice call voice call idle mode voice call voice call RFID Interrogator freq. Offset Attenuation RFID Power at Cab Radio C/I 921,4 MHz 0,0 MHz 90 dB 77 dB 80 dB 69 dB -105 dBm -92 dBm -95 dBm -84 dBm 9 dB -4 dB 9 dB 8 dB 921,5 MHz 0,1 MHz 81 dB 74 dB 70 dB 59 dB -96 dBm -89 dBm -85 dBm -74 dBm 0 dB -7 dB -1 dB -2 dB 921,6 MHz 0,2 MHz 53 dB 47 dB 43 dB 32 dB -68 dBm -62 dBm -58 dBm -47 dBm -28 dB -34 dB -28 dB -29 dB 921,7 MHz 0,3 MHz 35 dB 27 dB 25 dB 14 dB -50 dBm -42 dBm -40 dBm -29 dBm -46 dB -54 dB -46 dB -47 dB 921,8 MHz 0,4 MHz 27 dB 14 dB 16 dB 8 dB -42 dBm -29 dBm -31 dBm -23 dBm -54 dB -67 dB -55 dB -53 dB 921,9 MHz 0,5 MHz 21 dB 11 dB 11 dB 7 dB -36 dBm -26 dBm -26 dBm -22 dBm -60 dB -70 dB -60 dB -54 dB 922,0 MHz 0,6 MHz 15 dB 6 dB 8 dB -30 dBm -21 dBm -23 dBm -66 dB -75 dB -63 dB 922,2 MHz 0,8 MHz 9 dB 7 dB -24 dBm -22 dBm -72 dB -64 dB 922,4 MHz 1,0 MHz 9 dB 6 dB -24 dBm -21 dBm -72 dB -65 dB 922,6 MHz 1,2 MHz 8 dB -23 dBm -73 dB 922,8 MHz 1,4 MHz 7 dB -22 dBm -74 dB 923,0 MHz 1,6 MHz 7 dB 6 dB 6 dB 6 dB -22 dBm -21 dBm -21 dBm -21 dBm -74 dB -75 dB -65 dB -55 dB 923,4 MHz 2,0 MHz 7 dB -22 dBm -74 dB 923,8 MHz 2,4 MHz 7 dB -22 dBm -74 dB 924,2 MHz 2,8 MHz 7 dB -22 dBm -74 dB 924,6 MHz 3,2 MHz 7 dB -22 dBm -74 dB 925,0 MHz 3,6 MHz 7 dB 7 dB 7 dB -22 dBm -22 dBm -22 dBm -74 dB -64 dB -54 dB ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 20 RFID modulation scenario ”unmodulated” (Powering Tag) RFID modulation scenario ”typical” RFID modulation scenario ”continuous modulation” with Cab Radio 800 kHz offset ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 21 Annex B: Screen shot of power levels of IM3 test Screen shots of Step 1 TOP screen shot: R-GSM OFF BOTTOM screen shot: R-GSM ON Screen shots of Step 2 TOP screen shot: R-GSM OFF BOTTOM screen shot: R-GSM ON ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 22 Annex C: Measurements values for RFID as a victim Measurement conditions CMU freq. 921,2 MHz max. input power Interrogator from cab. 12 dB Cab Radio f. 876,2 MHz Attenuation path: terminal -> Interrogator 21 dB Interrogator power 4 W Cab power 2 W Interrogator freq. Offset Attenuation Input power terminal at Interrogator no Error in Com. 100 % error in com. 50 % error in com. no Error in Com. 100 % error in com. 50 % error in com. 877,4 MHz 1,2 MHz 10 dB 0 dB 7 dB 2 dBm 12 dBm 5 dBm 877,3 MHz 1,1 MHz 10 dB 0 dB 7 dB 2 dBm 12 dBm 5 dBm 877,2 MHz 1,0 MHz 10 dB 0 dB 8 dB 2 dBm 12 dBm 4 dBm 877,1 MHz 0,9 MHz 11 dB 0 dB 9 dB 1 dBm 12 dBm 3 dBm 877,0 MHz 0,8 MHz 14 dB 0 dB 10 dB -2 dBm 12 dBm 2 dBm 876,9 MHz 0,7 MHz 22 dB 4 dB 20 dB -10 dBm 8 dBm -8 dBm 876,8 MHz 0,6 MHz 47 dB 5 dB 43 dB -35 dBm 7 dBm -31 dBm 876,7 MHz 0,5 MHz 59 dB 6 dB 56 dB -47 dBm 6 dBm -44 dBm 876,6 MHz 0,4 MHz 69 dB 7 dB 67 dB -57 dBm 5 dBm -55 dBm 876,5 MHz 0,3 MHz 75 dB 4 dB 73 dB -63 dBm 8 dBm -61 dBm 876,4 MHz 0,2 MHz 75 dB 4 dB 72 dB -63 dBm 8 dBm -60 dBm 876,3 MHz 0,1 MHz 67 dB 4 dB 65 dB -55 dBm 8 dBm -53 dBm 876,2 MHz 0,0 MHz 56 dB 5 dB 53 dB -44 dBm 7 dBm -41 dBm Cab Radio spectrum and Cab Radio burst ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 23 Annex D: Picture gallery Figure D.1: Anechoic Chamber with Antenna measurement setup ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 24 Figure D.2: Detailed picture of the near-field antenna positioning ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 25 Figure D.3: Setup Attenuators and Cab Radio Figure D.4: Measurement setup with Tag Emulator system ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 26 Figure D.5: Tag Emulator ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 27 Figure D.6: Tag Emulator ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 28 Annex E: Bibliography • OFCOM UK: "Cognitive Device Proposal". • ETSI TR 102 683 (V1.1.1): "Reconfigurable Radio Systems (RRS); Cognitive Pilot Channel (CPC)". • ISO/IEC 18000-6: "Information technology - Radio frequency identification for item management - Part 6: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz". • ETSI TS 102 754 (V1.1.1):" Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics of Detect-And-Avoid (DAA) mitigation techniques for SRD equipment using Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology". • ETSI TR 102 627: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System Reference Document; Land Mobile Service; Additional spectrum requirements for PMR/PAMR systems operated by railway companies (GSM-R)". • ETSI TR 102 649-2:" Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Technical characteristics of Short Range Devices (SRD) and RFID in the UHF Band; System Reference Document for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and SRD equipment; Part 2: Additional spectrum requirements for UHF RFID, non-specific SRDs and specific SRDs". • ETSI ERM TG34:"Report: Kolberg Measurements", June 2009. • CEPT Report 14 (July 2006): "Develop a strategy to improve the effectiveness and flexibility of spectrum availability for Short Range Devices (SRDs) in response to the EU Commission mandate". • ERC Recommendation 70-03 (Tromso 1997 and subsequent amendments) relating to the use of Short Range Devices. ETSI ETSI TR 101 537 V1.1.1 (2011-02) 29 History Document history V1.1.1 February 2011 Publication |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 1 Scope | The present document addresses the architecture, the economic model and the derivation of technical requirements for a BWA system, providing 1 Gbit/s/km2, using 40 MHz of licensed spectrum and including self-backhauling in both licensed and un-licensed bands, network MIMO, cognitive-radio based self-organization, etc. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 2 References | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 2.1 Normative references | The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. Not applicable. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 2.2 Informative references | The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] ETSI TR 125 942 (2009): "Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Radio Frequency (RF) system scenarios (3GPP TR 25.942 version 9.0.0)". [i.2] A. Papadogiannis and A. G. Burr: "Multi-beam Assisted MIMO - A Novel Approach to Fixed Beamforming", Future Network and Mobile Summit (FNMS 2011), Warsaw, Poland, June 2011. [i.3] UMTS Forum: "Mobile Broadband Evolution: the roadmap from HSPA to LTE", Feb., 2009. [i.4] FCC: "Notice of Proposed Rule Making and Order," ET Docket No 03-222, 2003. [i.5] F. Akyildiz, et al.: "Next generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks: A survey", Computer Networks, vol. 50, pp. 2127-2159, Sep, 2006. [i.6] J. Mitola: "Cognitive Radio Architecture: The Engineering Foundations of Radio XML", 2006. [i.7] J. Mitola and G. Maguire: "Cognitive radio: making software radios more personal", IEEE Personal Communication, vol. 6, pp. 13-18, Aug, 1999. [i.8] R. S. Sutton and A. G. Barto: "Reinforcement learning : An Introduction: The MIT Press", 1998. [i.9] Farahmand, A.-M.: "Interaction of culture-based learning and cooperative co-evolution and its application to automatic behavior-based system design", Evolutionary Computation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 14, pp. 23 -57, Feb. 2010. [i.10] Ahmadabadi, M.N., et al: "Expertness measuring in cooperative learning", vol. 3, pp. 2261 -2267 vol.3, 2000. [i.11] Mischa Dohler: "Docitive Radios - Centroid of Cognition and Cooperation", Keynote, WWRF23, October 2009, Beijing, China. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 7 [i.12] Mischa Dohler: "Docitive Networks - A Step Beyond Cognition", Keynote, ISABEL 2009, November 2009, Bratislava, Slovakia. [i.13] Mischa Dohler, L. Giupponi, A. Galindo-Serrano, P. Blasco: "Docitive Networks: A Novel Framework Beyond Cognition", IEEE Communications Society, Multimdia Communications TC, E-Letter, January 2010. [i.14] ITU-R Recommendation P.530-12: "Propagation data and prediction methods required for the design of terrestrial line-of-sight systems". [i.15] P. Blasco, L. Giupponi, A. Galindo, M. Dohler: "Aggressive Joint Access & Backhaul Design For Distributed-Cognition 1Gbps/km2 System Architecture", in Proceedings of 8th International Conference on Wired/Wireless Internet Communications (WWIC 2010), 1-3 June, 2010, Lulea (Sweden). [i.16] BuNGee deliverable D3.1: "Baseline RRM & Joint Access/Self-Backhaul Protocols". |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 3 Definitions and abbreviations | |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: Adaptive Antenna System (AAS): system adaptively exploiting more than one antenna to improve the coverage and the system capacity self-backhauling: wireless links between HBS and ABS, which may share a frequency channel with the access operation (in-band) and use in addition license-exempt spectrum, as 5 GHz or 60 GHz bands (out-of-band) |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 3.2 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: 4G 4th Generation AAA Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting ABS Access BS ACK Acknowledge ADC Analogue To Digital Converter AP Access Point ART Above Roof Top ASN Access Service Network BCC BWA Control Channel BER Bit Error Rate BF Beam Forming BM Buttler Matrix BRT Below Roof Top BS Base Station BS-BS Base Station to Base Station BW Bandwidth BWA user Fixed, Nomadic or Mobile user BWA Broadband Wireless Access CAPEX Capital Expenditure CAPEX Capital Expenditure CINR Carrier to Interference and Noise Ratio CQI Channel Quality Indicator CR Cognitive Radio CSI Channel State Information CTC Clear Timer on Compare DCO Direct Communication Operation ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 8 DCS Dynamic Channel Selection DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection DL Downlink FBS Femto BS FCC Forward Error Correction FDD Frequency Division Duplex FEC Forward Error Correction FFR Fractional Frequency Reuse GW Gateway HBS Hub Base Station HDC HBS DCO HSS Subscriber Station connected to HBS IF Intermediate Frequency IMT International Mobile Telecommunication ITU-R International Telecommunication Union - Radio LAN Local Area Network LE License Exempt LE License Exempt LOS Line Of Sight LTE Long Term Evolution LTE-A LTE - Advanced MAC Medium Access Control MBA-MIMO Multi-beam assisted MIMO MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme MDP Markov Decision Process MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error MP Multi Point MS Mobile Station MS/SS Mobile Station / Subscriber Station MSE Mean Square Error MS-MS Mobile Station to Mobile Station MU Multi-User NF Noise Factor NLOS Non LOS NMS Network Management System NRM Network Reference Model OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access OPEX Operational Expenditure OPEX Operational Expenditure OR Opportunistic Radio OSIC Ordered Successive Interference Cancellation PC Power Control PER Packet Error Rate PHY Physical Layer PIC Parallel Interference Cancelation PL Path Loss P-P, P2P Point-to-Point PTX Transmit Power QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QoS Quality Of Service QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying RAN Radio Access Network RF Radio Frequency RL Reinforcement Learning RMS Root Mean Square RPE Radiation Pattern Envelope RRM Radio Resource Management RRM-E RRM-Entity RS Relay Station RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 9 Rx Receive SDMA Space Division Multiple Access SDR Software Defined Radio SF Shadow Fading SIC Successive Interference Cancelation SINR Signal To Noise And Interference Ratio SISO Single Input Single Output SM Spatial Multiplexing SON Self Organizing Network STC Space Time Coding SU Single User TDD Time Division Duplex TF Frame Time THP Tomlinson-Harashima Precoding TTG Transmit Transition Gap TTI Transmission Time Interval Tx Transmitter UE User Equipment UL Uplink UL/DL Uplink/Downlink UMi Urban Micro Cell V-BLAST Vertical-Bell Laboratories Layered Space Time [Code] VDSL Very High Bit Rate DSL VR Visibility Regions WiFi Wireless Fidelity WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access XPIC Cross Polarization ZF Zero Forcing |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 4 Introduction | The present document presents a new possible wireless BWA network, including heterogeneous elements (a two tier approach), combined use of licensed and license-exempt spectrum, very low delay communications between network elements, enabling the operation of the network MIMO technology. The description of the networking features is in general done using the WiMAX terminology, however should be no barrier in using the 3GPP network for implementing this network. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 5 Architecture for 1 Gbit/s/km2 network | The architecture presented in the present document represents a number of promising features that contribute to the overall increase in access network capacity and link throughput characteristics. The list includes the following features: • Multiple access links aggregation; • Self-Backhauling link aggregation; • Network MIMO (for Downlink and Uplink); • Radio Resource Management; • Direct BS-BS or MS-MS communication. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 10 |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 5.1 Access Stratum Architecture | The present document addresses only the access stratum architecture. The architecture aims to offer a cost efficient capacity density of 1 Gbit/s/km2. Here, a HBS serves several below-rooftop ABSs, which in turn serve the associated MSs. The HBS possesses several beams which are used to communicate with ABSs in its beam-space. ABSs can communicate with each other via the serving HBS. A topic for further study is the direct ABS-ABS communication while using the air interface. The Femto-BS and their associated subscribers may also operate in the un-licensed spectrum. To simplify the presentation, the HBS-ABS links, which are self-backhaul links inside this system, may be named in the present document "backhaul links". This naming should not be understood as HBS backhauling, which is outside of the scope of the present document. The system presented in the present document has the following basic architecture: Figure 5.1: Basic architecture The scheme in figure 5.1 provides an overview of most of the possible wireless links in the present document. At the top level of the architecture, HBSs are directly connected to the wired backhaul. If in some cases a wired link could not be done, this link should be replaced by LE high data rate connectivity. An in-band backhaul link and a LE link between HBSs may not be systematically done but could offer additional networking capacities and an alternative, in case of a router failure for example. At the ABS location there are two elements, which are the HSS and the ABS. The HSS component is associated to an HBS or to another HSS (for direct communication and collaborative MIMO). ABS provides connectivity for the BWA users. To increase the coverage or to provide a larger throughput in a given area exists the possibility to deploy additional stations called pico-ABS. Those stations are basically similar to ABSs as they are providing connectivity to BWA users. The lower level of the architecture shows mobile station connectivity possibilities. MS connects itself to ABS as in the standard P-MP architecture, but can also directly connect one to each other, and associate with two ABSs for MIMO support. BACKHAUL SELF- BACKHAUL ACCESS ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 11 |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 5.2 Simplified Network Architecture | The simplified network architecture of a BWA system is summarized in figure 5.2. The following notations are used for the reference points: A1 - GW to GW reference point. B2 - GW to HBS reference point. C3 - HBS to ABS reference point. D4 - ABS to ABS reference point. Figure 5.2: Network Architecture The system-specific of interfaces in figure 5.2 are: A1: Reference Point A1 consists of the set of Control and Bearer Plane protocols originating/terminating in GWs that coordinate MS mobility between GWs. B2: Reference Point B2 consists of the set of Control Plane message flows and Bearer Plane data flows between the base stations and the GW. C3, D4: Reference Points C3, D4 consists of the set of Control Plane message flows and optionally Bearer Plane data flows between the base stations to ensure fast and seamless handover. The Bearer Plane consists of protocols that allow the data transfer between Base Stations involved in handover of a certain MS. In addition, C3 can carry RRM control messages for the joint usage of the spectrum by HBS and ABS. For the purpose of this discussion, it is important to note that according to the network architecture each BS may be engaged in signalling transactions and traffic exchange with multiple GWs and vice versa. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6 Access Stratum Functionality | Those basic elements of the access operation which are characteristic for the studied system are presented in continuation. ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS HBS HBS HBS GW GW ABS A1 B2 B2 B2 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 C3 D4 D4 D4 D4 D4 ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 12 |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.1 Topology | The system deployment will use the ABSs located below roof-tops and HBSs located either below or above rooftops. The ABS deployment can have two flavours: • ABSs located on streets; • ABSs located in those areas with insufficient radio coverage. Two deployment variants, named "cross" and "square", are proposed for deployment. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.2 Physical Deployment | |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.2.1 Basic Cross and Square Deployments for Access | The basic cross and square deployments, using four frequency channels of 10 MHz each for TDD or 2 × 5 MHz for FDD, are illustrated in figures 6.1 and 6.2. These deployments assume a Manhattan-like grid, having a block raster of 90 m. The figures illustrate a frequency planning strategy, having as scope to minimize the inter-ABS interference between adjacent HBS cells. a ABS ABS ABS a a a a a a a a a a a a a ABS a ABS ABS ABS a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ABS ABS a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ABS ABS ABS a a a a a a a a a a a a Figure 6.1: Cross deployment ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 13 Figure 6.2: Square deployment |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.2.2 Combined Access and Backhauling | The following figures show the combined access and backhauling. In figure 6.3 the HBS is located below roof-top while in figure 6.4 the HBS is located above roof-top. In figure 6.3 there are still coverage holes which are covered by an above-rooftop HBS operating in 5 GHz. In the figures below, "a" means access, while "b" means backhaul. One color is used for each of the four available frequency channels. b b b b bb a b b a b a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b a b Figure 6.3: HBS under roof-top for cross topology a ABS ABS ABS a ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS a ABS HBS- street a a ABS ABS a a a a a a a a a a ABS ABS ABS a a a a a a a a a a ABS ABS a a a a a a a a ABS ABS a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 14 b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b HBS b b a ABS ABS ABS a ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS ABS a ABS HBS- street a a ABS ABS a a a a a a a a a a ABS ABS ABS a a a a a a a a a a ABS ABS a a a a a a a a ABS ABS a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a b b b b Figure 6.4: HBS above roof-top for square topology Figure 6.5 indicates a combined deployment of a self-backhauling cell at 2,6 GHz/3,5 GHz, with HBS above roof-top and a 60 GHz self-backhaul, deployed in LOS at street level. b b b Figure 6.5: Combined in-band and 60GHz backhaul NOTE: In all the above figures, the sophisticated frequency planning for allowing a high reuse of the four available frequencies in the licensed spectrum. In figure 6.6 is shown an example of the multi-cell deployment when the HBS is placed over the roof. Note the de- lineated placement of HBS, to create a more pronounced special isolation between antenna beams. Un-regular beam-widths may be needed, due to the ABS placement on the main cross directions; in other directions the capacity requirement is lower such that larger antenna beam widths can be used. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 15 b b b b b b b b b b b b Figure 6.6: Star topology, HBS above roof-top |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.2.2.1 Square Topology, HBS above Roof-Top | In figure 6.7 is shown the multi-cell deployment in the case of the square topology. This deployment has some properties of reducing the interference between beams arriving from adjacent HBS cells, if spatial separation is used. b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b b Figure 6.7: Square topology, HBS above roof-top ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 16 |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.3 Antennas | The spatial multiplexing is an important technology for achieving very high data rates in the wireless networks. While in other access network the antennas illuminate the full sector, in this system the HBS antenna is composed from multiple cross-polarized adjacent narrow beams. The provision of high capacity densities in the system self-backhaul can be achieved if the HBS is able to generate a large number of fixed narrow beams. In the described system this technique is used to provide wireless backhaul to a large number of ABSs, which then serve user terminals. The HBS can create multiple fixed narrow beams with the use of an antenna array fed by a Butler matrix (BM). A BM is a passive external circuit operating at microwave frequencies having N ports feeding/receiving signals to/from the antennas and n ports feeding/receiving signals to/from the RF chains [i.2]. A BM consisting of phase shifters, quadrature hybrids and couplers, essentially implements a fixed RF beamformer creating n narrow beams, where n ≤ N. This fixed beamformer allows the application of MIMO techniques in the beam domain as opposed to the conventional antenna domain; in order to minimize inter-beam interference the received signals at the n ports of the BM are jointly processed in the baseband and this concept is defined as multi-beam assisted MIMO (MBA-MIMO) [i.2]. Such an antenna may use six dual-polarized beams in a 90 degrees sector. An example of the antenna characteristics taken from is presented in figure5.3. -25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 Absolute Gain ( dBi ) Angle (degrees) Co-Polar X-Polar Meas Plane Azimuth 0000 Peak Gain 17.5 dBi Figure 6.8: Azimuth characteristics of a multi-beam antenna It should be noted that the maximum system performance is obtained when the MIMO technology is used in conjunction with such multi-beam antenna. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.4 Multi-beam Assisted MIMO | |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.4.1 Overview | Multi-beam assisted MIMO (MBA-MIMO) is employed on the HBS - ABS links in conjunction with the multi-beam antenna. Hence it applies at frequencies relevant to the multi-beam antenna, i.e. in the licensed bands and at the license- exempt bands below 6 GHz. It does not apply to 60 GHz backhauling. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 17 The principle is to apply multi-user MIMO techniques in the beam-space of the multi-beam antenna rather than on a per-element basis. This requires signal processing modules to be implemented in the HBS which we refer to as joint beam processing, and which is analogous to the signal processing techniques employed at the base-station end of a multi-user MIMO cellular system. The ABS will also be equipped with multiple antennas, and MIMO processing techniques will also be applied there, in particular for interference avoidance from other HBSs, but also to exploit polarization multiplexing, given that the HBS antenna also allows dual polarized operation. The advantage of the multi-beam antenna as compared with an array antenna at the HBS of equivalent size as applied to the multi-user system formed by the ABSs served by the HBS is that it makes the multi-user channel much more sparse, in the sense that signals related to one user impinge on only a small number of HBS beams. In contrast in a multi-user MIMO system employing a conventional array signals from all users in a given quadrant impinge on all antenna elements in the array. This reduces the complexity of the signal processing required and improves the numerical stability of the algorithms. It also simplifies and improves the performance of channel estimation. In the following two clauses we review the functions required at HBS and ABS ends of the link for operation in the licensed band for uplink and for downlink operation. We then consider additional requirements for use in unlicensed bands for mitigation where possible of other-user interference. Note that at the ABS location will be three antenna types: • oriented towards HBS, actually an HSS antenna, used for the backhauling network in lower frequencies; • oriented towards MSs, serving the access network in the lower frequencies; • For the P-P link at 60 GHz. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.4.2 Uplink Operation in Licensed Bands | The ABS functions are listed below: • Polarisation multiplexing: if the ABS is equipped with dual polarized antenna elements (±45° to match those at the HBS antenna), the data to be transmitted on the uplink may be multiplexed between the two polarizations, thereby doubling the available capacity. • Precoding: if the ABS is equipped with multiple (possibly dual polarized) antenna elements to serve the link to the HBS additionally precoding may be applied across these antennas. Since most ABSs are likely to be served primarily by one HBS beam, it is likely that only one data stream ("layer" in 3GPP-LTE terminology) will be available, so the precoding will consist in selection of an optimum beam-former. However the architecture presented in the present document allows joint beam processing to be applied at the HBS for reception on the uplink, and in some cases it may be possible and advantageous to allow transmission on multiple layers. Note that this will require channel state information (CSI) which may be obtained from a downlink pilot transmission or by means of feedback from the HBS via a control channel on the downlink. Note that in the present document CSI is not used in a mode similar to existing 3GPP standards. • Interference mitigation: if the ABS transmission may be liable to cause interference to HBSs serving neighbouring cells, the precoder selection may take account of the interfering signals received from these HBSs on the downlink, so as to minimise interference caused to them. This may require the ABS to be able to decode pilot signals from such HBSs. It also assumes reciprocity of these links, which is likely to hold if uplink to desired HBS and downlink from interfering HBS is at the same frequency. Even in the absence of reciprocity, sufficient information may be available to allow interference mitigation. • Modulation and coding: the ABS will provide appropriate modulation and coding according to CSI feedback from the HBS. • Channel estimation support: the ABS will need to transmit pilot signals to the HBS to allow estimation of the ABS - HBS channel response. Note that it is likely that the backhaul links will be relatively slowly time- varying, so the pilot overhead required for this purpose is likely to be small. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 18 The HBS functions are listed below: • Joint beam processing: signal processing for multi-user detection, to separate the signals originating from different ABSs and received on multiple beams of the HBS. These may be linear - zero forcing (ZF) or minimum mean square error (MMSE) or non-linear - successive interference cancellation (SIC), ordered successive interference cancellation (OSIC) or parallel interference cancellation (PIC) - and may also involve iterative processing with the FEC decoder. This may also involve separation of multiple data streams from one ABS, if these are provided. • Polarisation demultiplexing: it will also incorporate demultiplexing of the dual polarised signals, using the dual polar beams of the HBS antenna. • Demodulation and decoding: demodulation and FEC decoding will be performed: if iterative techniques are to be applied, soft input, soft output (SISO) decoding will be required. • Channel estimation: the HBS will estimate the channel response from all antennas of all ABSs to the beams of the HBS which receive significant power, on both polarisations. The resulting CSI will be signalled back to the ABS via a control channel on the downlink. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.4.3 Downlink Operation in Licensed Bands | The HBS functions are listed below: • Multi-user precoding: this is the dual of the joint beam processing for multi-user detection performed on the uplink; data for the ABSs is precoded, exploiting CSI for all HBS - ABS links. Precoding may be linear or non-linear, using Tomlinson-Harashima precoding (THP). • Polarisation multiplexing: again, if the ABS is equipped with dual polarised antennas, data on the downlink also may be multiplexed across the polarisations at the HBS. • Interference mitigation: if the HBS may be liable to cause interference to ABSs served by neighbouring HBSs, precoder selection may take account of interference received at the HBS from such ABSs, so as to minimise interference caused to them. The same issues of reciprocity apply here as in bullet above. • Modulation and coding: the HBS will provide appropriate modulation and coding according to CSI feedback from the ABS. • Channel estimation support: the HBS will need to transmit pilot signals to the ABS to allow estimation of the HBS - ABS channel response. The ABS functions are listed below: • Maximum ratio combining: of signals on the multiple ABS antennas. Nonlinear processing will also be required if non-linear precoding is employed at the HBS. • Interference mitigation: this should also take account of interference from neighbouring HBSs: the combining criterion should be max-SINR beamforming, again with nonlinear processing if appropriate. • Polarisation demultiplexing: if the ABS is equipped with dual polar antennas, the two data streams should be demultiplexed. • Demodulation and decoding: demodulation and FEC decoding will be performed: for iterative decoding/detection, soft input, soft output (SISO) decoding will be required. • Channel estimation: the ABS will estimate the channel response to all antennas of the ABSs from the beams of the HBS from which significant power is received, on both polarisations. The resulting CSI will be signalled back to the HBS via a control channel on the uplink. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 19 |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.4.4 Interference Mitigation in Lower LE Bands (< 6 GHz) | Backhaul operation in the lower LE bands will require the same functions as for the licensed bands, as described in the previous two clauses. However it may additionally require, or benefit from, interference mitigation for signals from other unlicensed users sharing the same band. This will additionally require the following functions, on both up- and downlink: • Interference estimation: estimation at the receiver of the correlation matrix of the interference, to enable minimisation of its effect. This will form part of the CSI to be fed back to the transmitter on the control channel. Note that interference may vary relatively rapidly, and is not synchronised to the wanted signals, so means should be provided for the receiver to estimate this interference at regular intervals. • Optimum signal combining: taking account of this interference to maximise the SINR of the received signal at the receiver. Note that since the format of the interfering signal is unknown, non-linear interference cancellation techniques are probably not feasible. • Optimum precoding: the precoder selection at the transmitter should take account of the CSI regarding this interference fed back from the receiver. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.5 Collaborative MIMO, Network MIMO Support | |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.5.1 Introduction | In this clause, the functional blocks for each cooperation configuration to be exploited in this system are listed and briefly described. This is particularized for the three basic configurations considered in the present document, namely collaborative MIMO (cooperation between MSs), network MIMO (cooperation between ABSs), and a hybrid scheme (cooperation between both MSs and ABSs). The general system architecture considered in this clause is depicted in figure 6.9. Figure 6.9: General system architecture for DL collaborative MIMO |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.5.2 Collaborative MIMO | In collaborative MIMO several MSs are allowed to cooperate among them to enhance the quality of the transmission towards or from the corresponding ABS, i.e. the access links. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 20 Uplink transmission from ABS to HBS In uplink collaborative MIMO transmission, several MSs belonging to the same coverage area of a single ABS are grouped together to cooperate and enhance the transmission towards such ABS, i.e. the quality of the access links (see figure 6.10). This cooperative transmission is carried out according to the following functional blocks: • MSs-ABS channel estimation: the ABS estimates the MIMO channel response corresponding to the uplink transmission from each MS in its coverage area to such ABS. Based on this, the ABS can build the MIMO channel matrix for the uplink from each MS. • MS-MS channel estimation: in a second phase, each MS in the coverage area transmits a training sequence, whereas all the other MSs estimate the MIMO channels from such transmitting MS, as far as the link between the transmitting MS and the MS estimating the channel is not blocked by any object. Based on this, each MS can construct the MIMO channel matrices corresponding to the transmission from all the other MSs in the coverage area. • CSI transmission towards the ABS: all the MSs transmit to the ABS the channels estimated from all the other MSs in the same coverage area. • Grouping of cooperating MSs: based on all the information concerning the channel responses, the ABS decides how to group the MSs, so that the MSs in the same group will cooperate to enhance the transmission in the uplink. Additionally, the ABS will allocate the radio-resources to the different groups. • Broadcast of the grouping strategy and scheduling parameters: the ABS broadcasts the information concerning the grouping of the MSs and the scheduling to be used to all the MSs in the corresponding coverage area. • Information sharing between MSs: the MSs in a single group share among them the information symbols to be transmitted and adjust the corresponding synchronism parameters, if needed. • Uplink MS transmission: finally, all the MSs in a single group transmit their information symbols according to some cooperative MIMO strategy, such as distributed space-time coding, distributed beamforming, etc. and following the indications provided by the ABS concerning the allocation of radio resources. The control information to be used in this scheme is related with the group configurations, the MIMO technique to be applied, the management and allocation of radio resources, and synchronization aspects. Figure 6.10: Collaborative MIMO in the Access Uplink/Downlink ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 21 Downlink transmission: In downlink collaborative MIMO transmission, several MSs belonging to the same coverage area of a single ABS are grouped together to cooperate and enhance the reception from such ABS, i.e. the quality of the access links (see figure 6.10). This cooperative reception is carried out according to the following functional blocks: • ABS-MSs channel estimation: each MS estimates the MIMO channel response corresponding to the downlink transmission from the ABS. Based on this, each MS can build its MIMO channel matrix for such link. • MS-MS channel estimation: in a second phase each MS in the coverage areas transmits a training sequence, whereas all the other MSs estimate the MIMO channels from such transmitting MS, as far as the link between the transmitting MS and the MS estimating the channel is not blocked by any object. Based on this, each MS can construct the MIMO channel matrices corresponding to the transmission from all the other MSs in the coverage area. • CSI transmission towards the ABS: all the MSs transmit to the ABS the channels estimated from all the other MSs in the same coverage area. • Grouping of cooperating MSs: based on all the information concerning the channel responses, the ABS decides how to group the MSs, so that the MSs in the same group will cooperate to enhance the reception in the downlink. Finally, the ABS will allocate the radio-resources. • Broadcast of the grouping strategy and scheduling parameters: the ABS broadcasts the information concerning the grouping of the MSs and the scheduling to be used to all the MSs in the corresponding coverage area. • Transmission from HBS to ABS: the HBS transmits to the ABS through the self-backhauling link the information that has to be sent to the MSs of such ABS. The ABS chooses which MIMO technique should be used for the downlink transmission from the ABS to the MSs. • Downlink transmission: the ABS transmits the information intended for the MSs using the previously decided MIMO technique. • Signal detection: finally, the MSs carry out the detection of the signal transmitted by the ABS. Depending on the applied MIMO technique, it would be possible that the MSs exchange some kind of information (e.g. detected symbols or received signals) to perform cooperative detection. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.5.3 Network MIMO | In network MIMO several ABSs are allowed to cooperate among them to enhance the transmission towards or from the MSs, i.e. the quality of the access links (see figure 6.11). ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 22 Figure 6.11: Network MIMO in both the Access Uplink and Downlink Uplink transmission: In uplink network MIMO transmission several ABSs cooperate to enhance the reception of the signal transmitted by a single MS through the access link. Obviously, such MS should be within the coverage areas of all the ABSs that are cooperating as it can be seen in, e.g. figure 6.11. This cooperative transmission is carried out according to the following functional blocks: • MS-ABSs channel estimation: the ABSs estimate the MIMO channel responses corresponding to the uplink transmission from the MS whose signal has to be detected. Based on this, each ABS can build the MIMO channel matrix for the uplink from the MS. • Uplink MS transmission: the MS transmits the information signal, which is received by all the ABSs that are intended to cooperate and using the previously decided MIMO technique. • Transmission from ABSs to HBS: the ABS relays the received signals to the HBS through the self-backhauling links. Observe that, to reduce the backhaul overhead, distributed compression of the MS signals at the ABSs might be eventually performed. The ABSs also transmit the MIMO channel responses corresponding to the access links from the MS to such ABSs. • Signal detection: finally, the HBS carries out the detection of the signal transmitted by the MS by jointly using all the received signals at the cooperating ABSs and exploiting the knowledge of the MIMO channel responses corresponding to the access links from the MS to the ABSs. The control information to be used in this scheme is related with the MIMO technique to be applied, the management and allocation of radio resources, and synchronization aspects. Downlink Transmission: In downlink network MIMO transmission several ABSs cooperate to enhance the transmission towards a MS. Obviously such MS should be within the coverage areas of all the ABSs that are cooperating. This cooperative transmission is carried out according to the following functional blocks: • ABSs-MS channel estimation: the MS estimates the MIMO channel responses corresponding to the downlink transmission from the ABSs that are cooperating. Based on this, the MS can build the MIMO channel matrices for such links. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 23 • Transmission from HBS to ABSs: the HBS transmits to the ABSs through the self-backhauling links the information that has to be sent to the MS for which the ABSs are cooperating. The HBS also indicates which MIMO technique should be used for the downlink cooperative transmission from the ABSs to the MS. • Downlink transmission: the cooperating ABSs transmit the information intended for the MS using the previously decided MIMO cooperative technique. • Signal detection: finally, the MS carries out the detection of the signal transmitted by the cooperating ABSs. This is done by using the received signal at the MS and exploiting the knowledge of the MIMO channel responses corresponding to the access links from the ABSs to the MS. The control information to be used in this scheme is related with the MIMO technique to be applied, the management and allocation of radio resources, and synchronization aspects. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.6 Hybrid MIMO Schemes | In a hybrid scheme we consider the situation where several MSs (more than one) are in the coverage area of more than one ABS at the same time. In this situation both the MSs and the ABSs could cooperate among them to enhance the quality of the transmission through the access links (see figure 6.12). Figure 6.12: Hybrid scheme in the Access Uplink/Downlink Uplink Transmission: In the hybrid uplink transmission several MSs are grouped together in order to cooperate in the transmission towards the corresponding cooperating ABSs and enhance the quality of the access links. Then, the received signals at the cooperating ABSs are sent to the HBS so that such HBS can carry out the final signal detection. This cooperative transmission is carried out according to the following functional blocks: • MSs-ABSs channel estimation and forwarding of the CSI to the HBS: the ABSs estimate the MIMO channel responses corresponding to the uplink transmission from each MS in their coverage areas to such ABSs. Based on this, the ABSs can build the MIMO channel matrices for the uplink from each MS. The ABSs then forward such channel matrices to the HBS. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 24 • MS-MS channel estimation: in a second phase each MS in the coverage areas transmits a training sequence, whereas all the other MSs estimate the MIMO channels from such transmitting MS, as far as the link between the transmitting MS and the MS estimating the channel is not blocked by any object. Based on this, each MS can construct the MIMO channel matrices corresponding to the transmission from all the other MSs in the coverage area. • CSI transmission towards the ABSs and forwarding to the HBS: all the MSs transmit to the ABSs the channels estimated from all the other MSs in the same coverage area. Then, the ABSs forward such channel estimates to the HBS. • Grouping of cooperating MSs and ABSs: based on all the information concerning the channel responses, the HBS decides how to group the MSs, so that the MSs in the same group will cooperate to enhance the transmission in the uplink. The HBS also decides which ABSs will cooperate together. Finally, the HBS will allocate the radio-resources. All this information is sent from the HBS to the ABSs. • Broadcast of the grouping strategy and scheduling parameters: the ABSs broadcast the information concerning the grouping of the MSs and the scheduling to be used to all the MSs in the corresponding coverage area. • Information sharing between MSs: the MSs in a single group share among them the information symbols to be transmitted and adjust the corresponding synchronism parameters, if needed. • Uplink MSs' transmission: all the MSs in a single group transmit their information symbols according to some cooperative MIMO strategy, such as distributed space-time coding, distributed beamforming, etc. and following the indications provided by the ABSs concerning the allocation of radio resources. • Transmission from ABSs to HBS: the ABSs relays the received signals to the HBS through the self- backhauling links. • Signal detection: finally, the HBS carries out the detection of the signal transmitted by the cooperating MSs by jointly using all the received signals at the cooperating ABSs and exploiting the knowledge of the MIMO channel responses corresponding to the access links from the MS to the ABSs. The control information to be used in this scheme is related with the group configurations, the MIMO technique to be applied, the management and allocation of radio resources, and synchronization aspects. Downlink Transmission: In the hybrid downlink transmission several MSs are grouped together in order to cooperate in the reception from the corresponding cooperating ABSs and enhance the quality of the access links. This cooperative transmission is carried out according to the following functional blocks: • ABSs-MSs channel estimation: the MSs estimate the MIMO channel responses corresponding to the downlink transmission from the ABSs that are cooperating. Based on this, the MSs can build the MIMO channel matrices for such links. • MS-MS channel estimation: in a second phase each MS in the coverage areas transmits a training sequence, whereas all the other MSs estimate the MIMO channels from such transmitting MS, as far as the link between the transmitting MS and the MS estimating the channel is not blocked by any object. Based on this, each MS can construct the MIMO channel matrices corresponding to the transmission from all the other MSs in the coverage area. • CSI transmission towards the ABSs and forwarding to the HBS: all the MSs transmit to the ABSs the channels estimated from all the other MSs in the same coverage area. Then, the ABSs forward such channel estimates to the HBS. • Grouping of cooperating MSs: based on all the information concerning the channel responses, the HBS decides how to group the MSs, so that the MSs in the same group will cooperate to enhance the reception in the downlink. Finally, the HBS will allocate the radio-resources. All this information is sent from the HBS to the ABS. • Broadcast of the grouping strategy and scheduling parameters: the ABS broadcasts the information concerning the grouping of the MSs and the scheduling to be used to all the MSs in the corresponding coverage area. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 25 • Transmission from HBS to ABSs: the HBS transmits to the ABSs through the self-backhauling links the information that has to be sent to the MSs for which the ABSs are cooperating. The HBS also indicates which MIMO technique should be used for the downlink cooperative transmission from the ABSs to the MSs. • Downlink transmission: the cooperating ABSs transmit the information intended for the MSs using the previously decided MIMO cooperative technique. • Signal detection: finally, the MSs carry out the detection of the signals transmitted by the cooperating ABSs. This is done by using the received signals at the MSs and exploiting the knowledge of the MIMO channel responses corresponding to the access links from the ABSs to the MSs. Depending on the applied MIMO technique, it would be possible that the MSs exchange some kind of information (e.g. detected symbols or received signals) to perform cooperative detection. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.7 Radio Resource Management | The radio resource if a multi-dimentional element, including: • Licensed spectrum resource, with the resolution of operating frequency channels, used in the access operation and self-backhauling operation. • License-exempt frequency bands, typically 5 GHz and 60 GHz, used in the self-backhauling operation. • Time resource, with the allocation resolution of a subframe within a wireless frame; the time resource can be distributed between different ABSs, HSSs and HBSs for collaborative interference cancellation. • Spatial resource, used in MIMO systems. RRM procedures specific for our system will be presented in continuation. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.7.1 Dynamic Frequency Band Allocation | The performance of the system can be improved if the static or quasi-static assignment is made dynamic and adaptable. Furthermore, a centralized approach can be replaced by a distributed approach which lowers control traffic further and aids system scalability. Said approaches are dealt with in this clause. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.7.1.1 Selection Principle | Once a set of frequencies is defined, a decision can be done continuously either in a distributed way or using a centralized RRM-Entity (RRM-E). Distributed strategy means to directly choose the frequency channel using local information only, whereas the centralized solution takes into account information collected in some group of RAN entities allowing to minimize interference. As per figure 6.13, the objective is to consider two kinds of HSS deployments, each one associated with two ABSs radiating horizontal or vertical beams. This ensures separation of the access frequency pool for those two orientations, and for each direction avoids reuse of the same frequency for two parallel and adjacent beams. This solution offers an improvement for interference not visible at ABS positions but visible at specific possible MS locations as exemplified in figure 6.13. In figure 6.13, the co-located ABS and HSS can receive in the same time from HBS, respectively MS. If the street reflections are such that the directional antennas cannot isolate the interference, the reception of the MS or HBS transmissions can be interfered respectively by HBS or MS transmissions. The RRM-E should be responsible of allocating frequency channels such to enable the reuse of the frequency only when possible. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 26 Figure 6.13: Interferences at mobile nodes level The centralized RRM-Entity can be co-located with the HBS and is responsible for its own square grid management. The centralized RRM-Entity can also be responsible for updating channel state information (typically obtained from sounding, scanning or sniffing functionalities, and potentially including RSSI level, CINR, BER and PER), local adjustments if required, and coordination with other nearby RRM-Entities. The RRM-Entity is supposed to have knowledge of nodes' locations, to have some computation capacities and to be able to exchange messages with nodes it allocates resources for, as well as peer RRM-Entities. To use the frequency selection plan, the centralized RRM-Entity firstly needs to be aware of the possible frequency channels available at all instances. For this, the ABSs locally analyse their surrounding channel status; results above a certain margin are incorporated into a frequency pool specific to the given ABS. The RRM-Entity collects all of these and, giving priority to the ABS with smallest frequency pools, allocates one frequency channel to each of it. Based on the same principles, the RRM-Entity also decides on the frequency channel assignment for each antenna beam at the HBS. The communication links between the HBS and the HSS, based on the system architecture, are crucial and should be prioritized at any cost. If possible, back-up links at 60 GHz should be installed to minimize risks on the links using the access spectrum, which can then be considered as a backup solution with lower power, and lower quality link budget. In a possible RRM implementation, in a first phase, the channel information is reported from ABS, HSS and HBS to the RRM-E. As indicated above, this information can include different parameters enabling evaluation of the channel state. The RRM-E proceeds with a first frequency channel allocation and then should check after every frequency allocation procedure cycle if each link received a specific channel allocation. Three possible cases then occur: 1) More channels available than necessary; the RRM-E continues to allocate the remaining channels as secondary choices for most critical links. 2) No more channel allocation to perform; the RRM-E transmits the allocated bands to each node in the network. 3) Not enough channels available to allocate one to each link, some of it should be freed or reused to finish frequency planning. Possibilities are to: - remove channel allocation from dual link (60 GHz + WiMAX); - use a more aggressive spatial reuse strategy (lower margins); - reduce bandwidth from specific low priority links. The RRM-E will finally send the channel configuration once each channel is allocated to a given link. As an extension of the RRM-E, it can also be considered that the 60 GHz links channel selection can be done on the same basis. In this case, the available frequency pools should be considered as an extension of the station where this 60 GHz link is plugged, and additional deployment information should be considered. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 27 |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.7.2 Self-Organizing Frequency Allocation | In order to automatically proceed with the frequency selection, a minimum connectivity should be available. At the network initialization phase, the HBS makes a scan (basically realizing signal level measurement and estimating error rates for a given link) to identify the best frequency channel it can use. The HSS can then connect even if frequency channels are not optimized: the objective being only to create a first connection. After this initial step and the use of a fine frequency allocation, the whole system should also be able to adapt to environmental dynamics (new buildings, street modifications, trees plantations, new licence-exempt hot spots, etc.). For this purpose, the RRM-E automatically decides to update the frequency planning information. On a fixed period (every week, month, or year, when usual traffic load decreases) requests are transmitted to each radio access points to rescan their surroundings and inform the RRM-E. Updates can also be done outside those periodic requests if link budget becomes worse for some links. The node can then either change for its alternative channel if one was specified or redo its whole scanning process. New station deployment can also be considered automatically as soon as deployment information is collected by the RRM-E. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.8 Cognitive Frequency Band Allocation | Cognitive radio based RRM techniques are a feasible approach for system's joint design of access and backhaul. It has been proposed as a potential way to more efficiently utilize radio spectrum. By combining the abilities of spectrum awareness, intelligence and radio flexibility, cognitive radio based approach is able to adapt itself to the changes in the local environment. Compared to conventional dynamic RRM approaches, cognitive radio based techniques have the potential to greatly improve spectrum efficiency, reduce overall complexity, and improve link reliability. A brief introduction on cognitive radio techniques is given first and then the details of cognitive radio based channel assignment for the described system is provided in this clause. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.8.1 Cognitive Radios | Cognitive Radio based spectrum assignment was first introduced in [i.6]. The inefficient usage of the existing spectrum can be improved through opportunistic access to the licensed bands without interfering with the existing users. The definition of cognitive radio suggested by FCC [i.4] is: 'A cognitive radio (CR) is a radio that can change its transmitter parameters based on interaction with the environment in which is operates. This interaction may involve active negotiation or communications with other spectrum users and/or passive sensing and decision making within the radio'. The fundamental objective of cognitive radio is to enable an efficient utilization of the wireless spectrum through a highly reliable approach. Based on the definition of cognitive radio, two main elements can be outlined: the cognition part and the reconfigurability. By combining these two functions together, cognitive radios are able to access the spectrum in a fully dynamic way. In our system the cognitive radio behaviour is applied in the access and self-backhauling segment, even if the system operation uses licensed bands. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.8.2 Cognition | Cognition. The cognitive capability is the most distinguishing feature of cognitive radio [i.6], because helps capture the variations of the radio environment over a period of time or space. There three main elements in cognition, spectrum sensing, spectrum analysis and spectrum decision. These functions are the basis of the on-line interaction between cognitive radio and the unpredictable environment. The details of the functions are as follows: • Spectrum sensing: Cognitive radio scans the available spectrum, estimating the interference level of it. Then cognitive radio detects the interference holes. • Spectrum analysis: Based on the information provided by spectrum sensing, cognitive radio will estimate the channel state and the channel capacity. • Spectrum decision: According to the previous information provided by spectrum sensing and spectrum analysis, a cognitive radio needs to determine not only which available channel to use but also the transmission parameters, e.g. the transmission mode, the data rate and transmission power, etc., [i.5]. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 28 After the three steps above, cognitive radio will have enough information to adjust its operating parameters to perform the communication. The cognition part is the intelligence intensive part of cognitive radio where different intelligent techniques are applied to, including reasoning and learning. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.8.3 Reconfiguration | Another important feature of cognitive radio is the capability of adaptation [i.7] and [i.8]. Cognitive radio will adapt its internal states to the variations of the wireless environment by adjust certain operating parameters. There are a few basic operating parameters that can be reconfigured by cognitive radio: • Carrier frequency: The capability of adjusting the carrier frequency is the fundamental function of cognitive radio. If the current spectrum in use is no longer suitable, cognitive radio needs to move to the most appropriate frequency band according to the spectrum decision made by it. • Transmission power: Dynamic transmission power control can also be performed in cognitive radio scenario. The appropriate transmission power level will be applied to decrease the interference and allow more users sharing the same spectrum. • Modulation: Modulation scheme is also reconfigurable. By realizing the characteristics of the targeting spectrum and the environment, cognitive radio is able to select the most suitable modulation to perform the communication. Cognitive radios operate in a very complex heterogeneous scenario. The online adaptation of the operating parameters provides the basis for cognitive radio to dynamically interact with the environment. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.8.4 Cognitive Channel Assignment | Cognitive radio channel assignment techniques will be developed for the entities in this system, including both access and self-backhaul networks in principle, in relation to the use of un-licensed spectrum or licensed spectrum designated to its operation. However, cognitive radio based approach is expected to perform better at the HBS - HSS (the HSS is co-located at the ABS) link than the ABS - MS link since the HBSs and ABSs (HSSs) are all spatially fixed and hence more stable. The situation for the access network is different because of the mobility of MSs. The highly dynamic nature of access network calls for highly efficient learning algorithms. The cognitive radio based approach for our system can be briefly illustrated by figure 6.14. There are mainly three steps in the communication process: Frequency Awareness, Frequency Resource Management and Action. After receiving a transmission request, the operating cognitive radio based base station/mobile user will firstly obtain the information of frequency availability either by monitoring channel utilization database or through spectrum sensing. Then a decision is made at the frequency resource management part. An intelligent frequency decision making process is enabled through learning and reasoning. After that, the system will adapt some of the parameters and then start to transmit data. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.8.4.1 Frequency Awareness | Frequency Awareness is an essential part of cognitive radio based RRM techniques. The characteristics of frequency channels and the availability of spectrum are captured in the frequency awareness process. Cognitive radio based channel assignment is then carried out based on the information obtained by the frequency awareness. A certain level of awareness of the frequency environment is required in our system in order to carry out cognitive radio based channel assignment. A low complexity spectrum sensing approach or a channel usage database is suggested, for actually performing the frequency awareness process. Information of spectrum utilization is obtained either through a database or spectrum sensing. Perfect sensing may not desirable, since there are still challenges in developing perfect spectrum sensing techniques, and such challenges may keep perfect sensing techniques years away from implementation. Limited sensing capability has the potential to deliver much of the required performance by combining with other advanced techniques, like learning. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 29 Figure 6.14: Cognitive radio based RRM |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.8.4.2 Channel Assignment | A reinforcement learning based cognitive radio channel assignment approach is required for our system. This approach will be used as a starting point to address the channel assignment issue. Reinforcement learning [i.8] is a machine learning approach where an agent learns from trial-and-error interactions with an unknown environment. It can be configured in a distributed way, where the learning depends only on localized information. Therefore, reinforcement learning is perfectly suited to distributed decision making. A possible channel assignment algorithm is shown in figure 6.15. As we mentioned previously, this algorithm will be applied initially to both access and self-backhaul networks of our system. During operation a more sophisticated approach can be developed based on more feedback obtained from the simulation. Channels are allocated based on the level of interference on channels and the experience gained through learning. We consider Ei is entity i in our system. Ei is element of E and E is the entity set that contains all reinforcement learning based BS and MS. By randomly choosing channels, the operating entity Ei will explore the spectrum space first. After a number of used channels have been discovered, the user will then exploit high weight channels with a higher priority. By using reinforcement-based learning, entities in the system will assess the success level of a particular action. This in our scenario is whether the target channel is suitable for the considered communication request. According to the previous judgments, a reward is assigned in order to reinforce the weight of the physical resource. The concept of 'weight' is a number assigned to a resource, and the number reflects the importance of the resource to a certain entity. Entities select channels to use based on the weights assigned to the spectral resources - resources with higher weights are considered higher priority. A key element of reinforcement learning is the value function. A learning based entity updates its knowledge based on the feedback of the reward function. The following linear function is proposed, as the value function to update the knowledge base: 2 1 ' f W f W + = (1) where W is the weight of a channel at time t-1, and W' is the weight at time t according to previous weight W and the updated feedback from system. f1 and f2 are the weighting factors at time t that will take on different values depending on the localized judgment of current system states and the environment. Table 6.1 shows the values of f1 and f2 that will be initially used for our system. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 30 Table 6.1: Weighting Factor Values f1 f2 Reward Punishment Reward Punishment 1 1 1 -1 Figure 6.15: Reinforcement learning based channel assignment algorithm |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.8.5 Application of Algorithm | The algorithm described above will be used as a baseline algorithm for both access and self-backhaul networks. Channel assignment will be carried out in two scenarios: licensed band only and licensed band plus unlicensed band. The learning based algorithm is expected to be more effective in channel assignment at HBS/ABS since the base stations are spatially fixed, meaning that the environment is less dynamic. Appropriate improvement will be made to achieve better spectrum efficiency according to the feedbacks from simulation. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 31 Learning efficiency is crucial when applying reinforcement learning to our system, since learning entities will cause a higher level of disturbance in the exploration phase. Since the algorithm is designed to work in a distributed fashion, such that entities depend only on localized information, one of the potential drawback of the distributed system is the convergence process can be very slow. One possible solution to overcome this problem is to apply Docition based techniques. By allowing neighbouring entities to exchange learning based information at the minimum level, docitive approaches are proven to be significantly effective in reducing convergence time. The weight of used channels, in this scenario, is one of the possible items of information to be exchanged between entities. The learning enabled channel partitioning is expected to be very quick in this case, and the convergence of learning based entities has the potential to be significantly improved. Efficient exploration techniques may also desirable in order to improve the learning efficiency, particularly for the more dynamic access networks. Two completely opposing tasks need to be combined if an agent wants to find its optimal action strategies to intelligently interact with a dynamic environment. To obtain enough knowledge to distinguish between the excellent and poor actions, an agent needs to repeat previous actions. However, to discover such actions, a learning agent has to try as many different actions as possible. Neither exploration nor exploitation can be performed exclusively in learning. The learning process cannot be considered as efficient if information gained through exploitation is not used in exploration. This inherent tradeoff in reinforcement learning also has a significant influence on cognitive radio in terms of system performance. Our system will receive more interruptions, caused by the hidden terminal effect, in the exploration stage. Most of the existing reinforcement learning based algorithms apply a random exploration strategy with uniform probability, like 'uniform random walk'. Research shows that the uniform random exploration is the most inefficient approach to achieve a goal. One of the efficient exploration techniques developed, for example, is weight-driven exploration. The exploitation phase is gradually moved into exploration by applying a weight-driven probability distribution to influence action selection during exploration. Thus, exploration will be more efficient and the overall performance of the cognitive radio system can be improved. Efficient exploration techniques will be developed and tailored for the system, and will be reported in the subsequent deliverable. When applying this approach in the licensed bands, a problem is that no feedback can be provided initially at the installation of the access network, due to lack of mobile subscribers. In the case of the backhaul network beacon messages from start-up HSSs may be included. However, HBSs may not hear the ABSs, due to their lack of traffic or "hidden" transmissions. In order to prevent HBSs from initially occupying all the available frequency channels, it may be necessary to obtain information about ABSs in the local area from a database. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.9 Time Resource Allocation | |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.9.1 Spectrum Sharing between Access and Hub Wireless Networks | This system is targeting an aggressive frequency reuse between access and backhaul networks. However the performance of the system with an aggressive frequency reuse may be limited by interference; and techniques for separating the interference in frequency domain or in time domain can be used. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.9.1.1 Frame Structures for Spectrum Sharing in Time Domain | The solution for sharing a frequency channel between access and self-backhauling may fully separate the time used by the backhaul from the time used by the access. This condition will be named in continuation as Reuse ½, as each system will use ½ of the time resource. Type 1 frame structure presented below reflects this approach. Figure 6.16: Frame structure type 1 This frame structure resolves the co-location problem by avoiding simultaneous transmissions and receptions at ABS location. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 32 The major disadvantages are: • Operation in Reuse 1 is not possible, due to the collocation problem. • The DL interval per system is limited to approximately ½ of the DL sub-frame. • The UL interval per system is limited to approximately ½ of the UL sub-frame, having as practical effect the limitation of the UL cell size at half of the cell size of the regular access system. In case of insignificant interference, the full spectrum should be used by both the access and the backhauling system. This condition will be named in continuation Reuse 1, as each system may use the entire part of the time resource. Type 2 frame reflects this approach. Figure 6.17: Frame structure type 2 This frame structure allows the full usage of the frequency channel and the full range of the access cell. However, if there is a need to separate some interference between the hub and access system, the frame needs a modification. A novel frame structure (Type 3) is presented below. Due to its adaptation to different scenarios, this frame structure is a good candidate for being used in SON protocols. This frame structure, aligned with the ABS downlink transmission, natively supports the collocation of ABS and HSS. At ABS/HSS location there is either only ABS/HSS transmission or reception. The access and self-backhauling traffic can be scheduled at ABS/HSS location according to the following reuse schemes: • Reuse 1, both ABS and HSS are transmitting OR receiving in the same time. • Reuse ½, ABS and HSS are NOT transmitting OR receiving in the same time. Figure 6.18: Frame structure type 3 ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 33 |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.9.1.1.1 Frame Structure Elements for SON Support | The duration of the ABS frame is fixed and noted with TF. The duration of the downlink (tADL) and up-link ABS sub- frames may be changed as function of the rapport between the DL and UL traffic; however such change will affect the interference in the access network and it is in general not recommended. The duration of the different reuse schemes can be adjusted, as indicated by the horizontal arrows in figure 6.18. The durations of interest are: tad - duration of ABS DL transmission in Reuse ½; tadhu - duration of ABS DL transmission and simultaneous HSS UL transmission (Reuse 1); thu - duration of HSS UL transmission in Reuse ½; thd - duration of HSS reception (HBS DL transmission) in Reuse ½; tauhd - duration of ABS reception and simultaneous HBS DL transmission (HSS reception) (Reuse 1); tau - duration of ABS reception in Reuse ½; tADL - maximum possible duration for ABS downlink sub-frame. The SON algorithms to be defined are expected to tune the optimum durations for the above variables, such to locally and generally maximize the capacity of the system. The resolution for changing these variables depends of the actual technology used by the access and self-backhaul network. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.10 RRM for joint access and self-backhaul networks | This clause deals with radio resource management procedures, mainly power allocation, with the aim to facilitate the capacity needs of our system. In here, we mainly consider a single-frequency network for both access and self-backhaul links; performance is expected to improve if more than one backhaul interface is available. Due to the sheer size of a high-capacity network, our main approach is along cognitive mechanisms. These are known to allow for autonomous operation, and are thus an important step towards the SON operability needed within the system. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.10.1 Cognitive and Docitive RRM | Subsequently, we introduce the known cognitive and the innovative docitive approach in dealing with the complex task of assigning radio resources in our system high-density network. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.10.1.1 Problem Statement | The starting point for our investigations is the architecture depicted in figure 6.20, where an HBS serves several below- rooftop ABSs which in turn serve associated MSs. The aim is to design an architecture which is cost efficient whilst providing a capacity density of 1 Gbit/s/km2. To facilitate this goal to be achieved, our system will utilize the same spectral bands for both access and some backhaul links. However, whilst the architectural building blocks are available, some serious challenges remain to be addressed and thus constitute the prime focus of our system: 1) The existing 3GPP and IEEE standards for relays allow only time-division relaying, i.e. the HBS first needs to communicate to the ABSs and only then can the ABSs communicate to the MSs. The spectral efficiency is thus roughly halved. A more aggressive approach would be to allow both backhaul as well as access links to communicate simultaneously. This, however, constitutes a serious challenge in interference management, i.e. interference avoidance, mitigation and suppression. 2) The complexity of the complete system at hand is very large. Notably, the system to be optimized will be composed of at least one HBS, several decentralized ABSs and a fairly large amount of MSs. In addition, the optimization scope will include the operation over license and license-exempt bands, presenting different interference conditions. If the optimization problem can be formalised, it is likely to be NP-complete and/or non-convex and thus a solution eludes the majority of tools available to date dealing with system optimization. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 34 3) The system as a whole is highly dynamic, likely to yield non-stationary effects in both observation as well as actions to be taken by the involved parties. This means that the system should be sufficiently adaptive and self- organizing in the sense that changes in the operational conditions should be handled well by the system. Another implication is that most theoretical toolboxes break down and more computerized solving methods, such as machine learning, have to be invoked to yield viable results. The prime problem here is that most machine learning approaches assume perfect knowledge of the entire system and coordination between the involved parties. Acquisition Decision Action Docition Decision Cognitive Radio Docitive Radio Figure 6.19: Canonical cognitive cycle and its extension through docition 1) One of the grandest challenges in autonomous systems is the speed and accuracy of convergence of the decision-taking algorithms to the prior set targets. Indeed, the first contributions in this area in the context of wireless communication systems often require several tens of thousands of iterations before converging within tolerable limits. Depending on the algorithm of choice, another challenge is to ensure that the information exchanged between learning nodes is kept to a minimum. Inspired by these shortcomings, [i.9], [i.10] and subsequent citations, [i.11], [i.12] and [i.13] have independently introduced a framework where network entities with greater experience share their knowledge with entities of lesser experience. 2) The latter introduces more broadly the emerging framework of docitive radios, from "docere" = "to teach" in Latin, which relates to networking entities which teach other entities. These entities are not (only) supposed to teach end-results (e.g. in form of "I sense the spectrum to be occupied"), but rather elements of the methods of getting there. This concept mimics well our society-driven pupil-teacher paradigm which generally acknowledges that inferior teachers teach end-result whereas good teachers facilitate learning. 3) As illustrated in figure 6.19, the canonical autonomous decision-taking cycle is advantageously extended by the element of docition, which is realized by means of an entity which facilitates knowledge dissemination and propagation with the non-trivial aim to facilitate learning. Translated back to the wireless setting, this implies a distributed and autonomous approach where nodes share potentially differing amounts of intelligence/expertness acquired on the run. This, in turn, is expected to sharpen and speed up the learning process. 4) Our prime aim is to utilize this docitive framework in the context of joint access and backhaul design. Here, interference is created between the backhaul links (HBS-ABSs) and access links (ABSs-MSs), which requires intelligent RRM policies at both HBS as well as ABSs. We will commence our investigations assuming a fixed transmission strategy at the HBS and a docitive framework at the ABSs. At a later stage, we will also aim to improve the performance by allowing the HBS to be governed by docitive mechanisms. 5) Numerous interesting problems emerge across various communities in the context of docitive radios. For instance, from an information theoretical point of view, one of the core problems is how to quantify the degree of intelligence of a cognitive algorithm. With this information at hand, intelligence gradients can be established where docition should primarily happen along the strongest gradient. This would also allow one to quantify the tradeoff between providing docitive information versus the cost to deliver it via the wireless interface. Some other pertinent questions encompassing also the physical and medium access control layers are how much information should be taught, can it be encoded such that learning radios with differing degrees of intelligence can profit from a single multicast transmission, how much feedback is needed, how often should be taught, etc.? We believe that we have just touched upon the tip of an iceberg as preliminary investigations have shown that docitive networks are a true facilitator for the utmost efficiency in management and utilization of scarce spectral resources and thus an enabler for emerging as well as unprecedented wireless applications. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 35 6) We note that the system architecture will enable the exchange of information between ABSs via the HBS central node and will facilitate the centralized decision by an intelligent entity located at the HBS. For reducing the decision time, policy rules may be implemented by ABSs. The actions may be also related to emulation of situations allowing the assessments of interference created by specific transmitters. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.10.2 System-Wide Simulation Results | In this clause, we analyze the system-wide simulation results obtained from the simulations. The simulation details can be found in [i.15] and [i.16]. In the following clauses we show the simulation results for different experiments. We analyze the architecture and cognitive algorithm solution proposed. Simulation results show the total capacity achieved by the joint access-backhaul link design proposed. We focused on a single beam, that consists of one HBS (shared by all the beams) and four ABSs, placed in a 2 by 2 matrix form. The separation between ABSs is 100 m, and the HBS is located 350 m away from the ABS distribution centre. We consider one MS for each ABSs, which is randomly located within a 75 m radius coverage of each ABSs. For the whole system we consider that the different ABSs distributions are located equidistantly from the HBS forming a circumference. The distance between the centre of a distribution and the two adjacent ones is 350 m. We further assume that the coverage area of an ABS distribution is circular with radius 145 m and hence a surface of 0,67 km2 which is a bit larger than the real one. The simulation results for 50 trials show that on average the spectrum required to achieve 1 Gbit/s is 15,1 MHz (see figure 6.22); with this spectrum the total capacity achieved by the HBS is 4 Gbit/s (all beams). The mean spectral efficiency of the sum access link (ABS to the MSs) is 5,1 bit/s/Hz and the mean backhaul spectral efficiency is 5,4 bit/s/Hz. Figure 6.18 shows the capacity in bit/s/Hz of the access link and the backhaul link. In figure 6.23 the total capacity for a HBS is shown when using a bandwidth of 40 MHz. Likewise, figure 6.24 shows the capacity density in terms of Gbit/s/km2 when using an allocation bandwidth of 40 MHz. Figure 6.20: Spectral efficiency of the system in bit/s/Hz ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 36 Figure 6.21: Bandwidth (MHz) required to achieve 1Gbit/s/km2 Figure 6.22: System capacity assuming a bandwidth of 40 MHz Trials ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 37 Figure 6.23: Total capacity density (Gbit/s/km2) of the system for 40 MHz bandwidth |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.11 Direct Communication | The direct communication between the entities of the radio network takes place over the air, involving functions at both lower and higher layers. In the next clauses is defined the direct communication mode at the lower resource levels and are given a number of examples for frame structures and resource block partitions. We define two types of Direct Communication Operation (DCO) between system's entities, preferably within the licensed spectrum: • DCO between Base Stations. • DCO between subscriber stations (MS or HSS). An HSS is a station connected to HBS and collocated with an ABS. In continuation are presented possible frame structures and the frequency resource allocation, such to enable the channel utilization by multiple communications. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.11.1 Time-domain Frame Structures | |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.11.1.1 DCO in the ABS and HBS Radio Frame | The ADC (ABS DCO) and HDC (HBS DCO) may be split in BS-BS communication and MS-MS communication and can be aligned as shown in figure 6.24. The BS-BS communication is part of the DL subframe and the MS-MS communication is part of the uplink subframe, such that adding interference between ABS and HBS cells is avoided. The BS DCO is naturally placed at the end of the DL subframe, while the MS DCO can be placed either at the beginning (figure 6.24) or at the end of the UL subframe (figure 6.26). The HBS DL and UL sub-frames may be shorter, if it is required to separate the interference created to an MS in the ABS cell. The interference may be created by a transmitting entity to a receiving entity, placed in the proximity of the transmitting entity. In order to avoid such situation, the DCO zones within HDC and ABS time-domain partitions should be synchronized across the wireless network. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 38 Figure 6.24: Not-aligned P-MP and DCO in HBS and ABS cells The variant in figure 6.26 brings us to an interesting outcome: the access and the DCO are separated in the time domain across the network, because the same time partition for DCO or for regular cellular operation is being used in both ABS and HBS cells. Figure 6.25: Aligned P-MP and DCO in HBS and ABS cells |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.11.2 Assignment of Frequency and Time Resources | The basic principles which are used for the assignment of resources for DCO are listed below. These principles are general, being independent of the system architecture. 1) The DCO uses a resource allocation, defined as combined time resource and frequency resource within a frequency channel. 2) The direct communication inside the BS cell should not affect the start of DL frame and the transmission of the preambles and control channels or synchronization signals. 3) The protocol used for direct communication may be a derivation of the used cellular protocol or may be a different protocol. 4) A BS may hop to another frequency for the duration of the DCO and on this frequency the BS may use a different air protocol as compared with the protocol used in cellular communication. 5) An MS/SS can transmit to another MS during the radio frame, while respecting the restrictions above. In FDD, the MS transmission may be done on either DL or UL frequencies. 6) A BS may transmit to another BS either during the DL or UL subframes (TDD) or using either DL or UL frequencies (FDD). 7) A BS may hop to another frequency for the duration of the DCO. 8) The direct communication mode may use a pre-scheduled time and/or frequency resource, dedicated to such communications only or the frequency channel may be used for DCO and regular communications. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 39 9) If the time resource is dedicated for DCO only (Mode 1), the resource can be used by multiple communication groups, the sharing being done in the frequency domain, the time domain or a combination of both. A communication group is constituted by those radio units which directly communicate one with each other. A time resource can be one or more: • TTI intervals. • DL or UL slots or sub-frames. • Sub-frames or slots. A frequency resource may be composed of: • a number of sub-channels; or • a number of resource blocks. A communication group can include two or more BS entities or two or more MS/SS entities. 10) If the time and frequency resources are used for both DCO and regular operation (Mode 2), there may be allocated a number of resources for DCO only, and other resources can be either used for regular cellular operation only or may be used for a combination of DCO and regular cellular operation. 11) If a BS is transmitting during the UL, it should operate as an MS. If an MS is transmitting during the DL, it should use the allocated frequency resource like a BS. 12) An entity can use, when transmitting, a mode which is different from the mode used by the pair entity for regular cellular reception. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.12 Out-of-band self backhauling | |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.12.1 Capacity and Spectrum Calculation in 5 GHz | The spectrum in 5 GHz is mainly needed in a scenario where ABS uses only one frequency channel per direction. Given the un-licensed usage of 5 GHz band, we will assume a limitation to 16QAM3/4, even if the S/I is 30 dB. The channel size is 20 MHz. The radar detection requirement will impose an additional 20 % loss. The resulting data traffic is 22,4 Mbit/s/channel - therefore a 60 MHz of spectrum is required to achieve 65 Mbit/s. Note that based on the regulatory occupancy rules, the 60 MHz can be placed at different frequencies in the different sectors. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.12.2 Backhaul Capacity at 60 GHz | This clause examines the capacity of a backhaul system at 60 GHz for the HBS/ABS rollout scenario currently suggested for the project. The analysis checks several possible frequency usage schemes and calculates the interference limited rate. A calculation is done for two cases: • A theoretical case demonstrating 60 GHz band capabilities. • A practical case, demonstrating the expected 60 GHz equipment capabilities. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 40 Figure 6.26: Typical backhaul system architecture (tree) The 60 GHz backhaul system can be viewed as a wireless Insert-Drop Multiplexer or a wireless Ethernet switch. The system is intended to provide immediate access to the wireless BS using the 60 GHz band, which does not require licensing or coordination between operating devices because of the characteristic natural directivity and considerable propagation loss. The 60 GHz backhaul link supports multiple wireless hops by virtue of its insert-drop capability. Since each end point of a wireless backhaul link behaves as a Ethernet switch (with one port being wireless), each end- point may locally generate some data, and also forward the data arriving from a peer point-to-point link (typically pointing in a different direction). The backhaul system is typically used a tree architecture (shown in the drawing below), but it may also be used in a ring or mesh architecture. In the drawing, note the wired Ethernet connections, one for each BS location (marked by red lines), which may be located right on the antenna mast, thus yielding a very compact, low footprint backhaul connection. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.12.2.1 Rollout Scenario | The analysis focuses on two frequency usage schemes. In one scheme only one frequency channel is allocated in the entire 60 GHz spectrum (which may then utilize the entire available spectrum). The other scheme assumes two frequency channels (in which case each channel can only use half of the available channel). The object of this allocation is to demonstrate the enormous capacity available in the 60 GHz band, which in practice is quite tolerant to interference. In fact, the situation analyzed demonstrates a type of worst case scenario, in which neighbouring ABSs are subject to the strongest possible interference, as the assumption of completely straight streets prevents the spatial filtering gain naturally available at 60 GHz when dealing with more 'natural' rollouts (i.e. not on a mathematical grid). ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 41 Figure 6.27: Backhaul rollout scenario using one frequency Figure 6.28: Backhaul rollout scenario using two frequencies The analysis of the rollout plan above reveals that the 60 GHz backhaul link is constrained to follow the streets canyons. The reason for this constraint is that the Point-to-Point (P2P) links at 60 GHz require a clear line of sight for their operation. The ABS, to which the P2P link should connect, is located below the roof-top level. Additionally we assume that in the interest of compactness, and low-cost for the overall installation, the P2P link and the ABS are collocated, possibly even within the same enclosure. As a result of these constraints, the P2P link (at least one side of it) will be located below the roof-top level, regardless of whether the HBS is located above or below the street level. Another observation that can be made is that there are two possibilities to connect the backhaul links: • Direct connect - Each ABS has a direct link to the HBS. In this case all the links support the same data-rate, but have a different link distance. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 42 • Daisy chain - Each ABS connects to the next ABS and the ABS closest to the HBS connects the entire chain to the HBS. In this case the links carry different data rates, but all have the same link distance. In general the daisy-chain connection outperforms the direct connect approach, and offers much more in ways of network survivability and flexibility, which is why the drawings above demonstrate this method, and the calculations done later relate to it. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.12.2.2 Backhaul Data Rate Calculations | The calculations on the 60 GHz backhaul data rate are based on several assumptions, which will be detailed below: • Small print-foot antenna is used - This size of antenna is compact yet provides considerable gain. A different trade off between gain and size could be considered - based on the maximum required distance, reliability requirements, and worst case rain conditions. • Free-space loss and oxygen loss are accounted in the link budget. Free space loss is present in any wireless system. Oxygen loss is a special feature of the 60 GHz frequency band, and is caused by absorption of the electromagnetic radiation by the oxygen molecules in the atmosphere. This loss is quite high, and amounts to almost 16 dB per km of link distance at the sea level. • Rain attenuation is accounted in the link budget - Rain is also a loss factor at mm-wave frequencies. The absorption by rain is characterized by a figure in dB per km, similar to the Oxygen case, but the loss depends on the rate of fall of the rain. The calculation is done for a specific rain level, which is characterized by measurements to be present no more than a certain percentage of the time. Typical percentage range from 0,1 % to 0,001 % to ensure availabilities ranging from 99,9 % up to 99,999 %. • Modem using Clear timer on compare (CTC) with implementation loss of 2 dB. We assume a typical modern modem implementation. • Modem efficiency is 70 %. Modem efficiency takes in account those factors that are less obvious than modulation levels and coding rate (e.g. preambles, pilots, overheads) in order to provide a true picture and the payload carrying capabilities of the modem. The details of the antenna used for the calculation are shown below in terms of Radiation Pattern Envelope (RPE). The antenna has a gain of 41 dB, and a directivity of about 1,2 degrees. This enormous spatial interference rejection capability is actually not fully taken advantage of due to the precise geometrical rollout scenario, as mentioned earlier. This implies that in more natural rollout scenarios higher capacities can be achieved. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 43 Figure 6.29: 60 GHz antenna RPE data |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.12.2.3 Theoretical Scenario Analysis | The theoretical scenario assumes that target of the backhaul P2P link is to provide the highest possible capacity utilizing the 60 GHz spectrum. Based on this target, cost considerations of the system are relaxed, while performance considerations are stressed. The following assumptions have been made: • All of the 60 GHz spectrum (59 GHz to 64 GHz) is available for the backhaul link - Being license free, widely available and using very directive antennas this assumption is believed to be reasonable. • A backhaul P2P link can occupy any channel BW up to the full 5 GHz. • The modem is capable of operation up to 64QAM ½ rate - This type of performance puts only moderate constraint on the cost of the modem and radio working in LOS channel conditions. • Cross polarization is in use (XPIC) - Cross polarization is a very cheap means to utilize the independence between orthogonal polarization in a LOS propagation scenario to double the available channel BW. • TX power is 5 dBm - This is a moderate constraint on the 60 GHz radio. • Receiver NF is 9 dBm - This is a moderate constraint on the 60 GHz radio. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.12.2.4 Practical Scenario Analysis | The practical scenario assumes that target of the backhaul P2P link is to provide a low cost solution with adequate capacity from utilizing the 60 GHz spectrum. Based on this target, cost considerations of the system are stressed, while performance considerations are relaxed. The following assumptions have been made: • A backhaul P2P link can occupy any channel BW of 250 MHz - Considerable reduction to the price of digital interfaces, processors, etc. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 44 • The modem is capable of operation up to 16QAM ½ rate - Reduces to requirements from the radio and hence its cost. • Cross polarization is NOT in use - Reduce the complexity of the antenna and signal processing chain, and hence their cost. • TX power is -5 dBm - This is a very modest constraint on the 60 GHz radio. • Receiver NF is 20 dBm - This is a very modest constraint on the 60 GHz radio. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.12.2.5 Calculation Details | The path loss formula is taken from [i.14]: ) (D LOG * 20 1 Att Att + ) (f LOG * 20 + 92.45 km 10 0 rain atmosphere GHz 10 + + + × d D D D km km km * where Att represents attenuation and D represents distance. The path loss is composed of free-space loss, atmospheric loss (Oxygen) and rain loss (depends on rain rate). We assume no rain for the capacity calculations, which is the worst case scenario. We assume the presence of rain for link budget calculation, which is again the worst case scenario. The rain attenuation calculation assumes rain zone K, which represents eastern Spain. The calculation is performed for a threshold of 0,01 %, which is equivalent 99,99 % system availability. Table 6.2 shows the calculated path loss as a function of link distance (according to the above formula and conditions). The path loss is shown both with and without rain. Table 6.2: 61 GHz calculated path-loss (PL) vs. link distance D(km) PL (dB) no rain PL (dB) + rain D(km) PL (dB) no rain PL (dB) + rain D(km) PL (dB) no rain PL (dB) + rain 0,001 68,2 68,2 0,35 124,3 129,5 0,7 135,7 145,8 0,05 102,9 103,6 0,4 126,3 132,1 0,75 137,0 147,8 0,1 109,7 111,2 0,45 128,0 134,6 0,8 138,3 149,9 0,15 114,0 116,2 0,5 129,7 137,0 0,85 139,6 151,8 0,2 117,2 120,2 0,55 131,3 139,3 0,9 140,9 153,8 0,25 119,9 123,6 0,6 132,8 141,5 0,95 142,1 155,7 0,3 122,2 126,7 0,65 134,3 143,7 1,00 143,3 157,6 The formula for C/N at receiver is: ( ) NF BW PL G G P N C ANTENNA RX ANTENNA TX TX − − + − + + = 10 10 5 174 log . / _ _ where: C/N - carrier over noise power PTX - transmit power GTX_ANTENNA - gain of transmit antenna GRX_ANTENNA - gain of receive antenna PL - path loss BW - bandwidth NF - noise factor ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 45 6.12.2.5.1 One frequency theoretical system results In this case, the capacity is limited by the 180 m link interference with the 90 m link. Without rain, the link budget difference is 116 - 108,6 = 7,4 dB. This generates a noise floor of 7,4 dB that would limit the used modulation to about QPSK with rate 0,5. The spectral efficiency in such a case would be 2 × 2 × 0,5 × 0,7 = 1,4 bit/s/Hz. This spectral efficiency translates to an available throughput of 5 × 1,4 = 7 Gbit/s when using the single 5 GHz channel. We additionally apply the link budget calculation to the 90 m link, to ensure that the link budget is positive in the presence of rain. 6.12.2.5.2 Two frequencies theoretical system results In this case, the capacity is limited by the 270 m link interference with the 90 m link. Without rain, the link budget difference is 120,9 - 108,6 = 12,3 dB. This generates a noise floor of 12,3 dB that would limit the used modulation to about QAM16 with rate 0,5. The spectral efficiency in this a case would be 2 × 4 × 0,5 × 0,7 = 2,8 bit/s/Hz. This spectral efficiency translates to an available throughput of 2,5 × 2,8 = 7 Gbit/s when using two 2,5 GHz channels. 6.12.2.5.3 One frequency practical system results In this case, the capacity is limited by the 180 m link interference with the 90 m link. Without rain, the link budget difference is 116 - 108,6 = 7,4 dB. This generates a noise floor of 7,4 dB that would limit the used modulation to about QPSK with rate 0,5. The spectral efficiency in such a case would be 1 × 2 × 0,5 × 0,7 = 0,7 bit/s/Hz. This spectral efficiency translates to an available throughput of 0,25 × 0,7 = 0,175 Gbit/s when using the single 0,25 GHz channel. We additionally apply the link budget calculation to the 90 m link, to ensure that the link budget is positive in the presence of rain. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.12.2.6 Two frequencies practical system results | In this case, the capacity is limited by the 270 m link interference with the 90 m link. Without rain, the link budget difference is 120,9 - 108,6 = 12,3 dB. This generates a noise floor of 12,3 dB that would limit the used modulation to about QAM16 with rate 0,5 (the highest modulation we assumed possible). The spectral efficiency in this a case would be 1 × 4 × 0,5 × 0,7 = 1,4 bit/s/Hz. This spectral efficiency translates to an available throughput of 0,25 × 1,4 = 0,35 Gbit/s when using a two 0,25 GHz channels. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 6.12.2.7 Spectral efficiency and required channel BW | As exemplified earlier, the available data rates and the spectral reuse capability at the 60 GHz frequency band are very high. The question of spectral efficiency is therefore expected to be insignificant in the majority of cases. However, there are situations in which spectral efficiency might be of interest, the prime example being administrations that require a licensing fee for use of the 60 GHz spectrum. In such situations, the interest of the operator using the backhaul system is to be as spectrally efficient as possible. To demonstrate this point, we can calculate the required channel BW in order to support the rollout scenario described previously. For this calculations we should assume that each HBS sector support 61 Mbit/s. The required channel BW for all the cases discussed is summarized in table 6.3. Table 6.3: Minimum channel BW requirement for various 60 GHz backhaul scenarios Scenario description Minimum Required channel BW (MHz) to support 61 Mbit/s Theoretical system, one frequency 1 × 43,6 MHz Theoretical system, two frequencies 2 × 21,8 MHz Practical system, one frequency 1 × 87,1 MHz Practical system, two frequencies 2 × 43,6 MHz As may be seen from the table above, the required channel bandwidths are very small comparable to the 5 GHz of spectrum available at 60 GHz. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 46 |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 7 Identification of Requirements | |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 7.1 General Requirements | The general requirements include very important, but less technical aspects that should be considered during the architecture phase. First list consisting of descriptive items can be seen as a translation of user needs and expectations based on the usage scenarios. Identified user and business needs: • High capacity data network should cover locations with high user density. • Network capacity should be sufficient to provide connectivity during the most busy hours of the day. • The network should operate at vehicular speeds up to 70 km/h to include stationary and mobile users. • The system should be transparent to the end user and should take into account the user perception, including the following factors. • Handover. • Power efficiency. • Un-obstructive system antennas. • Latency of the mobile data communication should be similar to that of a fixed broadband service. • Communication quality should satisfy the used applications. • Uplink and downlink rates should be at least 300 % higher than the IMT-Advanced requirements. The second list provides criteria for the design of a solution: • The mobile service should cover 95 % of the area capacity, including indoors and internal yards. • Area of a multi-floor building will be considered as the number of floors multiplied by the floor area and divided by 4. It is considered that only 25 % of the indoor users will use the mobile cellular service. • The deployment of this system deployment should use the Manhattan grid as reference model, as described in [i.1]. • The typical number of building floors in urban area should be considered seven. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 7.2 Access Wireless Network | The following design characteristics have been considered as a starting point for further development of the architecture: • ABS mounted on street poles, for example those used for illumination and for traffic signs. • Each ABS coverage area will be calculated and evaluated for sensitivity to the following parameters: - Required licensed spectrum in 2,5 GHz or 3,5 GHz bands. - Required un-licensed spectrum. • Target for the worst case ABS coverage: outdoor-to-indoor, shop basement floor with windows. • 20 % to 30 % of the available ABS capacity will be reserved for in-band backhauling. • ABS deployment cost: minimum, taking into account the ABS sector cost. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 47 • ABS types to be used in access deployment: - Micro-cell (ABS on street). - Pico-cell (ABS for radio hole coverage, such as interior garden). - Femto-cell (indoor ABS). • ABS required capacity: derived from capacity density, based on covered area. • The architecture should be able to adapt to support UL/DL ratio of 50 % of data capacity. This requirement may need to be satisfied during limited time slots and may have an effect on the end user available DL data rates. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 7.3 Self-Backhauling Wireless Network | Self-backhauling is a complex and important topic. Existing technologies used for backhaul have the tendency to be expensive or problematic due to stringent radiation regulations enforced in EU countries. With that in mind an innovative approach should be created, tested, and analysed. The following identified technical and business requirements are pertinent to the self-backhaul wireless network: • Should use at least 20 % of licensed spectrum. • Preferential use of in-band (licensed spectrum) self-backhauling, to insure high QoS for the video traffic. • Minimization of the number of Hub Base Stations and their number of sectors. • Preferential topography should be based on LOS segments, for using the 60 GHz license-exempt spectrum; • The number of LOS segments should be reduced, for limiting the delay introduced by Point-to-Point 60 GHz; links, deployed in a "drop-and-insert" mode. • The system should include redundancy and should be able to sustain failure of an ABS. This robustness may be achieved by specifying alternative radio paths, and support temporary replacement of an ABS with a pico ABS. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 7.4 Joint Access & Self-Backhaul | To be able to meet the capacity needs of 1 Gbit/s/km2, a tight joint design between access and self-backhauling wireless networks is inevitable. The following technical requirements, grouped based on two possible approaches, are pertinent to such a joint design: |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 7.4.1 First approach | The first approach separates in frequency domain the interference between the access and self-backhaul links: • Ensure coexistence between access and self-backhaul without jeopardizing operation/stability of individual networks. • Suitable spectral allocation and separation between access and self-backhaul. • Suitable power allocation and RRM algorithms to avoid capacity bottlenecks at ABSs by ensuring similar capacities in access and self-backhaul network. • Self-backhaul design which takes both heterogeneity as well as capacity & requirement needs of access into account. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 48 |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 7.4.2 Second approach | The second approach is based on the following requirements: a) the system architecture uses the same frequency band for the wireless backhaul and access links; b) decisions are taken in a distributed fashion. For satisfying the requirements above, is necessary that: a) a solution in form of decisions can be found, even if only iteratively and numerically; b) these decision yield clear instructions on radio resource management functionalities to all involved parties; and c) these decisions are based on truly cognitive algorithms with elements of memory, learning and intelligent decision taking. The is further requested to introduce innovative techniques which improve: a) on the convergence speed of the cognitive algorithms; and b) on the precision of the taken decisions versus some prior set targets. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 7.5 Requirements related to the Lower Layers of DCO | The following describe the requirements for the DCO operation: 1) The system should allocate a time resource for DCO operation of one of more of ABS, HBS, HSS, MSs, etc. 2) The system should use one of the framing described above as Mode 1 or Mode 2. 3) For each communication group a time and/or frequency resource should be used either in shared or dedicated mode. 4) The cellular operation should continue using the same resource, if possible (Mode 2). 5) The system should determine what time/frequency resources can be used in parallel with DCO. 6) The system should determine if the multi-user MIMO, cooperative MIMO or Network MIMO can be used for increasing the DCO spectral efficiency. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 7.6 Conclusion | The requirements presented in this summary should be treated as a guideline in the process of designing the new architecture - a guideline where some parameters have been highlighted as more important than others. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 8 Business aspects | The UMTS Forum whitepaper [i.3] presents in a clear way the need for new solutions to the growing problem of 'revenue and traffic decoupling'. Therefore, every new solution should show the potential to improve the transmission parameters, in addition to the cost savings opportunities. The following factors should be considered when performing economic evaluation. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 8.1 Frequency License Fees | Operators planning to deploy a mobile data network should also obtain a license to operate at a given frequency (typically a onetime charge allowing use of the frequency in the whole country or territory) and also to pay for use of backhaul frequencies where applicable. Various techniques are being used to better utilize available frequencies. For backhaul purposes it is possible to use both licensed and unlicensed frequencies. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 49 The frequency license fees can constitute an important economical factor of the basic deployment costs. There are two types of licensing fees: • The corresponding part of the country-wide or region-wide license cost. • The cost of the microwave links. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 8.2 Site Related Cost | Site acquisition costs contain all activities involved with preliminary identification of a new site and with actions leading to preliminary acceptance of terms by involved parties: • Measurements cost (CAPEX) - Once a site has been identified, a set of measurements should take place. These measurements should be performed to satisfy regulations forcing operators to comply with local laws governing the radiation exposure. • Infrastructure building (CAPEX) - This component of the cost includes all activities performed during the site preparation, installation of equipment, and final acceptance. • Infrastructure components cost (CAPEX) - Each location contains a set of equipment selected for a given type of site. • Infrastructure insurance (OPEX) - Operators obtain insurance for each installation to mitigate the risk of losing expensive components of the network due to accident, theft, or weather conditions. • Site infrastructure maintenance (OPEX) - As with any other equipment, Telco infrastructure components require regular maintenance. • Leasing (OPEX) - Site leasing costs are market driven and may vary depending on the demand in a given area. City centres are the most expensive due to lack of good locations and continuous need for expansion of network infrastructure. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 8.3 Network Equipment Cost | • Permission fee (CAPEX) - A onetime fee paid to the government body undersigning permission for utilization of the Base Station. • Base Station (BS) costs (CAPEX) - Base station cost includes all equipment installed in a site. • Antenna system cost (CAPEX) - Separate from other equipment antenna cost is another substantial item on the shopping list. • Network equipment installation (CAPEX) - Network equipment installation cost includes hardware and software installation and configuration. • Energy consumption (OPEX) - Depending on the size and power of components energy consumption could be fairly substantial. This is especially noticeable where equipment should be cooled with dedicated air conditioning system. Individual BS sites require 3 kW to 4 kW of power. We have considered in the computations below a price of 0,15 Euro per kWh. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 8.4 Self-Backhaul Cost | Self-backhaul cost is associated with the communication between base stations and the base station controllers (3GPP network) or ASN GW (WiMAX network). Backhaul connectivity can be achieved with dedicated lines or with point-to- point microwave. This is also a substantial portion of the investment. Currently fibre optics and microwave are the primary technologies used for backhaul communication. In the first case the cost involves all activities needed to lay the fibre in the ground (permissions, installation, material) and equipment cost. With microwave transmission situation is a bit simpler - line of site installation (includes components, licensing, installation, and lease); however, not without problems. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 50 |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 8.5 Conclusions | While CAPEX, OPEX and financial criteria cannot be addressed with technology alone, there is a need to relate architecture options to cost values for a given component. This is an identified business requirement and possibly decisive factor on a route towards new generation telecommunication solutions. |
892326c2d1b387f7b26f75b81d3411f6 | 101 534 | 9 General Conclusions | The BWA system presented in the present document includes a number of elements enabling the feasibility of an area density capacity of at least 1 Gbit/s/km2. Such elements are: • The creation of a heterogeneous wireless network, composed of a hub base station and a number of access base stations. • The hub base station is used mainly for feeding the access base stations, either in-band, by the use of a multi- beam antenna, either out-of-band, by the use of license-exempt spectrum in 5 GHz or 60 GHz. • A multi-beam antenna, used in conjunction with collaborative MIMO techniques for improving the spectral efficiency of the in-band feeding links of the access base stations. • Interference mitigation between the hub and access base stations, by using a number of cognitive and docitive RRM algorithms. Furthermore, the feasibility of the target capacity of 1 Gbit/s/km2 is demonstrated through simulations. ETSI ETSI TR 101 534 V1.1.1 (2012-03) 51 History Document history V1.1.1 March 2012 Publication |
0b9b419e7beb305a53e5977f00a5765f | 101 397 | 1 Scope | SMG2 have according to the UTRA definition procedure elaborated proposal for concept groups for the definition of the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access UTRA. This work have resulted in the following five concept groups: α - concept: Wideband CDMA Allocated to this groups are the following original proposals: - FRAMES FMA mode 2 (CSEM/Pro Telecom, Ericsson, France Telecorn/CNET, Nokia, Siemens) - Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (W-CDMA) (Fujitsu Europe Telecom R&D Centre) - Wideband Direct Sequence (DS) CDMA, (NEC Technologies (UK) Ltd) - DS-CDMA Utilising FDD and TDD, (Panasonic (Matsushita Europe & Matsushita Comm. Ind. Ltd)) β- concept: OFDM Allocated to this groups are the following original proposals: - Band Division Multiple Access (BDMA) (OFDM & SFH-TDMA), (Sony International (Europe) Gmbh) - Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) (Telia Research) - OFDMA (Lucent Technologies) γ - concept: Wideband TDMA Allocated to this groups are the following original proposals: - Frames FMA mode 1 without spreading (CSEM/Pro Telecom, Ericsson, France Telecom/CNET, Nokia, Siemens) δ - concept: Wideband TDMA/CDMA Allocated to this groups are the following original proposals: - Code Time Division Multiple Access (CTDMA) (Swiss Telecom PTT) - Frames FMA mode 1 with spreading (CSEM/Pro Telecom, Ericsson, France Telecom/CNET, Nokia, Siemens) ε - concept: ODMA Allocated to this groups are the following original proposals: - Opportunity Driven Multiple Access (ODMA) (Vodafone LTD., Salbu R&D (Pty) Ltd.) The following proposals are considered relevant for more than one Concept Group: For the β, γ, δ concept groups are allocated the proposal Flexible Frames Structure (Philips Consumer Communications/Philips Research Laboratories). For all concept groups are allocated the proposal Multi-Dimensional Packet Reservation Multiple Access (MD PRMA) (NEC technologies (UK) Ltd., Kings College London). Templates describing the key attributes of the proposals contained in the five concept groups follow. ETSI TR 101 397 V3.0.1 (1998-10) 6 UMTS 30.04 version 3.0.1 2 Concept Group Alpha -Wideband Direct-Sequence CDMA ETSI SMG2#22 Tdoc SMG2 234/97 In the procedure to define the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), the wideband DS-CDMA concept group will develop and evaluate a multiple access concept based on direct sequence code division. This group currently includes the DS-CDMA proposals from FRAMES Mode 2, Fujitsu, NEC and Panasonic. The main radio transmission technology (RTT) parameters of these proposals are described in Table 1 below. The proposals are designed to operate with multiple bandwidths, including bandwidths supporting wideband services. Glossary of abbreviations used: BS Base station DL Downlink (forward link) DS-CDMA Direct-Sequence Code Division Multiple Access FDD Frequency Division Duplexing Mcps Mega chips per second TDD Time Division Duplexing UL Uplink (reverse link) ETSI TR 101 397 V3.0.1 (1998-10) 7 UMTS 30.04 version 3.0.1 Table 1: Wideband DS-CDMA proposals FRAMES FMA Mode 2 Fujitsu W-CDMA NEC W-CDMA Panasonic Multiple access method DS-CDMA DS-CDMA DS-CDMA DS-CDMA Duplexing method FDD FDD FDD FDD/TDD Channel spacing 4.8/9.6 MHz 1 5/20 MHz 1.25/5 MHz 1.25/5/10/20 MHz Carrier chip rate 3.84/7.68 Mcps 1 4.096/16.384 Mcps 1.024/4.096 Mcps 1.024/4.096/8.192/16.384 Mcps Frame length 10 ms 10 ms 20 ms 10 ms Multirate concept UL: Variable spreading DL: Multicode UL & DL: Variable spreading and/or multicode UL & DL: Variable spreading and/or multicode UL & DL: Variable spreading and/or multicode FEC codes UL: Convolutional code, rate1/2, puncturing/repetition DL: Convolutional code, rate 1/3, puncturing/repetition Convolutional code, rate 1/3 for 4.096 Mcps, rate 1/2 for 16.384 Mcps UL & DL: Convolutional code, rate 1/3 (+ Outer Reed-Solomon code option) Convolutional code, rate 1/3 or 1/2, K=9 Puncturing/repetition for variable rate Reed-Solomon coding added for data Interleaving Intra-frame/inter frame interleaving Intra-frame/inter-frame interleaving Intra-frame/inter-frame interleaving Intra-frame interleaving for convolutional Inter-frame interleaving for Reed-Solomon Spreading factors 2 to 256 8 to 512 16 to 64 4 to 64 @ 1.024 Mcps, 4 to 256 @ 4.096 Mcps, 4 to 512 @ 8.192 Mcps, 4 to 1024 @ 16.384 Mcps Spreading codes Short codes Extended Gold sequences for short and long codes Short codes and long codes Short codes and long codes Modulation UL: O-QPSK DL: QPSK UL: O-QPSK DL: QPSK UL: π/4 - QPSK DL: QPSK UL: QPSK DL: QPSK Pulse shaping Root Raised Cosine, roll-off = 0.2 Root Raised Cosine, roll-off = 0.22 Root Raised Cosine, roll-off = 0.22 Root Raised Cosine, roll-off = 0.22 Handover Mobile controlled soft handover Soft handover supported Soft handover Diversity handover IF handover Supported within specification [TBD] Supported within specification Fast handover Detection UL: Coherent detection (reference symbol based) DL: Coherent detection (pilot code or reference symbol based) UL: Coherent detection (pilot symbol assisted) DL: Coherent detection (pilot channel or pilot symbol assisted) UL & DL: Coherent detection (reference symbol based) UL & DL: Coherent detection (based on time multiplexed pilot symbol) Interference reduction Short codes supports multi-user detection Interference canceller (option) Digital beamforming (option) Multi-user detection (option) Interference canceller for UL (option) Digital beamforming (option) Power control UL: Open loop and fast closed loop DL: Fast closed loop Open loop and closed loop UL: Open loop and fast closed loop DL: At least open loop FDD UL: SIR based fast closed loop DL: SIR based fast closed loop Outer loop added TDD UL: fast open loop DL: slow closed loop Outer loop added Diversity RAKE, UL antenna diversity UL & DL: RAKE and antenna diversity UL & DL: RAKE and antenna diversity UL: path, antenna ,site DL: path, antenna, site UL: path, antenna, site DL: path, antenna, site, BS TX antenna diversity Base station synchronisation Asynchronous operation Asynchronous operation Asynchronous operation Asynchronous Synchronised 1 Harmonisation with FMA Mode 1 parameters has been taken into account in the choice of these parameters. ETSI TR 101 397 V3.0.1 (1998-10) 8 UMTS 30.04 version 3.0.1 3 β-The OFDM concept group ETSI SMG2#22 Tdoc SMG2 __/97 Introduction The OFDM concept group will develop and evaluate a multiple access concept based on the use of a discrete Fourier transform for modulation and demodulation, the group currently includes complete proposals from Telia and Sony, and a proposal for some aspects of the system from Lucent Technologies. The main RTT parameters of these proposals are described in the table below. This document is intended as a starting point for work within the OFDM concept group. ETSI TR 101 397 V3.0.1 (1998-10) 9 UMTS 30.04 version 3.0.1 Key parameters for OFDM concept group SONY TELIA LUCENT TECHNOLOGIES Multiple Access Method BDMA (OFDM & SFH- TDMA) OFDMA OFDMA Duplexing Method FDD (TDD option) FDD FDD (TDD option) Required bandwidth to support a 2 Mbit/s peak bit rate Minimum 1.6 MHz with 8DPSK modulation 4 MHz Channel Spacing 100 kHz (Multiple of 100 kHz supported) 125 kHz (Multiples of 125 kHz supported) Maximum User Bitrate at least 2Mbit/s 2.5 Mbit/s1 at least 2 Mbit/s Subcarrier Spacing 4.167 kHz (=100kHz/24) 5 kHz Symbol Duration 288.46 µs 235.6 µs Frame Length 4.6154/4ms (4-TDMA), 4.6154/2 (8-TDMA), 4.6154ms (16-TDMA) 15.5 ms Multirate concept Multi-Bandslot & Multi- Timeslot Variable block allocation Variable block/slot allocation FEC codes Convolutional Codes, RS-Codes, BCH-Codes Rate 1/2, Constraint length 7, conv.code PAPR reducing coding schemes Interleaving Bearer/Service specific (e.g. voice 18.46 ms) Bearer/Service specific Modulation Frequency Domain Differential QPSK (multilevel modulation possible) Coherent QPSK QPSK + QAM option for suitable channels Windowing Full Cosine Roll Off (a=0.036) Raised Cosine (Tukey) Conventional + Peak Windowing Detection Differential Detection (Coherent possible) Coherent, Pilot assisted Coherent in suitable channels Power Control Closed Loop Power Control (Step: -1, 0, +1dB;1.153ms/control) For Further Study Diversity Time-, Frequency-, Interference Diversity Antenna Diversity recommended for Up- & Downlink Time and Frequency Handover Seamless handover (soft handover not required) Seamless handover (soft handover not required) IF Handover Supported Supported Supported Base Station Synchronisation Preferable Not needed Not required for unlicensed use. Preferable for licensed use. Interference Reduction Interference Diversity (by SFH) DCA (OFDM orthogonal within one cell) SFH for licensed use. DRA (DCA) for unlicensed use. Frequency Reuse Factor 1 Frequency Reuse supported (also 3, 5, 7, 9,...) Not applicable due to DCA 1 Frequency Reuse supported (also 3, 5, 7, 9, ...) 1 Assuming a 5 MHz bandwidth for each cell layer, 10 % guardband and 20 % signalling overhead. ETSI TR 101 397 V3.0.1 (1998-10) 10 UMTS 30.04 version 3.0.1 |
0b9b419e7beb305a53e5977f00a5765f | 101 397 | 4 Concept group Gamma - Wideband TDMA | ETST SMG2#22 Tdoc SMG2 254/97 When the SMG2 UTRA grouping process was defined at the SMG2 UMTS ad hoc meeting in Le Mans, the result to achieve at Milestone 1 was defined (SMG2 Tdoc 22/97). It was stated as a prerequisite that "The proposals being grouped are available in sufficiently described form". At SMG2 #20 and SMG2 #21, several proposals have been presented and elaborate descriptions of these are available. However, it is necessary to take a high level view of the proposal at hand and identify the basic RTTs proposed. This can be done by summarising each proposal in a short table describing the "essence" of the proposals. In the Luleå ad hoc meeting a template for the SMG2 UTRA grouping procedure (Tdoc SMG2 UMTS 26/97) was proposed and it was agreed that the concept groups should present the main multiple access parameters, physical layer structure and other RTT features to SMG 2 according to this template. This document presents the parameters for Frames FMA1 (SMG2 # 21 Tdoc 45/97) and Philips (SMG2 # 22 Tdoc 199/97) proposals that form the Wideband TDMA concept group. Main MA parameters FMA 1 without spreading Philips Multiple access method TDMA TDMA1 Duplexing method FDD and TDD FDD and TDD Channel spacing 1.6 MHz ~ 1.5 MHz Carrier chip/bit rate 2.6 Mbit/s/5.2 Mbit/s Any meeting emission mask Physical layer structure Time slot structure 16 or 64 slots/TDMA frame Flexible slot structure Frame length 4.615 ms ~ 5 ms Multirate concept Multislot Slot duration FEC codes Convolutional codes R = 1/2 and 1/3, punctured Adaptive Interleaving Inter-slot interleaving Inter slot/inter frame Modulation B-OQAM/Q-OQAM Adaptive Pulse shaping Root Raised Cosine, roll-off = 0.35 Detection Coherent, based on midamble Additional diversity means Frequency hopping per frame or slot, Time hopping Frequency hopping per frame Other RTT features Power control Slow power control, 50 dB dynamic range Handover Mobile assisted hard handover Soft handover supported IF handover Mobile assisted hard handover Soft handover supported Interference reduction Joint detection Channel allocation Slow and fast DCA supported DCA preferred 1 Within the slot structure, in the uplink also other methods, e.g. CDMA, can be used ETSI TR 101 397 V3.0.1 (1998-10) 11 UMTS 30.04 version 3.0.1 |
0b9b419e7beb305a53e5977f00a5765f | 101 397 | 5 Concept Group Delta - Wideband TDMA/CDMA | ETSI STC SMG2#22 Tdoc SMG2 241 /97 Template of Concept Group Delta - Wideband TDMA/CDMA Main MA parameters FMA 1 with spreading (FRAMES) CTDMA (Swiss Telecom PTT) Multiple Access Method TDMA/CDMA CTDMA (CDMA/TDMA) Duplexing Method FDD (and TDD) FDD,TDD Channel Spacing 1.6 MHz 0.6000, 2.4000, 9.6000 MHz Carrier chip/bit rate 2.167 MChips/s 0.9984, 3.9936, 15.9744 MChips/s Physical layer structure Time slot structure 8 slots/TDMA frame 1 -13 slots (dynamically) Spreading Orthogonal, 16 chips/symbol length- 13 Barker sequence adaptive Walsh-Hadamard codes (orthogonal even in multipath environments) Frame length 4.615ms 5ms Multirate concept multislot and multicode various modulation levels, multiple codes, multiple time slots FEC codes R = 1/2 and 1/3 (convolutional, punctured) R = 1/2 (convolutional), R = 3/4 (TCM) Interleaving inter-slot interleaving inter-frame Modulation QPSK/16QAM (2Mbps) BPSK, QPSK, 16-PSK or 16-QAM Spreading modulation linearized GMSK BPSK Pulse shaping (linearized GMSK) root raised cosine, roll-off = 0.2 Defection coherent, based on midamble coherent, based on pilot symbols Additional diversity means frequency hopping per frame or slot time hopping Aetna diversity directive antennas Other RTT features Power control slow, 50dB dynamic range slow, 50dB dynamic range, 5dB step size Handover mobile assisted hard handover mobile assisted hard handover IF handover mobile assisted hard handover mobile assisted hard handover Interference reduction joint detection maximum-likelihood detection Channel allocation slow and fast DCA supported slow and fast DCA supported Random accessing (RA) easy implementation of Spread Aloha RA Intracell interference suppressed by joint detection none (in most environments) little (when long channel excess delays) Intercell interference like in other CDMA systems like in other CDMA systems ETSI TR 101 397 V3.0.1 (1998-10) 12 UMTS 30.04 version 3.0.1 6 Concept Group ε: ODMA SMG2 May 12-16 1997 TDOC SMG2 242/97 In the procedure to define the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) the ODMA concept group (ε) will develop and evaluate a multiple access concept based on ODMA principles. The group includes proposals from Vodafone Ltd. ODMA uses intelligent nodes which measure and evaluate their communications options and adapt to exploit the optimum opportunity. Table 1 gives the main Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) parameters of the ODMA system proposal Table 1: ODMA (system) RTT Parameters Main MA Parameters Multiple access method TDMA/FDMA - (without time slot synchronism) Duplexing method TDD Channel spacing Variable 200 KHz, 2 MHz, 5 MHz Carrier chip/bit rate Variable 270 KBPS, 2.7 MBPS, 6.75 MBPS (Use of adaptive multicarrier) Physical Layer Structure Time slot structure Adaptive time slot length - adaptive packet length. Spreading option - to improve efficiency Frame length Adaptive packet length Multirate concept Variable rate, adaptive segments within packets, adaptive time slots, adaptive frequency, adaptive coding. FEC codes Convolutional codes R = 1/2 and 1/3, punctured Interleaving Within packet Modulation GMSK (alternatives for further study) Pulse shaping Root Raised Cosine, roll-off = 0.35 Detection Coherent, based on preamble Additional diversity means Opportunistically on packet by packet basis, space via relaying, time hopping and frequency hopping. Other RTT Features Power control Fast open loop and fast closed loop on a packet by packet basis Handover Mobile assisted soft handover on a packet by packet basis - multi relay. IF handover Interference reduction Intelligent detection and avoidance at mobile and each relay. Channel allocation Fully dynamic and adaptive ODMA has been proposed to SMG2 in the form of 3 papers i.e.; [l] Vodafone and Salbu "ODMA-Opportunity Driven Multiple Access" SMG2 UMTS Workshop - Sophia Antipolis 1996. [2] Vodafone and Salbu "Characteristics of Opportunity Driven Multiple Access" SMG2 UMTS 30/97. [3] Vodafone and Salbu "ODMA System Gain from Fast Fading" SMG2 163/97. ETSI TR 101 397 V3.0.1 (1998-10) 13 UMTS 30.04 version 3.0.1 History Document history V3.0.1 October 1998 Publication ISBN 2-7437-2659-8 Dépôt légal : Octobre 1998 |
70cd9b20bb2e076b29f6cd8c4793dc74 | 101 380 | 1 Scope | The present document presents a list of the definitions, abbreviations and symbols used in the documents prepared by ETSI Project Digital Terminals and Access (DTA). The purpose of the present document is primarily to give guidance to DTA rapporteurs in the preparation of their documents, and to assist the usability of these documents through the use of a consistent terminology. Furthermore it is intended to align as far as possible the definitions abbreviations and symbols with the corresponding ones from ITU and make them available within ETSI for other Technical Bodies, membership and clients. The definitions, abbreviations and symbols given are not intended to be exclusive. Other definitions, abbreviations and symbols different from those given here may be found in some EP-DTA documents. However, the definitions given in the present document are generally to be preferred. |
70cd9b20bb2e076b29f6cd8c4793dc74 | 101 380 | 2 References | The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. • References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. • For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. • A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the same number. [1] CCITT Recommendation I.412: "ISDN user-network interfaces - Interface structures and access capabilities". [2] CCITT Recommendation V.22: "1200 bits per second duplex modem standardized for use in the general switched telephone network and on point-to-point 2-wire leased telephone-type circuits". [3] EN 41003: "Particular Safety Requirements for Equipment to be Connected to Telecommunication Networks ". [4] ETS 300 012: "Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN); Basic user-network interface; Layer 1 specification and test principles". [5] ETS 300 111: "Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN); Telephony 3,1 kHz teleservice; Service description". [6] TBR 3: "Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN); Attachment requirements for terminal equipment to connect to an ISDN using ISDN basic access". [7] IEC 60651: "Sound level meters" [8] IEC 60664-1: "Insulation coordination for equipment within low-voltage systems; Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests". [9] ISO/IEC 8208: "Information technology - Data communications - X.25 Packet Layer Protocol for Data Terminal Equipment". [10] ITU-T Recommendation I.112: "Vocabulary of terms for ISDNs". [11] ITU-T Recommendation I.122: "Framework for frame mode bearer services". [12] ITU-T Recommendation I.210: "Principles of telecommunication services supported by an ISDN and the means to describe them". ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 6 [13] ITU-T Recommendation I.233: "Frame mode bearer services". [14] ITU-T Recommendation I.370: "Congestion management for the ISDN frame relaying bearer service". [15] ITU-T Recommendation I.411: "ISDN user-network interfaces - Reference configurations". [16] ITU-T Recommendation I.430: "Basic user-network interface - Layer 1 specification". [17] ITU-T Recommendation I.555: "Frame Relaying Bearer Service interworking". [18] ITU-T Recommendation K.22: "Overvoltage resistibility of equipment connected to an ISDN T/S bus". [19] ITU-T Recommendation V.24: "List of definitions for interchange circuits between data terminal equipment (DTE) and data circuit-terminating equipment (DCE)". [20] Void. [21] ITU-T Recommendation X.3: "Packet Assembly/Disassembly facility (PAD) in a public data network". [22] ITU-T Recommendation X.25: "Interface between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) for terminals operating in the packet mode and connected to public data networks by dedicated circuit". [23] ITU-T Recommendation X.28: "DTE/DCE interface for a start-stop mode Data Terminal Equipment accessing the Packet Assembly/Disassembly facility (PAD) in a public data network situated in the same country". [24] ITU-T Recommendation X.29: "Procedures for the exchange of control information and user data between a Packet Assembly/Disassembly (PAD) facility and a packet mode DTE or another PAD". [25] ITU-T Recommendation X.200: "Information technology - Open Systems Interconnection - Basic reference model: The basic model". [26] ISO 31-0: "Quantities and units; Part 0: General principles". [27] ITU-T Recommendation Z.100: "CCITT Specification and description language (SDL)". |
70cd9b20bb2e076b29f6cd8c4793dc74 | 101 380 | 3 Definitions | 3,1 kHz telephony terminal: a terminal that supports the telephony 3,1 kHz teleservice as described in ETS 300 111 [5]. Acoustic Reference Level (ARL): the acoustic level which gives -10 dBm0 at the digital interface. answer mode: when calls are established with automatic facilities, a standard answer mode shall be used by the modem at the answering station. This mode consists of conventional characteristics (e.g. use of high channel carrier frequency or particular scrambler generating polynomial) complementary to those used in the standard call mode by the modem at the calling station, in order to ensure proper connection and inter-working. If calls are established on the PSTN by operators, or for leased line operation, bilateral agreement on the use of call mode and answer mode shall be necessary. B-channel: a 64 kbit/s channel accompanied by timing intended to carry a wide variety of user information streams. A B-channel does not carry signalling information for circuit switching by the ISDN. basic access: a user-network access arrangement that corresponds to the interface structure composed of two B-channels and one D-channel. The bit rate of the D-channel for this type of access is 16 kbit/s ITU-T Recommendation I.430 [16]. basic telecommunications service: a telecommunications service which is either a teleservice or a bearer service. ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 7 bearer service: a type of telecommunication service that provides the capability for the transmission of signals between user-network interfaces ITU-T Recommendation I.112 [10]. NOTE 1: The ISDN connection type used to support a bearer service may be identical to that used to support other types of telecommunication service. built-in modem: a functionally separate internal modem which is mechanically combined with a terminal. call mode: when calls are established with automatic facilities, a standard call mode shall be used by the modem at the calling station. This mode consists of conventional characteristics (e.g. use of low channel carrier frequency or particular scrambler generating polynomial) complementary to those used in the standard answer mode by the modem at the answering station, in order to ensure proper connection and interworking. If calls are established on the PSTN by operators, or for leased line operation, bilateral agreement on the use of call mode and answer mode shall be necessary. compliance criterion: permitted level of malfunction or damage caused by a test. Where compliance criterion A or B is specified, it is defined as follows: Criterion A: equipment shall operate properly within the specified limits after the test without: - the need for resetting the fault protection facilities; - the need to change any hardware component; - reloading of data other than data of a type declared in the operating instructions to be unprotected data. Criterion B: no fire hazard shall arise in the equipment as a result of the tests. NOTE 2: These definitions for criteria A and B are based on those used in ITU-T K-series of Recommendations. connection management entity: an entity for the purpose of management of resources that have an impact on an individual data link connection. controlled situation: a situation in which the mains electric supply to the equipment conforms with IEC 60664 [8], installation category II (maximum impulse voltage 2,5 kV peak). NOTE 3: The use of the word "controlled" does not necessarily imply that protective measures are necessary to obtain a controlled situation. The necessary control is normally achieved by the capacitances and inductances of the mains electric supply wiring. This is known as an inherently controlled situation. D-channel: a channel primarily intended to carry signalling information for circuit switching by the ISDN. Data Terminal Equipment (DTE): the expression "DTE" used to define the origin and destination of signals present at the digital interface of a modem. This expression does not require that a "commercial data terminal" be present to receive or generate such signals; a tester or any other suitable device may monitor or generate such signals. degree of start-stop distortion: in start-stop transmission the ratio of the maximum measured difference, irrespective of sign, between the actual and theoretical intervals separating any significant instant from the significant instant of the start element immediately preceding it, to the unit interval. The highest absolute value of degrees of individual distortion of the significant instants of a stop-start signal is reached within a specific time interval. The degree of distortion of start-stop modulation, restitution or signal shall be expressed as a percentage. The result of measurement shall be completed by an indication of the period of the observation. The start-stop distortion shall be considered positive when the significant instant occurs after the ideal instant and conversely, negative when it occurs before. degree of synchronous start-stop distortion: the degree of start-stop distortion determined when the assumed unit interval is that appropriate to the actual modulation rate. The degree of synchronous start-stop distortion shall be measured by adjusting the scanning rate of the distortion measuring set. ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 8 The start-stop distortion shall be considered positive when the significant instant occurs after the ideal instant and conversely, negative when it occurs before. For the determination of the actual mean modulation rate, account shall only be taken of those significant instants of modulation (or restitution) that correspond to a change on the same sense as that occurring at the beginning of the start element. designated terminal: the terminal which is permitted to draw power from power source 1 under restricted power conditions as specified in TBR 3 [6]. excessive voltage: as given in EN 41003 [3]. extra-strength equipment: equipment which meets enhanced requirements and is declared as such by its manufacturer. frame alignment: this function provides information to enable the TE or Network Termination (NT) to recover the time-division multiplexed channels. Frame Relay network: one which offers an ITU-T Recommendation I.555 [17] Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) / Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) interface providing the facilities for user classes of service as defined in ITU-T Recommendations I.122 [11], I.233 [13] and I.370 [14]. initial carrier mode: a mode in which the Answer Mode Modem (AMM) transmits its carrier signal immediately after the end of the auto answer sequence, and the Call Mode Modem (CMM) remains silent until it receives a carrier signal from the AMM. initiation and Acknowledgement Signal (S1): a comprises an unscrambled repetitive double dibit pattern of '00' and '11' at 1200 bit/s. integrated modem: an internal modem which is functionally and physically merged with the terminal. Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN): a network that provides or supports a range of different telecommunications services and provides digital connections between user-network interfaces. interface: a shared physical boundary between two functional units across which electrical signals originating from either of the units may pass to the other. interface Ia: user side of the ISDN user-network interface. interface Ib: network side of the ISDN user-network interface. internal modem: a modem which is physically incorporated in a terminal equipment and which takes its electrical power supply from the terminal. Different types of internal modems are defined: built-in, plug-in and integrated modems. inter-operability: the ability to exchange across an interface electrical signals which convey information to/or from a terminal equipment and a network. inter-working: the action of exchanging electrical signals which convey information between two or more terminals, all of which are connected to each other by means of intervening networks and associated interfaces. intracharacter signalling rate: the intracharacter signalling rate of a message is the signalling rate of the start element and data elements within each character of this message. layer management entity: an entity for the purpose of management of resources that have layer-wide impact. modem: a functional unit that modulates and demodulates signals in order to enable digital data to be transmitted over analogue transmission facilities. Modem Conformance Tester (MCT): essentially a modem to the same recommendation as the modem under test, but the individual sub-systems within it are both accessible (e.g. provide test points and permit functions to be enabled or disabled when required) and externally controllable (e.g. permit sequences such as the start up procedure to be selectively repeated). The sub-systems within a conformance tester may be constructed as discrete items of equipment, so as to permit their assembly into varying configurations required to suit the tests (e.g. the asynchronous to synchronous ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 9 converter may be simply applied to a synchronous CCITT Recommendation V.22 [2] conformance tester to achieve an asynchronous V.22 conformance tester). As an interim measure, until the conformance tester is defined, its definition agreed to be appropriate by ETSI, and such a tester is available, a modem used for reference may be used in its place. In the absence of previous approval to Category II of the modem used for reference, in the relevant modes of use / operation, the testing authority shall ensure that the modem used for reference complies with the relevant EN to the extent necessary for the performance of the test. modes of operation: modes specified in a modem specific standard, that have an influence upon line signals present at the PSTN interface. modes of use: modes specified in a modem specific standard, that have an influence upon conditions present at a digital interface e.g. a "conventional" ITU-T Recommendation V.24 interface [19] or a PC bus interface in the case of an integral modem . modem used for reference: a modem used for some of the tests specified in a modem specific standard. A modem used for reference may, at the discretion of the applicant, be provided by the testing authority or by himself. It shall be designed: - to meet the requirements of the same ITU-T Recommendation(s) as the modem under test, to the extent necessary for performing the tests; - to provide the functionality's for a modem used for reference that are specified in the relevant testing clauses; and - to provide an interface which is accessible and of a type suitable for use in the tests (e.g. ITU-T Recommendation V.24 [19]). Where the applicant has provided the modem used for reference and the test fails, the testing authority may not be in a position to determine the precise reason for failure. multimedia terminal: a terminal that simultaneously supports two or more media. multiservice terminal: a terminal that supports two or more teleservices. Network Termination (NT): an equipment providing Interface Ib. NOTE 4: This term is used to indicate network-terminating aspects of Network Termination type 1 (NT1), Network Termination type 2 (NT2) and Power Source 1 (PS1) functional groups where these have an Ib Interface. For definitions of these terms see ITU-T Recommendation I.411 [15]. Network Termination type 1 (NT1): this functional group includes functions broadly equivalent to Layer 1 (physical) of the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) reference model. These functions are associated with the proper physical and electromagnetic termination of the network. NT1 functions are: - line transmission termination; - layer 1 maintenance functions and performance monitoring; - timing; - power transfer; - layer 1 multiplexing; - interface termination, including multidrop termination; - employing Layer 1 contention resolution. Network Termination type 2 (NT2): this functional group includes functions broadly equivalent to Layer 1 and higher layers of the ITU-T Recommendation X.200 [25] reference model. Private Automatic Branch Exchanges (PABXs), Local Area Networks (LANs), and terminal controllers are examples of equipment or combinations of equipment that provide NT2 functions. NT2 functions include: - layer 2 and 3 protocol handling; - layer 2 and 3 multiplexing; ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 10 - switching; - concentration; - maintenance functions; - interface termination and other Layer 1 functions. Non-designated terminal: a terminal which is only permitted to draw power from Power Source 1 (PS1) under normal power conditions as specified in TBR 3 [6]. normal conditions: conditions where both a controlled situation concerning mains and an unexposed environment concerning interfaces Ia and Ib exist. normal power condition: the condition indicated by the normal polarity of the phantom voltage at the access leads, i.e. where the voltage of the transmit leads c and d on the TE is positive with respect to the voltage on the receive leads e and f as specified in TBR 3 [6]. normal power source (PS1 normal): for definition see ETS 300 012 [4]. On-line state: an electrical condition into which, when connected to the network, a modem is placed such that it draws enough current to be capable of activating the exchange. NOTE 5: Usually, a modem in the on-line state is potentially capable of sending or receiving speech-band information to or from the network. Packet Assembly / Disassembly facility (PAD): the logical entity that is capable of using logical connections via a ITU-T Recommendation X.25 [22] packet level protocol or ISO/IEC 8208 [9] packet level entity to a packet mode DTE supporting application services and to a start-stop mode DTE according to ITU-T Recommendations X.3 [21], X.28 [23] and X.29 [24]. packet mode DTE: the logical entity that is capable of using logical connections via a ITU-T Recommendation X.25 [22] packet level protocol or ISO/IEC 8208 [9] packet level entity to an application according to ITU-T Recommendations X.3 [21] and X.29 [24]. PAD default profile: the PAD profile assumed by a PAD if no specific PAD initial profile is set as a result of a PAD service request signal. PAD initial profile: the PAD profile with which a PAD operates when a connection is first established between the start-stop mode DTE and the PAD. This may be set as a result of a ITU-T Recommendation X.28 [23] service request signal, or by default. PAD profile: any combination of parameter values of the PAD parameters (each parameter shall have one of its permitted values), constitute a PAD profile. NOTE 6: There is a distinction between this use of the word "profile" and its use in describing option selection by a functional standard. PAD standard profile: any PAD profile that can be invoked by a reference name. period of silence: measured using start and finish criteria defined below. The levels refer to signals which, in the relevant frequency band, have an inband power level and are expressed with respect to the normal transmitted signal level of the modem under test recorded at the point of observation. Point of Control and Observation (PCO): a point, defined for an abstract test method, at which the occurrence of test events is controlled and observed, as specified in test cases for that test method. Power Source 1 (PS1): power source for the provision of remote power feeding of TE from NT via a phantom circuit of the interface wires ETS 300 012 [4]. Power Source (PS): power source used to simulate PS1 for test purposes. primary rate access: a user-network arrangement that corresponds to the primary rate of 2 048 kbit/s. The bit rate of the D-channel for this type of access is 64 kbit/s. The typical primary rate interface structures are as given in CCITT Recommendation I.412 [1]. ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 11 plug-in modem: a physically and functionally separate internal modem which is interchangeable from a terminal. restricted power condition: the condition indicated by the reversed polarity of the phantom voltage at the access leads, i.e. where the voltage of the receive leads e and f on the TE is positive with respect to the voltage on the transmit leads c and d as specified in TBR 3 [6]. NOTE 7: For some networks restricted power condition will be the normal operating mode. service; telecommunications service: that which is offered by an Administration to its customers in order to satisfy a specific telecommunication requirement ITU-T Recommendation I.112 [10], subclause 2.2, definition 2a. NOTE 8: Bearer service and teleservice are types of telecommunications services other types of telecommunication services may be identified in the future. silence: signals which in the relevant frequency band have an in-band power level which is at least 30 dB below the level of the transmitted signal at the point of measurement. This term is used to describe periods where signals are not transmitted during the hand-shaking sequences. start of the period of silence: the instant at which the transmitted signal level drops below a level that is 6 dB below the normal transmit level. The period of silence ends the instant the transmitted signal rises above a level that is 6 dB below the normal transmit level. During the period of silence at least one instant is observed where the signal level is at least 30 dB below the normal transmit level. start-stop mode DTE: the logical entity that is capable of using a connection to a PAD according to ITU- T Recommendation X.28 [23]. supplementary service: see ITU-T Recommendation I.210 [12], subclause 2.4. techno-regulatory: a description of any technical matter which of itself also has implications of a legal or regulatory kind. Terminal Adapter (TA): an equipment with Interface Ia and one or more auxiliary interfaces that allow non-ISDN terminals to be served by an ISDN user-network interface. Terminal Coupling Loss (TCL): the frequency dependent coupling loss between the receiving port and the sending port of a terminal due to: - acoustical coupling at the user interface; - electrical coupling due to crosstalk in the handset cord or within the electrical circuits; - seismic coupling through the mechanical parts of the terminal. NOTE 9: The receiving port and the sending port of a digital voice terminal is a 0 dBr point. NOTE 10:The coupling at the user interface depends on the conditions of use. Terminal Equipment (TE): equipment having terminal-terminating aspects of TE1, TA or NT2 functional groups, where these have an Ia interface. For definitions of these terms see ITU-T Recommendation I.411 [15]. Terminal Equipment type 1 (TE1): a functional group which includes functions belonging to the functional group TE, and with an interface that complies with the ISDN user-network interface standard. unexposed environment: an environment in which interface Ia or Ib does not normally experience conditions in excess of those represented in the tests defined in ITU-T Recommendation K.22 [18], paragraph 7. weighted Terminal Coupling loss (TCLw): the weighted terminal coupling loss using the weighting of ITU-T Recommendation G.122 [10]. |
70cd9b20bb2e076b29f6cd8c4793dc74 | 101 380 | 4 Abbreviations | AAL ATM Adaptation Layer AALM AAL Management ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 12 ABM Asynchronous Balanced Mode ac alternating current AC Alternating Current ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation AFI Authority and Format Identifier Ai Action indicator AIS Alarm Indication Signal AL Alignment ANSI American National Standards Institute ARL Acoustic Reference Level ARM Asynchronous Response Mode ASP Assignment Source Point ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode AU Administrative Unit BC Bearer Capability BCD Binary Coded Decimal BER Bit Error Ratio BIP Bit Interleaved Parity B-ISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network B-NT Broadband Network Termination BR Backward Reporting B-TE Broadband Terminal Equipment C/R Command / Response field bit CAC Connection Admission Control CATV TV Cable Distribution CBR Constant Bit Rate CC Continuing Check CCITT Comité Consultatif International Télégraphique et Téléphonique CDV Cell Delay Variation CEC Commission of the European Communities CEN Comité Européen de Normalization CENELEC Comité Européen de Normalization Electrotechnique CEPT Comité Européen des Postes et Télécommunications CES Connection Endpoint Suffix CI Congestion Indication CL Total effective capacitance associated with the load CLP Cell Loss Priority CMI Coded Mark Inversion CMM Call Mode Modem CPCS Common Part CS CPI Common Part Indicator CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check CRI Call request with the number identification CRN Call request with number provided CRS Call request with memory address provided CS Convergence Sublayer CSI Convergence Sublayer Indication CSPDN Circuit Switched Public Data Network CTR Common Technical Regulation CUG Closed User Group dc direct current DC Direct Current DCE Data Circuit Terminating Equipment DDI Direct Dialling in DIAG DIAGnostic element DISC DISConnect DLCI Data Link Connection Identifier DM Disconnected Mode DSP Domain Specific Part DTE Data Terminal Equipment ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 13 DTS Digital Test Sequence EA Address Field Extension bit EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference EN European Standard (Norme Européene) ERP Ear Reference Point ESD Electrostatic Discharge ET Exchange Termination EUT Equipment Under Test FCS Frame Check Sequence FEC Forward Error Correction FM Forward Monitoring FRMR Frame Reject GFC Generic Flow Control GPA General Polynomial Answer mode modem GPC General Polynomial Call mode modem HDLC High-level Data Link Control HEC Header Error Control hex hexadecimal HLC High Layer Compatibility Ia Interface point a Ib Interface point b IC Integrated Circuit ID IDentity element IDI Initial Domain Identifier IDU Interface Data Unit IEC International Electrotechnical Committee ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISO International Standards Organization ITU International Telecommunications Union IUT Implementation Under Test LAN Local Area Network LAPB Link Access Procedure Balanced (Modulo 8 operation) LAPB Extended Link Access Procedure Balanced (Modulo 128 operation) LAPD Link Access Procedure on the D-channel LCD Loss of Cell Delineation LCL Longitudinal Conversion Loss LI Length Indicator LLC Low Layer Compatibility LLI Logical Link Identifier LmeST Sidetone path loss LP Loss Priority LRGP Loudness Rating Guard-ring Position LSB Least Significant Bit LSTR Listener SideTone Rating MA Medium Adapter MCT Modem Conformance Tester MFPB Multi Frequency PushButton MHS Message Handling System MM Message Mode MPH Management Physical Header MPH-II(c) MPH-INFORMATION INDICATION (connected) MPH-II(d) MPH-INFORMATION INDICATION (disconnected) MRP Mouth Reference Point MSB Most Significant Bit MSN Multiple Subscriber Number NIC Network Independent Clock NNI Network Node Interface NPI Numbering Plan Indicator NRM Normal Response Mode ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 14 NRZ Non Return to Zero NSAP Network Service Access Point NT Network Termination NTP Network Termination Point NUI Network User Identification OAM Operation And Maintenance OCD Out of Cell Delineation OSI Open Systems Interconnection PABX Private Automatic Branch eXchange PAD Packet Assembly / Disassembly facility PBX Private Branch eXchange PCI Protocol Control Information PCR Peak Cell Rate PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PDN Public Data Network PDU Protocol Data Unit PE Public Enquiry PH Physical Header PH-AI PH-ACTIVATE INDICATION PH-AR PH-ACTIVATE REQUEST PH-DI PH-DEACTIVATE INDICATION Ph-SAP Physical layer - Service Access Point PICS Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement PIXIT Protocol Implementation eXtra Information for Testing PM Physical Medium PNIC Private data Network Indicator Code POH Path Overhead ppm parts per million PS Power Source PS1 Power Source 1 PS1 normal Normal power source PS1 restricted Restricted power source PSN Public Switched Network PSPDN Packet Switched Public Data Network PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PT Payload Type PTI Payload Type Identifier PTN Public Telecommunication Network PTR Pointer QoS Quality of Service RDI Remote Defect Indication RDTD Restricted Differential Time Delay REI Remote Error Indication REJ Reject RFS Ready For Sending Ri Reference number RL Total effective resistance associated with the load RLR Receiving Loudness Ratings rms root mean square RNR Receiver Not Ready RR Receiver Ready RTS Residual Time Stamp Rx Receive SABM Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode SABME Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode Extended SAP Service Access Point SAPI Service Access Point Identifier SAR Segmentation And Reassembly (sublayer) SAR Static Attachment Requirements SC Sequence Count ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 15 SCR Static Conformance Requirement SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDL Specification and Description Language SDT Structured Data Transfer SDU Service Data Unit SELV circuit Safety Extra Low Voltage circuit SIG SIGnature element SLP Single Link Procedure SLR Sending Loudness Ratings SN Sequence Number SNP Sequence Number Protection SOH Section Overhead SSCOP Service Specific Connection Oriented Protocol SSCS Service Specific CS ST Segment Type STI Surface Transfer Impedance STM Synchronous Transport Module STMR SideTone Masking Rating SUB SUBaddressing SVC Signalling Virtual Channel TA Terminal Adapter TC Transmission Convergence TCL Terminal Coupling Loss TCLw Weighted Terminal Coupling Loss TE Terminal Equipment TEI Terminal Endpoint Identifier TFV Terminal Failure Voltage TNV circuit Telecommunication Network Voltage circuit TOA Type Of Address TR Terminating Resistor TS Test Suite TTCN Tree and Tabular Combined Notation Tx Transmit UA Unnumbered Acknowledgement UI Unit Interval (Layer 1) UI Unnumbered Information (Layer 2) UNA User Network Access UNI User Network Interface VADS Value Added Data Service VBR Variable Bit Rate VC Virtual Channel VCC Virtual Channel Connection VCI Virtual Channel Identifier WDM Wavelength Division Multiplex Vo Open-circuit generator voltage VP Virtual Path VPC Virtual Path Connection VPI Virtual Path Identifier XID eXchange IDentification ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 16 |
70cd9b20bb2e076b29f6cd8c4793dc74 | 101 380 | 5 Symbols | ∗ The Star on the standard 3 x 4 keypad array, see ITU-T Recommendation E.161. Also known as the asterisk. # The Square on the standard 3 x 4 keypad array, see ITU-T Recommendation E.161. Also known as the hash, sharp, or number sign ("pound" in the USA). Ω Omega, the symbol for resistance (expressed in Ohms). dB(A) Sound level relative to 20 mPa measured using the A-weighting defined in IEC 60651 [7]. dBm Absolute power level expressed in decibels relative to 1 mW. dBPa Sound pressure level relative to 1 Pa (no weighting). dBPa(A) Sound level relative to 1 Pa measured using the A-weighting defined in IEC 60651 [7]. dBV Absolute voltage level expressed in decibels relative to 1 volt. Within DTA's documents the symbols used within Specification and Description Language (SDL) figures or diagrams are defined in ITU-T Recommendation Z.100 [27]. In DTA's documents, similarly to other ETSI documents, the symbols and abbreviations defined by ISO for units in the international system of units and measures, SI, are used. They are therefore not included in the above list. See further ISO 31-0 [26]. ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 17 Bibliography The following material, though not specifically referenced in the body of the present document (or not publicly available), gives supporting information. - Directive 98/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 February 1998 relating to telecommunications terminal equipment and satellite earth station equipment, including the mutual recognition of their conformity. - IEC 60050-722 (1993): "International Electrotechnical Vocabulary - Chapter 722: Telephony". - ITU-T Recommendation E.161: "Arrangement of digits, letters and symbols on telephones and other devices that can be used for gaining access to a telephone network". - ITU-T Recommendation P.10: "Vocabulary of terms on telephone transmission quality and telephone sets". - ITU-T Recommendation X.2: "International data transmission services and optional user facilities in public data networks and ISDNs". ETSI TR 101 380 V1.1.1 (1998-12) 18 History Document history V1.1.1 December 1998 Publication ISBN 2-7437-2743-8 Dépôt légal : Décembre 1998 |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 1 Scope | The present document describes Medical Body Area Network Systems (MBANSs), which will require a change of the present frequency designation within CEPT. The types of devices that can belong to MBANSs are on-body and off-body medical sensors, patient monitoring devices and medical actuators covered by the Medical Device Directive (Directive 93/42/EEC [i.30]). Implantable devices do not fall within the scope of MBANSs. The present document includes in particular: • Market information. • Technical information including expected sharing and compatibility issues. • Regulatory issues. |
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