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tablishing a clear and uniform definition of PEs. While there is a growing interest in, and an increasing publication output on, ecosystems, there is a notable lack of attention given to leveraging empirical evidence from bibliometric indicators to comprehend the research trends and historical evolution trajectory of e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.43 | 0.85 | ["philosophy"] | 478 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274029 | [
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nt research gap in the literature [ 6 , 7 , 21 ]. Although these scholars have proposed distinct definitions and interpretations for various ecosystems, there remains a scarcity of comprehensive literature reviews summarizing the definitions or characteristics of these ecosystems. Additionally, few papers delve into th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.846 | ["communication", "innovation", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274113 | [
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y researching business, innovation, and platform ecosystems, focusing on the following four research questions: RQ 1: Over the past few decades, what have been the predominant research hotspots, historical evolution trajectories, and emerging trends in the study of ecosystems? RQ 2: What are the defined characteristics... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.816 | ["innovation", "philosophy", "education"] | 411 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274178 | [
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systems, as proposed by scholars and researchers? RQ 3: What shared features and distinctions can be identified among business, innovation, and platform ecosystems, and how do these aspects contribute to understanding their unique dynamics? RQ 4: What interconnections can be found within the realms of business, innovat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.62 | 0.83 | ["innovation", "philosophy", "communication", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 459 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274237 | [
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rant exploration in these interconnected domains? Recognizing the ongoing developmental stage of research on business, innovation, and platform ecosystems, we conduct a systematic literature review to explore the definitions, shared characteristics, and distinctions within these diverse ecosystems, drawing insights fro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.607 | 0.816 | ["communication", "innovation", "education", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 449 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274294 | [
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w, laying the foundation for subsequent analyses. In Section 3 , research methods and the systematic literature review are elucidated, outlining procedures in detail. Section 4 constitutes the core of our study, presenting the analysis and results, encompassing both bibliometric and content analysis, and forming the pr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.589 | 0.842 | ["communication", "networking", "education", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 508 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274348 | [
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s into potential avenues for further exploration. Finally, Section 6 summarizes the key findings and main conclusions and provides a comprehensive discussion of the contributions and limitations inherent in this paper. 2. Theoretical Background 2.1. Concept of Ecosystem The concept of an ecosystem, introduced by German... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.569 | 0.838 | ["communication", "education", "rhetoric"] | 469 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274401 | [
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al systems within the natural environment [ 22 ]. As time progressed, the discipline of ecology evolved beyond mere examination of flora and fauna, delving deeper into the interplay between organisms and their surrounding environments and aiming to comprehend complex ecological phenomena [ 23 , 24 ]. Expanding upon thi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.578 | 0.856 | ["philosophy"] | 500 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274455 | [
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amic and interacting comprehensive system [ 25 ]. Further refinement of this concept occurred with Lindeman’s study in 1942, which characterized an ecosystem as a holistic system encompassing physical, chemical, and biological processes within a defined space–time unit [ 26 ]. Stevenson’s study later contributed to the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.571 | 0.832 | ["education"] | 443 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274505 | [
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ting organisms and a physical environment [ 27 ]. Throughout the extensive development of ecosystem theory, scholars have proposed diverse definitions, all unified by their overarching emphasis on the coexistence and interaction of living and non-living elements within the natural environment. This foundational concept... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.562 | 0.824 | [] | 425 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274547 | [
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transcending its origins in ecology [ 10 , 28 ]. Contemporary interpretations of ecosystems highlight interconnected actors collaborating to enhance efficiency, achieve common value propositions, and collectively shape the trajectory of the ecosystem, thus influencing a multitude of disciplines [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. 2.2. T... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.846 | ["innovation", "economy", "philosophy"] | 510 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274601 | [
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igital servitization [ 95 ]. Lastly, Hsuan et al. (2021) explored the developmental trajectory of digital servitization in the product–service–software domain [ 134 ]. The encompassed research studies explore various dimensions of digital servitization, including business models, ecosystem coordination, organizational ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.82 | ["war_conflict"] | 453 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274654 | [
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rch, introducing the concept to understand better how enterprises navigate dynamic market environments. Defined as an economic consortium formed through interaction and collaboration, a business ecosystem emphasizes the interdependent and co-evolving relationships between organizations or individuals within business gr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.806 | ["communication", "networking", "economy", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 471 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274725 | [
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rk for understanding business ecosystem dynamics. Initially focusing on interdependence and co-development among members, the definition centered on entities that collectively form a vast, intricate network aimed at meeting customer needs [ 6 , 32 ]. This marked the inception of business ecosystem research, introducing... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.641 | 0.82 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 429 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274781 | [
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ing the groundwork for subsequent investigations. As market competition intensified and the business environment evolved dynamically, the role of innovation in enterprise development became increasingly pivotal, shifting the emphasis from the traditional focus on BEs to the heightened recognition of the significance of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.574 | 0.822 | ["innovation"] | 460 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274870 | [
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interdependence and co-development among members. These entities relied on each other, engaging in both cooperation and competition, collectively forming a BE—a vast, intricate network with a shared destiny aimed at meeting customer needs [ 33 , 34 ]. Presently, a firm’s competitive advantage hinges on its ability to g... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.84 | ["innovation", "networking", "philosophy"] | 444 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.274941 | [
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g as a key driver for value creation [ 35 , 36 ]. An IE is characterized by collaboration among multiple enterprises and diverse innovation entities [ 7 ]. Complex innovation typically involves multiple participants, necessitating changes that extend beyond the boundaries of the supply network [ 15 ]. These entities wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.58 | 0.838 | ["innovation", "networking", "economy", "communication", "rhetoric"] | 452 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275016 | [
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with partners to execute new product development. This conceptualization mirrors the idea of a business ecosystem; both are rooted in the concept of interconnected network actors [ 37 ]. The early contributions in defining IE were pivotal in initiating research on this topic, laying a robust foundation for its subseque... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.618 | 0.86 | ["networking", "economy"] | 510 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275157 | [
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of citation analysis in delineating the important literature and their interrelationships [ 48 ], bibliometrics has emerged as an increasingly valued approach. Initially, we apply bibliometric analysis to discern prevalent research topics and fields, scrutinize publication trends, and unveil noteworthy contributions su... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.83 | ["networking"] | 497 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275224 | [
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especially in the context of the digital economy. Schindelin et al. (2015) proposed that the platform ecosystem essentially derives from the BE, is infused with a platform mechanism, and is grounded in platform technology [ 38 ]. Some scholars suggest that both business and innovation ecosystems are constructed on a pl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.601 | 0.87 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "innovation", "economy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275320 | [
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latform assumes a leadership role in the entire ecosystem, establishing shared objectives and taking responsibility for the ecosystem’s overall health [ 29 , 39 , 40 ]. Adner (2017) described the PE as an industrial–organizational form where platform enterprises provide foundational elements, attracting complementarian... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.844 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "crisis", "economy"] | 491 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275370 | [
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les and an open architecture [ 9 ]. Kapoor et al. (2022) viewed the PE as a structured amalgamation of partners with shared interests, maintaining extensive interaction to achieve the common value proposition of the platform ecosystem [ 41 ]. While scholars offer diverse definitions, there is a consensus that PEs encom... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.397 | 0.86 | ["philosophy"] | 507 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275422 | [
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on, serving as architects and integrators [ 43 ]. By formulating open policies, platform owners enable complementary enterprises to access resources and support, with the platform’s level of openness determining the resources available to complementors [ 44 ]. Complementary enterprises, in turn, contribute complementar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.581 | 0.836 | ["philosophy"] | 480 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275495 | [
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enhance the platform’s overall value [ 45 , 46 ]. Under the guidance of platform enterprises, various entities within the ecosystem cooperate and interact sufficiently to enhance the competitive advantage and value creation capacity of the entire platform ecosystem, ultimately delivering the final product or service to... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.848 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275570 | [
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0... | ||
cant attention in existing research, we embark on a systematic review of the pertinent literature. The review employs a dual methodology, incorporating both bibliometric analysis and detailed content analysis, with the overarching objective of achieving the outlined research goals ( Figure 1 ). Given the ever-increasin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.85 | ["communication"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275626 | [
0.06054914742708206,
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Collection database of ISI Web of Science (WoS). In contrast to other widely used databases, such as Scopus, Google Scholar, Dimensions, and Microsoft Academic, we consider WoS more suitable for our large-scale bibliometric analysis due to its recognized high reliability [ 49 ]. It is important to note that while other... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.558 | 0.858 | [] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275674 | [
0.025266271084547043,
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0.010927003808319569,
0.01292... | ||
rticularly in the context of conducting a meticulous bibliometric analysis. This strategic selection of the database contributes to the credibility and validity of the findings derived from our study. Our literature search formulas for WoS are determined after thorough research on the existing relevant literature. The ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.544 | 0.852 | ["philosophy", "strategy", "crisis", "innovation", "education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275731 | [
0.037199005484580994,
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0.02... | ||
“supply chain*” OR competing OR innovation OR business OR digital OR platform) AND Ecosystem*). In this part, the logical operator AND is used to enhance the inclusiveness of the search formula, covering instances where two critical search terms may occur non-continuously in the title of an article. However, since the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.85 | ["philosophy", "innovation"] | 470 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275792 | [
0.06140855699777603,
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0.04481319710612297,
0.0453601... | ||
icles not directly related to our research focus. Secondly, the search formula in the second part predominantly focuses on the topics covered in the literature: TS = (“manufacturing ecosystem*” OR “Industrial ecosystem*” OR “supply chain* ecosystem*” OR “supply ecosystem*” OR “competing ecosystem*” OR “innovation ecosy... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.84 | ["philosophy", "crisis", "innovation"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275858 | [
0.008198394440114498,
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0.014198455959558487,
-0... | ||
the title, abstract, author keywords, and keywords plus of the article. To broaden the search scope, we aim for the search terms to appear in complete phrase form, using OR as a logical operator to capture all literature relevant to our research topic. The final search formula, as determined in this article, is: ((TI =... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.578 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "crisis", "innovation"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275921 | [
0.06301430612802505,
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0.0... | ||
anufacturing ecosystem*” OR “Industrial ecosystem*” OR “supply chain* ecosystem*” OR “supply ecosystem*” OR “competing ecosystem*” OR “innovation ecosystem*” OR “business ecosystem*” OR “digital ecosystem*” OR “platform ecosystem*”)). Following the execution of the search formula, the results encompass 3614 research ar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.61 | 0.824 | ["philosophy", "crisis", "innovation"] | 487 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.275981 | [
0.05689594894647598,
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0.... | ||
The BE has a loose network of suppliers, distributors, outsourcing firms, makers of related products or services, technology providers, and a host of other organizations. [ 39 ] Architect A focal firm needs not only to develop linkages with its potential direct partners but also to create an entire ecosystem involving ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.589 | 0.85 | ["networking"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276039 | [
0.04076126962900162,
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0.02075178548693657,
0.043706... | ||
e WoS categories to which the literature belongs. We extract category records such as “management”, “economics”, and “business” from all WoS categories and scrutinize the literature records within these categories. Furthermore, to comprehensively cover the entire developmental trajectory of relevant research from its i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.374 | 0.846 | ["management"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276275 | [
0.03489140048623085,
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0.024297919124364853,
0.058519911020994186,
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0.0185... | ||
publication dates of the search results during the search process. The search results reveal that the earliest literature dates from 1993. Nevertheless, for yearly analysis, we have narrowed down the scope of our literature samples to those published before 2024. Ultimately, we compile a basic literature sample for our... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.344 | 0.854 | ["education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276343 | [
0.037510305643081665,
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0.03355667367577553,
-0.0... | ||
ically conduct a bibliometric analysis of the 1032 selected literature samples [ 50 , 51 ]. Firstly, we analyze the current research status of ecosystems and quantitatively assess the annual publication quantity and journal publication quantity using the statistical bibliometric analysis tool provided by WoS. This appr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.569 | 0.826 | [] | 421 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276407 | [
0.10159030556678772,
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0.029176995158195496,
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0.0862714871764183,
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0.023372191935777664,
0.017015300691127777,
0.01... | ||
he number of relevant research results over time. Additionally, a line chart of the number of publications plotted by journal and year clearly shows that journals have published more articles relevant to this study over time, offering insights into the development trend and the level of attention received by ecosystem-... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.589 | 0.856 | ["networking", "education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276491 | [
0.07780198007822037,
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0.0018827500753104687,
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0.... | ||
y network analysis on the selected literature by using a series of algorithms within CiteSpace. This encompasses reference co-citation analysis, citation burst analysis, journal co-citation analysis, and institutional and national cooperation analysis. These analyses shed light on articles that lay the foundation for t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.832 | ["networking"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276565 | [
0.04880216345191002,
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0.1343964785337448,
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0.06280... | ||
ificant contributions made by journals, countries, and institutions. Additionally, we also carry out keyword cluster analysis and keyword co-occurrence analysis on the literature samples based on the relevant functions of CiteSpace. Keyword clustering analysis, which utilizes CiteSpace’s clustering algorithm, groups se... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.544 | 0.812 | [] | 421 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276620 | [
0.045467883348464966,
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0.04472903162240982,
0.05010150000452995,
0.0010297136614099145,
0.048666853457689285,
0.008832... | ||
aling the research focus of the ecosystem [ 52 ]. We proceed by assessing the quality of the literature encompassed within the clustering outcomes. Among these, we carefully select 84 noteworthy articles, characterized by their high citation rates, widespread recognition, and publication in preeminent journals. These s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.588 | 0.836 | [] | 470 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276703 | [
0.08253422379493713,
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0.04698880389332771,
0.008414607495069504,
0.006223150994628668,
0.029837556183338165,
0.025398... | ||
vative contributions that are shaping its future. Following this, we undertake a thorough analysis of the literature contained in each cluster, with the objective of providing an accurate introduction and interpretation of each pivotal research topic. In keyword co-occurrence analysis, we consider the overall period of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.383 | 0.852 | ["education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276760 | [
0.07769642025232315,
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0.04360483959317207,
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0.04424541... | ||
e ecosystem study, dividing the time into multiple stages during the analysis process. This approach enables us to illustrate corresponding research hotspots in each stage and clarify changes in research directions throughout the development of ecosystems. The bibliometric analysis process serves to clearly display the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.844 | ["education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276816 | [
0.06612655520439148,
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0.053... | ||
ighted during this analysis provide crucial guidance and assistance for researchers and practitioners in related fields. 3.3. Content Analysis Procedures Based on the results of keyword clustering during the bibliometric analysis, we identify the important research topics in the literature sample. Subsequently, given t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.834 | [] | 476 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276869 | [
0.09099865704774857,
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0.02665431797504425,
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0.08982957154512405,
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0.01540188118815422,
0.07725247740745544,
0.06705915182828903,
-0.01389724668... | ||
own our focus to 32 articles from the initial 84. These selected articles are analyzed in depth to examine the definitions and characteristics of BEs, IEs, and PEs. Subsequently, we code the important information from the selected literature, as shown in Table 1 . We synthesize the encoding used by Gomes et al. (2018) ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.864 | ["philosophy"] | 483 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.276945 | [
0.03505787253379822,
0.04363168776035309,
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0.06011546030640602,
0.04422492906451225,
0.044223979115486145,
0.06672259420156479,
0.07290167361497879,
-0.029614968225359917,
0.05799020454287529,
0.08040302246809006,
0.032781250... | ||
ng method of our content analysis process [ 37 ]. In the process of content analysis, we begin by organizing the significant literature on the three ecosystems (BEs, IEs, and PEs) into categories, such as definition, research object, method, and findings, using Excel. Then, we define BEs, IEs, and PEs by summarizing sc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.856 | ["networking"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277007 | [
0.06703260540962219,
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0.007531308569014072,
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0.11093509197235107,
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0.040173839777708054,
0.0477104... | ||
ships of the BE, IE, and PE, proposing conceptual models. Additionally, we conduct a thorough review of the 84 literature samples, meticulously curating 28 recent and exemplary papers across the domains of BEs, IEs, and PEs. Subsequently, we categorize their research themes and outline potential avenues for future inve... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.854 | ["networking"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277066 | [
0.04920509085059166,
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0.038865383714437485,
-0.004659596364945173,
-0.03515446558594704,
0.049034684896469116,
0.07846558839082718,
0.015... | ||
Forecasting and Social Change Benitez et al., 2020 [ 105 ] 40 International Journal of Production Economics Stahl, 2022 [ 106 ] 41 International Journal of Information Management Liang and Li, 2023 [ 107 ] 42 Technological Forecasting and Social Change Linde et al., 2021 [ 108 ] 43 Technological Forecasting and Social ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.564 | 0.878 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277121 | [
-0.012482888996601105,
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0.023091454058885574,
0.03254040330648422,
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0.006307155359536409,
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0.019681543111801147,
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0.03162161260843277,
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0.07714921236038208,
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0.00... | ||
entities… [ 55 ] Complementor Complementary partner Different stakeholders include direct industrial players, government agencies, industry associations, competitors, and customers. [ 54 , 56 ] Customer Demand The main difference between business and innovation ecosystems seems to be a lack on the demand side (customer... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.846 | ["governance", "crisis", "innovation", "economy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277178 | [
0.051713790744543076,
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0.0028222964610904455,
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m manufacturers, retailers, government, technological parks, universities, consultants, etc.) guarantees the survival and the success of the BE. [ 58 , 59 ] Interdependence …highlights the interdependence of all actors in the business environment, who co-evolve their capabilities and roles. [ 14 , 60 , 61 ] Coordinatio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.466 | 0.844 | ["networking", "strategy", "governance", "economy"] | 474 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277259 | [
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as a sub-class of a long-term strategic network. [ 12 , 61 ] Dynamic evolution In a business ecosystem, companies co-evolve capabilities around a new innovation: they work cooperatively and competitively to support new products, satisfy customer needs, and eventually incorporate the next round of innovations. [ 6 , 62 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.85 | ["innovation", "strategy", "networking"] | 480 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277312 | [
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s and strategies among the different focal firms. [ 15 , 64 ] Innovators Supplier Underlying a technology’s advance are not only efforts by producers of the focal technology but also systemic efforts by component and complement providers from a range of interdependent industries. [ 64 ] Complementary innovator …leading... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.563 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "innovation"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277397 | [
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g and modifying new products with users; adopting innovative solutions provided by users. [ 65 ] Innovation supporters Expert This role of ‘entrepreneur’ may be assumed in response to the partnership-forging activities of the ecosystem leader or as a result of seeing opportunities to commercialize the discoveries and i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "innovation"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277488 | [
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innovative resources and commercializes cooperative R&D results to promote innovation. [ 65 ] Principles Diversity The innovation ecosystem is composed of interconnected and interdependent networked actors, which include the focal firm, customers, suppliers, complementary innovators, and other agents as regulators. [ 3... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.822 | ["innovation", "networking"] | 453 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277550 | [
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interconnected and interdependent network actors. [ 37 , 66 ] Coordination An innovation ecosystem is set for the co-creation or the joint creation of value. [ 37 , 67 ] Dynamic evolution The evolving relationships between the wide range of innovation partners in an innovation ecosystem highlight the degree to which th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.625 | 0.856 | ["philosophy", "innovation", "networking", "leadership", "education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277668 | [
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mechanisms that are inherent in the platform’s technical architecture. [ 20 , 69 , 70 ] Complementor Complementary partner Platform owners often seek to encourage complementary third-party innovation from sources external to the organization, including customers, research firms, business partners, and universities. [ 1... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.387 | 0.838 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "innovation"] | 494 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277761 | [
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comprise the ecosystem surrounding the platform. [ 20 ] Company Startups’ technology commercialization can be facilitated by joining a platform ecosystem. [ 21 ] Principles Diversity The platform ecosystem exhibits a diversity of ownership and control, of both complementary assets and the components that make up the pl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.597 | 0.848 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277841 | [
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ugh the variety of complements they create and, in doing so, also affect the value for other complementors to participate in the ecosystem. [ 71 ] Coordination The platform can leverage these relationships to foster, for instance, tighter collaboration and provide “rewards” … [ 72 , 73 ] Dynamic evolution Platform ecos... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.702 | ["philosophy", "communication", "networking", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277901 | [
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ergent self-organizing patterns based on complementarities and the coevolution of participants’ activities and capabilities. [ 71 , 72 ] Balance The platform owner should strive for a balance between incremental and radical innovation by complementors as well as the success of complementors’ innovation in terms of the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.682 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 424 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.277959 | [
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sis and Results 4.1. Bibliometric Analysis 4.1.1. Current Status of Ecosystem Research Among the 1032 articles collected from the WoS database, the top five publishing sources, ranked by their contribution to the field, are Technological Forecasting and Social Change , The Journal of Business Research , Technovation , ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.852 | ["management", "crisis"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278030 | [
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n 2012 and has experienced rapid growth since 2017 that has persisted until the present. Notably, the publication volume of articles in Technological Forecasting and Social Change , the journal with the highest total publications, witnessed a substantial increase in 2017–2018 but displayed a declining trend in 2019. Mo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.384 | 0.848 | ["war_conflict"] | 475 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278098 | [
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t it demonstrates a notable upward trend in 2023. The Journal of Business Research emerged in 2015, reached its peak in 2021, and experienced a decline in 2022. Meanwhile, other publications have demonstrated a stable and increasing trend over the 15-year period ( Figure 2 ). The observed publication trends in these jo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.57 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278155 | [
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ibuting significantly to the advancement of this field. Figure 2. Open in a new tab Annual publications of the top five popular journals. 4.1.2. Co-Cited Journal Network Analysis Journal co-citation analysis involves examining the articles cited within the articles we collect. The main indicator used in this analysis i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.706 | ["networking", "resume"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278210 | [
0.07385235279798508,
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science mapping, a method that visually elucidates the intricate interconnections among journals, thereby depicting the expansive terrain of academic research [ 75 ]. This methodology provides a holistic comprehension of the interconnectedness within the scholarly community and the dynamic trends across diverse fields.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.541 | 0.824 | ["networking"] | 464 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278280 | [
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ent journals within specific disciplinary fields. This enables them to identify journals that wield significant influence in particular research areas [ 74 , 76 ]. In the presented Figure 3 , we showcase a network of the top 30 cited journals, though the actual number of journals is significantly larger. In Figure 3 , ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.856 | ["networking"] | 461 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278357 | [
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the number of connections between these journals. For enhanced clarity, we arranged the 30 nodes in a spiral distribution, with the nodes ordered from largest to smallest, progressing from the center to the periphery. Figure 3. Open in a new tab The co-citation network of journal publications. In the entire sample set,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.579 | 0.704 | ["networking", "strategy"] | 445 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278410 | [
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Bus. Rev. , Acad. Manage. Rev. , and Organ Sci . We conducted a statistical analysis of the published data from these five journals, presenting the results in the form of a line graph (See Figure 4 ). Our analysis reveals that, after 2012, the overall number of citations for these journals shows an increasing trend. Th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.35 | 0.716 | ["philosophy"] | 480 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278468 | [
0.017452599480748177,
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creasing quality and influence of these journals. The sudden decrease in 2023 may just be a fleeting fluctuation. In summary, the journal co-citation analysis offers crucial insights into the structure and distribution of knowledge, shedding light on influential sources and trends over time. Figure 4. Open in a new tab... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.553 | 0.698 | ["education"] | 505 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278533 | [
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in graph theory to uncover clusters of keywords. In this process, keywords are treated as nodes in the network. Whenever two keywords appear together in the same literature, an edge is formed between them, creating a keyword co-occurrence network [ 77 , 78 ]. These algorithms can partition the keyword co-occurrence net... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.546 | 0.836 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 434 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278596 | [
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h representing a distinct keyword cluster [ 79 ]. By employing cluster analysis on the keywords, we synthesize the research hotspots of the supply chain ecosystem. Using Citespace, we designate keywords as node types and set TopN as 50, analyzing the top 50% of the most frequent keywords each year. The time slice is se... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.555 | 0.878 | ["ethics"] | 511 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278695 | [
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ing three numerical values representing citation, covariance, and cosine coefficient. When analyzing data, CiteSpace divides the time interval into three parts, with three sets of numbers corresponding to these parts. For example, the first set of data in this article corresponds to the years 2004–2010, the second set ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.319 | 0.844 | ["ethics"] | 493 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278789 | [
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employs the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) algorithm. This algorithm measures the likelihood of the data falling under one model relative to another [ 80 ]. More precisely, the LLR algorithm determines the optimal clustering outcome by comparing the logarithmic likelihood ratio of keywords across various clusters. This pro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.328 | 0.834 | [] | 464 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278873 | [
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similarity between keywords in separate clusters. Consequently, it enables a meaningful and coherent interpretation of the cluster. According to CiteSpace analysis, there are six clusters: innovation ecosystem, open innovation, digital service-oriented, commercial ecosystem, digital technology, and platform ecosystem. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.487 | 0.69 | ["innovation", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.278930 | [
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r Production Yin et al., 2020 [ 111 ] 46 Journal of Cleaner Production Nylund al., 2021 [ 112 ] 47 Journal of Cleaner Production Kamalaldin et al., 2021 [ 113 ] 48 Technovation Shaw and Allen, 2018 [ 67 ] 49 Technological Forecasting and Social Change Ander and Kapoor, 2010 [ 15 ] 50 Strategic Management Journal Xie an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.902 | ["management", "strategy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.279015 | [
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nifying a substantial clustering structure and excellent graph fit [ 81 ]. Explore Table 2 for insights into popular topics, keywords, authors, and journals across 84 highly cited and high-quality articles. Figure 5. Open in a new tab Keyword cluster analysis. Table 2. Topics, keywords, authors, and journals. Topic Key... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.568 | 0.706 | [] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.279092 | [
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[ 82 ] 1 Technovation Sjödin et al., 2022 [ 83 ] 2 California Management Review Kohtamaki et al., 2019 [ 84 ] 3 Journal of Business Research Sklyar et al., 2019 [ 85 ] 4 Journal of Business Research #1 Platform ecosystems Competition Impact Business Architecture Digital transformation Platform ecosystem Boundary resour... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.876 | ["management", "philosophy", "innovation"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.279150 | [
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et al., 2019 [ 20 ] 7 California Management Review Khanagha et al., 2022 [ 87 ] 8 Strategic Management Journal Cennamo et al., 2019 [ 71 ] 9 Organization Science Tavalaei and Cennamo, 2021 [ 72 ] 10 Long Range Planning Inoue, 2021 [ 73 ] 11 Technological Forecasting and Social Change Gawer and Cusumano, 2014 [ 88 ] 12 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.559 | 0.888 | ["management", "strategy", "innovation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.279211 | [
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] 14 Journal of Management Studies Kretschmer et al., 2022 [ 69 ] 15 Strategic Management Journal Panico and Cennamo, 2022 [ 90 ] 16 Strategic Management Journal Schreieck et al., 2021 [ 91 ] 17 Journal of Information Technology Sandberg et al., 2020 [ 92 ] 18 Management Information Systems Quarterly Thomas et al., 201... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.556 | 0.87 | ["management", "strategy", "philosophy", "ai_basics", "education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.279270 | [
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ls Perspective Science Knowledge management Big data Burström et al., 2021 [ 93 ] 21 Journal of Business Research Leone et al., 2021 [ 94 ] 22 Journal of Business Research Manser et al., 2021 [ 95 ] 23 Journal of Research in Interactive Marketing Elia et al., 2020 [ 96 ] 24 Technological Forecasting and Social Change E... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.88 | ["management", "innovation", "strategy", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.279325 | [
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tem Innovation Performance Strategy Technology Knowledge Innovation ecosystem Framework Platforms Creation Design Walrave et al., 2018 [ 66 ] 27 Technological Forecasting & Social Change Mollenkopf et al., 2021 [ 99 ] 28 Journal of Service Management Bart Clarysse et al., 2014 [ 58 ] 29 Research Policy Granstrand and H... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.876 | ["strategy", "management", "innovation", "philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.279395 | [
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ional Business Review Oh et al., 2016 [ 100 ] 33 Technovation Dedehayir et al., 2018 [ 17 ] 34 Technological Forecasting and Social Change Wagner, 2021 [ 101 ] 35 International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management Ben Letaifa, 2014 [ 102 ] 36 Management Decision de Vasconcelos Gomes et al., 2018 [ 37... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.564 | 0.88 | ["management", "decision_making"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.281906 | [
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ture research in this dynamic and evolving field. Cluster#1—Platform Ecosystems This clustering underscores the prevalence of platform models and ecosystems within the supply chain context, emphasizing their role in establishing connections among businesses, partners, and users. PEs are gaining increasing attention, wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.836 | ["networking", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.281994 | [
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-related and relationship-driven functions in fostering co-creation and value acquisition [ 91 ]. Governance mechanisms for these ecosystems, incorporating blockchain technology to address openness paradoxes, are the subject of ongoing research [ 20 ]. Indirect innovation management within a PE governance is pivotal fo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.848 | ["innovation", "networking", "communication", "management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.282057 | [
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pivotal role, with creative tensions and value creation becoming central research focuses [ 71 , 135 ]. Researchers have explored complementarity within and across different ecosystems, examining the impact of complementary positions and performance in mobile application ecosystems [ 72 ]. During the COVID-19 period, t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.584 | 0.838 | ["philosophy", "innovation", "resume"] | 473 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.282113 | [
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me crucial for adapting to the new normal [ 89 ]. The research delves into businesses mitigating competitive pressure by establishing new platforms for novel advantages [ 87 ]. However, the initial stage of establishing digital PE presents challenges requiring problem-solving perspectives [ 19 ]. In brief, PEs are perc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11048555/ | Comparing Business, Innovation, and Platform Ecosystems: A Systematic Review of the Literature - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.822 | ["philosophy", "crisis"] | 407 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.282217 | [
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Moving from a static environment into a dynamic one So much is spoken about around “dynamics” when it comes to projecting a higher level of vibrancy or providing the extra value placed within your organizations success. In any thriving business ecosystems it is the dynamics within the system that empower new avenues of... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.618 | 0.862 | ["innovation"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.487134 | [
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es ongoing nurturing and adaptation but recognizing its central importance is significant. “Imagine your business is not a static entity, but as a thriving ecosystem – more resilient, innovative, restless and adaptable that you ever thought possible. By embracing the principles of Dynamic Ecosystem thinking, we can unl... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.638 | 0.85 | ["decision_making"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.487300 | [
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of business ecosystems involves positioning them as both the “intelligence layer” and the “adaptive engine” that powers business agility, resilience, and growth. This approach redefines their role from a passive network to a responsive, intelligence-driven hub that continuously senses, learns, and guides the ecosystem.... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.648 | 0.834 | ["networking"] | 486 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.487464 | [
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n the ecosystems, facilitating these connections. So imagine a circular model with the other ecosystems arranged around the core, the dynamic ecosystem, link the interconnected parts and multi directional arrows showing constant flow and interactions around and through the middle. The Dynamic core is constantly process... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.627 | 0.824 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 450 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.487654 | [
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ideas and insights to give a bidirectional flow. It is the founding principles of Dynamic Ecosystems that unlock levels of growth and competitive advantage. Lets explore those principles from a leadership “language” perspective: From Interdependence & Mutual Benefit to “Strategic Partnerships for Exponential Growth”: B... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.625 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "strategy", "networking"] | 443 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.487888 | [
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re our success is intertwined with our partners’. By strategically collaborating and creating mutual value, we unlock new markets, share risks, and achieve growth that would be impossible alone. Think of it as a force multiplier for market penetration and innovation.” Investment/Exploration Value: Investing in identify... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.599 | 0.846 | ["strategy", "communication", "innovation", "economy", "rhetoric"] | 507 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488045 | [
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ties, and reduced cost of entry into new markets. Exploring collaborative business models will reveal untapped value. From Resource Flow & Circulation to “Optimized Resource Utilization & Accelerated Innovation Cycles”: Business Language: “We’re breaking down internal barriers and external silos to ensure seamless acce... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.597 | 0.826 | ["innovation", "economy", "education"] | 478 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488122 | [
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dge transfer, and fuels faster innovation cycles. Imagine R&D that’s amplified by the collective intelligence of the ecosystem.” Investment/Exploration Value: Investing in interoperable platforms and data-sharing infrastructure will improve efficiency and unlock valuable insights. Exploring open innovation models and t... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.598 | 0.804 | ["innovation", "communication", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 420 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488178 | [
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opment and adoption of new products and services. From Diversity & Redundancy to “Enhanced Resilience & Risk Mitigation”: Business Language: “A diverse ecosystem isn’t just about variety; it’s about building resilience. By engaging with a wide range of partners, we reduce our dependence on any single entity and create ... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.591 | 0.854 | ["communication", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488229 | [
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/Exploration Value: Investing in building a diverse partner network and exploring alternative solutions within the ecosystem will de-risk our operations and create more agile supply chains and innovation pipelines. From Adaptation & Evolution to “Future-Proofing Your Business through Continuous Learning & Agility”: Bus... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.616 | 0.836 | ["communication", "innovation", "networking", "education", "rhetoric"] | 491 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488292 | [
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... | ||
at a pace that individual companies can’t match. By embracing experimentation and scaling successful adaptations quickly, we stay ahead of the curve and future-proof our business.” Investment/Exploration Value: Investing in data analytics capabilities to monitor ecosystem trends and in agile experimentation frameworks ... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.569 | 0.812 | ["communication", "rhetoric"] | 412 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488343 | [
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and the early adoption of emerging technologies. From Self-Organization & Emergence to “Unlocking Breakthrough Innovation & Unexpected Opportunities”: Business Language: “By fostering an environment of autonomy and collaboration, we create the conditions for unexpected breakthroughs and the emergence of entirely new bu... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.613 | 0.832 | ["communication", "innovation", "rhetoric", "economy", "philosophy"] | 510 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488395 | [
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ent/Exploration Value: Investing in platforms and initiatives that facilitate open collaboration and idea generation can lead to disruptive innovations and the discovery of unforeseen market opportunities. From Hierarchy Based on Value Contribution to “Attracting Top Talent & Rewarding Impact”: Business Language: “In a... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.592 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "communication", "rhetoric", "innovation", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488460 | [
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nd fosters a meritocratic environment where contributions are recognized and rewarded. This creates a powerful engine for attracting and retaining the best.” Investment/Exploration Value: Investing in transparent performance metrics within the ecosystem and in recognition programs will attract high-value contributors a... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.628 | 0.81 | ["communication", "war_conflict", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 414 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488516 | [
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re Dynamic Ecosystems needed to become the core ? The concept of Dynamic Ecosystems as the central element makes sense for several reasons: Adaptability : Dynamic Ecosystems inherently embody the ability to respond and adapt quickly to changes, which is crucial in today’s fast-paced business environment Catalyst for In... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.475 | 0.706 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488594 | [
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other ecosystem types to evolve and innovate Responsive Framework : A dynamic core allows the entire Integrated Business Ecosystem Framework to be more responsive to market changes, technological advancements, and shifting customer needs. It is viewing Dynamic Ecosystems as the intelligent, adaptive, and resilient core... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.641 | 0.82 | ["innovation"] | 436 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488652 | [
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innovation, flexibility, and sustainable growth. The Call to Action: “The old models of isolated growth are reaching their limits. Dynamic Ecosystems offer a fundamentally new way to build a more resilient, innovative, and ultimately more successful business” The Concept for a Dynamic Ecosystem as the Core to the Inter... | https://paul4innovating.com/2025/05/02/are-you-ready-to-explore-dynamic-ecosystem-principles-as-business-leaders/ | Are you ready to explore Dynamic Ecosystem Principles as ... | paul4innovating.com | unknown | false | 0.645 | 0.85 | ["strategy", "innovation"] | 500 | Building External Networks Ecosystems | topic | 2026-04-15T08:09:31.488700 | [
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... |
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