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he modifications in order to be suitable to the reality of nursing leadership practice. It is noted that the agreement among judges in the first cycle varied from 61.9% to 95.2%, with a mean percentage of 78.8%. As to the determinants proposed, if clear and relevant, the option was “agreed”; if clear and not relevant, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "negotiation"] | 420 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.733520 | [
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relevant but not clear, the option was “modify”. In this case, the experts proposed suggestions for the modifications of the conceptual definitions. In the second cycle of the Delphi technique, the determinants of analysis of self-perception of nurses as to the exercise of leadership were scored by the judges, between ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.591 | 0.866 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.733626 | [
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nstrument, two had to be adapted, and in QUEPTAEEL, three ended with adjustments as to sentence writing and correction of the language, as well as simple suggestions to improve the text. None of the determinants proposed was excluded or considered not pertinent to the theme. For the latter, the agreement among the judg... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.332 | 0.87 | ["negotiation"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.733692 | [
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the results of the Cronbach's alpha for QUAPEEL, which was low for the first cycle (0.466) and high for the second (0.698); for QUEPTAEEL, during the first cycle it was very high (0.821) and in the second cycle it was high (0.608). The psychometric scale was considered appropriate by 16 (76%) judges, and the applicabil... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.876 | ["family"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.733757 | [
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internal consistency of all determinants of the coaching process proposed for the questionnaires assessed by means of the Cronbach's alpha, considering a significance level of 5%. Both questionnaires pointed to a very strong consistency of the scale. Table 1. Distribution of Cronbach's alpha for all the determinants of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.457 | 0.83 | ["leadership"] | 447 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.733824 | [
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lf-perception of Nurses in Exercising Leadership. Determinants of the coaching process Correlation of the item with the total correlation Alpha – if the item was deleted 4.1. I know how to listen to the followers 0.451 0.899 4.2. I can maintain interest in the followers regarding maintenance and continuation of the dia... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.586 | 0.692 | ["leadership", "career"] | 447 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.733889 | [
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meeting their professional needs 0.422 0.899 4.4. I use verbal communication and pay attention to non-verbal communication in dialogue with followers 0.373 0.901 4.5. I contribute toward effective communication in work relations with the followers 0.416 0.900 4.6. I give orientations to the followers according to their... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.692 | ["communication", "career", "salary", "war_conflict"] | 472 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.733955 | [
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followers regarding their tasks 0.489 0.898 4.8. I recognize and value the followers for what they do or for how they behave 0.485 0.898 4.9. I give orientation to the followers showing a new path to follow when they do not correspond to the performance expected 0.533 0.897 4.10. I periodically accompany the performanc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.556 | 0.7 | ["philosophy"] | 451 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.734054 | [
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ing feedback with the followers 0.556 0.896 4.12. I exert influence over the followers in favor of conditions to expand their skills in the search for effective results 0.585 0.895 4.13. I share the decisions with the followers relative to their activities 0.551 0.896 4.14. I delegate activities to the followers, shari... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.593 | 0.686 | ["decision_making", "career", "war_conflict"] | 441 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.734171 | [
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nal development of my followers 0.561 0.896 4.16. I help the followers when they are facing a professional difficulty 0.582 0.895 4.17. I value the opinion of the followers in order to modify a procedure or propose an operational change 0.537 0.897 4.18. I establish, along with each follower of my team, the goals to be... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.4 | 0.696 | ["management", "crisis", "career"] | 431 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.734298 | [
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wer as to the results presented 0.646 0.893 4.20. I make an agreement as to the timeframe necessary for each follower to reach his/her goals 0.550 0.897 Alpha total 0.911 Open in a new tab Table 2. Distribution of Cronbach's alpha for all determinants of the coaching process, relative to the instrument of nurse technic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.688 | ["leadership", "negotiation"] | 419 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.734422 | [
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se technicians and LPNs in Exercising Leadership. Determinants of the coaching process Correlation of the item with the total correlation Alpha - if the item is deleted 4.1. My leader listens to me 0.694 0.950 4.2. I receive attention and the interest of the leader in keeping dialogue 0.722 0.950 4.3. I am given orient... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.692 | ["leadership", "career"] | 416 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.734544 | [
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ed to meet my professional needs 0.730 0.950 4.4. I use verbal communication and pay attention to non-verbal communication in dialogue with my leader 0.545 0.952 4.5. I contribute towards effective communication in work relations with my leader 0.547 0.952 4.6. I receive orientation from my leader and demonstrations of... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.414 | 0.714 | ["leadership", "communication", "career", "salary", "war_conflict"] | 495 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.734679 | [
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I have inquiries about my tasks 0.620 0.951 4.8. I am known and valued by the leader for what I do or for how I behave 0.741 0.949 4.9. I am oriented to follow a new path when I do not correspond to the performance expected 0.650 0.951 4.10. I am accompanied periodically in my performance 0.660 0.951 4.11. I receive fr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.599 | 0.726 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 471 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.734800 | [
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in search of effective results 0.785 0.949 4.13. My leader shares the decisions with me 0.750 0.949 4.14. I receive orientation from my leader to exert the activities and I perceive sharing of responsibilities 0.783 0.949 4.15. My leader contributes towards my development 0.802 0.948 4.16. My leader is at my disposal t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.633 | 0.714 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "ethics", "crisis", "career"] | 491 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.735125 | [
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r propose an operational change 0.712 0.950 4.18. My leader defines with me the goals to be reached 0.737 0.949 4.19. My leader periodically accompanies the results presented by me 0.755 0.949 4.20. I know the timeframe foreseen for the goals to be reached by me 0.551 0.952 Alpha total 0.952 Open in a new tab In table ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.533 | 0.722 | ["leadership"] | 464 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.735248 | [
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here was a very high value (0.952) for QUEPTAEEL. The Cronbach's alpha value varied from 0 to 1 and indicates greater consistency the closer it gets to 1. Thus, the confirmatory analysis demonstrated that the models were well adjusted. From the data on table 3 , it was noted that there was a statistically significant d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.551 | 0.728 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.735370 | [
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with a mean of 81.4 (SD:12.5) – p value=0.001; among the dimensions, communications and perception of the leaders, with a mean of 21.43 (SD:2.15), and of the followers, with a mean of 22.2 (SD:2.5) – p value <0.001; and concerning giving and receiving feedback for the leaders, with a mean of 21.80 (SD:2.35), and follow... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.655 | 0.722 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.735494 | [
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's t test according to the comparison of perception of the dimensions of the coaching process among nurse leaders, nurse technicians, and LPNs from all hospitals. Determinants n Mean Median Standard deviation Minimum Maximum Total score (leader) * 249 84.4 85 8.8 51 100 Total score (follower) * 249 81.4 84.2 12.5 39 10... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.54 | 0.728 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.735610 | [
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le for 358 (59.1%), fully applicable for 169 (27.9%), relatively applicable for 74 (12.2%), and only 5 (0.8%) nurse technicians and LPNs opted for the “not applicable” alternative. DISCUSSION The objective of this study was to present the development and the content analysis of reliability of two questionnaires destine... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "networking", "education"] | 498 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.735738 | [
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ship with the dimensions of the coaching process. The findings demonstrated that they are conceptually valid instruments, comprehensible to the nurses, nursing technicians, and LPNs, and consistent in the attributes they measure. It is understood that the findings established a consensus of concept of the situations th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.503 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "negotiation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.735884 | [
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he suggestions stated by the judges, as it considers that they were pertinent to the content of each proposition. There is positive evidence as to the reliability of the QUAPEEL and QUEPTAEEL instruments, since the questionnaires proved fully applicable and highlighted the fact that the agreement of representativeness ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.83 | ["leadership", "negotiation"] | 435 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.736038 | [
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p, was consistent and demonstrated solid content. The validity of content has been defined as the degree to which the instrument has an appropriate set of items to represent a construct ( 9 ) or, yet, the extension by means of which an instrument adequately represents the domain of interest in seeking to measure a give... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.358 | 0.848 | [] | 435 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.736143 | [
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on were carefully modified during the two phases. All the 20 determinants were treated with uniform importance, but it is believed that in practice, some determinants (such as those of the communication dimension) may have been considered more determinant to the nurse leader in exerting coaching leadership. In this reg... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.736265 | [
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ome close to the followers with the intent of understanding the activities of each one, sharing ideas and visions, as well as to create interdependencies for the development of the work by means of teams. ( 11 ) Considering the results presented, and bearing in mind the perception of nurse technicians and LPNs, one can... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.392 | 0.872 | ["strategy", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.736393 | [
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ng the practical applicability of the dimensions of the coaching process and in admitting that they acknowledged the leadership given by the nurse leader in day-to-day work. CONCLUSION By means of statistical validation, the possibility of use of the QUAPEEL and QUEPTAEEL instruments with other study samples was consid... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.568 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.736515 | [
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on, the possibility of their use at levels of application and impact evaluation was clear, in agreement with the practice of coaching leadership in nursing. The QUAPEEL and QUEPTAEEL instruments may be used in hospitals as a mapping strategy by nurse leaders and in identifying the effects of adopting practices that inf... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "strategy", "negotiation", "resume", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.736633 | [
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be necessary to experience the measurement model proposed. Since this is one of the first academic papers, if not the first, to directly focus on the practice of leadership in nursing, considering the dimensions of the coaching process in Brazil, it is clear that much still needs to be investigated to a fuller extent i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.464 | 0.85 | ["leadership"] | 449 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.736756 | [
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rcise of Leadership Open in a new tab Appendix 2. Questionnaire on Perception of nurse technicians and LPNs in Exercising Leadership Open in a new tab REFERENCES 1. Charan R. Traduzido por Cristina Yamagami. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier; 2008. O líder criador de líderes. [ Google Scholar ] 2. Hersey P, Blanchard KH. Traduz... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.613 | 0.71 | ["leadership"] | 481 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.736865 | [
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11. Galvão CM, Sawada NO, Castro AP, Corniani F. Liderança e comunicação: estratégias essenciais para o gerenciamento da assistência de enfermagem no contexto hospitalar. Rev Latinoam Enferm. 2000;8(5):34–43. doi: 10.1590/s0104-11692000000500006. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4898242/ | Coaching leadership: leaders' and followers' perception assessment questionnaires in nursing - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.519 | 0.63 | [] | 284 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.737202 | [
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ge-to-explore behaviors was 0.888 and for guide-to-learn behaviors was 0.841. Results of a t -test analysis showed that the ratings of encourage-to-explore behavior are higher in high EE scenario group ( N = 31, M = 6.306, SD = 0.574) than in low EE scenario group ( N = 30, M = 4.828, SD = 1.006), t (59) = 7.375, p < 0... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.54 | 0.66 | [] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.978780 | [
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+ 1, 54 0.058 Promotion focus 9.464** 1, 54 0.149 Guide-to-learn 3.042 + 1,56 0.039 Interaction Prevention focus 2.285 1,56 0.052 EE × Promotion focus 9.320** 1, 54 0.147 GL × Prevention focus 3.542 + 1,56 0.059 Open in a new tab a N = 61 (in experiment 1a) and N = 63 (in experiment 1b). b Leaders’ encourage-to-explore... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.527 | 0.716 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.979030 | [
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rs (GL): 0 = Less guide-to-learn behaviors (LGL); 1 = More guide-to-learn behaviors (MGL). Promotion focus: 0 = low level of promotion focus; 1 = high level of promotion focus. Prevention focus: 0 = low level of prevention focus; 1 = high level of prevention focus. c Gender: 1 = Male; 0 = Female. d + p < 0.1, **p < 0.0... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.378 | 0.72 | [] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.979212 | [
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Front Psychol . 2020 Oct 28;11:543282. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.543282 The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective Wei Liu Wei Liu 1 Business School, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China Find articles by Wei Liu 1 , Shuting Xiang Shuti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.649 | 0.848 | ["education", "leadership", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.979438 | [
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, * Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Business School, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China 2 School of International Business, Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, Chengdu, China Edited by: Muddassar Sarfraz, Nanjing University of Information Scien... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.487 | 0.664 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 411 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.979546 | [
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in, University of Oklahoma, United States; Guy J. Curtis, University of Western Australia, Australia ✉ *Correspondence: Shuting Xiang, xiangst@swufe.edu.cn This article was submitted to Organizational Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology Received 2020 Mar 16; Accepted 2020 Oct 6; Collection date... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.558 | 0.836 | ["education", "innovation"] | 470 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.979644 | [
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the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "innovation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.979777 | [
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olars have recognized leaders’ importance in facilitating employee learning, the potential role that leaders’ specific behaviors play in followers’ learning outcomes remains elusive. Based on the literature, we identified two styles of leaders’ coaching behaviors that may promote followers’ learning, namely encourage-t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.832 | ["education", "leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.979884 | [
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h employee learning orientation, moderated by employees’ regulatory focus. To test our hypotheses, we conducted two studies: an experimental study using scenarios of leader behavior with data collected from 124 undergraduate students (study 1), and a field study with data from 334 pairs of employees and their direct su... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.842 | ["education", "leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.979972 | [
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s guide-to-learn behaviors had an inverted U-shaped relationship with employee learning orientation. When employees had low levels of promotion regulatory focus, encourage-to-explore behaviors showed a positive correlation with employee learning orientation. However, when they had low levels of prevention regulatory fo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.407 | 0.82 | ["education", "networking"] | 470 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.980066 | [
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d up to an intermediate level and then decreased. As such, this study provides novel theoretical and empirical insights into leadership and learning literature. Keywords: leaders’ coaching behaviors, encourage-to-explore behaviors, guide-to-learn behaviors, employee learning orientation, regulatory focus Introduction E... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.642 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.980157 | [
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ompetitive and dynamic business markets ( Maurer et al., 2002 ; Bezuijen et al., 2010 ). Employees with learning orientation are more likely to engage in developmental activities and challenging tasks ( Redmond et al., 1993 ), so considerable researchers have focused on employee learning orientation and conceptualized ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.578 | 0.828 | ["education"] | 414 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.980251 | [
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elop individual competence ( Gong et al., 2009 ). Research suggests that learning orientation is beneficial for individuals in acquiring knowledge and skills, promoting higher performance, and enhancing creativity ( Brett and VandeWalle, 1999 ; Kozlowski et al., 2001 ; Gong et al., 2009 ). Concerning the benefits, scho... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.854 | ["education", "leadership", "innovation", "salary", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.980385 | [
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et al., 2018 ), high-commitment human resource management ( Yang et al., 2016 ; Runhaar et al., 2019 ), and personal traits ( Debicki et al., 2016 ). A growing number of studies on learning orientation insist that employee learning orientation can be promoted or precluded by managerial and contextual factors ( Bezuijen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.481 | 0.866 | ["management", "education", "leadership"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.980521 | [
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asingly critical responsibility willingly and effectively ( Ellinger et al., 2011 ). Researchers have already begun to appreciate the importance of leaders in facilitating employee learning orientation ( Bezuijen et al., 2009 ; Shojaei et al., 2016 ). As a popular management tool, workplace coaching has been demonstrat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.476 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "management", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.980612 | [
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g employee performance, well-being, work attitudes, and goal-directed self-regulation ( Theeboom et al., 2014 ), and affective, skill-based, and individual-level results outcomes ( Jones et al., 2016 ). Some empirical studies have also indicated the key role of coaching in facilitating employees’ learning ( Agarwal et ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.858 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.980702 | [
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different behaviors ( Kim et al., 2013 ; Steelman and Wolfeld, 2018 ). Therefore, research is needed to investigate the effect of different coaching behaviors. Accordingly, in this study, we aim to advance a novel theoretical perspective by differentiating two models of coaching behaviors for promoting employee learnin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.83 | ["education"] | 477 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.981093 | [
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rs are functional or dysfunctional for employees. Encourage-to-explore behaviors indicate that leaders expect and encourage followers to engage in exploration or discovery learning, where minimal guidance is provided. Guide-to-learn behaviors refer to leaders providing employees with specific direction, learning frames... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "education", "communication", "rhetoric"] | 489 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.981264 | [
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fluence employee learning orientation separately. To better understand the influence of leader coaching behaviors on employee learning orientation, it is helpful to delve into the relevant boundary conditions. As learning motivation and outcomes vary for different individuals, no particular learning environment or prom... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.646 | 0.852 | ["education", "leadership", "motivation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.981363 | [
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Lin et al., 2017 ), especially their learning motivation ( Parsloe and Leedham, 2009 ). Therefore, we believe that regulatory focus, which distinguishes two types of individual motivational orientation, namely promotion focus and prevention focus ( Higgins, 1997 , 1998 ), is the feasible factor to examine the effective... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.545 | 0.858 | ["motivation", "leadership", "education"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.981456 | [
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e , which indicates that the weakness or need of an employee can be compensated by strength of external factors ( Kristof, 1996 ). The leaders’ coaching behavior can create a context that compensates what is lacking or needed for employees with a specific regulatory orientation ( Kark and Van-Dijk, 2007 ). The creation... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "communication", "strategy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.981553 | [
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ate behavior, and provision of feedback ( Sue-Chan et al., 2012 ). Our research produces three key contributions to the literature. First, by identifying two specific coaching behaviors of leaders, we further integrate and extend the manager-as-coach literature. Previous studies tend to focus on a single leadership sty... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.472 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "strategy", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.981657 | [
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ing behaviors, namely encourage-to-explore and guide-to-learn behaviors. Second, we contributed to active learning literature by emphasizing the role of leaders in learning interventions. Scholars have commonly investigated the effect of learning interventions in a broad environment (i.e., Keith and Frese, 2005 ; Bell ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.828 | ["education", "leadership"] | 443 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.981785 | [
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terventions. Our research thus fills in this gap. Third, by looking at the interacting effects of leaders’ coaching behaviors and employees’ regulatory focus on employees’ learning orientations, we seek to expand the scope of existing theory and clarify the conditions under which coaching could influence employee learn... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.981890 | [
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the concept of coaching was introduced in the field of management by Mace (1950) , the classifications and operationalizations have been discussed extensively in the existing literature ( Sue-Chan et al., 2012 ; Dahling et al., 2016 ). Considerable studies regarding leaders’ behaviors show that coaching serves as a sit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.671 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "management"] | 507 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.981983 | [
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hing is typically referred to a set of behaviors. For example, Redshaw (2000) defined coaching as giving guidance, encouragement, and support. Heslin et al. (2006) suggest that effective coaching behaviors include guidance, facilitation, and inspiration. Throughout coaching literature, two components of coaching have b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.828 | ["communication", "rhetoric", "motivation", "education"] | 483 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.982076 | [
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emphasized in the literature on active learning. To facilitate employees’ willingness to acquire knowledge and develop competence at work, an active learning environment includes components of exploration, guiding, and emotional control. Among all those components, exploration and guiding have been recognized as import... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.604 | 0.846 | ["education", "communication", "rhetoric", "leadership", "management"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.982171 | [
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ing consequences for managers, who are expected to manage the workplace as a place fit for learning” has been gradually realized ( Coetzer, 2007 , p. 417). Leaders’ coaching can be regarded as the main source of learning context for employees ( Sue-Chan et al., 2012 ), and the management and policies must work consider... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 461 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.982262 | [
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velop their employees by encouraging and guiding. These two models of leader behaviors also represent the most frequently adopted methods in the managerial and coaching process ( Redshaw, 2000 ; Heslin et al., 2006 ). To integrate research regarding coaching behaviors and active learning, two specific coaching behavior... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.982365 | [
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pect and encourage followers to engage in exploration or discovery learning, where minimal guidance is provided ( Naveh et al., 2015 ). As the main dimensions of transformational leadership, intellectual stimulation and inspirational motivation emphasize the importance of energizing followers through novel and compelli... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.624 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "motivation", "communication", "strategy", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.982461 | [
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d on how broadly explorative composites of leadership influence learning outcomes. For example, Shojaei et al. (2016) argued that transformational leadership which brings a change in attitude, beliefs, and values of followers will lead to achievement beyond expectations, and actions intended to improve an individual’s ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.502 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "education", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 453 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.982618 | [
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to employee’s engagement in learning activities. The guide-to-learn behaviors are characterized by leaders’ specified directions for employees’ learning strategy, where employees engage in systematic and pre-planned learning activities. In this model, leaders provide directions, goals, and learning frames to employees,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.844 | ["education", "leadership", "strategy", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.982736 | [
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et al., 1996 ; Dragoni, 2005 ; Bell and Kozlowski, 2010 ). However, previous research on the association between guiding behaviors and employee learning did not provide consistent conclusions. Based on the Pygmalion model, Bezuijen et al. (2009) explored the effect of leaders on employees learning through goal setting,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.836 | ["education", "leadership"] | 448 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.982826 | [
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ement in learning activities. However, Pan et al. (2011) found that leader mentoring was positively related to personal learning and employee self-efficacy had a moderating effect on the relationship. Effects of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation Based on Atkinson’s (1964) achievement motivati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.522 | 0.836 | ["education", "leadership", "motivation", "networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.982916 | [
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in achievement situations ( Dweck and Leggett, 1988 ). The goal orientation reflects individuals’ self-development beliefs and how those beliefs influence interpretation and engagement with their environment. Some scholars have classified goal orientation into two categories: learning goal orientation and performance g... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.584 | 0.844 | ["education", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.983004 | [
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als to be concerned with and dedicated to developing their competence ( Dweck, 1986 , 2000 ; Dweck and Leggett, 1988 ). Individuals with a learning orientation would seek challenges that pursue more learning opportunities ( Ames and Archer, 1988 ). We expect that by encouraging employees to explore, leaders may enhance... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.856 | ["education", "leadership", "communication", "motivation", "crisis"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.983192 | [
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ge in active exploration by leaders, they can initiate learning activities and control learning processes without any specific instructions, and determine when and how to acquire new knowledge and expand their skills all by themselves ( Taris et al., 2003 ; Bell and Kozlowski, 2010 ). In this way, they will be more lik... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.575 | 0.844 | ["education", "leadership", "communication", "rhetoric"] | 441 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.983289 | [
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an external determinants ( Deci and Ryan, 1980 ). Previous research has also shown that intrinsic motivation can be enhanced through enactive exploration ( Wood et al., 2000 ; Debowski et al., 2001 ). With a higher level of intrinsic motivation to learn, employees’ learning orientation will be enhanced ( Leung et al., ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.597 | 0.852 | ["education", "motivation", "leadership", "communication", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.983365 | [
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mployees, thereby enhancing their learning orientation. Specifically, employees commonly use social cues to explain the behaviors of the people around them and adjust their behaviors according to the information they obtained ( Salancik and Pfeffer, 1978 ). When leaders encourage employees to engage in explorative acti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.533 | 0.836 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "communication", "career", "education"] | 486 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.983436 | [
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elf-oriented exploration is needed in their work. Therefore, they would engage in more exploration to develop their competences, and this tendency may enhance their learning orientation. Accordingly, we hypothesize as follows: Hypothesis 1: Leaders’ encourage-to-explore behaviors are positively related to employee lear... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.834 | ["education", "leadership", "communication", "rhetoric", "networking"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.983503 | [
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the guidance from leaders would promote employee learning orientation only to a certain extent. When leaders show low to moderate extent of guide-to-learn behaviors, employees will be provided with specific direction, goals, and learning frames, which may raise their aspiration and confidence to seek more learning oppo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.644 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 510 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.983572 | [
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ance from leaders, which could help them minimize errors and avoid failure during learning processes ( Dweck, 1986 ). This may help them to learn and develop their competences more effectively ( Naveh et al., 2015 ). Therefore, when they receive guidance from leaders, employees will be more likely to learn due to their... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.844 | ["education", "leadership", "motivation"] | 459 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.983639 | [
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n and further enhance their learning orientation. Nevertheless, when leaders provide too many instructions in learning activities and detailed feedback to employees, employee learning orientation may be subsequently reduced due to their decreased intrinsic motivation to learn. Specifically, when leaders raise too speci... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.572 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "education", "motivation"] | 465 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.983948 | [
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and pre-planned manner directed by their leaders. In this way, they may lose autonomy in learning processes and tend to attribute their learning to complying with external leaders’ requirements rather than intrinsic motivation ( Debowski et al., 2001 ). With the rise in external motivation and decline in intrinsic moti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.436 | 0.86 | ["education", "motivation", "leadership"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.984062 | [
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e learning orientation due to the shift in attention focus. Specifically, when leaders provide too much feedback to employees, feedback interventions would move employees’ attention closer to the self-goal of reducing feedback-standard discrepancy and further away from the task ( Kluger and Denisi, 1996 ). Accordingly,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "education", "salary"] | 493 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.984138 | [
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r than paying attention to the learning activity. This shift of attention focus may aggravate their external attribution to learn and further impair learning orientation. Accordingly, we hypothesize as follows: Hypothesis 2: The relationship between leaders’ guide-to-learn behaviors and employee learning orientation is... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "education", "networking", "salary"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.984268 | [
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d Employees’ Regulatory Focus How and when leaders affect and interact with recipients is not well understood because employees’ personal attributes also play a vital role in this relationship. Due to personal characteristics, different individuals would show different learning intentions even when they encounter simil... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.844 | ["education", "leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.984430 | [
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s ( Bell and Kozlowski, 2008 ; Gully and Chen, 2010 ). For example, Naveh et al. (2015) found that individual traits of openness to experience and conscientiousness play significant moderating roles in the relationship between active learning environment and errors in employees’ effort. Within the research on exploring... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.836 | ["education", "motivation", "networking"] | 469 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.984508 | [
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ational process of employee learning orientation. The hedonic principle, that is, people approach pleasure and avoid pain, has been the basic motivational principle in psychological theories. According to Higgins (1997 , 1998) , regulatory focus has been defined as the process in which people seek to align themselves w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.428 | 0.858 | ["motivation", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.984587 | [
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foci in the process with which they approach pleasure and avoid pain: promotion focus and prevention focus. Individuals, who are promotion focused, are motivated by growth and development needs. They try to align themselves with their ideal selves, including their hopes, wishes, and aspirations. Individuals, who are pr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.389 | 0.848 | ["motivation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.984672 | [
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tions, and responsibilities ( Brockner and Higgins, 2001 ; Kark and Van-Dijk, 2007 ). We propose that an individual’s regulatory focus will moderate the relationship between leaders’ coaching behavior and employee learning orientation from the perspective of complementary fit. As indicated by Kristof (1996) , “fit is d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.463 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.984803 | [
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ey share similar fundamental characteristics, or (c) both” (pp. 4–5). When two entities possess different characteristics and at least one entity provides what the other entity needs or wants, complementary fit occurs ( Kristof, 1996 ; Greguras and Diefendorff, 2009 ). The complementary fit between employees’ “needs” a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.616 | 0.848 | ["leadership"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.984886 | [
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ompensate employees with low levels of regulatory focus (see in Figure 1 ) and further affect their learning orientation. Detailed explanations are provided below. FIGURE 1. Open in a new tab Complementary fit between leaders’ coaching behaviors and employee regulatory focus. Complementary Fit Between Encourage-to-Expl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.618 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "motivation", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.984953 | [
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Tykocinski, 1992 ) by showing high motivation and persistence in tasks ( Shah et al., 1998 ), pursuing a more explorative processing style, considering alternative hypotheses ( Friedman and Förster, 2001 ; Righetti et al., 2011 ), and using these approaches as a development strategy ( Kark and Van-Dijk, 2007 ). Employe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.44 | 0.864 | ["innovation", "strategy", "motivation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985094 | [
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haviors such as creativity and innovation ( Förster et al., 2004 ). They will commonly exhibit greater intrinsic motivation for engaging in learning activities. However, when encouraged to explore by leaders frequently, employees may start to attribute their learning behaviors to the external factors, namely their lead... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.844 | ["motivation", "education", "leadership", "innovation"] | 500 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985175 | [
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rientation will decrease ( Bakker et al., 2012 ). As such, the influence of encourage-to-explore behaviors on learning orientation will be limited for the employees who have high level of promotion focus. By contrast, due to their low needs for growth and development, employees with low level of promotion focus will be... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.862 | ["motivation", "war_conflict", "education"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985265 | [
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ve activities ( Higgins, 1997 ; Shah et al., 1998 ; Sue-Chan et al., 2012 ). Therefore, complementary fit occurs when leaders’ encourage-to-explore behaviors compensate what they have lacked in learning motivation. Specifically, leaders deliver the information and expectation to expand knowledge and skills through enco... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.828 | ["education", "leadership", "motivation", "philosophy"] | 449 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985384 | [
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ent in the learning process ( Noe et al., 2010 ). Furthermore, when expected and encouraged to explore by leaders, low prevention focused employees can initiate their learning activities and determine the learning processes ( Bell and Kozlowski, 2010 ). Instead of receiving specific instructions from their leaders, the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.592 | 0.846 | ["education", "leadership", "motivation"] | 477 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985454 | [
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their learning behaviors to internal motivation. Therefore, leaders’ encourage-to-explore behaviors compensate for their less internal motivation to learn, thus promote their learning orientation. Accordingly, we hypothesize as follows: Hypothesis 3: Employee promotion focus moderates the relationship between leaders’ ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.501 | 0.82 | ["education", "leadership", "motivation", "networking"] | 477 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985517 | [
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for employees with low level of promotion focus. Complementary Fit Between Guide-to-Learn Behaviors and Prevention Focus People who are prevention focused tend to pay attention to information that will help them avoid failure and negative outcomes ( Lockwood et al., 2002 ); require concrete and specific task-relevant i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.41 | 0.84 | ["philosophy", "communication", "innovation", "salary", "rhetoric"] | 474 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985583 | [
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loration and innovation ( Förster et al., 2004 ). For employees with low level of prevention focus, leaders’ directions, instructions, and detailed feedback may complement their security needs and compensate their lack of disposition to learn. In this regard, the relationship between leaders’ guide-to-learn behaviors a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.493 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "networking", "communication", "motivation", "innovation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985662 | [
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ee may feel less intrinsic motivation and more pressure to learn when leaders exhibit too many guide-to-learn behaviors ( Debowski et al., 2001 ). Thus, it leads to a negative relationship between leaders’ guide-to-learn behaviors and employees’ learning orientation. Provided with guide-to-learn coaching, employees wit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "motivation", "networking", "education"] | 437 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985732 | [
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to those who have low levels of prevention focus. However, strain and stress caused by leaders’ guide-to-learn behaviors may exhibit strong negative effect than the benefits which fit brings. Specifically, employees with high level of prevention focus commonly show stronger intention to avoid negative outcomes and risk... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.511 | 0.848 | ["leadership", "education", "salary", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985793 | [
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rain and stress because they are forced to do what they normally avoid ( Edwards, 1996 ). Moreover, since people with high prevention focused are more conservative about learning, they may follow a leader’s instructions and suggestions to learn much more carefully instead of actively seeking learning opportunities. The... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.51 | 0.84 | ["education", "motivation", "leadership", "war_conflict"] | 464 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985858 | [
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0.009129996... | ||
of intrinsic motivation ( Gagné and Deci, 2005 ). Less intrinsic motivation to learn would lead to less subsequent learning orientation ( Leung et al., 2012 ). To summarize, the more guide-to-learn behaviors their leaders show, the less learning orientation focus will be obtained for employees with high prevention focu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.598 | 0.846 | ["education", "leadership", "motivation", "networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985923 | [
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0.014143227... | ||
behaviors and employee learning orientation such that when the level of prevention focus is low, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between guide-to-learn behaviors and employee learning orientation. When the level of prevention focus is high, there is a negative association between guide-to-learn behaviors and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.565 | 0.84 | ["education", "networking"] | 482 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.985988 | [
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e 2 . FIGURE 2. Open in a new tab Research model. Materials and Methods We conducted two studies to test our hypotheses. In Study 1, we test the hypotheses using scenarios of leader behavior with the data collected from undergraduate students. In Study 2, we test the hypotheses with paired data from employees and their... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7656056/ | The Effect of Leaders’ Coaching Behaviors on Employee Learning Orientation: A Regulatory Focus Perspective - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.432 | 0.862 | ["education", "leadership"] | 483 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:18.986053 | [
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0.00... |
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