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bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.3 DVB over Satellite | There is major European interest in DVB and DVB with return channel (DVB-RCS). Several European systems plan to use the upcoming standard for DVB-RCS. The DVB return channel work is described in subclause 6.10.1 of the present document. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.4 ATM over Satellite | Most of the proposed US systems currently state that they will use a form of ATM over satellite, and TIA has been active in working on ATM over satellite. Satellite ATM activities are discussed in more detail elsewhere in the present document (subclauses 6.2 and 6.3). |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.5 IP over Satellite | In both the DVB and ATM case, it is foreseen that end-users will use satellite access for multimedia and IP. At least in the short term, all systems for multimedia are likely to support IP somehow. This may be implemented as IP over ATM or IP over DVB, but sometimes IP over ATM over DVB or IP over DVB over ATM may be encountered as well. Some combinations of different protocols may waste valuable satellite capacity. Therefore more efficient ways of transferring IP over satellite may be advantageous. Related to this, the IETF has an initiative on TCP over satellite (subclause 6.4.2). |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 5.6 Satellite IMT-2000 | The following excerpts comprise the executive summary and conclusions from a TIA report assessing the potential standardization of the Satellite RTT. RTT stands for "Radio Transmission Technology", or what is also generally known as the air interface. The conclusion of their study is that in the IMT-2000/S-UMTS context, it is not feasible to attempt to standardize a single air interface. Summary of the TIA IMT-2000 report This evaluation report was produced by the TIA TR-34 Ad Hoc IMT-2000 Satellite RTT Evaluation Committee, which was organized under the US TIA's Engineering Committee TR-34 on Satellite Equipment and Systems. The mission of the Committee was to evaluate the satellite Radio Transmission Technologies proposed for IMT-2000 and submitted to the ITU by June 30, 1998. These proposals are as follows: • ICO proposed an RTT that represents a system in development by ICO, to be deployed around the year 2000. • ESA proposed a Wideband CDMA RTT and a Wideband Hybrid CDMA/TDMA RTT, both without any specific reference to a satellite system or constellation. • TTA proposed a Wideband CDMA RTT for a LEO system of 49 satellites. • Inmarsat did not submit a full RTT proposal. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 41 The methodology of the Committee was to develop Compliance Matrices, based on evaluation criteria supplied by ITU- R. These Compliance Matrices were filled out, based on a comparison of the submitted RTT proposals, and in some cases, self-evaluations and supporting documents. The scope of RTT evaluation was affected by the necessity to consider the overall system aspects, operating environments, and the set of user services provided. Thus, additional qualitative evaluations were performed and conclusions developed. The Committee spent about a month in the evaluation process, with eight days of collaborative work, and relied heavily on email correspondence to progress the work. Both the direct participants and a wider circle of interested parties were included in the email distributions. Key findings and conclusions of the Committee are as follows: 1) The IMT-2000 satellite component will form an essential part in realizing the IMT-2000 vision. As Recommendation ITU-R Recommendation M.1167 [34] "Framework for the Satellite Component of FPLMTS" notes, "The satellite component provides users with quality telecommunication services primarily on a virtually global coverage basis, and is most economic outside those areas covered by the terrestrial component. In providing this global coverage, the satellite component may, in more densely populated areas, precede and encourage later coverage by the terrestrial component". 2) The choice of a satellite RTT is based on, among other things, the services to be supported, the environments in which these services will be provided, and the orbital constellation utilized. It is therefore concluded that a single satellite RTT will not be appropriate for IMT-2000; multiple satellite RTTs will be required to fully realize the IMT-2000 potential. Furthermore, RTTs associated with satellite systems that support various IMT-2000 services should be considered as acceptable for the satellite component of IMT-2000. 3) Satellite-based systems are resource limited (e.g., power and spectrum), hence they require the RTT to be optimized to the operating scenarios. This implies that satellite systems will benefit from multiple RTTs. 4) Different access schemes such as TDMA, CDMA or hybrid schemes, will provide varying levels of performance under various operating scenarios. These scenarios include different constellations (e.g., LEO, MEO, GEO), different configuration (e.g., on-board processing, bent-pipe), different architecture (e.g., local, global), different operating environment (e.g., outdoor open space, outdoor shadowed, in-vehicle, in- building), different services (e.g., voice, data) and different load distributions (uniform, peaky). 5) RTTs constitute the radio physical layer. This process is an attempt to evaluate RTTs independent of other system parameters, in particular, the satellite constellation. We have found this methodology to be problematic when applied to the selection of the RTT for the satellite-based systems. 6) Because of the diverse service offerings, multiple satellite constellations, and a rapidly changing technological and operational base, it is important to maintain the flexibility to develop and present future RTTs for IMT-2000. The world has limited experience with satellite-based SPCN systems. As major systems will soon become operational, it is important to allow future RTTs, based on the experience gained from these operations. 7) Satellite systems development has been following a different timetable from terrestrial systems. While "second generation" mobile terrestrial systems have operated for some time, and experience with them has become part of "third generation" work, comparable "second generation" mobile satellite systems providing hand-held voice (and other) services are not yet in commercial operation. Thus, the efforts to propose and then evaluate "third generation" mobile satellite systems for the satellite component of IMT-2000 are in advance of actual work on many of these systems. 8) It is clear that future work on the satellite component on IMT-2000 will benefit from the experience gained in this current, initial, phase. In conclusion, the IMT-2000 satellite component is essential to realizing the full IMT-2000 vision. Due to significant differences between terrestrial systems and satellite systems in the areas of design, operational scenarios, areas of optimization, scarcity of resources, cost of initial deployment, number of systems deployed, number of operators and timetable of deployment, it is necessary to have multiple RTTs for satellite systems. Additionally, field experience with second generation mobile satellite systems that are just beginning to be deployed will influence RTT design, hence the door must be kept open for future RTTs. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 42 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6 Related Standardization in other Bodies | There is a significant amount of work being carried out world-wide, both in official standardization bodies and in ad hoc groups of interested parties. As ETSI activity on BSM can not take place isolation of global developments, it is essential to know what other work is being carried out elsewhere. In this clause the most important relevant activities are outlined. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.1 ITU | The ITU is arguably the single most important standardization body in global telecommunications. National and regional standardization activities, including ETSI work, can generally be considered as input to the ITU work and therefore a solid understanding of ITU study areas is essential. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.1.1 ITU-T | Standardization work is carried out by 14 Study Groups in which representatives of the ITU-T membership develop Recommendations for the various fields of international telecommunications on the basis of the study of Questions (i.e. areas for study). Many of these Study Groups are working in various areas relevant to BSM. The actual study areas and projects often involve collaboration between several of the Study Groups, under coordination of an identified Lead Study Group. The Study Groups are: • Study Group 2 - Network and service operation • Study Group 3 - Tariff and accounting principles including related telecommunications economic and policy issues • Study Group 4 - TMN and network maintenance • Study Group 5 - Protection against electromagnetic environment effects • Study Group 6 - Outside plant • Study Group 7 - Data networks and open systems communications • Study Group 8 - Characteristics of telematic systems • Study Group 9 - Television and sound transmission • Study Group 10 - Languages and general software aspects for telecommunication systems • Study Group 11 - Signalling requirements and protocols • Study Group 12 - End-to-end transmission performance of network and terminals • Study Group 13 - General network aspects • Study Group 15 - Transport networks, systems and equipment • Study Group 16 - Multimedia services and systems |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.1.1.1 GII Activities | In ITU-T, the overall responsibility for this area of study is with SG 13. The ITU-T has an extensive number of activities on GII standardization, which fall under the Y-series of recommendations: Y.1xx: GII General Y.2xx: GII Services, Applications and Middleware Y.3xx: GII Network Aspects Y.4xx: GII Interfaces and Protocols ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 43 Y.5xx: Numbering, Addressing and Naming Y.6xx: OAM Y.7xx: Security To date, the Y-series recommendations published are (ITU-T Recommendation [31]): Y.100 [31] General overview of the Global Information Infrastructure standards development Y.110 [32] Global Information Infrastructure principles and framework architecture Y.120 [33] Global Information Infrastructure scenario methodology Y.120 [33] Annex A: Examples of use The specific study areas are: F Projects: Framework aspects N Projects: Network aspects M Projects: Middleware aspects A Projects: Applications aspects I Projects: Internet-related aspects A synopsis of the currently identified projects along with responsible Study Groups is provided in the table in Annex A. Reference models used within SG 13 are presented in clause 10, and various reference points identified. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.1.1.2 IP Project | At the September 1998 meeting of TSAG (Telecommunication Standardization Advisory Group), Study Group 13 was appointed as the Lead Study Group for "IP-related aspects" with the mandate "to provide a focal point in ITU-T for IP- related studies, including the inter-relationship between IP and telecommunication networks and their convergence". In this area, ITU-T foresees a close collaboration with IETF. While the IETF strength lies in the protocol and application areas, the ITU-T contribution is mainly in the areas of network architecture, interworking and network evolution. The ultimate value of IP and telecommunications networks interactions is the building of an integrated network through which people will have increased opportunities to interconnect and to exchange ideas. It is a major challenge for the ITU-T to respond and it is necessary, if the vision is to become reality, for the ITU-T to leverage it's knowledge, experience and competence in developing global standards for communications networks. The primary objective of this project is to identify the issues relative to IP and telecommunications interoperability, utilizing the features of both to mutual advantage in the support of business needs. The Internet Protocol suite, developed by the IETF is taken as a basis. Further, the objective is to identify the areas of work germane to the ITU. Areas where the ITU can provide substantial added value, working in close cooperation with other key industry and standards organizations, such as the IETF, as appropriate. Scope of the project The following twelve work areas have been identified as being of current major concern to the ITU-T. • Area 1 - Integrated architecture • Area 2 - Impact to telecommunications access infrastructures of access to IP applications • Area 3 - Interworking between IP-based network and switched-circuit networks, including wireless-based networks • Area 4 - Multimedia applications over IP • Area 5 - Numbering and addressing • Area 6 - Transport for IP-structured signals ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 44 • Area 7 - Signalling support, IN and routing for services on IP-based networks • Area 8 - Performance • Area 9 - Integrated management of telecom and IP-based networks • Area 10 - Security aspects • Area 11 - Network capabilities including requirements for resource management • Area 12 - Operations and Maintenance (OAM) for IP For each of these areas Annex B describes the scope and focus of the work area, and the issues being studied. In relation to the IETF work an analysis of the IETF Working Group Charters is currently being undertaken to identify areas of potential overlap and areas where the ITU-T could collaborate with the IETF. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.1.2 ITU-R | The Radiocommunication Study Groups: • draft the technical bases for Radiocommunication Conferences • develop draft ITU-R Recommendations on the technical characteristics of, and operational procedures for, radiocommunication services and systems • compile handbooks on spectrum management and emerging radiocommunication services and systems. At present, there are 8 Study Groups (SGs) addressing the following topics: • SG 1 - Spectrum management • SG 3 - Radiowave propagation • SG 4 - Fixed-satellite service • SG 7 - Science services • SG 8 - Mobile, radiodetermination, amateur and related satellite services • SG 9 - Fixed service • SG 10 - Broadcasting service (sound) • SG 11 - Broadcasting service (television) The list of questions under study by SG 4 is given in Annex C of this report. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.1.2.1 WP 4B - ATM via Satellite | From Working Party 4B of the ITU-Radiocommunications sector has started the development of two recommendations that are aligned with ITU-T Recommendation I.356 [27] "B-ISDN ATM Layer Cell Transfer Performance" and ITU-T Recommendation I.357 [28] "B-ISDN Semi Permanent Connection Availability" respectively. These are Preliminary Draft New Recommendations S.ATM titled as "Performance for B-ISDN ATM via Satellite" and S.ATM-AV "Availability for ATM via Satellite" (ATM Forum/98-0828 [39]). S.ATM Recommendation This new recommendation consists of two annexes: normative and informative. The normative section deals with a reference model for a satellite path, ATM performance objectives for satellite system, translation between TM layer and physical layer parameters and relationship between ITU-T Recommendations G.826 [23] and I.356 [27]. The informative section describes the simulated and measured performance of ATM over satellite, measured results of physical versus ATM layer performance, ATM application requirements and techniques to enhance performance of ATM over satellites. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 45 ATM Performance Objectives for Satellite Links This section provides an interpretation of the performance objectives defined in ITU-T Recommendation I.356 [27] and the corresponding requirements for the satellite portion(s) of an ATM connection. The end-to-end ATM Layer network performance parameters and objectives for public Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN) are defined in ITU-T Recommendation I.356 [27]. To accommodate the characteristics and the requirements of various traffic types, ITU-T Recommendation I.356 [27] defines various Classes of Service. Class-1 (Stringent Class) is a delay sensitive class and it is intended to support Constant Bit Rate (CBR) and real-time Variable Bit Rate (VBR) services such as telephony and videoconference. Class-2 (tolerant Class) is a delay tolerant class and supports Available Bit Rate (ABR) and non-real-time Variable Bit Rate (VBR) services such as video and data. Class-3 (Bi-Level Class) supports VBR and ABR services such as high-speed data. Finally, Class-4 (Unspecified Class) supports Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR) services such as file transfers and email. Table 1 provides the ATM Layer performance objectives for the various service Classes. These objectives may be revised in the future based on real operational experience. Table 1: QoS class definition and network performance parameters CTD Cell Transfer Delay 2-point CDV Cell Delay Variation CLR0+1 Cell Loss Ratio, aggregate CLR 0 Cell Loss Ratio, high priority CER Cell Error Ratio CMR Cell Misinsertion Rate SECBR Severely Errored Cell Block Ratio Default Objectives: no default no default no default no 4 × 10-6 1/day 10-4 QoS Classes: Class 1 (stringent class) 400 ms 3 ms 3 × 10-7 none default default default Class 2 (tolerant class) U U 10-5 none default default default Class 3 (Bi-level class) U U U 10-5 default default default U class U U U U U U U The QoS class required by each application is part of the contract negotiation procedure between the user and the network. If the network can provide the requested service level, the connection will go through. If there is any performance objective that cannot be met, the connection will be denied. Once a connection is established, the network has to ensure that the performance objectives of the QoS class are not exceeded during the connection. ATM Performance Objectives for Satellite Systems Numerical values of ATM performance parameters for satellite systems can be derived by applying the allocations given in Table 1 to the performance objectives given in ITU-T Recommendation I.356 [27]. As an illustration, the ATM Performance Objectives for a satellite link used in the international portion that provides Class-1 Service and does not contain switching or cross-connect functions is shown in Table 2. Table 2: ATM Performance Objectives for Satellites (Class-1 Services) Performance Parameters ITU Objective End-to-End ITU Objective Satellite CLR 3 × 10-7 7,5 × 10-8 CER 4 × 10-6 1,4 × 10-6 SECBR 1 × 10-4 3,0 × 10-5 CTD 400 ms 320 ms (max) CDV 3 ms Negligible CMR 1/day For Further Study ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 46 Impact of Satellite Characteristics on ATM Performance To meet stringent objectives of ATM, satellite systems will need to meet special challenges. One characteristic of satellites is the impact of occasional burst errors that can adversely affect the application performance, either directly or indirectly, via the ATM Layer or the ATM Adaptation Layer Protocols. Since satellites are prone to noise and interference from various sources, it is imperative to develop adequate transmission plans. This includes considerations on the selection frequency, transmit and receive power levels, and appropriate coding mechanisms. In particular, robust coding mechanisms such as Reed Solomon codes can reduce the amount of errors that otherwise may pass uncorrected by conventional Forward Error Correction techniques like convolutional encoding and Viterbi decoding. The informative section of the new recommendation on S.ATM describes simulation results of the concatenated coding. QoS Requirements of ATM Services and Applications To adopt the ATM Layer performance objectives shown in Table 1, various studies and measurement results of the Quality of Service (QoS) of ATM applications were submitted to the ITU Study Groups. The goal of these studies was to identify, for each ATM Layer network parameter, the performance objectives that would satisfy the service quality expected by the end-user. Among the various contributions submitted to the ITU was a study conducted by AT&T and Telstra during the AT&T-KDD-Telstra (AKT) ATM Field Trial. One of the objectives of the AKT ATM Trial was to assess the feasibility of transporting ATM over a combination of fibre and satellite connections. The informative section of the S.ATM recommendation provides the AKT trial results on the physical and ATM layer performance of 45 Mbit/s satellite facilities and on the QoS applications. ATM Availability Considerations ITU-T SG-13 has developed ITU-T Recommendation I.357 [28] to address the availability of permanent virtual connections. ITU-T Recommendation I.357 [28] establishes two types of availability parameters. The first parameter is the Availability Ratio (AR), well known to satellite engineers as the "satellite availability". The second parameter is the Mean Time Between Outages (MTBO), defined as the average duration of a continuous time interval during which the ATM network portion is available. At present, not enough is known about the MTBO exhibited by satellite systems, although existing propagation data could be used to investigate this and other statistics about the behavior of a satellite link during periods of degraded performance. Hence, the discussion on this section will be limited only to the Availability Ratio parameter. As opposed to fibre systems, satellites exhibit performance characteristics that are determined by changing atmospheric conditions that affect the signal propagation, the various sources of interference and the type of equipment used. Considering these aspects, ITU-R WP-4B has adopted the following expression to define the satellite system availability. A Satellite Link = A Propagation × A Earth Station × A Spacecraft A Propagation represents the availability due to rain attenuation and interference effects in the uplink and downlink A Earth Station represents the availability (equipment reliability) of all Transmit and Receive earth station equipment up to the terrestrial interface. It also includes sun interference effects and the availability of any ATM equipment that may be used in a satellite connection. A Spacecraft represents the total availability (equipment reliability) of the spacecraft including eclipse outages. It also includes the availability of any on-board ATM processing and/or switching equipment. A Satellite Link represents the product of all availability components on a satellite link. In addition to the parameters mentioned, traffic congestion is being considered by ITU-T. As applied to satellite systems, this parameter may include availability due to traffic congestion or queuing from on-board ATM equipment and/or any satellite-specific ATM equipment used at the earth stations. The recommendation on availability objectives for transmission of B-ISDN ATM; in the fixed satellite service by Geosatellite system; operating below 15GHz provides the satellite hypothetical reference digital path availability. In addition, the measurements of availability of satellite links carrying B-ISDN ATM traffic in terms of BER, CLR, CER versus percentage of time is described. This recommendation relates to earth stations with antennas greater than 3 meters, and for smaller earth stations the work has yet to be done. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 47 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.1.2.2 WP 4B - Satellite Link Performance for Transmission of IP | In May 1999, WP 4B commenced work on a New Question entitled "Performance Objectives of Digital Links in the Fixed-Satellite Service for Transmission of IP Packets". The Question is reproduced below ITU-R Working Party 4B: The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering: a) that fixed-satellite systems must be part of the new global information infrastructure (GII); b) that availability and performance criteria for transmission of IP packets may have an impact on satellite link design; c) that new requirements for IP or higher layer protocols and applications are constantly appearing which may have an impact on satellite link design; d) that transmission of IP packets on satellite links may require performance objectives different from those contained in (ITU-R Recommendations S.1062 [45] and S.[Doc.4/44]), decides that the following Questions should be studied: 1 What are the reference satellite network architectures required to support IP? 2 What is the performance required of satellite links to support network layer protocols (for example RSVP, OSPF and IP multicast, ARP and inverse-ARP), the Internet specific protocols (for example DHCP, IGP and BGP) and transport layer protocols (for example TCP/IP, UDP/IP and their variants) running over IP? 3 What is the performance required of satellite links to support, for example voice, video, videotelephony and file transfer running over IP? 4 What are the needs for potential improvements to IP or higher level protocols that enhance their performance over satellite links? 5 What impact do IP privacy and security protocols and related issues have on satellite link requirements? 6 What arrangements should be made by the ITU-R to offer the most appropriate liaison with the ITU-T and other standards bodies (for example the IETF)? further decides: that the above studies should be completed by 2001. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.1.2.3 Mobile-Satellite Service (MSS) | In order to foster rapid and orderly deployment of global MSS systems, the ITU-R has been preparing Recommendations to facilitate circulation and type approval of terminals, as follows: • ITU-R Recommendation M.1343 [46]: Essential technical requirements of mobile earth stations for global non- geostationary MSS systems in the bands 1 GHz to 3 GHz Provides the essential technical requirements of mobile Earth stations (MESs) for global non-geostationary mobile-satellite systems in the bands 1 GHz to 3 GHz that should be used by administrations as a common technical basis for: establishing type approval requirements for MES terminals; facilitating the licensing of MES terminal operations; facilitating the development of mutual recognition arrangements of type approval of MES terminals; and facilitating the development of mutual recognition arrangements to facilitate the circulation and use of MES terminals. • M.[MSS.TREQ]: Essential technical requirements of mobile earth stations of geostationary MSS systems in parts of the band 1 GHz to 3 GHz (approval by 2000). The type approval of equipment forms a part of the authorization for the use of MES terminals. The mutual recognition by administrations of type approval of MES terminals for geostationary MSS systems is a key element in facilitating the circulation of MES terminals. To achieve mutual recognition of the type approval of MES terminals on a global basis it is necessary to have common global technical requirements. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 48 • M.[MSS.ETR]: Essential technical requirements of mobile earth stations for global non-geostationary MSS systems in the 148 MHz to 150,05 MHz frequency band (approval by 2001). Work is continuing in ITU-R in different areas related to MSS standards, particularly on performance objectives and spectrum management aspects. The ITU has been acting as the depository of the GMPCS-MoU. The MoU group agreed upon a series of "arrangements" to facilitate the introduction and development of GMPCS covering type approval and marking of GMPCS terminals, licensing, access to traffic data, customs matters, and the notification/implementation procedures. For example, type approval of handsets shall be based on ITU Recommendations. More detail about the GMPCS-MoU can be found at http://www.itu.int/GMPCS/gmpcs-mou/. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.1.2.4 ITU-R activities on digital broadcasting | A reference for this text is ITU-R activities on digital broadcasting. Digital Satellite TV It is worth noting the important step taken in preparing standards for digital satellite TV as contained in the following ITU-R Recommendations: • BO.1211: Digital multi-programme emission systems for television, sound and data services for satellites operating in the 11/12 GHz frequency range. • BO.1294: Common functional requirements for the reception of digital multi-programme television emissions by satellites operating in the 11/12 GHz frequency range. • BO.[DOC.11/62]: Transmission system for advanced multimedia services provided by Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting in a Broadcasting-Satellite Channel (ISDB-S) Digital Sound Broadcasting (DSB) As regards the establishment of unique world-wide system characteristics for terrestrial and satellite DAB, in 1995 the following ITU-R Recommendations were established: • BS.1114: System for terrestrial DSB to vehicular, portable and fixed receivers in the frequency range 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz. • BO.1130: Systems selection for DSB to vehicular, portable and fixed receivers for broadcasting-satellite service (sound) in the bands in the frequency range 1 400 MHz to 2 700 MHz. Both Recommendations annexed a description of the EU 147 System as the recommended system fulfilling the requirements laid down in ITU-R Recommendations: • BS.774: Service requirements for DSB to vehicular, portable and fixed receivers using terrestrial transmitters in the VHF/UHF bands; and • BO.789: Service for DSB to vehicular portable and fixed receivers for broadcasting-satellite service (sound) in the frequency range 1 400 MHz to 2 700 MHz; to be used for current DAB service implementations. The currently approved version of Recommendation ITU-R BO.1130 on satellite DAB includes two additional systems besides the EU 147 as well as a comparison table giving the applicability and the performance of each recommended system. Multimedia Broadcasting The ITU-R considers multimedia broadcasting to be the most important frontier of technology in digital broadcasting today. The most important technical issue to resolve is the language that is used for multimedia applications that are broadcast over air. This is the Application Programming Interface, or API. In this respect, the ITU-R has already produced a Recommendation: • BT.1378: Basic requirements for multimedia-hypermedia broadcasting; that recommends initial basis for multimedia-hypermedia broadcasting requirements. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 49 This matter is considered so critical for broadcasting that the ITU-R is setting up a new group to work actively in this area to agree a common world-wide system. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.1.3 ICGSAT | Studies of mutual interest to the Radiocommunication and Telecommunication Standardization Study Groups are overseen by Intersector Coordination Groups, which includes ICGSAT – Intersector Coordination Group on Satellite Matters. Areas requiring coordination: The following areas have been identified as requiring coordination: • Performance and availability of satellite networks (work is proceeding with Recommendations developed by ITU-R SGs 4 and 8 for fixed and mobile satellite services and ITU-T SG 7 for Frame Relay and SG 13 for network performance); • Interconnection of satellite networks with public switched networks (Recommendations are being prepared in ITU-T for interconnection of VSATs with PSTNs. Consideration should be given to new technologies linked with broadband access networks, such as Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL)); • Routing, signalling, numbering, protocols (noting that the previous problem of signalling points for international operation has been solved in the present version of ITU-T Recommendation Q.708 [30]); • Interworking of GMPCS and public networks (this is being considered by ITU-R SG 8; the ITU-D Sector is very active in this field); • IP over satellite (this matter was referred to the Working Group); • The multimedia environment (SG 16 is the lead Study Group within ITU-T for Multimedia services and systems. A coordination group has been established in ITU-R between SGs 10 and 11 for multimedia); • Satellite terminal portability; • Convergence (the matter was referred to the Working Group). Working Group on IP over satellite matters: It has been noted that synergy between the activities of the ITU-T and ITU-R on satellite matters is becoming increasingly important as the technology evolves. In particular, it has been recommended that: 1) Future standards for IP based networks be developed to facilitate operation over all types of transmission technology (including satellites operating in FSS and MSS); 2) The IP project, managed under the responsibility of ITU-T SG 13, should be expanded to explicitly cover the satellite specific aspects including architecture, performance, etc. and without precluding the responsibilities of ITU-R SG4 WP4B. Working Group on Convergence: Three specific topics have been considered: satellite services convergence (as defined in the radio regulations), convergence of services and networks, and future standardization framework for multimedia applications. 1) ITU-R JWP 10-11S concluded that no useful purpose would be served by abandoning the present distinction between the FSS and BSS and the methods of treatment of the two services in the International Radio Regulations. 2) Concerning convergence of terrestrial and satellite services and networks, SG 13 (general network aspects), SG 15 (transport networks, systems and equipment), and SG 16 (Multimedia services and systems) have been studying such issues. 3) About the standardization framework for future multimedia systems, ITU-T SG 16 has started to prepare a working plan for the next study period (2000-2004) under the name "Mediacom 2004". ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 50 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.2 TIA Telecommunications Industry Association | The TIA is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) to develop voluntary industry standards for a wide variety of telecommunications products. TIA's Standards and Technology Department is composed of five divisions that sponsor over 70 standards-setting formulating groups. The committees and subcommittees that formulate the standards are sponsored by five divisions - Fiber Optics, User Premises Equipment, Network Equipment, Wireless Communications and Satellite Communications. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.2.1 Satellite Standards Activities of TR-34 | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.2.1.1 Satellite Communications Division (SCD) and TR-34 | Within the TIA Standards and Technology overall structure, the Satellite Communications Division (SCD) and its associated TR-34 Satellite Equipment and Systems Engineering Committee are responsible for standards and studies related to satellite communications systems, including both the space and earth segments (TIA). The Committee focuses on standards for space-borne and terrestrial hardware; interfaces between satellite and terrestrial systems, as well as the efficient use of spectrum and orbital resources, including frequency sharing between satellite and terrestrial services-when these two types of telecommunications transmission systems operate in part or wholly in a common frequency band. Overall, TR-34 is responsible for standards for space telecommunications systems, including transmitters, receivers, antennas, spacecraft and associated equipment for space and earth segments, including multiple access and interfaces with other systems, as well as radiation phenomena, characteristics of propagation along the path, and data transmission systems which are an integral part of the space system. Active projects within the last several years (SCD and TR-34 were established in 1996) range from studies on how best to accomplish inter-service spectrum sharing and developing standards to achieve interoperability between satellite and terrestrial systems, networks, and services. In addition to developing industry standards specifically for satellite communications equipment, TR-34 has been working with other standards development organizations to ensure that the standards it produces are acceptable for satellite services. In particular, Subcommittee TR-34.1, Communications and Interoperability, has been working closely with the ATM Forum and the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) to ensure the standards developed by these bodies take into consideration the special attributes and requirements of satellite communications. On the TIA website (http://www.tiaonline.com) one can also see that TIA expects the existing collaboration with ETSI to become closer in the future. The demand for satellite communications equipment has been growing rapidly, as demonstrated by U.S. Department of Commerce financial data on the orders for spacecraft and ground (Earth Station) satellite communications equipment over the last five years. These include conventional Fixed-Satellite Service (FSS), Mobile-Satellite Service (MSS), Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) hardware. The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) also received nine MSS system applications (including Letters of Intent from three non-U.S. systems wishing to offer MSS within the U.S.) by the September, 1997 deadline for applications, as well as Letters of Intent and amendments to applications in the 2 GHz MSS bands (1 990 MHz to 2 025 MHz, Earth-to-space; 2 165 MHz to 2 200 MHz space-to-Earth, in the U.S. Table of Frequency Allocations). However, the downlink bands for 2 GHz MSS are also utilized extensively by microwave point-to-point stations in the U.S.—both digital common carrier (formerly FCC Part 21) and analog Private Operational Fixed (formerly FCC Part 94) users, operating under FCC/CFR Part 101. This situation led to the formation, under the auspices of Subcommittee TR-34.2, Spectrum and Orbit Utilization (and TR-14 Point-to-Point Communications Systems), of a special Joint Working Group to study the potential for sharing the band 2 165 MHz to 2 200 MHz between satellite systems operating in the MSS and microwave systems operating in the FS. Some information on the more recent activities in the standards area, within Subcommittee TR-34.1, and in the spectrum area, under SubcommitteeTR-34.2, are provided below. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 51 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.2.1.2 TR-34.1: Communications and Interoperability | Subcommittee TR-34.1, Communications and Interoperability, and the parallel Communications and Interoperability Section (CIS) works on challenging issues and problems of interoperability between terrestrial and satellite networks; and, among satellite networks. The CIS oversees the structure of Working Group Committees and Task Groups, which may address specific issues. These issues may include technical, standards, regulatory, policy, and market place matters, both domestic and global, which are important to the industry. The work covers standards applicable to both Fixed- Satellite Service (FSS) and Mobile-Satellite Service (MSS) networks. The major focus is on the existing and future standards development in Internet, ATM, GSM and their "seamless" operation over satellite transmission paths. The six TR-34.1 Working Groups (WGs) are as follows: • Internet Via Satellite; • ATM Traffic Management and Congestion Control; • Common Air Interface: ATM Via Satellite; • ATM Speech; • ATM Multicast; • Common Air Interface: Dual Mode GSM Compatible Geo Mobile System. Different working groups work very closely with appropriate standards bodies such as ATM Forum, IETF, ETSI and the ITU-T. The outputs of the working groups consist of TIA Telecommunications System Bulletins (TSBs) and Interim Standards (ISs). The TSBs of TR-34.1, in turn, consist of two types of documents-information documents and requirements documents. For example, the work carried out by the ATM Traffic Management and Congestion Control WG will be published in a TSB to be balloted soon. This particular TSB describes in detail the issues which impact traffic management in ATM networks over satellite links; and, recommends specific procedures; e.g., the implementation of virtual source and virtual destination at the ingress of the satellite network. An example of the second category would be TSB-90-a TSB describing high-level requirements for Common Air Interface for Geo Mobile Radio (GMR) System. Two GMR specification families are also under preparation. These GMR systems are GSM-derived and are specified for geostationary satellites and handheld mobile user terminals that are equipped for dual-mode operation with satellite and terrestrial GSM. In 1998,TR-34.1 completed the work which resulted in the successful balloting and publication of TSB-90, High Level Requirements for Common Air Interface for GEO-Mobile (Super GEO) Satellite Communications featuring Interoperation with Terrestrial GSM. In addition, TSB-91, Satellite ATM Networks: Architectures and Guidelines, was completed. These documents are intended to help ensure interoperability between the satellite and terrestrial components of such systems. The WG on Common Air Interface: ATM via Satellite recently completed their work on ATM over point-to-point satellite links. The detailed specification on the Frame format, acquisition and synchronization procedure, and dynamic, adaptive coding has now been published as IS-787: Common Air for Satellite Interface (CASI) Interoperability Specification. Most of the work by Internet via Satellite WG was done in IETF under the TCPSAT working group. Major issues considered were TCP, TCP extension, and their interoperability over satellite. The WG on ATM Speech has been studying the evolving standards, their early implementations and operations in a test- bed environment. Recently, a new project on ATM Multicast over Satellite was approved by TIA. The purpose is to develop a "point-to- multipoint" ATM multicast over satellite standard at the physical access layer. TR-34.1 subcommittee is planning to investigate the following areas from the perspective of satellite/terrestrial interoperability: IP and Quality of Service (QoS), Packet Voice (ATM and IP), GSM Packet Radio Service (GPRS). In addition Ka-band satellite systems for FSS and third-generation compatible MSS are considered attractive areas of investigation under the aegis of TR-34.1 for the development and/or analysis of common air interfaces. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 52 Selected Specifications TR-34.1: Common Air Interface Working Group (CAI WG). Purpose of the working group is to develop a common air interface standard for GEO Mobile Satellite Service enabling interoperation with terrestrial GSM. The current subject of standardization is the satellite-mobile link in both the uplink and downlink directions. The requirements document for the Common Air Interface for GSM over GEO mobile systems has been issued by the TIA as TSB-90 [41]. TR-34.1: Wireless ATM Working Group. This working group produced the TSB-91 "Satellite ATM Networks: Architectures and Guidelines." in April, 1998. These architectures differ from one another in terms of required level of mobility, supported data rates, supported terrestrial interfaces, and on board processing and switching requirements. The ATM network architectures for bent-pipe satellites defined in TSB-91 [42] are: i) SATATM 1.1 - Fixed ATM Network Access and Network Interconnect; ii) SATATM 1.2 - Mobile ATM Network Access; iii) SATATM 1.3 - Mobile ATM Network Interconnect. The ATM Network architectures defined for satellites with on-board ATM switches are: i) SATATM 2.1 - ATM Network Access; ii) SATATM 2.2 - ATM Network Interconnect; and iii) SATATM 2.3 - Full Mesh ATM. TIA TR 34.1 intends to use the present document as a basis in developing the technical specifications for these SATATM networks. The Wireless ATM working group of TIA TR34.1 has finished its task and no longer exists. TR-34.1: The Satellite Over ATM Common Air Interface Working Group. This group began work in November, 1997 on developing a standard for ATM over geosynchronous satellite links. This work has involved establishing the ATM performance requirements that need to be met over the satellite link and choosing a technical approach that meets these requirements with the best benefit/efficiency trade-off. In autumn 1998 the group produced a preliminary specification for a Common ATM Satellite Interface (CASI) protocol which is defined such that interoperability is assured between various vendor implementations. This preliminary specification details the overall operation of the CASI, including specifying a frame format for transport of multiple ATM cells per frame over the satellite link, and forward error correction, which adapts to the satellite link condition, applied to each frame for maintaining ATM service quality. TR-34.1: Interoperability Reference Models. Purpose is to formalize the format and terminology used by the satellite community. This is to ensure compatibility with concepts put forth by other standards-making bodies. A draft document has been developed, but TSB number and the completion date have not been assigned. TR-34.1: ATM Traffic Management. TSB nearing completion on "Traffic Management in ATM Networks over Satellite Links". The TSB will provide a survey of the traffic management issues related to the design of satellite-ATM networks. While the main focus is on traffic management issues, several recommendations on the design options for efficiently carrying data services over satellite-ATM networks are presented. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 53 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.2.1.3 TR-34.2: Spectrum and Orbit Utilization | Subcommittee TR-34.2, Spectrum and Orbit Utilization, and the parallel Spectrum and Orbit Utilization Section (SOUS), which oversees the formulation and functioning of Working Groups or Ad Hoc groups, is responsible for standards and studies related to the efficient use of spectrum and orbit resources for satellite communications systems. The work of TR-34.2 includes both space and earth segments of satellite communications systems and networks. TR-34.2 activities are focused and guided by priorities established in the SOUS, drawing on the broad interests and representation of the membership of TIA to create joint industry working groups for studying subjects of intense interest to the satellite communications community. These include examining technical aspects of inter-service sharing of spectrum (frequency sharing) between, for example, new satellite communications services and existing or new terrestrial systems which could operate in overlapping frequency bands or common frequency bands. The major recent activities of TR-34.2 have taken place within two technical Joint Working Groups (JWGs) for inter- service sharing. One very complex JWG involves several different terrestrial telecommunications services potentially producing interference into satellite receivers at 18 GHz. The other JWG involves new MSS networks' downlink transmissions sharing frequencies with incumbent microwave receive stations at 2 GHz. In addition, an Ad Hoc Group was formed in 1998 to evaluate the IMT 2000 Satellite Radio Transmission Technologies (RTTs) Proposals that were submitted to the ITU-R, under aegis of Task Group 8/1. While the work of the Ad Hoc IMT-2000 Satellite RTT Evaluation Committee was not a spectrum issue, in a strict sense, the methodology of the Committee was to develop Compliance Matrices, based on evaluation criteria supplied by the ITU-R (TG –8/1). These Compliance Matrices were filled out, based on a comparison of the submitted RTT proposals, and in some cases, self-evaluations and supporting documents supplied by the companies or entities which had submitted the RTT proposals to the ITU by June 30, 1998. It was found, through the evaluation process of the IMT-2000 Ad Hoc-RTT Evaluation Group that it is necessary to have multiple RTTs for satellite systems at this stage. This finding was made due to significant differences between terrestrial systems and satellite systems in the areas of design, operational scenarios, areas of optimization, scarcity of resources, cost of initial deployment, number of systems deployed, number of operators and timetables of deployment. The TR-34.2 IMT-2000 Ad Hoc-RTT Evaluation Report was approved by US TG 8/1 for adoption and input into the international TG 8/1 meeting in November, 1998, where the recommendations developed by the TR-34 Ad Hoc were adopted by that meeting. In the case of the TR-34.2/TR-14.11 JWG (18 GHz), this Committee attempted, but was unable to find a technical basis for frequency sharing between the affected services: GSO satellite, NGSO satellite, Broadcast Satellite, Fixed Service Microwave (point-to-point) Common Carrier and Private Licensees, Wireless Cable Operators (point-to-multipoint), plus Broadcast Auxiliary Service (Electronic News Gathering). The Committee basically had agreed to a band segmentation plan, in lieu of co-channel frequency sharing. However, full agreement on this plan was not reached, and since the ground rule of 100% consensus had been set at the outset, the Committee was not able to publish its findings and recommendations. The Committee has not been disbanded as such but has become deactivated, pending such time as the FCC issues its Report and Order on 18 GHz, when the JWG may be reactivated. The work of TR-34.2/TR-14.11 JWG (2 GHz) is nearly completed, after almost three years of technical studies-culminating in the production of TSB-86, which is being balloted within the TIA as of this writing. The main mission of the JWG was to study the potential for sharing the band 2165-2200 MHz between satellite systems operating in the Mobile-Satellite Service (MSS) and microwave systems operating in the Fixed Service (FS). The result of these studies was to determine the conditions under which sharing may be possible and the arrangements necessary for sharing to occur (if any). After a long process of information exchange between the satellite and terrestrial industries, which helped to characterize the RF performance of the microwave links as well as the emissions from MSS satellite networks (including NGSO constellations) proposing to operate in the 2 GHz bands, it was decided that the purpose of TSB-86 would be primarily to provide a methodology for evaluating MSS (downlink) interference into FS receive stations, and to set interference thresholds or criteria to protect both analog and digital FS receivers, on a per hop basis. These criteria represent the maximum permissible levels of interference when coordinating MSS downlinks with respect to FS receiving stations. In publishing this TSB, the 2 GHz JWG and TIA make no claims or conclusions about the extent to which the 2 165 MHz to 2 200 MHz band can be shared between MSS and FS users. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 54 Selected specifications TR-34.2: 2GHz Joint Working Group with TR-14.11 and NSMA. The purpose of the group is to study MSS/FS sharing in the 2 GHz band. TSB 86, version 9.1 is nearing completion. This TSB will serve as a "handbook" for the determination of interference in the 2 GHz band between MSS and FS services. The specific interference criteria are currently under discussion and it is anticipated that the document will be submitted for ballot in December 1998. Concurrently, another report is being prepared that will address non-interference issues. A completion date has not been assigned to that report. TR-34.2: 18 GHz Joint Working Group with TR-14.11 and NSMA. The purpose of the group is to study 1) FSS/FS sharing in the Ka GHz band and 2) blanket licensing of Earth stations in the Ka band. Output will be a TSB, completion date not yet assigned. The TIA TR-34 formed an ad hoc committee to participate in the US TG-8/1 Ad Hoc RTT Evaluation Group evaluation of Radio Transmission Technology (RTT) proposals that had been submitted to the ITU regarding the role of satellites in next generation systems. The ad hoc committee reported that the proposals could not be properly evaluated for their efficacy because satellite related parameters were not included in the self-evaluation materials provided to the proposers. As a result the proposals were evaluated solely on the basis of whether they met the criteria of the submission guidelines. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.2.2 Wireless Internet Protocol Partnership (WIPP) | TIA has recently launched an Internet Protocol (IP) over wireless standards project. The program will be to study IP requirements for all digital wireless technologies and to be access transparent. There is global interest and need to have IP capabilities over wireless. TIA recognizes the need to develop a common IP standard to encourage growth and easy accessibility to the Internet for the wireless technology industries. The global public will benefit by having a common IP standard; a common standard will encourage lower implementation cost and increased operating reliability. Assumptions 1. Computer manufacturers want wireless data services to be an alternative to wireline phone services (and cable modems) for Internet access to PCs and laptops. 2. Wireless manufacturers and carriers are interested in providing Internet services in a wireless environment on existing and future handsets as evidenced by WAP, MIPS Forum, et cetera. 3. Wireless related technology is evolving in three key areas to allow wireless Internet access - bandwidth, available MIPS in the device and display capabilities. 4. The Wireless Internet Protocol should be technology transparent: i.e., the proposed services and features will be available to all digital wireless technologies. Areas of work 1. Wireless Data Services Interface and Operation 2. Application Programming Interfaces (APIs) APIs are the common link, which allow exchange of information among the user's device, the network, a client server and the actual Internet application. 3. Mobile Device Interface and Operation There are four critical factors that will determine mobile device interface and operation in a wireless IP environment: input, output, available MIPS and memory, and the available system data bandwidth. 4. Desktop Device Interface and Operation Computer and chip manufacturers are supporting partnerships that are developing the necessary APIs and support mechanisms that will allow full, wireless IP for desktop applications. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 55 5. Marketing and PR Support A key part of WIP work efforts will center on marketing efforts. This will include recruiting new members, sharing the WIP vision with industry and media analysts, taking part or even sponsoring conferences and seminars, identifying key vertical market segments for early implementation, and establishing and providing PR for WIP membership and work efforts. 6. Application Development To assure that a great variety of compatible applications are available when wireless IP is provided as a commercial service, the WIP Partnership will educate, promote and encourage membership for application developers. 7. Service and Test Guides (i.e. Minimum Performance Standards) 8. Liaison with Appropriate Organizations In addition to the work-related organizations, there are a number of other industry groups both in and out of the computer and wireless areas which need to be identified and contacted to be made aware of the goals and objectives of the WIP Partnership. 9. Voice over Wireless IP Wireless industry sources indicate that voice over wireless IP is already being studied. It would be quite logical to include an industry wide work effort in the WIP Partnership for both development and standardization. 10. Video over Wireless Various video services will be able to be provided over the bandwidth and handset processing power, which is being forecast. Internationally, wireless video services are being discussed as a very attractive service. Further remarks: 1. The proposed WIPP will be technology transparent (i.e. compatible with all wireless technologies) so that Internet services will be available to all digital wireless systems. 2. WIPP is answering the need to provide wireless functionality that will be available in the next 15 to 18 months. These will include two major breakthroughs: incremental bandwidth and increases in processing power and memory in the mobile devices. Hence, the planned mobility bandwidth would include up to 144 kbit/s in full mobility situations in all radio environments, up to 384 kbit/s in outdoor to indoor situations and pedestrians and up to 2 Mbit/s in indoor offices, pico-cells and fixed outdoor applications. In addition, upper end mobile devices such as laptops, palm devices, and an emerging class of wireless phones, which will all have the processing power and memory to be Internet compatible. 3. WIPP is also planning to support wireless functionality to desktop devices that will meet and exceed both current and planned wireline functionality. 4. WIPP will also inventory and coordinate all public computer and wireless work efforts on a world-wide basis so that any appropriate and needed work is not duplicated and any immediate work requirements are addressed. 5. WIPP will utilize its TIA (Telecommunication Industry Association) relationship to publish North American standards (which will also be liaisoned to all appropriate wireless, computer and Internet standards organizations) to fully utilize wireless technology to access Internet services. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 56 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.3 ATM Forum | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.3.1 Overview | The ATM Forum is an international non-profit organization formed with the objective of accelerating the use of ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode) products and services through a rapid convergence of interoperability specifications. In addition, the Forum promotes industry cooperation and awareness. Currently the Forum is developing IP over ATM, voice over ATM, real-time multimedia over ATM (based on ITU-T Recommendation H.323 [69]), and a performance- testing specification as it seeks to secure the technology's future. The organization is using its expertise in the ATM market to transform itself into a multi-protocol forum. A newly established working group has been charged with intensifying ATM's support of IP-based services. The Forum also formed another working group to encourage the development of VoDSL technology, along with voice and data convergence. In addition to activities carried out in cooperation with the ITU, satellite activities are mainly in a subgroup of the Wireless ATM Working Group, whose activities are described in more detail in the following clause. Technical Committees in the ATM Forum are: 1) Control Signalling; 2) ATM/IP Collaboration; 3) Network Management; 4) Frame-Based ATM; 5) Residential Broadband; 6) Physical Layer; 7) Routing and Addressing; 8) Security; 9) Service Aspects and Applications (SAA); 10) SAA / API (Applications Programming Interface); 11) SAA / RMOA (Real-time Multimedia over ATM); 12) Testing (PICS, Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement); 13) Traffic Management; 14) Voice and Telephony over ATM (Voice over DSL); 15) Wireless ATM (including Infrastructure Mobility and Satellite Access Subgroup). A list of ATM Forum work areas is presented in Annex E. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.3.2 Infrastructure Mobility and Satellite Access Subgroup | This clause is adapted from ATM Forum Document Number: ATM_Forum/98-0735, entitled "Infrastructure Mobility and Satellite Access Sub Group Work Plans" [40]. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 57 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.3.2.1 Introduction | During the July 1998 ATM Forum meeting in Portland it was decided to develop a work plan on the Subgroup of the Wireless ATM Working Group focusing on the Infrastructure mobility and Satellite Access networks using ATM and/or ATM-like switching capabilities. Though a few contributions during the past two years have addressed the issues of infrastructure mobility, Airborne Platforms Communicating via satellite links, and Wireless ATM service scenarios with special reference to the satellite ATM, the progress has not been enough to develop its own baseline specifications document. However, during the past two ATM Forum meetings there was considerable interest among the satellite and mobility subgroup (including members from both commercial industry and Government organizations) to accelerate the activities. This clause addresses two important areas driving the goals of this subgroup of the Wireless ATM working group. These are: 1) Multimedia Satellite Networking; and 2) Infrastructure Mobility. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.3.2.2 Multimedia Satellite Networking | The rapid globalization of telecommunications industry and the exponential growth of the Internet are placing severe demands on global telecommunications. This demand is further increased by the convergence of computing and communications and by the increasing number of new applications such as web surfing and desk-top video conferencing. Satisfying this demand is one of the greatest challenges facing the 21st century technology innovations. Existing terrestrial infrastructure can address such telecommunications demands. However, hybrid solutions involving satellites can be used to achieve interconnectivity with distant/isolated nodes of the terrestrial network, thus reducing the congestion problems and providing better quality of service in a more economical fashion. Satellite communications technology offers a number of advantages over traditional terrestrial point-to-point networks. These include: 1) Wide geographic coverage including interconnection of "ATM islands"; 2) Bandwidth on demand, or Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) capabilities; 3) An alternative to damaged fibre optic networks for disaster recovery operations; and 4) Multipoint to multipoint communications facilitated by the inherent broadcasting ability of satellites. With the widespread availability of multimedia technology, and an increasing demand for electronic connectivity across the world, satellite networks will play an indispensable role in the deployment of global networks. The multimedia satellites are the new generation communication satellites that will use on board processing and switching to provide full 2-way services to and from earth stations comparable in size to today's direct to home television receiving dish. The key technologies that make possible the new generation of multimedia satellites are a) multiple small high gain spot beam antennas, b) on board processing and switching and c) intersatellite links. The multimedia satellite communication systems are being developed to provide global, broadband communication services, including high data rate Internet access, private intranets and TV broadcasting. Some of these systems will offer data communication services at Ka band and digital TV broadcasting at Ku band. These systems are intended to interoperate with other technologies such as Ka-band satellites using the 20 GHz to 30 GHz frequency spectrum that can reach user terminals across most of the populated world. In the past three years, interest in Ka-band satellites has dramatically increased, with over 450 satellite applications filed with the ITU. However, satellite systems have several inherent constraints. The resources of the satellite communication network, especially the satellite and the earth station are expensive and typically have low redundancy. These must be robust and be used efficiently. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 58 To illustrate the different segments of a typical satellite network, Figure 7 shows a satellite-ATM network represented by a ground segment, a space segment, and a network control center. The ground segment consists of ATM networks that may be further connected to other legacy networks. The network control center (NCC) performs various management and resource allocation functions for the satellite media. Inter-satellite links (ISL) in the space segment provide seamless global connectivity to the satellite constellation. The network allows the transmission of ATM cells over satellite, multiplexes and demultiplexes ATM cell streams from uplinks and downlinks, and maintains the QoS objectives of the various connection types. The satellite-ATM network also includes a satellite-ATM interface device connecting the ATM network to the satellite system. The interface device transports ATM cells over the frame based satellite network, and demultiplexes ATM cells from the satellite frames. The device typically uses a DAMA technique to obtain media access to the satellite physical layer. The interface unit is also responsible for forward error correction techniques to reduce the error rates of the satellite link. The unit must maintain ATM quality of service parameters at the entrance to the satellite network. As a result, it translates the ATM QoS requirements into corresponding requirements for the satellite network. This interface is thus responsible for resource allocation, error control, and traffic control. This architectural model presents several design options for the satellite and ground network segments. These options include: 1) On-board processing with ground ATM switching; 2) On-board processing and ATM switching. More than half of the planned Ka-band satellite networks propose to use on-board ATM-like fast packet switching. In a simple satellite model without on-board processing or switching, minimal on-board buffering is required. However, if on-board processing is performed, then on-board buffering is needed to achieve the multiplexing gains provided by ATM. On-board processing can be used for resource allocation and medium access control (MAC). MAC options include TDMA, FDMA, and CDMA and can use contention based, reservation based, or fixed medium access control. Demand Assignment Multiple Access (DAMA) can be used with any of the MAC options. If on-board processing is not performed, DAMA must be controlled by the NCC. On-board DAMA decreases the response time of the medium access policy by half because link access requests need not travel to the NCC on the ground any more. In addition to medium access control, ABR explicit rate allocation or EFCI control, and UBR/GFR buffer management can also be performed on-board the satellite. On-board switching may be used for efficient use of the network by implementing adaptive routing/switching algorithms. Trade-offs must be made with respect to the complexity, power and weight requirements for providing on-board buffering, switching and processing features to the satellite network. In addition, on-board buffering and switching will introduce some additional delays within the space segment of the network. For fast packet or cell-switched satellite networks, the switching delay is negligible compared to the propagation delay, but the buffering delay can be significant. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 59 Figure 7: Satellite ATM Network Model |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.3.2.3 Infrastructure Mobility | To understand the motivation for considering infrastructure mobility as an essential component of ATM networking we note first the significant penetration of ATM in today's fixed backbone infrastructure. An ATM backbone provides the opportunity for seamless, end-to-end networking, with efficient use of bandwidth and QoS for providing both synchronous and asynchronous services. A natural extension of this scenario involves the introduction of mobility into the fixed infrastructure. In this picture a hybrid of fixed and mobile segments (each mobile segment being one or more ATM switches clumped together) are linked via radio links, providing essentially a mobile ATM infrastructure. We note that the mobility of the end-user with respect to the switch is not the issue here, rather the issue is mobility of the switch (or groups of switches) itself. A scenario compatible with this picture is that of mobile platforms with multiple users on board such as airplanes, ships, trains, etc. An airplane may be wired with an on-board ATM network servicing several hundred passengers who are fixed with respect to the plane. The airplane constitutes the mobile segment and the ground infrastructure is the fixed segment. The fixed and mobile segments are connected with each other via satellite links forming a seamless mobile infrastructure that supports seamless in-flight air-to-ground communication. An example of infrastructure mobility involving airplanes is shown in Figure 8 below. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 60 Figure 8: Infrastructure Mobile Network Example |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.4 IETF | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.4.1 Overview | The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is a large open international community of network designers, operators, vendors, and researchers concerned with the evolution of the Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet. It is open to any interested individual. The actual technical work of the IETF is done in its working groups, which are organized by topic into several areas (e.g., routing, transport, security, etc.). Much of the work is handled via mailing lists. The IETF holds meetings three times per year. The IETF working groups are grouped into areas, and managed by Area Directors, or ADs. The ADs are members of the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Providing architectural oversight is the Internet Architecture Board, (IAB). The IAB also adjudicates appeals when someone complains that the IESG has failed. The IAB and IESG are chartered by the Internet Society (ISOC) for these purposes. The General Area Director also serves as the chair of the IESG and of the IETF, and is an ex-officio member of the IAB. The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) is the central coordinator for the assignment of unique parameter values for Internet protocols. The IANA is chartered by the Internet Society (ISOC) to act as the clearinghouse to assign and coordinate the use of numerous Internet protocol parameters. Active IETF Working Groups: • Table of Contents; • Applications Area; • General Area; • Internet Area; • Operations and Management Area; • Routing Area; • Security Area; • Transport Area; • User Services Area. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 61 Specific Working Group areas are listed in Annex D. The IETF group most concerned with satellite matters is in the Transport area and is called "TCP over satellite working group" or TCPSAT, described in the next subclause. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.4.2 TCP over Satellite Working Group, TCPSAT | Satellites are being used to extend the Global Internet geographically and will be more ubiquitous in the next decade with the deployment of several proposed systems capable of providing greater than T1 access to individual users anywhere in the world. However satellite links have a unique combination of characteristics that can affect the throughput of TCP traffic. Because of the high bandwidth-delay product, slow start and congestion control algorithms behave much differently when the path includes a satellite link than exclusively terrestrial ones. The work of the TCPSAT group has so far resulted in two major outputs: 1) As of October 1999, the latest Internet-Draft is available from the on-line Internet-Drafts directories, entitled "Ongoing TCP Research Related to Satellites" [35]. This document outlines possible TCP enhancements that may allow TCP to better utilize the available bandwidth provided by networks containing satellite channels. The algorithms and mechanisms outlined have not been judged to be mature enough to be recommended by the IETF as safe for the global Internet. The goal of the document is to educate researchers as to the current work and progress being done in TCP research related to satellite networks. A URL for the Internet-Draft is: http://www.ietf.org/internet-drafts/draft-ietf-tcpsat-res-issues-12.txt 2) In addition, an RFC 2488 [36], "Enhancing TCP Over Satellite Channels using Standard Mechanisms" is available since January 1999. The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) provides reliable delivery of data across any network path, including network paths containing satellite channels. While TCP works over satellite channels there are several IETF standardized mechanisms that enable TCP to more effectively utilize the available capacity of the network path. The present document outlines some of these TCP mitigations. At this time, all mitigations discussed in the document are IETF standards track mechanisms (or are compliant with IETF standards). One important factor to be taken into account is the incompatibility of the emerging IPSec security standard, which provides end-to-end security, with any of the proposed mitigations that require intermediate routers to inspect contents of the TCP header. This includes the class of so-called spoofing protocols. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.4.3 Performance Implications of Link Characteristics (PILC) | Description of Working Group: The Internet network-layer and transport-layer protocols are designed to accommodate a very wide range of networking technologies and characteristics. Nevertheless, experience has shown that the particular properties of different network links can have a significant impact on the performance of Internet protocols operating over those links, and on the performance of connections along paths that include such links. This is especially of concern to the wireless networking community. The PILC working group is producing several BCP/Informational documents. The first document discusses considerations for link-layer designers from the perspective of best supporting existing IETF protocols. The next document discusses the capabilities, limitations and pitfalls of "performance enhancing proxies" (PEPs), i.e. active network elements that modify or splice end-to-end flows in an attempt to enhance the performance they attain in the face of particular link characteristics. The remaining documents discuss either the impact and mitigations for problematic link-layer characteristics (or group of closely related characteristics), or provide overviews of which other PILC documents apply to particular problem domains. As one of its first work items, the WG reviewed an existing Internet Draft on considerations for "long, thin" networks, one of the salient characteristics of terrestrial wireless links. This will be published as a preliminary assessment of the problem domain, to be refined by later PILC documents. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 62 All documents identify which of their considerations remain research topics versus which are established as advanced development. Research topics are explicitly flagged as not part of any recommendations. All documents also identify any security implications associated with their considerations. The working group also serves as a forum for discussing possible modifications to IETF protocols to improve performance in environments with problematic link characteristics - however, not to the detriment of performance and stability in the general Internet, nor to undermine existing security models. It is incumbent upon the chairs to ensure that the WG maintains good communications with other groups interested in related technology issues, such as wireless forums. Internet-Drafts: • End-to-end Performance Implications of Slow Links; • End-to-end Performance Implications of Links with Errors; • Performance Enhancing Proxies; • Advice for Internet Subnetwork Designers; • TCP Performance Implications of Network Asymmetry. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.4.4 UniDirectional Link Routing (UDLR) | Description of Working Group: High bandwidth, unidirectional transmission to low-cost, receiver-only hardware is becoming an emerging network fabric, e.g. broadcast satellite links or some cable links. Two cases for unidirectional links support may be envisaged: 1) unidirectional links on top of bidirectional underlying network (wired Internet); 2) bidirectional islands connected via unidirectional links. In both cases, the integration of unidirectional links may require changes to the routing protocols in order to preserve dynamic routing across these links. A short-term solution (i.e. to solve the first case) is to adopt current protocols with possible modifications. A long-term solution (i.e. for the second case) is to propose, design and implement protocols that remove assumed link symmetry (e.g. by supporting 2-way metrics). There have been several proposed approaches for the short-term case. The first is based on the modification of the common routing protocols (RIP, OSPF, DVMRP) in order to support unidirectional links. The second is to add a layer between the network interface and the routing software to emulate bi-directional links through tunnels. The purpose of the UDLR Working Group, therefore, is to study these approaches and suggest a short- term solution to provide dynamic routing (including multicast) in the presence of unidirectional links. Internet Drafts: - A Link Layer Tunnelling Mechanism for Unidirectional Links. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.5 ISO/IEC JTC1 | ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical Commission) form the specialized system for world-wide standardization. National Bodies that are members of ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established by the respective organizations to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, government and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 63 In the field of information technology, ISO and IEC have established a Joint Technical Committee 1: ISO/IEC JTC 1, which is active in many areas including GII. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.6 Telemanagement Forum | The TeleManagement Forum is a global consortium of over 200 member organizations that is concerned with telecommunications management and the development of "standardized" Management System solutions. It was established in 1988 as the OSI/Network Management Forum and after a change of name to the Network Management Forum (NMF) it has now become the TeleManagement Forum (TMF), a name that is intended to more clearly reflect today's telecommunications environment. The TeleManagement Forum's focus is the development of TMN based standards. It does not want to produce additional standards itself but aims at making the existing ones workable. It has adopted a holistic approach and has established a context in which the individual parts comprising telecommunications management can be related to each other. It has recently launched an initiative, SMART TMN&tm, which is defining a pragmatic approach to achieving end-to-end telecom operations automation for service providers competing in a rapidly changing market. Main Differences compared to ITU's TMN The TeleManagement Forum is committed to TMN standards and is providing support to make them implementable. While adhering to the TMN standards, it has provided the glue and the context for implementing interoperable solutions for these standards. It has adopted a pragmatic approach based on a business model and so fills in some of the gaps that are missing in the TMN standards in order to aid developers implementing TMN systems. It is aware of the market place and trends in the telecommunications industry and has looked beyond current TMN standards by including technologies, such as CORBA and Java, in its solutions that are commercially available but which have not yet been endorsed by the TMN standards process. It provides an enterprise, or business, model and context that is more relevant to the situation today than the implicit TMN one. The TeleManagement Forum work is complementary to TMN, as it has based its work on the TMN standards in order to provide systems that can be implemented. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.7 TINA-C | The Telecommunications Information Networking Architecture (TINA) Consortium is an international collaboration aiming at defining and validating an open architecture for telecommunications systems for the broadband, multimedia, and information era. The architecture is based on distributed computing, object orientation, and other concepts and standards from the telecommunications and computing industries. The TINA architecture addresses the needs of traditional voice-based services, future interactive multimedia services, information services, and operations and management type services, and will provide the flexibility to operate services over a wide variety of technologies. This vision implies a software architecture that offers reusable software components, supports network-wide software interoperability, eases service construction, testing, deployment and operation, and hides from the service designer the heterogeneity of the underlying technologies and the complexity introduced by distribution. The intention is to make use of advances in distributed computing (e.g., Open Distributed Processing (ODP) and Distributed Communication Environment (DCE)), and in object-oriented analysis and design, to drastically improve interoperability, re-use of software and specifications, and flexible placement of software on computing platforms/nodes. In addition, the consistent application of software principles to both services and management software is a primary goal. The TINA architecture is furthermore ensuring that a multi-supplier/provider market for telecommunications services and management systems will be possible. Collaborations with other bodies TINA-C over the years has been active in developing relationships with many Standardization Bodies and Industry Fora. This has promoted sharing research results, orienting the marketplace towards common solutions and reducing duplication of efforts. Another benefit is to increase TINA awareness world-wide. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 64 Currently, the most active collaborations and liaisons are: ITU-T ITU-T SG10 approved in February 1999 the Object Definition Language ITU-T Recommendation Z.130 [70], based on TINA-C ODL. ITU-T SG11 (Q1), there is ongoing effort supported by TINA-C member companies towards the standardization of TINA-C Service Architecture, Ret specification and Business Model. ITU-T SG11 (Q6) produced a Supplement (TRQ.2001) that includes TINA's "session" definitions and business model. OMG The Object Management Group mission is to create a component-based software marketplace by hastening the introduction of standardized object software. TINA-C has reciprocal membership arrangements with the OMG. TINA-C has been instrumental in founding OMG's Telecom Domain Task Force. The main areas of TINA-C technology adoption are within the Telecom Domain Task Force. Current activities are related to answers to Service Access and Subscription RFP, Open Services Marketplace RFI and Telecom Management Work Areas RFI. Further TINA results are given as input to Electronic Commerce and Distributed Processing Environment. TM Forum TeleManagement Forum (TMF) is one of the largest organizations focusing on the management of telecommunication systems and services. Experts from TINA-C and TMF have collaborated together to identify common technical problems, and have authored a collaboration work plan. The collaboration work plan includes work items such as mapping between TINA business model and TMF business process, which is pioneered by ACTS FlowThru project, UML-based information modeling methodology, connection management and reference points, and IP control management issues. A liaison agreement is planned between TINA-C and TMF. URL: http://www.tinac.com |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.8 NASA | Relevant NASA standardization activities are mainly those undertaken by the NASA Glenn Research Center as one of the leading contributors to the IETF's TCPSAT group. (see subclause 6.4.2 above). |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.9 ESA | ESA/ESTEC is initiating work toward the development of a set of common air interface standards for OBP satellites. This work will be carried out by a group called the "Ad-hoc Group to promote standardization of terminals for regenerative satellite multimedia systems (RSAT)", whose (draft) Terms of Reference are: Mission Statement To promote standardization of terminals for regenerative satellite multimedia systems through the fostering of commonalities in the Satellite Access Terminal (SAT). Objective The work of the first Ad-hoc Group resulted in a open recommendation which today serves as the basis for a draft ETSI Standard by the Return Channel for Satellite group (RCS) of the Digital Video Broadcast (DVB) Project. This second Ad-hoc Group will extend that work to include systems using regenerative satellites. The activities will cover both geostationary and non-geostationary satellites in the FSS and BSS. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 65 The scope of the work is to develop open recommendations that could form the basis for standards for SATs to be designed to work with a variety of regenerative multimedia satellite systems. The outcome of the Ad-hoc Group work will be publicly available, and will be introduced to appropriate bodies in order to produce standards. The activities should be completed within seven months from the Kick-off. Programme of work The Ad-hoc Group will address the following issues: • Agree on a service scenario including performance requirements. • Agree on a set of system architectures to be treated (Constellations, Orbits, Frequency bands). • Identify commonalities between system architectures. • Identify the interfaces for which standards may bring benefit. • Produce suitable technical requirements for the interfaces identified. • Examine the current draft of the DVB-RCS standard and determine if it can be made applicable and if so what enhancements would be required to satisfy the identified requirements. • Examine other appropriate standards and determine if any can be made applicable and if so what enhancements would be required to satisfy the identified requirements. • Consult as appropriate external bodies. Publish the outcome of the Ad-hoc Group work and introduce it to appropriate bodies in order to produce standards. Group Membership Members of the Ad-hoc Group are organizations that are European satellite system designers or prospective or established satellite operators with the interest of promoting the Group's activities. The European Space Agency provides the secretariat services. European Commission and ETSI are invited as observers. The Group may accept new members and observers. Working procedure Agreements of the Group shall be made by consensus among members. Any external action of the group (e.g. distribution of working papers, reports, communications to external entities, etc.) shall be based on consensus. Input documents, contributions or any other information provided by members or observers shall not be disclosed outside the Group. Group Deliverables The Group will issue working papers, reports and guidelines in the name of the Members. Once approved by the members, the documents will be made available to the appropriate external bodies. IPR Members and observers have the obligation to inform the Group of essential IPRs they become aware of. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.10 The DVB Project | The Digital Video Broadcasting Project (DVB) includes more than 220 well-known organizations in more than 30 countries world-wide. Members include broadcasters, manufacturers, network operators and regulatory bodies, committed to designing a global family of standards for the delivery of digital television. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 66 DVB-compliant digital broadcasting and reception equipment for professional, commercial and consumer applications is widely available on the market, and numerous broadcast services using DVB standards are now operational, in Europe, North and South America, Africa, Asia, and Australasia. The DVB Project has generated international standards for all programme delivery media: satellite, cable, terrestrial, microwave, MDS, CATV, SMATV. Equipment compliant to DVB standards dominates the marketplace and DVB transmissions are on the air over all five continents. DVB systems deliver a flexible range of picture qualities, multi-channel sound, multimedia data, and the entire configuration can be tailored to meet the demands of any service provider and market. The DVB family of standards includes: • DVB-S a satellite system that can be used with any transponder, current or planned; • DVB-C a matching cable system to suit the characteristics of all cable networks; • DVB-T a digital terrestrial system; • DVB-MC/S a microwave multipoint video distribution systems; • DVB-SI a service information system, enabling the user to navigate through the DVB environment; • DVB-CA a common scrambling system; • DVB-CI a common interface for conditional access and other uses. Once finalized, the DVB standards are published and maintained by ETSI. Relevant ongoing projects are the DVB-RCS and MHP activities, described below. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.10.1 DVB-RCS | The DVB project is in the process of defining a return channel standard for bent-pipe satellites, and will be submitted to ETSI for public enquiry for the purpose of publication as a DVB standard. This will be a voluntary standard under the R&TTE directive 1999/05/EC [22]. The work started as an ad-hoc group at ESA/ESTEC. Further details are presented in Annex G. The following information was given to ETSI TC SES in June 1999: • DVB-RCS is the DVB Working group preparing a specification proposal for approval by the technical module concerning RCST's (Return Channel via Satellite Terminals) called Terminals in the remainder of this subclause. • The basis for the specification work is the requirement by the DVB commercial module. The requirement explicitly states the independence of the specification from the used frequencies (i.e. frequency bands). • The specification should allow production of interchangeable Terminals. • The specification will be separated into a specification part and a recommendation part. • The specification part contains all mandatory requirements of the specification, whereas the recommendation part contains non-mandatory implementation recommendations. • The specification is mainly concerned with the definition of the Air Interface. In the first step it defines systems with star topology. For such star systems it is based on the DVB-S specification for the forward channel and an MF-TDMA return channel. In a later step, mesh systems should also be defined. • There will at least be two profiles for the return channel, one profile will be Reed Solomon based, the other will probably be Turbo code based. • The first profile will probably be available for approval by the technical module in 1Q 2000. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 67 The following list illustrates what issues are involved in the DVB-RCS specification, and their reference model. Reference Models • Protocol Stack Model • System Model • Reference Model of the Satellite Interactive Network Return Link Base-band Physical Layer Specification and Multiple Access Definition • Synchronization, timing control, clock, carrier and burst synchronization • Traffic, Synchronization and acquisition burst formats • Bit numbering and interpretation, transmission order • Energy dispersal • Coding (CRC error detection, outer and inner coding, convolutional or turbo) • Modulation (bit to QPSK, shaping, modulation, power control, guard time) • Capacity Request Mechanisms • Data unit labelling method • Multiple Access (MF-TDMA, Frame and Super-frame formats) Protocol and Sequences of Operations with the NCC and the Gateways • Initial Synchronization • Network Entry (Logon Procedure, Acquisition Procedure, Synchronization Maintenance Procedures, Signalling Messages) • Log-off Procedure (General, Normal, Abnormal) Service support • Capacity Categories (Continuous, Dynamic, Free) Assignment • Queuing Strategy • Requesting Strategy • Assignment/Allocation Processing • Access protocol time sequence • Process and event synchronization Network management • Protocol stack (IP Only or ATM) • Mesh networks • Addressing • Forward Link Signalling • Return Link Signalling ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 68 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.10.2 DVB Multimedia Home Platform | In 1997 the DVB Project expanded its scope to the Multimedia Home Platform (MHP) comprising the home terminal (set top box, TV, PC), its peripherals and the in-home digital network. From a service and application point of view enhanced broadcasting, interactive services and Internet access will be covered. The intention is to develop standards and/or guidelines to create a basis for an unfragmented horizontal market in Europe with full competition in the various layers of the business (value) chain. A crucial role will be played by the Application Programming Interface (API). A comprehensive set of user and market based commercial requirements has been approved and are now used to produce specifications. The work is being carried out in two DVB working groups: • A commercially oriented group, DVB-MHP, to define the user and market requirements for enhanced and interactive broadcasting in the local cluster (including Internet access). • A technical group, DVB-TAM (Technical issues Associated with MHP), to work on the specification of the DVB Application Programming Interface (API). |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.10.2.1 Basic requirements for the MHP and its API | According to DVB's market-led discipline, any work on MHP requirements should start from real applications and business needs. Following this approach two basic groups of requirements were identified: • basic requirements; and • application oriented requirements. The MHP and its API have to fulfil a variety of basic user and market requirements. These requirements have been identified in order to deliver bridging between: • the hardware and the software worlds; • the consumer and computer worlds; • the existing and future business environments, thus providing a harmonious evolutionary path from today's fragmented vertical markets to future unfragmented horizontal markets. The following is a selection of key elements from the basic requirements list. Interoperability - The MHP specification including the API shall support a full range of services and low to high functionality implementations and shall be network and hardware-platform independent. This neutral approach will prevent lock-in to any proprietary format or single vendor etc. and allow cost-effective products to be produced using technologies from freely competing vendors. Evolution, scalability, extensibility and backward compatibility - The MHP solution shall be designed to be extensible towards future functionality. Scalability and backward compatibility shall be maintained. Scalability means enabling low-end and high-end terminal devices (e.g. simple set top boxes and PC theatres) as well as the whole platform to serve low- and high-end user requirements, respectively. Enhancements to future MHP products in terms of hardware and software capabilities shall be backward-compatible with previous generation MHP solutions, so that future MHP applications do not cause older MHPs to crash and that older MHPs are able to provide some level of user-experience of the broadcast applications. Existing applications must be able to run on new generation devices. The level of the user experience shall be scaled down according to the hardware capability. Capabilities shall be provided by the API. Modularity - The MHP solution shall be modular, allowing a number of distinct product levels offering trade-offs between the scope of services enabled by the MHPs functionality and the complexity (cost) associated with its implementation. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 69 Stability - Consumers shall have confidence in the marketplace and the perceived longevity of MHP products. The basic MHP solution shall be stable over time, with well-defined extension procedures for future enhancements. Migration - A possible migration path shall be defined to evolve from the current situation based on proprietary systems towards the future common MHP environment, including the API. Based on open standards - The MHP system shall be based on existing standards, if available. Existing solutions available on the market or any other solution that may seem appropriate should also be considered under the condition that each solution feature is disclosed and properly documented. The MHP system shall be fully published and accessible through a recognized standards body. Upgradability/Downloadability - The definition of the MHP system shall not prevent firmware upgrades. The MHP shall be able to be upgraded through the network in an environment where several receiver implementations co-exist. Controlled development path - The evolution of the MHP system over time shall be maintained by consensus through industry-wide bodies (e.g. under the control of both service providers and manufacturers). Simplified and cost-controlled operation - Applications and data shall be transmitted in a bandwidth-efficient format that allows applications to be transmitted only once, therefore avoiding unnecessary simulcasting. In order to do this, MHP solutions shall be based on the separation of data from the applications. This shall enable different applications to use the same data. For an EPG as a typical application, this means use of the DVB service information (SI) data to the largest extent possible without the need to transmit this information as part of the EPG application. Generic API - A single generic API shall be the target to be used in parallel to existing proprietary APIs. It shall: • allow to support real-time streaming applications, downloaded and locally stored applications; • allow any broadcaster or any application provider to write and supply applications; • allow the look and feel of all applications to be under the control of the broadcaster and/or application provider; • provide access to the DVB-SI data; • allow any manufacturer to implement the API in its own way. API candidates currently under consideration include: • MHEG-5/Java; • Mediahighway +; • JavaTV; • HTML/Java. The API will have to be independent of the Conditional Access (CA) scheme but will support compatibility in a multi- CA environment. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.10.2.2 Application-oriented requirements | Based on short- and medium-term business plans of broadcasters and service providers and an associated roadmap of services/applications, three main areas of applications have been identified: • enhanced broadcasting with local interactivity; • interactive broadcasting using a return channel; • Internet access. Commercial requirements have been derived for each of these areas. The multimedia home platform and its API must support these requirements. In addition benchmark applications have been used to define typical requirements for the application areas under consideration. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 70 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.11 DAVIC | The Digital Audio-Visual Council (DAVIC) is a non-profit Association registered in Geneva. Its purpose is to advance the success of emerging digital audio-visual applications and services, initially of the broadcast and interactive type. This should be achieved by facilitating the timely availability of internationally agreed specifications of open interfaces and protocols that maximize interoperability across countries and applications or services. The DAVIC concept of Digital Audio-Visual Applications and Services includes all applications and services in which there is a significant digital audio-video component. The goals of DAVIC were to identify, select, augment, develop and obtain the endorsement by formal standards bodies of specifications of interfaces, protocols and architectures of digital audio-visual applications and services. These are realized through the open international collaboration of all players in the field. DAVIC intends to make the results of such activities available to all interested parties on reasonable terms applied uniformly and openly and to contribute the results of its activities to appropriate formal standards bodies. DAVIC has now completed its work. The major task of DAVIC was to create complete sets of specifications using emerging digital audio-visual technologies. Typical services that could be the basis of such audio-visual specifications were defined, ranging from services-on-demand to enhanced broadcasting. Complete systems have been designed that enable these services. The main achievements of DAVIC are: • DAVIC 1.0 (published in January 1996) selected a set of tools to support basic applications such as TV distribution, near video on demand, video on demand and simple forms of tele-shopping. • DAVIC 1.1 (September 1996) added tools to support basic "Internet Compatibility", the addition of microwave broadcast networks (MMDS and LMDS), set-top units that are network-independent and set-top units that can behave as "virtual machines". • DAVIC 1.2 (December 1996) added tools to enable TV networks to provide Internet services at high speed to TV and PC users, as well as defining HDTV formats and systems for conditional access. • DAVIC 1.3 (September 1997) added comprehensive Service and Network Management, multiple broadcast servers, mobile reception, scaleable audio, content and meta-data packaging, Java APIs for DVB service information and a new concept of "Contours" - the first instances are Enhanced Digital Broadcast and Interactive Digital Broadcast. • DAVIC 1.4 (June 98) added basic security tools, MHEG-5 resident programs to access SI, Home network architecture and Home Network Technologies for Home Access Network (HAN) and Home LAN (HLN). The final DAVIC release, version 1.5, (June 99) added the description of DAVIC Intranet for QoS management of audio-visual services over IP and DAVIC TV-anytime/anywhere for integration of digital TV and Internet Content. The DAVIC specification has been accepted by ISO/IEC JTC 1 as an International Standard ISO/IEC 16500 [47]. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.12 FSAN | In 1995 a group of telecommunication network operators and equipment suppliers established an international initiative called "Full Services Access Networks (FSAN)". The objective was to create the conditions for the development and introduction of access systems supporting a full range of narrow-band and broadband services through the definition of a basic set of common requirements. These networks should be able to deliver existing and future services, in some cases not yet completely identified. FSAN consists of 20 Telcos working, together with their strategic equipment suppliers, to agree upon a common broadband access system for the provision of both broadband and narrowband services. This common broadband access system is documented in the FSAN requirements specification and is a public document, with the contents available to relevant standardization bodies. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 71 Participants in FSAN are: i) Telcos Bell Canada, Bell South, BT, DT, Dutch PTT, Telecom Eireann, FT, GTE, Korea Telecom, NTT, SBC, SingTel, Swisscom, Telefonica, Telia, Telstra, Telecom Italia, Bezeq, Chunghwa Telecom, and US West. ii) Suppliers Alcatel, Ascom, BBT, Bosch, Ericsson, Fujitsu, Italtel, Lucent, NEC, Nortel, Siemens, SAT. Six work groups were established, responsible for the following areas: • Systems Engineering and Architecture; • Optical Access Networks; • Home Networks and Network Termination; • Operation Administration and Maintenance; • VDSL; • Component Technology. After three years of successful collaborative development a common requirement specification was issued in June 99 for FSAN architectures. The FSAN goals have not been to produce new standards but to build on the resources available from the ATM Forum, ITU and ETSI standards, e.g. the FSAN approach follows the principles stated in ITU-T Recommendation G.902 [24] for generic access networks. The FSAN architecture and application to BSM systems is presented in more detail in subclause 10.4.2 of the present document. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.13 Wireless Standards | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.13.1 Bluetooth | URL: http://www.bluetooth.com The technology is an open specification for wireless communication of data and voice. It is based on a low-cost short- range radio link, built into a 9 x 9 mm microchip, facilitating protected ad hoc connections for stationary and mobile communication environments. Bluetooth technology allows for the replacement of the many proprietary cables that connect one device to another with one universal short-range radio link. For instance, Bluetooth radio technology built into both the cellular telephone and the laptop would replace the cable used today to connect a laptop to a cellular telephone. Printers, PDA's, desktops, fax machines, keyboards, joysticks and virtually any other digital device can be part of the Bluetooth system. But beyond untethering devices by replacing the cables, Bluetooth radio technology provides a universal bridge to existing data networks, a peripheral interface, and a mechanism to form small private ad hoc groupings of connected devices away from fixed network infrastructures. Designed to operate in a noisy radio frequency environment, the Bluetooth radio uses a fast acknowledgement and frequency hopping scheme to make the link robust. Bluetooth radio modules avoid interference from other signals by hopping to a new frequency after transmitting or receiving a packet. Compared with other systems operating in the same frequency band, the Bluetooth radio typically hops faster and uses shorter packets. This makes the Bluetooth radio more robust than other systems. Short packages and fast hopping also limit the impact of domestic and professional microwave ovens. Use of Forward Error Correction (FEC) limits the impact of random noise on long-distance links. The encoding is optimized for an uncoordinated environment. Bluetooth radios operate in the unlicensed ISM band at 2,4 GHz. A frequency hop transceiver is applied to combat interference and fading. A shaped, binary FM modulation is applied to minimize transceiver complexity. The gross data rate is 1 Mb/s. A Time-Division Duplex scheme is used for full-duplex transmission. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 72 The Bluetooth baseband protocol is a combination of circuit and packet switching. Slots can be reserved for synchronous packets. Each packet is transmitted in a different hop frequency. A packet nominally covers a single slot, but can be extended to cover up to five slots. Bluetooth can support an asynchronous data channel, up to three simultaneous synchronous voice channels, or a channel that simultaneously supports asynchronous data and synchronous voice. Each voice channel supports 64 kb/s synchronous (voice) link. The asynchronous channel can support an asymmetric link of maximally 721 kb/s in either direction while permitting 57,6 kb/s in the return direction, or a 432,6 kb/s symmetric link. The different functions in the Bluetooth system are: • a radio unit; • a link control unit; • link management; • software functions. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.13.2 Wireless Application Protocol, WAP | URL: http://www.wapforum.com/ The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is an open, global specification that enables mobile users with wireless devices to easily access and interact with information and services instantly. The WAP Forum is the industry association that has developed the de-facto world standard for wireless information and telephony services on digital mobile phones and other wireless terminals. WAP is designed to work with most wireless networks. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.14 Mobile communications | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.14.1 UMTS Forum | URL: http://www.umts-forum.org UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is one of the major new third generation mobile communications systems being developed within the framework which has been defined by the ITU and known as IMT-2000. The subject of intense world-wide efforts on research and development throughout the last decade, UMTS has the support of many major telecommunications operators and manufacturers and represents a unique opportunity to create a mass market for highly personalized and user-friendly mobile access to tomorrow's "Information Society". UMTS will deliver pictures, graphics, video communications and other wide-band information including voice and data, via fixed, wireless and satellite networks direct to people who may be on the move. UMTS will build on and extend the capability of today's mobile technologies (e.g. digital cellular and cordless) by providing increased capacity, data capability and a far greater range of services using an innovative radio access scheme and an enhanced, evolving core network. The launch of UMTS services from the year 2002 will see the evolution of a new, "open" communications universe, with players from many sectors (including providers of information and entertainment services) coming together harmoniously to deliver new communications services, characterized by mobility and advanced multimedia capabilities. The successful deployment of UMTS requires new technologies, new partnerships and the addressing of many commercial and regulatory issues. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 73 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 6.14.2 The GSM Association | URL: http://www.gsmworld.com The GSM Association is the premier global body behind the world's leading wireless communications standard. It is responsible for the development, deployment and evolution of the GSM standard for digital wireless communications and for the promotion of the GSM platform. Extending the boundaries of GSM GSM is established as the global standard for mobile communications. As a technology, GSM continues to evolve, with high-bandwidth services becoming a reality for the current 2nd Generation technologies. The development path into the 3rd Generation is clearly mapped out and brings with it possibilities for new age data and multimedia applications. The GSM network will evolve, with wireless, satellite and cordless systems offering greatly expanded services, including high speed, multimedia data services, in-built support for parallel usage of such services and seamless connection with the Internet and wire-line networks. This will see the convergence between various communications means and networks becoming a reality. Global spectrum In 1992 the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) identified specific frequency bands for IMT-2000. Similarly it is expected to identify additional spectrum to cater for the anticipated growth in broadband multimedia third generation services that will be in common use by the middle of the next decade. The GSM Association believes that in addition to the existing GSM and IMT-2000 bands, extension bands totalling about 190 MHz will be required for 3rd Generation applications. Such additional frequency bands would ensure global spectrum for the mobile future. A Powerful Force The Association is already the focal point for 3rd Generation systems and operators, with a clear mandate and mission to manage all common and inter-operator issues - the first licensed 3rd Generation operators are already members of the Association. Many of the existing 2nd Generation operators are likely to evolve their networks to support 3rd Generation technology in the future. Collectively, the Association's members provide digital GSM services to over 200 million customers, globally. The Association is preparing to take a key role in the development of 3rd Generation systems and is well prepared to take on this challenge. Cooperation with the 3GPP and the UMTS Forum Through its membership in the 3rd Generation Partnership Program (3GPP), the global working organization responsible for producing the 3rd Generation technical specifications, it will ensure there are provisions for interoperability and compatibility between 3rd Generation Systems and existing GSM systems and services. From a consumer perspective, this integration of system and service profiles, and multi-mode terminals will mean world-wide roaming will be possible. The GSM Association also works closely with the UMTS Forum, which focuses on spectrum availability, licensing issues, and long-term market surveys for 3rd Generation systems. The 3GPP and UMTS Forum work together, addressing complementary tasks and issues. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7 Related Standardization in ETSI | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.1 TC SES | URL: http://www.etsi.org/ses/ SES stands for Satellite Earth Stations and Systems. Work within TC SES is carried out in working groups on: • Harmonized Standard for Little LEO; ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 74 • Harmonization for TBRs; • Ka-Band Earth Stations; • GEO Mobile Radio Interface; • Satellite Component of UMTS; • European Co-operation for Space Standardization; • Aeronautical Satellite Earth Stations. It is expected that a WG for the development of a harmonized standard for Ku-band earth stations operating within non-geostationary satellite networks will be started in 2000. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.1.1 Ka-Band Earth Stations | This WG produces European Norm and any other ETSI deliverables for earth stations operating to either geostationary or non-geostationary satellites in the Fixed Satellite Service (FSS)/Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS) 20/30 GHz band (Ka-band) for the protection of the spectrum and the orbital resources from unacceptable interference by taking into consideration the relevant ITU-R Recommendations for Region 1. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.1.2 GEO Mobile Radio Interfaces (GMR) | GMR stands for GEO (Geostationary Earth Orbit) Mobile Radio interface, which is used for mobile satellite services (MSS) utilizing Geostationary satellite(s). The TC SES GMR Working Group is currently producing technical specifications for GEO MSS derived from the terrestrial digital cellular standard GSM and supporting access to GSM core networks. There are 2 families of similar, but not identical, specifications being developed. The first is based upon the Thuraya GEO system and is referred to as GMR-1, whilst the second, referred to as GMR-2, is based upon the ACeS GEO system. Due to the differences between terrestrial and satellite channels, some modifications to the GSM standard are necessary. Some GSM specifications are directly applicable, whereas others are applicable with modifications. Similarly, some GSM specifications do not apply, while some GMR specifications have no corresponding GSM specification. Since GMR is derived from GSM, the organization of the GMR specifications closely follows that of GSM. It is anticipated that these specifications, which are based upon the GSM Phase 2 specifications, may in the future also address S-GPRS and perhaps S-EDGE. These higher data rates could thus enable advanced TDMA based MSS to deliver some terrestrial UMTS / IMT 2000 based services. This Working Group's tasks are to: • Prepare technical specifications (TSs) for two radio interfaces for Geostationary Earth orbit satellite access to the core network of GSM. • Liaise with various SMG working groups on issues relating to the radio interface specifications. • Prepare proposals for SMG work items relating to the radio interface specifications. For example proposals to add functionality to the SIM or the MAP. • Liaise with TIA-TR34.1 on issues relating to these radio interface specifications. This work shall adopt the co-operative procedure between ETSI TC SMG and ETSI TC SES as described in SMG Tdoc 251/98 (annex to SES33(98)22). |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.1.3 Satellite Component of UMTS (S-UMTS) | The working group covers the Satellite component of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (S-UMTS). It is the focal point in ETSI for liaising with the relevant bodies inside and outside ETSI on matters concerning the development of standards for S-UMTS. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 75 Tasks are to: • Produce Harmonized Standards for Mobile Earth Stations operating in the S-UMTS frequency bands. • Produce Technical Specifications or any other ETSI deliverables to ensure the seamless integration of satellite component of UMTS enabling the satellite access network to directly inter-work with other UMTS networks. Therefore, it shall take full advantage of the ongoing standardization for the terrestrial component of UMTS by promoting use of a common Iu and Cu interface. In addition, development of open standards for radio interface shall be based on the UMTS Access Network architecture defining radio independent and radio dependent functions. • Study compatibility of services defined for the terrestrial component with S-UMTS and to promote adoption of specific satellite services as applicable. • As necessary liaise inside ETSI with the Technical Committees SMG, TMN, NA/SPS and with the ETSI Projects UMTS and TIPHON. • As necessary liaise outside ETSI, in particular with: 3GPP, ITU-R TG8/1, ITU-T SG 11, ERC TG /1. From the beginning the working group shall liaise with: 3GPP, ITU-R TG 8/1, ETSI SMG and ETSI UMTS. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.1.4 ETSI SIT and SUT Standards | The relevant ETSI documents are: 1) EN 301 359 [16]: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite Interactive Terminals (SIT) using satellites in geostationary orbit operating in the 11 GHz to 12 GHz (space-to-earth) and 29,5 GHz to 30,0 GHz (earth-to-space) frequency bands"; 2) EN 301 358 [15]: "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Satellite User Terminals (SUT) using satellites in geostationary orbit operating in the 19,7 GHz to 20,2 GHz (space-to-earth) and 29,5 GHz to 30 GHz (earth-to-space) frequency bands". 3) EN 301 360 [83]: "Satellite User Terminals (SUT) transmitting towards satellites in geostationary orbit in the 27,5 GHz to 29,5 GHz (earth to space) frequency band". SIT/SUT aim at individual or collective use. SUT are used mainly for transmission and reception of data signals. SITs are used for reception of audio-visual signals as well as data and for providing a return channel for interactive services via satellite. Typically the received signal is digitally modulated as defined in the DVB-S standard EN 300 421 [9]. The two ENs should protect other users of the frequency spectrum, both satellite and terrestrial, from unacceptable interference. The requirements have been selected to ensure an adequate level of compatibility with other radio services. Both ENs define the minimum specifications of the technical characteristics of SIT/SUT operating as part of a satellite network. The equipment considered comprises both the outdoor unit, usually composed of the antenna subsystem and associated up-converter, power amplifier and Low Noise Block (LNB) down-converter, and the indoor unit, usually composed of receive and transmit logic as well as the modulator, including cables between these two units. SIT/SUT common characteristics: • transmit through geostationary satellites with spacing down to 2° away from any other geostationary satellite operating in the same frequency band and covering the same area; • linear or circular polarization is used for transmission or reception; • received signals may be analogue and/or digital; • transmitted signals are always of digital nature; • antenna diameter does not exceed 1,8 m, or equivalent corresponding aperture; • designed for unattended operations; • transmission is in the frequency band allocated to FSS on a primary basis from 29,5 GHz to 30,0 GHz. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 76 SIT only characteristics (EN 301 359 [16]): • SIT reception is in the Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) frequency ranges from 10,70 GHz to 11,70 GHz and from 12,50 GHz to 12,75 GHz as well as the Broadcast Satellite Service (BSS) frequency range from 11,70 GHz to 12,50 GHz. SUT only characteristics (EN 301 358 [15]): • SUT reception is in the frequency band allocated to the Fixed Satellite Service (FSS) on a primary basis from 19,7 GHz to 20,2 GHz. These standards are now replaced by EN 301 459 [17], "Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES); Harmonized EN for Satellite Interactive Terminals (SIT) and Satellite User Terminals (SUT) transmitting towards satellites in geostationary orbit in the 29,5 GHz to 30,0 GHz frequency bands covering essential requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive". |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.2 TC SPAN | URL: http://www.etsi.org/span/ |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.2.1 General | TC SPAN (Services and Protocols for Advanced Networks) is ETSI's core competence centre for fixed networks standardization including IP based networks. It is responsible for all aspects of standardization for present and future converged networks including mobility aspects within fixed networks, using existing and emerging technologies, in line with, and driven by, the commercial objectives of the ETSI membership. This will be accomplished in close co- operation with other ETSI Technical Bodies and external standardization activities. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.2.2 Scope | SPAN Core Competence Definition of general network and service aspects for all existing and new wireline access and core networks. Definition of information transport capabilities, signalling requirements, protocol design and associated test specifications. Standardization may also be based on requirements from other Technical Bodies or external bodies. Matters of consistency between public and corporate networks and between fixed and mobile networks including ensuring that standards take account of security and regulatory requirements. These activities cover both circuit- and packet-switched networks including IP and ATM technologies. Core competence of SPAN Working Groups • SPAN Task Force: Co-ordination of ETSI members inputs to ITU-T SG2, SG11 and SG13. • SPAN1 (formerly SPS1) Competence centre for Network Signalling and Interconnection Protocol Standardization. • SPAN2 (formerly NA2) Competence centre for Numbering, Addressing, Naming, Routeing and Service Description. • SPAN3 (formerly SPS3) Competence centre for IN. • SPAN5 (formerly SPS5) Competence centre for Digital Access Signalling Protocol Standardization. • SPAN6 (formerly NA6) Competence centre for Network Intelligence and Universal Mobility. • SPAN8 (formerly NA8) Competence centre for Network Architecture and evolution. • SPAN9 (formerly SPS9) Competence centre for Access Networks and Service-Node Interfaces. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 77 Activities • Network architecture and its evolution. • Service descriptions from the user perspective (excluding details of the human interface). • Relations between services and network. Network capabilities for service provision and interoperability of services (e.g. for Service Provider Access). • Functional capabilities and information flows needed to support services. • Service interworking. • Technical requirements on terminals and network components to support the implementation of services, including the support of mobile services. • Switching functions and switching systems for public networks. • Common channel signalling systems and signalling networks. • Access Networks and protocols. • Numbering, naming, addressing and routing. • Interworking between different network types. • Interworking of protocols and signalling systems. • Charging capabilities of circuit and packet switched networks. • Quality of Service and Network Performance. • Resource management e.g. congestion control in IP based networks. • Network intelligence. • Universal Mobility, including global mobility aspects in fixed networks. • Specification of protocols and the means of testing those protocols. • Operational, maintenance and technical performance requirements of switching and signalling systems including testing requirements. • Collaboration with other bodies (both inside and outside ETSI) • Provides overall guidelines to other ETSI Technical Bodies to ensure a co-ordinated approach to the development of standards for public networks including requirements from private networks. • Primary Technical Body for co-ordinating the position of ETSI for ITU-T Study Groups, in particular SGs 2, 11 and 13. • Primary Technical Body for liaising and collaborating as appropriate with the ECTRA Project Teams - Numbering and TRIS. • Liaising and collaborating with the European Union on (Open Network Provision) ONP and other relevant network issues. • Co-ordinating ETSI positions on network aspects as appropriate in IETF in collaboration with ETSI Project TIPHON. • Liaison with ETSI Project UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System). • Maintaining good relation with other appropriate bodies including: - 3GGP, IETF, ITU-R, ATM Forum, EURESCOM, ETNO, ICANN and its Supporting Organizations. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 78 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.3 EP TIPHON | URL: http://www.etsi.org/tiphon/ ETSI Project TIPHON, Telecommunications and Internet Protocol Harmonization Over Networks, is the core group within ETSI for competence in IP matters. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.3.1 Terms of Reference | There is a growing market for real-time voice communication and related multimedia aspects over IP based networks. The objective of this project is to support a market for voice communication and related multimedia aspects in various network scenarios by the production of appropriate ETSI deliverables. Mobility and roaming within IP based networks and also with other networks shall be supported. The objective in this area are global standards, therefore co-operation with relevant groupings in ITU-T and IETF is essential. The role of ETSI should be opinion leadership and building consensus between all major market players. Co-operation is also required with relevant fora, especially IMTC, MSAF and TIPIA. Priority will be placed on areas needing special emphasis to reach the general objectives or where ETSI members have specific interests, such as technical requirements originating from existing or planned European networks. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.3.2 Scope | The project focuses on voice communication and related multimedia aspects as required to enable interoperability within IP based networks and with other types of networks. The ETSI Project TIPHON does not have a mandate for regulatory aspects, but regulatory requirements should be taken into account (e.g. requirements for legal interception and emergency services). The project covers: • Scenario 0: Communication between IP based networks users. • Scenario 1: Communication between an IP based networks voice user and users in a SCN in which the call set-up is originated by the IP based networks user. The objective is to give IP based networks users access to SCN services, including applicable supplementary and basic IN-based services, as far as possible based on existing features in these networks. • Scenario 2: Communication between users in SCN and users in IP based networks in which the call set-up is originated by the user in SCN. • Scenario 3: Communication between users of SCN using the IP based networks for the connection/trunking between the involved SCN. • Scenario 4: Communication between IP based networks users using the SCN for the connection/trunking between the involved IP based networks. The project is structured into 3 phases. Currently phase 1 deals with scenario 1, phase 2 with scenario 1 and 2 and phase 3 with all scenarios and with mobility, roaming and wireless issues. Project phases are accompanied by validation and interoperability testing activity. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.3.3 Voice over IP and related multimedia aspects | In the initial phase, which is currently planned, the project will focus on voice communication and related multimedia aspects, e.g. the support of fax and modem traffic, the impact of multimedia traffic on voice communication within a session etc. The project will further cover some multimedia terminal aspects, e.g. for end-to-end quality of service considerations and interoperability verification testing. Amongst the variety of SCNs TIPHON is focussing on PSTN, ISDN (incl. PISN) and GSM. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.3.4 Future work | The scope of the project may be extended to include related aspects, e.g. multimedia communication. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 79 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.3.5 Technical objectives | The technical objective is to identify the requirements and to produce deliverables in cooperation with other organizations within ETSI or outside as applicable required to fulfill the terms of reference above. This will include: • requirements for service interoperability; • reference configurations and functional models, including position of gateway functions between IP based networks and SCN and interfaces at these gateways; • call control procedures, information flows and protocols; • address translation between ITU-T Recommendation E.164 [71] and IPv4/v6 addresses; • technical aspects of charging/billing; • technical aspects of security; • end-to-end quality of service aspects, including transcoding and echo-cancellation; • aspects of wireless access technology; • support for roaming users. According to the technical objectives of the Project the following working groups have been established: • WG 1: Requirements for service interoperability, technical aspects of charging/billing and security. • WG 2: Architecture and reference configurations. • WG 3: Call control procedures, information flows and protocols. • WG 4: Naming, Numbering and Addressing. • WG 5: Quality of Service. • WG 6: Verification and Demonstration Implementation. • WG 7: Wireless and mobility aspects. • WG 8: Security. The work will be based on existing specifications, e.g. relevant parts of ITU-T Recommendation E.164 [71], IPv4/v6 and ITU-T Recommendation H.323 [69]. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.4 TC SEC | URL: http://www.etsi.org/sec/ Responsible for technical and regulatory aspects of security. Security (ETSI SEC) is the focal point for security standardization within ETSI. ETSI SEC advises ETSI (via it's Technical Bodies) on how technical and regulatory aspects of security should be addressed in its technical work and ensures that security issues are appropriately and consistently addressed in all of ETSI's technical work. ETSI SEC also represents ETSI's interest with external bodies concerned with security. ETSI SEC is the leading body for lawful interception standardization within ETSI, and WG 1 Lawful Interception is charged to execute the work. Its mandate is to: • Discharge the responsibilities of ETSI Security to be the lead body within ETSI in relation to lawful interception, including the preparation of reports and other necessary activities. • Develop generic standards relating to lawful interception, including handover interfaces. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 80 • Liaise with other ETSI bodies in relation to lawful interception, including offering advice and guidance. • Liaise with bodies external to ETSI in relation to lawful interception. • Establish a continuing work plan in relation to lawful interception. • Report to ETSI Security for formal approval of work plan deliverables. • Report progress and make recommendations to ETSI Security. One of the outputs of the group is a document entitled: "ETR 331 [18] (1996) Title: Security Techniques Advisory Group (STAG); Definition of user requirements for lawful interception of telecommunications; Requirements of the law enforcement agencies", and available on the ETSI website. The present document is evolving to take into account the specific problems of multimedia systems. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.5 EP BRAN | URL: http://www.etsi.org/bran/ BRAN is the ETSI project for standardization of Broadband Radio Access Networks (BRAN). This project will provide facilities for access to wire-based networks in both private and public contexts by the year 2000. The BRAN project will address wireless access systems with bitrates of 25 megabits per second or more and operating in either licensed or license exempt spectrum. These systems address both business use and residential access applications. Fixed wireless access systems are intended as high performance, quick to set up, competitive alternatives for wire-based access systems. BRAN standards, existing and under development include: • HIPERLAN/1 HIPERLAN Type 1 is a Radio LAN standard designed to provide high-speed communications (20 Mbit/s) between portable devices in the 5 GHz range. It is intended to allow flexible wireless data networks to be created, without the need for an existing wired infrastructure. In addition it can be used as an extension of a wired LAN. The support of multimedia applications is possible. The HIPERLAN Type 1 Functional Specification is specified in EN 300 652 [48]. • HIPERLAN/2 This short-range variant is intended for complementary access mechanism for UMTS systems as well as for private use as a wireless LAN. It will offer high-speed access (25 Mbit/s typical data rate) to a variety of networks including the UMTS core networks, ATM networks and IP based networks. Spectrum has been allocated for HIPERLANs in the 5 GHz range and the Project is working with CEPT/ERC to expand this allocation to enable both licensed and license exempt use. The main Technical Specifications were completed in February 2000. • HIPERACCESS This long range variant is intended for point-to-multipoint, high-speed access (25 Mbit/s typical data rate) by residential and small business users to a wide variety of networks including the UMTS core networks, ATM networks and IP based networks (HIPERLAN/2 might be used for distribution within premises). Spectrum allocations are being discussed in CEPT FM29 and CITEL. • HIPERLINK This variant provides short-range very high-speed interconnection of HIPERLANs and HIPERACCESS, e.g. up to 155 Mbit/s over distances up to 150 m. Spectrum for HIPERLINK is available in the 17 GHz range. The specifications to be developed will address the physical (PHY) layer as well as the data link control (DLC) layer (with medium access and logical data link control sublayers as appropriate). Interworking specifications that allow broadband radio systems to interface to existing wired networks, notably those based on ATM and TCP/IP protocol suites, will also be developed. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 81 BRAN is also intended to assist regulatory bodies with issues such as the requirements for spectrum and the radio certification specifications that will be required to implement the new broadband radio networks. To ensure overall coherence with other existing and emerging technologies, close relationships have been or are being established with the ATM Forum, the IEEE Wireless LAN Committee P 802.11a, IEEE 802.1G [84] and 802 N-WEST, the IETF, the MMAC-PC High Speed Wireless Access Systems Group, the ITU-R and a number of internal ETSI Technical Bodies. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.6 EP UMTS | URL: http://www.etsi.org/umts/ ETSI Project UMTS is responsible the development of standards for UMTS covering mobile communications systems that deliver seamless customized multi-media services from a converged network of fixed, cellular, wireless and satellite components. UMTS is to be a family member of the IMT-2000 system. EP UMTS is responsible for collecting current and future ETSI activities relevant to UMTS outside those G-UMTS areas to be handled by the 3GPP. Specifically it is responsible for standards covering: • Generic aspects applicable across different UMTS systems (e.g. based on GSM, ISDN and IP platforms) on subjects such as FMC, VHE, interoperability between different UMTS architectures, multi-mode terminal behaviour, QoS, etc. • Aspects beyond the initial phase for all UMTS systems including cross-phase compatibility. The tasks of EP UMTS include: • Establishing a long-term vision for UMTS and IMT-2000. • Developing scenarios for the evolution from existing 2nd generation mobile systems (e.g. GSM), the initial phase of UMTS (G-UMTS) and fixed access towards the long-term vision. • Identifying UMTS target service and feature requirements. • Developing concepts and requirements for realizing the VHE. • Developing an overall UMTS system architecture encompassing cellular, fixed, wireless and satellite access technologies within the context of public, private and domestic scenarios. • Identifying detailed UMTS requirements (e.g. signalling, addressing) as input to other ETSI bodies responsible for developments outside the EP's area of responsibility. • Identifying requirements to the UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN) as input to other ETSI bodies responsible for developments outside the EP's area of responsibility. • Ensuring that UMTS forms an integral part of the ITU's IMT-2000 development and satisfies the requirements of an IMT-2000 Family Member. • Coordinating an overall UMTS work plan, including standards development within EP UMTS and other ETSI bodies. • Ensuring that conformance test specifications for networks and terminals are met. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.7 TC TMN | URL: http://www.etsi.org/tmn/ Responsible for the creation of network management standards for the telecommunication network, with the aim of providing consistent and harmonized management standards across all technologies. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 82 The TMN (Telecommunications Management Network) concepts provide a generic framework to be applied to the management of different technologies. The TMN functional architecture introduces layering of TMN management functionality (fault, configuration, accounting, performance and security) into different layers (element, network, service and business management). TMN provides object modelling concepts and protocols to build interfaces between systems (managing and to be managed). ETSI TMN, formed late in 1997, is responsible for the creation of network management standards for the telecommunication network, with the aim of providing consistent and harmonized management standards across all the following technologies under the ETSI umbrella: • Network aspects of TMN • Management aspects of the classic PSTN • Generic Object Modelling • Management of Broadband ISDN • Integration of Intelligent Networks and TMN • Network level transport management activities • Element level management activities on transmission equipment • Management of Access Networks • Management of ATM Switches • Management of V5/VB5 interfaces In a further drive towards consistency, ETSI TMN maintains links with external organizations such as Study Group 4 of the International Telecommunication Union (ITU-T), the TeleManagement Forum (TMF), the ATM Forum, the Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) and with ANSI T1M1 (responsible for internetwork OAM&P standards). Achieved work A major achievement was the completion of a number of Q3 interfaces, including the finalization of standards on centralized charging (I-ETS 300 819 [49]) and network routing (EN 300 292 [50]). Work is also complete on customer administration (EN 300 291 [51]) and traffic management (ETS 300 673 [52]). In addition, work was completed on Security in TMN (EN 301 261-3 [53]) and on Intelligent Network management (ES 201 386 [54]). General documents are TR 101 648 [55] that gives guidelines on modelling of management objects and ES 200 653 [56] containing a library of network level generic classes. Several documents were published on modelling of PDH, SDH and ATM networks. Work was completed on the support of configuration, fault and performance management functions associated with the VB5.1 reference point (EN 301 271 [57]). ETSI TMN initiated co-operation with EURESCOM and the ETSI EASI in order to improve activities on the X interface. ES 201 654 [58] is on the X interface for SDH path provisioning and fault management, work is ongoing on the performance part (DES/TMN-03002). EN 300 820 [59] concerns the ATM management information model for the X-type interface between Operation Systems (OSs) of a Virtual Path (VP)/Virtual Channel (VC) cross-connected network. Unified Modelling Language (UML) is now widely accepted and ETSI TMN is making efforts to introduce this new methodology to a wider audience. Future developments For the broadband access network, work is ongoing on the support of configuration, fault and performance management functions associated with the VB5.2 reference point (EN 301 754 [85]). Also scheduled is work on general requirements should a protocol other than CMIP have to be utilized in a TMN context. Particular attention will be dedicated to CORBA. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 83 The big challenge for the future is the management of the Internet, and discussions have already been initiated on this subject with the IETF to avoid the duplication of effort. It was decided to review the "IP Management" related work as an area that in any case needs further attention. The objective is to identify what future standards development work needs to be undertaken by the ETSI TMN given the evolving technologies and the market needs. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.8 TC HF | URL: http://www.etsi.org/hf/ ETSI HF is the committee responsible for standards and guidelines dealing with ease of use and accessibility of telecommunication equipment and services, including the requirements of older and disabled people. Ease of use is a key factor for the commercial success of any telecommunication product or service. The growing complexity of telecommunication services and equipment makes this aspect more and more important. ETSI HF has representatives from research bodies, manufacturers, service providers, users and consumers. It contributes to the following work areas: • User interfaces for the Internet. • Mobile communications. • Multimedia and Videotelephony. • User interfaces for network management. • Numbering, addressing and service codes. ETSI HF collaborates closely with EU funded projects and continues to support the aims of the European Commission by producing the necessary standards to allow universal access to information and communication technology (ICT). Accommodating the needs of the growing numbers of older users is also a high priority for ETSI HF. A new STF is planned dealing with naming and addressing systems in future converging services and networks such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS). This should lead to the replacement of long telephone numbers with a more meaningful system of names and addresses. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.9 TC ERM | URL: http://www.etsi.org/erm/ ERM is a "horizontal" technical committee that is responsible for the standardization of electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) and radio spectrum matters on behalf of all other technical bodies of ETSI. Its work can be considered in three main areas: "Horizontal" issues • The Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) working group is responsible for all ETSI Harmonized Standards related to the EMC Directive (89/336/EEC [60]) and article 3.1b of the R&TTE Directive. This group is also responsible for liaison on behalf of ETSI with CENELEC on EMC issues and with CISPR. • The Radio Matters (RM) working group is responsible for co-operation with the European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC) to secure appropriate spectrum allocations in the CEPT countries for standardized systems, in order to ensure co-existence between different communications systems standardized by ETSI. "Radio Project" activities ERM has long-term working groups providing expertise in the following areas: • Land-mobile radio (RP02 and RP08); • Maritime radio (RP01); ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 84 • Aeronautical radio (RP05); • Radio site engineering (RP11). "Task group" activities ERM has a number of task groups which are set up on a short-term basis to deal with particular issues, and which disband on the resolution of the issues. Current task groups are looking at: • issues for radio equipment installed in motor vehicles (TG4) • EMC requirements for marine radio (TG5) and aeronautical radio (TG15) • ETSI input to the ERO Detailed Spectrum Review (TG7) • Interference potential of CB radio (TG8) • requirements for Radio LAN (TG11) and Cordless Telephone (TG13) equipment • requirements for the declaration of interfaces under the R&TTE Directive (TG14) |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.10 TC SMG | URL: http://www.etsi.org/smg/ The mission of SMG is to develop standards for the GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) family of public digital mobile communications systems with a built-in capability for unrestricted world-wide roaming of users and/or terminals between any networks belonging to this family. Specifically, its task is to develop and maintain the specifications of the digital cellular telecommunications system operating in the 900 MHz band known as GSM 900 and of its variation in the 1800 MHz band, known as DCS 1800. In addition it is responsible for maintaining the integrity of the GSM platform by close cooperation with ANSI T1P1, who are responsible for the 1900 MHz version, known as PCS 1900. The scope of the TC SMG work is focused on the GSM family. It includes the definition of the GSM services offered and the selection and specification of the most efficient radio techniques and speech coding algorithms including the coordination of validation programmes. SMG is also responsible for the elaboration of the GSM network architecture, signalling protocols and conditions of interworking with other networks. SMG deals with all technical aspects of data and telematic services. SMG specifies the appropriate security procedures. In addition SMG is charged with the application of the Telecommunications Management Network (TMN) concept to the GSM network entities. SMG specifies the SIM (subscriber identity module), an intelligent IC card. In addition Base Station and Mobile Station testing is standardized. SMG collaborates with other ETSI Technical Bodies, e.g. SPAN, and SAGE. SMG has the primary responsibility within ETSI for co-ordinating with the GSM Association, ECTEL TMS, the UMTS FORUM, ANSI T1P1, the Advanced Communications Technologies and Services (ACTS) mobile project line and Task Group 8/1 of the International Telecommunication Union Radio Sector. SMG will eventually publish the 3GPP specifications as ETSI standards. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 7.11 EP EASI | URL: http://www.etsi.org/easi/ Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is a high-performance, cell-oriented switching and multiplexing technology that utilizes fixed-length packets to carry different types of traffic. ATM is a technology which enable carriers to capitalize on a number of revenue opportunities through multiple ATM classes of services, high-speed local area network (LAN) interconnection, voice, video, and future multimedia applications in business markets in the short term and in community and residential markets in a longer term. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 85 There is a growing need for greater capacity and bandwidth in the telephony network. Internet, with many of its applications, has been growing fast, and the holding times and patterns of Internet connections differ from those of voice telephony. In many countries, data traffic already exceeds voice traffic. More and more applications are hungry for bandwidth. Better graphics and the need for transmitting video clips have resulted in longer waiting. Electronic commerce is already introduced over the Internet and this too generates more traffic to the network. Unfortunately, in the increasingly competitive environment, many vendors and/or network operators have developed their own service offerings, which are often not compatible between them. There is therefore a need to ensure a global ATM network interoperability. For achieving such a task ETSI established in October 1997 a project called "EASI", which stands for "European ATM Services Interoperability". The intention of this study is to identify appropriate existing standards, close any options or ambiguities and stimulate the production of any further standards that may be required. The scope is to produce enough of an unambiguous system specification to allow the manufacture and deployment of ATM equipment that will readily enable operators to offer interoperable ATM services across and between their various networks. Some Network-to- Network interfaces need to be specified in the Network User and Control planes and in the Network Management Plane. Individual networks are protected by gateway functions that allow those networks to develop independently. Other network aspects shall be taken into account such as user service requirements, network architecture, quality of service and performance objectives. The work has been split into two phases: 1) the first phase is to describe an overview of all services required and to provide specification needed to support: • permanent and semi-permanent VP and VC connections; • SVC connections and TCP/IP. 2) the second phase is to provide specification for supporting SVP connections and interworking capabilities (e.g. 64 kbit/s, Frame Relay,...). Achieved work For each phase the aim is to specify both User and Control Plane (including Network Functions and Service Aspects) and Network Management Specifications for Phase implementation. The work programme is set as follows: • Network-Network Interface (NNI) User and Control plane specification Phase 1; • Network-Network Interface (X.easi) Network Management specification for Phase 1; • Network-Network Interface (NNI) User and Control plane specification Phase 2; • Network-Network Interface (X.easi) Network Management specification for Phase 2. So far, TR 101 673 [61] is the deliverable which describes an overview of a set of specifications defining Network- Network Interface (NNI) to enable service interoperability between ATM networks. The Technical Specifications for Network Functions and Services Aspects for Phase 1 has been published as deliverable numbered TS 101 674-1 [86]. No further work is planned on Phase 1. Deliverables relevant to Phase 2 have been started more or less in parallel and should be achieved before end of 2000. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8 Regulatory Environment | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.1 The R&TTE Directive | The most significant aspect of the R&TTE Directive [22] is that it conforms to the "New Approach to technical harmonization". This introduces a market-led approach into the Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment sector, and removes the regime of type approvals. Conformity to the essential requirements (ERs) in Article 3 of the R&TTED is by supplier's declaration, and may be based on Harmonized Standards or other means. Essential requirements are substantially reduced compared to the earlier regime. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 86 The Directive contains essential requirements that are to be met. In producing Harmonized Standards for application under the Directive, ETSI shall ensure that the standards do not exceed the degree of regulation envisaged by the Commission (after consultation with TCAM), and shall apply discernment in order not to inhibit technological innovation or the meeting of the needs of a free-market economy. Following a Mandate from the EC, ETSI had prepared an ETSI Guide EG 201 399 [62], "A guide to the production of Harmonized standards for application under the R&TTE Directive" to inform of the implications. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.1.1 Scope of the Directive | The R&TTED covers Apparatus within its scope that is either TTE or RE, as defined in its Article 2b and 2c, or that is both TTE and RE (for example, cellular phones). The scope of the R&TTED excludes equipment listed in its Annex I (radio amateur kits, certain marine equipment, cabling and wiring, receive-only radio/TV, certain civil aviation equipment, certain air-traffic-management equipment), and equipment used exclusively for activities of the State (Article 1.5). It applies only to the communication aspects of certain medical devices (Article 1.2) and vehicles (Article 1.3). These limitations on the scope of the Directive apply to all TTE or RE. TTE was previously covered by Directive 98/13/EC [63], although there are differences in the definition of "TTE" between the two Directives. RE was not previously covered by a specific Directive, although there were provisions on RE included in the EMC Directive. For the products within its scope, the R&TTE Directive covers all aspects of placing on the market and putting into service, except for licensing of RE, which remains a national matter. The aspects of safety and EMC covered in other Directives are taken over into the R&TTE Directive, although the supplier has the option of using the procedures in these earlier Directives, for equipment which falls within their scope (R&TTED Article 10.2), as a means to demonstrate conformity to the requirements of article 3.1a and 3.1b in the R&TTED. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.1.2 Implications for Telecommunications Terminal Equipment | The definition of TTE given in the R&TTED is "a product enabling communication or relevant component thereof which is intended to be connected directly or indirectly by any means whatsoever to interfaces of public telecommunications networks". In contrast to the earlier Directive 98/13/EC [63] Article 1.2, interworking with the network is not part of the definition for indirectly connected terminals. Under the R&TTE Directive, TTE will no longer be subject to type approval. Products can be placed on the market under the responsibility of the supplier. The supplier makes a Declaration of Conformity to the essential requirements of the Directive, and shall keep this declaration, together with supportive product technical documentation, as outlined in R&TTED Annex II, for at least ten years after the last product of that type has been manufactured. Suppliers are responsible for ensuring that each item of TTE produced meets the ERs. There is no simple relationship between the "new" essential requirements of the R&TTED and the "old" essential requirements applied to TTE under Directive 98/13/EC [63], except for satellite earth stations, for which the essential requirements are effectively the same. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.1.3 Implications for Radio Equipment | The definition of Radio Equipment (RE) given in the R&TTED, Article 2(c), is "a product, or relevant component thereof, capable of communication by means of the emission and/or reception of radio waves utilizing the spectrum allocated to terrestrial/space radiocommunication". This definition has no lower limit on the transmitted power. RE shall be constructed to avoid harmful interference, defined as "interference which endangers the functioning of a radionavigation service or of other safety services or which otherwise seriously degrades, obstructs or repeatedly interrupts a radiocommunications service operating in accordance with the applicable Community or national regulations". RE using frequency bands whose use is not harmonized throughout the Community shall be notified to national spectrum management authorities at least four weeks before it is placed on that national market. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 87 For radio transmitters, including TTE which uses radio transmission, essential radio test suites shall be carried out for the product (refer to Annex III of the R&TTE Directive). If the test suites are not defined in Harmonized Standards, a Notified Body of the supplier's choice shall be consulted to identify which test suites are essential for the product concerned, and that body's identification number forms part of the CE marking. The supplier's Declaration of Conformity to the ERs shall state that the essential radio transmitter tests have been carried out. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.1.4 Article 3.2 | Article 3.2 is "The effective use of the radio spectrum allocated to terrestrial/space radio communication and orbital resources so as to avoid "harmful interference" In general, assumptions are necessary for spectrum management purposes concerning the performance of transmitters, receivers and control functions in the areas of signalling, code domain considerations and frequency resource sharing etc. In the case of Article 3.2 the inclusion of technical requirements in Harmonized Standards is limited to only those necessary for the avoidance of "harmful interference" (which is a term defined in the Directive). Thus requirements necessary to provide a presumption of conformity to the Directive are a small subset of those used for spectrum management. It is noted that the parameters that are not included in the Harmonized Standard are available or will be made available to the public in other documents. Technical Bodies writing Harmonized Standards may consider it appropriate to make reference to these non-essential requirements for guidance, but only with a strict clarification that such reference forms no part of the essential requirements and thus it forms no part of the Harmonized Standard for the purposes of conformity assessment. NOTE: Radio Regulations (RR), definition of Interference: Interference is defined as " the effect of unwanted energy due to one or a combination of emissions, radiations, or inductions upon reception in a radio-communications system, manifested by any performance degradation". |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.1.5 Procedure for generation of Harmonized Standards | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.1.5.1 Identification of a Work Programme | The European Commission has requested ETSI to provide a programme of standardization work it considers necessary to provide Harmonized Standards under the R&TTED. This programme of standardization work will provide the basis for a standardization mandate. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.1.5.2 Standardization mandate | ENs cannot be quoted in the OJEC as Harmonized Standards unless they have been developed under an EC standardization mandate. Mandates under the R&TTED are proposed by the Commission, after consultation with TCAM, and approved by the Committee established under the terms of Directive 98/34/EC [64] before being presented to ETSI. The EC standardization mandate exists, M/284 and has been accepted by ETSI. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.1.5.3 Handling of candidate Harmonized Standards | Candidate Harmonized Standards are adopted according to specific procedures under the ETSI Technical Working Procedures (TWP). Before a candidate Harmonized Standard is submitted to the voting procedure, the standard shall be finally examined to ascertain that the conditions imposed by the R&TTE Directive, the conditions of the standardization mandate, and the conditions stemming from this Guide are met. Once adopted by ETSI, Harmonized Standards developed under the R&TTED mandate are presented to the Commission by the ETSI Secretariat. The Commission will decide whether or not the Harmonized Standard is acceptable in whole or in part as suitable for establishing a presumption of conformity against the relevant essential requirements. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 88 Revisions of Harmonized Standards developed under R&TTED mandate do not require a specific modification to the standardization mandate. However, publication of the revised standard in the OJEC is necessary to amend the requirements that give a presumption of conformity with the R&TTED. If an ETSI technical body considers that technical modifications to a Harmonized Standard are required, it should raise a work item according to the TWP. The ETSI Secretariat will present the work item to TCAM with a justification covering why the revision of the Harmonized Standard is required. The EC may decide not to cite the revision in the OJEC. If, following the Commission's action, the relevant ETSI technical body considers that the Harmonized Standard should be withdrawn, the standard shall follow the withdrawal procedures of the TWP. The ETSI Secretariat shall ensure that the standard is archived so as to remain available if requested, including traceability that the standard had been published in the OJEC, with the relevant dates of publication and withdrawal. ETSI has designed a modular structure for the standards. Each standard is a module in the structure. The modular structure is shown below. New standard for Health for radio (if needed) Use of spectrum * If needed Scoped by equipment class or type Scoped by frequency and/or equipment type Disability* Privacy* Fraud* No harm to the network* Emergency* Inter-working via the network* Inter-working with the network Non-radio Radio (RE) Non-TTE TTE 3.1b 3.2 3.3c 3.3b 3.3a 3.3d 3.3e 3.3f Radio Product EMC New single multi-part standard Generic and base standards also notified under EMC Directive Standards also notified under LVD Directive (incl acoustic safety if needed) 3.1a New radio harmonised standards Spectrum EMC Safety Figure 9: Modular structure for the various standards used under the R&TTE Directive ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 89 The left-hand edge of the figure shows the different sub-clauses of Article 3 of the Directive. The vertical boxes show the standards under article 3.2 for the use of the radio spectrum. The scopes of these standards are specified either by frequency (normally in the case where frequency bands are harmonized) or by radio equipment type. For article 3.3 various horizontal boxes are shown. Their dotted lines indicate that no essential requirements in these areas have yet been adopted by the Commission. If such essential requirements are adopted, they will be elaborated in individual standards whose scope is likely to be specified by function or interface type. The bottom of the figure shows the relationship of the standards to radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment. A particular equipment may be radio equipment, telecommunications terminal equipment or both. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.1.6 Article 4.2 | Article 4, Essential Requirements, clause 2 states the new European Directive: "Each Member State shall notify to the Commission the types of interface offered in that State by operators of public telecommunications networks. Member States shall ensure that such operators publish accurate and adequate technical specifications of such interfaces before services provided through those interfaces are made publicly available, and regularly publish any updated specifications. The specifications shall be in sufficient detail to permit the design of telecommunications terminal equipment capable of utilizing all services provided through the corresponding interface. The specifications shall include, inter alia, all the information necessary to allow manufacturers to carry out, at their choice, the relevant tests for the essential requirements applicable to the telecommunications terminal equipment. Member States shall ensure that those specifications are made readily available by the operators". An impact of the R&TTE directive, article 4.2, related to the standardization scenario for BSM seems to be that air interfaces may need to be published before service is offered to the public. It is necessary to clarify what implications this may have on closed (i.e. unpublished) air interfaces. The R&TTE directive may provide good arguments for a set of voluntary standards. For the case of a new, niche-market system the situation can be different, especially when there are no similar systems available on the market. Also, given the significant research and development investment that will need to go into the design of a conceptually new terminal design and function, the requirement to publish the complete air-interface at service launch could be dissuasive to a system developer. Finally, the inherent diversity of many satellite system characteristics could cast uncertainty on the feasibility of producing a multi-system terminal. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.2 Requirements for Lawful Interception | Any BSM system that shall operate in Europe is required to have a mechanism for lawful interception. Legal authorities will need a mechanism to listen to any data in the system, both that associated with the content of a call, but also call- associated data as user addresses, call duration, the caller and recipient location etc. There are currently no clear and consistent requirements across Europe. Depending upon the type of system, the interception may occur at a hub/gateway or at the satellite. For satellites that provide direct terminal to terminal connections, special challenges arise. The actual legal control over who is to be intercepted and when such interception shall or may occur is beyond the scope of the present document to elaborate on. This is defined in Council Resolution of 17 January 1995 on the lawful interception of telecommunications, published in the EU Official Journal C 329, 04/11/1996 p. 0001 - 0006. The responsibility of considering security issues and lawful interception in ETSI lies with TC SEC. According to TC SEC, as a rule of thumb approximately 1 in every 10 000 subscribers will be the subject of lawful interception. The ETSI documents ETR 331 [18], ES 201 671 [7] and ES 201 158 [6] relate to Lawful Interception. ETR 331 [18] is currently being updated to take into account IP and multimedia systems. For convenience, the general requirements from ETR 331 [18] are listed below: ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 90 The obligation of the network operator/service provider as to which telecommunications traffic shall be intercepted is subject to national laws. In accordance with the relevant lawful authorization a network operator/service provider shall ensure that: • the entire content of communication associated with a target identity being intercepted can be intercepted during the entire period; • any content of communication associated with a target identity being intercepted which is routed to technical storage facilities or is retrieved from such storage facilities can be intercepted during the entire period; • if the results of interception can not be delivered immediately to the relevant LEMF, then the content of communication and/or the intercept related information shall be buffered until they can be delivered; • he shall not monitor or permanently record the results of interception. The ability to intercept telecommunications shall be provided relating to all interception subjects operating permanently within a telecommunications system (e.g. a PSTN subscriber). The ability to intercept telecommunications shall be provided relating to all interception subjects operating temporarily within a telecommunications system (e.g. a visiting mobile subscriber). The results of interception relating to a target service shall be provided by the network operator/service provider in such a way that any telecommunications that do not fall within the scope of the lawful authorization shall be excluded by the network operator/service provider. All results of interception provided at the handover interface shall be given a unique identification relating to lawful authorization. Statewatch, an organization for monitoring civil liberties in the European Union, informs on their Internet site ((http://www.statewatch.org) that the EU and the FBI are in the process of launching a global surveillance system, and that global S-PCN satellite systems are within their focus. The Council of the European Union and the FBI in Washington, USA have been cooperating for at least five years on a plan to introduce a global telecommunications tapping system. The system takes advantage of the liberalization of telecommunications - where private companies are taking over from national telephone systems - and the replacement of land/sea based lines and microwave towers by satellite communications. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.2.1 Perspective of TC SEC | WG LI have given some thought to the matter of satellites and Lawful Interception, and offer the following initial answers: Legal requirements LI is an activity, which must always be undertaken according to national legislation. This national legislation will respect and refer to international agreements. There is no European body whose authority extends to this issue. In national LI legislation different approaches are taken (although international alignment is endorsed by the EU resolution of 17th January 1995 http://europa.eu.int/eur-lex/en/lif/dat/1996/en_496Y1104_01.html). National differences are particularly found in the target or the targets' communication being the subject of interception. Licensing The national LI demands will in many, if not all, cases be coupled to licences for frequency use or operator or provider licences. If arrangements for LI are not made then an operator will be in breach of licence conditions, with the threat that their licence to operate the licensed system could be withdrawn. Crossing national jurisdiction The target (terminal) and/or the associated communication may cross national jurisdictions, and this is a complicating factor for satellite and other wide coverage systems. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 91 The national jurisdiction can, according to national legislation and international treaties, be limited to the (sovereign) national territory, international territories (such as sea areas), other national territories or a combination of these. This will differ per country and per lawful authorization (depending on the crime involved). The involved provider or system should therefore have the capability to limit an intercept to the appropriate geographical area as accurately as possible, according to the position of the intercepted terminal. EU mutual legal assistance convention (MLAC) For networks with crucial system parts outside the national jurisdiction the general legal approach, according to law enforcement, is that the interception is done by the law enforcement agency by "listening" to the communication. The (place of) technical interception done by the provider or operator to make the legal interception possible is legally not relevant. International treaties and mutual legal assistance are brought in place to safeguard the operator or provider that might operate practically from another jurisdiction. A network operator might take a different view. The draft EU mutual legal assistance convention, MLAC, describes LI in Title III. (This document is available at http://docbox.etsi.org/Tech-Org/security/Document/security/LI/ 1999-10%20Sophia%20Antipolis/16wglitd049%20draft%20mlac.pdf). Technical requirements The interest of law enforcement is, in general, not in broadcast (generally available content) information received by a target. The interest of law enforcement is in information flows specifically addressed to and from the target. In cases where the communication does not touch a network element on the ground, or in territorial space, then forced grounding of the technical information to be intercepted is necessary for delivery. One such ground point can, in principle, serve more than one territory depending on the ground point territory's view of the MLAC. Usually the grounding point would be a ground station used for access or control, and traditionally would be chosen for engineering reasons rather than through any consideration of LI. The need for standards The thought of many operators dealing with many territories, each of which have many law enforcement authorities, on a bilateral basis, is horrifying. The market needs standards to allow pre-packaged solutions that may readily be adopted across all territories, with appropriate national configuration. The essential reason why the GSM operators started the initial work on GSM standardization was to counter a situation in which each network operator was paying their chosen manufacturer(s) for bespoke LI solutions. The GSM operators felt that a standardized approach would be cheaper, quicker to market and more likely to meet LEA requirements in the long run. Consequences of poor handling The essential consequence is that in most Western European countries an operator is unlikely to be granted a licence. Handling of issues by system proponents One may draw ones own conclusions. In terms of an architectural approach, WG LI is currently developing a document describing LI architectures, but this work is still at an early stage. WG LI could consider satellite and other broad area coverage systems if given some specific (typical) systems to think about. Further questions ETSI document ETR 331 [18] addresses some of the questions relating to international operation without giving any answers. WG LI is currently revising that document, and expects to consider the MLAC as part of that activity. The new ETR 331 [18] can be expected by early 2000. The new version will handle IP multimedia matters, while the older version focuses on voice. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 92 8.3 CEPT/ERC; Frequency Allocation and Terminal Licensing Issues The ongoing work of the European Radiocommunications Committee (ERC) is organized in three permanent working groups in the areas of Frequency Management (FM)- Spectrum Engineering (SE)- Radio Regulations (RR). Another permanent working group the Conference Preparatory Group (CPG) coordinates the preparations for ITU World Radio Conferences (WRCs) and Radio Assemblies. The ERC and the Working Groups create Project Teams (PTs) to work to well defined tasks and limited time periods: for this aim four PTs have been created. In particular, the PT1 of the CEPT-CPG2000 addresses all procedural/regulatory issues of WRC-2000 agenda items, prepares the necessary European Common Proposals (ECP) and related briefs, the relevant draft section of the CEPT brief and the draft briefs on the proposals to the Conference from other administrations. Moreover, the PT1 coordinates the CEPT positions for the Regulatory Special Committee and the actions of the CEPT administrations. Finally it reports to CPG. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.3.1 Ku-band and Ka-band by NGSO satellite systems | The ITU World Radiocommunications Conference of 1997 (WRC-97) adopted regulatory provisions facilitating the use of Ku-band and Ka-band frequencies by non-geostationary systems of the fixed-satellite service. It is expected that WRC-2000 will adopt some further changes to the regulatory provisions under which non-GSO systems of the fixed-satellite service share spectrum with incumbent GSO FSS, fixed service and other radio services, based on the conclusions of the Conference preparatory meeting held in Geneva November 1999. These regulatory provisions allow for more efficient use of the orbit/spectrum resource through the introduction of non-geostationary satellite systems of the FSS whilst enabling BSM high data rate, low latency services to be provided on a global basis. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.3.2 Terminal Licensing and Authorization Procedures and Conditions | The important issues of harmonization of licensing and authorization procedures and conditions for terminals of BSM type systems are currently being addressed within various CEPT and EU groups or project teams. These fora include the EU Satellite Action Plan - Regulatory Working Group (SAP RWG) and the Joint ERC/ECTRA Project Team /Satellites (JPT SAT). The JPT SAT is currently addressing such issues within the framework of an EC mandate on harmonization measures for S-PCS systems operating above 3 GHz. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 8.3.3 Mobile Use of the Ka-Band | There is a strong growth in mobile multimedia services, and with UMTS mobility and multimedia are key driving factors. This enlarges the broadband multimedia applications and the BSM systems to the "on the move" scenario. Agenda Item 7.2 text of WRC-2000 is the following: "to recommend to the Council items for inclusion in the agenda for the WRC-01, and to give its views on the preliminary agenda for the 2003 Conference and on possible agenda items for future conferences". The CEPT/ERC PT1 is the appropriate place for such a discussion. The frequency bands currently allocated by the Radio Regulations to the Mobile Satellite Service (MSS) in the 1 GHz to 3 GHz range (up to now the technically preferred frequency range for MSS) are rapidly approaching saturation due to an increasing number of operational and planned MSS systems with growing spectrum need. Solutions need to be sought urgently to accommodate the increasing MSS spectrum demand, possibly avoiding the major constraints and sharing problems that the new proposed MSS systems are facing to operate in the 1 GHz to 3 GHz range. As a general principle for efficient spectrum management, the new broadband technologies must use the minimum bandwidth to ensure transmission of information at the rate and with the quality required under specified conditions and should operate at the highest and least occupied frequency bands consistent with their operating characteristics. A recent market analysis, performed in the European framework and based on the use of a predictive model developed by Italian industry, assessed potential users and market penetration of satellite based mobile multimedia services operating in Ka-band. It confirmed that the possible lack of available spectrum could in the future be a major barrier to meet the expected demand for broadband MSS in the various Regions. To implement such services it is desirable to have a global coverage, and in order to access the widest class of broadband telecommunication services, the use of increased bandwidth is necessary. An opportunity exists in Ka-band. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 93 The Radio Regulations, in the ITU Regions 1 and 3, in the 19,7 GHz to 20,2 GHz and 29,5 GHz to 30 GHz frequency bands, have for now allocated to the MSS, on co-primary basis with FSS (Fixed Satellite Service), a spectrum amount of only 2 x 100 MHz. The remaining 2 x 400 MHz are on a secondary basis. In ITU Region 2, the whole frequency band of 2 x 500 MHz is allocated to MSS on a co-primary basis with FSS. To overcome present constraints and to ensure consistent development of MSS world-wide, an innovation could be done in the regulatory environment to increase the co-primary allocations in all ITU Regions up to 2 x 500 MHz. Another innovation is needed in the technology, and is related to the fixed-mobile convergence. Present technological trends will allow operation with small satellite terminals in the frequency bands 19,7 GHz to 20,2 GHz (space-to-Earth) and 29,5 GHz to 30 GHz (Earth-to-space), to support broadband wireless applications both in fixed and mobile configuration. Small Satellite User Terminals (SUTs) developed in accordance with the European standard EN 301 358 [15] can meet all requirements imposed to facilitate coordination and the licensing process. The specifications have been set in order to allow simultaneous operation in the same frequency band and in the same service area, with negligible interference between two geostationary satellite systems having at least 2 degrees orbital separation. Therefore a SUT complying with the minimum specifications reported in EN 301 358 [15] will avoid harmful interference to other satellite systems. When mounted on mobile platforms (such as terrestrial vehicles, ships, airplanes, etc.), Ka-band systems can provide access to broadband MSS at various rates. The minimum RF (Radio Frequency) specifications for the SUT are expressed in terms of off-axis spurious radiation, on-axis spurious radiation, off-axis EIRP density in-band emission, transmit polarization discrimination (linear) or voltage axial ratio (circular), transmit antenna gain pattern, carrier suppression and antenna pointing accuracy. Figure 10: ITU Regions There is a general agreement that when the efficient use of the frequency spectrum is not at risk and as long as harmful interference is unlikely, the installation and use of radio equipment can be exempted from a licence. CEPT/ERC/REC 01-07 [65], which was adopted in 1995, listed harmonized criteria for the administrations to decide whether an exemption of individual license should be applied. In 1999 there is a draft of an ERC Decision on "Exemption from individual licensing of SUT", since compliance with EN 301 358 [15] also fulfils the criteria for exemption listed in CEPT/ERC/REC 01-07 [65]. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 94 With the exemption from individual licensing, it is possible to buy, install, and use such terminals without any prior individual permission by the administrations. Therefore it can be argued that the SUT could be used in either a fixed or mobile environment, provided that the performance specified in the mentioned ETSI standard (especially the pointing accuracy) is guaranteed also for the mobile case. Italy is promoting with the due procedures to the competent European authorities an action to include the following resolve in the agenda for the WRC-01 (World Radiocommunication Conference of year 2001): Review of the use of 19,7 GHZ to 20,2 GHz and 29,5 GHz to 30 GHz bands in order to allocate on primary basis the available spectrum for both FSS (Fixed Satellite Service) and MSS (Mobile Satellite Service). The request is based on the following considerations: - the standardized SUTs (see EN 301 358 [15]) are foreseen to be subject to licence exemption; - market estimation and relevant traffic analysis for MSS; - EU policy on radio spectrum management (refer to "Green Paper on Radio Spectrum Policy") which aims to stimulate the deployment of new services and systems in accordance with the principles of openness, transparency and non-discrimination. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 9 Relevant Research Activities | In addition to specific research activities conducted at numerous universities throughout Europe, several programmes exist that support Europe-wide research and development of satellite-based networks and services. The most prominent of these are the EU programmes and EURESCOM, which are briefly described in this clause. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 9.1 EU 5th Framework Programme | The Fifth Framework Programme (FP5) sets out the priorities for the European Union's research, technological development and demonstration (RTD) activities for the period 1998-2002. These priorities have been selected on the basis of a set of common criteria reflecting the major concerns of increasing industrial competitiveness and the quality of life for European citizens. The Fifth Framework Programme has two distinct parts: the European Community (EC) framework programme covering research, technological development and demonstration activities; and the Euratom framework programme covering research and training activities in the nuclear sector. The FP5 programme comprises the concept of "key actions", which is regarded as a cluster of small and large, applied, generic and, as appropriate, basic research projects directed towards a common European challenge or problem, not excluding global issues. The theme of relevance to the present document is entitled "User-friendly information society", and includes the "key actions": • KA1: Systems and services for the citizen; • KA2: New methods of work and electronic commerce; • KA3: Multimedia content and tools; • KA4: Essential technologies and infrastructures. Key Action 4 is further broken down into the following work areas: E 1: Technologies for and the management of information processing, communications and networks, including broadband, together with their implementation, interoperability and application. The work will focus on the development and convergence of information processing, telecommunications and broadcast network and system technologies. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 95 RTD Activities: • Cross-programme RTD: identify open interfaces, standards and codes of practice to support access to and the inter-working and inter-management of different infrastructures and services; • Concurrent Systems: development and execution environments to support distributed applications; • Real-time Systems: design and implementation of data- and/or compute-intensive real-time applications; • Network Integration: network service provision and network level interworking; • Services and Communication Management: interworking at the management and service platform levels, to increase intelligence, capacity, flexibility and functionality; • Multi-service Optical Networks: all-optical core and access networks to support multiple services. E 2: Technologies and engineering for software, systems and services, including high-quality statistics. Work will centre around the development, deployment, operation and evolution of software-intensive systems embedded in goods and services as well as facilitating production and enterprise processes, including technologies and tools for testing and validation at all stages. E 3: Real-time and large-scale simulation and visualization technologies. Work will address the development and integration of advanced simulation and visualization technologies and environments in all applications. Work will include distributed simulations and shared virtual environments. Interfaces making use of the various senses. Work will address the provision of intuitive ways to capture, deliver and interact with systems. Work will include the development and integration of advanced sensor, actuator and display technologies. E 4: Mobile and personal communications and systems, including satellite-based systems and services. Work will target the move to an integrated seamless network that ensures global personal connectivity and enables access to wireless multimedia communications and services by anyone, from anywhere, at any time, with capabilities, quality and performance comparable to those of fixed network services. (Goals of this work area described in more detail below) E 5: Peripherals, sub-systems and microsystems. Work will address the need for advanced intelligent (computing and communications) network peripherals that can have multiple functionality yet remain user-friendly. Work on sub- systems will cover the building blocks of information processing and communications systems and networks. Work on intelligent microsystems will, in this context, cover miniaturized systems comprising sensing and/or actuating with processing functions, and normally combining two or more of electrical, mechanical, optical, chemical, organic, biological, magnetic or other properties, integrated onto a single chip or a multichip hybrid. E 6: Microelectronics. Work will address materials, equipment, processes, design and test methodologies and tools which enable the development of electronic components, their packaging, interconnection and application. The approach will be system-oriented and application-driven, and will aim at reinforcing strengths and exploiting technological opportunities drawing on appropriate microelectronic technology solutions best filling generic application requirements. The most relevant of these work areas for satellite communications is the E 4, described in further detail below: The new Unit E 4 (Mobile and personal communications and systems, including satellite-based systems and services) focuses on the development of advanced wireless-based technologies, systems and networks, both terrestrial and satellite-based and on the integration of the associated services in a seamless infrastructure ensuring global personal connectivity and access to broadband wireless multimedia communications and services by anyone, from anywhere, at any time. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 96 In particular the work addresses re-configurable radio systems and networks, the objective of which is to lay the foundations for allowing the radio network, including terminals and base stations, to adaptively/automatically adjust to traffic and user requirements. It encompasses work on terrestrial wireless systems and networks, the objective of which is to investigate, develop, test and validate advanced terrestrial wireless systems and architectures (e.g. UMTS, MBS, WLAN, MMDS, LMDS etc) and their interworking and interoperation in particular with fixed/broadcasting networks. It includes the development of advanced positioning and navigation concepts and systems, their integration with communications based systems and their overall end-to-end management. The work on satellite systems and services aims to develop, demonstrate and validate novel technologies, architectures and innovative broadband services in the context of satellite-based communication systems with regional or global coverage and integrated where appropriate with terrestrial and satellite based navigation services. Advanced tools and technologies for wireless communications investigate, develop, integrate and validate advanced innovative tools and wireless technologies that are necessary to facilitate a mass-market take-up of diversified wireless terminals, networks, services and applications. Particular emphasis is placed on the integration of such technologies in future generation broadband systems and networks, from cellular to broadband fixed radio access and broadband wireless local area networks for both interactive and distributive services. A key aspect of the work to be undertaken is that of the validation and demonstration of mobile and wireless broadband multimedia technologies and generic services for novel systems and networks. The unit is responsible for all cross- programme clustering and concertation activities dealing with the subject of mobile and wireless communications both terrestrial and satellite and will take all initiatives relating to the development of the associated standards. The unit will also undertake all required dissemination and technology transfer measures (conferences, workshops), and will provide the required visibility of the research results in scientific journals. An essential role of the unit is to provide support to policy related activities conducted by DGXIII, in the following major areas: Satellite Telecommunications To support European industry competitiveness in the field of satellite communication systems capable of providing innovative services such as interactive broadband multimedia services and supporting the emergence of a mass market in the downstream sectors, such as terminals, services and applications. To support the development of spectrum efficient systems, with a view to allowing for band sharing and competition between systems and to explore new spectrum capabilities (higher frequency bands) for future longer term systems and to develop supporting technology. To support standardization activities at regional (e.g ETSI) or world-wide (e.g ITU) level. To support the co-operation mechanisms with third countries, particularly on issues requiring specific concertation and global agreement (e.g. spectrum). Mobile Telecommunications To support the development of new means to optimize the efficiency both of spectrum and of wireless network usage, thereby providing for capacity enhancements and performance improvements in various geographical environments. To support standardization activities at regional (e.g. ETSI) or world-wide (e.g. ITU) level. To support the co-operation mechanisms with third countries, particularly on issues requiring specific concertation and global agreement (e.g. spectrum). Spectrum To participate in the development of Commission policies relating to both satellite and terrestrial use of spectrum and to notably contribute to Commission and support position papers, Commission decisions, action plans and standardization mandates (e.g. Convergence issues, Euro-communications Act). This support takes the form of a participation in bilateral and multilateral working groups on matters relating to spectrum issues (ETSI, ITU, WRC) including European delegations at regional and international conferences. To support spectrum related studies and activities leading to the definition of the spectrum required for wireless services at European (e.g. CEPT) and world-wide (e.g. ITU) level (e.g. Spectrum Green Paper). ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 97 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 9.2 EU TEN-Telecom | TEN-Telecom covers "Trans-European Networks for Telecommunications". It is a European Union initiative aimed at facilitating the development of the Information Society. The programme promotes the launch of trans-European and global telecommunications applications and services. TEN-Telecom was launched in June 1997 by a European Parliament and Council Decision, and will run until the end of 2001. TEN-Telecom supports deployment. Although not part of the research Framework Programme, TEN-Telecom is nevertheless a key tool for the exploitation of successful research activities from technical development to the market. TEN-Telecom is intended to stimulate investment in the launch of new multimedia applications and generic services in the areas of public interest and to support the strategic development of global networks that will deliver such services. In this way TEN-Telecom aims at sustaining the efforts of the private and public sectors to broaden the markets, reduce the gap between information "haves" and "have-nots", and create the conditions of better access to and use of information. In particular, under the category of "Trans-European Telecommunications Basic Networks", the development of satellite networks is supported as area TI 3.2.1 - Satellite Networks. Satellite-based infrastructures will increasingly meet key user requirements such as personal mobility, access to high speed Internet for multimedia services, and global connectivity. The EU Action Plan on satellite communications in the information society calls for reinforcing market perspective and industry co-ordination in the satellite communications sector. TEN-Telecom will support the deployment of multimedia satellite systems, services and applications, along the following lines: Commercial validation of applications and services using satellite infrastructures Building on the strengths of the satellite television markets in Europe, satellite systems are well placed to support some of the development in the field of multimedia, in particular high-speed Internet-type services. This action will concern interactive and broadcast multimedia applications and services, using asymmetric or symmetric services. It should stimulate a creative set of applications with a high socio-economic value with a business potential in a competitive environment. It should stimulate the involvement of a range of actors of the value chain (application developers, content providers, service and network providers, terminal equipment suppliers, financing bodies, etc.) committed to becoming global players. "Application specific" technology should be avoided and reliance on existing and future European and international standards will be ensured. The validation should lead to a proper assessment of the value of the service, including analyses of investment expenditures and operating costs, user acceptance and forecasted revenues, break-even points as well as financing means. There should be a clear commitment to proceed with deployment and commercial offering provided the validation meets proposed targets. The validation should encompass a wide range of countries within the Community. Further expansion in Eastern countries and the non-EU Mediterranean area is advisable (companies established outside the Community can not be funded by TEN-telecom, other sources of funding need to be investigated in these cases). Multimedia services market surveys As a preliminary action, cost-shared surveys identifying target market segments and industry sectors for satellite multimedia services will be opened in 1998. These studies should define business and private use application scenarios, investigate the user requirements and generate traffic patterns of use for the services. The surveys should develop a quantitative market model to assess subscriber base, equipment sales and volume of demand. The survey could cover the Community as well as Central and Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean. Interoperation of satellites and different terrestrial networks Satellites systems have been designed primarily to handle television broadcasting or to act as a communication backbone. The interoperation of the multimedia communication satellites systems with the terrestrial infrastructure raises new issues in traffic modelling, and system and network management. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 98 Studies, simulation designs and pilot implementations need to be undertaken. Traffic models for the most common interactive services should be developed taking into account the likely mixed satellite/terrestrial infrastructures (e.g. return channels). Development of simulation tools should be developed to assess the impact of the various combined traffic patterns on different infrastructures and to evaluate the different space technologies. Concepts and tools need also to be developed to manage and configure the mixed satellites/terrestrial environment, to monitor the status and the performance of the global information infrastructure and its major subsystems, and to provide support services such as integrated billing. These models and tools should be able to provide guidelines for the management of available satellite capacity, the provision of adequate quality of service and tariff structure and to promote the use of the economically most appropriate network technology for a given application. NOTE: Reference to this section is http://www.echo.lu/tentelecom/. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 9.3 EURESCOM | EURESCOM is an Institute for performing collaborative Projects on research and strategic studies in all areas of telecommunications. Founded in 1991 and located in Heidelberg, Germany, there are currently 24 Shareholders from 23 European countries involved in EURESCOM. For the most part these are the ex-PTTs of the different countries, although EURESCOM is open to any network operator or service provider who wishes to join. EURESCOM's main function is to perform collaborative R&D projects that identify and develop new telecommunications scenarios, network solutions and advanced services. In this role it acts as a forum for sharing visions and concepts, an initiator of innovative activities, and a facilitator for common undertakings on technical issues. Many EURESCOM projects provide inputs to ETSI standardization activities. The following five areas make up the EURESCOM workplan: Strategic Studies Research into this area identifies topics deemed to be strategically important to shareholders, explores them and formulates further actions to be taken by the shareholders either individually or collectively. Services and applications Addresses issues associated with the development of services and applications where collaboration between the shareholders would lead to greater market access and service portability across Europe. Middleware, service and network management This area supports the concept of separating services from the network infrastructure, thereby adding a new layer of functionality. In the liberalization of the telecommunications market, middleware will play an important role in the seamless interworking of services across network platforms. Internet and IP technology With the growth in the implementation of IP based technology, IP infrastructure and service/applications are being deployed at a rapid rate. This area includes the relative usage and exploitation of connectionless versus connection- oriented services and applications. Networking This area covers studies associated with telecommunications access and core networks. The emphasis is on optical systems, broadband issues, and convergence of fixed and mobile networks. EURESCOM has been particularly active in the standardization, specification and implementation of TMN Related systems, middleware and the fixed-mobile convergence. In addition, it has close ties to TINA-C, Telemanagement Forum, ATM Forum, ITU, IEEE and other bodies. Specific projects of interest include the following: ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 99 Strategic Studies: P847-GI: What is TINA and is it useful for TelCos? P846-GI: What will we have OSS for in the Future? P701: Numbering for a Competitive Environment Services and Applications: P922-PF: Architecture and Technology for the next Generation of Collaborative Multimedia Applications P806-GI: A Common Framework for QoS/Network Performance in a multi-Provider Environment Middleware, Service and Network Management: P925-PF: Internet Middleware (for customized Service Bundling) P910-GI: Technology Assessment of Middleware for Telecommunications P812-GI: TMN Evolution - Service Providers' Needs for the Next Millennium Internet P912-PF: Security for Mobility in IP P911-PF: IP Multicast Networking P921-PF: UMTS Radio Access P920-GI: UMTS Network Aspects P919-GI: Evolution of Integrated Fixed and Mobile Networks P917-GI: BOBAN - Building and Operating Broadband Access Network P813-PF: Technical Development and Support for European ATM Service Introduction P810-PF: Wireless ATM access and advanced software techniques for mobile network architecture P809-GI: Support of broadband mobile and fixed services based on IN evolution P614: Implementation strategies for advanced access networks URL: http://www.eurescom.de |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 10 Reference Models | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 10.1 General | This clause presents a number of reference models. The purpose is to make the reader able to compare different models that are used for different situations, and to provide interpretations of some of the models that show they often fit into the same basic structure. In general the interfaces are associated with a label. However, these labels may be different for the models used within the different fora and standardization bodies. Therefore, the illustrations that are made for this work leave the interfaces unnamed. This would be a task for an eventual work group making use of these models. |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 10.2 Enterprise Models | |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 10.2.1 Introduction of the model | Fast-packet based services are set to dominate the telecommunications business at the beginning of the new millennium. The commercial and technical reasons for using technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), Frame Relay (FR) and the Internetworking Protocol (IP) within terrestrial networks are well documented and the techniques for managing such networks are fairly well understood. Future broadband networks, including IMT2000/UMTS are likely to be based on a fast-packet architecture even if the core and access elements use different technology. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 100 Satellite systems are set to adopt the same transport technologies as terrestrial systems and support the same applications and services. Many of the network and service management issues will also be similar, but some characteristics of satellite systems will raise different issues to be resolved. Significant differences are introduced by: • The satellite capacity is a shared resource between users and between service providers. • Satellite systems tend to cover several national territories from the same satellite. Access to satellite capacity is managed in different ways at different points in the distribution chain. This is illustrated in Figure 11 for today's fixed satellite services. Satellite System Operator Many signatories or shareholders Service Provider User User Equipment Manufacturers Content Provider Service Provider Wholesale lease based Transponder, power/bandwidth Retail Connectivity, GoS, QoS Fixed price irrespective of loading Figure 11: Current Enterprise model The enterprise model shows that the customer/supplier relationship is based on the sale of chunks of capacity on a lease basis, irrespective of user traffic load. While this makes billing relatively simple at all points in the distribution chain it restricts the flexibility of use of the space segment. Mobile satellite systems are not as constrained in their allocation of bandwidth to individual users, but the users are served on a first-come-first-served basis, rather than buying a guaranteed level of service. Offered bandwidth tends to be fixed by the service that is bought by the user. The capacity of individual Land Earth Station (LES) gateways is dependent on the number of channel units provided. This again can lead to relatively inefficient use of the space segment in terms of capacity occupation relative to actual user traffic carried. Next generation satellite systems aim to provide duplex broadband services. Most such proposals talk about using ATM or "ATM-like" technology at the link layer with a packet switching function performed within the satellite system. This is either supported by an on-board switch element or by a "virtual switch" made up of a switching function on the ground and a sophisticated media access control (MAC) technique. Both of these architectures are capable of supporting distributed management facilities which could enable service providers to manage the grade of service and cost to their customers on a session-by-session basis. This represents a departure from the traditional approach and will require new commercial and technical interfaces between operators and service providers. Future satellite systems will need a different approach to management of space segment capacity in order to increase the number of simultaneous users and reduce the cost per bit. This will require a more flexible and dynamic approach to system management, which takes more account of service provider and customer requirements. The use of packet based transport would appear to be the ideal technology to achieve this due to inherent statistical multiplexing capabilities. The application of dynamic management will depend on the architecture of the system itself and the facilities required by the service providers. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 101 |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 10.2.2 Requirements for Service Providers | To identify a satellite service provider's requirements it is useful to draw on some existing access network management developments: • There are similarities between the terrestrial access networks now being developed and planned BSM system proposals. • Future access network architectures may use ATM as the transport mechanism in order to benefit from multiplexing in the access network itself. • Many potential satellite service providers will also have terrestrial access networks that are managed in a particular way and they will want to re-use their management resources in the satellite domain in order to provide a consistent set of services and reduce costs. • A consistent management philosophy across the terrestrial and satellite domains would also help to achieve the seamless integration of satellite and terrestrial networks. From an operational viewpoint it will be beneficial for the service provider to have a standardized management interface to different types of access systems. This is also true for the different types of satellite systems. For instance, a service provider (SP) may offer services to the same customers over L/S-band UMTS based systems, DVB-based systems in the Ku-band and Ka-band based system with ATM as baseline protocol. The Internet Protocol (IP), will likely be used over all systems. The SP may also choose to buy capacity from more than one satellite operator in each class, depending on where shopping for capacity is most beneficial, and depending to some degree on the ability that the users have to access different satellite systems. An influential factor will be on how long terms the capacity is sold. Users without a motorized antenna most probably will not want to physically readjust their equipment too often, but on a long-term basis they may still be willing to do so, providing their terminal has the ability to handle the other system. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 102 The "convenience factor" for the user will play an important role in the service provider enterprise scenario. A multi- protocol terminal for GEO satellites with a steerable antenna would enable the user to take advantage of different offers from different systems. It can be considered that: • Users subscribe to the satellite services via a service provider, and in general not directly from the satellite system owner or operator. • Users can have agreements with several service providers. • Service providers can also have agreements with other access providers (than satellite). • Users can have separate agreements with content providers. • Service providers buy wholesale and sell retail. There has to be competition. • Equipment manufacturers may interface with everyone. The figure below illustrates the enterprise model used as a starting point for the discussion in this clause, while the following figure shows a modified version taking into account the possibility of users having relationships with multiple service providers. Satellite System Operator and Access Provider Service Provider User Users Equipment Manufacturers Content Provider(s) Service Provider(s) Other / Non-satellite Access Provider SP Users have option for several SP An SP can use several AP Several SP can offer service for same system Content accessible from many SP Figure 12: Candidate Enterprise model for BSM 10.3 Network Logical Models |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 10.3.1 Four Basic Domains | The following figure shows the basic model for relationships between the four domains identified in the GMM report [19] in line with the ITU-T approach [34]. The interfaces are indicated, but not named. Any of these interfaces can potentially be subject to standardization. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 103 Core Network Domain Content Domain Access Domain User Domain User perception: Content access Actual content access path Figure 13: Logical model based on four basic domains |
bc8dfcfc61d1bfe7cc049405984ba560 | 101 374-2 | 10.3.2 Extended Logical Model | The next figure expands the access domain into the gateway, satellite and terminal, the user domain into application and users, and includes the service provider and operator. The operator is basically associated with this specific satellite system, and may sell satellite capacity to several service providers. The service providers resell capacity to end users, possibly as part of a larger service concept. The service provider may provide access to users over several media, and in fact the same users may use different media, such as ADSL, LMDS or satellite, depending upon their current location. This illustrates why issues like Virtual Home Environment are important. In such cases, satellites must be essentially transparent to the users. As a further refinement of the logical model, in the next figure, content broker is included. The content broker searches for and offers customized content to end users. The figure also illustrates that the service provider may demand some control over the terminal and gateway, which may also be the case for the operator. A user will have a subscription via a service provider, but can also subscribe to specific content from one of many content brokers. Note that this model now includes most of the essential features of the enterprise models discussed in subclause 10.2. ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 104 Content User Operator Domain Service Provider GII User Terminal Satellite Gateway Application Figure 14: Extended logical model, based upon four basic domains Content Broker User Operator Domain Service Provider GII User Terminal Satellite Gateway Application Content Figure 15: Extended logical model including content broker ETSI ETSI TR 101 374-2 V1.1.1 (2000-03) 105 |
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