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7 Modes of system operation
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7.0 Introduction
Two modes of operation are depicted in the following clauses allowing the support of HTTPS and the support of unidirectional deployment: • In a regular deployment (clause 7.1), the Multicast rendezvous service is located in the Network and managed by the system operator. • In a co-located deployment (clause 7.2), the M...
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7.1 Regular deployment
The different functional entities involved in a regular deployment are shown in figure 7.1-1 below and conform to the reference architecture specified in clause 5. Figure 7.1-1: Regular deployment workflow The following activities may occur asynchronously at any time: • The Provisioning function may be configured with ...
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7.2 Co-located deployment
The Multicast rendezvous function is co-located with the Multicast gateway. This is depicted in figure 7.2-1 below. Figure 7.2-1: Co-located deployment workflow The following activities may occur asynchronously at any time: • The Multicast rendezvous service shall be configured with a set of basic parameters such as th...
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7.5 Multicast rendezvous service operational procedures
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7.5.0 Introduction
This clause specifies the interaction at reference point B between the Content playback function and the Multicast rendezvous service (see clause 5.3.9). This is typically a request for a presentation manifest at the start of a presentation session. The presentation manifest URL is typically provided by the Application...
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7.5.1 Request URL format
The request URL shall comply with the following syntax: http[s]://<Host>/<ManifestPath>[?<field>=<value>[&<field>=<value>]*] The elements of the URL are specified in table 7.5.1-1 below. The query parameters carry various optional information useful for the Multicast rendezvous service when redirecting a request from t...
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7.5.2 Operation of Multicast rendezvous service
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7.5.2.0 General
After receiving the presentation manifest request from the Content playback function (possibly following a third-party CDN broker redirection) the Multicast rendezvous service shall first check that the authentication token AToken is valid (if present). Secondly, the Multicast rendezvous service shall identify the appr...
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7.5.2.1 Redirecting the request to a Multicast gateway
In the case where it accepts a request, the Multicast rendezvous service shall return a 307 Temporary Redirect response. The Location HTTP response header shall be a URL that may include a session identifier and/or a query parameter "piggybacking" a multicast gateway configuration instance document containing the multi...
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7.5.2.2 Refusing the request
In the case where it refuses a request, the Multicast rendezvous service shall respond with one of the following HTTP response status codes: Table 7.5.2.2-1: Multicast rendezvous service error responses HTTP status code and reason phrase Description 401 Unauthorized The requesting Content playback function is not permi...
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7.6.0 Introduction
In some deployments, the presence and details of Multicast gateway instances are not known to the Provisioning function in advance nor, by extension, to the Multicast rendezvous service. In such cases, a Multicast gateway may perform dynamic registration with the Provisioning function as a side-effect of requesting its...
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7.6.1 Request URL format
The request URL at reference point CMR may include a query string that carries extra information, in the form of parameter=value pairs, to facilitate the Multicast rendezvous service redirecting Content playback functions to the appropriate Multicast gateway. This allows dynamic Multicast gateway instances to register ...
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8 Data plane operations
8.0 Introduction
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8.0.0 General
This clause describes operation of the data plane of relevant logical functions in the reference architecture, namely at reference points Pin′, Oin, M, A, A′, A″ and L.
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8.0.1 Low-latency operation (informative)
Special provision is made in the following clauses to support low-latency operation in the data plane: • When content is pushed into a Multicast server at reference point Pin′, the upload of an ingest object may commence before it has been completely encoded, encrypted and packaged by the sending Content preparation fu...
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8.1 Operation of Content preparation function
When the multicast server configuration indicates the push content ingest method (see clause 10.2.3.4) for a particular multicast transport session, the Content preparation function shall deliver ingest objects to the Multicast server at reference point Pin′ in a timely manner with respect to the presentation timeline ...
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8.2 Operation of Content hosting function
The Content hosting function shall make media objects available for retrieval by the Multicast server at reference point Oin in accordance with the DVB DASH profile [10], the HTTP Live Streaming specification [i.5] or equivalent. The Content hosting function shall also make media objects available on an identical basis...
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8.3 Operation of Multicast server function
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8.3.0 Introduction
The primary data plane function of a Multicast server is to receive ingest objects at a Content ingest subfunction and to produce multicast transport objects from a Multicast transmission subfunction. The Content ingest subfunction shall support the reception of each ingest object in the body of an HTTP message at refe...
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8.3.1 Push-based content ingest
When the multicast server configuration indicates the push content ingest method (see clause 10.2.3.4) for a particular multicast transport session, the Multicast server shall expect ingest objects (for example, MPEG-DASH initialization segments and media segments) to be delivered to it at reference point Pin′ for exam...
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8.3.2 Pull-based content ingest
When the multicast server configuration indicates the pull content ingest method (see clause 10.2.3.4) for a particular multicast transport session, the Multicast server shall be responsible for retrieving ingest objects (for example, MPEG-DASH initialization segments and media segments) using HTTP(S) via reference poi...
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8.3.3 Mapping of content ingest URL to multicast transport object URI
For each ingest object received by the Multicast ingest subfunction, the Multicast server shall map the ingest object URL to one or more multicast transport object URIs. Every multicast transport object URI shall be prefixed with the multicast transport object base URI specified for the target multicast transport sessi...
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8.3.4 Emission of multicast transport objects
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8.3.4.0 General
The Multicast transmission subfunction is responsible for formatting received ingest objects into multicast transport objects according to one (or more) multicast media transport protocols and transmitting them as multicast packets at reference point M. The multicast media transport protocol used on each resulting mult...
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8.3.4.1 Multicast transmission mode
Two multicast transmission modes are defined by the present document and the mode in use for a particular multicast transport session is signalled in the multicast transport session parameters of the multicast server configuration (see clause 10.2.3.5). • In resource transmission mode, one ingest object shall be mapped...
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8.3.4.2 Forward Error Correction
A multicast media transport protocol may specify the use (optional or otherwise) of Application Level Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC) to assist with the recovery of data carried in the payloads of multicast packets lost by the network in transit. The multicast media transport protocol may specify that AL-FEC repair p...
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8.3.4.3 Marking of Random Access Points in multicast transport objects
Some multicast transport objects begin with a Random Access Point and are therefore suitable points for a Content playback function to begin decoding the service component. A multicast media transport protocol may specify a means of marking such multicast transport objects, either in the protocol syntax itself, or else...
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8.3.4.4 In-band carriage of ancillary multicast transport objects
Especially in the case of unidirectional operation mode, certain media objects (including, but not limited to, the presentation manifest and MPEG-DASH initialization segments) may be transmitted repeatedly on one or more multicast transport sessions according to a carousel schedule. For example, this may be used to fac...
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8.3.4.5 Integrity protection of multicast transport objects
When a multicast transport session is configured to provide an integrity check for multicast transport objects as specified in clause 10.2.3.6, the Multicast server shall provide an integrity check for every multicast transport object that is delivered by that multicast transport session. Generic aspects of integrity p...
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8.3.4.6 Authenticity assertion of multicast transport objects
When a multicast transport session is configured to provide an authenticity assertion for multicast transport objects as specified in clause 10.2.3.6, the Multicast server shall provide an authenticity assertion for every multicast transport object that is delivered by that multicast transport session. Generic aspects ...
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8.3.5 Multicast gateway configuration transport session
The Multicast server may generate a special multicast transport session at reference point M to convey metadata and certain types of media objects to a population of Multicast gateway instances. The multicast transport objects conveyed in this multicast gateway configuration transport session may include (but are not l...
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8.4 Operation of Multicast gateway function
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8.4.0 Introduction
The main purpose of a Multicast gateway is to convert multicast transport objects received at reference point M into playback delivery objects, as specified in clause 8.4.3 below. In order to do this, the multicast transport URI is mapped to a playback delivery URL, as specified in clause 8.4.4. The presentation manife...
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8.4.1 Handling of presentation manifest
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8.4.1.0 General
When a Multicast gateway receives an HTTP request for a presentation manifest from the Content playback function at reference point L it may need to acquire a copy of the corresponding HTTP resource if it does not already have a valid, unexpired copy cached locally, either from a multicast transport session (via refere...
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8.4.1.1 MPEG-DASH presentation manifest manipulation (informative)
The Multicast gateway may reduce the value of MPD/@timeShiftBufferDepth in the presentation manifest if it exceeds the capacity of its internal cache. To ensure that any HTTP redirection from the Multicast rendezvous service is "sticky" for the duration of the presentation session (as described in clause 8.4.1.0 above)...
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8.4.2 Acquisition of multicast transport objects
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8.4.2.0 General
A Multicast gateway may begin acquiring multicast transport objects from a multicast transport session before or after a request for a presentation manifest has been received from a Content playback function at reference point L. To start acquiring multicast transport objects from a particular multicast transport sessi...
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8.4.2.1 Acquisition of DASH initialization segments
When a Multicast gateway receives an HTTP request for an initialization segment from the Content playback function at reference point L it may need to acquire a copy of the corresponding HTTP resource if it does not already have a valid, unexpired copy cached locally. Initialization segments shall be made available fro...
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8.4.3 Construction of playback delivery objects
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8.4.3.0 General
A Multicast gateway shall attempt to reconstruct playback delivery objects from unicast acquisition at reference point A and/or the multicast data packets it receives at reference point M according to the specification of the multicast media transport protocol signalled in the multicast media transport protocol paramet...
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8.4.3.1 Fast acquisition of playback session (informative)
To facilitate fast acquisition of a multicast transport session by a Multicast gateway, a Multicast transmission subfunction may mark some multicast transport objects with a Random Access Point marker, as specified in clause 8.3.4.3 above. In such cases, the Multicast gateway may construct a partial playback delivery o...
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8.4.5 Serving of playback delivery objects
When a Multicast gateway receives an HTTP request for a playback delivery object from the Content playback function at reference point L, it shall ensure that the request corresponds to a service declared in the current multicast gateway configuration document. NOTE 1: The means to determine which service a playback de...
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8.5 Operation of Content playback function
The purpose of a Content playback function is to retrieve and subsequently render media objects from the Content hosting function (via reference point B), some of which may be redirected to a Rendezvous service (also reference point B) and/or a Multicast gateway (via reference point L). Where these interactions comply ...
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9 Unicast repair
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9.0 Introduction
In cases where a multicast transport object is not received intact by the Multicast reception subfunction by the required deadline and the multicast packet loss could not be repaired by the Multicast gateway using Forward Error Correction, repair of the media object should be attempted using one of the unicast repair p...
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9.1 Triggering unicast repair
The unicast repair procedure may be triggered by the Multicast gateway when any of the following conditions occur: • As soon as packet loss is detected, in the case where no Forward Error Correction is provided as part of the multicast transport session, or when FEC is not used by the Multicast gateway. • If no multica...
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9.2 HTTP-based repair protocol
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9.2.0 General
The Multicast gateway and the Content hosting function shall support the use of HTTP/1.1 [1] as the unicast repair protocol at reference point A. The Multicast gateway and the Content hosting function may additionally support the use of HTTP/2 as specified in IETF RFC 9113 [34] and/or HTTP/3 as specified in IETF RFC 91...
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9.2.1 Selection of unicast repair base URL
Where more than one unicast repair base URL prefix is indicated for a multicast transport session, the Multicast gateway shall select exactly one of these to perform the unicast repair operation. The basis on which this selection is made is implementation-specific. For example, the following algorithm describes one pos...
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9.2.2 Mapping of multicast transport object URI to unicast repair URL
In order to construct the unicast repair URL for a given multicast transport object, the Multicast gateway shall perform the following operations on the multicast transport object URI: 1) Remove the prefix (if any) indicated by the multicast transport object base URI specified in clause 10.2.3.13. 2) Prepend the unicas...
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9.2.4 Message format
To request a complete media object, the Multicast gateway should use a conventional HTTP GET request. The request URL shall be constructed according to clause 9.2.2 or clause 9.2.3, as appropriate. To request the missing portion(s) of the media object, the Multicast gateway should use the partial HTTP GET request with ...
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10 Multicast session configuration
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10.0 Introduction
The Multicast server and the Multicast gateway need to have a common view on the set of multicast transport sessions that are currently defined in a deployed system so that the latter knows which multicast transport sessions it can subscribe to, as specified in clause 8.4.2. The concrete embodiment of this logical stat...
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10.1 Control system arrangement
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10.1.1 Configuration of Multicast server
A Multicast server shall be configured using exactly one of the two following methods: 1) Out-of-band pushed configuration method whereby the Network control function delivers a multicast server configuration instance document instance to the Multicast server across reference point CMS. The procedure for this method is...
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10.1.2 Configuration of Multicast gateway
In a given deployed system, all Multicast gateway instances shall be configured using one or more of following methods: 1) Out-of-band pushed configuration method whereby the Network control function delivers a multicast gateway configuration document instance across reference point CMR. The procedure for this method i...
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10.2.0 Overview
NOTE: Only principal elements and selected attributes are depicted. Dotted lines indicate optional elements. Parenthesized italics denote optional attributes. Items in grey are passed through from the multicast server configuration to the multicast gateway configuration but are not used by the Multicast server. Figure ...
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10.2.1 Document root element
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10.2.1.0 General
A multicast session configuration instance document describes an intended configuration of multicast sessions and multicast transport sessions in a deployed system. Multicast session configuration instance documents shall comply with the XML schema definitions in annex A. Documents complying with this version of the pr...
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10.2.1.1 MulticastServerConfiguration root element
The syntax of the MulticastServerConfiguration element (the root element of a multicast server configuration instance document) is specified in table 10.2.1.1-1 below. Table 10.2.1.1-1: MulticastServerConfiguration element syntax Element or attribute name Use Data type Clause Description MulticastServerConfiguration 10...
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10.2.1.2 MulticastGatewayConfiguration root element
The syntax of the MulticastGatewayConfiguration element (the root element of a multicast gateway configuration instance document) is specified in table 10.2.1.2-1 below. Table 10.2.1.2-1: MulticastGatewayConfiguration element syntax Element or attribute name Use Data type Clause Description MulticastGatewayConfiguratio...
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10.2.2 Multicast session parameters
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10.2.2.0 General
A multicast session describes a set of multicast transport sessions (specified in clause 10.2.3 below) that convey components of a particular linear service. The multicast session parameters are used by a Multicast server to configure its Multicast transmission subfunction. The multicast session parameters are used by ...
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10.2.2.1 MulticastSession element
The syntax of the MulticastSession element is specified in table 10.2.2.1-1 below: Table 10.2.2.1-1: MulticastSession element syntax Element or attribute name Use Data type Clause Description MulticastSession 10.2.2 @serviceIdentifier 1 URI string 10.2.2.0 Service identifier for the logical service with which this sess...
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10.2.2.2 Presentation manifest locator
The URLs of presentation manifests related to the linear service shall be conveyed in one or more PresentationManifestLocator child elements of MulticastSession. NOTE 1: This plurality allows presentation manifests of different types that reference a common stream of media objects to be associated with a single set of ...
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10.2.2.3 Multicast gateway session reporting parameters
A Multicast gateway may be configured to report metrics for a single multicast session to one or more external Service reporting capture subfunctions. NOTE 1: Reporting on an individual multicast session may be declared independently of reporting for all multicast sessions (see clause 10.2.1.0) and the two levels of re...
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10.2.3 Multicast transport session parameters
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10.2.3.0 General
The parameters of each multicast transport session are captured in a separate MulticastTransportSession child element of MulticastSession. Each such multicast transport session is explicitly associated with service component(s) in the presentation manifest(s), as described in clause 10.2.4 below. ETSI ETSI TS 103 769 V...
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10.2.3.1 MulticastTransportSession element
The syntax of the MulticastTransportSession element is specified in table 10.2.3.1-1 below: Table 10.2.3.1-1: MulticastTransportSession element syntax Element or attribute name Use Data type Clause Description MulticastTransportSession 10.2.3 Container for multicast transport session parameters. @id 1 Name Token string...
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10.2.3.2 Multicast transport session identifier
Every multicast transport session shall be assigned an identifier, indicated using the @id attribute of the MulticastTransportSession element. This identifier shall be unique within the scope of the enclosing multicast session. NOTE: This identifier is used, in combination with the @serviceIdentifier attribute of the p...
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10.2.3.2A Service Class
The type of content carried by a multicast transport session should be signalled using the optional @serviceClass attribute of the MulticastTransportSession element. DVB-I service instances shall be signalled according to clause 9 of [41]. A Multicast gateway should ignore multicast transport sessions described using a...
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10.2.3.3 Multicast transport session timing
The start time and duration of the multicast transport session may be specified using the @start and @duration attributes respectively of the MulticastTransportSession element. The values of these attributes shall be set in accordance with clause 10.3.1. If desired, the multicast transport session start time shall be i...
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10.2.3.4 Content ingest method
The means by which ingest objects are to be acquired by the Multicast server may be indicated in a multicast server configuration instance document using the @contentIngestMethod attribute of the MulticastTransportSession element as follows: • Push content ingest method. If ingest objects are to be pushed to the Conten...
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10.2.3.5 Multicast transmission mode
The means by which a Multicast server is to map ingest objects to multicast transport objects may be indicated in a multicast server configuration instance document using the @transmissionMode attribute of the MulticastTransportSession element as follows: • Resource transmission mode. If one ingest object is mapped to ...
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10.2.3.6 Multicast transport security mode
The Multicast transmission subfunction may add metadata to each multicast transport object in order to preserve the integrity and/or authenticity of media objects in transit. The transport security mode is indicated using the @transportSecurity attribute of the MulticastTransportSession element as follows: • No securit...
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10.2.3.7 Multicast transport session idle timeout
The maximum expected inter-packet time interval for a multicast transport session shall be specified in the @sessionIdleTimeout attribute of the MulticastTransportSession element. The value of the attribute shall be expressed in milliseconds. This attribute takes precedence over any other timeout value for the multicas...
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10.2.3.8 Multicast media transport protocol parameters
The multicast media transport protocol used for this multicast transport session shall be specified using the TransportProtocol child element of the MulticastTransportSession element. This information enables a Multicast gateway to determine whether it can consume the multicast transport session. • The @protocolIdentif...
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10.2.3.9 Multicast transport endpoint address
The transport endpoint address(es) used for a multicast transport session shall be specified using the EndpointAddress child element of the MulticastTransportSession element. NOTE: Certain multicast media transport protocols may permit a service component to be transmitted on more than one transport address, as specifi...
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10.2.3.14 In-band carousel of ancillary multicast transport objects
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10.2.3.14.0 General
The presence of the optional ObjectCarousel child element of the MulticastTransportSession element indicates that the Multicast server shall compile and transmit a carousel of ancillary multicast transport objects as part of a multicast transport session, as specified in clause 8.3.4.4. The total size of the transport ...
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10.2.3.14.1 In-band carousel parameters for presentation manifests
If the optional PresentationManifests child element is present, the presentation manifests for all service components declared in this multicast transport session shall be carouselled. • For DASH service components (configured per clause 10.2.4.1), the referenced Media Presentation Description shall be carouselled. • F...
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10.2.3.14.2 In-band carousel parameters for initialization segments
If the optional InitSegments child element is present, the initialization segments for all service components declared in this multicast transport session shall be carouselled. • For DASH service components (configured per clause 10.2.4.1), only the initialization segment(s) for the currently active Period of the Repre...
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10.2.3.14.3 In-band carousel parameters for other resources
If the optional ResourceLocator child element is present, the resource at the URL indicated in the content of that child element shall be carouselled. If the optional @revalidationPeriod attribute is present, the Content ingest subfunction shall revalidate the ancillary ingest object with the Content hosting function a...
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10.2.4.0 General
Every multicast transport session shall be associated with one or more service components in a presentation manifest associated with the parent multicast session. Each such association shall be realized by means of a separate ServiceComponentIdentifier child element. The presentation manifest shall be referenced by ass...
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10.2.4.1 Service component identification for DASH presentations
In the case where the referenced presentation manifest is a DASH Media Presentation Description (MPD) [i.2], the @xsi:type attribute of the ServiceComponentIdentifier element shall be set to the value DASHComponentIdentifier Type. The syntax of this schema type is specified in table 10.2.4.1-1 below. Table 10.2.4.1-1: ...
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10.2.4.2 Service component identification for HLS presentations
In the case where the referenced presentation manifest is an HLS Master Playlist (.m3u8) [i.5], the @xsi:type attribute of the ServiceComponentIdentifier element shall be set to the value HLSComponentIdentifierType. The syntax of this schema type is specified in table 10.2.4.2-1 below. Table 10.2.4.2-1: HLSComponentIde...
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10.2.5 Multicast gateway configuration transport session parameters
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10.2.5.0 General
In the case where the population of Multicast gateway instances is configured using the in-band configuration method at reference point M specified in clause 8.3.5 and clause 10.4.5, one or more MulticastGatewayConfiguration TransportSession elements shall be present in the multicast server configuration instance docum...
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10.2.5.1 MulticastGatewayConfigurationTransportSession element
The syntax of the MulticastGatewayConfigurationTransportSession element is specified in table 10.2.5.1-1 below. The semantics of the attributes and child elements are identical to the corresponding attributes and child elements of the MulticastTransportSession element specified in clause 10.2.3. Table 10.2.5.1-1: Multi...
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10.2.5.2 Multicast session configuration macro expansion
In the case where the Multicast gateway is configured by means of the in-band configuration method specified in clause 10.1.2, the Multicast server is responsible for generating one or more multicast gateway configurations based on its current multicast server configuration. In some deployments, the URLs of objects req...
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10.3 Life-cycle of multicast transport sessions
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10.3.0 General
Individual multicast transport sessions in the multicast session configuration are in one of two states: • In the active state, multicast media transport protocol packets may be transmitted by the Multicast server according to the current set of parameters specifying that multicast transport session. • In the inactive ...
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10.3.1 Timed activation of multicast transport session
A multicast session configuration document may include parameters specifying a start time and/or duration for any of the multicast transport sessions it describes, as specified in clause 10.2.3.3. In the general case, a multicast transport session shall become active in the deployed system at the indicated start time. ...
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10.3.2 Manual (de)activation of multicast transport session
Regardless of whether a start time and duration has been specified in the current multicast session configuration document, a multicast transport session may be activated by the procedure specified in clause 10.4.3.1 and deactivated by the procedure specified in clause 10.4.3.2. In both cases, the multicast transport s...
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10.4 Configuration and control procedures
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10.4.0 General
The procedures for configuring and controlling system functions at reference points CMS and CMR shall use HTTP request and response messages, as specified in IETF RFC 9110 [2]. The use of TLS [7] to secure the interactions is recommended. Implementations shall support at least HTTP/1.1 [1] and may additionally support ...
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10.4.1 Error responses
When an error occurs as the result of a request at reference point CMS or CMR, the most appropriate status code from table 10.4.1-1 below shall be returned to the requestor: Table 10.4.1-1: HTTP error response status codes Response status code and reason phrase Applicable methods Summary description Normative specifica...
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10.4.2 Multicast server configuration procedures