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magnitude of each mediator included in the model. As indicated by the confidence intervals displayed in Table 2 , the effect of perceived transformational leadership on job satisfaction and proactive behavior was solely transmitted by followers’ evaluation of the goals’ attainability. With regard to their organizationa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.596 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 495 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.628427 | [
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ct, the confidence interval did not include zero. Goal attributes thus seem to be differentially important for the different outcomes. Table 2. Specific indirect effects of transformational leadership on job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and proactive behavior transmitted through the goal attributes goal imp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.399 | 0.7 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.628509 | [
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Goal importance 0.06 0.04 -0.002; 0.156 0.05 0.03 0.005; 0.140 0.03 0.03 -0.033; 0.104 Goal attainability 0.06 0.04 0.007; 0.153 0.02 0.02 -0.018; 0.083 0.06 0.03 0.016; 0.141 Open in a new tab N = 128. Discussion The purpose of the present study was to examine the linkage between transformational leadership and follow... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.684 | ["leadership", "career", "education", "philosophy"] | 412 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.628602 | [
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ve behavior focusing on the goal setting process. We aimed at illustrating that TLs enable followers to autonomously organize their goal pursuit, which we assumed to find expression in higher follower perceptions of the importance and attainability of the goals these leaders set. In line with our assumptions, we indeed... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.606 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "agents", "philosophy"] | 442 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.628660 | [
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hip and their assessment of both goal attributes. TLs articulate an ideological vision and lay emphasis on the meaning of tasks, but also grant followers responsibility and support. Together, these behaviors result in higher levels of identification with and commitment to the organizational goals these leaders set. By ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.591 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "strategy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.628753 | [
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nstrumental and emotional support, TLs lead employees to further perceive these goals to be attainable. Enhancing the importance and attainability of the goals they disseminate, TLs are thus able to facilitate their followers’ organizational goal striving. In support of our third hypothesis, ratings of the goal attribu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.451 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 486 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.628814 | [
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rganizational commitment, and proactive behavior. This result supplements earlier findings by Maier and Brunstein (2001) in the domain of personal goals based on which the authors concluded that a sense of commitment to valued goals and the perception of favorable conditions for goal attainment are important requiremen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.838 | ["leadership"] | 461 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629051 | [
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set by a leader instead of followers themselves. Also during the pursuit of assigned goals at work, a goal’s importance and attainability are crucial for success and ultimately for one’s job-related well-being and performance. Analyses of the specific indirect effects corroborate that goal importance and goal attainabi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.476 | 0.816 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "career"] | 418 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629109 | [
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ormational leadership on the outcomes considered. Whereas transformational leadership and job satisfaction as well as proactive behavior were solely associated via the perception of a goal’s attainability, these leadership behaviors unfolded their impact on followers’ organizational commitment via followers’ perception... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629169 | [
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t effect in which the appreciation of and identification with a certain vision or goal serves as a proxy for the whole organization. As Mowday et al. (1982) stated, organizational commitment is characterized by “a strong belief in and acceptance of the organization’s goals and values” (p. 27). Therefore, perceiving org... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.419 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "strategy", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 473 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629228 | [
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adership on followers’ organizational commitment. Our finding that goal attainability does not significantly mediate this relation might be explained by the fact that employees expect their leaders to facilitate their work in any case ( Ng and Sorensen, 2008 ). Meta-analytic evidence, though, shows followers’ affective... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.571 | 0.824 | ["leadership"] | 416 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629278 | [
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of organizational support ( Meyer et al., 2002 ). As favorable conditions for goal attainment seem to be taken for granted ( Ng and Sorensen, 2008 ) and are thus not perceived as particular support, they probably do not specifically increase followers’ attachment to the organization. With regard to followers’ job satis... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.471 | 0.852 | ["career"] | 490 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629330 | [
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presence of goal importance as a second mediator. With regard to one’s satisfaction, this finding is in line with research on personal goals: In this domain, goal attainability has been meta-analytically shown to be associated with an individual’s subjective well-being (e.g., life satisfaction or positive affect); and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.392 | 0.832 | ["career"] | 438 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629378 | [
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one’s job satisfaction ( Klug and Maier, 2015 ). Unfortunately, the association with a goal’s importance has not been considered within this integrative work. Our findings suggest that in order to be satisfied with one’s job, followers have to be convinced to be able to attain the organizational goals they have been as... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.864 | ["career"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629434 | [
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within the goal setting theory (for an overview: Locke and Latham, 2002 ), as well as from evidence on the personal goal model of well-being corroborating that goals need to be both important and attainable in order to increase employees’ job satisfaction ( Maier and Brunstein, 2001 ). In addition, meta-analytic eviden... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.42 | 0.714 | ["career"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629548 | [
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major correlate of one’s satisfaction with work ( Humphrey et al., 2007 ). As, based on this former research, we would have expected goal importance perceptions to equally mediate the effect of transformational leadership on followers’ job satisfaction, we recommend to reinvestigate the value of followers’ goal importa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.588 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "career"] | 419 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629625 | [
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adership and subordinates satisfaction with work. Also with regard to followers’ proactive behavior, only attainability perceptions mediated the effect of transformational leadership. If employees believe they may affect work outcomes, their willingness to take responsibilities and action is stimulated ( Stajkovic and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "strategy", "philosophy"] | 507 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629689 | [
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ls and ways to achieve the vision TLs articulate. In previous research, feelings of being able to successfully perform a task have rather been found to moderate the relation between transformational leadership and proactive behavior instead of mediating it ( Den Hartog and Belschak, 2012 ). This earlier work, though, a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.452 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "strategy", "education"] | 418 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629742 | [
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our study focused on the attributes of the goal. Whether TLs exert an identifiable independent influence on both followers’ self-evaluation of their abilities as well as on their perception of the goals’ attributes and – if so – whether these influences operate differently is an important question to answer in future r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.569 | 0.836 | ["education"] | 442 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629801 | [
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e impact of TLs on followers’ proactive behavior. Maybe, a strong sense of goal importance or commitment may thwart followers’ proactive behavior such that they solely focus on the goal on duty and behaviors directed at attaining this specific goal. In this case, positive effects on followers’ in-role performance are m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.572 | 0.852 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629858 | [
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h on self-regulated goal pursuit and personal goals with the goal setting of TLs, the present study broadens previous findings on the mechanisms of transformational leadership. Theoretically, it has widely been reasoned that TLs exert their influence on followers’ performance by increasing the importance of organizatio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.613 | 0.828 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "education"] | 444 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629911 | [
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als, that way supporting followers’ goal pursuit. Empirical evidence on these deliberations, though, is still scarce. Our results show that TLs facilitate their followers’ goal striving by enhancing their perceptions of the importance and attainability of organizational goals. The role of TLs within the goal setting pr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.43 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "strategy", "motivation", "economy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.629964 | [
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performance to the extent that they inspire the setting of specific goals. These researchers, however, investigated quality goals only and the way they assessed goals induced specific (number of errors) rather than vague as well as self-set instead of assigned goals. In the following, Bono and Judge (2003) studied the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "motivation"] | 418 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.630021 | [
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wers’ goals among dyads of leaders and followers. They demonstrated that the more transformational supervisors lead, the more self-concordant (i.e., representative for personally held values) are the work goals followers set themselves. Like Kirkpatrick and Locke (1996) , also Bono and Judge ( | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6281759/ | The Path Is the Goal: How Transformational Leaders Enhance Followers’ Job Attitudes and Proactive Behavior - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.636 | ["leadership", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 294 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.630077 | [
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Front Psychol . 2022 Feb 17;13:820745. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.820745 Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions Stewart T Cotterill Stewart T Cotterill 1 School of Rehabilitation, Sport and Psychology, AECC University College, Bournemouth, United Kingdom Find articles by S... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.629 | 0.848 | ["war_conflict", "education", "leadership", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.875294 | [
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s by Todd M Loughead 2 , Katrien Fransen Katrien Fransen 3 Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Find articles by Katrien Fransen 3 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 School of Rehabilitation, Sport and Psychology, AECC University College, Bournemouth, United King... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.531 | 0.69 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 476 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.875423 | [
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es, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium Edited by: Rita F. De Oliveira, London South Bank University, United Kingdom Reviewed by: Patricia Jackman, University of Lincoln, United Kingdom; Ihsan Sari, Sakarya University of Applied Sciences, Turkey ✉ *Correspondence: Stewart T. Cotterill, scotterill@aecc.ac.uk This article was sub... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.832 | ["education", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 465 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.875489 | [
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v 23; Accepted 2022 Jan 21; Collection date 2022. Copyright © 2022 Cotterill, Loughead and Fransen. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.838 | ["innovation"] | 458 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.875542 | [
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d, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC8892492 PMID: 35250758 Abstract Leadership has been shown to be a fundamental factor influencing the performance of sport teams. Within these teams, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 443 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.875594 | [
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m captains, and other ‘informal’ athlete leaders. The role of the athlete leader in a team, either formal or informal, has been consistently reported over the last 10 years to have a significant impact upon a teams’ functioning and effectiveness, as well as teammates’ general health and mental wellbeing. As such, culti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.848 | ["management", "leadership", "philosophy", "strategy"] | 470 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.875659 | [
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coaches, sport psychologists and scholars alike. While the recognition of the importance of athlete leadership is well established, there has been a lag in the development of systematic approaches to enhance and develop the leadership skills and capabilities of the athletes within sport teams. As a result, this paper s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.556 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "management"] | 431 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.875710 | [
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of approaches to athlete leadership development. The paper will also highlight future areas for research and applied practice development. Keywords: leadership development, mentoring, peer leadership, shared leadership, athlete leadership Introduction Leadership is a fundamental aspect of sport, particularly as it rela... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.64 | 0.81 | ["leadership", "management"] | 412 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.875762 | [
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ort environments ( Cotterill and Fransen, 2016 ). The concept of leadership has been examined across a wide range of contexts, both within and outside of sport, which has led to a broad spectrum of leadership definitions and theories. However, the common features of these various conceptualisations of leadership are th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.456 | 0.856 | ["leadership"] | 484 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.875901 | [
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e attainment of common goals ( Northouse, 2018 ). In current conceptualisations of leadership in organisational settings, team leadership has been recognised as a distinct form of organisational leadership ( Kozlowski et al., 2016 ). That is, team leadership can be viewed as any individual fulfilling a team’s needs. Wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 458 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.875964 | [
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team captains, but also informal athlete leaders. This leadership of and within sport teams has emerged as an important focus for managers, coaches, sport psychologists and scholars alike ( Day et al., 2014 ). Athlete leadership has been defined more specifically as ‘an athlete, occupying a formal or informal role with... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 430 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876077 | [
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a common goal’ ( Loughead et al., 2006 , p. 144). Athlete leaders have been reported to positively influence team cohesion, athlete satisfaction, team identification, team confidence and the motivational climate within the team ( Cotterill and Fransen, 2016 ). Recent work has reported that the leadership needs of a spo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.624 | 0.87 | ["management", "leadership", "motivation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876138 | [
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nd off the field (e.g., Fransen et al., 2014 ; Duguay et al., 2019 ). The leadership needs within a sports team can be met in a range of different ways by different individuals undertaking different roles including, coaches, team captains and informal athlete leaders ( Mertens et al., 2021 ). However, while there has b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.581 | 0.87 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876295 | [
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Fransen, 2016 ), far less attention has been paid to approaches to the development of leadership within teams. As a result, the aim of this review is to clarify current understanding regarding the sources of leadership within sports teams, and then crucially to review current understanding regarding the development of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876349 | [
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e., the formal athlete leader in the team) is perceived to fulfil an important leadership function. Indeed, it has been suggested that good captaincy can have a marked impact upon performance ( Cotterill and Fransen, 2016 ). The captaincy role itself is something that has historically suffered from a lack of clarity. S... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.619 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 425 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876399 | [
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tains have been suggested over the past 50 years. For example, Mosher (1979) outlined three main responsibilities, which are to act as a liaison between the coaching staff and the team, to be a leader during all team activities and to represent the team at events, meetings and press conferences. In addition to this, Mo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.874 | ["management", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876456 | [
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to lead by example, to help the coach in the planning stages for the team and to conduct themselves in a professional manner before, during and after games. Dupuis et al. (2006) highlighted some common functions of ice hockey captains including being effective communicators, remaining positive and controlling their emo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.431 | 0.858 | ["management", "career", "leadership", "strategy"] | 493 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876507 | [
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alth and lower burnout ( Fransen et al., 2020a ). Although players and coaches have high expectations of their team captains, in practice, it seems that only few team captains can live up to these high standards ( Fransen et al., 2019 ). While many attempts have been made to describe the role of the captain, a strong e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.85 | ["management", "crisis"] | 426 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876552 | [
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he demands of captaincy and the challenges faced. There is little consensus regarding the role of the captain, which can make it difficult to understand the context-specific demands of the role ( Cotterill et al., 2019 ). One of the reasons for this is that the role can vary significantly from sport to sport, and acros... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.409 | 0.886 | ["philosophy", "crisis", "leadership", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876601 | [
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off it, but the way the team plays and major tactical decisions during the game are generally determined by the coach. In comparison, the sport of cricket adopts an enhanced role for its captains, with the captain making all the decisions on the pitch and also being part of the formal leadership structure off the pitch... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.596 | 0.876 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "management", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876651 | [
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ccer compared to cricket but does highlight significant differences in the role. While captains are consistently suggested to be an important aspect of team performance, to date, there is currently limited research explicitly exploring the specific role of captain and its development in sport ( Cotterill and Fransen, 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876702 | [
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achieve their leadership status in an informal way, namely, through natural interactions with their teammates ( Loughead et al., 2006 ). Regardless of their leadership status, both team captains and informal athlete leaders can occupy different leadership roles. Building on earlier athlete leader categorisations ( Bale... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876752 | [
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leadership roles that athlete leaders could undertake for the team: (a) the task leader , who gives teammates tactical advice and adjusts them when necessary; (b) the motivational leader , who encourages teammates to perform at their best; (c) the social leader , who develops a good team atmosphere; and (d) the externa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.64 | 0.694 | ["leadership", "management", "communication", "motivation", "education"] | 440 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876802 | [
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d sponsors. The study conducted by Fransen et al. (2014) emphasised the relevance of this leadership classification by demonstrating that an effective fulfilment of the four leadership roles by members of the team resulted in higher team confidence, stronger team identification and better team performance outcomes (e.g... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.702 | ["leadership", "management", "innovation", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876850 | [
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focused on promoting change and innovation and encouraging team learning. The notion that leadership within teams is not just the preserve of team captains was suggested by Fransen et al. (2014) . In a large cross-sectional study with 4,451 athletes and coaches across nine different sports, it was reported that almost ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.646 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "management", "education", "innovation"] | 480 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876899 | [
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r roles, neither on the field, nor off the field. These findings reported by Fransen et al. (2014) further highlight the importance of not restricting conceptualisations of leadership and associated leadership development to the team captain, but also more broadly to cultivate the leadership capacities of other leaders... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.634 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.876962 | [
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uals within a team can increase the likelihood that the leadership needs of a team are met ( Cotterill, 2016 ). In this regard, enhanced leadership provision within a team has been linked to increases in team cohesion, athlete satisfaction, team identification, team confidence and the motivational climate within the te... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.609 | 0.842 | ["management", "leadership", "strategy", "motivation", "career"] | 441 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877011 | [
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tudy of professional sports teams, Fransen et al. (2017) reported that the team with the highest-quality athlete leadership on each of the four leadership roles excelled in all indicators of team effectiveness. More specifically, athletes in this team had a stronger shared sense of the team’s purpose, they were more hi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.466 | 0.846 | ["management", "leadership", "career"] | 459 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877062 | [
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eam’s abilities than athletes in the other teams. Moreover, this team demonstrated a higher task-involving and a lower ego-involving climate and excelled on all measures of performance. As a result, adopting a focus on enhancing leadership within their team is one way sports teams can seek to enhance team functioning a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.858 | ["management", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 499 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877110 | [
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llbeing within the team ( Fransen et al., 2019 ). Leadership development has recently emerged as a scholarly discipline, separate and distinct from the more traditional approaches to studying leadership, such as the link between personality and leadership ( Day et al., 2014 ). Across multiple domains, the required area... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "education", "management"] | 467 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877155 | [
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or the development of effective leaders in sport. The concept of leadership development has been defined as involving expanding the collective capacity of team members to engage effectively in leadership roles and processes ( McCauley et al., 1998 ). Within the leadership development field, there had initially been som... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "management"] | 448 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877207 | [
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d leadership development. According to Day et al. (2014) , leader development focuses on developing the leadership ability of specific individual leaders (e.g., developing the leadership of a coach or a team captain), whereas leadership development focuses on a process of leadership development that involves multiple i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.676 | ["leadership", "management"] | 427 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877255 | [
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the leadership needs of the team and the context. While much historical research has focused primarily on leader development (e.g., cultivating traits and behaviours that characterise a good leader), leadership development has until recently received far less attention ( Day, 2012 ). Day (2001) suggested that the optim... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.472 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877311 | [
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elopment of leadership ‘transcends but does not replace the development of individual leaders’ (p. 605). In a sporting context, this distinction between leader development and leadership development is important because historically where ‘leadership development’ has taken place, there has been a tendency to focus on t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.828 | ["leadership"] | 443 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877362 | [
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ek to meet the context-specific leadership needs. Interestingly, it has also been suggested that many leadership training and development initiatives failed to produce effective leaders ( Allio, 2006 ). This is mainly because these programmes have focused on promoting leadership literacy (e.g., by teaching leadership t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.842 | ["leadership"] | 499 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877409 | [
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s to be learned to be effective, not just taught. Applied to a sporting context, this perspective on leadership development then advocates the importance of ‘on the job’ learning, with athletes getting the opportunity to develop their leadership abilities in practice. Illustrating the importance of this experiential le... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "education", "management", "career"] | 488 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877459 | [
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ty to learn and practice their leadership skills. The authors suggested that effective programmes of leadership development should include the opportunity for future leaders to practice leading and applying leadership skills. There has been a growing interest in athlete leadership development and the development of lea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "management"] | 412 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877508 | [
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sport psychology literature over the last decade. Initially, there was a focus on the development of personal leadership skills in youth athletes through sport (e.g., Martinek and Hellison, 2009 ; Gould and Voelker, 2012 ; Gould et al., 2013 ), but more recently, there has begun to be an expansion in the studies explor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877556 | [
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Cotterill and Cheetham, 2017 ), and the implementation of shared leadership structures, which encompass the development of informal leaders as well (e.g., Mertens et al., 2020 , 2021 ; Fransen et al., 2020d ). We will first discuss the leadership programmes focusing on the team captain, after which we will elaborate on... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.63 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "management", "economy", "philosophy"] | 457 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877602 | [
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hletes on the team or selected leadership groups. Leadership Development With Team Captains Several studies have examined how to develop the leadership ability of those members of the team who occupy formal (e.g., captain/vice-captain) positions within that team. The rationale behind this approach is that in many sport... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.645 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877651 | [
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fectiveness of leadership programmes involving the development of team captains. At the youth level, Gould and Voelker (2010) created a 1 day workshop for high school captains on how to be an effective team captain. This programme involved learning about topics that included ‘What you need to know as a leader’ and ‘Han... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.866 | ["management", "leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877703 | [
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Captain: Student-Athlete Guide , focused on topics, such as the role of a team captain, effective communication, team motivation, team building and cohesion, handling tough team situations and recommendations from captains and coaches. One particular concern that needs to be highlighted when developing the leadership o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.846 | ["management", "leadership", "communication", "motivation"] | 466 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877751 | [
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( Collins et al., 2009 ; Voelker et al., 2011 ). Part of the problem is that often the coaches are not sufficiently equipped or educated (in relation to leadership development) to develop the leadership skills and abilities of their athletes ( Gould et al., 2013 ). At the intercollegiate level, Voight (2012) oversaw a ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.65 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "management"] | 482 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877797 | [
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development of the team captains and assistants. The programme consisted of 15 stages (e.g., leadership assessment, leadership roles and responsibilities and captain platform) and was developed to help improve team communication and functioning, to assist the team daily and to foster the personal leadership development... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.641 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy", "communication", "interview"] | 452 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.877846 | [
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ains and two assistant captains were interviewed. Based on these interviews, the author concluded that the programme was effective in developing the leadership potential of these formal leaders as they indicated that the programme had a positive impact on their own personal leadership skills, enhanced their team’s cohe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.641 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "management", "interview", "philosophy", "career"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878106 | [
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s have been designed to reflect the specific requirements of this role within a specific sport. Once required knowledge, skills and expertise are identified, programmes that focus on prioritising those factors can be developed. For example, Cotterill (2016) developed a leadership development programme for elite (intern... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "management", "decision_making", "career", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878178 | [
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lection, player management, liaison with the coach and representing the team. This captaincy development was delivered through a focused ‘captaincy development’ group (a group of players elected as potential future captains) within the broader squad of players that focused on awareness of the self and others using the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.592 | 0.854 | ["management", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878227 | [
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group the opportunity to get practical experience as a captain in practice games as part of the broader performance programme and to receive leadership performance debriefs from a sport psychologist and coaches. The programme in this case study focused on developing leadership at three distinct levels: (a) personal gro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.672 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 423 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878277 | [
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evelopment; and (c) leader (captain) development. These three levels have been identified as crucial in helping to cultivate leaders at an international level of performance ( Cotterill, 2016 ). Reflections on the programme by the participants suggest that a formal development programme can be beneficial in enhancing t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "communication", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878326 | [
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romise, further research and exploration are required. Leadership Development of All Players Within the Team Given the large variations in abilities needed to fulfil the leadership roles within sport teams, current thinking suggests that the most effective way to meet this diverse range of leadership needs within a tea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.634 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "management", "communication", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878380 | [
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leadership is often distributed within sport teams ( Fransen et al., 2014 , 2015 ; Leo et al., 2019 ). For instance, using a social network approach with four soccer teams, Duguay et al. (2019) found that every player was viewed by at least one other teammate as providing leadership to them. This finding underscores th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "management", "networking"] | 469 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878437 | [
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This has been the approach taken by Duguay et al. (2016) , who developed the leadership capabilities of all athletes, regardless of their leadership status, in two intercollegiate volleyball and basketball teams. The athlete leadership programme was grounded in Chelladurai’s (2007) Multidimensional Model of Leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.637 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "management"] | 490 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878486 | [
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ow these behaviours impacted the team’s dynamics. The leadership training was completed over the course of the regular season using four 1 h workshops. Each workshop consisted of a 3-step procedure, including: (a) a presentation of the leadership behaviours to be learned; (b) a demonstration of these leadership behavio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.459 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "communication", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878538 | [
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nd case studies) highlighted how the leadership behaviours benefited the participants individually and how they enhanced the psychological factors grouped under the title team dynamics (cohesion, communication, motivational climate and satisfaction). The results from pre- and post-intervention indicated that the leader... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.643 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "motivation", "communication", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878598 | [
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feedback, appropriate role model, inspirational motivation, high-performance expectations and fostering acceptance of group goals and promoting teamwork). In addition, the findings concerning the team’s dynamics showed increases in athlete satisfaction and motivational climate, while maintaining levels of cohesion and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.834 | ["motivation", "leadership", "management", "communication", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878648 | [
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et al. (2021) using a solution-focused approach. This approach assumes that for shared leadership to develop, teammates communicate with one another through the exchange of ideas, values and information. As a result, this approach also assumes that athletes can and have the resources to effect changes within their team... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.51 | 0.856 | ["management", "leadership", "communication", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 510 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878701 | [
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he season to three teams (while three other teams served as a control group). These four workshops were designed using the four athlete leadership meta-categories advanced by Maechel et al. (2020) that contained social, task, change and external-oriented forms of leadership. Using a mixed-methods approach, the quantita... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 477 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878750 | [
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tion condition compared to the control condition. Further, the qualitative aspect of the study indicated that the intervention enhanced communication among team members, increased interpersonal relationships among teammates, whereby teammates got to know each other better, which in turn led to enhanced team cohesion, e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.625 | 0.842 | ["management", "leadership", "communication", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878872 | [
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the team (e.g., transitioning from a few athletes leading the team to the whole team displaying varying forms of leadership). Leadership Development With Leadership Groups The Importance of Leadership Groups Athlete leadership groups are a designated group of athlete leaders from within the team who either provide shar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.635 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy", "decision_making"] | 419 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878925 | [
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formal athlete leader ( Cotterill et al., 2019 ). As the previous paragraphs outlined, shared leadership can encompass a range of leadership structures that vary in the extent and manner of sharedness, ranging from the sole focus on the team captain to involving all athletes within the team. Current perspectives have a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.635 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "management", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 494 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.878971 | [
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d/or motivation to lead ( Seibert et al., 2003 ). More importantly, if all team members assume leadership roles, then the task of coordinating their messages is considerable, and the difficulty of doing this increases the likelihood of confusion and miscommunication ( Eys et al., 2007 ). As Gockel and Werth (2010 , p. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "communication", "management", "motivation", "crisis"] | 430 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879023 | [
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ading, but too many cooks might spoil the broth’. Conversely, minimal shared leadership structures, involving only two team members (e.g., the coach and team captain), do little to address problems associated with leadership role overload ( Turner, 2002 ). Here, then, individuals could potentially have more roles than ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "management", "communication", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 464 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879074 | [
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der considerable strain ( Fransen et al., 2014 ). Taken together, the evidence would suggest that optimal leadership sharedness can be found somewhere between the minimal and maximal extremes. Consistent with this assumption, there is evidence that the relationship between the number of appointed leaders in a shared le... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.599 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "management", "networking"] | 458 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879124 | [
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2010 ; Fransen et al., 2018 ; Leo et al., 2019 ). Specifically, an intermediate level of shared leadership is preferable to having either too few leaders or too many. In this regard, working with leadership groups addresses the need to steer a middle path by combining vertical and shared leadership in a way that distri... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.452 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "communication", "management", "career", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879170 | [
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on the use of leadership groups and the adoption of formal leadership groups by coaches to meet the perceived leadership needs of the team ( Haddad et al., 2021 ). In professional football in Australia, for example, coaches advocated the use of leadership groups as they believed that player ownership and autonomy regar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy", "career"] | 489 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879220 | [
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s culture ( Haddad et al., 2021 ). Fransen et al. (2017) corroborated these assumptions and showed that the quality of those leadership teams within Australian professional football teams indeed predicted their effectiveness. More specifically, athletes in the team with the highest-quality leadership team had a stronge... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.858 | ["management", "leadership", "career"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879277 | [
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team’s abilities than athletes in the other teams. Moreover, this team demonstrated a higher task-involving and a lower ego-involving climate and excelled on all measures of performance. In line with this work, Mertens et al. (2021) showed that as teams that grew towards more shared leadership throughout a season they ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.643 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879329 | [
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groups is a key predictor of the team’s effectiveness, an important step in creating these leadership groups is to identify the optimal leaders within the team. Here, it is suggested to develop clarity regarding different leadership roles in the leadership group (e.g., as task, motivational, social or external leaders;... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "management", "motivation"] | 500 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879376 | [
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responsibilities attached to their specific role. Previous evidence highlights this role clarification as one of the cornerstones of successful team development interventions ( Shuffler et al., 2011 ) as it also cultivates greater role efficacy and enhanced role performance in sport teams ( Bray and Brawley, 2002 ). To... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.868 | ["management", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879426 | [
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eaders are the real drivers of the team’s success ( Fransen et al., 2020d ). While coaches are often keen on appointing the leaders themselves, it seems that in most teams, coaches and athletes do not agree on who the best leaders are in their team, suggesting that the acceptance of athlete leaders who are chosen by th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "management"] | 414 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879475 | [
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n effective leadership ( Fransen et al., 2020d ). To obtain the necessary insight in the leadership structure within the team on specific leadership roles, Shared Leadership Mapping can be used ( Fransen et al., 2020b ). This is a diagnostic tool that uses social network analysis to map all leadership perceptions in th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.604 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "management", "networking"] | 423 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879529 | [
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the team on each role ( Fransen et al., 2020d ). After identifying the most suitable leaders in the team, it is also important to formally appoint them in their role (e.g., as task, motivational, social or external leaders). As this formal appointment is based on the perceptions of other athletes, athlete leaders will ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "management", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879583 | [
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ship role well and to take on their responsibility, especially in difficult times ( Cotterill and Fransen, 2016 ; Fransen et al., 2020a ). Therefore, one could argue that the appointment of these athlete leaders is already a first important step in the leadership development process. Enhancing the Leadership Quality of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "crisis"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879633 | [
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nted athlete leaders should ideally be further developed. In recent years, an alternative approach to understanding effective leadership within sport teams has posited that athlete leaders are only effective to the extent that they are able to create and manage a shared social identity within their team ( Haslam et al.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.46 | 0.87 | ["leadership", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.879809 | [
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ehave as individuals (in terms of personal identity as ‘I’ and ‘me’), but also, and more importantly, as group members (in terms of a shared social identity as ‘we’ and ‘us’). This leadership quality in which the best athlete leaders distinguish themselves from others is also termed identity leadership. A programme tha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 495 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.880004 | [
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organisational settings ( Haslam et al., 2017 ). The 5R Shared Leadership Programme (or in short 5R S ) tailors the programme to the sport context and adds the benefits of implementing a structure of shared leadership ( Fransen et al., 2020c ). More specifically, 5R S involves two steps. In a first step, Shared Leaders... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.432 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "management", "motivation", "salary"] | 421 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.880112 | [
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0.... |
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