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d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 2 References | References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the reference document (including any amendments) applies. Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference. NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee their long term validity. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 2.1 Normative references | The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document. Not applicable. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 2.2 Informative references | The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the user with regard to a particular subject area. [i.1] GE Healthcare, Ex Parte Comments of GE Healthcare in Docket 06-135, December 2007. NOTE: Available at http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view.action?id=6519820996. [i.2] Notice of Proposed Rulemaking in 08-59. NOTE: Available at http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=7020036990. [i.3] ERC Report 25: "The European table of frequency allocations and utilisations in the frequency range 9 kHz to 3000 GHz". [i.4] ITU-R Radio Regulations, Edition 2008; Article 5. [i.5] ERC/REC 62-02 E (Tromsø 1997): "Harmonised frequency band for civil and military airborne telemetry applications". [i.6] Revised ERC/REC 25-10: "Frequency ranges for the use of temporary terrestrial audio and video SAP/SAB links" (incl. ENG/OB). ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 8 [i.7] ETSI EN 301 783: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Land Mobile Service; Commercially available amateur radio equipment". [i.8] ETSI EN 302 064: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Wireless Video Links (WVL) operating in the 1,3 GHz to 50 GHz frequency band". [i.9] ERC/REC 70-03: "Relating to the use of short range devices (SRD)". [i.10] ERC Report 038: "Handbook on radio equipment and systems video links for ENG/OB use". [i.11] ECC Report 149: "Analysis on compatibility of Low Power-Active Medical Implant (LP-AMI) applications within the frequency range 2360-3400 begin-of-the-skype-highlightingend-of-the- skype-highlighting MHz, in particular for the band 2483.5-2500 MHz, with incumbent services". [i.12] ERC/REC 74-01: "Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain". [i.13] ITU-R Recommendation M.1459 for interference protection. [i.14] White paper: "Together for Health: A Strategic Approach for the EU 2008-2013". NOTE: Available at http://ec.europa.eu/health-eu/doc/whitepaper_en.pdf. [i.15] MedWiN Physical Layer Proposal, IEEE P802.15-09-0329-00-0006, May 2009. NOTE: Available at https://mentor.ieee.org/802.15/dcn/09/15-09-0329-00-0006-medwin-physical-layer-proposal- documentation.pdf. [i.16] K.Y.Yazdandoost, et al: "Channel Model for Body Area Network (BAN)", IEEE P802.15-08-0780-09-0006. NOTE: Available at https://mentor.ieee.org/802.15/dcn/08/15-08-0780-09-0006-tg6-channel-model.pdf. [i.17] Akram Alomainy, et al: "Statistical Analysis and Performance Evaluation for On-Body Radio Propagation with Microstrip Patch Antennas", IEEE Transactions on antennas and propagation, Vol. 55, No. 1, pp 245-248, January 2007. [i.18] http://www.airlink101.com/download/download_links/7ma-manual.pdf. [i.19] M.Singh, Z. Lei, F. Chin, and Y.S. Kwok: "A cyclic odd bit inversion code mapping and modulation scheme for the IEEE 802.15.4b 868 MHz band", IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC) vol. 4, pp. 1806-1810, 2006. [i.20] John Pinkney, and Abu Sesay: "Characterization of the On-Body Wireless Channel at 2.4 and 5.8 GHz", IEEE VTC-2005-Fall. [i.21] X. Liang, and I. Balasingham: "Performance analysis of the IEEE 802.15.4 based ECG monitoring network", Proceedings of the seventh IASTED international conferences Wireless and Optical Communications, 2007. [i.22] "Eurostat population projections", published on the International Day of Older Persons, 29 September 2006. [i.23] Standard IEEE 802.15.4: "Wireless medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) specifications for low-rate wireless personal area networks (WPANs)", September 2006. [i.24] Philips, GE, AFTRCC Joint FCC Ex Parte 01-14-2011. NOTE: Available at http://fjallfoss.fcc.gov/ecfs/document/view?id=7021025926. [i.25] Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz). [i.26] Chipcon Products from Texas Instruments, CC2400 datasheet. NOTE: Available at: http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2400.pdf. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 9 [i.27] Chipcon Products from Texas Instruments, CC2420 datasheet. NOTE: Available at: http://focus.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/cc2420.pdf. [i.28] Andrew Fort: "Body area communications: Channel characterization and ultra-wideband system- level approach for low power", Nov. 2007. NOTE: Available at: http://wwwir.vub.ac.be/elec/PhDpdf/mainAndrew.pdf. [i.29] ETSI TR 102 889-2: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Part 2: Technical characteristics for SRD equipment for wireless industrial applications using technologies different from Ultra-Wide Band (UWB)". [i.30] Council Directive 93/42/ECC of 14 June 1993 concerning medical devices. [i.31] ETSI EN 301 908-19: "IMT cellular networks; Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive; Part 19: OFDMA TDD WMAN (Mobile WiMAX) TDD User Equipment (UE)". [i.32] ETSI EN 301 908-20: "IMT cellular networks; Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive; Part 20: OFDMA TDD WMAN (Mobile WiMAX) TDD Base Stations (BS)". [i.33] ETSI EN 301 473: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Aircraft Earth Stations (AES) operating under the Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service (AMSS)/Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) and/or the Aeronautical Mobile Satellite on Route Service (AMS(R)S)/Mobile Satellite Service (MSS)". [i.34] ETSI EN 301 441: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Harmonized EN for Mobile Earth Stations (MESs), including handheld earth stations, for Satellite Personal Communications Networks (S-PCN) in the 1,6/2,4 GHz bands under the Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) covering essential requirements under Article 3.2 of the R&TTE directive". [i.35] ETSI EN 300 440: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short range devices; Radio equipment to be used in the 1 GHz to 40 GHz frequency range; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods". [i.36] ETSI EN 300 328: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Wideband transmission systems; Data transmission equipment operating in the 2,4 GHz ISM band and using wide band modulation techniques; Harmonized EN covering essential requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive". [i.37] ETSI EN 300 761: "Electromagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Automatic Vehicle Identification (AVI) for railways operating in the 2,45 GHz frequency range". [i.38] ETSI EN 300 422: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Wireless microphones in the 25 MHz to 3 GHz frequency range". [i.39] ETSI EN 301 840: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Digital radio microphones operating in the CEPT Harmonized band 1 785 MHz to 1 800 MHz". [i.40] ETSI EN 301 357: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Cordless audio devices in the range 25 MHz to 2 000 MHz". [i.41] ETSI EN 300 454: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Wide band audio links". [i.42] ECC/DEC/(07)04 of 21 December 2007 on free circulation and use of mobile satellite terminals operating in the Mobile-Satellite Service allocations in the frequency range 1-3 GHz. [i.43] ECC/DEC/(07)05 of 21 December 2007 on exemption from individual licensing of land mobile satellite terminals operating in the Mobile-Satellite Service allocations in the frequency range 1-3 GHz. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 10 [i.44] ERC/DEC/(97)03 of 30 June 1997 on the Harmonised Use of Spectrum for Satellite Personal Communication Services (S-PCS) operating within the bands 1610-1626.5 MHz, 2483.5-2500 MHz,1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200 MHz. [i.45] ERC/DEC/(97)05 of 30 June 1997 on Free Circulation, Use and Licensing of Mobile Earth Stations of Satellite Personal Communications Services (S-PCS) Operating within the Bands 1610-1626.5 MHz, 2483.5-2500 MHz, 1980-2010 MHz and 2170-2200 MHz within the CEPT. [i.46] IEEE 802.15.6: "IEEE Standard for Information technology—Telecommunications and information exchange between systems—Local and metropolitan area networks—Specific requirements; Part 15.6". [i.47] Frost & Sullivan 2009: "The European Market for Wireless patient Monitoring devices". [i.48] ECC/DEC/(02)06 of 15 November 2002 on the designation of frequency band 2500 - 2690 MHz for UMTS/IMT-2000. [i.49] ERC/DEC/(01)07 of 12 March 2001 on harmonised frequencies, technical characteristics and exemption from individual licensing of Short Range Devices used for Radio Local Area Networks (RLANs) operating in the frequency band 2400 - 2483.5 MHz. [i.50] ERC/DEC/(01)08 of 12 March 2001 on harmonised frequencies, technical characteristics and exemption from individual licensing of Short Range Devices used for Movement Detection and Alert operating in the frequency band 2400 - 2483.5 MHz. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations | |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 3.1 Definitions | For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply: acuity: characteristic of a medical condition that expresses the degree to which the condition has either or both of a rapid onset and a short course NOTE: Emergency rooms, operating rooms and intensive care units are typical high acuity settings, whereas general wards and the patient's home are low acuity settings. contention-based protocol: protocol that allows multiple devices to share the same spectrum by defining the events that occurs when two or more transmitters attempt to simultaneously access the same channel and establishing rules by which a transmitter provides reasonable opportunities for other transmitters to operate on the same channel NOTE: Such a protocol may consist of procedures for initiating new transmissions, procedures for determining the state of the channel (available or unavailable), and procedures for managing retransmissions in the event of an occupied channel. duly authorized healthcare professional: physician or other individual authorized by law to provide healthcare services using prescription medical devices healthcare facility: hospital or other establishment where medical care is provided by authorized healthcare professionals hub: MBANS device functioning as a patient monitor that selects frequency of operation, gives instructions to participating devices of the MBANS, collects data and controls system operation Medical Body Area Network System (MBANS): low power radio system used for the transmission of non-voice data to and from medical devices for the purposes of monitoring, diagnosing and treating patients as prescribed by duly authorized healthcare professionals ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 11 patient monitor: medical device used to display, analyze, and process the vital signs of a patient NOTE: It may also be used to control medical actuators such as respirator devices or infusion pumps. Two types of patient monitor can be identified: (1) bedside patient monitors, non-portable and designed to be placed next to the patient's bed (2) portable patient monitors, designed to be worn (e.g. attached to the belt) or carried by the patient. telecare: delivery of health and social care to individuals within the home or wider community, with the support of systems enabled by ICT telehealth: synonym of remote healthcare, e.g. remote patient monitoring |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 3.2 Symbols | For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply: dB deciBel dBi deciBel relative to an isotropic radiator dBm deciBel relative to 1 mW ppm parts per million |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 3.3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project ACK Acknowledgement AFTRCC Aerospace and Flight Test Radio Coordinating Council APC Adaptive Power Control ARQ Automatic Repeat reQuest ATS Aeronautical Telemetry System AVI Automatic Vehicle Identification AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise BAN Body Area Network BER Bit Error Rate BP Blood Pressure BW Bandwidth BWS Broadband Wireless Systems CEPT Conference of European Postal and Telecommunications Administration CGC Complementary Ground Component CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access CSMA/CA Collision Sensing Multiple Access / Collision Avoidance DARC Deutscher Amateur Radio Club DSSS Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum e.i.r.p. effective isotropically radiated power e.r.p. effective radiated power EC European Commission ECA European Common Allocation ECC Electronics Communications Committee ECG Electrocardiogram EMG Electromyogram ER Emergency Room ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute EU European Union E-UTRA Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access FCC Federal Communications Commission FM Frequency Management FSK Frequency Shift Keying FWA Fixed Wireless Access GDP Gross Domestic Product GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 12 GSM Global System for Mobile communications IARU VHF International Amateur Radio Union - Very High Frequency IARU International Amateur Radio Union ICT Information and Communication Technologies ICU Intensive Care Unit IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IL Implementation Loss IMEC Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre IMT International Mobile Telecommunications ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical ITU International Telecommunication Union KB Boltzmann constant LBT Listen-Before-Talk LP-AMI Low Power Active Medical Implant MAC Medium Access Control MBANS Medical Body Area Network System MCU Micro Controller Unit MFCN Mobile/Fixed Communication Networks MSS Mobile Satellite Service NF Noise Figure NICT National Institute of Information and Communications Technology NPRM Notice of Proposed Rulemaking OJEU Official Journal of the European Union O-QPSK Offset Quadrature Phase Shift Keying OR Operating Room PER Packet Error Rate PHY Physical / Physical Layer PT Project Team QoS Quality of Service QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying REP Report RF Radio Frequency RFID Radio Frequency Identification RR Radio Regulations RX Receiver (Reception) SAP/SAB Services Ancillary to Programme making / Services Ancillary to Broadcasting SAR Specific Absorption Rate SNR Signal-to-Noise Ratio SpO2 Saturation of Peripheral Oxygen SRD Short Range Device TDD Time Division Duplex TFES Task Force for Harmonized Standards for IMT-2000 TX Transmitter (Transmission) TX/RX Transmission/Reception TX-RX Transmitter to Receiver UHF Ultra High Frequency UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System US United States UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access UWB Ultra Wide Band VHF Very High Frequency WG Working Group WiMAXTM Worldwide interoperability for Microwave Access ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 13 |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 4 Comments on the System Reference Document | |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 4.1 Statements by ETSI Members | Siemens objects against the restriction to "non-voice" services in the present document: System Reference document (SRdoc) on "Medical Body Area Network Systems (MBANSs) in the 1 785 MHz to 2 500 MHz range" for the following reasons: 1) It is entirely feasible to fulfil all requirements for audio and voice transmission within the restrictions described in the present document. Limited duty-cycle, enforcement of indoor operation for the lower sub- band, contention-based protocol and power limitations could be implemented in the same way as for the proposed data transmission. E.g. the requirements for ECG transmission are similar to the ones for transmitting a stereo audio signal. 2) The missing ability to transmit audio and voice signals blocks relevant MBANS applications from the market. Neither applications, that are related to monitoring audio signals (recording heart beatings) nor applications related hearing impairments (e.g. hearing aids, cochlear implants) are feasible. Hence, a significant market is lost in which synergies could have been leveraged to provide health care at reasonable cost. 3) Public address systems, that are recognized key in integrating people with hearing impairments into public life, are forbidden in the context of the present document although they would technically fit into the described MBANSs. This limitation would stop the progress within the Hearing Aid Industry to converge to a digital public address system standard as requested by the EC. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 5 Presentation of the system or technology | |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 5.1 Definition and applications | Today, existing technologies allow for wired solutions for monitoring patient vital signs such as oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood pressure, electrocardiogram (ECG) and blood glucose, as well as controlling actuators such as ventilators and infusion pumps. On-body sensors—measuring vital signs of a patient—and actuators are wired up to, typically, a bedside patient monitor. This bundle-of-wires situation limits the mobility of patients and reduces their comfort, adversely affecting their recovery times. Workflow delays are also introduced due to care givers moving tethered patients. The first wireless patient monitoring solutions operating in the generic SRD band from 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz have recently been introduced to overcome the disadvantages of wired solutions. However the increasingly intensive use of this band by other applications (such as WiFi, Bluetooth® and ISM equipment) will tend to prevent such systems from offering the required reliability as their use increases within healthcare facilities. Medical Body Area Network System (MBANS) is a low power radio system used for the transmission of non-voice data to and from medical devices for the purposes of monitoring, diagnosing and treating patients by duly authorized healthcare professionals. A MBANS consists of one or more on-body wireless sensors—to simultaneously collect multiple vital sign parameters—and/or medical actuator devices that can communicate with a monitoring device placed on/around (up to 10 meters from) the human body. Such monitoring devices, in their role of MBANS hub, display and process vital sign parameters from MBANS devices and may also forward them (e.g. to a central nurse station) by using wired or wireless technologies other than MBANSs. MBANS hubs also control MBANS devices for the purpose of providing monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of patients. Implantable devices are not part of MBANSs. It is expected that, as most typical configuration, a MBANS hub will be associated to only one patient; in the same fashion as a patient monitor is typically wired up to a single patient today. Two MBANS examples are depicted in figure 1. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 14 Figure 1: MBANS examples MBANSs aim at enabling wireless monitoring, diagnosis and treatment of patients, and are hence defined in the context of medical applications only. Although the first MBANSs will be mostly deployed in hospitals, they will later extend into the patient's home in order to enable home healthcare. Whereas MBANS-enabled in-hospital patient monitoring may be applied to high acuity and low acuity medical conditions, home monitoring will obviously be restricted to the latter. An example of a high acuity condition (i.e. acute health state) would be that of a patient that lies in the intensive care unit (ICU) right after an invasive surgery operation. An example of a low acuity condition would be that of a patient a few days after surgery and who has a low relapse probability but is still under the doctor's observation. The last phase of low acuity monitoring is currently taking place in hospital but will increasingly occur also at the patient's home. In addition to in hospital (or emergency care facility) and at the patient's home, MBANSs are also expected to be used in ambulances for monitoring patient vital signs during patient transportation. It is intended that deployment and usage of MBANSs will be at the direction of healthcare professionals. This restriction applies to MBANS operation in both healthcare facilities and out of healthcare facilities (e.g. at patient's home). |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 5.2 Societal benefits | Europe, as well as other regions in the world, are facing a serious ageing problem. The number of people in the EU aged 65+ will grow by 70 % and the 80+ age group will grow by 170 % by 2050 due to low birth rates and increasing longevity [i.22]. These changes are likely to raise demand for healthcare significantly and, at the same time, decrease the working population. This may increase healthcare spending by 1 % to 2 % of GDP in EU Member States by 2050 and on average this would amount to about a 25 % increase in healthcare spending as a share of GDP [i.14]. The introduction of MBANSs will enable wireless patient monitoring, diagnosis and treatment solutions that fully meet clinical reliability standards. These solutions would entail clear societal benefits, both in terms of quality of healthcare and reduction of healthcare costs. A higher quality of healthcare would be achieved due to: • Shorter recovery times by increased patient mobility and comfort • Shorter recovery times by early discharge to the patient's home • Earlier detection of worsening health state (previous to a preventable acute condition) by extension of patient monitoring to most, if not all, patients in many hospitals Oxygen sat. Patient monitor Sensor data Commands ECG Oxygen sat. Patient monitor ECG Sensor data Commands a) MBANS with portable patient monitor - b) MBANS with bedside patient monitor ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 15 • Lower risk of cross-infections by easier disinfection of wireless patient sensors (no wires to disinfect and easier sensor handling) or by deployment of disposable wireless sensors At the same time—and strongly related to the higher quality of healthcare—cost reductions would be achieved due to: • Lower treatment costs by shorter overall recovery times • Lower hospital lodging costs by shorter hospital stays • Lower number of cost-intensive high acuity cases by early detection and prevention • Lower sepsis- and infection related costs by lower risk of cross infections • Improved hospital workflow and efficiency of nursing staff |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 6 Market information | |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 6.1 Wireless patient monitoring - general trends | According to "The European Market for Wireless patient Monitoring devices" (Frost & Sullivan 2009) [i.47], the market for wireless patient monitoring devices can be segmented as the markets for: a) wireless assisted living devices; b) wireless vital signs measurement devices; and c) portable personal health (wellness) devices. In 2008 this represented a European market for wireless patient monitoring devices of $ 89,9 million. The market is still in the initial growth stage with a market growth rate of 7,7 % (2008). The factors driving the market are: • Preference of elderly population to age at home The increase in the per cent of people over the age of 65 years and above is the basic factor driving the healthcare market over the years. There exists a trend where European citizens prefer to stay at home for a comfortable living. This trend is the biggest driver of the need for equipment like wireless assisted living devices and wireless vital signs measurement. These devices help the physicians to keep a check on patients' health on a regular basis and provide timely treatment as and when necessary. • Shift towards telecare to reduce cost in hospital treatment Budget constraints are forcing hospital management to save cost per hospital bed. Healthcare providers look upon telecare and telehealth as effective solutions for treating and monitoring patients at home. This helps in reducing the cost and providing timely treatment. Telecare also diminishes the chances of the spread of infections. This method of monitoring vital signs using telecare devices is user-friendly, safe and comfortable to the patient. • Awareness regarding well being of citizens Well being of its citizens is gaining prominence among the countries in Europe. Government organisations in some countries are funding projects to provide telecare solutions. The governments recognise the advantages of providing telecare facilities. The support of the governments in popularising telecare by implementing policy, regulations and forwarding the required budgets is fuelling the growth of the market of equipment for well being. Figure 2 shows the revenue forecasts for the total European wireless patient monitoring devices market from 2005 to 2015. The market is expected to grow steadily during the forecast period as the preference for elderly people to age at home increases along with the rise in awareness regarding telecare products in the western European countries. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 16 Figure 2: Total wireless patient monitoring devices market |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 6.2 Wireless patient monitoring in hospitals | When focusing on monitoring applications in the hospital, the trend is to significantly increase the number of monitored beds enabled by the introduction of wireless vital signs measurement devices on the general ward and medical surgery floor. The number of staffed beds in Western European hospitals is 2,25 million (F&S Pulse Oximetry Report 2007, number of hospital beds in 2006). Forecast calculations (source Philips Healthcare) show a 5 years average growth of 150 000 monitored beds/patients per year resulting from the introduction of wireless vital signs measurement devices. This forecast is based on an average of 45 % un-monitored beds (20 % of hospitals are teaching centres and have 75 % monitored beds, remainder of hospitals have 50 % monitored beds) and an adoption rate growing from 5 % in 2011 to 25 % in 2015. In addition to this, there will be a period (2011-2015) where wireless monitoring solutions will partly replace the already installed wired monitored solutions. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7 Technical information | The MBANS applications are quite diverse, ranging from low to high acuity monitoring services. Therefore, MBANS technical parameters may have a wide range. In this clause, typical low-power short-range radios are considered as technical examples. It is also noted that introducing necessary flexibility is critical to meet the requirements of future MBANS applications and to foster MBANS innovation. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 17 |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.1 Detailed technical description | Medical Body Area Networks, considered in the present document, are short-range low-power wireless networks, consisting of a plurality of tiny body-worn sensor devices and/or actuator devices and a hub device placed on/around the human body. The on-body sensor devices are responsible for measuring key patient-specific information, such as temperature readings, pulse readings, blood glucose level readings, electrocardiogram readings, blood pressure level readings and readings relating to respiratory function, and forwarding the captured data wirelessly to a nearby hub device. The hub device receives the data collected from the various sensor devices on the body and may, depending on applications, process the data locally and/or further forward it to a remote central station (e.g. remote nursing station) via an appropriate wired/wireless link for centralized processing, display and storage. In special high acuity settings (e.g. in the ICU, ER and OR) medical actuators such as respirators or infusion pumps may belong to the MBANS and be controlled via commands transmitted by the hub device. The hub device also acts as a central controller to maintain the connections with all devices associated with its MBANS and is responsible for device association/de-association, channel selection and adaptive power control (APC). APC performance and requirements are to be confirmed by spectrum sharing compatibility studies. The link between a hub device and a sensor or actuator device will be bi- directional. It is expected that MBANSs will typically have a star topology while some other network topologies, such as Mesh, Hybrid and Tree, may also be adopted depending on specific application requirements. Usually, MBANS devices are highly resource-constrained in terms of battery capacity, MCU capability and memory size. MBANS sensor devices typically have more stringent constraints than the hub device due to their small form- factor (to be wearable), low-cost and long battery life (especially for disposable sensor devices) requirements. Therefore, simple and low-power MBANS solutions are preferred from the application point of view. Currently, most of mature low-power low-cost short-range radio solutions have spectrum efficiency around or less than 1bps/Hz and it is expected that MBANS solutions will have similar spectrum efficiency. Also to prolong battery life, MBANS devices are expected to operate at a limited duty cycle. Typically, the MBANS duty cycle (i.e. added for all devices that form a single MBANS) lies around or below 10 % for in-hospital applications and around 2 % or below for home-healthcare applications. It is expected that for future MBANS applications, the maximum MBANS duty cycle will not be more than 25 %. These estimated duty cycles already include the ARQ and other PHY/MAC layer overhead. MBANS applications are likely to have very dynamic requirements in terms of communication range, data rates and link reliability. For in-hospital monitoring applications, the hub device is usually a bedside patient monitor locating inside patient's room or a portable patient monitor unit carried by patient. Typically, the required communication range is around 3 metres for the bedside patient monitor case (to cover a patient room) and 1 meter for the portable patient monitor case. For home healthcare monitoring applications, it is expected that a hub device will cover multiple rooms to increase patient mobility and reduce costs. Therefore, a longer communication range is preferred and usually 10 metres will be sufficient for most home healthcare applications. The required data rate may vary from bps to Mbps. For example, a high acuity ECG monitoring service in the ICU area may require > 100 Kbps application-level data rate while a SpO2 monitoring service for home healthcare chronic disease management applications may only require ~32 bps application-level data rate. It should be noted that future MBANS applications may require even higher data rates to provide more precise and demanding monitoring services. This will not have an impact on the maximum channel bandwidth and duty cycle. Considering the communication protocol overhead and low duty-cycle requirement, it is expected that the required MBANS wireless link raw data rate could be as high as 1 Mbps to ±5 Mbps. The link reliability requirement depends on the acuity level of MBANS applications. High acuity applications are more sensitive to data loss in a MBANS. It is expected that the application-level bit error rate less than 10-6 will meet the requirements of typical MBANS applications. Considering that automatic repeat request (ARQ), channel coding and other error correction methods are usually used in MBANSs, the maximum allowed raw bit error rate will be 10-4 for most MBANS applications. MBANS devices may operate in ambient limited environments such as hospitals, small clinics, healthcare centres and assisted homes. It is expected that a contention-based protocol will be used for a MBANS device to share spectrum with other MBANS devices and other services. In some cases, as in emergency room area, it is required to support as many as 10 MBANSs to coexist with each other. Clause 7.2 provides a more detailed description of the technical parameters of MBANSs. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2 Technical parameters and implications on spectrum | A spectrum portion of 40 MHz between 1 785 MHz and 2 500 MHz is required for MBANS operation. This requirement is based on multiple reasons discussed in greater detail in clause 8 and annex A. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 18 |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.1 Status of technical parameters | |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.1.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations | i) Current allocation of the candidate bands in the ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.4] is as follows. Table 1: 1 710 MHz to 2 500 MHz ITU allocation ii) Current common allocation of the candidate bands in Europe is given in ERC Report 25 [i.3]. Table 2: 1 785 MHz to 1 800 MHz Utilisation ERC/ECC Documentation European Standard Mobile Applications (see note) - - Radio microphones and assistive listening devices ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 422 [i.38] EN 301 840 [i.39] EN 300 454 [i.41] Wireless audio applications ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 301 357 [i.40] NOTE: This band is identified for IMT in the RRs, but within CEPT this band is not planned for the harmonised introduction of IMT. Table 3: 1 800 MHz to 1 805 MHz Utilisation ERC/ECC Documentation European Standard - - - NOTE: This band is identified for IMT in the RRs, but within CEPT this band is not planned for the harmonised introduction of IMT. Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 1 710 MHz to 1 930 MHz FIXED MOBILE 2 300 MHz to 2 450 MHz FIXED MOBILE Amateur Radiolocation 2 300 MHz to 2 450 MHz FIXED MOBILE RADIOLOCATION Amateur 2 450 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz FIXED MOBILE Radiolocation 2 450 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz FIXED MOBILE RADIOLOCATION 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz FIXED MOBILE MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) Radiolocation 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz FIXED MOBILE MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) RADIOLOCATION RADIODETERMINATION- SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz FIXED MOBILE MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) RADIOLOCATION Radiodetermination- satellite (space-to-Earth) ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 19 Table 4: 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz allocation in Europe Utilisation ERC/ECC Documentation European Standard Aeronautical Telemetry ERC/REC 62-02 [i.5] - Amateur - EN 301 783 [i.7] Mobile Applications - - SAP/SAB ERC/REC 25-10 [i.6] EN 302 064 [i.8] NOTE 1: ERC Recommendation 62-02 [i.5] recommends: "1. that for future airborne telemetry applications the tuning range of equipment should primarily be in the frequency range 2300 - 2400 MHz; 2. that the frequency band 2300 - 2330 MHz should primarily be used as a core band for airborne telemetry applications and that the band 2330 - 2400 MHz should be used as an extension band where required; 3. that channels to be used in border areas be co-ordinated between the individual Administrations;" NOTE 2: ERC Recommendation 25-10 [i.6] recommends: "1. that CEPT administrations should assign frequencies for audio and video SAP/SAB links from the tuning ranges identified in annex 2": Table 5: 2 400 MHz to 2 450 MHz Utilisation ERC/ECC Documentation European Standard Amateur - EN 301 783 [i.7] Amateur satellite - EN 301 783 [i.7] ISM - - Non-specific SRDs ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 440 [i.35] Radiodetermination applications ERC/DEC/(01)08 [i.50] ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 440 [i.35] Railway applications ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 761 [i.37] RFID ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 440 [i.35] Wideband data transmission systems ERC/DEC/(01)07 [i.49] ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 328 [i.36] Table 6: 2 450 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz Utilisation ERC/ECC Documentation European Standard ISM - - Non-specific SRDs ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 440 [i.35] Radiodetermination applications ERC/DEC/(01)08 [i.50] ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 440 [i.35] Railway applications ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 761 [i.37] RFID ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 440 [i.35] Wideband data transmission systems ERC/DEC/(01)07 [i.49] ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 328 [i.36] Table 7: 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz Utilisation ERC/ECC Documentation European Standard IMT satellite component - - ISM - - Mobile applications - - Mobile satellite applications ECC/DEC/(07)04 [i.42] ECC/DEC/(07)05 [i.43] ERC/DEC/(97)03 [i.44] ERC/DEC/(97)05 [i.45] EN 301 441 [i.34] EN 301 473 [i.33] SAP/SAB ERC/REC 25-10 [i.6] EN 302 064 [i.8] ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 20 Table 8: Recommended frequencies for SAP/SAB according to ERC/REC 25-10 [i.6] Recommended frequencies Technical parameters Tuning ranges Preferred sub-bands Cordless cameras 2 025 MHz to 2 110 MHz/ 2 200 MHz to 2 500 MHz 10,0 GHz to 10,60 GHz 21,2 GHz to 24,5 GHz 47,2 GHz to 50,2 GHz 10,3 GHz to 10,45 GHz 21,2 GHz to 21,4 GHz, 22,6 GHz to 23,0 GHz and 24,25 GHz to 24,5 GHz ERC REP 38 [i.10] Portable video links 2 025 MHz to 2 110 MHz/ 2 200 MHz to 2 500 MHz 2 500 MHz to 2 690 MHz (note 1) 10,0 GHz to 10,60 GHz 10,3 GHz to 10,45 GHz ERC REP 38 [i.10] Mobile video links (airborne and vehicular) 2 025 MHz to 2 110 MHz/ 2 200 MHz to 2 500 MHz 2 500 MHz to 2 690 MHz (note 1) 3 400 MHz to 3 600 MHz (note 2) ERC REP 38 [i.10] NOTE 1: The band 2 500 MHz to 2 690 MHz will not be available for video SAP/SAB links after the introduction of UMTS/IMT-2000 (see ECC/DEC/(02)06 [i.48]). NOTE 2: In countries where the band 3 400 MHz to 3 600 MHz is widely used for Fixed Wireless Access (FWA), availability of this band for mobile video SAP/SAB links may be restricted. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.1.2 Sharing and compatibility studies (if any) already available | The following compatibility study has already been conducted: Analysis on compatibility of Low Power-Active Medical Implant (LP-AMI) applications within the frequency range 2 360 MHz to 3 400 MHz, in particular for the band 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz, with incumbent services (ECC Report 149 [i.11]). Some of the information in such study could be used for further studies in the band, which may be required (e.g. amateur case). |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.1.3 Sharing and compatibility issues still to be considered | According to the ECA Table, following systems should be considered in any possible in-band compatibility scenario: - Aeronautical telemetry - Mobile applications - Mobile satellite applications - Radio microphones and assistive listening devices - Wireless audio applications - SAP/SAB - Amateur radio - Amateur satellite - Radiodetermination applications - Railway applications - RFID - Wideband data transmission systems - IMT satellite component ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 21 In addition, LP-AMI should be considered in the 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz band for compatibility studies because of the very recent designation of the band to LP-AMI (see annex 12 of ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9]). In addition, recently a compatibility study between BWS and existing services in the 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz band is being carried out by ECC PT SE7. This study is summarised in table 9. Table 9: Compatibility study of BWS and existing services in the 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz band Subject Output Start/Target dates Remarks Broadband Wireless Systems for 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz ECC report covering : • compatibility studies between BWS and existing services in the band 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz and in adjacent spectrum bands; • development of appropriate measures to assist administrations in border coordination. S: Sep 2010 T: Sept 2011 New task requested by WG FM. Coordination with ECC PT1 may be needed for BWS characteristics expected to be based on TDD in this band. It is noted that SAP/SAB typically has e.i.r.p. up to 90 dBm while the average amateur station e.i.r.p. is of the order of 75 dBm to 80 dBm. Deutscher Amateur Radio Club e.V (DARC) has made the following statement regarding MBANS operation in the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz band: "Preliminary calculations show that for a MBANS receiver with the parameters defined in clause 7.2.3.1, an isolation of the order of 200 dB will be required from the average amateur station to give 2 dB degradation". The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Agriculture and Innovation is of the opinion that in any compatibility study, the actual amateur applications according to the IARU VHF handbook need to be considered. ETSI MSG/ERM TFES has developed the Harmonised Standard EN 301 908 for IMT technologies covering the range of frequency bands identified for IMT technology. Of the four frequency bands proposed for MBANS devices, two of these are immediately adjacent to the IMT uplink (handset transmit) sub-bands. These adjacencies may require careful consideration from the compatibility perspective. See clause 7.2.1.3. The frequency band 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz is one band that has also been identified for IMT technology and some countries in Europe have formally made known their plans to issue national spectrum authorisations across this band for mobile broadband technologies including IMT. EN 301 908-19 [i.31] and EN 301 908-20 [i.32] covering Mobile WiMAXTM IMT technology in the 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz band, which is identified as Mobile WiMAXTM Band Class 1B has passed national vote and is awaiting publication by ETSI and citation in the OJEU. In addition, 3GPP technical specifications also address this frequency range for unpaired UTRA and E-UTRA as Band identifier e) and 40 respectively. The next release of EN 301 908 is expected to include these frequency ranges for the 3GPP technologies too. ETSI ERM/MSG TFES has developed the Harmonised Standard EN 301 908 for IMT technologies and points out that: 1 785 MHz to 1 805 MHz is immediately adjacent to the widely deployed European 1 800 MHz band (where GSM, UMTS, LTE and WiMAXTM are either deployed or possible in the near future). 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz is immediately adjacent to the IMT 2,6 GHz band which is currently being brought into service following recent spectrum authorisations to mobile operators. Most countries in Europe are planning to award this spectrum in the coming years. These adjacencies may require careful consideration from the compatibility perspective. ETSI MSG/ERM TFES also points out that the frequency band 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz has also been identified for IMT technology and some countries in Europe have formally made known their plans to issue national spectrum authorisations across this band for mobile broadband technologies including IMT. Ericsson objects against the request for designation in the frequency band 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz in the present document: System Reference document (SRdoc) on "Medical Body Area Network Systems (MBANSs) in the 1 785 MHz to 2 500 MHz range" for the following reasons: 1) the whole band 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz is identified to the International Mobile Telecommunication (IMT) in the treaty text of the International Telecommunication Union's Radio Regulations on a global basis; ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 22 2) IMT is currently being rolled out in several countries for mass-market mobile broadband systems, which make the band 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz less suitable for use of MBANSs in countries implementing IMT, including some countries in Europe, where MBANSs would be susceptible to interference from IMT devices worn and used by individual also wearing MBANS devices or by other individuals in the vicinity of such individual, and 3) a large number of systems, including integrated systems in IMT devices, are operating in the band above the frequency 2400 MHz where MBANSs operating in the band 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz would be susceptible to interference from systems integrated with IMT devices worn and used by individual also wearing MBANS devices or by other individuals in the vicinity. Vodafone believes that the bands proposed in the present document are not suitable for MBANs, because of their proximity to high density mobile bands together with the following characteristics of MBANSs: • Low power consumption and resulting poor receiver blocking performance. • Expected frequency response of receiver front end filters at these frequencies. • The QoS expectations for MBANS systems. The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs Agriculture and Innovation has made the following statement: In the note under table 14 of the present document, it is stated: "While the band 2300-2400 MHz has been identified by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as one of the candidate bands for future IMT deployments, it is not a preferred band in Europe and only a handful of EU countries are even considering it for this purpose, with the majority preferring to use other bands like the 2 500 MHz and 3 400 MHz bands." The Dutch Ministry of Economic Affairs, Agriculture and Innovation supports the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz band as one of the candidate bands for MBANS operation. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.2 Transmitter parameters | |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.2.1 Transmitter Output Power / Radiated Power | The maximum transmission power should be large enough to allow MBANS equipment to achieve sufficient communication ranges with required reliability. Based on the link budget analysis in annex A, the following maximum transmitter radiated power is proposed: a) For MBANS transmitters operating indoor, in a sub-band reserved for use within healthcare facilities (defined as healthcare facility sub-band), the maximum e.i.r.p. over the emission bandwidth is not to exceed the lesser of 0 dBm or (10 log10B) dBm, where B is the 20 dB emission bandwidth in MHz. b) For MBANS transmitters operating without location limitations (in location independent sub-band), the maximum e.i.r.p. over the emission bandwidth is not to exceed the lesser of 13 dBm or (16+10 log10B) dBm, where B is the 20 dB emission bandwidth in MHz. The emission bandwidth dependency in the proposed radiated power limits aims at protecting other users, especially narrow band users, by ensuring that the radiated power spectral density never exceeds 1 mW/MHz (for the healthcare facility sub-band) and 40 mW/MHz (for the location independent sub-band). The radiated power limits are thus generally lower for narrowband MBANSs. Low transmission power is critical for MBANS equipment to achieve long battery life and coexistence. Hence adaptive power control (APC) may be a beneficial mechanism for MBANSs, especially for MBANSs operating in the location independent sub-band. A dynamic APC range of 13 dB may be used. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.2.1a Antenna Characteristics | Typical MBANSs may use either a dipole or omni-directional antenna. Body worn devices would likely use a small chip antenna in the dipole class. If a MBANS device were to use a higher antenna gain, it would be required to comply with the e.i.r.p. power limits proposed in the present document. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 23 |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.2.2 Operating Frequency | The preferred frequency band is 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz. Other suggested frequency bands of operation are 1 785 MHz to 1 805 MHz, 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz, and 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz. MBANS equipment may theoretically operate in any frequency within one of the former frequency bands, subject to the proposed regulations in clause 9.2 and provided that the out-of-band emissions are attenuated in accordance with the proposed regulations in clause 9.2. MBANS equipment will generally have a tuning range over the entire designated frequency band of operation to allow for intra- and inter-service compatibility (see clause A.1.2.2). Refer to clause 8.2 for the preliminary assessment. However, the accumulation of spectrum in the proposed frequency range beyond 40 MHz (e.g. up to 160 MHz) is not intended for MBANS operation. A frequency stability tolerance of ±100 ppm is an acceptable limit for MBANS devices. However such frequency stability tolerance may only be applicable to MBANS devices that operate with a wide bandwidth (~5 MHz). MBANS devices operating with less bandwidth (e.g. 1 MHz to ±3 MHz) would typically operate with a lower frequency stability tolerance (e.g. ±20 ppm to ±50 ppm). |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.2.3 Bandwidth | Bandwidth would depend on the data-rate requirement of the particular MBANS application. For high data-rate applications (e.g. 250 Kbps and beyond), the bandwidth could be 3 MHz to 5 MHz. For low data-rate applications, the required bandwidth could be 1 MHz to 3 MHz. In general, the emission bandwidth will be no larger than 5 MHz. The justification for the data rates is given in clause A.1.2.2. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.2.4 Unwanted emissions | MBANSs emission levels in the spurious domain would be compliant with ERC/REC 74-01 [i.12]. Other unwanted emission levels are identified through the transmitter spectrum emission mask specifications, as defined in clause 9.2. Target levels for unwanted emissions in the spurious domain of -45 dBm e.i.r.p. in the 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz band and -60 dBm e.r.p. in the 401 MHz to 406 MHz band are to be aimed for. Further studies are required to determine the practicality of these levels. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.3 Receiver parameters | |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.3.1 Receiver Sensitivity | The MBANS receiver sensitivity depends on MBANS physical layer link design, such as coding and modulation schemes, and implementation parameters. Theoretically, the MBANS receiver sensitivity usually can be calculated as: Receiver Sensitivity [dBm] = Noise Power (N) [dBm] + SNRMin + Implementation Loss (IL) + Receiver noise figure (NF), where the noise power N [dBm] = 10log(KBTB) + 30, KB = 1,38 x 10-23 J/K is the Boltzmann constant, T is the noise temperature (in K), B is the noise bandwidth (in Hz), and SNRMin is the minimum Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), expressed in dB, to achieve the required link performance. For example, the following receiver sensitivity parameters (in left column of table 10) are used in the link budget analysis for the 1 Mbps uncoded FSK case (with modulation index 0,5) presented in annex A. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 24 Table 10: Examples of receiver sensitivity parameters Bandwidth B 1 MHz 5 MHz Noise power N (T=290K) -114 dBm -107 dBm NF 10 dB 10 dB IL 6 dB 6 dB SNRMin 11,3 dB 11,3 dB Receiver sensitivity -86,7 dBm -79,7 dBm NOTE: The lower sensitivity for the 5 MHz emission bandwidth limit (in comparison with the 1 MHz case) may be compensated by means of channel coding/spectrum spreading. For an emission bandwidth above 1 MHz typical MBANS implementations may use such techniques to improve link performance. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.3.2 Receiver blocking | A target of -30 dBm e.i.r.p. with 3 dB blocking is aimed for. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.3.3 Interference criteria | The MBANS receiver ability to operate under interference depends, amongst other aspects, on the utilized modulation, spectrum spreading, and channel coding techniques. It is expected that MBANS receivers be able to operate with a minimum carrier-to-interference ratio (C/I) of 15 dB or lower. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.2.4 Channel access parameters | The proposed MBANSs will operate at limited duty cycle to reduce power consumption and avoid interference to other services. It is expected that a MBANS duty cycle for in-hospital use will be no larger than 25 %, and a typical value will be 10 %. For home healthcare MBANS application, it is expected that the transmission of continuous vital signs -such as raw ECG waves- will typically not be required. Hence a much lower MBANS duty cycle is expected; usually less than 2 %. Such duty cycle values are defined over a period of one hour, whereas the maximum duration of an uninterrupted transmission is proposed to be 10 seconds. For the purpose of future compatibility studies the following expected MBANS density ranges are suggested: • Inside healthcare facilities: 30 to 50 MBANSs per square kilometre. • Outside the healthcare facilities (especially in patient homes): 5 to 20 MBANSs per square kilometre. If Listen-Before-Talk (LBT) is used, duty cycle limitations would not apply. The LBT threshold may be calculated using the following formula: (-140 + 10Log10B) dBm (e.g. -73 dBm for 5 MHz emission bandwidth) or -1 dB microvolt/metre per root Hertz. Where the radiated power is less than 0 dBm or 13 dBm as applicable, the LBT threshold may be raised by 1 dB for each dB the power is below the transmit power limit, up to a maximum of 20 dB. If LBT is used, channel occupancy is not to be checked before each acknowledgement message. Further details on LBT will be considered in the standard making process. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 7.3 Information on relevant standard(s) | ETSI is expected to develop dedicated European Harmonised Standard(s) after the designation of the requested frequency band for MBANSs. In accordance with note 2 of recommends 8 of ERC/REC 74-01 [i.12] given above, before developing a harmonised standard for MBANSs, the spurious emission limits should be reviewed by ETSI with a view as to whether the limits defined in ERC/REC 74-01 [i.12] are appropriate in the bands 401 MHz to 406 MHz, 1 785 MHz to 1 805 MHz, 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz, 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz, and 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz due to the expected close proximity between the ULP-AMI operating in the 401 MHz to 406 MHz, LP-AMI operating in the 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz band and MBANSs operating in a band within the 1 785 MHz to 2 500 MHz frequency range. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 25 |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 8 Radio spectrum request and justification | Medical Body Area Network Systems (MBANSs) will play a key role in serving the public interest by improving patient care, enabling electronic health records, reducing healthcare costs and furthering EU health strategy objectives of fostering good health in an ageing Europe by protecting citizens from health threats, and supporting dynamic health systems and new technologies [i.14]. In order to deliver health-critical patient monitoring, diagnosis and treatment services in hospitals and beyond hospital boundaries, a spectrum regulation for MBANSs is needed. As discussed in clause A.1.3 in greater detail, MBANSs require 40 MHz operational band, also to maximize opportunities for the compatibility with other services, to support the co-existence of multiple MBANSs, and to provide the spectrum needed for future innovation. More details can be found in annex A. The band 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz was proposed initially, and the other three frequency bands (1 785 MHz to 1 805 MHz, 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz and 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz) were suggested for inclusion in the SRdoc during its development. A preliminary assessment of these frequency bands is given below. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 8.1 Preliminary frequency band evaluation | The following aspects are considered important for the suitability and eligibility of a frequency band in the aforementioned frequency ranges: • Economic viability: The manufacturing cost of MBANS sensors should be low enough to enable affordable MBANS equipment. Due to the expected MBANS market size, this will only be possible if existing mass- market low-power short-range radios are either directly used or leveraged via system design reuse. This (re)use will also significantly shorten time to market. • Quality of Service (QoS): A high QoS will be possible if the frequency band is not intensively used by other users and if sufficient bandwidth is available. • Co-existence possibilities: The usage conditions of other technologies in the frequency band and possibilities for spectrum use coordination. • Interregional harmonisation: A strong harmonization in MBANS frequency designation is vital for the wide-scale deployment of these devices, ultimately leading to lower-cost and improved patient care. • Antenna size: Small and efficient antennae are critical for small sensor devices that have limited space for antennae. In the context of the previous aspects, the four candidate frequency bands in the 1 785 MHz to 2 500 MHz frequency range are preliminarily evaluated below with respect to their suitability for MBANSs. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 8.1.1 1 785 MHz to 1 805 MHz | Economic viability: The vast majority of mass-market low-power short-range radios operate in the frequency bands used by ISM equipment. It is expected that the absence of such radios in this frequency range (or neighbouring frequency ranges) would hinder the development of inexpensive MBANS equipment and delay market introduction. Quality of Service (QoS): CEPT developed two reports in response to EC Mandates, for the use of the UHF frequencies from 790 MHz to 862 MHz for mobile/fixed communication networks (MFCN). In 2010, ECC concluded that only the duplex gap of this range (821 MHz to 832 MHz) could be used by radio microphones. Due to this conclusion to close the majority of the 790 MHz to 862 MHz band for wireless microphones in Europe in the near future, wireless microphone manufacturers are already launching products in the 1 785 MHz to 1 805 MHz band. This migration process is expected to significantly increase the utilization of the band by radio microphones. Current utilisations include mobile applications, radio microphones and assistive listening devices and wireless audio applications [i.3]. 20 MHz of spectrum are available in this band. Co-existence possibilities: This band is used by a number of applications. However, it is not intensively used yet. Radio microphones are one of the most possible users of this band in the near future due to the migration of radio microphones from 790 MHz to 862 MHz range to 1 785 MHz to 1 805 MHz. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 26 Interregional harmonisation: No interregional harmonization can be currently foreseen in this band. Antenna size: The frequency range of this band allows for the use of medium-sized antennas. Comparable antennas are, in this frequency range, around 33 % bigger than those used for 2,4 GHz wireless devices. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 8.1.2 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz | Economic viability: The adjacency to the 2,4 GHz generic SRD band would allow exceedingly low power MBANS sensors to be manufactured inexpensively by leveraging existing low-power short-range radios developed for the 2.4 GHz generic SRD band, such as IEEE 802.15.4 radios [i.23]. Quality of Service (QoS): This band is currently sparsely utilized in Europe. Current utilisations include aeronautical telemetry on a national basis, amateur service, mobile applications and ancillary broadcast services [i.3]. 40 MHz of spectrum are available in this band. Co-existence possibilities: Interference issues between MBANSs and aeronautical telemetry systems (ATS) in this band can be addressed by avoiding MBANS operation in the proximity of ATS installations, since there are very few of these that use the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz spectrum. This proposal is already well developed in the US FCC discussions, and it is recognized that MBANSs can effectively meet the ITU-R Recommendation M.1459 for interference protection [i.13]. Adaptive frequency selection, listen-before-talk, adaptive power control and other features would enable opportunistic low-power, short-range MBANSs to achieve harmonized coexistence with ATS and amateur radios. It is possible that countries in Europe may issue spectrum authorisations for mobile broadband applications including IMT in the 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz band based on unpaired operation in contiguously aggregated 5 MHz blocks. Interregional harmonisation: Proceedings are well underway in the US to allow MBANSs to operate in the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz band. Industry and incumbent users did reach an agreement on how to share spectrum for MBANS applications. The FCC intends to publish final rules still in 2011. Furthermore IEEE 802 is already working on MBANS standardization. In addition to ongoing activities in IEEE 802.15.6 [i.46] on body area networks, the IEEE 802.15.4j Task Group is developing the standard for MBANSs in the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz band, by leveraging the existing IEEE 802.15.4 standard [i.23]. Antenna size: The frequency range of this band allows for the use of small antennas, similar or equal to those used in the neighbouring 2,4 GHz generic SRD band (e.g. in Bluetooth® and IEEE 802.15.4 devices). |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 8.1.3 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz (2,4 GHz generic SRD band) | Economic viability: The manufacture of inexpensive low power MBANS sensors would be possible by using existing low-power short-range radios developed for this band, such as IEEE 802.15.4 radios [i.23]. Quality of Service (QoS): This band is intensively used in hospitals and elsewhere. Current utilisations include amateur service, amateur satellite, ISM equipment, non-specific SRDs, radiodetermination applications, railway applications, RFID and wideband data transmission systems. 80 MHz of spectrum are available in this band. Co-existence possibilities: This band is already intensively used by wireless networking devices in hospital, such as WiFi devices. The higher TX-power, greater emission bandwidth and lower QoS requirements of such non-medical devices put MBANS devices in a clearly unfavourable position with respect to co-existence. Hence, despite the significant amount of available spectrum, the growth of lower TX-power (0 dBm) MBANS devices would be jeopardized in this band. Interregional harmonisation: This band is effectively harmonised internationally for generic SRD. For MBANSs no interregional harmonisation can be currently foreseen in this band. Antenna size: The frequency range of this band allows for the use of small antennas, for example those used in Bluetooth® and IEEE 802.15.4 devices. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 27 |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 8.1.4 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz | Economic viability: Equally to the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz band, this frequency band is immediately adjacent to the 2,4 GHz generic SRD band. Likewise this would allow exceedingly low power MBANS sensors to be manufactured inexpensively by leveraging existing low-power short-range radios developed for the 2,4 GHz generic SRD band. Quality of Service (QoS): Current utilisations include IMT satellite component, ISM, mobile applications, mobile satellite applications and ancillary broadcast services [i.3]. The Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) applications are mainly by Globalstar and Iridium satellite systems and serves to approximately 500 000 subscribers worldwide. The mobile service is the recent implementation of Complementary Ground Component (CGC) of the satellite networks whereas terrestrial base stations, operating within the same frequency band, would be installed in order to improve the coverage of MSS signals. SAP/SAB systems are also implemented in a number of European countries in the same band. Also, just above the 2 500 MHz, IMT systems operated within the band 2 500 MHz to 2 690 MHz. Finally, very recently, this band was designated by the CEPT for use by low power-active medical implants (LP-AMI) which is expected to be used intensively in the health care facilities. 16,5 MHz of spectrum are available in this band. Co-existence possibilities: This band has been designated by the ECC for LP-AMI usage. A specific regulation has been introduced into the annex 12 of ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] in this context. The co-location of MBANS and LP-AMI devices within a few centimetres from each other (carried by the same body) suggest potential co-existence problems, especially for the highly sensitive LP-AMI applications. Interregional harmonisation: No interregional harmonization can be currently foreseen in this band. Antenna size: The frequency range of this band allows for the use of small antennas, similar or equal to those used in the neighbouring 2,4 GHz generic SRD band (e.g. in Bluetooth® and IEEE 802.15.4 devices). 8.2 Summary of the preliminary assessment of the frequency bands On the basis of the considerations given above, the following summary can be drawn: • 1 785 MHz to 1 805 MHz band is only 20 MHz and does not provide a sufficient amount of spectrum to accommodate the requirement for MBANS. Also, it cannot be combined with another candidate band due to the distance to the other bands in frequency, which makes it difficult to use existing radio technology. • 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz band can accommodate the requirement for MBANS with reasonable cost. Possibility of interregional harmonisation of the band for MBANS use makes this band more preferable in comparison with the other candidate bands. • 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz band is designated for ISM and allocated to other services, and is intensively used by many applications including some "in-hospital" applications, such as Wi-Fi devices which makes it very difficult for use by MBANS. • 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz band is only 16,5 MHz and does not provide a sufficient amount of spectrum to accommodate the operational requirements for MBANS. The co-location of MBANS and LP-AMI devices within a few centimetres of each other suggests potential co-existence problems, which makes MBANS unlikely to be used in the presence of LP-AMI. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 28 |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 9 Regulations | |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 9.1 Current regulations | |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 9.1.1 ITU-R Radio Regulations | The ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.4] allocate the candidate bands as reported in the present clause. Table 11: Allocation of 1 700 MHz to 2 500 MHz band according to ITU-R Radio Regulations [i.4] NOTE: Only the relevant footnotes are included in the table. Footnotes: 5.150 The following bands: 13 553 kHz to 13 567 kHz (centre frequency 13 560 kHz), 26 957 kHz to 27 283 kHz (centre frequency 27 120 kHz), 40,66 MHz to 40,70 MHz (centre frequency 40,68 MHz), 902 MHz to 928 MHz in Region 2 (centre frequency 915 MHz), 2 400 MHz to 2 500 MHz (centre frequency 2 450 MHz), 5 725 MHz to 5 875 MHz (centre frequency 5 800 MHz), and 24 GHz to 24,25 GHz (centre frequency 24,125 GHz) are also designated for industrial, scientific and medical (ISM) applications. Radiocommunication services operating within these bands must accept harmful interference which may be caused by these applications. ISM equipment operating in these bands is subject to the provisions of No. 15.13. Allocation to services Region 1 Region 2 Region 3 1 710 MHz to 1 930 MHz FIXED MOBILE 5.384A 5.387 2 300 MHz to 2 450 MHz FIXED MOBILE 5.384A Amateur Radiolocation 2 300 MHz to2 450 MHz FIXED MOBILE 5.384A RADIOLOCATION Amateur 5.150 5.282 5.150 5.282 2 450 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz FIXED MOBILE Radiolocation 5.150 5.397 2 450 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz FIXED MOBILE RADIOLOCATION 5.150 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz FIXED MOBILE MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 5.351A Radiolocation 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz FIXED MOBILE MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 5.351A RADIOLOCATION RADIODETERMINATION- SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 5.398 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz FIXED MOBILE MOBILE-SATELLITE (space-to-Earth) 5.351A RADIOLOCATION Radiodetermination- satellite (space-to-Earth) 5.398 5.150 5.371 5.397 5.398 5.402 5.150 5.402 5.150 5.402 ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 29 5.384A The bands, or portions of the bands, 1 710 MHz to 1 885 MHz, 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz and 2 500 MHz to 2 690 MHz, are identified for use by administrations wishing to implement International Mobile Telecommunications (IMT) in accordance with Resolution 223 (Rev.WRC-07). This identification does not preclude the use of these bands by any application of the services to which they are allocated and does not establish priority in the Radio Regulations (WRC-07). 5.282 In the bands 435 MHz to 438 MHz, 1 260 MHz to 1 270 MHz, 2 400 MHz to 2 450 MHz, 3 400 MHz to 3 410 MHz (in Regions 2 and 3 only) and 5 650 MHz to 5 670 MHz, the amateur-satellite service may operate subject to not causing harmful interference to other services operating in accordance with the table (see No. 5.43). Administrations authorizing such use shall ensure that any harmful interference caused by emissions from a station in the amateur- satellite service is immediately eliminated in accordance with the provisions of No. 25.11. The use of the bands 1 260 MHz to 1 270 MHz and 5 650 MHz to 5 670 MHz by the amateur-satellite service is limited to the Earth-to-space direction. 5.351A For the use of the bands 1 518 MHz to 1 544 MHz, 1 545 MHz to 1 559 MHz, 1 610 MHz to 1 645,5 MHz, 1 646,5 MHz to 1 660,5 MHz, 1 668 MHz to 1 675 MHz, 1 980 MHz to 2 010 MHz, 2 170 MHz to 2 200 MHz, 2 483,5 MHz to 2 520 MHz and 2 670 MHz to 2 690 MHz by the mobile-satellite service, see Resolutions 212 (Rev.WRC-07) and 225 (Rev.WRC-07). 5.371 Additional allocation: in Region 1, the bands 1 610 MHz to 1 626,5 MHz (Earth-to-space) and 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz (space-to-Earth) are also allocated to the radiodetermination-satellite service on a secondary basis, subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21. 5.387 Additional allocation: in Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Slovakia, Romania, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan, the band 1 770 MHz to 1 790 MHz is also allocated to the meteorological-satellite service on a primary basis, subject to agreement obtained under No. 9.21 (WRC-07). 5.394 In the United States, the use of the band 2 300 MHz to 2 390 MHz by the aeronautical mobile service for telemetry has priority over other uses by the mobile services. In Canada, the use of the band 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz by the aeronautical mobile service for telemetry has priority over other uses by the mobile services (WRC-07). 5.397 Different category of service: in France, the band 2 450 MHz to 2 500 MHz is allocated on a primary basis to the radiolocation service (see No. 5.33). Such use is subject to agreement with administrations having services operating or planned to operate in accordance with the Table of Frequency Allocations which may be affected. 5.398 In respect of the radiodetermination-satellite service in the band 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz, the provisions of No. 4.10 do not apply. 5.402 The use of the band 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz by the mobile-satellite and the radiodetermination-satellite services is subject to the coordination under No. 9.11A. Administrations are urged to take all practicable steps to prevent harmful interference to the radio astronomy service from emissions in the 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz band, especially those caused by second-harmonic radiation that would fall into the 4 990 MHz to 5 000 MHz band allocated to the radio astronomy service worldwide. |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 9.1.2 European Common Allocation Table | The European Common Allocation Table (ERC Report 25) [i.3] gives the utilisation of candidate bands in Europe. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 30 Table 12: Utilisation of the 1 785 MHz to 1 800 MHz band in Europe RR Region 1 Allocation and RR footnotes applicable to CEPT European Common Allocation Major utilisation European footnotes ECC/ERC document Standard Notes FIXED FIXED Mobile applications EU2 EU15 - This band is identified for IMT in the RRs, but within CEPT this band is not planned for the harmonised introduction of IMT MOBILE MOBILE Radio microphones and assistive listening devices ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 422 [i.38] EN 301 840 [i.39] EN 300 454 [i.41] Wireless audio applications ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 301 357 [i.40] Within the band 1 795 MHz to 1 800 MHz Table 13: Utilisation of the 1 800 MHz to 1 805 MHz band in Europe RR Region 1 Allocation and RR footnotes applicable to CEPT European Common Allocation Major utilisation European footnotes ECC/ERC document Standard Notes FIXED Fixed - - - - This band is identified for IMT in the RRs, but within CEPT this band is not planned for the harmonised introduction of IMT MOBILE MOBILE - - - - ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 31 Table 14: Utilisation of the 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz band in Europe RR Region 1 Allocation and RR footnotes applicable to CEPT European Common Allocation Major utilisation European footnotes ECC/ERC document Standard Notes FIXED FIXED Aeronautical telemetry ERC/REC 62-02 [i.5] Parts of the band are used for aeronautical telemetry on a national basis MOBILE MOBILE Amateur EN 301 783 [i.7] Amateur Amateur Mobile applications Radiolocation Radiolocation SAP/SAB 5.395 EU2 EU15 ERC/REC 25-10 [i.6] EN 302 064 [i.8] NOTE: In Europe, the allocation of FIXED and MOBILE is on a primary basis, while the allocation of Amateur and Radiolocation is on a secondary basis. Major utilisations identified for the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz band include aeronautical telemetry on a national basis, amateur use, mobile applications and ancillary broadcast services [i.3]. While the band 2 300 MHz to 2 400 MHz has been identified by International Telecommunication Union (ITU) as one of the candidate bands for future IMT deployments, it is not a preferred band in Europe and only a handful of EU countries are even considering it for this purpose, with the majority preferring to use other bands like the 2 500 MHz and 3 400 MHz bands. Examination of the implementation status of relevant ERC/ECC Recommendations shows no IMT services are currently deployed in the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz band. In the US, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) has been evaluating the use of the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz frequency band for MBANSs on a secondary basis. The FCC issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (NPRM) for MBANS regulation in 2009 [i.2] and interested parties are currently making ex parte presentations to the FCC, following which the FCC will draft an order for public comments. The FCC MBANS NPRM record reflects broad support for the allocation of a dedicated spectrum for MBANS devices and services. In January 2010 GE Healthcare, Philips Healthcare, and AFTRCC (Aerospace and Flight Test Radio Coordinating Council) presented the FCC with a joint MBANS rules draft proposal [i.24]. Table 15: Utilisation of the 2 450 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz band in Europe RR Region 1 Allocation and RR footnotes applicable to CEPT European Common Allocation Major utilisation European footnotes ECC/ERC document Standard Notes FIXED FIXED ISM EU2 - - MOBILE MOBILE Non-specific SRDs ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 440 [i.35] Radio location Radiodetermination applications ERC/DEC/(01)08 [i.50] ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 440 [i.35] Railway applications ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 761 [i.37] Within the band 2 446 MHz to 2 454 MHz for AVI applications RFID ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 440 [i.35] Within the band 2 446 MHz to 2 454 MHz Wideband data transmission systems ERC/DEC/(01)07 [i.49] ERC/REC 70-03 [i.9] EN 300 328 [i.36] ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 32 Table 16: Utilisation of the 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz band in Europe RR Region 1 Allocation and RR footnotes applicable to CEPT European Common Allocation Major utilisation European footnotes ECC/ERC document Standard Notes FIXED FIXED IMT satellite component - - MOBILE MOBILE ISM - - MOBILE- SATELLITE (S/E) MOBILE- SATELLIT E (S/E) Mobile applications - - Mobile satellite applications ECC/DEC/(07)04 [i.42] ECC/DEC/(07)05 [i.43] ERC/DEC/(97)03 [i.44] ERC/DEC/(97)05 [i.45] EN 301 441 [i.34] EN 301 473 [i.33] SAP/SAB ERC/REC 25-10 [i.6] EN 302 064 [i.8] |
d4ba94552a87b24e3a5c43bce31384b4 | 101 557 | 9.2 Proposed regulation and justification | ECC is requested to designate 40 MHz of frequency spectrum for MBANS operations on an underlay use basis. The proposed specifications of MBANS operation are as follows: • Eligibility Operation of MBANS devices is permitted under a license-exempt regulation. Duly authorized healthcare professionals are permitted to operate MBANS transmitters. In addition, any person is authorized to operate MBANS transmitters if prescribed by a duly authorized healthcare professional. Manufacturers of MBANS transmitters and their representatives are authorized to operate MBANS transmitters for the purpose of developing, testing and demonstrating such equipment. • Permissible communications MBANS transmitters prescribed by duly authorized healthcare professionals may transmit only information used for monitoring, diagnosing or treatment of patients. All voice communications between devices, including digitized voice, are prohibited. • Frequencies & Authorized locations a) Healthcare facility sub-band: Use of MBANS devices is restricted to indoor operation within a healthcare facility. A MBANS device capable of operating in the healthcare facility sub-band employs a mechanism which ensures that operation in such band is suppressed outside a healthcare facility. b) Location independent sub-band: MBANS operation is authorized indoor as well as outdoor. It is proposed that the bigger portion (75 %) of the required MBANS operational band be used inside healthcare facilities only (healthcare facility sub-band) and the remaining portion (25 %) be used independently from the MBANS location (location independent sub-band). As discussed in clause 8, it should be noted that the 1 785 MHz to 1 805 MHz and 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz bands cannot accommodate the operational bandwidth needs of MBANSs. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 33 • Emission types A MBANS transmitter may emit any emission type appropriate for data communications in MBANSs. MBANS transmissions follow a contention-based protocol and/or duty cycle still to be determined by compatibility studies. • Emission bandwidth a) The maximum authorized emission bandwidth is 5 MHz. A justification for the proposed emission bandwidth is given in clause A.1.2.2. b) The emission bandwidth is determined by measuring the width of the modulated emission between the frequencies furthest above and furthest below the frequency of maximum power where the emission power drops 20 dB with respect to its maximum level. Information on Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) exposure levels generated by MBANS applications is given in clause A.2. • Maximum radiated power a) For MBANS transmitters operating within the healthcare facility sub-band, the maximum e.i.r.p. over the emission bandwidth is not to exceed the lesser of 0 dBm or (10 log10B) dBm, where B is the 20 dB emission bandwidth in MHz. b) For MBANS transmitters operating within the location independent sub-band, the maximum e.i.r.p. over the emission bandwidth is not to exceed the lesser of 13 dBm or (16+10 log10B) dBm, where B is the 20 dB emission bandwidth in MHz. c) APC may be used by MBANS transmitters, especially by those operating in the location independent sub-band. A dynamic APC range of 13 dB may be used. • Unwanted Radiation Table 17 gives the emission limits in the spurious domain, as defined in ERC/REC 74-01 [i.12]. Table 17: Emission limits in the spurious domain Frequency State 47 MHz to 74 MHz 87,5 MHz to 118 MHz 174 MHz to 230 MHz 470 MHz to 862 MHz Other frequencies below 1 000 MHz Frequencies above 1 000 MHz Operating -54 dBm -36 dBm -30 dBm Standby -57 dBm -57 dBm -47 dBm Note 2 of recommends 8 of ERC/REC 74-01 [i.12] states that "where either CEPT or ETSI consider the limits defined in this Recommendation are inappropriate for a particular standard an agreement on alternative limits should be reached by application of the MoU between ETSI and CEPT". The detailed justification for the proposed regulation is presented in annex A. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 34 Annex A: Detailed technical information A.1 Technical parameters and justifications for spectrum A.1.1 Maximum Radiated Power A.1.1.1 Proposed Maximum Radiated Power The following radiated power limits are proposed to meet the requirements of both in-hospital and in-home MBANS applications. a) For MBANS transmitters operating within the healthcare facility sub-band, the maximum e.i.r.p. over the emission bandwidth is not to exceed the lesser of 0 dBm or (10 log10B) dBm, where B is the 20 dB emission bandwidth in MHz. b) For MBANS transmitters operating within the location independent sub-band, the maximum e.i.r.p. over the emission bandwidth is not to exceed the lesser of 13 dBm or (16+10 log10B) dBm, where B is the 20 dB emission bandwidth in MHz. The proposed radiated power limits will enable Medical Body Area Network Systems to bear health-critical services with currently-available commercial technologies while minimizing the potential for interference to other co-channel users. The MBANS bandwidth dependency in the proposed radiated power limits aims at protecting other users, especially narrow band users, by ensuring that the radiated power spectrum density never exceeds 1 mW/MHz (for the healthcare facility sub-band) and 40 mW/MHz (for the location independent sub-band). The generic e.i.r.p. limits of 0 dBm and 13 dBm are thus lower for narrowband MBANSs. A.1.1.2 Link Budget Analysis Link budget analysis is presented to demonstrate that the proposed maximum radiated power limits are sufficient to meet the performance requirements of typical short-range MBANS applications. A.1.1.2.1 MBANS Radio Parameters For MBANS applications with all levels of acuity, an application-level bit error rate (BER) no larger than 10-6 is acceptable to guarantee QoS. Considering possible retransmission techniques that could be adopted to improve application-level BER performance, the minimum physical-layer BER of 10-4 is used in the analysis. This assumption is reasonable and with such physical-layer BER performance requirement and retransmission techniques, it is feasible to achieve the required QoS of MBANS applications. Within the 1785-2500 MHz frequency range, no commercially available low-power short-range radios have been identified to use other bands than the 2,4 GHz generic SRD band. Those mature low-power short-range radios from the 2,4 GHz generic SRD band may be re-tuned to other frequencies in the 1785-2500 MHz range for MBANS applications. Such re-tuning is expected to be cost effective for the 2360-2400 MHz and 2483,5-2500 MHz bands. Therefore, several typical low-power short-range radios from 2,4 GHz generic SRD band, including: 1) IEEE 802.15.4 DSSS + O-QPSK with a 20 dB bandwidth of 2,6 MHz and 250 Kbps data rate; 2) O-QPSK with a 20 dB bandwidth of 2,6 MHz and 2 Mbps data rate; and 3) FSK modulation with modulation index of 0,5, 1 MHz bandwidth and 1 Mbps data rate. are considered as examples in the link budget analysis. The BER performance curves of these radios are shown in figure A.1. The simulated channel mode is the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 35 -5 0 5 10 15 10 -9 10 -8 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (dB) Bit error rate 250Kbps, DSSS, O-QPSK 2Mbps, O-QPSK 1Mbps, FSK Figure A.1: BER performance of several mature modulation schemes A.1.1.2.2 Link Budget Analysis for In-hospital MBANS Applications One typical in-hospital MBANS usage is for communications between an on-body MBANS sensor device to an external MBANS hub device (e.g. bedside patient monitor) within a same room, as shown in figure A.2. In this case, the required communication range of the MBANS radio link is 3 meters, which is to cover a typical patient room. Table A.1 summarizes the link budget analysis results with the following assumptions: AWGN channel model with free-space path loss, 3 meter communication range, 0 dBi TX and RX antenna gains, central frequency of 2 500 MHz (worst case), 10 dB noise figure and 6 dB implementation loss. External MBANS hub device (e.g. Bedside Patient Monitor) On-body MBANS sensor device MBANS radio link Figure A.2: In-hospital MBANS with external hub device ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 36 Table A.1: Link budget analysis for MBANS links between on-body sensors and external hub devices In all the three cases, more than 35 dB link margins are achieved. These high link margins can be used to counteract the fading effects introduced by the presence of the human body and imperfect antenna orientation/matching. In reality, proximity to the human body introduces shadowing of signals from the opposite side of body-worn MBANS antenna and also influences the tuning and radiated efficiency of the MBANS antenna. For example, the channel fading statistics of the 2360-2483,5 MHz frequency range were calculated in [i.15] using the CM4 (on-body to external device) channel models developed by IEEE 802.15.6 [i.46]. It was shown that the 99 %-tile fade depth at 3 meters is 19 dB. The link budgets after considering this 99 % fade depth are summarized in table A.2. Table A.2: Realistic link margins of MBANS links between on-body sensors to external hub devices Parameter DSSS, O-QPSK O-QPSK FSK AWGN link margin 43,8 dB 35,6 dB 36,7 dB 99 % fade depth at 3 m, CM4 19 dB 19 dB 19 dB Realistic Link Margin 25,8 dB 16,6 dB 17,7 dB After considering the 19 dB 99 %-tile fade, the achieved link margins with 0 dBm transmission power are 25,8 dB for the IEEE 802.15.4 solution, and more than 16 dB for the O-QPSK and FSK cases. The high link margins enable MBANS radios to tolerate moderate interference. Moreover, high link margins imply that the proposed 0 dBm transmission power limit is sufficient to support possibly higher data rate services in future MBANS applications which may require higher SNR. Another typical in-hospital MBANS usage is for on-body communications (e.g. communications between an on-body sensor device and an on-body hub device), which is shown in figure A.3. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 37 Figure A.3: In-hospital MBANS with on-body hub device In this case, a typical communication range of the MBANS radio link is 1 meter. To model realistic on-body channels, the two CM3 (on-body) channel models, which were developed in the IEEE 802.15.6 [i.46] based on extensive measurements conducted by different organizations [i.16], are adopted. The first model was proposed by NICT (Japan) and the pathloss can be calculated as: N b d a dB d PL + + = ) ( log * ] )[ ( 10 where a = 6,6 dB , b = 36,1 dB, N is a normally distributed variable with zero mean and standard deviation of 3,8 dB and d is the TX-RX distance in mm. The second model was proposed by IMEC (Netherlands) and the pathloss formula is: N P e P dB d PL d m + + − = − ) ( log * 10 ] )[ ( 1 0 10 0 where P0 = -25,8 dB, m0 = 2,0 dB/cm, P1 = -71,3 dB, N is a normally distributed variable with zero mean and standard deviation of 3,6 dB and d is the TX-RX distance in cm. With a TX-RX distance of 1 meter, the pathloss (in dB) generated with the NICT model is a normally distributed random variable with mean of 55,9 dB and standard deviation of 3,8 dB (i.e. with 99 % probability an on-body channel with a TX-RX distance of 1 meter has a pathloss value lower than 55,9 + 2,3*3,8 = 64,6 dB) while the pathloss (in dB) generated with the IMEC model is a normally distributed random variable with mean of 71,3 dB and standard deviation of 3,6 dB (that i.e. with 99 % probability an on-body channel with a TX-RX distance of 1 meter has a pathloss value lower than 71,27 + 2,3*3,6 = 79,6 dB). In the analysis, 79,6 dB is used as pathloss. It is worth noting that 79,6 dB is a conservative choice that covers most of the channel measurement results in the literature, for example see [i.17]. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 38 Table A.3: Link Budget Analysis for on-body MBANS communications Table A.3 shows that a 0 dBm transmission power can provide a 14,1 dB link margin in the DSSS O-QPSK case, 5,9 dB margin for O-QPSK, and 7 dB margin for FSK cases for on-body MBANS communications. Based on the above analysis, it is concluded that 0 dBm transmission power limit is sufficient to provide the required link performance for short-range MBANS applications. This is also confirmed by the receiver sensitivity parameters of commercially available 2,4 GHz transceivers from different vendors. With a 0 dBm transmission power and a path loss of 79,6 dB (the higher of CM3 and CM4 channels), the receiver sensitivity of a MBANS transceiver should be -79,6 dBm or better. Below we list the sensitivity parameters of some commercial 2,4 GHz transceivers. It shows that most of them can achieve such sensitivity requirements. As discussed in clause A.1.1.2.1, mature low-power short- range radios from the 2,4 GHz generic SRD band may be re-tuned to other frequencies bands in the 1 785 MHz to 2 500 MHz frequency range. In such case, it is expected that the receiver sensitivity performance would not change significantly. Therefore, the -79,6 dBm sensitivity requirement should be achievable with current technologies in the 1 785 MHz to 2 500 MHz range. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 39 Table A.4: Example of generic SRD radios that can be leveraged for MBANSs Transceiver chipsets Technical Parameters Receiver sensitivity Texas Instruments/Chipcon CC2400 [i.26] 1 Mbps, 1 MHz channel BW, FSK 250 kbps, 1 MHz channel BW, FSK 10 kbps, 500 kHz channel BW, FSK -87 dBm @ BER = 10-3 (or -85 dBm @ BER = 10-4) -91 dBm @ BER = 10-3 (or -89 dBm @ BER = 10-4) -101 dBm @ BER = 10-3 (or -99 dBm @ BER = 10-4) See note 1 Texas Instruments/Chipcon CC2420 [i.27] 250 kbps, 2,6 MHz channel BW, 802.15.4 PHY -90 dBm @ PER = 1 % (or -89 dBm @ BER = 10-4) See note 2 Nordic nRF24LU1+ 2 Mbps, 2 MHz channel BW, GFSK 1 Mbps, 1 MHz channel BW, GFSK 250 kbps, < 1 MHz channel BW, GFSK -82 dBm @ BER = 10-3 (or -80 dBm @ BER = 10-4) -85 dBm @ BER = 10-3 (or -83 dBm @ BER = 10-4) -94 dBm @ BER = 10-3 (or -92 dBm @ BER = 10-4) See note 1 Freescale MC13202 250 kbps, 2,6 MHz channel BW, 802.15.4 PHY -92 dBm @ PER = 1 % (or -91 dBm @ BER = 10-4) See note 2 NOTE 1: A 2 dB offset is added to get a conservative estimation of the sensitivity @ BER = 10-4. NOTE 2: A 1 dB offset is added to get a conservative estimation of the sensitivity @ BER = 10-4. A similar analysis could be performed for MBANSs with a bandwidth less than 1 MHz. It should be noted that both the maximum radiated power and the noise power are proportional to the bandwidth in that case and the link margin results will be the same as the above analysis. In summary, 0 dBm for BW ≥ 1 MHz and 10 log (B) dBm for B < 1 MHz (where B is the MBANS emission bandwidth in MHz) maximum radiated power limits for the healthcare facility sub-band are sufficient to meet link robustness requirements of MBANS short-range in-hospital applications. Moreover, such power limits for the healthcare facility sub-band are low enough to significantly alleviate possible in- band interference to incumbent users. Together with frequency agility and limited duty cycle, the proposed power limits can elegantly support the compatibility with users of the frequency band. The low power limits also facilitate frequency reuse inside healthcare facilities, where, in comparison with patients' homes, the higher density of MBANS devices expected makes it most necessary. A.1.1.2.3 Link Budget Analysis for Home Healthcare MBANS Applications In a home monitoring case, a long communication range is highly desirable to provide greater mobility to MBANS users within their homes and minimize the required base installation cost. Usually, one MBANS hub device may cover multiple rooms, as shown in figure A.4, and therefore, a higher emission power limit for the location independent sub-band is preferred from home healthcare perspective. Also, a higher power limit is needed to cope with an adverse event that may cause a patient to fall on the transmitter, causing significant signal attenuation. Moreover, in case of MBANS operation in the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz or 2 483,5 MHz to 2 500 MHz band, a higher radiated power is helpful to counteract possible interference introduced by the out-of-band emission from adjacent band users, e.g. ubiquitous high-power 2,4 GHz generic SRD band devices (Wi-Fi radios, Bluetooth® devices, etc.). ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 40 Figure A.4: Home healthcare MBANS with external hub device In this scenario, a communication range of 10 meters is a reasonable design objective for home monitoring applications. First, a link budget analysis is given for the 0 dBm transmission power case, In this link budget analysis, the following assumptions are used: AWGN channel model, 10 meter communication range, 0 dBi TX and RX antenna gains, free- space path loss, central frequency of 2 500 MHz (worst case), 10 dB noise figure and 6 dB implementation loss. Since most of the home monitoring applications that require long ranges are usually low-rate applications, we assume the data rate is 31,25 kbps. Two typical modulation schemes are studied, O-QPSK and FSK with modulation index 0,5. It should be noted that the analysis does not include excess noise from adjacent band devices. Table A.5 summarizes the link budget analysis results. Table A.5: Link budget analysis for in-home MBANS applications with 0 dBm_TX power ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 41 In the above analysis, a 30 dB loss and another 20 dB loss are included to represent the human body blockage loss, which could happen when a patient falls on MBANS devices in an adverse event, and extra attenuation introduced by barriers (e.g. walls and doors), respectively. Some barrier attenuation values can be found in the online document [i.18]. 20 dB is a practical choice to cover typical use cases. From the above analysis, one can see that 0 dBm is not enough to provide a 10-meter communication range. For both cases, the achieved link margins are negative, which means more transmission power is needed to achieve the desired coverage. Increasing the transmission power to 13 dBm would provide sufficient link margin for home monitoring applications, as demonstrated by the link budget analysis in table A.6. In the both cases, more than 4 dB link margins are achieved. Therefore, it is proposed to increase the transmission power limit to 13 dBm (20 mW) in the location independent sub- band. With this power limit, MBANS radios can provide reasonable coverage, link performance, and data rates for home monitoring applications and overcome out of band emission inference from nearby adjacent band devices. With dynamic transmit power control techniques, MBANS radios would only use such power levels when needed. For example, MBANS users would stay in their houses most of the time and MBANS radios could significantly lower the transmission power since the building attenuation would be much less than 20 dB. This, together with low duty cycle (< 2 %), would effectively mitigate interference to other services. Table A.6: Link budget analysis for in-home MBANS applications with 13 dBm _TX power A.1.2 Emission Bandwidth A.1.2.1 Proposed Emission Bandwidth a) The maximum authorized emission bandwidth is 5 MHz. b) The emission bandwidth is determined by measuring the width of the modulated emission between the frequencies furthest above and furthest below the frequency of maximum power where the emission power drops 20 dB with respect to its maximum level. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 42 A.1.2.2 Technical Justification A limit for maximum emission bandwidth that would enable a greater capacity to manage evolving medical applications is preferred. A higher or flexible bandwidth would allow more applications and shorter duty cycles (that would reduce power consumption). It is proposed to adopt a bandwidth limit of 5 MHz (at 20 dB down) for the following reasons. • The proposed maximum authorized emission bandwidth would provide flexibility and technology neutrality, allowing the industry to develop appropriate MBANS solutions, especially to leverage most of the available 2,4 GHz generic SRD band solutions to produce relatively low-cost MBANS devices. The commercial acceptance of Medical Body Area Network Systems (MBANSs) will depend on manufacturers producing small low-cost (e.g. low enough to be disposable in some cases) sensors. Doing so in turn will depend on the manufacturers' ability to leverage low cost, off-the-shelf integrated circuits that can be used directly or at least that can be modified or adapted at relatively modest cost and complexity (e.g. minimal external discrete circuitry). One of the benefits of using a frequency band within the 2 360 MHz to 2 500 MHz range for MBANSs is the capability to economically leverage multiple off-the-shelf 2,4 GHz short range connectivity solutions to achieve economies of scale. It is expected that, at relatively moderate effort/cost, low-power short-range radios from 2,4 GHz generic SRD band can be re-tuned to work on other frequencies in the 2 360 MHz to 2 500 MHz range with similar receiver sensitivity performance. Some major 2,4 GHz generic SRD band connectivity solutions, which are commercially available and have been widely deployed, and their parameters, are listed below. Table A.7: Examples of available 2,4 GHz generic SRD technologies 2,4 GHz Solutions Emission Bandwidth (20 dB bandwidth) Supported Raw Data Rates Bluetooth® ~1 MHz 1 Mbps (2 and 3 Mbps for enhance data rate modes ) ZigBeeTM ~2,6 MHz 250 Kbps Nordic Semiconductors Proprietary solutions (i.e. nRF24L01+) < 1 MHz for 250 Kbps mode ~1 MHz for 1 Mbps mode ~2 MHz for 2 Mbps mode 250 Kbps 1 Mbps 2 Mbps • A 5 MHz maximum emission bandwidth creates flexibility to cater to the diverse needs of MBANS applications, especially high data rate and low power consumption needs. MBANS applications have a large variety of requirements on data rate, link reliability, delay tolerance, and lifetime. A 5 MHz maximum emission bandwidth will provide scalable data rate modes to meet a wide range of requirements. Technical parameters of several typical MBANS applications are shown in table A.8. Table A.8: Some technical parameters of several typical MBANS applications Application Target data throughput P2P Latency Application Bit Error Rate (BER) Desired Battery Lifetime ECG (Multi-lead) 96 Kbps < 250 ms < 10-6 > 1 week EMG 384 Kbps < 250 ms < 10-6 > 1 week O2/CO2/BP/ Temp/Respiration/ Glucose monitoring, accelerometer < 10 Kbps < 250 ms < 10-6 > 1 week ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 43 For example, a classic multi-lead ECG node may require as high as 96 kbps application level throughput to forward its ECG signal to a hub device in a real-time cardiac monitoring system while at the same time, the desired battery lifetime is more than a week. Assuming 25 % duty cycle and 40 % protocol overhead (including physical layer, MAC layer and application layer protocols), the required raw data rate per MBANS should be at least 640 Kbps. For the Electromyogram (EMG) case, the required raw data rate per MBANS should be at least 2,56 Mbps. In the future, the required raw data rates could be even higher to achieve better monitoring performance. To provide such a high data rate with a long battery lifetime (> 1 week) and a very low error rate, a broad maximum emission bandwidth is preferred. If a small maximum emission bandwidth, such as 1 MHz, is adopted, a short-range wireless connectivity solution for MBANS applications would need to achieve 3 bits/s/Hz (or even higher in the future) spectrum efficiency. To design such wireless systems could be very challenging considering the strict link reliability and power consumption requirements since more sophisticated modulation and/or coding schemes are needed. This would increase MBANS device implementation complexity, the peak power consumption and also the average power consumption, resulting in it being impractical to use a small size battery or energy harvesting components in a MBANS device, which is especially undesirable for disposable sensor applications. However, a 5 MHz emission bandwidth can relax the required spectrum efficiency to less than 1 bit/s/Hz, which could be achieved with very simple modulation schemes, like GFSK, FSK and offset-QPSK. Those modulation schemes are very mature and have potential to further improve raw data rates to meet the requirements of future MBANS applications. • Broad emission bandwidth can significantly prolong MBANS device battery life via limited duty cycle operations. Battery life is an important factor to be considered when designing a MBANS. A higher emission bandwidth (e.g. 5 MHz) enables MBANS devices to operate at higher data rate modes (e.g. > 3 Mbps) and therefore achieve low duty-cycle operation. Low duty-cycle operation facilitates low average power consumption and long battery life. For example, the Nordic nRF24L01+ chipset has a power consumption of 34 mW (0 dBm transmit power) either with 1 Mbps (1 MHz bandwidth) or with 2 Mbps (2 MHz bandwidth) in the transmission mode, a power consumption of 39,3 mW with 1 Mbps and 40,5 mW with 2 Mbps in the receive mode, and a power consumption of 78 µW in the standby mode (standby-I mode). There is almost no difference between the 1 Mbps option and the 2 Mbps option in terms of average power consumption in their TX/RX modes. However, the 2 Mbps option can reduce the duty cycle almost by half and therefore double the battery lifetime compared to the 1 Mbps option. • Broad maximum emission bandwidth is crucial to accommodate health-critical MBANS services. Data loss could cause severe problems in MBANS applications and usually strict link reliability is required. A wide emission bandwidth can enable the link reliability required by healthcare professionals. A wide bandwidth could be used to achieve high spreading gain via spectrum spreading technologies or coding gain via simple channel coding while still maintaining a high enough rate to support MBANS applications. For example, simulation results of data rate modes are shown in figure A.5. The 250 Kbps mode uses the direct sequence spectrum spreading (DSSS) scheme with Offset QPSK (O-QPSK) modulation, which is used in IEEE 802.15.4. The 500 Kbps mode uses the DSSS scheme with O-QPSK modulation, as defined in [i.19]. The 1 Mbps mode uses O-QPSK modulation with a ½-rate repetition code (repeat each symbol twice). The 2 Mbps mode just uses O-QPSK modulation. All the above four data rate modes have the same 20 dB emission bandwidth, which is around 2.6 MHz. From the simulation results, one can see the 250 Kbps, 500 Kbps, and 1 Mbps modes can achieve about 8,3 dB; 5,2 dB and 3 dB signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) gain at the bit error rate of 10-4 respectively, compared to the 2 Mbps data rate mode. This performance-rate tradeoff can be used by a MBANS device to adaptively adjust its transmission to achieve medical- grade performance with low power consumption. When the link quality is good, a MBANS transmitter can use a high data rate mode to achieve low duty- cycle, therefore low power consumption; while when the link quality becomes worse, for example, due to patient body movement or interference from other system, a MBANS transmitter can use a low data rate mode to achieve performance gain, thereby ensuring a QoS appropriate for medical use. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 44 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 10 -8 10 -7 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (dB) Bit error rate 250Kbps, DSSS, O-QPSK 500Kbps, DSSS, O-QPSK 1Mbps, repeatition coding, O-QPSK 2Mbps, O-QPSK Figure A.5: BER performance of O-QPSK with different data rates Second, higher data rates (achieved with a wide bandwidth) enable MBANS devices to finish their transmission in a short period so that they can do retransmissions if needed in the same or other channels to mitigate the effects of external interference and channel fading while still maintaining the point-to-point (P2P) latency requirements. • Broad emission bandwidth can be used to improve compatibility among multiple MBANS devices and with other users in the same frequency band. Limited duty-cycle operation reduces the on-air time of MBANS devices and therefore reduces the possibility of interference to other co-channel users. This also enables multiple MBANSs to co-exist in the same channel with a low collision possibility. Furthermore, a high bandwidth can be utilized to achieve spreading gain so that a lower transmission power could be used, which in turn reduces the interference power to other co-channel users or other MBANSs. This could improve the spectrum reuse efficiency. • Broad emission bandwidth is feasible from practical implementation aspects. An emission bandwidth higher than 5 MHz may complicate MBANS radio implementation, thereby increasing cost and power consumption. If a MBANS has a bandwidth that is wider than the coherence bandwidth of typical MBANS channels, it would require a complicated equalizer to deal with possible multipath fading (or frequency selective fading) and thus increase cost. To obtain a simple implementation, it is preferable to adopt a maximum emission bandwidth that is smaller than the coherence bandwidth of typical MBANS channels. Based on the results presented in [i.28], it is expected that an MBANS channel with a lower central frequency in the 1 785 MHz to 2 500 MHz range usually has a smaller root mean square delay spread and thus a larger coherent bandwidth, since lower frequencies diffract more easily around human body. Therefore, channel measurement results for the 2,45 GHz body area networks (BAN) in the literature can be used to conservatively estimate channel coherent bandwidth of an MBANS channel in the 1 785 MHz to 2 500 MHz frequency range. In [i.20] the authors conducted extensive measurements to study the channel coherence bandwidth of 2,45 GHz BAN channels under different scenarios. It is shown there that in most cases, the coherence bandwidth is at least 5 MHz. That means that with a channel bandwidth of 5 MHz or less, the frequency selective fading effect is negligible and no equalizer is required. Therefore, 5 MHz is a good choice for the maximum emission bandwidth in the sense of simplifying MBANS radio implementation and reducing costs. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 45 Moreover, a bandwidth that is too large usually requires a high sampling rate and signal processing speed, which could increase power consumption. Thus, a very large bandwidth is not desired for MBANS applications since a long battery life is a priority. 5 MHz bandwidth is usually acceptable for those low power applications. For example, an IEEE 802.15.4 radio has a bandwidth of 2,6 MHz while achieving reasonably low power consumption. In summary, 5 MHz maximum emission bandwidth provides a good balance of all the above implementation considerations. This allows for future advancement in technology. A.1.3 Total amount of Spectrum Designation A designation of the 40 MHz spectrum is proposed since such amount of spectrum requested will maximize opportunities for the compatibility of MBANSs and other services to avoid interference through frequency separation, support the co-existence of multiple MBANSs, and provide the spectrum needed for future innovation. • Designating the 40 MHz of spectrum is necessary to lessen interference potential and promote device innovation. a) 40 MHz of spectrum, together with co-existence mechanisms, will enable MBANS devices to efficiently share spectrum with other services without causing interference. A 40 MHz spectrum designation plays a key role in enabling MBANS devices achieving harmonized coexistence with other services. It enables MBANS equipment to use low-power and limited duty cycle, while providing sufficient space for MBANSs to avoid co-channel interference with other services. A 40 MHz spectrum would provide MBANS devices enough spectrum choices to enable interference-free operations of radio services while maintaining a reliable MBANS radio link. With frequency agility, MBANS devices can detect the operations of such services. On detecting another user, MBANS devices can change channels to avoid mutual interference. A 40 MHz designation is critical to support MBANS operations in dense deployment scenarios while providing adequate frequency separation for protection of other services. It should be noted that frequency agility may require detecting the energy emitted by other users, which may lead to an increase in power consumption. Even in the rare case that MBANS devices are not able to detect other users' operations, a larger spectrum designation would reduce the probability that a MBANS would operate within the channel occupied by another user, and therefore a larger designation will mitigate the aggregated interference to other services. For example, if an aeronautical telemetry receiver has a bandwidth of 5 MHz and the total designated MBANS spectrum is 40 MHz, then each MBANS has a probability of 0,125 (5/40) to operate totally within the ATS channel. If there are 100 active MBANSs in a hospital and they select their MBANS channels randomly (with a uniform distribution) and independently, then on average there would be 12,5 MBANSs operating totally within the ATS channel. In the same scenario, if the designated MBANS spectrum is 30 MHz, there would be on average 16,7 MBANSs operating totally within the ATS channel. A larger spectrum designation will therefore reduce aggregated power within any channel and is preferred. Moreover, a 40 MHz spectrum designation will enable MBANS equipment to operate with very low aggregation of radiated power and duty cycle and thus significantly alleviate possible interference to other services. With a 40 MHz spectrum designation, MBANS radios can use wide bandwidth to achieve high data rate and improve performance via techniques like spreading spectrum and coding. High data rate will reduce MBANS operation duty cycle and performance gain will reduce the required transmission power, which results in greatly reduced aggregated interference to other services. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 46 Regarding interference from other services to MBANS devices, it should be noted that a significant MBANS channel bandwidth (5 MHz) together with the need of sufficient channel spacing and several channel choices imply that a significant amount of spectrum, such as 40 MHz, is necessary. Such combination of channel bandwidth and spectrum amount significantly enhances MBANS link performance and thereby improves immunity to in-band interference from other services. With properly designed spectrum spreading and/or channel coding schemes, a high link margin can be achieved. Such high link margin will enable MBANSs to still maintain normal operations within the current channel with guaranteed QoS performance, even in presence of moderate in-band interference. Usually, a modest physical separation from other co-channel users would reduce the interference to MBANSs to levels below the tolerable threshold. In the case that in-band interference signal is detectable by MBANS devices, the MBANS frequency agility and contention-based protocol characteristics will allow MBANSs to switch to a cleaner channel and/or avoid interference. Again, a 40 MHz spectrum designation would play a key role in this situation by maximizing the chances that clear channels will be available to MBANSs. b) 40 MHz spectrum designation is needed to support MBANS co-existence in high-density deployment scenarios The amount of spectrum designation should be capable of supporting MBANS operations with simple radios in high-density deployment cases. It is envisioned that in some cases, such as waiting areas of Emergency Rooms (ERs), elevator lobbies, preparatory areas for imaging services etc., multiple patients with active MBANSs could gather together and frequency coordination and/or contention-based protocols would be required to coordinate the distributed MBANS operations in order to avoid interference among the MBANS devices. Frequency-hopping and listen-before-talk protocols are two popular unsynchronized coordination schemes that are suitable for MBANS applications. In a GE Healthcare analysis previously submitted to the FCC, the performance of a frequency hopping based coordination scheme was studied and the conclusion was that approximately 18 MHz is required to support the co-existence of ten heavily loaded and mobile MBANSs with acceptable packet loss probability Therefore, it is concluded there that "a 40 MHz allocation would provide sufficient bandwidth for MBANS devices utilizing contention-based protocols to operate with sufficiently low packet error rate and without impact to primary radio service users" [i.1]. Here, an analysis considered the performance of another popular contention-based protocol, listen-before-talk or CSMA (channel sensing multiple access) under a wireless ECG MBANS scenario. The ECG MBANS studied here has a star topology, shown in figure A.6, and consists of a multi-lead ECG sensor, a SpO2 sensor, and a hub device. The assumed traffic patterns are: - ECG data: 96 kbps => 1 packet per 8 ms, 111 bytes/packet (with 15 bytes PHY/MAC overhead, based on IEEE 802.15.4 packet structure) - SpO2 data: 1,76 kbps => 1 packet per 0,5 s, 125 bytes/ packet (with 15 bytes PHY/MAC overhead) - Command data : one packet per 30 s, 133 bytes/packet (with 15 bytes PHY/MAC overhead) The CSMA/CA scheme adopted in IEEE 802.15.4 non-beacon mode is one of the proven listen-before-talk schemes and is used here to study the co-existence performance. Some parameters used are: - IEEE 802.15.4 packet structure: 15 bytes overhead (including PHY and MAC) - Maximum back-off number N_bo = 5 - Contention window size: fixed to 127 - Error free transmission (reasonable assumption considering low bit error rate requirement) - Two raw PHY data rates studied: 1 Mbps and 2 Mbps - No ACK to simplify the analysis ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 47 Figure A.6: MBANS Star topology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 -6 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 Number of MBAN networks Packet loss rate Raw data rate: 2 Mbps ECG device SpO2 device Hub device Figure A.7: Packet loss rate performance with 2 Mbps raw data rate ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 48 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 10 -5 10 -4 10 -3 10 -2 10 -1 10 0 Number of MBAN networks Packet loss rate Raw data rate: 1 Mbps ECG device SpO2 device Hub device Figure A.8: Packet loss rate performance with 1 Mbps raw data rate The analysis is based on the results in [i.21]. Here we assume that a packet loss rate, which is caused only by collisions among multiple MBANS devices, of no larger than 10-3 is acceptable for MBANS applications. This is a reasonable performance criteria considering the importance of medical data in high acuity applications. The above figures demonstrate that if the physical layer raw data rate is 1 Mbps, then one channel can support only one MBANS. If two MBANSs co-exist in the same channel, the packet loss rate of a hub device or SpO2 device would exceed 10-3. Therefore, to support ten ECG MBANSs, 10 non-overlapping channels are required. To achieve 1 Mbps with simple radio technology, the channel bandwidth should be at least 1 MHz (~1 MHz for GFSK/FSK with modulation index 0,5 [i.26], ~1,3 MHz for O-QPSK). Therefore, at least 10 MHz spectrum would be needed. Taking into consideration the guard band at each edge of the spectrum, approximately 12 MHz to 15 MHz of spectrum would be required. If the physical layer raw data rate is 2 Mbps, then one channel can support at most two MBANSs. If more than two MBANSs exist on the same channel the packet loss rate of a hub device or SpO2 device would be higher than 10-3. Therefore, to support 10 ECG MBANSs, 5 non-overlapping channels are required. To achieve 2 Mbps with simple radio technology, the channel bandwidth should be at least 2 MHz (~2 MHz for GFSK/FSK with modulation index 0,5; ~2,6 MHz for O-QPSK [i.27]). Therefore, at least 10 MHz of spectrum would be needed. Taking into consideration the guard band at each edge of the spectrum, approximately 12 MHz to 15 MHz spectrum would be required. Based upon these analyses, it is concluded that, "a 40 MHz allocation would provide sufficient bandwidth for MBANS devices utilizing contention-based protocols to operate with sufficiently low packet error rate and without impact to primary radio service users" is also true for devices utilizing listen-before-talk contention-based protocol. For home applications, a 10 MHz bandwidth is sufficient to support at least 2 MBANSs, even if a 6 MHz amateur radio signal is protected. As previously mentioned, the remaining bandwidth should be exclusively used inside healthcare facilities, where a higher density of MBANSs is expected. This restriction can be easily and automatically enabled by means of a healthcare facility mechanism which ensures that operation in such bands is suppressed outside a healthcare facility. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 49 a) 40 MHz spectrum designation affords meaningful frequency diversity that would allow MBANS devices to use lower transmission power and therefore mitigate potential interference to other services. As explained, channel measurement results from the 2,4 GHz body area networks (BAN) literature can be used to study the channel coherent bandwidth characteristics of MBANS channels in the 1 785 MHz to 2 500 MHz range. Based on the measurement results available in the literature, the coherence bandwidth of typical MBANS channels is much less than 40 MHz. The authors of [i.20] conducted extensive measurements to study the channel coherence bandwidth of 2,4 GHz BAN channels under different scenarios. It is shown in [i.20] that, in most cases, the coherence bandwidth is at least 5 MHz. GE Global Research measurements of on-body and body-coupled propagation with body-worn, printed antennas also reveal coherence bandwidths of those channels are much less than 40 MHz [i.1]. Therefore, 40 MHz spectrum designation would allow for good frequency diversity, useful for MBANS devices to combat multipath fading. For example, the retransmission of short data packets on multiple frequency channels is an effective frequency diversity technique that is readily implemented by wireless medical devices using commercially available transceiver chips. The achieved frequency diversity gain would enhance MBANS link quality and allow MBANS devices to use lower transmission power. This would be helpful to mitigate potential interference to other services. In summary, a 40 MHz designation, with 10 MHz for out-of-healthcare-facility use, is sufficient to support multiple MBANS co-existence with currently available contention-based protocols, error correction/detection mechanisms and temporal/frequency diversity. b) A contiguous 40 MHz spectrum designation would provide flexibility for future MBANS innovations A designation of 40 MHz of contiguous spectrum (only possible in the 2 360 MHz to 2 400 MHz and 2 400 MHz to 2 483,5 MHz bands) would benefit future MBANS innovations, which may require lower cost, power consumption, higher data rate, or other features. In particular, a contiguous spectrum designation would simplify MBANS radio RF design and therefore reduce cost and power consumption. A.2 RF safety considerations MBANS devices are usually body worn devices and should be subjected to the RF exposure rules. For the 1 785 MHz to 2 500 MHz frequency range, the localized Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) limit for head and trunk is 2 W/kg and the localised SAR limit for limbs is 4 W/kg, where the localised SAR averaging mass is any 10 gram of contiguous tissue [i.25]. In the worst case, a MBANS device with a transmission power of P mW may generate a localised SAR in 10 gram tissue of P/10 mW/g. Therefore, to meet the SAR limits defined in Council Recommendation 1999/519/EC [i.25], the transmission power P should satisfy: P/10 < 2 000/1 000 mW/g, which is equivalent to P < 20 mW. The proposed maximum radiated power limits for the healthcare facility and the location independent sub-bands are limited to 1 mW and 20 mW respectively. The limited duty cycle of MBANS devices (< 25 %) would reduce the average MBANS transmission power below 20 mW and produce RF exposure well under the SAR limits defined in [i.25]. ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 50 Annex B: Bibliography ECC Report 100: "Compatibility studies in the band 3400- 3800 MHz between broadband wireless access (BWA) systems and other services". EC Decision 2006/771/EC: "Harmonisation of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices and its subsequent amendments". ITU-R Report SM.2153: "Technical and operating parameters and spectrum use for short range radiocommunication devices". ETSI ETSI TR 101 557 V1.1.1 (2012-02) 51 History Document history V1.1.1 February 2012 Publication |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 1 Scope | The present document is a description of the work undertaken by SAGE STF123 to design the GSM GPRS Encryption Algorithm (GEA), and to approve its release to the ETSI Secretariat, acting as custodian for GEA on behalf of ETSI SAGE. The present document also provides some background information concerning the need for and usage of the algorithm and a summary of the procedures that are to be used by the ETSI Secretariat to distribute the algorithm specification and test data. With regard to the design of the algorithm, the scope of the present document is confined to a description of the design criteria, the design methodology and an outline of the content and structure of the specification and test data reports. The algorithm specification and associated test data are documented in the Specification of GEA which consists of the following three documents. • Document 1: Algorithm Specification; • Document 2: Design Conformance Test Data; • Document 3: Algorithm Input / Output Test Data. The first two parts are confidential and their distribution will be restricted by the algorithm custodian, the ETSI secretariat, to a group of approved recipients. With regard to the evaluation of the algorithm, the scope of the present document is restricted to a description of the evaluation criteria, the method of evaluation, the scope of the internal SAGE evaluation report and the conclusions from the evaluation that led to the technical committee approving the specification. Details of the results of the evaluation are recorded in a report which is confidential to ETSI SAGE. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 2 References | The following documents contain provisions which, through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. • References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. • For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. • A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the same number. [1] TS 101 106 (V6.0): "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+); General Packet Radio Service (GPRS); GPRS ciphering algorithm requirements (GSM 01.61 version 5.0.0)". |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: GEA GPRS Encryption Algorithm GPRS General Packet Radio Service SAGE Security Algorithms Group of Experts ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 7 |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 4 Structure of the present document | The material presented in the present document is organized in the subsequent clauses, as follows: • clause 5 provides background information on GEA; • • clause 6 provides an outline of the work plan adopted by ETSI SAGE to design and evaluate the algorithm and to approve the algorithm specification and associated test data for release to the ETSI Secretariat; • clause 7 consists of a summary of the main points in the algorithm requirements specification produced by ETSI SMG10; • clause 8 describes the way in which ETSI SAGE STF123 designed the algorithm and produced the specification and associated test data; • clause 9 gives an overview of the evaluation work carried out by that STF and the conclusions of their evaluation; • clause 10 summarizes the result of the SAGE internal approval procedures; • clause 11 outlines the possibilities to use the algorithm; • clause 12 provides a description of the way in which the documents containing the algorithm specification and test data will be managed. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 5 Background to the GEA | Within the GSM community the need for enhanced data services in GSM have been identified. To fulfil this need ETSI SMG defined a new service for GSM: the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). Security is an important aspect for this service and it was considered that, just like the regular GSM service, the GPRS service required authentication and confidentiality. Authentication in GPRS can be achieved using the regular GSM authentication mechanism. However due to the use of different protocols the confidentiality for GPRS could not be realized using the standard GSM encryption. Therefore SMG10 identified the need to develop a special standard encryption algorithm for GPRS. SMG10 drafted a detailed requirements specification for such an encryption algorithm [1]. Then ETSI SAGE was asked to design the algorithm. To carry out this work ETSI SAGE set up a Special Task Force (STF123) which designed the algorithm and called it GEA. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 6 SAGE STF123 work plan | The start of the work of SAGE STF123 was delayed several times because of procedural problems in making available the required funding. STF 123 carried out some preliminary activities in the last quarter of 1997 and decided to formally start work in January even though no funding for the work was guaranteed at that moment (the actual funding for the work was not made available until April 1998 when the ETSI board decided to fully fund the work). The design was finalized early May 1998. By the second half of May the algorithm was ready for distribution via an interim custodian which was appointed pending the finalization of procedures needed to put ETSI in place as custodian. The total resource budget for the work was 429 man-days. Of this total 387 days were funded by ETSI and 42 were funded by the individual SAGE members participating in the work. Of the resource budget, approximately 205 days were allocated to the design of the algorithm and 150 to the evaluation. The rest was spent on algorithm usage, specification testing and management procedures. To work was carried out by six organizations which were divided into two teams: a design team and an evaluation team. The allocation of budgets over the participating organizations was 22,5 %, 20 %, 20 %, 12,5 %, 12,5 % and 12,5 %. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 8 The work was divided into five main tasks: • PT management (approximately 7 % of the budget); • design (approximately 48 % of the budget); • evaluation (approximately 35 % of the budget); • specification testing (approximately 5 % of the budget); • algorithm usage and management(approximately 5 % of the budget). |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 7 Outline of algorithm requirements specification | The requirements for the design of the GEA were given in [1]. The functional requirements for the algorithm as formulated by ETSI SMG10 are summarized below. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 7.1 Type and Parameters of Algorithm | In [1] the following requirements are stated: The algorithm is to be a symmetric stream cipher. The inputs are the Key (Kc), the frame dependent input (INPUT), and transfer direction (DIRECTION). The output of the ciphering algorithm is the output string (OUTPUT). Relation of the input and output parameters is illustrated in figure 1. INPUT DIRECTION Kc CIPHER ALGORITHM Kc CIPHER ALGORITHM PLAIN TEXT PLAIN TEXT CIPHERED TEXT CIPHERED TEXT SGSN/M S M S/SGSN OUTPUT OUTPUT INPUT DIRECTION Figure 1: Basic GPRS ciphering environment The parameters of the algorithms are to be as follows: • Kc 64 bits; • INPUT 32 bits; • DIRECTION 1 bit; • OUTPUT 1 600 octets. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 9 |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 7.2 Interfaces to the Algorithm | In [1] the following requirements are stated: The following interfaces to the algorithm are defined: • Kc: • K[0], K[1], ..........., K[63]; where K[i] is the Kc bit with label i; • INPUT: • X[0], X[1], ..........., X[31]; where X[i] is the INPUT bit with label i; • DIRECTION: • Z[0]; where Z[0] is the DIRECTION bit with label 0; • OUTPUT: • W[0], W[1], ..........., W[1599]; where W[i] is the data output octet with label i. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 7.3 Modes of Operation | In [1] the following requirement is stated: Uplink and downlink transfers are independent. Hence ciphering for uplink and downlink shall be independent from each other. This contrasts to algorithm A5 where keystreams for both directions are generated from the same input. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 7.4 Implementation and Operational Considerations | In [1] the following requirements are stated: The GPRS performance requirements are specified in GSM 02.60. Requirements refer to an MS, which admits only 1 timeslot GPRS communication (see note 1), and to an MS, which admits GPRS communication over the maximum number of timeslots (see note 2). NOTE 1: An MS which admits only one time slot GPRS communication, the maximum capacity in each direction is 21,4 kbit/s (total rate up to 42,8 kbit/s), 12 initializations per second are assumed (assuming packet length of 500 octets) (scenario 1). NOTE 2: An MS would have a maximum throughput of all 8 timeslots in both directions each transmitting and receiving at their maximum rate of 21,4 kbit/s (total rate up to 342,4 kbit/s), 100 initializations per second are assumed (assuming packet length of 500 octets) (scenario 2). The performance requirements, on the GPRS ciphering algorithm, as used in scenario 1, are expected to be similar to the performance of the existing A5 algorithm. It is also expected that the performance increases linearly depending on the number of timeslots, the MS is able to use for GPRS. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 10 |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 7.5 Resilience of Algorithm | In [1] the following requirements are stated: The algorithm needs to be designed with a view to its continuous use for a period of at least 10 years. The security shall provide at least comparable protection as the baseline security provided by the GSM encryption algorithms. ETSI SAGE are required to design the algorithm to a strength which reflects the above qualitative requirements. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 7.6 Restrictions on Export | In [1] the following requirements are stated: An algorithm with minimal restrictions on exports when licensed and managed as described in clause 5 is desired because of the global use of GSM. (The referenced clause 5 is that of document [1] which outlines the Algorithm Usage and Management as described in clauses 11 and 12 of the present document.) |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 8 Algorithm design | |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 8.1 Design criteria | The requirements for the design of the GEA outlined in clause 7 and parts of [1] were translated by STF123 to a number of design criteria and starting points for the design. These are summarized below. ALGORITHM BASICS • The algorithm shall be a stream cipher. • The algorithm input parameters are a 64-bit key, and a 32-bit IV and a single bit "direction" flag. • The algorithm should be generally exportable taking into account current export restrictions. • The strength should be optimized taking into account the above requirement. IMPLEMENTATION CONSTRAINTS • The preferred method of implementation is in hardware therefore algorithm design may take a bit-orientated approach in preference to a byte-orientated approach. • Before release of the final algorithm specification there should, if possible, be an assessment by potential implementers that the complexity and performance of the algorithm are acceptable. PLAIN TEXT DATA • The payload can vary between 5 and 1 600 octets (including the FCS). • Normal use of the algorithm is either short packets (25 to 50 octets) or long packets (500 to 1 000 octets). • Packet size is dependent on the application and no assumption can be made that successive packets are likely to be of the same length. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 11 ALGORITHM OUTPUT • The minimum length of the output string is 5 octets. • The maximum length (1 600 octets) of the output string is the maximum length of the payload of the LLC frame, including the FCS (Frame Check Sequence, 3 octets). |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 8.2 Design methodology | The algorithm was designed using an iterative, interactive and phased approach which is summarized below: • Phase 1: The design team produced a first design proposal for the algorithm. This was presented for consideration by the evaluation team. • Phase 2: Based on the results from the evaluation team, the design team revised the design to produce a second design proposal for the algorithm. This design was again reviewed by the evaluation team. • Phase 3: After the evaluation an algorithm design was fixed in principle. This design was subjected to a detailed analysis by the evaluation team. In parallel a modified version of the algorithm design, which was equivalent from the point of view of complexity and performance, was provided to four interested manufacturers for a preliminary evaluation. • Phase 4: Having reviewed the results of the analysis by the evaluation team and the results of the complexity and performance pre-evaluation by manufacturers, the design team prepared the final specification, and generated the conformance test data. A document containing "The rules for Management of the GEA" and a final internal SAGE evaluation report were drafted. Furthermore two test implementations were carried out to check the correctness and completeness of the specification. Finally a TR on the work undertaken was drafted (the present document). |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 8.3 Specification and test data | The algorithm specification and associated test data are documented in the Specification of GEA which consists of the following three documents: • Document 1: Algorithm Specification; • Document 2: Design Conformance Test Data; • Document 3: Algorithm Input / Output Test Data. The first two parts are confidential and their distribution will be restricted by the algorithm custodian, the ETSI secretariat, to a group of approved recipients (see clause 12). Document 1 is normative and contains the formal specification of the functional elements of GEA. There are two informative annexes to Document 1. The first annex consists of illustrative diagrams to aid understanding of the specification. The second annex consists of an example programme listing of the algorithm in 'C'. Document 2 is informative and provides design conformance test data designed to help verify implementations of the algorithm. The document identifies the relevant intermediate points in the algorithm where test data is provided. Then it gives input, internal and output parameters at these points, and provides different sets of test data listings. Document 3 is informative and provides test data designed to help verify the correct functioning of the algorithm seen as a "black box". The document identifies the input and output interfaces and provides a number of sets for the different modes of operation of the algorithm. The test sets are designed in such a way that all elements of any functions in the algorithm are used at least once. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 12 |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 9 Algorithm evaluation | |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 9.1 Evaluation criteria | The evaluation team decided to take the requirements listed in clause 7 as the basis for evaluation. In particular this means that the mathematical analysis was based on the requirements quoted in subclause 7.5. An additional requirement was that the algorithm would pass all the usual statistical tests for stream ciphers. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 9.2 Method of evaluation | The evaluation and design teams interacted at the end of the phases 1 and 2. During phase 3 there was a closer co-operation between the design and evaluation teams and the final (minor) modifications were discussed together. In addition during this phase potential manufacturers of GPRS systems assessed the complexity and performance of an equivalent algorithm. The methods employed by the evaluation team may be summarized as follows: • during the second and third phase of the work, a detailed mathematical analysis of the algorithm and its component functions as well as statistical analysis of the output of the algorithm in relation to the input and the key; • an evaluation by external parties of a modified, but from complexity and performance perspective equivalent, version of the algorithm; • final round of extensive statistical analysis of the final design in which the statistical properties of the algorithm output were tested in relation to the input and the key; • an independent assessment of the final design by the STF of the performance of the algorithm for hardware and software implementations. Two parties not directly involved in the design and evaluation teams also evaluated the adequacy of the specification. To this end, these parties made independent simulations of the algorithm from the specification and confirmed these against the test data. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 9.3 Evaluation report | The evaluation report provides details of the work undertaken by the evaluation team and the results of their efforts. The report includes chapters on the following topics: acceptance criteria, description and mathematical evaluation of intermediate and final algorithm designs, performance and complexity evaluation, statistical evaluation, and algebraic evaluation. The evaluation report is for internal use by SAGE, and will not be published or otherwise made available outside of SAGE. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 13 |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 9.4 Conclusion of evaluation | The main conclusions of the evaluation were as follows: • The algorithm is a bit oriented key stream generator. • The complexity and performance of the algorithm are such that it is suitable for implementation in hardware. This conclusion was confirmed by the pre-evaluation. Assessments made by the STF indicate that the achievable hardware speeds assuming a 50 MHz clock range from 3,6 (block length 50 byte) to 6,1 (block length 1 500 byte) Mbytes/sec. Software implementations may not be possible in GSM GPRS hand sets, but can be realized in the GSM GPRS infrastructure. A straightforward C implementation of the algorithm on a Pentium, 75 MHz, Windows 95 achieved speeds of from 110 (block length 50 byte) to 143 (block length 1 500 byte) kbytes/sec. On a Pentium II, 300 MHz, Windows NT 4.0 the achieved speeds range from 297 (block length 50 byte) to 391 (block length 1 500 byte) kbytes/sec. • The algorithm passed all the statistical tests applied at the appropriate significance levels; the statistical tests which were performed on the algorithm as a whole included typical statistical tests for a stream cipher such as the Frequency test, Overlapping m-tuple test, Gap test, Run test, Coupon-Collectors test, the universal Maurer test, the Poker test, the Correlation test, the Rank test, the Linear Complexity test, the Ziv-Lempel Complexity test. The algorithm was also tested as a block cipher using Dependence tests with satisfactory results. • In general the algorithm will be exportable under the current national export restrictions on cryptography applied in European countries. • Within this operational context, the algorithm provides an adequate level of security against eavesdropping of GSM GPRS services. 10 Release of algorithm, specification and test data by SAGE Prior to release of the algorithm specification and test data, the following approvals were gained. • All members of SAGE stated that they were satisfied that within its operational context the algorithm provides an adequate level of security against eavesdropping of the GSM GPRS service. • All members of SAGE stated that they had discussed exportability of the algorithm with their appropriate national authority, and that their authority had confirmed that the algorithm was in principle exportable in its intended use as described in [1]; thus confirmation was obtained from six national authorities. Major restrictions on the export of the algorithm specification or algorithm implementations are not foreseen. In specific cases export problems for the algorithm specification or algorithm implementations can occur however. • All members of SAGE approved release of the algorithm specification and test data to the ETSI Secretariat, acting as custodian for the GEA on behalf of ETSI SAGE. However, until the ETSI Secretariat obtains an export licence for the algorithm an interim custodian will maintain custody of the algorithm. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 14 |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 11 Algorithm Ownership and Usage | |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 11.1 GEA Ownership | The algorithm and all copyright to the algorithm and test data specifications shall be owned exclusively by ETSI. The design authority for the algorithm shall be ETSI SAGE. The algorithm specification shall not be published as an ETSI standard or otherwise made publicly available, but shall be provided to organizations that need and are entitled to receive it subject to a licence and confidentiality agreement. The licence and confidentiality agreement shall require recipient of the specification not to attempt to patent the algorithm or otherwise register an Intellectual Property Right (IPR) relating to the algorithm or its use. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 11.2 Users of the GEA specification | The algorithm specification may be made available to the following types of organizations: • organizations which are designer of or competent to manufacture GSM GPRS systems, where the GEA is included in the systems; • organizations which are designer of or competent to manufacture components for GSM GPRS systems, where at least one of the components includes the GEA; • organizations which are designer of or competent to manufacture a GSM GPRS system simulator for approval testing of GSM GPRS systems, where the simulator includes the GEA; and • organizations which are an operator of a GSM GPRS system which includes the GEA. |
8b83666eb16eefa1dabcd64441cd1d6f | 101 375 | 11.3 Licensing | Recipients of the algorithm specification, shall be required to sign a licence and confidentiality agreement. Appropriate licence and confidentiality agreements shall be drawn up by ETSI. Licences shall be royalty free. However, the algorithm custodian may impose a charge to cover administrative costs involved in issuing the licences. The licence and confidentiality agreement signed by an organization that needs the algorithm specification, shall require that organization to adopt measures to ensure that handling of the algorithm specification and implementations of the algorithm are commensurate with the need to maintain confidentiality of the algorithm. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 15 12 Management and distribution procedures for the algorithm specification The algorithm specification and associated test data are documented: Specification of the GEA consisting of the three documents listed in subclause 8.3. All three documents are distributed by the custodian of the algorithm, the ETSI secretariat. The contact person is: Mr Pierre De Courcel Fax +33 4 93 654716 ETSI F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex France Both Documents 1 and 2 will not be published as part of any standard or be made publicly available. Their distribution will be restricted by the algorithm custodian to a group of approved recipients, and this distribution will be subject to a "Licence and confidentiality agreement". The detailed rules for the management and distribution of the algorithm specification and associated test data can be found in annex A. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 16 Annex A (informative): Rules for the management of the standard GSM GPRS Encryption Algorithm (GEA) Version1.1; May 1998 ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 17 A.1 Introduction The purpose of the present document is to specify the rules for the management of the Standard GSM GPRS Encryption Algorithm (GEA). The management structure is defined in clause A.2. This structure is defined in terms of the principals involved in the management of the GEA (ETSI, ETSI SMG, GEA Custodian and Approved Recipients) together with the relationships and interactions between them. The procedures for delivering the GEA to Approved Recipients are defined in clause A.3. This clause is supplemented by Appendix 1 which specifies the items which are to be delivered. Clause A.4 is concerned with the criteria for approving an organization for receipt of the GEA and with the responsibilities of an Approved Recipient. This clause is supplemented by Appendix 2 which contains a Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking to be signed by each Approved Recipient. Clause A.5 is concerned with the appointment and responsibilities of the GEA Custodian. A.1.1 GEA Specification Documents The specification of the GEA consists of the following three documents. 1 Specification of the GPRS Encryption Algorithm (GEA) Document 1: Algorithm Specification 2 Specification of the GPRS Encryption Algorithm (GEA) Document 2: Design Conformance Test Data 3 Specification of the GPRS Encryption Algorithm (GEA) Document 3: Algorithm Input / Output Test Data The rules for management as described in the present document apply for Documents 1 and 2 only. Document 3 will be a publicly available document and its distribution will not be subject to any rules. A.2 GEA Management Structure The management structure is depicted in figure 1. The figure shows the three principals involved in the management of the GEA and the relationships and interactions between them. ETSI is the owners of the GEA algorithm. The ETSI Secretariat together with ETSI SMG sets the approval criteria for receipt of the algorithm (see clause A.4). The GEA Custodian is the interface between ETSI and the Approved Recipients of the GEA. The custodian shall be the ETSI Secretariat unless it is decided by ETSI Secretariat and/or ETSI SMG to delegate this task to a third party on the basis of an agreement signed between the latter and the ETSI Secretariat. The GEA Custodian's duties are detailed in clause A.5. They include distributing the GEA to Approved Recipients, as detailed in clause A.3, providing limited technical advice to Approved Recipients and providing algorithm status reports to ETSI SMG. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 18 Key to Figure: a = Agreement between GEA Custodian and ETSI b = Status reports and recommendations c = Setting of approval criteria d = Restricted details of the GEA register 1 = Request for GEA 2 = Check of request against approval criteria 3/4= Exchange of Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking 5 = Dispatch of GEA Specification 6 = Update the GEA register 7 = Document filing 8 = Technical advice Approved recipient of GEA 1 4 GEA Custodian 3 5 8 Approval Criteria GEA Register GEA File a b ETSI / ETSI SMG 2 6 7 c d Figure A.1: GEA Management Structure ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 19 A.3 Distribution Procedures A.3.1 Distribution by GEA Custodian The following procedures for distributing the GEA to Approved Recipients are defined with reference to figure 1. • The GEA Custodian receives a written request for N copies of the GEA Specification (see note 1), where N should not be bigger than six. • The GEA Custodian checks whether the requesting organization meets the approval criteria (see clause A.4). • If the request is approved, the GEA Custodian dispatches 2 copies of the Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking (as given in Appendix 2) for signature by the Approved Recipient (see notes 2 and 6) together with a copy of the present document (Rules for the Management of the Standard GSM GPRS Encryption Algorithm). • Both copies of the Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking must be signed by the approved recipient (see notes 5 and 7) and returned to the GEA Custodian, together with the payment of charges if any. • The GEA Custodian sends up to N (note 3) numbered copies of the GEA Specification to the Approved Recipient, together with one countersigned copy of the returned Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking and a covering letter (see notes 4 and 6). • The GEA Custodian updates the GEA Register by recording the name and address of the recipient, the numbers of the copies of the GEA Specification delivered and the date of delivery. If the original request is not approved, the GEA Custodian records the name and address of the requesting organization and the reason for rejecting the request in the GEA Register (see also note 8). • The GEA Custodian countersigns and files the second returned copy of the Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking in the GEA File together with a copy of the covering letter sent to the Approved Recipient. NOTE 1: Requests for the GEA Specification may be made directly to the GEA Custodian or through ETSI, where appropriate. NOTE 2: The confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking specifies the number of copies requested. NOTE 3: The covering letter specifies the numbers of the copies delivered. NOTE 4: The GEA Custodian sends all items listed in Appendix 1. Requests for part of the package of items are rejected. NOTE 5: An organization may request the specification on behalf of a second organization to which it is subcontracting work which requires the specification. In this case, the first organization is responsible for returning a Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking signed by the second organization. Refer to the Transfer details given in A.3.2. NOTE 6: Under normal circumstances the Custodian is expected to respond within 25 working days, excluding the delay of the procedures with the National Authorities. NOTE 7: The approved recipient has to be a legal representative of the receiving organization. NOTE 8: If a GEA Specification is returned to the GEA Custodian (for example the recipient may decide not to make use of the information), then the GEA Custodian destroys the specification and enter a note to this effect in the GEA Register. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 20 A.3.2 Transfers by a Beneficiary An organization which has already been approved and has obtained GEA specification may transfer one or more of these specifications to a second organization which requires the specification. In this case, the first organization shall ensure that the second organization meets the approval criteria. The first organization shall get the second organization to sign two copies of the Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking. The first organization then sends these to the GEA Custodian, together with the numbers of the specifications which are to be transferred. The GEA Custodian then enters the transfer details in the GEA Register, countersigns the Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertakings, returns one of these together with a covering letter to the first organization , and files the other and a copy of the letter in the GEA File. The first organization is responsible for passing (a copy of) the countersigned Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking to the second organization. A.4 Approval Criteria The approval criteria are set by the ETSI Secretariat together with ETSI SMG and maintained by the GEA Custodian. The GEA Custodian may recommend changes to these criteria. In order for an organization to be considered an Approved Recipient of the GEA it has to satisfy at least one of the following criteria: • The organization is designer of or competent to manufacture GSM GPRS systems, where the GEA is included in the systems. • The organization is designer of or competent to manufacture components for GSM GPRS systems, where at least one of the components includes the GEA. • The organization is designer of or competent to manufacture a GSM GPRS system simulator for approval testing of GSM GPRS systems, where the simulator includes the GEA. • The organization is an operator of a GSM GPRS system which includes the GEA. The GEA Custodian will decide whether an organization requesting the GEA Specification may be considered to be an Approved Recipient. Any doubtful cases will be referred back to ETSI Secretariat or ETSI SMG. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 21 A.5 The GEA Custodian A.5.1 Responsibilities The GEA Custodian is expected to perform the following tasks: • To approve requests for the GEA by reference to the Approval Criteria given in clause A.4. • To exchange the Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking with Approved Recipients as described in clause A.3. • To obtain the Administrative authorization and export licences required by the National Authorities of its country if any. • To distribute the GEA Specification as detailed in clause A.3 (see note 1). • To maintain the GEA Register as described in clause A.3. • To hold in custody the contents of the GEA File as specified in clause A.3. • To provide recipients of the GEA with limited technical support, i.e., answer written queries arising from the specification or test data (see note 2). • To advise ETSI/ETSI SMG of any problems arising with the approval criteria. • In the light of written queries from recipients of the GEA Specification, to make recommendations to ETSI/ETSI SMG for improvements / corrections to the specification and, subject to ETSI/ETSI SMG approval, make and distribute the changes (see note 3). • To provide ETSI/ETSI SMG with information from the GEA Register when requested to do so. NOTE 1: Registered postage will be used. If recipients require a different delivery service then they can be expected to pay the full costs. NOTE 2: The GEA Custodian will only endeavour to answer questions relating to the GEA Specification. He is not expected to provide technical support for development programmes. NOTE 3: Numbered copies of any changes to the GEA Specification must be automatically distributed to all recipients of the specification and a record of the distribution entered in the GEA Register. A.5.2 Appointment The GEA Custodian is: ETSI Secretariat The contact person is: Mr Pierre De Courcel Fax +33 4 93 65 47 16 ETSI F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex France Until the Custodian has arranged all administrative procedures required, an Interim Custodian will be appointed. This Interim Custodian is: ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 22 KPN Research, the Netherlands The contact person is: Mr Gert Roelofsen Fax +31 70 3326477 KPN Research PO Box 421 NL-2260 AK Leidschendam The Netherlands Both the GEA Custodian as well as the Interim Custodian will ask a fee from the recipient to cover the cost of distribution of the specification document 1 and specification document 2. This fee is set to ECU 1 000,-per request. Both the GEA Custodian as the Interim Custodian may ask an optional fee from the recipient to cover the cost of distribution of the specification document 3. All requests for either the GEA specification document 1 and specification document should be addressed to the indicated contact person or to ETSI. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 23 Appendix 1: Items delivered to Approved Recipient of GEA ITEM-1: Up to N numbered copies to the GEA Specification where N is the number of copies requested. ITEM-2: A countersigned Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking. ITEM-3: A cover letter from and signed by the GEA Custodian listing the delivered items (ITEM-1 and ITEM-2 above) and the numbers of the specifications delivered (see note). NOTE: In case of a transfer (see A.3.2), only ITEM-2 and the cover letter are delivered. Moreover, the cover letter details the numbers of the transferred specifications. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 24 Appendix 2: Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking CONFIDENTIALITY AND RESTRICTED USAGE UNDERTAKING relating to the GEA algorithm for the protection of the information exchanged over the radio channels of a GSM General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) System . BETWEEN (COMPANY NAME) ..................................................................................................................... (COMPANY ADDRESS) ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... hereinafter called: the BENEFICIARY; AND (COMPANY NAME) ..................................................................................................................... (COMPANY ADDRESS) ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................... hereinafter called: the CUSTODIAN. Whereas The BENEFICIARY has alleged supported by additional information provided, that he fulfils at least one of the following criteria: • He is designer of or competent to manufacture GSM GPRS where GSM GPRS Standard Encryption Algorithm (hereinafter referred to as GEA) is included in the systems. • He is designer of or competent to manufacture components for GSM GPRS systems where at least one of the components include the GEA. • He is designer of or competent to manufacture GSM GPRS system simulator for approval testing of GSM GPRS systems where the simulator includes the GEA. The CUSTODIAN undertakes to give to the BENEFICIARY: - registered copies of the detailed specification of the confidentiality algorithm for protection of the information exchanged over the radio channels of a GSM GPRS system. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 25 The BENEFICIARY undertakes: 1) To keep strictly confidential all information contained in the detailed specification of the GEA and all related communications written or verbal which have been associated with that information before and after the signature of the present undertaking (the "INFORMATION"). 2) Not to make copies of the GEA specifications (all copies of these specifications must be produced, numbered and registered by the GEA Custodian). 3) Not to disclose the INFORMATION to any third party without prior and explicit authorization in writing by the CUSTODIAN. 4) To the best of his ability to take measures to avoid that his personnel disclose to third parties, without prior and explicit authorization in writing by the CUSTODIAN, all or part of the INFORMATION. 5) To use the INFORMATION in the GEA specification exclusively for the provision of GSM GPRS components, systems or services, thus refraining from making any other use of the GEA or information in the GEA specification. 6) Not to register, or attempt to register, any IPR (patents or the like rights) relating to the GEA and containing all or part of the INFORMATION. 7) To design his equipment, to the best of his ability, in a manner that protects the GEA from disclosure and ensures that it cannot be used for any purpose other than to provide the GSM GPRS services for which it is intended. These services are specified in the documents: ETSI GSM 02.60 (GPRS Service Description: Stage 1), ETSI GSM 03.60 (GPRS Service Description: Stage 2), and ETSI GSM 3.64 (Overall description of the GPRS Radio Interface: Stage 2). 8) Not to subcontract any part of the design and build of his equipment, or the provision of his GSM GPRS services, which requires a knowledge of the GEA, to any organization which has not signed the Confidentiality and Restricted Usage Undertaking. 9) Not to publish a description or analysis of any aspects which may disclose the operation of the GEA in any document that is circulated outside the premises of the BENEFICIARY. The above restriction shall not apply to information which: • is or subsequently becomes (other than by breach by the BENEFICIARY of its obligations under this agreement) public knowledge; or • is received by the BENEFICIARY without restriction on disclosure or use from a third party and without breach by a third party of any obligations of confidentiality to the CUSTODIAN. If, after five years from the effective date hereof, the BENEFICIARY has not used the INFORMATION, or if he is no more active in the business mentioned above, he shall return the written INFORMATION which he has received. The BENEFICIARY is not authorized to keep copies or photocopies; it is forbidden for him to make any further use of the INFORMATION. In the event that the BENEFICIARY breaches the obligations of confidentiality imposed on him pursuant to clause 1 to 9 above and ETSI demonstrates that it has suffered loss as a direct result of such breach, the BENEFICIARY agrees to indemnify ETSI for such reasonable losses which are a direct result of such breach provided that such indemnity shall not extend to any losses incurred by ETSI as a result of any third party claiming against ETSI for any consequential or incidental losses (including loss of profits) suffered by that third party. All disputes which derive from the present undertaking or its interpretation shall be settled by the Court of Justice situated in Grasse (Alpes Maritimes), in accordance with the procedures of this Court of Arbitration and with the application of French Law regarding questions of interpretation. The obligations of confidentiality herein shall not apply vis-à-vis other BENEFICIARIES. Evidence of being a BENEFICIARY shall be given by providing a certified copy of this undertaking duly undersigned. ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 26 This undertaking supersedes all prior confidentiality and restricted scope undertakings between the parties and constitutes the entire agreement between the parties. All amendments to this undertaking shall be agreed in writing and signed by a duly authorized representative of each of the parties. Made in two originals, one of which is for the PROVIDER, the other for the BENEFICIARY. For the CUSTODIAN For the BENEFICIARY ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... ..................................... (Name, Title (typed)) (Name, Title (typed)) ..................................... ..................................... (Date) (Date) ETSI TR 101 375 V1.1.1 (1998-09) 27 History Document history V1.1.1 September 1998 Publication ISBN 2-7437-2503-6 Dépôt légal : Septembre 1998 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 1 Scope | The scope of this work is to consider a standardization scenario for Broadband Satellite Multimedia: • Phase 2: TR 101 374-2, "Standardization Objectives for Broadband Satellite Multimedia: The Standardization Scenario"; based upon the report: • Phase 1: TR 101 374-1 [2], "Survey on Standardization Objectives for Broadband Satellite Multimedia". The standardization approach, relevant issues, actions and further work that should be undertaken within ETSI is analysed and presented. This Phase 2 analyses the various possibilities of harmonized and voluntary standardization, based on among other issues, the GMM report [19] and the GMM companion document [20], and taking into account the R&TTE directive 1999/05/EC [22]. The standardization scenario also addresses issues mentioned in the Phase 1 report, as: Fixed Mobile Convergence, Virtual Home Environment, Number Portability, Radio Air Interface, I-F Interface, Application, User Interface, and Gateway Interface. The conclusions define the Standardization scenario, including identification of standards proposed to be produced by ETSI. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 2 References | The following documents contain provisions, which through reference in this text, constitute provisions of the present document. • References are either specific (identified by date of publication, edition number, version number, etc.) or non-specific. • For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply. • For a non-specific reference, the latest version applies. • A non-specific reference to an ETS shall also be taken to refer to later versions published as an EN with the same number. [1] ETSI, TR 101 118: "Network Aspects (NA); High level network architecture and solutions to support number portability". [2] ETSI, TR 101 374-1: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Broadband satellite multimedia; Part 1: Survey on standardization objectives". [3] ETSI, TR 101 458: "Universal Mobile Telecommunications Services (UMTS); Future direction of standards work on UMTS / IMT-2000 (TR 101 458 v1.0.0)". [4] ETSI, TS 122 121: "Digital cellular telecommunications system (Phase 2+) (GSM); Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS); Service aspects; The Virtual Home Environment (3G TS 22.121 version 3.1.0 Release 1999)". [5] ETSI, ETR 154: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Implementation guidelines for the use of MPEG-2 Systems, Video and Audio in satellite, cable and terrestrial broadcasting applications". [6] ETSI, ES 201 158: "Telecommunications Security; Lawful Interception (LI); Requirements for network functions". [7] ETSI, ES 201 671: "Telecommunications security; Lawful Interception (LI); Handover interface for the lawful interception of telecommunications traffic". ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 16 [8] ETSI, EG 202 306: "Transmission and Multiplexing (TM); Access networks for residential customers". [9] ETSI, EN 300 421: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure, channel coding and modulation for 11/12 GHz satellite services". [10] ETSI, ETS 300 802: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Network-independent protocols for DVB interactive services". [11] ETSI, ETS 300 468: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Specification for Service Information (SI) in DVB systems". [12] ETSI, EN 301 005 (all parts): "V interfaces at the digital Service Node (SN); Interfaces at the VB5.1 reference point for the support of broadband or combined narrowband and broadband Access Networks (ANs)". NOTE 1: Parts 3 and 4 are not yet published. [13] ETSI, EN 301 192: "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); DVB specification for data broadcasting". [14] ETSI, EN 301 217 (all parts): "V interfaces at the digital Service Node (SN); Interfaces at the VB5.2 reference point for the support of broadband or combined narrowband and broadband Access Networks (ANs)". NOTE 2: Parts 3 and 4 are not yet published. [15] ETSI, EN 301 358: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite User Terminals (SUT) using satellites in geostationary orbit operating in the 19,7 GHz to 20,2 GHz (space-to-earth) and 29,5 GHz to 30 GHz (earth-to-space) frequency bands". [16] ETSI, EN 301 359: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite Interactive Terminals (SIT) using satellites in geostationary orbit operating in the 11 GHz to 12 GHz (space-to-earth) and 29,5 GHz to 30,0 GHz (earth-to-space) frequency bands". [17] ETSI, EN 301 459: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Harmonized EN for Satellite Interactive Terminals (SIT) and Satellite User Terminals (SUT) transmitting towards satellites in geostationary orbit in the 29,5 to 30,0 GHz frequency bands covering essential requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive". NOTE 3: Not yet published. [18] ETSI, ETR 331: "Security Techniques Advisory Group (STAG); Definition of user requirements for lawful interception of telecommunications; Requirements of the law enforcement agencies". [19] ETSI GMM Report: "Global Multimedia Mobility: A standardization framework for multimedia mobility in the information society". 1996. [20] ETSI GMM Companion Document (V.3.0.1, 17 June 1999): "GMM: Seamless Service Offering, Giving users consistent access to Application/Service Portfolios independent of Access Network and Core Network". [21] Squire Sanders & Dempsey and Analysys (1998): "Adapting The EU Telecoms Regulatory Framework To The Developing Multimedia Environment. A Study for the European Commission (Directorate-General XIII)". NOTE 4: The above reference can be found at http://193.118.248.19/products/internet/ecreport/default.htm. [22] Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March 1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications equipment and the mutual recognition of their conformity. [23] ITU-T Recommendation G.826 (1999): "Error performance parameters and objectives for international, constant bit rate digital paths at or above the primary rate". ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 17 [24] ITU-T Recommendation G.902: "Framework Recommendation on functional access networks (AN) - Architecture and functions, access types, management and service node aspects". [25] ITU-T Recommendation G.967.1 (1998): "V-interfaces at the service node (SN): VB5.1 reference point specification". [26] ITU-T Recommendation G.967.2 (1999): "V-interfaces at the service node (SN): VB5.2 reference point specification". [27] ITU-T Recommendation I.356 (1996): "B-ISDN ATM layer cell transfer performance". [28] ITU-T Recommendation I.357 (1996): "B-ISDN semi-permanent connection availability". [29] ITU-T Recommendation M.3010 (1996): "Principles for a Telecommunications management network". [30] ITU-T Recommendation Q.708 (1999): "Sub STM-0 network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH)". [31] ITU-T Recommendation Y.100: "General overview of the Global Information Infrastructure standards development". [32] ITU-T Recommendation Y.110: "Global Information Infrastructure principles and framework architecture". [33] ITU-T Recommendation Y.120: "Global Information Infrastructure scenario methodology". [34] ITU-R Recommendation M.1167 (1995): "Framework for the satellite component of International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)". [35] IETF RFC 2760: "Ongoing TCP Research Related to Satellites", February 2000. [36] IETF RFC 2488 (1999): "Enhancing TCP Over Satellite Channels using Standard Mechanisms". [37] ATM Forum UNI 3.1: "ATM User-Network Interface Specification V3.1", 1994. [38] ATM Forum AF-RBB-0099.000: "Residential Broadband Architectural Framework", July 1998. [39] ATM Forum/98-0828: "A Progress Report on the Standards Development for Satellite ATM Networks", November 1998. [40] ATM Forum/98-0735: "Infrastructure Mobility and Satellite Access Sub Group Work Plans", October 1998. [41] TIA/EIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS BULLETIN: "High Level Requirements for Common Air Interface for GEO-mobile (Super-GEO) Satellite Communications Featuring Interoperation with Terrestrial GSM, TIA/EIA/TSB 90", August 1998. [42] TIA/EIA TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEMS BULLETIN Satellite ATM Networks: Architectures and Guidelines, TIA/EIA/TSB-91, April 1998. [43] NASA (1998): WTEC Panel Report on Global Satellite Communications Technology and Systems. NOTE 5: The above reference can be found at http://www.itri.loyola.edu/satcom2/toc.htm. [44] I. Mertzanis et al, "Protocol architectures for satellite ATM broadband networks", IEEE Communications Magazine, March 1999. [45] ITU-R Recommendation S.1062: "Allowable error performance for a hypothetical reference digital path operating at or above the primary rate". [46] ITU-R Recommendation M.1343: "Essential technical requirements of mobile Earth stations for global non-geostationary mobile-satellite service systems in the band 1 GHz to 3 GHz". [47] ISO/IEC 16500 (all parts): "Information technology - Generic digital audio-visual systems". ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 18 [48] EN 300 652: "Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN); HIgh PErformance Radio Local Area Network (HIPERLAN) Type 1; Functional specification". [49] I-ETS 300 819: "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); Functional specification of usage metering information management on the Operations System/Network Element (OS/NE) interface". [50] EN 300 292: "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); Functional specification of call routeing information management on the Operations System/Network Element (OS/NE) interface". [51] EN 300 291 (all parts): "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); Functional specification of Customer Administration (CA) on the Operations System/Network Element (OS/NE) interface". NOTE 6: Part 2 is not yet published. [52] ETS 300 673: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC) standard for 4/6 GHz and 11/12/14 GHz Very Small Aperture Terminal (VSAT) equipment and 11/12/13/14 GHz Satellite News Gathering (SNG) Transportable Earth Station (TES) equipment". [53] EN 301 261-3: "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); Security; Part 3: Security services; Authentication of users and entities in a TMN environment". [54] ES 201 386: "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); Service Switching Function (SSF) management information model". [55] TR 101 648: "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); Managed object modelling guidelines". [56] ES 200 653: "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); Network level generic class library". [57] EN 301 271: "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); Management interfaces associated with the VB5.1 reference point". [58] ES 201 654: "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); X interface; SDH path provisioning and fault management". [59] EN 300 820 (all parts): "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) management information model for X interface between Operation Systems (OSs) of a Virtual Path (VP)/Virtual Channel (VC) cross connected networks". NOTE 7: All parts are not yet published. [60] Directive 89/336/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility. [61] TR 101 673: "Technical Framework for the Provision of Interoperable ATM Services; Overview". [62] EG 201 399: "A guide to the production of Harmonized standards for application under the R&TTE Directive". [63] Directive 98/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 February 1998 relating to telecommunications terminal equipment and satellite earth station equipment, including the mutual recognition of their conformity. [64] Directive 98/34/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 June 1998 laying down a procedure for the provision of information in the field of technical standards and regulations. [65] CEPT/ERC/REC 01-07: "Harmonized regime for exemption from individual licensing of radio equipment". [66] IEEE 1394: "IEEE Standard for a High Performance Serial Bus". ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 19 [67] ITU-T Recommendation G.982: "Optical access networks to support services up to the ISDN primary rate or equivalent bit rates". [68] ITU-T Recommendation G.783: "Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) equipment functional blocks". [69] ITU-T Recommendation H.323: "Packet based multimedia communications systems". [70] ITU-T Recommendation Z.130: "ITU object definition language". [71] ITU-T Recommendation E.164: "The international public telecommunication numbering plan". [72] ITU-T Recommendation X.25: "Interface between Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) and Data Circuit-terminating Equipment (DCE) for terminals operating in the packet mode and connected to public data networks by dedicated circuit". [73] ITU-T Recommendation Q.2931: "Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 2 (DSS 2) – User- Network Interface (UNI) layer 3 specification for basic call/connection control". [74] ITU-T Recommendation X.509: "Information technology – Open Systems Interconnection – The Directory: authentication framework". [75] ITU-T Recommendation I.371: "Traffic control and congestion control in B-ISDN". [76] ITU-T Recommendation I.610: "B-ISDN operation and maintenance principles and functions". [77] ITU-T Recommendation M.3100: "Generic network information model". [78] ITU-R Recommendation M.817: "International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000). Network architectures". [79] ITU-R Recommendation M.818: "Satellite operation within International Mobile Telecommunications-2000 (IMT-2000)". [80] EN 301 005-1: "V interfaces at the digital Service Node (SN); Interfaces at the VB5.1 reference point for the support of broadband or combined narrowband and broadband Access Networks (ANs); Part 1: Interface specification". [81] IEEE 802.3: "CSMA/CD Access Method". [82] EN 301 217-1: "V interfaces at the digital Service Node (SN); Interfaces at the VB5.2 reference point for the support of broadband or combined narrowband and broadband Access Networks (ANs); Part 1: Interface specification". [83] ETSI, EN 301 360: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite earth station User Terminals (SUT) using satellites in geostationary orbit operating in the 17,7 to 19,7 GHz (space-to- earth) and 27,5 to 29,5 GHz frequency bands". [84] IEEE 802.1G: "Remote Media Access Control (MAC) bridging". [85] EN 301 754: "Telecommunications Management Network (TMN); Management interfaces associated with the VB5.2 reference point". NOTE 8: Not yet published. [86] TS 101 674-1: "Technical Framework for the provision of interoperable ATM services; Part 1: NNI-Interface User and Control plane specification (including network functions and service aspects) Phase 1". ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 20 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 3 Abbreviations | For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply: AAL ATM Adaptation Layer ABR Available Bit Rate ACTS EU Advanced Communications Technologies and Services Programme ADSL Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Loop AN Access Network ANI Access Network Interface ANSI American National Standards Institute API Application Program Interfaces ARP Address Resolution Protocol ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode B-BCC Broadband Bearer Connection Control BER Bit Error Rate BGP Border Gateway Protocol BRAN ETSI Project: Broadband Radio Access Networks BSM Broadband Satellite Multimedia BSS Broadcast Satellite Service CAC Call Admission Control CASI Common ATM Satellite Interface (TIA) CATV Cable Television CBR Constant Bit Rate CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications administrations CER Cell Error Ratio CLR Cell Loss Ratio CORBA Common Object Request Broker Architecture CPE Customer Premises Equipment CPG CEPT Conference Preparatory Group DAMA Demand Assigned Multiple Access DAVIC Digital Audio Visual Council DBS Direct Broadcast System DECT Digitally Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications DHCP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DIFFSERV Differentiated Services DSL Digital Subscriber Loop DSM-CC Digital Storage Media - Command and Control DVB-MHP Digital Video Broadcasting - Multimedia Home Platform DVB-RC Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel DVB-RCS Digital Video Broadcasting - Return Channel over Satellite DVB Digital Video Broadcasting DVB-C Digital Video Broadcasting - Cable DVB-CA Digital Video Broadcasting - Conditional Access DVB-CI Digital Video Broadcasting - Common Interface DVB-MC/S Digital Video Broadcasting - Microwave Multipoint Video Distribution DVB-S Digital Video Broadcasting - Satellite DVB-SI Digital Video Broadcasting - Service Information DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting – Terrestrial DVMRP Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol EASI ETSI Project: European ATM Services Interoperability EC European Commission ECTRA European Committee for Telecommunications Regulatory Affairs EDGE Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution EII European Information Infrastructure EIRP Effective Isotropically Radiated Power EMC Electro-Magnetic Compatibility EN European Standard (harmonized) EP ETSI Project ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 21 EPG Electronic Program Guide ER Essential Requirements ERC European Radiocommunications Committee (subgroup of CEPT) ERO European Radiocommunications Office (of ERC) ESA European Space Agency ESC DAVIC End Service Consumer ESP DAVIC End Service Provider ESTEC European Space Research and Technology Centre (of ESA) EU European Union FCC US Federal Communications Commission FDD Frequency Division Duplexing FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access FEC Forward Error Correction FM Frequency Modulation FMC Fixed-Mobile Convergence FP5 EU 5th Framework Programme FS Fixed Service FSAN Full Service Access Network FSS Fixed Satellite Service G/T Gain - Temperature Ratio GEO Geostationary Earth Orbit GII Global Information Infrastructure GMM Global Multimedia Mobility GMPCS Global Mobile Personal Communications by Satellite GMR GEO Mobile Radio Interface GoS Grade of Service GPRS Generalized Packet Radio System GSM Global System for Mobile Communication GSO Geo-Stationary Orbit GSTN General Switched Telephone Network HDTV High Definition Television ICGSAT ITU Intersector Coordination Group on Satellite Matters ICR Initial Cell Rate IEC International Electrotechnical Commission IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IF Intermediate Frequency IGP Internet Gateway Protocol IMT2000 International Mobile Telecommunications 2000 IN Intelligent Network IP Internet Protocol IPR Intellectual Property Rights IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 IS Interim Standards (TIA) ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISL Inter Satellite Link ISO International Organization for Standardization ISP Internet Service Provider ITU International Telecommunication Union ITU-R ITU Radiocommunication sector ITU-T ITU Telecommunication Standardization sector JWG Joint Working Group (TIA) LAN Local Area Network LEMF Law Enforcement Monitoring Facility LEO Low Earth Orbit LI Lawful Interception LMDS Local Multipoint Distribution Service LNB Low Noise Block MAC Medium Access Control MCR Minimum Cell Rate ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 22 MEO Medium Earth Orbit MF-TDMA Multi-Frequency TDMA MHP DVB Multimedia Home Platform MLAC EU Mutual Legal Assistance Convention MoU Memorandum of Understanding MPEG Moving Picture Expert Group MPLS Multi-Protocol Label Switching MSS Mobile Satellite Service NASA North American Space Agency NGSO Non-Geostationary Orbit nrt-VBR Non-Real-Time Variable Bit Rate OAM Operation, Administration and Maintenance OBP On Board Processing OJEC Official Journal of the European Commission OSPF Open Shortest Path First protocol OSS Operational Support Systems PC Personal Computer PCS Personal Communications Service PDU Protocol Data Unit PEP Performance Enhancing Proxy PISN Private Integrated Services Network POTS Plain Old Telephony Service PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PT Project Team PTT Posts, Telegraph and Telephone company QoS Quality of Service QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying R&TTE(D) EU Radio and Telecommunication Terminal Equipment (Directive) RBB ATM Forum Residential Broadband architecture RE Radio Equipment RF Radio Frequency RFC IETF Request For Comments RIP Routing Information Protocol RR Radio Regulation RSVP Reservation Protocol RTD EU Research, Technological development and Demonstration activities RTMC Real Time Management Coordination (function) RTT Radio Transmission Technology rt-VBR Real Time Variable Bit Rate SCN Switched Circuit Networks SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SG Study Group SIM Subscriber Identification Module SIT Satellite Interactive Terminal SMATV Satellite Master Antenna Satellite system SN Service Node SNI Service Node Interface SOUS Spectrum and Orbit Utilization Section (TIA) SP Service Provider STAG Security Techniques Advisory Group STF ETSI Specialist Task Force S-UMTS Satellite component of UMTS SUT Satellite User Terminal SVC Switched Virtual Circuit SVP Switched Virtual Path TBD To Be Defined TC ERM ETSI Technical Committee – EMC and Radio Spectrum Matters TC HF ETSI Technical Committee – Human Factors TC SEC ETSI Technical Committee - Security TC SES ETSI Technical Committee - Satellite Earth Stations and Systems ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 23 TC SMG ETSI Technical Committee – Special Mobile Group TC SPAN ETSI Technical Committee – Services and Protocols for Advanced Networks TC TMN ETSI Technical Committee – Telecommunications Management Network TC ETSI Technical Committee TCAM Telecommunications Conformity Assessment and Market surveillance committee TCP Transmission Control Protocol TDD Time Division Duplexing TDM Time Division Multiplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TIA Telecommunications Industry Association (US) TINA-C Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture Consortium TIPHON ETSI Project: Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks TMF Telemanagement Forum TMN Telecommunications Management Network TSB Telecommunications Systems Bulletin (TIA) TSG Technical Specification Group of 3GPP TT&C Telemetry, Tracking & Control TTE Telecommunications Terminal Equipment TV Television UBR Unspecified Bit Rate UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service UNI User Network Interface URL Universal Resource Locator UTRA Universal Terrestrial Radio Access VASP Value Added Service Provider VC Virtual Circuit VDSL Very High-speed Digital Subscriber Loop VHE Virtual Home Environment VoDSL Voice over DSL VP Virtual Path VSAT Very Small Aperture Terminal (satellite) WAN Wide Area Network WG Working Group WISDOM ACTS Wideband Satellite Demonstrator of Multimedia Services WLAN Wireless LAN WRC World Radiocommunication Conference |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4 Trends in Telecommunication Networks | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.1 General | The GMM standardization framework in ETSI refers to an Information Infrastructure with four domains, which are closely related to the business roles in the EII/GII enterprise model. The framework includes terminals and networks that support both personal and terminal roaming. In the present document we will relate to these domains, which are: • User Domain: user terminal equipment (fixed, mobile, consumer etc.); • Access Domain: access networks; • Core Network Domain: core transport networks; and • Content Domain: applications services. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 24 Core Network Content Domain Access Domain User Domain User perception: Content access Actual content access path Figure 1: Communications domains, general view Content /Server GII/Core Network Access Network User /Customer Internet Broadcast Video Global ATM Regional ATM Broadcast Distribution IP Networks Satellite Networks Satellite ADSL /Twisted Pair HFC /Optical LMDS /Fixed Radio UMTS /Radio CATV /Cable Power Distribution Line Set-Top Box PC TV / Monitor Multicast Figure 2: Four communications domains, detailed view In practice, a high capacity back-haul system belongs to the core network, and may as well carry a number of voice channels as fewer multimedia sources. It is often a point-to-point connection, and/or often forms a part of a closed network. Connections are also established on a semi-permanent or permanent basis, and handled by professional operators and service providers. In this study we focus the attention on broadband access for end-users, aimed at providing these users with interactive multimedia communications. An underlying assumption is that the connection is two-way via satellite. However, the connections can be asymmetric, and both transmissions paths do not need to follow the same path or provide the same capacity. One of the directions may not have the ability to transfer high quality audio-visual content, but at least one transmission path will need to have this capability. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.2 Fixed - Mobile Convergence | Fixed - mobile convergence has for some time been a possibility. However, what has prevented convergence from taking place is not technological, but rather regulatory and commercial barriers. The situation has now changed, and it is expected that such convergence will take place. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 25 Fixed–mobile convergence can be on a number of levels: • Network level, where the same physical transmission and switching resources to route traffic, with differences only in the access technology to the customer. • Service level, where the services offered are equally available to fixed or mobile users. This includes the VHE. • Purchasing level, where fixed–mobile services will be supported by integrated billing and customer care systems. • User equipment level, where e.g. a handset can be used for both GSM and DECT. • System level, where different modes of operation can depend upon the "mobility" of the terminal. In TR 101 458 [3] it is stated that the European Commission has recognized the many technological changes that are moving the media world towards convergence. They have initiated a major policy review to consider the impact so far of current telecommunication legislation and to consider what new legislation or revised existing legislation may need to be introduced in the post 2000 era. One of the issues that emerged in the European commission's recent consultation [21] on the topic of regulatory convergence issues was there should be a more horizontal approach to future regulation. That is there should be similar regulatory treatment for all transport network infrastructures irrespective of the services they carry. This implies that networks conveying fixed services or networks conveying mobile services or networks conveying broadcast services etc should be treated the same from a regulatory perspective. This idea of regulatory separation between networks and services is something that does not currently exist in Europe – for instance fixed and mobile networks are traditionally regulated separately. This form of regulation should in principle facilitate a greater degree of convergence at network level particularly between fixed and mobile and hence capabilities like VHE become a more realistic prospect to incorporate under the umbrella of UMTS. The structure of the industry is also evolving taking into account both Market Convergence and Technology Convergence. The distinctions between fixed and mobile networks are becoming increasingly blurred and there is also convergence between the Telecommunications and IT industries. FMC is a market driver for e.g. UMTS, and the service capabilities developed for fixed network multimedia users will be candidate services for mobile multimedia. It is argued that this should be taken into account when specifying UMTS systems e.g. specific source coding or compression techniques should be considered. Common Service Provision for different networks will need to be specified by ETSI. In the same respect, this is a valid argument for BSM systems. The ITU considers that FSS shall be considered as part of the fixed telecommunications infrastructure. UMTS/GSM and IMT-2000 are mobile systems that also provide fixed services. Based on these facts and trends, it seems clear that a long-term distinction between fixed and mobiles BSM systems should not be made. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.3 Network Convergence | There is a trend that former dedicated networks are being given more functionality and flexibility. A well-known example is the POTS (plain old telephony service) network, which is being upgraded to also provide data- communications in ISDN. Where that upgrade is not available, users can convert data into "voice" via a modem, and use the POTS network. ADSL technology will enable a further upgrade of the access network towards broadband access capability, enabling multimedia services through the phone-jack. Cable-TV networks are being upgraded to support data-communications and Internet users, and data networks are being upgraded to support voice over IP. Broadband networks will allow broadcasting, and broadcast networks are being upgraded with interactive return channels that allow users to surf the web. Dedicated networks are converging, and the trend is that dedicated networks will be replaced with – or evolved into – flexible multi-purpose networks. Broadcast networks with return channels are being turned into Internet access and communications, as illustrated by the figure below. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 26 Fixed Fixed Broadcast Broadcast IT IT Communications Communications Mobile Mobile Commercial Requirement Commercial Requirement Commercial Requirement Commercial Requirement Figure 3: Network convergence The "Information Society" will prosper on the convergence of telecommunication, entertainment, information exchange, digital video and commercial process services. It requires the integration of audio, video and data communications with computer-based intelligence and needs the support of an intelligent, interactive, communications highway. Access to that highway must be possible wherever the user happens to be. Mobile communications must accommodate the global shift away from voice-band telecommunications towards integrated, interactive, "broadband", multimedia communications. Convergence is occurring on many levels: the goal should be to ensure that customers receive seamless service as they use "converged" products and as they pass from one service and/or network to another. To some extent this can be achieved by the use of common, network-independent, protocols such as IP. But there is also a need to ensure that services, features and so on also remain available to users, so far as this is feasible, as they make use of this new liberty. Issues such as security and Quality of Service arise in such a scenario, and there may be need for a certain level of standardization and regulation in order to ensure a "minimum set" of services and performance levels. At the same time, this is a critical area enabling service providers and others to develop competitive advantage, so the amount of standardization and regulation should be restricted to the lowest possible level. The provision of services through multiple inter-connected networks leads to three general requirements: • Wherever practical and appropriate, the end user should have access to a consistent and coherent set of services and features across the different networks. To this end it should be possible for a user to use a single set of identities to access the same services from different networks. • Inter-system roaming will be required to allow the users of terminals to use the services of different public and private systems without the need to have a separate subscription with each network. For roaming to take place between the different systems, features required include the availability of appropriate terminals and secure location registration, authentication, encryption and charging mechanisms. For calls in progress intra-system, and possibly inter-system, handover will be required. • The means of network selection, and the presentation of options to the user, will need careful consideration and design. Whilst automatic selection may be appropriate in many situations, adequate and clear information will have to be provided to enable the user to select the network most appropriate to the user's specific current circumstances. Multimedia services, particularly IP based services, are expected to result in asymmetric traffic flows. No doubt this asymmetry will be most pronounced where higher bandwidth services are in use, which may be mostly among the "slow mobility" or fixed users. The degree of asymmetry and its variation with time or location, however, is not clearly identifiable as yet and the ability to handle it in as flexible a manner as possible will be important. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 27 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.4 Global Multimedia Mobility | The authors of the GMM companion document [20] have identified a number of drivers that reflect current and predicted trends. The first three in the following list were selected as having the most significant impact on GMM: • rapidly growing importance of Internet services to the user (both residential and business); • convergence of technology for telecommunications, data communications and consumer products (both in the private and public arenas); • globalization of information; • rapid growth in the number of mobile subscribers, especially among users who only require very limited mobility; • rapidly growing interest of the mobile community for data and information services; • competition between players using different infrastructures (CATV, railways, electricity companies, telecommunications operators, etc) driving prices rapidly downwards; • continued shortening of technology life-cycles, resulting in dramatic reductions in the time available to amortize investment costs; • differentiation of service offerings based on Quality of Service (QoS) and security; • demands for genuine customer service management based on service level agreements; • overlap between regulated and non-regulated areas of communication. From the GMM report [19]: It is clear that no one system can economically offer the full range of GMM services and applications since a lot of different economic players will be involved in providing them, using multiple networks made up of different network elements. Since the strategic goal in this competitive environment is to facilitate the market-led development of services through choice in the marketplace rather than a priori assessment of market needs, and since many different economic players will be involved in the provision of the GMM services and applications based on diverse combinations of functional elements, an open and modular framework of standards should be developed. And also (page 76): …an open and modular framework of standards should be developed. Thus, the GMM clearly supports the approach of modular standards. For convenience and comparison, the revised GMM service model is given below. This includes two access network domains, including one for the service provisioning capability. For the purpose of BSM systems, however, this network can either be neglected or considered as the same network as the access network connecting the users. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 28 UIM UIM Mobile TE Fixed TE Mobile TE Fixed TE Service Provisioning Domain Terminal Equipment (User) Domain Access Network Domain Access Network Domain Core Transport Networks Domain Access Networks Access Networks Core Transport Networks Service Provision Capability Application Services Domain End-to-end applications and services Note Content Figure 4: Revised GMM Network Model Globalization of information brings an additional dimension to the convergence issues. From a user perspective those issues remain the same - access (real or apparent) to the same services and features as "at home". For operators and service providers, however, the matter becomes more complex with globalization. Not only are there technical aspects to be addressed: issues of a commercial and regulatory nature may also have to be accommodated (roaming agreements and the like). As an example of the technical challenges of globalization one may consider the Virtual Home Environment (VHE) concept of the 3rd Generation mobile systems. This is a concept of supporting mechanisms that enables customized services to be made available to the user from different networks and terminals, irrespective of geographical location and type of network (e.g. mobile, fixed). The concept has been developed within ETSI, the ITU and other standards bodies and is expected to represent the future delivery mechanism for personal telecommunications services. The key objectives of the VHE are to support and enable: • Customized/personalized services; • Seamless set of services from the user's perspective; • Global service availability; • Common service set for all forms of access (e.g. fixed, mobile etc.); • Common service control and data independent of type of access. The standards required to support these objectives need to be applicable to all types of future network as well as providing a framework for the evolution of existing networks. Additionally they need to have global significance so that users can access their services irrespective of their geographical location. This implies that all networks will need to have certain common characteristics (which may require standardizing), and that regional variants of those characteristics must be avoided. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 29 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.5 Intelligent Networking | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.5.1 Virtual Home Environment | Virtual Home Environment is a system concept for service portability in IMT-2000 across network borders TS 122 121 [4]. In this concept a foreign network emulates for a particular user the behaviour of his home environment. For the user, adaptation of his service handling is therefore unnecessary. VHE Definitions: • Home Network; • Foreign Network; • Home Environment; • Virtual Service Environment; • Virtual Terminal Environment. With a basis in a fixed-mobile convergence, the same user environment for both fixed and mobile services can be imagined. One can also imagine a user roaming into a satellite network, even if the terminal is fixed. That could for instance happen if a user travels, or works from more than one location (where network access is provided via a satellite network). Full service satellite networks will need to have some of the same abilities as both fixed and mobile networks. Taking into account the technical possibilities a satellite network can offer, fixed, nomadic and mobile terminals are possible. In either case, looking at it from either the fixed or the mobile side, BSM networks will benefit from adopting a VHE concept. General Description of the VHE Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is defined as a concept for personalized service portability across network boundaries and between terminals. The concept of the VHE is such that users are consistently presented with the same personalized features, User Interface customization and services in whatever network and whatever terminal (within the capabilities of the terminal), whereever the user may be located. Roles and components involved in realization of VHE consist of the following: • Home Environment; • One or more unique Identifiers; • One User; • One or more terminals (simultaneous activation of terminal providing the same service is not allowed); • One or more Serving Network Operator; • One Subscription; • Possibly one or more value added service providers. The key attributes that characterize a VHE may be summarized as: • A portfolio of services offered by a Home Environment and a user profile that may be managed by the user; • Capabilities to access Value Added Services from any VASP, possibly subject to appropriate agreements with the Home Environment. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 30 User Personal Service Portfolio Value Added service Provider Home Environment User Profile Service Feature Service Service Capabilities HE Value Added Service Provider 1: N 1: 1 1: N 1: N 1: N 1: N 1: N 1: N Provided by Contains Contains Contains Figure 5: Role of Components involved in realization of VHE The figure illustrates that a user may have several service providers with one VHE. The VHE contains several user profiles for a number of services. Each service has a number of capabilities and features. The same set of services is available independent of terminal, technology, roaming status etc., and all is kept within one virtual home environment. The Home Environment is responsible for providing services to the user in a consistent manner. The user may have a number of user profiles which enable him to manage communications according to different situations or needs, for example being at work, in the car or at home. The user's VHE is a combination of services, profiles and personalized information that forms the user's personal service portfolio. The Home Environment provides services to the user in a managed way, possibly by collaborating with HE-VASPs, but this is transparent to the user. Additionally, the user may access services directly from Value Added Service Providers. Services obtained directly from VASPs are not managed by the Home Environment and therefore are not part of the VHE offered by the Home Environment. A mechanism may be provided which allows the user to automate access to those services obtained directly from VASPs and personalize those services. In the context of BSM systems, VHE will imply that a user should be able to access the GII via a correspondingly standardized BSM terminal, or via other access technologies, like ADSL, and get access to the same set of services. For instance, he may have a BSM terminal at one location, an ADSL modem at another, a LAN at a third location and a UMTS terminal. All terminals and connections may have different capabilities, but the network shall detect the capabilities of the terminals and, according to the service profile of the user, offer the services that are relevant for the current access means. For instance, mobile services will not be available for fixed terminals, while high quality video may not be available for mobile terminals. The following VHE definitions apply: • HE-VASP Home Environment Value Added Service Provider. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 31 This is a VASP that has an agreement with the Home Environment to provide services. • Local Service A service exclusively provided in the current serving network by a Value added Service Provider. • Service Capabilities Bearers defined by QoS parameters and/or mechanisms needed to realize services. • Service Capability Feature Functionality offered by a service capability mechanism that is accessible via open standardized interfaces. • Service Feature Functionality that a UMTS system shall offer to enable provision of services. Services are made up of different service features. • Service Personalization Modification and behaviour that may involve the service feature or data of a service, within the limitations set by the provider of the service. • Home Environment Responsible for overall provision of services to users • User Interface Personalization Modification of the user interface within the capabilities of the terminal and serving network. • Value Added Service Provider Provides services other than basic telecommunications service for which additional charges may be incurred. • Virtual Home Environment A concept for personalized service portability across network boundaries and between terminals. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.5.2 Number Portability | Number portability is a facility provided by one operator to another, which enables customers to keep their telephone numbers when switching their business between those operators. Changing number can be a major inconvenience for customers and a barrier that prevents them from exercising choice and taking advantage of growing competition in the telecommunication markets. Number portability means that customers can change to a new operator without the hassle of having to change their number. Number portability is a key issue in the development of network competition. There is clear evidence that customers are reluctant to consider changing network operators if this means that they have to change their phone number. Absence of number portability therefore gives the incumbent network operator a significant competitive advantage. Portability between operators promotes full competition in the market. As well as substantial direct benefits (e.g. customers do not have to incur costs of changing stationery; fewer wrong numbers are dialled), portability provides very significant indirect benefits, assisting greatly in the creation of genuine competition for all categories of customers, driving down prices, encouraging innovation and raising quality. (URL: http://www.oftel.org/numbers/port.htm). Generally, a directory number is considered to be ported when a major change occurs to the subscription of a customer, but the customer retains his assigned number(s). Depending on the kind of subscription change the following types of number portability can be identified: • service portability; • service Provider portability; • location portability. From the customer point of view all three types of number portability are desirable because a change of directory number(s) is usually linked with considerable inconvenience and expense. In principle, the technical issues are the same for all types of number portability, but there are some differences. For example, location portability and service portability may be implemented within one operator's network domain - whereas Service Provider portability requires inter-network specifications and agreements. It is possible to combine the types of number portability, but this may be subject to regulatory approval and is outside the scope of the study of which the present document is part. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 32 Number portability between operators is relevant to geographic, non-geographic and mobile services. Many regulators require operator portability to be provided for some services or number ranges. Market entrants who use VoIP may be very concerned to obtain number allocations that look as similar as possible to those used by SCN networks and to obtain the number portability from existing operators. This may be essential in order to compete for customers from the existing networks. The market entrants may, in turn, have to offer portability from their network to other operators. The ETSI reference on number portability is TR 101 118 [1]. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.6 IP | The Internet and the Internet Protocol (IP) are already dominating multimedia communications, and will continue to do so in the foreseeable future. For future BSM systems, it is quite obvious that IP must be supported, and preferably as efficiently as possible. For mobile multimedia networks there seems to be a trend towards pure IP networks, with ATM as an intermediate technology to support QoS. For fixed networks the trend is the same. According to ITU, information technology and the use of IP (Internet Protocol)-based networks and applications has become a critical factor in development of telecommunications networks. Data traffic is growing at more than ten times the rate of voice traffic and it is estimated that in the near future data will account for 80 % of all traffic carried by telecommunications networks. With this rapid change, the concept of circuit switched networks that also carry data is no longer applicable. In the future it will likely be predominately packet switched networks that also carry voice. In this regard, seamless interworking between IP-based networks and telecommunications networks and interoperability of their respective applications/services is essential to meet the burgeoning business requirements placed on modern communications networks. The interaction of IP and telecommunications networks for the purposes of gaining access to Internet (or other IP networks/applications), and the interoperability of IP-based and telecommunications services, necessitates the provision of real time Internet, or other IP-based multimedia services, with the speed, capacity, ease of use, reliability and integrity currently available from the telephone network around the world. The new IPv6 may play an important role. IPv6 supports mobility, based on GSM concepts like home network, home address, home agent etc. Mobile computers will be assigned two addresses whenever they are roaming away from their home network. This is similar to the concept of GSM, and UMTS. From the umts.org-web site it can be seen that the UMTS Forum has announced a co-operation agreement with the IPv6 Forum, the world-wide consortium of Internet industry players founded to promote IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6). Objectives of the co-operation include: • Respective market representation within each others' organizations. • Identifying and building new markets for non-voice services and promotion of IPv6. • Preparing for future IP-based Value Added Services. A world-wide consortium of leading Internet solutions vendors, Internet Service Providers and research and education networks, the IPv6 Forum's mission is to promote Internet Protocol version 6 in order to create a higher quality and secure next generation Internet: The "New Internet". The IPv6 Forum will raise market awareness by providing world- wide, equitable access to information and technology about IPv6. The UMTS Forum's ICT (Information and Communications Technology) Group has already forged links with key players from the IT and content industries, promoting the common vision of UMTS/IMT-2000 as the enabler for tomorrow's mass market for mobile multimedia services. With mobile handsets already exceeding the number of fixed Internet devices world-wide, next-generation mobile will play a key role in delivering information, entertainment and commerce services to mass market users. IPv6 technology incorporates a range of key features to permit mobility between services and operators with a range of quality of service options. This "mobile friendly" architecture therefore provides vendors, service providers and network operators with the possibility of defining and developing IP-oriented applications and services for use in third generation networks. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 33 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.7 ATM | Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a high-performance, cell-oriented switching and multiplexing technology that utilizes fixed-length packets to carry different types of traffic. ATM is a technology which enables carriers to capitalize on a number of revenue opportunites through multiple ATM classes of services, high-speed local area network (LAN) interconnection, voice, video, and future multimedia applications in business markets in the short term and in community and residential markets in a longer term. ATM has evolved as a major technology for core networks over the last decade or so. ATM has been developed as an answer to many of the most pressing needs for modern telecommunications. Designed especially to carry large amounts of information at high speeds, ATM caters to the wide variety of telecommunications traffic that is encountered nowadays, such as voice, data, video and multimedia. ATM is a "transport and switching technology" - a means of moving information efficiently and reliably from one place to another. One of its particular strengths is that it can be used to satisfy many different types of telecommunications needs. ATM has been defined as the "glue" that interconnects heterogeneous networks into a single, larger internetwork, seamlessly connecting various link and network layers. ATM deployment has increased dramatically in the 1990s, and is one of the favoured transport technologies for the provision of IP services. At the forefront of the movement toward efficient communication, the demand for ATM accelerates. The market for ATM based products and services in business communications may be divided into three segments; Public Network Infrastructure (including the residential broadband market), Local Area Networks (LAN) and Wide Area Networks (WAN). Existing market structures, rate of new technology deployment and the regulatory environment determine the segmentation. ATM was conceived as a solution for use within WANs. However it was soon realized that the benefits of ATM could also be exploited in LANs, which typically serve business premises, conveying mainly data between computers, printers, manufacturing machinery and the like. Slightly more than half of ATM world-wide equipment revenue is now generated in the U.S., but the balance will shift toward non-U.S. markets during the next several years. Outside the U.S., ATM is more generally accepted as the standard for broadband networking. Europe is the most significant non-U.S. regional market for ATM equipment, followed by South America, Canada and Asia/Pacific. ATM is achieving major global acceptance within the information systems and telecommunications industries. Since the technology has been designed from the outset to be scaleable and flexible in terms of geographical distance, number of users, access and trunk bandwidths (currently the speeds range from megabits to gigabits), the intrinsic flexibility and scalability assures that ATM will be important for a long time. ATM provides cell sequence integrity, i.e. cells arrive at the destination in the same order as they left the source. This may not be the case with other packet-switched networks. Cells are also much smaller than standard packet-switched networks. This reduces the value of delay variance, making ATM acceptable for timing sensitive information like voice. The fibre-like quality of transmission links has lead to the omission of overheads, such as error correction, in order to maximize efficiency. There is no space between cells. At times when the network is idle, unassigned cells are transported. These techniques allow ATM to be more flexible than Narrow-band ISDN (N-ISDN), and hence ATM was chosen as the broadband access to ISDN. The broadband nature of ATM allows for a multitude of different types of services to be transported using the same format. This makes ATM ideal for true integration of voice, data and video facilities on the one network. By consolidation of services, network management and operation is simplified. However, new terms of network administration must be considered, such as billing rates and quality of service agreements. The flexibility inherent in the cell structure of ATM allows it to match the rate at which it transmits to that generated by the source. Many new high bit-rate services, such as video, are variable bit rate (VBR). Compression techniques create bursty data, which is well suited for transmission using ATM cells. The transportation medium is usually either electrical or optical, and can use SDH-based or cell-based framing. The ATM layer is responsible for a number of functions as defined in the ATM Forum UNI specification. These functions include Multiplexing connections, Cell rate decoupling, Cell discrimination, Payload type discrimination, Loss priority and Traffic shaping. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 34 The ATM adaptation layer (AAL) provides the interface from the user to the ATM system. Different data types require different types of AALs, due to the characteristics of the data. Real time data such as voice and high resolution video can handle some loss of data but requires low and fairly constant delay. Non real time data, however, can handle larger delays but cannot handle any losses. There are currently five types of AAL defined, but AAL3 and 4 have been merged. ATM Forum is currently working on sixth AAL for MPEG2 video streams. • AAL1 - connection oriented services constant bit rates, specific timing and delay requirements. • AAL2 - connection oriented services do not require constant bit rates. • AAL3/4 - both connection-less and connection oriented variable bit services. • AAL5 - connection oriented, variable bit rate. Along with providing the interface for the user, the AAL provides timing recovery, synchronization, and indication of loss of information, as well as other functions. The actual connection is done by the AAL management as well as setting up the connection characteristics. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.8 UMTS/IMT-2000/3GPP | UMTS is the future universal system for mobile communications. It will evolve smoothly from the GSM basis. With respect to the fixed-mobile convergence, UMTS may form a framework within which BSM systems may fit. UMTS will support a wide range of applications with different Quality of Service profiles. At present many of these applications are not possible to predict. Also the usage of the different applications is difficult to predict i.e. it is not possible to optimize UMTS to only one set of applications. One conclusion of this is that UMTS must be built in such a way that it is flexible and possible to evolve so it will have a long technical lifetime. Therefore a modular approach is recommended when defining the network parts of UMTS. This is in line with the recommendation from GMM. In this context a module represents a part of a UMTS network i.e. one or several physical network nodes that together implement some functionality. The modular approach should also make UMTS possible to implement efficiently in different environments. UMTS work is now organized under the 3GPP umbrella. The partners have agreed to co-operate for the production of Technical Specifications for a 3rd Generation Mobile System based on the evolved GSM core networks and the radio access technologies that the Organizational Partners support (i.e. UTRA both FDD and TDD modes). The Project is called the "Third Generation Partnership Project" and is known by the acronym "3GPP". The Technical Specification Groups (TSGs) prepare, approve and maintain the 3GPP Technical Specifications and Technical Reports. The Services and System Aspects group has a particular responsibility for the technical co-ordination of work being undertaken with 3GPP, and for overall system architecture and system integrity. The Technical Specification Groups are: • TSG CN (Core Network); • TSG RAN (Radio Access Network); • TSG SA (Services and System Aspects); • TSG T (Terminals). Current proposals for UMTS in 3GPP (e.g. from Japan) show an ATM based protocol stack using the ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) profile No. 5 (AAL5) in conjunction with SS No. 7 across the Iu Interface. (The Iu interface is the interface between the RAN and the CN). Increasingly as more use is made of packet switching techniques evolving from GSM's Generalized Packet Radio System (GPRS), protocol stacks will be based on the AAL2 approach. Various views have been expressed as regards the evolution from this situation. They range from the full development of these ATM principles in UMTS Phase 1 and Phase 2 networks to the development of standards to support a fully IP based network. An intermediate view consists of an IP layer over ATM and the specification of adequate AALs for UMTS. There is also a lot of support for IP solutions based on the GSM GPRS standards. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 35 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.8.1 Fourth Generation Systems | Fourth generation systems are already considered at the University, lab and conference level. Most probably these systems will not be operative before 2010, but their presence indicates that plans beyond IMT2000/UMTS are being considered. One of the issues that has been mentioned as relevant for 4th generation systems is the possibility of broadband radio networks, such as LMDS, merging with 3rd generation systems. LMDS, which stands for Local Multipoint Distribution System, aims to provide similar services to those of many proposed BSM systems. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.9 LMDS | Local Multipoint Distribution System, LMDS, is a terrestrial radio concept for broadband access and communications. The ETSI Project BRAN is involved in standardization within this field. This project will provide facilities for access to wire-based networks in both private and public contexts by the year 2000. The BRAN project will address wireless access systems with bitrates of 25 Mbit/s or more and operating in either licensed or license exempt spectrum. These systems address both business use and residential access applications. Fixed wireless access systems are intended as high performance, quick to set up, competitive alternatives for wire-based access systems. LMDS systems can both compete with and complement BSM systems. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.10 Broadcasting Trends | The ITU-R is likely to consider two new concepts for broadcasting. • TV Anytime; and • TV Anywhere. These concepts combine traditional broadcasting with the World Wide Web as a delivery means and hard disks in receivers as a means for time shifting received programmes. If these concepts prove attractive and viable, they will have far-reaching impact on broadcasting. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.11 Standardization Trends | The pace of development does not favour a rigid standards development. Rapid development is required. Voluntary bodies, like the IETF, DVB, FSAN, ATM forum, ADSL forum, WAP-forum, Bluetooth etc. are increasingly important. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 4.12 Discussion | As with other personal communication systems, one cannot expect that all connections will be between users on one and the same system. A broadband video-conference, for instance, could well include a party with a non-satellite terminal, or a party with a different type of satellite terminal. This observation is relevant from the viewpoint of considering direct terminal to terminal connections in satellite systems. Standards in a closed system can be proprietary, but if it is accepted that most public connections in fact are not within a closed system, the issue of open standardization may be even more appealing. The general trend is to define minimum standard requirements. However, there are good reasons to believe that the success of technologies such as GSM, DVB, DECT and IP are related to their accepted standards. Similar observations can be made for the CD, and appears true for the DVD disc, the Compact Cassette, etc. Although manufacturers are free to produce consumer equipment according to proprietary standards, it is difficult to come up with a long list of such products that have had similar success. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 36 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5 Trends in Satellite Networks | Satellite communications has a bright future. This is due not only to advances in satellite technology, but also because of satellites' ability to provide broad coverage, fixed, nomadic and mobile services, and broadband multimedia services direct to the consumer. Satellite systems can also supply cost-effective broadcasting services, together with the ability to provide instantaneous re-deployment of capacity, instantly provide communications infrastructure, and avoid costly, time-consuming terrestrial system deployment, and provide overall flexibility and reliability [43]. The coming years are a critical window of opportunity for satellites with respect to countries with developed economies while a number of additional years seem likely for developing and industrializing countries with more limited terrestrial communications infrastructure. The following appear to be key guideposts to the future: • whether the global shift to fully competitive telecommunications markets continues; • whether new global trade agreements under the WTO are strenuously enforced and whether serious barriers to new satellite services continue to be encountered around the world; • whether critical new technologies in optical communications, high power generation and storage systems, on- board processing systems, advanced antenna technologies and lower cost launch systems are developed; • whether there is continuing global consolidation, merger and partnerships both in the spacecraft design and manufacture industries, and in the satellite communications service delivery industries, and how fast this takes place; • whether INTELSAT, Inmarsat, and EUTELSAT and/or their subsidiary spin-off organizations are able to adapt to fully competitive markets and whether the parent organizations are "privatized," and become truly competitors without special protection under intergovernmental agreements; • whether effective standards to support global hybrid wire, terrestrial wireless and satellite seamless interconnection can be developed in a timely way and whether the ITU proves to be the effective body to provide needed protocols and standards in a timely way; • whether new broadband, multimedia services and applications will expand modestly, moderately or explosively over the next five years and whether dramatically different patterns of telecommunications will evolve around the world. Current filings for future satellite systems, planned and newly operational systems are based on the premise of explosive growth for new high data rate services and surging consumer demand for multimedia type services. Projections of service demand now translate into huge new multi-billion dollar satellite systems which are typically too expensive to be entirely capitalized by even very large and established commercial organizations. This has led to a dizzying array of new alliances, partnerships and global coalitions. Most important of all is the need to develop protocols for seamless interconnection of satellite, wireless and terrestrial fibre networks. In the 21st century inter-connection of satellite systems, particularly via intersatellite links, will be a key challenge. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.1 Satellite Technology Trends | The traditional pattern of highly specialized, customized satellites, designed and built a few at a time, has changed. More emphasis is placed now on the use of common buses. There is a move towards new mass produced systems. It is believed that such techniques can reduce the cost of satellites significantly. The power of the signal from the satellite is a critically important factor in the determination of the cost of the ground equipment or terminals. The more the power from the satellite, the less the cost of the terminal. The size of the antennas and the cost of the amplifiers decrease as the power from the satellite increases. Business customers benefit from this increased power for the same reasons. As these costs are driven down, new applications for satellite services emerge. Mobile and high bandwidth data services are dependent on the existence of low cost terminal equipment. The importance of power and bandwidth for commercial satellites is obvious to all the satellite manufacturers. A challenge of the satellite manufacturers is to design and deliver a satellite with increased power, with limited consequences on the cost and weight. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 37 The increased demand for power is the dominant factor in driving the development and utilization of new satellite technology, especially to meet these weight and cost constraints. Bandwidth per satellite has been increasing as combined C and Ku-band satellites become more common. The need for more bandwidth is especially evident for the new data applications, which are expected to be met with Ku-band, Ka-band and possibly V-band satellites. Here again, more total power is needed to meet power requirements. The key trends in spacecraft antenna technology are toward larger effective apertures, significantly higher numbers of beams, and integrating computationally-intensive beam forming and switching activities with other onboard processing functions. These trends are an integral part of universal efforts to raise spacecraft effective radiated powers (EIRP), make communications payloads smarter and more flexible, and make earth terminals smaller and cheaper. Many manufacturers offer competing proprietary technologies to build these antennas. Details of ongoing research and development efforts are generally proprietary. Phased array antenna technology is an area where cost breakthroughs are needed. Both direct radiating arrays and phased array feeds for reflectors are attractive solutions for multibeam spacecraft antennas that must route traffic dynamically. All major spacecraft and antenna manufacturers seem to be working on phased arrays. The problems in phased array design are: • Electromagnetically, the array must maintain the desired radiation pattern and polarization purity over the transponder bandwidth and the desired scan angle range. • Electronically, the array must form and steer beams as fast as onboard traffic routing requires. • Mechanically, the array structure must deliver control signals and DC power to (and often RF from) the radiating elements and dissipate heat while not screening the radiating elements. There are many challenges in satellite communications ahead. One of them will be to keep the interest in supporting R&D in various necessary disciplines after the current wave of enthusiasm and spectrum allocation for new systems and higher frequencies subsides. The list of needed technology developments is long, but progress on all fronts is necessary if the longer-term future of satellite communications is to be assured. The following list of technologies needing long- term attention could define a well-rounded R&D program. • Batteries; • devices and structures for phased array and multiple spot beam antennas on ground and in space; • fuels and combustion structures for launch vehicles; • high frequency (> 20 GHz) devices; • materials for electronic devices; • solar cell materials and structures; • network technology for high data rate, integrated space and terrestrial systems; • optical components and sub-systems; • radiation resistant device structures and circuits; • strong and lightweight materials; • thermal dissipation materials. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.2 Specific Satellite System Issues | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.2.1 Satellite Orbits | Recent and coming satellite systems have taken the LEO and MEO orbits into use. There are plans to use LEO orbits for BSM systems in the Ka- and Ku-band. However, most of the planned Ka-band systems are at least initially looking at the geostationary orbit. Several GEO and non-GEO BSM systems are planned for service over the next five years. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 38 Advances in phased array antenna technology may allow cheaper LEO terminals in the future. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.2.2 Frequency Bands | There are proposals for BSM systems in both the Ku- and the Ka-bands. Additionally, some systems plan a combination of Ku and Ka-band technology, with Ka-band for the return link and Ku for the forward link. This scenario is typical for systems that evolve from DVB, and add on return channels TR 101 374-1 [2]. Looking even further ahead, there are already filings for systems in the Q and V bands, which are in the 40 GHz to 50 GHz range. However, such systems will not provide commercial services within at least the next five years. Therefore - whenever applicable - focus can be kept on the Ku-band and Ka-bands. Standards should, to the extent possible, try to maintain independence from specific frequency bands. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.2.3 Air Interfaces | The general practice within satellite communications has been to use proprietary standards. Within broadcasting the DVB format is the preferred digital format in Europe, while in the US, for instance, only one satellite operator (EchoStar, http://www.echostar.com) has been identified that implements the DVB format. Inmarsat, as the world's largest operator of mobile satellite communications, has always used proprietary air-interfaces. Iridium, ICO and Globalstar all embrace the same philosophy. ACeS, Ericsson, HNS, ICO, Inmarsat, Thuraya, and others are separately developing specifications for S-GPRS/EDGE, which are satellite adaptations of terrestrial GPRS/EDGE. ESA has proposed two air-interfaces for satellite-UMTS, and there are four other proposals as well. At the time of writing, no BSM systems have been identified that plan to use exactly the same air-interface yet, but there seems to be a convergence towards the DVB-RCS among some European systems (i.e. WeB&WEST from Matra Marconi Space, EuroSkyWay, SES-Astra, Eutelsat, Hispasat). There are however good reasons for satellite systems to allow proprietary air-interfaces, as these may be necessary in the process of spacecraft and payload optimization. Different satellite systems may require different air interfaces because of different operational characteristics such as which orbits they use, which frequencies they use and which markets they will serve. With respect to air-interfaces in particular there seem to be two trends: in favour of standardization and in favour of freedom in design. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.2.4 Multicasting and Broadcasting | Multicasting has been identified as a particular strong capability of satellite communication, and multicasting is an increasingly common Internet technology. Within broadcasting, satellites have long played an important role, and will continue to do so. Technology for both broadcasting and multicasting is thus important. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.2.5 Service Classes and QoS | Multimedia services in the future will require control over the Quality of Service. Paramters that can be controlled, in general, by QoS can relate to bit-rate, bit-error-rate, packet-error rate, availability, delay, etc. Also, satellite systems plan to offer such possibilities. A set of service classes can be interpreted as a collection of predefined values for a number of these parameters, to fit different classes of service. For instance, one class may include web browsing, another file transfer, another video- conferencing etc., given a set of performance objectives. Satellites will have some particular characteristics, and certainly some limitations as well, e.g. relating to delay for GEO systems. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 39 Delay Tolerance Error Tolerance Voice & video communication Voice Messaging Streaming Audio & video Fax Interactive Games Web Browsing E-commerce Image Transfer Email Figure 6: Illustration of some services, and different QoS requirements |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.2.6 OBP | Onboard processing (OBP) can provide improved performance and efficiency over non-processing satellite systems, at the expense of increased payload complexity. OBP can be used advantageously in four places in a communications satellite: • Intermediate Frequency (IF) and radio frequency (RF) communications signal switching; • support processing; • phased array antenna control and beam forming; • baseband processing and switching. IF and RF switching is generally the simplest, requiring the least amount of processing power. It involves electronically controlled RF/IF switches, usually in a matrix format, that can be controlled statically or dynamically, and has been used commercially for some time. Support processing has traditionally been associated with control of the satellite bus and includes such functions as attitude control, power management and telemetry, and tracking and control (TT&C). Most of these functions can be handled by general purpose onboard computer systems. Phased array antennas with many independently steerable beams require a large number of radiating elements with individual phase (and amplitude) control for each beam. This signal control can be implemented with analog circuits (for a small number of beams) or digitally. This requires substantial digital processing, perhaps more than with the baseband processing and switching system. Phased array antennas are used on the Iridium and Globalstar satellites. Baseband processing and switching involves functions similar to those performed in terrestrial local area networks and telephone switches. In addition, demodulation, demultiplexing, error detection and correction, switching, congestion control and notification, buffering, remultiplexing, modulation and network synchronization has to be performed. Most of these functions require specialized processors in order to be size/mass/power efficient. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 40 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.2.7 Coverage Areas | Satellites will normally provide multi-national or even global coverage. This is due to the fact that they are either placed in a GEO orbit where current spot beam technology defines cells of several hundred kilometers diameter, or they orbit the earth in non-GEO orbits. |
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