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s centralized compared to public stewards (i.e., municipal, county, state, or federal governments) ( Svendsen and Campbell 2008 ). Also, the size of a stewardship group can dictate breadth and impact of its environmental actions. For instance, large community groups tending public trees can achieve higher tree survival... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.373 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "governance"] | 468 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.060402 | [
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aries based on people’s origin and place history. For example, people living in exurban, tourismcentric, or retirement communities can have vastly different perceptions of environmental values compared to highly urban communities ( Allen and Moore 2016 , Vercoe et al. 2014 ), which in turn can affect their capacity to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.856 | ["ethics", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.060504 | [
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s can increase the breadth of ecosystem service provision. In turn, this can have detrimental effects on spatial heterogeneity and temporal variability of service provision, particularly when considering stewardship mediators change rapidly over time ( Fisher et al. 2012 ). Provision of urban ecosystem services through... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.603 | 0.842 | ["strategy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.060562 | [
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, tenancy, and stewardship – can intersect and mediate the provision of ecosystem services in urban systems. We envisioned this framework through a network model where conceptual foundations are depicted as triangles whose vertices represent private, social, and public mediators ( Figs. 2 , 3 ). Vertices are linked thr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.643 | 0.834 | ["strategy", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 453 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.060615 | [
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or a water-sensitive urban design ( Fig. 2A, B ). In this scenario, the private tenant could mediate significant personal benefits (e.g., psychological wellbeing, enjoyment), whereas the action of the private owner would be geared towards the provision of personal and public ecosystem services. Exemplifying further, ci... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.688 | ["war_conflict", "strategy", "salary"] | 456 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.060666 | [
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able garden in the same private yard ( Fig. 2C ). This scenario would enhance the provision of individual, social, and public ecosystem services from the private realm, such as those related to food production, public health, or stormwater control. Multiple ecosystem service mediators, acting on the same urban land, ca... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.844 | ["strategy"] | 441 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.060722 | [
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ylor 2013 , Hansen and Pauleit 2014 , Holt et al. 2015 ) because they initiate and sustain additional ecosystem services through their novel interactions with urban ecological structures. This is a pivotal issue in urban areas, where the amount of available land and ecological structures able to sustain ecosystem servi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.854 | ["networking"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.060791 | [
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system service mediators throughout the private-social-public domain in relation to ownership, tenancy, and stewardship in A) a rented property where tenants oversee yard maintenance (solid line), B) a residential yard fitted with a water-sensitive urban design and a pollinator garden by the owner (dotted line), and C)... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.854 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 500 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.060853 | [
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B) and Fleet Farming , Orlando, FL (C). Figure 3. Open in a new tab Hypothetical relationships among ecosystem service mediators throughout the private-social-public domain in relation to ownership, tenancy, and stewardship (triangles) in A) a public streetscape managed by a private contractor (solid line), B) a street... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.586 | 0.856 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.060910 | [
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vegetable beds rented by private citizens (dashed line). While synergistic urban ecosystem service mediation might be less common than individualistic mediation, various instances could include several mediators and more complex relationships among them (cf. Figs. 2 , 3 ). A city government might in fact provide standa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.406 | 0.678 | ["networking", "governance"] | 442 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.060963 | [
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ing city employees or a private contractor ( Fig. 3A ), but these green spaces could be further tended by civic and individual stewards mediating additional ecosystem services (e.g., pollination through flower planting, education, etc.) ( Fig. 3B ). Similarly, a public community garden might have vegetable beds individ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.562 | 0.686 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 437 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061017 | [
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red for by a civic stewardship group ( Fig. 3C ). This would provide a wider range of private, social, and public ecosystem services (e.g., food, community learning, and stormwater runoff mitigation). A framework that theorizes service provision throughout the private-social-public domain across ownership, tenancy, and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.583 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict", "strategy", "education"] | 502 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061073 | [
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ration, as promoted by different human mediators. This can advance research efforts aimed to measure the distribution of ecosystem services among private, social, and public beneficiaries, and as such, socioenvironmental equity studies ( Ernstson 2013 , Wolch et al. 2014 ). Further, a critical aspect of all urban socio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.842 | [] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061134 | [
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de-urbanization, exurbanization, or re-development ( Seto et al. 2011 , Vercoe et al. 2014 ). However, dynamic assessments of ecosystem services are underrepresented in the scientific literature, despite their importance to understand past and future drivers and effects of socio-ecological change ( Wagner & Gobster 200... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.828 | [] | 463 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061208 | [
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lowing patchwork rather than homogenous dynamics. For instance, a residential parcel might have been owned by the same individual over several decades, during which the adjacent parcel might have changed numerous owners or dozens of tenants. Similarly, a vacant lot abandoned decades earlier could have been promptly cle... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.335 | 0.844 | ["governance", "war_conflict"] | 484 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061296 | [
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up interested in establishing a community garden. Ownership and tenancy dynamics parallel those of housing markets which usually follow boom and bust cycles related to economic and social development. As such, it is reasonable to expect that the mediation of ecosystems services from owners and tenants throughout the pr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.856 | ["networking", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 508 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061352 | [
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usly change and adapt over time ( Connolly et al. 2013 ). For instance, a civic stewardship group might cease to operate due to the lack of volunteers and participation, but its mission could be continued by a different group having greater resources. Thus, former stewards could either decide to change stewardship grou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.462 | 0.836 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy", "decision_making"] | 435 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061408 | [
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Google Scholar ] Egerer M, Ossola A, Lin B. 2018. Creating socio-ecological novelty in urban agro-ecosystems from the ground up. BioScience 68(1): 25–34. [ Google Scholar ] Haase D, Larondelle N, Andersson E, Artmann M, Borgström S,Breuste J, Gomez-Baggethun E, Gren A, Hamstead Z,Hansen R, Kabisch N, Kremer P, Langemey... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.584 | 0.836 | ["war_conflict"] | 419 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061493 | [
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group, or completely discontinue their activity. More comprehensive evaluations of stewardship dynamics could inform how people mediate urban ecosystem services provision throughout the privatesocial-public domain over time. This is particularly important when considering that informal environmental management, such as... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.417 | 0.832 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy", "strategy", "management"] | 491 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061568 | [
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stability ( Andersson et al. 2007 , Cerra 2017 ). When sufficiently guided and fostered by public or social actors, private stewardship could also increase people’s attitudes towards social norms and community reciprocity, the expectation that other individuals will similarly engage in positive environmental actions ( ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.854 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061628 | [
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nd stewards would exist within a particular private-social-public domain ( Figs. 2 , 3 ). Urban socioecological systems are unique local phenomena. Consequently, relationships arising among ecosystem service mediators throughout the private-social-public domain are likely to depend upon the environmental, socio-economi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.836 | ["networking", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061680 | [
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h differ based on urban form and sociological and historical settings ( Romolini et al. 2013 ). As such, the operationalization of our framework requires an initial definition of context-specific points of reference to benchmark how and to which extent ecosystem services will be provided by multiple mediators. It is al... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.846 | ["philosophy"] | 448 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061738 | [
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and change ( Connolly et al. 2013 , Dennis et al. 2016 ), particularly within the civic sphere, which may be more innovative and responsive compared to private and public ones. For instance, stewardship groups such as Depave in Portland, OR and Fleet Farming in Orlando, FL, recently promoted the removal of impervious s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.842 | ["war_conflict"] | 447 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061823 | [
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onmental actions unimagined only a few years ago. Novel relationships among mediators in urban ecosystems can arise under the stimulus of socio-environmental change and socioecological innovation ( Dennis et al. 2016 ). Thus, attempts to apply this conceptual framework should aim at detecting all private, social, and c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.828 | ["networking", "strategy", "innovation"] | 453 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061888 | [
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le mapping the connections among these mediators. In this way, the application of this framework could initially target selected systems over small spatial and temporal scales (e.g., community gardens, adjacent neighborhoods) where mediators and their connections can be more easily mapped and monitored ( Egerer et al. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.852 | ["networking", "strategy", "resume"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.061949 | [
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ty ( Gómez-Baggethun and Barton 2013 , Luederitz et al. 2015 ). However, the awareness of ecosystem services among urban planners and managers, as well as their translation into practice, are limited ( Andersson et al. 2014 , Rall et al. 2015 ). The proposed framework, building upon two theoretical dimensions – ownersh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.429 | 0.848 | ["strategy", "management", "war_conflict"] | 481 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.062009 | [
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between ecosystem service research and practice. This could also assist the continued collection of data related to private, social, and public service mediators, their changes over time, and the creation of historical datasets useful to evaluate dynamics of urban ecosystem service provision. Approaches based on citize... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.844 | ["strategy"] | 510 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.062087 | [
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amework and future ecosystem service assessments. A holistic approach that considers private, social, and public mediators will provide useful insights to how ecosystem services could be prioritized and optimized based on mediators’ values, capacity for action, and resources available. Who does own, occupy, and take ca... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.818 | ["ethics", "networking"] | 423 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.062153 | [
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e within and among private-socialprivate domains? What role do people have as ecosystem service beneficiaries, and more importantly as ecosystem service mediators? These are a few questions that could be answered through the lens of the proposed framework to help resolve how ecosystems services arise, develop, and chan... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.852 | ["strategy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.062213 | [
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in urban ecosystem services ( Lin and Fuller 2013 , Wolch et al. 2014 ). People in their multiple roles, and how these change over time, need to be part of this exploration. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This research was performed while AO and LAS held National Research Council Research Associateship Awards at the U.S. Environment... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.399 | 0.86 | ["communication", "management", "war_conflict", "economy", "education"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.062273 | [
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nt, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through Interagency Agreement No. (DW-8992433001) between the U.S. Department of Energy and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The views expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6161840/ | The Provision of Urban Ecosystem Services Throughout the Private-Social-Public Domain: A Conceptual Framework - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.686 | ["management", "negotiation", "economy", "education", "philosophy"] | 498 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.062361 | [
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agement Radziwon and Bogers, 2019 [ 116 ] 54 Technological Forecasting and Social Change Chesbrough et al., 2014 [ 117 ] 55 California Management Review #4 Business ecosystem Value creation Management Model Business ecosystem Evolution Firm performance Competitive advantage Business model Moore, 1993 [ 6 ] 56 Harvard B... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.597 | 0.856 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.271778 | [
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echnovation Pierce, 2009 [ 14 ] 73 Strategic Management Journal Battistella et al., 2013 [ 59 ] 74 Technological Forecasting and Social Change Ma et al., 2018 [ 63 ] 75 Journal of Cleaner Production Lee and Roh, 2023 [ 126 ] 76 Journal of Cleaner Production Burford et al., 2022 [ 127 ] 77 Strategic Management Journal H... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.575 | 0.886 | ["management", "strategy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272148 | [
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i et al., 2022 [ 130 ] 80 Technological Forecasting and Social Change Chen et al., 2023 [ 131 ] 81 The Journal of Technology Transfer Sun et al., 2020 [ 132 ] 82 Journal of Cleaner Production Sun et al., 2018 [ 133 ] 83 Journal of Cleaner Production Yi et al., 2022 [ 55 ] 84 Technovation Open in a new tab Cluster#0—Dig... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.557 | 0.876 | [] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272203 | [
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nding the broader landscape of existing research. Subsequently, we integrate bibliometric findings with traditional content analysis, embarking on a systematic exploration of the pivotal documents highlighted by the bibliometric analysis. This dual approach enables a precise definition of the concepts under considerati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.582 | 0.808 | ["communication", "rhetoric"] | 424 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272256 | [
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th gaps and commonalities between the ecosystems. The outcomes of this comprehensive analysis establish a robust foundation for subsequent research endeavors in this domain. Figure 1. Open in a new tab Stages of the systematic review. 3.1. Description of the Sample In the process of collecting the literature, we utiliz... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.686 | [] | 426 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272302 | [
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, is critically important for improving user experience, boosting product competitiveness, and optimizing supply chain processes [ 82 ]. Researchers have contributed to this discourse by proposing frameworks to guide the digitalization of business models for large manufacturers and facilitate the coordination of indust... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.606 | 0.834 | ["crisis", "education"] | 467 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272356 | [
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a theoretical foundation for future researchers. Additionally, it endeavors to offer valuable implications for ecosystem designers and managers, aiding them in the more informed and rational design and management of different ecosystems. To achieve these objectives, we organize the paper into six sections, commencing w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.61 | 0.83 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 465 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272416 | [
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ng insights from an ecosystem perspective [ 84 ]. Additionally, investigations into the organization of digital servitization from the viewpoint of service ecosystems have been conducted [ 85 ]. In the realm of digital transformation in the financial service ecosystem, Manser Payne et al. (2021) outlined a research age... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.828 | ["salary", "philosophy"] | 413 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272470 | [
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Biomimetics (Basel) . 2024 Apr 4;9(4):216. doi: 10.3390/biomimetics9040216 Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature Zhe Liu Zhe Liu 1 School of Management, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; lizichen1027@stu.haut.edu.cn (Z.L.); ec410@stu.haut.e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.678 | ["education", "management", "innovation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272522 | [
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anagement, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; lizichen1027@stu.haut.edu.cn (Z.L.); ec410@stu.haut.edu.cn (Y.F.); cyj1123@stu.haut.edu.cn (Y.C.); wsz2000@stu.haut.edu.cn (S.W.) Find articles by Zichen Li 1 , Yudong Zhang Yudong Zhang 2 School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Le... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.467 | 0.668 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272596 | [
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g and Information Technology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia Find articles by Yudong Zhang 2, 3, * , Anthony N Mutukumira Anthony N Mutukumira 4 School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland 0745, New Zealand; a.n.mutukumira@massey.ac.nz Find articles by Anthony N Mutukumira... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.556 | 0.686 | ["education", "management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272663 | [
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L.); ec410@stu.haut.edu.cn (Y.F.); cyj1123@stu.haut.edu.cn (Y.C.); wsz2000@stu.haut.edu.cn (S.W.) Find articles by Yichen Feng 1 , Yangjie Cui Yangjie Cui 1 School of Management, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; lizichen1027@stu.haut.edu.cn (Z.L.); ec410@stu.haut.edu.cn (Y.F.); cyj1123@stu.haut.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.67 | ["education", "management"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272761 | [
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y of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; lizichen1027@stu.haut.edu.cn (Z.L.); ec410@stu.haut.edu.cn (Y.F.); cyj1123@stu.haut.edu.cn (Y.C.); wsz2000@stu.haut.edu.cn (S.W.) Find articles by Shuzhe Wang 1 , Jiaji Wang Jiaji Wang 2 School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.68 | ["education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272829 | [
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hematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; jw933@le.ac.uk (J.W.); shuihuawang@ieee.org (S.W.) 5 Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China Find articles by Shuihua Wang 2, 5 Editor: Stanislav N Gorb Author information Article notes Copyright and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.668 | ["education", "philosophy", "management"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.272979 | [
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10@stu.haut.edu.cn (Y.F.); cyj1123@stu.haut.edu.cn (Y.C.); wsz2000@stu.haut.edu.cn (S.W.) 2 School of Computing and Mathematical Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK; jw933@le.ac.uk (J.W.); shuihuawang@ieee.org (S.W.) 3 Department of Information Technology, Faculty of Computing and Information Techn... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.495 | 0.668 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273079 | [
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ealand; a.n.mutukumira@massey.ac.nz 5 Department of Biological Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou 215123, China * Correspondence: z.liu@haut.edu.cn (Z.L.); yudongzhang@ieee.org (Y.Z.) Roles Stanislav N Gorb : Academic Editor Received 2024 Feb 29; Revised 2024 Mar 31; Accepted 2024 Apr 2; Collection d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.692 | ["innovation", "education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273164 | [
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reative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC11048555 PMID: 38667227 Abstract In recent decades, the term “ecosystem” has garnered substantial attention in scholarly and managerial discourse, featuring prominently in academic and applied co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.836 | ["management", "innovation", "education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273243 | [
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ch gap marked by a lack of comprehensive synthesis and refinement of findings across diverse ecosystems. This paper systematically addresses this gap through a hybrid methodology, employing bibliometric and content analyses to systematically review the literature from 1993 to 2023. The primary research aim is to critic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.455 | 0.824 | ["communication", "innovation", "philosophy"] | 454 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273299 | [
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on business, innovation, and platform ecosystems. The methodology of this study involves a content review of the identified literature, combining quantitative bibliometric analyses to differentiate patterns and content analysis for in-depth exploration. The core findings center on refining and summarizing the definitio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.613 | 0.81 | ["innovation", "philosophy", "communication", "education", "rhetoric"] | 427 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273354 | [
0.11131995171308517,
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ing light on both commonalities and distinctions. Notably, the research unveils shared characteristics such as openness and diversity across these ecosystems while highlighting significant differences in terms of participants and objectives. Furthermore, the paper delves into the interconnections within these three eco... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.816 | ["networking"] | 437 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273403 | [
0.08557900786399841,
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ay for discussions on future research directions. This comprehensive examination not only advances our understanding of business, innovation, and platform ecosystems but also lays the groundwork for future scholarly inquiries in this dynamic and evolving field. Keywords: ecosystem, literature review, business ecosystem... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.624 | 0.836 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273456 | [
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ies, rainforests, and ocean system, human society mirrors this complexity with its counterparts—the business ecosystem, innovation ecosystem, and platform ecosystem. In these human-created networks, just as diverse as the ecosystems in nature, various elements interact, adapt, and evolve, contributing to the dynamic ta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.451 | 0.836 | ["philosophy", "strategy", "innovation", "networking"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273514 | [
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plored in the realm of business strategy, despite its extensive utilization in domains such as design, manufacturing, and architecture [ 1 , 2 , 3 ]. Instead of focusing on individual organisms or processes, ecosystem mimicry involves replicating entire ecosystems or ecological principles [ 4 , 5 ]. In the early 1990s,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.86 | ["strategy", "motivation"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273575 | [
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catalyzing the inception of a field that scholars would promptly immerse themselves in [ 6 ]. This exploration led to a spectrum of diverse definitions and interpretations, including collaborative arrangements [ 7 ], the notion of an economic community comprising interacting actors [ 8 ], the alignment structure involv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.696 | ["communication", "economy", "rhetoric"] | 474 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273629 | [
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... | ||
ltilateral, non-generic complementarities [ 10 ]. Concurrently, authors have underscored the rich array of ecosystem concepts in the literature. Seppänen et al. (2017) identified ecosystem concepts with different prefixes, such as business, innovation, platform, and mobile ecosystems [ 11 ]. Nevertheless, the distincti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.456 | 0.812 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 416 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273679 | [
0.0648626834154129,
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0.00783471... | ||
ar, exhibiting a degree of vagueness and overlap. This ambiguity in definitions and concepts has led to the persistent use of the term “ecosystem”, posing challenges in identifying, refining, and investigating specific ecosystem concepts relevant to particular research areas [ 12 ]. The complex landscapes of business e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.844 | ["crisis", "innovation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273742 | [
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... | ||
stablishing consistent and precise definitions for these dynamic entities. Stakeholders identified in prior research may demonstrate interdependence and interaction within BEs [ 13 ]. Complementors, as emphasized in previous studies, play a crucial role by offering supplementary services for products, contributing to t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.844 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273822 | [
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innovation to encompass various related terms [ 15 ]. The concept of artifacts as integral components of the innovation ecosystem has been introduced, providing tangible support for innovation activities [ 16 ]. The collaborative endeavors of ecosystem participants contribute to value creation through coordination and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.591 | 0.84 | ["innovation", "crisis", "economy", "philosophy"] | 482 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273884 | [
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in achieving the consistent definition of terms. Researchers utilize diverse terminology to describe it, with some referring to it as a multi-logical architecture lever and others characterizing it as a digital collaboration platform [ 18 , 19 ]. Platform leaders, as described in the literature, oversee the technical a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.381 | 0.848 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "communication", "crisis", "economy"] | 505 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.273970 | [
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0.016404151916503906,
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0.011968505568802357,
0.06213391199707985,
0.01277... |
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