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ational, social and external leaders in the team. After formally appointing these athlete leaders to this role, in a second step, these leaders guide their teams throughout five workshops (i.e., the 5R’s), in which they learn in an applied setting how to provide identity leadership. More specifically, the first Readyin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 497 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.880393 | [
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mportance of group and social identity processes. In the Reflecting phase, leaders clarify people’s understanding of what the group stands for by guiding their team through the process of defining its core values and seeking to understand their shared social identity. In the next Representing and Realising phases, the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "management", "ethics"] | 417 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.880846 | [
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team to bring this social identity into practice. More specifically, the team identifies shared team goals that represent their core identity and develop strategies that help them in achieving these goals. After the team has had sufficient time to put their strategies into practice and attain their goals, the final Rep... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.431 | 0.836 | ["management", "war_conflict"] | 453 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.880925 | [
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ting the effectiveness of the adopted strategies. This programme adopts a team-centred approach, where workshops are delivered to the entire team and where the appointed athlete leaders are given additional responsibilities to learn practical skills relating to how to take the lead. Qualitative data from two initial im... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.634 | 0.844 | ["management", "leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.880984 | [
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icipants positively evaluated the programme and showed the benefits of 5R S for the team’s functioning ( Fransen et al., 2020b ). Further building on the qualitative insights from these case studies, some recent intervention work further supports the effectiveness of 5R S . In a first step, Slater and Barker (2018) ado... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.559 | 0.858 | ["management", "salary", "education"] | 492 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881042 | [
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ion study with an elite disability football team. Instead of guiding the entire team throughout the programme, these researchers focused on delivering the programme to a senior leadership group consisting of three coaches and four senior athletes. Their longitudinal data showed that the core 3R’s had a positive effect ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 482 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881090 | [
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significant in the second year of the programme. Furthermore, qualitative data supported that the intervention helped in building connectedness within the team. More recently, Mertens et al. (2020) conducted an experimental-control group intervention with eight national-level basketball teams. The results revealed that... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.635 | 0.832 | ["management", "leadership"] | 490 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881141 | [
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ase team members’ identification with their team. Furthermore, in contrast to athletes in the comparison condition, athletes in the 5R S condition were able to maintain their levels of intrinsic motivation and commitment to team goals, while also reporting improved wellbeing. In a follow-up study, Mertens et al. (2021)... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.414 | 0.838 | ["management", "motivation", "crisis", "education"] | 446 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881192 | [
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with a larger sample (i.e., 16 basketball teams). The authors reported that the 5R S programme enhanced athlete leaders’ identity leadership skills, strengthened athletes’ identification with their team, enhanced the perceived social support available in the team, helped athletes to remain motivated and confident in th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.513 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "management", "motivation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881261 | [
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aches play a vital role in the development of athlete leadership, this section focuses on the role of the coach in enhancing athlete leadership and athlete leadership development. Duguay et al. (2020) examined how coaches nurtured and developed athlete leadership within their teams. Through interviews with 15 intercoll... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "management", "interview"] | 446 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881319 | [
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s facilitated the development of athlete leaders. The first theme revolved around the significance of empowering their athletes. The coaches noted that to develop athlete leadership, it was critical to be athlete-centred and this required the athletes to be involved in some of the decision-making around team matters, e... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "management", "decision_making"] | 435 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881365 | [
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ties, such as team building and community events. The second theme concerned how coaches utilised the concept of team leadership. The coaches expressed the belief that the leadership of the team was too large a responsibility for just one athlete. Instead, the coaches preferred the use of leadership groups. The size an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "management"] | 495 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881415 | [
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tes on the team and the maturity of the athletes. In some cases, coaches had leadership teams of 5–6 players composed of 1–2 captains along with future/promising athlete leaders. In other cases, coaches rotated the team’s captaincy and designated athletes for different leadership roles (e.g., academic captains and weig... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.66 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "management"] | 497 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881466 | [
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positive team culture for leadership to flourish. The coaches created a team environment that eliminated status differences between athletes (e.g., rookies vs. returning players), making sure that all athletes had a voice through the facilitation of open communication, developing trust and having team-building activiti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.651 | 0.666 | ["leadership", "management", "communication"] | 439 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881515 | [
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ng the leadership capabilities of their athletes. The coaches emphasised the importance of having experiential learning opportunities including team discussions on the importance of displaying effective leadership, providing books to their athletes on leadership, having leadership workshops and modelling effective lead... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 508 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881567 | [
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d athlete leaders (e.g., Mead and Gilson, 2017 ). Coaches have previously highlighted that a lack of clarity regarding the role of the athlete leader and the skills they need to be successful has hampered coach-led athlete leader development ( Cotterill et al., 2019 ). Mentorship Approaches A relatively recent advance ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "resume"] | 505 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881614 | [
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nce the leadership ability of individual leaders. In this approach, a more experienced leader (e.g., the team’s coach or a senior athlete) trains a protégé by consistently interacting and sharing ideas ( Day, 2001 ). The effectiveness of this approach relies heavily on how positive the relationship is between the mento... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "education", "management", "networking"] | 499 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881664 | [
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oach mentoring on athlete leadership development. The study itself provided a rich and detailed description of the coach’s approach to mentoring, and his successes and failures. Specifically, the coach sought to allow formal leaders to use their personal voice, distribute and delegate leadership tasks to these leaders,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.5 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881720 | [
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flect on their own leadership development, an approach that has been suggested to be an important part of the leader development process ( Grandzol et al., 2010 ). The coaches are in a great position to role model desired prosocial behaviours and to create an environmental culture in which cooperation and skill develop... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.661 | 0.838 | ["leadership"] | 425 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881782 | [
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d prosocial behaviour ( Kavussanu et al., 2006 ). In addition to coaches, athletes mentoring one another has been used to foster leadership development. Hoffmann et al. (2017) defined peer athlete mentoring as a dynamic process where a more experienced and knowledgeable athlete, serves as a trusted role model to anothe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "education"] | 464 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881831 | [
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supporting their personal growth and development. While it is widely recognised that many athletes benefit from being mentored, it should be highlighted that many athletes never get to experience these benefits. It has been reported that nearly 40% of Canadian intercollegiate athletes never considered another athlete a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.417 | 0.858 | ["management", "salary"] | 506 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881879 | [
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en peer mentored ( Hoffmann and Loughead, 2019 ). Consequently, Hoffmann (2019) suggested several strategies for those interested nurturing peer athlete mentoring relationships. In general, two broad strategies can be utilised, whereby the first allows for mentoring relationships to develop informally. Informal mentori... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.818 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 429 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881929 | [
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nce between mentor and mentee ( Hoffmann, 2019 ). Informal mentoring stems from a process of mutual discovery where mentors and mentees identify with one another. The second is to formalise peer mentoring relationships among athletes whereby athletes are assigned to their mentor using one of three strategies: (a) where... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.588 | 0.862 | ["networking", "philosophy", "decision_making"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.881980 | [
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oring relationship, and (c) an assessment-based approach where the compatibility between mentor and mentee is derived through some type of assessment tool (e.g., personality questionnaire, such as the NEO Five-Factor Inventory; Costa and McCrae, 1992 ). The enhancement of leadership within sports teams has been positiv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.565 | 0.836 | ["management", "leadership", "networking"] | 457 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882026 | [
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esult is an important aspect of team functioning. The increased focus on leadership development in recent years has provided the opportunity to positively impact on athlete leadership in an evidence-informed way. Seeking to enhance leadership development at different levels within the team (i.e., formal leader, informa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy", "strategy"] | 431 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882077 | [
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which team leadership provision can be enhanced. Future Directions for Research and Practice While there has been an increasing focus on leadership development in sport in recent years, there are still a number of important questions that remain unanswered and areas that need further exploration relating to both resear... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "communication", "strategy", "management", "education"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882125 | [
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ent knowledge to enhance the delivery of leadership development programmes. Historically, much of the leadership development activities and programmes outlined in this article have been delivered in a traditional face-to-face format. Recent developments though have seen the development of online leadership develop prog... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 503 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882172 | [
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l captains that could be accessed free of charge. The course was composed of video narration, personal leadership vignettes and interactive web-based activities, taking around 2 h to complete. This type of approach could be replicated in other domains with different populations. Future research should also seek to expl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.848 | ["leadership"] | 502 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882217 | [
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e.g., online vs. face-to-face and synchronous vs. asynchronous). The majority of athlete leadership research to date has understandably focused on sport teams. These are, though, not the only domains in which athletes are required to demonstrate leadership abilities. Future research should also explore the leadership n... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.694 | ["leadership", "management"] | 488 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882267 | [
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le attention in the published literature to date. Across the athlete leadership literature, the leadership needs of different sports have been explored, though the range of different sports is still relatively narrow. A better understanding of the leadership needs within specific sports will enable better focused leade... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882320 | [
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l aspect of the game, but for some other sports, the need for a specified formal leader is far less clear. As a result, the leadership and leader development needs of different sports may vary greatly. For sports in which the position of a captain is required, understanding how to select the best candidate for this for... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.438 | 0.872 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "management", "interview"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882371 | [
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nnect between the demands of the captaincy role and the process of selection and appointment ( Cotterill et al., 2019 ). Also, Fransen et al. (2019) showed a clear discrepancy between what players and coaches expect from their captain and the criteria used to select team captains. Therefore, having a good insight in th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "management", "decision_making"] | 419 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882423 | [
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a team is important before making this decision. Even though a formal captain position might be required, it is still important to invest in broader leadership development in the team to fully harness the leadership potential of the team. There is evidence to imply that the relationship between the centralisation of th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.443 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "management", "networking", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882471 | [
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er of leaders, neither too few, nor too many ( Eys et al., 2007 Gockel and Werth, 2010 ; Fransen et al., 2018 ; Leo et al., 2019 ). An outcome that implies that the development of leadership groups might well be the most effective way to meet the leadership needs of a team. Though it is important to recognise there sho... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "management"] | 469 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882516 | [
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velopmental level (e.g., youth or academy level). In youth sport teams, having rotating leadership roles allows a greater range of athletes to get the chance to develop their leadership skills. As the area of athlete leadership has developed, it would also be useful to take stock of developments to date, potentially th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 495 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882566 | [
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current understanding and approaches to practice. There are also significant differences in the size and scope of much of the preceding research cited. Some studies focus on brief interventions (i.e., single workshops) while a limited number has focused on a much longer timescale (i.e., over 6 months). There are unansw... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.424 | 0.706 | ["leadership", "management"] | 504 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882614 | [
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ions of athlete leaders from one team to another. It is interesting to see in recent years an expansion of the methodological approaches adopted in athlete leadership research, such as social network analysis. In addition, researchers should also explore the application of different leadership approaches in other resea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "management", "networking", "resume"] | 483 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882663 | [
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ase to underpin intervention approaches in sport. Conclusion The last 10 years have seen a small but expanding literature that has sought to build upon the broader athlete leadership body of knowledge to better understand and report approaches to athlete leadership development. There is though still a long way to go, f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "education"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882709 | [
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ially to better understand how the development of current and future athlete leaders can be maximised. Author Contributions SC, TL, and KF all contributed to the initial scoping of the review and were involved in the continued revision, extension and redrafting of the manuscript. SC took the lead in developing the init... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.62 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "strategy"] | 475 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882757 | [
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o the article and approved the submitted version. Conflict of Interest The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. Publisher’s Note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8892492/ | Athlete Leadership Development Within Teams: Current Understanding and Future Directions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.834 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 422 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.882816 | [
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Front Psychol . 2023 Jan 16;13:1100645. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1100645 Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model Wenhao Liu Wenhao Liu 1 College of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China Find articles by Wenhao Liu 1 , Wenzhuang ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.848 | ["education", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.131407 | [
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gjian Yang Shangjian Yang 1 College of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China Find articles by Shangjian Yang 1, * Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 College of Physical Education, Shandong University, Jinan, China 2 School of Health Care Security, Shandong First Medical... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.676 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 443 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.131674 | [
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in–La Crosse, United States Reviewed by: Barry Z. Posner, Santa Clara University, United States; Giampaolo Santi, Free University of Bozen-Bolzano, Italy ✉ *Correspondence: Shangjian Yang, yangshangjian@sdu.edu.cn This article was submitted to Movement Science and Sport Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.824 | ["education"] | 434 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.131882 | [
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n date 2022. Copyright © 2023 Liu, Wang and Yang. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the origi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.854 | ["innovation"] | 498 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.131954 | [
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permitted which does not comply with these terms. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC9885209 PMID: 36726508 Abstract Based on human motivation theory and self-determination theory, this study investigated the impact of coaches’ transformational leadership on athletes’ well-being, and the influences of gender and athletes’ ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "motivation", "education", "philosophy"] | 434 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132032 | [
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hletes participating in the Hebei Games in China. The results showed that coaches’ transformational leadership could significantly and positively predict athletes’ well-being. Basic psychological needs had a mediating effect on the relationship between coaches’ transformational leadership and athletes’ well-being. Gend... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.806 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 441 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132162 | [
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cal needs satisfaction and subjective well-being. Compared with male athletes, female athletes had their basic psychological needs met, and the improvement in their well-being was more significant than the males. Coaches should adapt their transformational leadership to directly improve athletes’ well-being and indirec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.473 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 499 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132225 | [
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sychological needs, well-being, coach, athlete 1. Introduction Competitive sports are highly practiced social activities ( Li, 2019 ). In a sports training team, athletes constitute the main body of the sports training activities, bear the sports training load, and reveal the sports training results. The coaches are re... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.417 | 0.852 | ["management", "networking"] | 505 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132457 | [
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complex social relationship ( Guo and Hu, 2011 ). Due to different national conditions, systems, and mechanisms, Chinese competitive sports coaches’ roles and statuses may be higher than those in other countries ( Chen and Chen, 2021 ), as under the influence of traditional Chinese culture, coaches convey paternalistic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.582 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "management", "networking"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132515 | [
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thus reducing athletes’ well-being ( Gao et al., 2013 ; Yang et al., 2020 ). Therefore, to fully enhance athletes’ well-being, it is necessary to actively explore new ways of leadership to sustainably develop competitive sports. The coaches place higher leadership ability requirements on the athletes in an attempt to s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.522 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 489 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132571 | [
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transformational leadership can meet such needs. Therefore, it is of academic and real-world value to explore the influence and mechanisms of coaches’ transformational leadership on athletes’ well-being ( Price and Weiss, 2013 ). Transformational leadership was initially proposed by Burns (1978 , 2004) and then further... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.553 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "resume", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 502 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132649 | [
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volio, 1994 ; Bass, 1998 ; Arthur et al., 2017 ). Transformational leadership allows employees to realize the significance of a task, inspires motivation, and stimulates employees’ self-implementation, self-monitoring, and self-control ( Bass, 1999 ). Transformational leadership builds mutual trust and an organizationa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.618 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "motivation", "philosophy", "economy"] | 471 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132704 | [
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achieve collaborative successful ( Bass, 1999 ). In recent years, the transformational leadership concept has been gradually developed in sports. Early scholars worldwide have adopted Bass’s concept but have described the “leader” as the “coach” and replaced the “employees” with the “athletes” ( Charbonneau et al., 200... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "economy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132821 | [
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nal leadership context, coaches should set examples and play exemplary roles. Moreover, coaches should provide personalized care for athletes and encourage them to both unlock their potential and exhibit a high level of competitiveness ( Callow et al., 2009 ). Simultaneously, athletes are encouraged to have a high sens... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.5 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 497 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132907 | [
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e appropriately rewarded ( Callow et al., 2009 ). Sports scholars have widely recognized this perspective ( Hardy et al., 2010 ; Arthur et al., 2011 ; Vella et al., 2012 ; Smith et al., 2017 ). In the current study, coaches’ transformational leadership refers to athletes’ perceived transformational leadership behavior ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.696 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "war_conflict", "education"] | 477 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.132969 | [
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on with their situation ( Eid and Diener, 2004 ). It can be affected by many factors, such as cognition, occupation, and society ( Diener, 2000 ). Emotion is one of the most critical factors for determining well-being ( Li, 2014 ). Athletes form a particular group under the “nationwide system” and experience a relative... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.383 | 0.87 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.133023 | [
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and the coaches play a significant role ( Sun and Yang, 2013 ). A survey of Chinese athletes reveals that coaches’ leadership styles are essential indicators of athletes’ well-being ( Jiang et al., 2013 ); Sterling and Tafvelin (2014) further confirm that coaches’ transformational leadership significantly impacts athle... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 434 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.133112 | [
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al leadership styles affect athletes’ well-being? Building from the human motivation theory ( McClelland and Mac Clelland, 1967 ), Deci and Ryan’s (2008) self-determination theory identifies three basic psychological needs that motivate human behavior and well-being: autonomy, competence, and relatedness. Bass (1999) a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.626 | 0.816 | ["motivation", "leadership", "strategy"] | 430 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.134866 | [
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ed vision to satisfy athletes’ independent needs. Moreover, coaches use intelligence stimulation and set high-performance expectations to meet athletes’ ability needs ( Bass, 1999 ). Finally, the athletes’ belonging needs are met through rewards ( Bass and Avolio, 1990 ); simultaneously, coaches can satisfy athletes’ b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.822 | ["strategy", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 419 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.134963 | [
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environment and atmosphere ( Bean et al., 2020 ). Overall, regulating athletes’ basic psychological needs can enhance their psychological toughness and athletic performance ( Yang et al., 2020 ). Further, satisfying athletes’ basic psychological needs may improve their well-being ( Liu and Zhang, 2010 ). According to s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.378 | 0.852 | ["philosophy"] | 498 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.135043 | [
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ysical and mental health ( Liu and Zhang, 2010 ). They are also key to internalizing intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and guide the direction and sustainability ( Liu and Zhang, 2010 ). Meanwhile, meeting basic psychological needs directly improves well-being ( Deci and Ryan, 2000 ); this has been supported by empir... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.407 | 0.86 | ["motivation", "education"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.135328 | [
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hat meets the athletes’ basic psychological needs can predict their well-being ( Reinboth et al., 2004 ); this has been further verified by a study on football players in England ( Adie et al., 2012 ). Based on the above, this study posits that: H1 : Basic psychological needs mediates the relationship between coaches’ ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy", "networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.135539 | [
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’ transformational leadership on athletes’ well-being may be regulated by gender, as follows. First, the degree of well-being between male and female athletes differs ( Fraser, 2012 ), as female athletes have higher levels of well-being than males ( Wang et al., 2008 ; Liu, 2011 ). Second, the psychological research ha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.581 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 443 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.135676 | [
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tween males and females ( Kashdan et al., 2009 ). Thus, gender regulates the relationship between basic psychological needs and well-being ( Gómez-Baya et al., 2018 ). The sports research has shown that male and female athletes have different basic psychological needs ( Bussey and Bandura, 1999 ; Adie et al., 2008 ; Jo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.834 | ["networking"] | 425 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.135766 | [
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es athletes’ well-being requires further testing. Finally, self-determination theory asserts that males prefer the information selection process than the information collection process, as it is more independent and purposeful. Meanwhile, females are more inclined to collect more comprehensive information and need more... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.562 | 0.842 | ["philosophy", "communication", "motivation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.135834 | [
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on to obtain information and achieve a specific purpose ( Cai, 2016 ). Female communication is based on relationship maintenance and emotional communication and focuses more on satisfying psychological needs ( Cai, 2016 ). Therefore, male and female athletes have different psychological information exchanges and emotio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.458 | 0.852 | ["communication", "philosophy", "leadership", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.136243 | [
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sformational leadership on athletes’ well-being and its mediating process is moderated by gender. 2. Methods 2.1. Participants and procedure The study sample comprised of 36 teams participating in the final stages of football, basketball, and volleyball at the Hebei Games, totaling 432 athletes (227 males, 205 females)... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.676 | ["leadership", "management", "education", "philosophy"] | 412 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.136313 | [
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. Data were collected via a questionnaire survey. With the help of the referees and coaches, the research team conducted the questionnaire survey at the athletes’ residences during their downtime. The survey period lasted for 22 days. A total of 432 questionnaires were distributed and collected (recovery rate = 100%). ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.828 | ["management"] | 429 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.136366 | [
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ionnaires were obtained (response rate = 97.22%). This research was reviewed by the Ethics Committee of Shandong First Medical University (No. R202202220014) and was supported and authorized by the Ethics Committee of Shandong First Medical University. All adult participants provided their informed consent, and all min... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.504 | 0.69 | ["education", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 478 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.137660 | [
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ed in line with the Declaration of Helsinki. 2.2. Measures This study used the Differentiated Transformational Leadership Inventory (DTLI: Arthur et al., 2011 ) to measure coaches’ transformational leadership. The DTLI included 7 dimensions: individualized treatment, motivational stimulation, intellectual inspiration, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.655 | 0.668 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "motivation", "ethics", "war_conflict"] | 466 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.137747 | [
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nd contingency rewards, with a total of 27 items. The items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale. This study used the Athletes’ Basic Psychological Needs Scale (ABPNS: Cai, 2016 ) to assess athletes’ basic psychological needs. The scale included three dimensions: perceived competence, perceived autonomy, and perceived ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.551 | 0.86 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 499 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.137796 | [
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. The items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale. This study adopted the Subjective Well-Being of Chinese Athletes (SWCA: Jiang et al., 2014 ) questionnaire to measure athletes’ well-being. The questionnaire contained 7 dimensions, including training competition satisfaction, interpersonal satisfaction, positive emotio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.381 | 0.82 | ["education"] | 464 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.137847 | [
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velopment satisfaction, with a total of 38 items. Cronbach’s alpha was between 0.58 and 0.85 ( Jiang et al., 2014 ). The items were rated on a 5-point Likert scale. 2.3. Data analyses This study used SPSS 25.0 for the descriptive statistical. This study also applied AMOS Graphics for CFAs of every questionnaire. Again ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.54 | 0.71 | ["education"] | 492 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.137897 | [
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tilized for testing the mediated moderated model. Due to the athletes’ self-reported data, there may have been common method bias. Therefore, this study used program control and statistical tests to test for possible common method bias. In the program control, anonymity, forward, and reverse scoring tests, this study s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.424 | 0.828 | ["education", "war_conflict"] | 433 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138390 | [
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ntrol the system via Harman’s single factor test. The results showed that the first factor explained 23.16% of the total variance without rotation, which was far below the standard of 40%. Therefore, the data had no common method bias. 3. Results 3.1. Descriptive statistics and preliminary analyses In this study, Cronb... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.317 | 0.73 | ["education"] | 494 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138445 | [
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A = 0.03, NFI = 0.90, RFI = 0.92, and IFI = 0.97. Similarly, Cronbach’s alpha of ABPNS was 0.92. The fitting indexes were as follows: χ 2 / df = 2.26, GFI = 0.93, AGFI = 0.90, RMR = 0.05, RMSEA = 0.05, NFI = 0.92, RFI = 0.93, and IFI = 0.92. Finally, the Colonbach coefficient of the third scale SWCA was 0.96. The fitti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.648 | [] | 455 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138494 | [
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A = 0.02, NFI = 0.91, RFI = 0.90, and IFI = 0.91. This study compared the perceived transformational leadership of coaches, basic psychological needs, and well-being of male and female athletes. The independent sample t -test results showed no significant difference ( t = −0.49, p > 0.05) for perceived transformational... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.696 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 430 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138548 | [
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0.71) and female athletes (M = 4.18, SD = 0.58). The basic psychological needs score of male athletes (M = 3.12, SD = 0.81) was lower than that of female athletes (M = 3.91, SD = 0.69), and the difference was significant ( t = −7.38, p < 0.001). The well-being of male athletes (M = 3.52, SD = 0.52) was lower than that ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.62 | [] | 421 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138603 | [
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fference was significant ( t = −7.56, p < 0.001). This study conducted a correlation analysis for each variable, and the results showed significant positive correlations among all variables ( Table 1 ). Table 1. Descriptive statistics and correlations among the variables. M SD 1 2 3 Coaches’ transformational leadership... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.714 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 491 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138650 | [
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1 Open in a new tab *** Indicates p < 0.001. 3.2. Main analyses This study used Wen and Ye’s (2014a , b) method to test the coefficients of the three regression equations ( Bolin, 2014 ). Equation 1 tested whether the direct effect of coaches’ transformational leadership on athletes’ well-being was regulated by gender.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.62 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 464 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138702 | [
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asic psychological needs was regulated by gender. Equation 3 tested whether the impact of athletes’ basic psychological needs on their well-being was regulated by gender. The gender variables were virtualized and the other variables were standardized. The parameter estimation of Equation 2 is shown in Table 2 , and the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.544 | 0.87 | ["education"] | 495 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138761 | [
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testing the model depicted in Figure 1 . Table 2. Predictive effects of transformational leadership and gender on athletes’ basic psychological needs. Predictive variables B SE T p 95% CI Coaches’ transformational leadership 0.51 0.06 9.97 <0.001 [0.33, 0.49] Gender −0.55 0.07 −10.48 <0.001 [−0.63, −0.39] Coaches’ tran... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.688 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 466 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138838 | [
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ients in the table are non-standardized. Table 3. Predictive effects of transformational leadership, basic psychological needs, and gender on athletes’ well-being. Predictive variables B SE T p 95% CI Coaches’ transformational leadership 1.01 0.21 6.77 <0.001 [0.65, 1.39] Gender −1.75 0.37 −8.47 <0.001 [−2.68, −1.31] C... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.686 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138890 | [
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, 4.29] Athletes’ basic psychological needs*gender −1.54 0.29 −7.68 <0.001 [−2.11, −0.98] Open in a new tab The coefficients in the table are non-standardized. Figure 1. Open in a new tab Transformational leadership, basic psychological needs, gender, and well-being hypothesis model. Table 2 shows that coaches’ transfo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.601 | 0.668 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 425 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.138936 | [
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ve effect on athletes’ basic psychological needs. Gender has a significant negative predictive effect on athletes’ basic psychological needs. However, the interaction between coaches’ transformational leadership and gender has no significant effect on athletes’ basic psychological needs. These results indicate that gen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 461 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.139199 | [
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adership and athletes’ basic psychological needs. Table 3 shows that coaches’ transformational leadership has a significant positive predictive effect on athletes’ well-being. Gender has a significant negative predictive effect on athletes’ well-being. However, the interaction between coaches’ transformational leadersh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.436 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.139273 | [
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sformational leadership and athletes’ well-being. Basic psychological needs has a significant positive predictive effect on athletes’ well-being. The interaction between basic psychological needs and gender has a significant impact on athletes’ well-being, indicating that gender plays a moderating role in the relations... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.139332 | [
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f of the relationship path between coaches’ transformational leadership, athletes’ basic psychological needs, and athletes’ well-being; thus, the model is a moderated mediation model. According to Hayes (2015) , the index should first be determined to assess whether a moderated mediating effect exists. This study’s ana... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.547 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 418 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.139420 | [
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ce interval of the Bootstrap test (−0.87, −0.21). The interval did not contain 0, indicating that the model had a significant moderated mediating effect ( Hayes, 2015 ). This study assigned gender as male (1) and female (0). This study then analyzed the different mediating effects on male and female athletes ( Table 4 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.609 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.139483 | [
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e mediation of basic psychological needs, with an effect value of 0.31, which accounted for 27.36% of the total effect. The indirect effect of coaches’ transformational leadership on female athletes’ well-being through the mediation of basic psychological needs was also significant, with an effect value of 0.73, which ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.431 | 0.69 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 465 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.139692 | [
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of gender on athletes’ basic psychological needs. Mediating variables Gender Indirect effect value Boot standard error Boot LLCI Boot ULCI Athletes’ basic psychological needs Male 0.31 0.07 0.33 0.51 Female 0.73 0.07 0.53 1.11 Open in a new tab This study further assessed the moderating effect of gender in the model vi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.726 | ["education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.139746 | [
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tes (simple slope = 0.53, t = 16.26, p < 0.001) than of male athletes (simple slope = 0.35, t = 8.25, p < 0.001). These results indicate that when athletes’ basic psychological needs are met, female athletes are more likely to have higher improvements in their well-being than male athletes. Therefore, H2 is partially v... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.724 | ["networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.139794 | [
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tween athletes’ basic psychological needs and well-being. Figure 3. Open in a new tab Final model of this study. 4. Discussion 4.1. Direct effects of coaches’ transformational leadership and athletes’ basic psychological needs on athletes’ well-being With the increase in the research on the influence and mechanisms of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.139847 | [
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adership from the business field to the sports field, which is a positive transfer ( Kovach, 2018 ). The transformational leadership concept may be more applicable to team projects that pursue teamwork and interpersonal communication, such as football, basketball, and volleyball. Studies have shown that coaches play a ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.476 | 0.834 | ["management", "leadership", "communication", "philosophy"] | 438 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.139986 | [
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avior in sports teams ( Davis and Jowett, 2014 ). Compared with transactional leadership, coaches’ transformational leadership can better improve leadership effectiveness ( Rowold, 2006 ; Xie and Wu, 2017 ). The current study’s results indicate that coaches’ transformational leadership affects athletes’ well-being, whi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.653 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy", "ethics", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.140565 | [
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lead team goals, encourage team morale, enhance team cohesion, and activate players’ expression through transformational leadership to improve athletes’ well-being ( Sterling and Tafvelin, 2014 ). Moreover, according to the theory of well-being, the primary source of people’s subjective well-being is the realization of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.846 | ["management", "leadership", "motivation", "ethics", "education"] | 504 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.140642 | [
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lts further support this viewpoint on well-being. This study also shows that athletes’ basic psychological needs directly impact their well-being, which is consistent with the research on the predictive effects of different groups’ basic psychological needs on their well-being ( Ye et al., 2015 ; Luo and Mu, 2017 ). Co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.842 | ["education"] | 470 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.140726 | [
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through experimental intervention ( Liu, 2018 ). According to self-determination theory, autonomy, competence, and relatedness constitute the three basic psychological needs of human beings, and any of these can independently promote well-being. These basic psychological needs exist in different group activities. If in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.393 | 0.832 | [] | 477 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.140781 | [
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wth and become happier ( Reinboth et al., 2004 ). Meanwhile, football, basketball, and volleyball are sports that require strong interpersonal group interactions ( Novitaria and Subarkah, 2018 ; Yu et al., 2018 ). If athletes undergo collective training as a result of the coaches’ leadership and influence, then they wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.68 | ["leadership", "management"] | 423 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.140910 | [
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ment, and their well-being will be enhanced. 4.2. Mediating role of basic psychological needs In addition to the direct impact on well-being, this study also shows that coaches’ transformational leadership can indirectly impact athletes’ well-being by meeting their basic psychological needs. Moreover, coaches’ transfor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9885209/ | Perceived transformational leadership from the coach and athletes’ subjective well-being: A moderated mediated model - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.643 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 450 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:16.141034 | [
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