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streams of leadership literature discussed above. For Study 2 we address the following research questions: (1) How do employees seek feedback? (2) Which learning leadership behaviors co-occur with these feedback seeking methods? Materials and methods Study 1 Sample and procedure A total of 228 employees contributed to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.611 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "education", "communication", "economy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.220624 | [
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ndustry (Sample 2; N = 74) and a German consulting firm (Sample 3; N = 22). The demographic information of all participants is shown in Table 1 . The participants were approached by their supervisor, HR advisor or other contact person at the organization and were asked to participate in the study. TABLE 1. Demographic ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.736 | ["philosophy", "career", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.220716 | [
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15 9.58 6.33 6.71 Sample 2 45.9 54.1 38.05 10.60 14.98 10.93 5.04 5.87 Sample 3 63.6 36.4 33.68 6.38 10.45 6.04 3.69 2.25 Level of formal education Bachelor’s degree university of applied sciences in % Bachelor’s degree university level in % Master’s degree university level in % Not specified in % Sample 1 4.5 27.3 31.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.616 | 0.732 | ["education", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.220781 | [
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eadership’ subscale of the ‘A Climate for Learning’ questionnaire by Emonds et al. (2017) consisting of five items (e.g., ‘My manager looks for opportunities to learn new things’), rated on a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree; 5 = strongly agree). The scale was developed based on a literature review on lea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.565 | 0.686 | ["education", "management"] | 423 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.220851 | [
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was satisfactory with a Cronbach’s alpha of 0.88. Feedback seeking Two scales of the ‘Proactive Social Informal Learning Scale’ by Crans and Beausaert (2020) were used to measure (1) the act of seeking feedback (four items, e.g., ‘I asked my colleagues to evaluate my work’) and (2) the use of feedback sought (three ite... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.556 | 0.88 | ["career", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.220923 | [
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anging from 1 = never to 7 = always or 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree for the respective scales. The Cronbach’s alpha’s were 0.86 and 0.80, respectively. Control variables Based on the correlational analyses we selected ‘sample,’ ‘age,’ and ‘level of education’ as control variables for the hierarchical reg... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "education"] | 461 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221000 | [
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between learning leadership and feedback seeking. Next, we performed hierarchical regression analyses to test the two hypotheses. Study 2 To capture a substantial amount of data and answer the “how” research question, a second qualitative study employing a Critical Incident Technique (CIT; Flanagan, 1954 ), was conduct... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.456 | 0.854 | ["education", "leadership", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221064 | [
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re of why they acted and perceived the situation in a certain way. Furthermore, the description of an incident provides a comprehensive overview of the context in which the leadership behaviors and feedback seeking emerge together. These methods align with this work’s aim and allow exploring as many facets of the leade... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221130 | [
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ure all working at the headquarters of a Belgian scale-up company in the geospatial technology industry were interviewed. The employees had different job positions which enabled a heterogeneity in terms of their professional expertise and allowed gaining insights from various perspectives. For their participation in th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.826 | ["career", "interview", "economy", "education"] | 437 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221197 | [
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he company, and their contribution was voluntary. An inclusion criterion for taking part in the study was their participation in a feedback exchange. In terms of demographics, the participants had an average age of 38 years ( M = 38.36, SD = 9.05). Exactly half of the participants were female (50%) and half were male (... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.72 | ["interview", "education"] | 470 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221267 | [
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average tenure to 8 years ( M = 7.82, SD = 7.31). Procedure To collect the qualitative data, semi-structured interviews using the CIT were conducted ( Flanagan, 1954 ). For their participation, the employees were contacted by the corporate Talent Specialist and required to think about three to four critical incidents b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.864 | ["interview"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221330 | [
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about asking someone for feedback and receiving such. To be included in the analysis, these incidents had to be detailed and contain information on both feedback seeking and leadership behaviors that affected this behavior. Then, the participants were encouraged to provide more background information and reflect on the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.56 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "interview"] | 488 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221409 | [
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ticipants did not provide sufficient information. Nine interviews were conducted in a private face-to-face meeting at the company’s premises, and five interviews were held virtually by using video conferencing tool. The duration of the interviews lasted between 45 and 80 min. The audio of all interviews was recorded, a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.854 | ["interview", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221477 | [
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ent external influences and reactions to influence the outcome of the interviews (i.e., interviewer bias). The reliability of the method was ensured by using a systematized approach to data collection in that the interview sessions always started and ended in the same manner (i.e., controlled process using a protocol) ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.846 | ["interview"] | 489 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221611 | [
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l interviews, the data were transcribed verbatim. Subsequently, thematic analysis was applied to analyze the qualitative data ( Braune and Clarke, 2006 ). Thematic analysis is a widely used analytic method that allows a theoretically flexible approach to analyzing qualitative data ( Braune and Clarke, 2006 ). It is a m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.848 | ["interview"] | 478 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221701 | [
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pretations of various aspects ( Boyatzis, 1998 ). These characteristics of the thematic analysis make it a suitable method for this study, as it allows discovering patterns and drawing qualitative conclusions on the interactions between learning leadership and feedback seeking behaviors. The coding process followed the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "education"] | 419 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221771 | [
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l transcripts were read by the coders thoroughly. Next, the initial coding process was developed in which codes were generated deductively and inductively. During the process, overlapping codes were merged ensuring a clear differentiation between categories and themes. For example, the codes ‘asking probing questions’ ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.361 | 0.848 | [] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221865 | [
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of the general theme ‘providing developmental support.’ Finally, an extensive coding scheme was developed (see Tables 2 , 3 ). The coding scheme was applied systematically to the data by using the scientific research software Atlas.ti. The data were segmented into units of meaning, and each was labeled with a code. The... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.35 | 0.862 | ["war_conflict"] | 497 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.221991 | [
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ed categories, were collected in a rest category. This category was, thereafter, analyzed and based on the content characteristics of the units, they were either assigned to already existing codes, or new codes were inductively created to cover the rest of the units. TABLE 2. Coding scheme for learning leadership. Gene... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.222066 | [
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every morning, 5 min or 10 min on what you are doing that day and when you are struggling with priorities’.” Giving advice or feedback “She is a manager who is very willing to receive and to give feedback” Intellectual stimulation Re-examining assumptions and current ways of working “So, we have the time to really look... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.488 | 0.734 | ["management"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.222402 | [
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rst impression of some areas of the work we can do.” Suggesting new ways of working for dealing with a problem “They [the managers] were giving suggestions for the next steps.” Asking probing questions “She [my manager] said to me for example ‘for this task couldn’t you not delegate it to that person?”’ Encouraging alt... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.88 | ["management", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.222473 | [
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the fact that we give good services and that you can ask money for it and so I tried for myself to already from the beginning ask more of a budget [with which I feel comfortable].” Social interactions Stimulating discussions and knowledge sharing “You did not have to, but it was encouraged that everyone said something.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.416 | 0.878 | ["education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.222549 | [
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s, more points of view and probably they can bring across their way of working to the others.” Encouraging risk taking Trying new or alternative ways “Sometimes I get nervous because she says ‘simply take the telephone,’ but to me taking the telephone, it takes me also out of the things that I am working on and I need ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.872 | ["education"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.222616 | [
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’ learning and work “I feel that she is listening to me.” Creating a psychologically safe environment “I was kind of putting him in some words “above me,” but then he replied in a way to pull us at the same level by saying ‘I do not feel I am the right person for what I do’.” Informal reinforcement “I know by reading t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.896 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.222685 | [
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hem and so, yes, I feel supported” Good working relationship* “I know him already from the beginning I worked here at Company X and I always had a good connection with him, so I also meet him outside work with a couple of ex-colleagues so if there is one person that I can talk to freely then it would be him.” Providing... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.736 | ["networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.222754 | [
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y morning, 5 min or 10 min on what you’re doing that day and during which time you are struggling with priorities’.” … organizational challenges “They planned a meeting [to discuss these challenges within the organization| and they invited everyone.]” … reflection “[My manager and I] have weekly sessions to discuss wha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.594 | 0.872 | ["crisis", "management", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.222823 | [
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son?’.” … engaging in learning opportunities “So, that is one of the first message that I always bring: let us work together to make that happen and it is only by exchanging that we can improve.” Being a role model Role model Being a role model in work “But what was really nice was that he opened up himself about his o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.643 | 0.88 | ["career", "education"] | 459 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.222891 | [
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.’ […] And so that was pretty interesting to see. […] that he has feelings as well, and it was nice to go beyond the pure rational talking, it was making him very human.” Seeking feedback “My manager is willing to give feedback and ask feedback.” Reflecting “She said to me from the beginning that she knows she is not p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.424 | 0.892 | ["management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.222958 | [
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bout it.” Receiving feedback “She listened to everything we discussed actually.” Open in a new tab All behaviors marked with an asterisk are inductively created codes. TABLE 3. Coding scheme for feedback seeking. General theme Methods Example quote Feedback seeking methods Direct inquiry “I asked explicitly, ‘What do y... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.546 | 0.72 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.223037 | [
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are’ and I explained to him what my reasoning was: because I’ve tried this and I feel like it did not help you or then I noticed that after 2 weeks it was not implemented while in my opinion, it was only 3 days of work.” Forecasting “In the end we defined some actions. So, first in a conversation just mentioning some i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.898 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.223130 | [
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specific actions to work on the next period.” Opening “So, I just ask, ‘Have a look at my code’ and in some cases, I could say, and especially for this particular thing, I am not feeling very confident in that.” Open in a new tab To achieve reliability, the coding consistency was checked through an assessment of inter-... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.846 | [] | 431 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.223193 | [
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cting qualitative research coded 10% of the data. To measure the agreement between the coders, Cohen’s Kappa was calculated ( Burla et al., 2008 ). This resulted in an IRR of κ = 0.743, which is indicative as substantial agreement ( Landis and Koch, 1977 ). To enrich the insights and give a nuanced, yet complete overvi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "negotiation"] | 499 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.223424 | [
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eadership behaviors were analyzed using Atlas.ti. The co-occurrences were explored from both a quantitative and qualitative perspective. The number of instances that two codes co-occurred in the data reveals how closely these codes are associated, but it is the exploration of the meanings of these associations that pro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.834 | ["communication", "education", "rhetoric"] | 458 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.223543 | [
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cs and the results of the correlational analyses. The results show that learning leadership positively correlates to the act of feedback seeking and use of feedback. Furthermore, the demographic variables ‘age’ and ‘professional work experience’ are correlated to the use of feedback, but not to learning leadership nor ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.613 | 0.728 | ["leadership", "education", "career"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.223634 | [
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er 0.51 0.50 –0.01 X (3) Age 31.39 11.10 0.19 ** –0.10 X (4) Professional work experience 11.75 9.99 –0.02 –0.08 0.91 ** X (5) Tenure 5.66 6.19 −0.29 ** –0.03 0.53 ** 0.58 ** X (6) Level of formal education 2.93 1.50 0.42 ** 0.03 0.30 ** 0.23 ** –0.07 X (7) Learning leadership 3.45 0.87 –0.05 0.01 –0.02 0.00 –0.03 –0.1... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.604 | 0.656 | ["leadership", "education", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.223716 | [
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–0.01 0.00 –0.00 –0.03 0.02 0.26 ** 0.33 ** X Open in a new tab n = 228. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. Hypothesis 1 predicted that learning leadership positively relates to the act of seeking feedback, while Hypothesis 2 predicted that learning leadership positively affects the use of feedback sought. The hierarchical regress... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.722 | ["leadership", "education", "networking"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.223787 | [
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e of feedback compared to the act of feedback seeking. TABLE 5. Regression results for the effects of learning leadership on feedback seeking. Act of feedback seeking Act of feedback seeking Use of feedback seeking Use of feedback seeking Model 1 Model 2 Model 1 Model 2 Predictor β β β β Sample –0.11 –0.11 –0.03 –0.03 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.607 | 0.748 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.223872 | [
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3 0.00 0.07 F 7.00 ** 7.20 ** 0.10 4.29 * Open in a new tab n = 228. *p < 0.01, **p < 0.001. Study 2 Table 6 reflects to what extent the interviewees engaged in different feedback seeking methods. Table 7 provides an overview of learning leadership behaviors that stimulate employees’ learning. The interplay between the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.71 | ["leadership", "education", "interview"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.223937 | [
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ntal support, emotional support, practical support, and role modeling) and feedback seeking methods (i.e., direct inquiry, opening, backgrounding, and forecasting). The co-occurrences are shown in Table 8 . The results of the co-occurrences will be discussed based on the most dominant co-occurrences. TABLE 6. Frequenci... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.674 | ["interview"] | 414 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.224003 | [
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s ( n 1 = 14 interviewees, n 2 = 105 statements). Feedback seeking methods n 1 (interviewees) % (interviewees) n 2 (statements) % (statements) Direct inquiry 14 100% 58 55% Opening 10 71% 22 21% Backgrounding 10 71% 16 15% Forecasting 6 43% 9 9% Open in a new tab The codes are ordered according to the frequency with wh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.866 | ["interview", "leadership", "education"] | 458 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.224077 | [
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s ( n 1 = 14 interviewees, n 2 = 175 statements). Learning leadership behaviors n 1 (interviewees) % (interviewees) n 2 (statements) % (statements) Providing developmental support 14 100% 68 39% Giving advice or feedback * 14 47 Coaching 2 2 Intellectual stimulation 9 64% 13 7% Encouraging alternative/multiple viewpoin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.633 | 0.72 | ["interview", "leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.224157 | [
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king or dealing with a problem 2 2 Encouraging social interactions 3 21% 5 3% Stimulating discussions and knowledge sharing 3 4 Encouraging alternative/multiple points of view 1 1 Encouraging risk taking 1 7% 1 0,6% Providing emotional support 13 93% 48 27% Having a good (working/personal) relationship * 10 20 Showing ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.576 | 0.716 | ["education", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.224255 | [
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safe environment 3 4 Informal reinforcement 2 2 Being a role model 11 79% 33 19% In one’s work * 8 16 In seeking feedback * 6 8 In reflecting * 3 5 In being open to feedback 2 3 In receiving feedback 1 1 Providing practical support 8 57% 26 15% To reflect * 4 11 To identify problems * 4 7 To engage in learning opportun... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.527 | 0.646 | ["philosophy", "crisis", "education"] | 486 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.224322 | [
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ding to the frequency with which codes mentioned. *All codes marked with an asterisk are leadership behaviors codes that co-occurred most frequently with codes for feedback seeking methods. The bold values correspond with the ‘General Themes’ in this Table 2 (i.e., providing developmental support, providing emotional s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.575 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 477 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.224386 | [
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are sub-behaviors related to that theme. TABLE 8. Co-occurrences between learning leadership and feedb | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9355701/ | Learning leadership and feedback seeking behavior: Leadership that spurs feedback seeking - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.605 | 0.578 | ["leadership", "education"] | 102 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.224456 | [
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Behav Sci (Basel) . 2024 Sep 24;14(10):860. doi: 10.3390/bs14100860 It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond Tania Cassidy Tania Cassidy 1 School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealan... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.602 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.461689 | [
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Gary Byrne 2 Editors: Jerrell Cassady , A Rui Gomes , Catarina Morais Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9016, New Zealand 2 Independent Researcher, Cork, Ireland; garyleobyrne@gmail.com * Correspon... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.846 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.462807 | [
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ived 2024 Jul 14; Revised 2024 Sep 15; Accepted 2024 Sep 22; Collection date 2024 Oct. © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyrig... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.46 | 0.702 | ["leadership", "innovation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.463151 | [
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g organisations (e.g., Deloitte) and global sports organisations (e.g., the International Olympic Committee) to national and local sports organisations concerned about the decreasing numbers of participants or the lack of women coaches. Yet, is the dominant Western leadership orthodoxy fit for purpose in the 21st centu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.69 | ["leadership", "crisis"] | 510 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.463412 | [
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centric, gender-biased, leader-centric orthodoxy. Second, to introduce an expanded global and diverse leadership paradigm that is underpinned by clearly delineated dimensions of diversity and cultural competence, which recognises the importance of the organisational and cultural contexts. The literature discussed in th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.81 | ["leadership"] | 431 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.463475 | [
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leadership and sports coaching more specifically. Key to this article is the discussion of the implications of adopting a diverse leadership paradigm for policy, practice, development, and research of leadership. This advocacy article does not end with a definitive conclusion but rather with an invitation to participat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.836 | ["leadership"] | 486 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.464225 | [
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ing, social identity, organisational behaviour 1. Introduction The need to ‘rethink leadership’ is on the radar of many, from global finance and auditing organisations (e.g., Deloitte) and global sports organisations (e.g., the International Olympic Committee) to national and local sports organisations concerned about ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.457 | 0.846 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.464490 | [
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ading the social enterprise: Reinvent with a human focus [ 1 ]—drew on the findings of nearly 10,000 global survey respondents to make a bold ‘call to action’. Namely, it is not the time to tinker at the edges of your organisation; it is time to reinvent it. Interestingly, 80% of the survey respondents held the view th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.416 | 0.862 | ["leadership"] | 474 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.464723 | [
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eaders” face unique and new requirements’ (p. 6). The authors of the report went on to state that the process of reinvention requires organisations to move ‘beyond mission statements’ and instead ‘ learn to lead the social enterprise—and reinvent themselves around a human focus’ (p. 2). Moreover, the authors contend th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.854 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.465043 | [
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e greater ambiguity, take charge of rapid change, and engage with external and internal stakeholders’ (p. 37). Despite making this ‘call to action’ (p. 80), they acknowledge that reinventing organisations is not easy because ‘while organizations expect new leadership capabilities, they are still largely promoting tradi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "education"] | 504 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.465177 | [
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n and colleagues [ 2 ] made similar observations. They note that much of the dominant leadership practices, as discussed in the English literature at least, tend to reflect ‘an Anglo-Western-male capitalistic perspective’ (p. 323). This led them to contend that if leadership practices are to be relevant and beneficial ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.459 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "crisis"] | 418 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.465348 | [
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thodox views of leadership need to be challenged. One possible way to challenge ‘idealised’ Western leader-centric models and potentially operationalise Deloitte’s ‘call to action’ [ 1 ] is seen in the earlier work of Chin and Trimble [ 3 ], where they specifically focus on diversity and leadership. They suggest, among... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.41 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "crisis"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.465934 | [
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ompetence, equity) and ‘cultural competence’ (i.e., climate, core/curriculum, composition) within organisational behaviour; Situating discussion of diverse leaders and diverse members within organisational and cultural contexts, allowing for a multilevel analysis of leadership, which incorporates leaders, members, unit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.597 | 0.814 | ["leadership"] | 502 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.466182 | [
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, decolonial, and critical leadership approaches. This article builds on our previous work [ 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ] by being more explicit about diversity, cultural competence, and the centrality of the organisation in diverse leadership. We openly acknowledge leadership is, amongst other things, a ‘complex, social, cultural,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.615 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "education"] | 468 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.466240 | [
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possible to ignore the behaviours of individuals. As such, we contend there is value in being explicitly aware of your behaviour or the behaviours of others because this knowledge can then be a precursor for asking questions about ‘where, how and why leadership work is organised and accomplished’ [ 8 ] (p. 196). It is ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.466 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "education"] | 460 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.466428 | [
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pecial Issue, Rethinking Leadership Development . To begin the ‘rethinking’ process, there may be some value in reflecting on the title of the Special Issue. Does its title conjure up images of a bold ‘call to action’ [ 1 ] or more of a tweak of the status quo? Spiller and colleagues [ 9 ] have been bold when discussin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.605 | 0.852 | ["leadership"] | 432 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.466484 | [
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tal leadership journey ’ (p. 3, emphasis added ). The analogy of being on a journey suggests an ongoing process rather than a definitive outcome, and, for some, at least, a journey conjures up feelings of excitement and exploration. Viewing leadership as an ongoing process may be advantageous in the modern world becaus... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "communication", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.466604 | [
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with uncertainty, and finding new and better ways to tackle situations, relying not only on rational thinking but also on the much broader sets of intelligence with which each of us is endowed [ 9 ] (p. 3).” The context of our discussion of leadership in this article is sports leadership and leadership in sports coachi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.452 | 0.876 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.466666 | [
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national Olympic Committee posted the following: “Paris 2024 is the first Olympic Games in history with full gender parity on the field of play, thanks to the distribution of an equal number of quota places to female and male athletes by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) [ 10 ].” At first glance, these figures ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.692 | [] | 412 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.466715 | [
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context of athletes attending the Olympic Games. However, if we examine the context of this parity in terms of the gender diversity of sports leaders, which includes sports coaches who develop and support the athletes, it is not so positive. Burton and Leberman illustrated this by highlighting the number of women in le... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.41 | 0.856 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.467095 | [
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ympics… Only 5.7% of International Federation presidents were women, 12.2% were vice presidents, 13.1% were executive committee members, and only 24.4% of the IOC members were women. More concerning, perhaps, is the fact that a number of international federations have no women on their executive committees despite havi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.324 | 0.862 | [] | 502 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.467253 | [
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ents across the world were women (p. 2) [ 6 ] (p. 134).” The figures are no better for women coaching at the Olympic Games. The average percentage of accredited female coaches participating in the Olympics over the past 14 years has hovered around the low double figures. At the Winter Olympics in Vancouver in 2010, 10%... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.373 | 0.868 | [] | 458 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.467446 | [
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13% of the accredited coaches were women [ 12 ]. While those figures make for sorry reading, figures for some countries are even worse. For example, at the Summer Olympics in London 2012, only 4% of the accredited New Zealand coaches were women (compared to the international average of 11%) [ 12 ], while in Tokyo 2020,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.852 | [] | 427 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.467503 | [
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ared to the international average of 13%) [ 13 ]. Women are not the only under-represented group in leadership roles in sports; non-European men are also under-represented. For example, in the elite rugby union, men who identify as Pasifika make up 38% of players who are contracted to the All Blacks or All Blacks Seven... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.88 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.467568 | [
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ka men coaching or holding other leadership roles at the top level of rugby union. Similarly, the English Premier League [EPL] football showcases a diverse playing population, yet there have only been 11 non-European EPL managers in over 30 years [ 15 ]. The purpose of this article is to advocate for ways of ‘rethinkin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "management", "crisis"] | 424 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.467626 | [
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centric, gender-biased, leader-centric orthodoxy. We draw on the theoretical discussions of Chin and Trimble [ 3 ] to advocate for an expanded global and diverse leadership paradigm that is underpinned by clearly delineated dimensions of diversity and cultural competence and which recognise the importance of the organi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.846 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.467691 | [
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ence can be integrated into sports leadership, as well as recognising that the leaders and members of the organisation have multi-layered and overlapping social identities. This advocacy work occurs by exploring a deep-level ‘global and culturally diverse leadership’ paradigm [ 3 ]. This article is significant for four... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.437 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.467742 | [
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rship and sports coaching fields have called a key challenge, one of cultural competence [ 16 , 17 , 18 ]. ‘Cultural competence’, however, remains largely ill-defined and conceptually ‘cloudy’ in these fields [ 19 , 20 ], a critique that can equally be levelled at ‘diversity’ [ 21 ]. Thus, this article is significant b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.468925 | [
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asking ‘why’ questions of the leadership orthodoxy ‘raises the possibility that scholarship and leadership practices become more relevant for progressively diverse populations’ [ 6 ] (p. 128) and supports those urging leaders to act ethically. The power of asking such questions and expecting leaders to act ethically wa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.6 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.469003 | [
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Hermoso an unsolicited kiss on the lips after Spain’s Women’s World Cup victory in 2023. Fourth, this article contributes to the discussion on leadership by shifting the discussion from primarily focusing on the individual leader–member exchange (e.g., athlete–coach dyad) towards a broader discussion that incorporates ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 476 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.469061 | [
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than competitive unidirectional leader-centrism. To achieve the purpose of this article, as described above, it is structured thus. Following this introduction is a discussion of a body of literature that views leadership from a sociocultural perspective and challenges the orthodoxy associated with a Western leader-cen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "crisis"] | 464 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.469108 | [
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leadership and sports coaching more specifically. Succeeding this discussion is an introduction of a diverse leadership paradigm that challenges the Western leadership orthodoxy by asking new questions and advocates for expanding our thinking about ‘how leadership is perceived, enacted and appraised’ [ 3 ] (p. 17). The... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.48 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "crisis"] | 497 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.469465 | [
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ractice, development, and research of leadership. This advocacy article does not end with a definitive conclusion; rather, it ends with an invitation to participate in a journey to realise the potential of diverse leadership. 2. Towards a Sociocultural Paradigm Shift: What Does the Literature Say? The following is not ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.604 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "career", "war_conflict"] | 477 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.469625 | [
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professional literature published on leadership. For example, when Cassidy and colleagues [ 6 ] typed ‘leadership’ into Google Scholar, the outcome was ‘About 4,520,000 results’, with ‘About 779,000 results’ occurring from 2017. In the latter category, 29% of the results discussed leadership from a sociocultural perspe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.483 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "management", "career", "philosophy"] | 487 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.470285 | [
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f the latter being on individual human behaviour. In line with Deloitte’s ‘call to action’ [ 1 ] and Chin and Trimble’s [ 3 ] appeal for leadership to acknowledge diversity, cultural competence as well as organisational and cultural contexts, the following discussion focuses on sociocultural perspectives of leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.452 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "crisis", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.470358 | [
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lly and, more specifically, leadership in sports and sports coaching [ 6 ]. Cassidy and colleagues [ 6 ] describe leadership in sports, when viewed through a sociocultural lens, to be, amongst other things, ‘a complex, social, cultural, relational, situated, and pedagogical practice’ (p. 127). Similarly, Leberman and B... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.872 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.470411 | [
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ecognition to be given to the way in which perceptions of leadership are ‘influenced by an individual’s experiences—both past and present—and are shaped by collective beliefs within a specific socio-historic context ’ (p. 103, emphasis added ). However, calls to view leadership from a sociocultural perspective are not ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.836 | ["leadership"] | 423 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.470462 | [
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ade a case for a contextual theory of leadership. In the 21st century, leaders are expected to deal with rapid change and uncertainty whilst developing practices in order to recognise diversity and make their organisations more sustainable [ 6 ]. But to achieve the latter, ‘they need to do more than reduce their organi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.866 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.470613 | [
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ir organisations and the way in which their organisation is culturally sustaining’ (p. 129). Given the above, it is not surprising that there is a growing demand for knowing how to become a leader. While the research and resources to support leaders in understanding leadership from sociocultural perspectives are limite... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.477 | 0.87 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.470818 | [
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estern leadership theory in the context of East Asia and Africa and outlined ‘some preliminary alternatives to Western notions of leadership, in an attempt to show ‘ how ’ culture might be taken into account’ (p. 7, emphasis added ). While there may be a desire to focus on how to become a leader who can cope with the c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.88 | ["leadership", "crisis"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.470983 | [
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ngent on particular environmental and elemental factors that leaders must recognize to optimize their own leadership attributes’ [ 9 ] (p. 13). With this in mind, Spiller and colleagues [ 9 ] describe and discuss ‘wayfinding leadership’, which is ‘guided by a philosophy of recognition’ (p. 17). They contend that such a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.471041 | [
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e”, the need to “continuously refresh” their thinking, the value in being “emotionally self-aware”, the benefits of seeing “not only the ‘thing’ but also the between things… [and] discern relationships and patterns”, and the importance of knowing what is happening in the “ now ” whilst being clear about the destination... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.385 | 0.868 | ["philosophy", "networking", "salary", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.474180 | [
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t they use to frame their wayfinding perspective of leadership. One of the waypoints focuses specifically on an ‘[o]rientation on how to lead’ (p. 29, emphasis added ). The principles of this waypoint encourage leaders to ‘remain open to new possibilities’ (p. 29), understand their world is about ‘becoming’, hold ‘a de... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.86 | ["leadership"] | 481 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.474356 | [
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nd ‘the growth in people on the journey’ (p. 41). One of the reasons why researchers are paying more attention to sociocultural and pedagogical approaches to leadership is that they are recognising a desire or expectation that leaders acknowledge the complexities of leadership. The value of adopting these approaches to... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.604 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "education", "salary", "philosophy"] | 509 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.474728 | [
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using the term ‘ culturally sustaining pedagogy’. This term ‘supports the value of our multiethnic and multilingual present and future’ and requires the adoption of pedagogical practices that are ‘responsive of or relevant to the cultural experiences and practices of young people’ [ 26 ] (p. 95). A challenge facing lea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.38 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "crisis"] | 462 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.475071 | [
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ith people who look, think, and behave like them. One strategy that has been suggested to enhance interactions between members of diverse populations has been for people to become more culturally competent. Yet, there have been debates over what constitutes competence as well as cultural competence. The debates occur b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.848 | ["strategy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.475128 | [
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lestones describing what people have to accomplish to consistently achieve or exceed the goals for their role, team, division, and the whole organisation’ [ 27 ] (p. 28). Frelin [ 28 ] questioned this interpretation and drew upon the work of Biesta to describe competence as the ‘ability to do things’ (p. 6), all the wh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.459 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "strategy", "management", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.475182 | [
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ate competence, as well as ‘educational judgement’, aka ‘professionality’ [ 28 ] because, as Biesta [ 29 ] points out, ‘a teacher who possesses all the competences teachers need but who is unable to judge which competence needs to be deployed when, is a useless teacher’ (p. 10). Other debates have occurred around what ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.862 | ["education", "career", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.475769 | [
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een described as the ability to ‘…apply knowledge and skill appropriately in interactions with clients’ [ 30 ] (p. 9). Additionally, the ability to apply knowledge and skill requires recognition and understanding of foundational notions such as culture, race, diversity and marginalisation [ 30 ]. Yet, there have been d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.467 | 0.854 | ["education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.475868 | [
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], culturally responsive teaching [ 32 ], culturally relevant education [ 33 ], and culturally relevant cycle [ 34 ]. One of the challenges levelled at the above approaches is that they can ‘reflect an essentialist view of culture, that is, that there is an “essence” that marks all members of one cultural group as bein... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.383 | 0.854 | ["crisis", "education"] | 444 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.477476 | [
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made as to how this essentialism can be overcome. For example, Curtis and colleagues [ 35 ] advocate for practitioners, in this case, leaders, to ‘critique the “taken for granted” power structures and be prepared to challenge their own culture and cultural systems rather than prioritise becoming “competent” in the cult... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.388 | 0.862 | ["crisis", "leadership"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.477677 | [
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ecognises the ways in which our identities ‘are multiply defined in terms of “race”/ethnicity, sexual orientation, social class, ability/disability, and other dimensions as well’ (p. 56). Organisations also have a role to play in overcoming such essentialism. McNamee [ 37 ] suggests that the pursuit of eudaimonia (huma... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.376 | 0.852 | ["crisis"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.477837 | [
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ecause there is no universal understanding of what constitutes ‘excellence’ or a ‘good life’. Yet, McNamee [ 37 ] contends that focusing on developing excellence could be a way to engage with the ideas of competence, specifically by acknowledging that judging competence and excellence is influenced by the context in wh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.597 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "career"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.478103 | [
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adership practices and the theorising of leadership in the sporting context reflect the trends in the broader leadership context, with the majority of the sports leadership research being informed by the management/organisational literature, e.g., [ 38 , 39 , 40 ], and by psychology, e.g., [ 41 ]. Yet, there are hints,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "management", "philosophy"] | 442 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.478478 | [
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s leadership is on the brink of a paradigm shift. For example, the Journal of Sport Management published a Special Issue— Sport Leadership: A New Generation of Thinking (2018). The rationale the editors gave for the Special Issue [ 42 ] was that there was “… a foundational bias in the literature towards researching tra... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505424/ | It Is Leadership, but (Maybe) Not as You Know It: Advocating for a Diversity Paradigm in Sports Leadership and Beyond - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.478548 | [
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