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s, particularly focusing on age-group swimmers between the ages of 10 and 14 years Sport, swimming (USA) Traits such as emotional stability, self-control, and trustfulness, among others, were significantly related to athletic success Tutko and Richards (1971) [ 4 ] Book chapter focused on personality traits associated ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.581160
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orts (USA) Coachability was shaped by athletes' emotions, thoughts about themselves, and their relationship with the coaching staff. Athletes were encouraged to ask questions, while coaches provided support and built personal connections with them Smith et al. (1995) [ 9 ] Evaluated the relative importance of psycholog...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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g the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28) and parallel instruments to obtain psychological skills ratings from coaches and managers Quantitative descriptive 104 minor league baseball players Sport, professional level baseball (USA) Psychological skills, both self-reported and coach-rated, were independent of phy...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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in professional baseball over a 2–3-year period. It highlighted the correlations and predictive value of the coachability sub-scale in relation to performance outcomes Smith et al. (1995) [ 44 ] Aimed to develop and validate a multidimensional measure of sport-specific psychological skills: the Athletic Coping Skills I...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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d 28-item version (ACSI-28) Designed as an instrument development and validation study through an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis Involved 637 male and female athletes from high school and college teams across multiple sports Sport, high school and college level (USA) Confirmatory factor analysis demonstra...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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ictive validity of psychological skills related to sport performance Piedmont et al. (1999) [ 10 ] Investigated whether the dimensions of the Five-Factor Model of personality could serve as a predictor of athletic performance Coaches and individuals completed separate ratings at the end of the season. The data were col...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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ratings on several performance dimensions, alongside the collection of actual game statistics Correlational study with regression analyses 79 female athletes from four different women’s NCAA Division 1 soccer teams Sport, college level soccer (USA) Found that the personality dimensions of Neuroticism and Conscientiousn...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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lity, while conscientiousness had a positive correlation. This suggests that athletes who are less neurotic and more conscientious tend to be more coachable Giacobbi et al. (2000) a [ 11 ] Developed a measure of athletic coachability and assessed its internal factor structure and reliability Two semi-structured intervi...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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l, football, golf, swimming, diving, track and field, and soccer (USA) Identified coachability as a multidimensional construct defined by intensity of effort, trust/respect for the coach, openness to learning, reactions to coaching feedback, working with teammates, and coping with criticism were considered pivotal in p...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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personality characteristics who made substantial progress with skill development during their college athletic careers. In addition, team and coach influences on specific athletes was assessed Interview (semi-structured) Qualitative descriptive N = 10 NCAA Division 1 Head Coaches across 7 sports Sport, college level ba...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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ng highly competitive/motivated and receptive to instruction. Coachability and developmental characteristics were also deemed as important for the athlete’s progression Bacon and Spear (2003) [ 16 ] Book purpose was to provide a client-centred approach to performance improvement through adaptive coaching techniques N/A...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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ey demonstrated a willingness to learn and adapt. Conversely, those who did not seek or resisted coaching tended to hinder their own progress and the potential for positive change Bebetsos and Antoniou (2003) [ 46 ] Examined age and sex differences in psychological skills among Greek badminton players Greek version of ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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ort, national level badminton (Greece) Showed older players were better prepared to cope with adversity and similar destructive aspects. The older individuals showed a more positive attitude toward complying with the coach’s decision(s) and advice. Study showed no differences by sex. Concluded that the inventory might ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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psychological performance skills Bourgeois et al. (2003) [ 47 ] Examined relationships between the Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding (BIDR) indices of impression management (IM) and self-deception (SDE) response styles with the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28) subscales Booklet consisting of the BIDR...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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sted that the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory (ACSI-28) subscales was significantly influenced by self-deceptive responding, with coachability being one of the subscales affected Becker and Solomon (2005) [ 48 ] Examined the impact of coach expectations on athlete performance Coaches and athletes completed the Coach E...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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e ( n = 36) 186 athletes Male ( n = 60) and female ( n = 126) Sport, college level basketball (USA) Psychological factors were the primary sources of information coaches used to evaluate athlete ability. The top five factors were Hard Worker, Receptivity to Coaching, Willingness to Learn, Love of Sport, and Willingness...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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were not in the top one third of items reported. Successful coaches effectively conveyed their expectations to athletes, contributing to team performance Shannahan (2006) a [ 49 ] Investigated the impact of salesperson coachability, trait competitiveness and leadership style on salesperson performance from an interacti...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.582071
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ectional N = 270 Business, healthcare pharmaceutical (USA) Salesperson coachability had significantly moderated the relationship between both transformational and transactional leadership styles and salesperson performance. This suggested that coachability is a crucial variable in enhancing sales performance regardless...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
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ability Conceptualised Solomon Expectancy Sources Scale (SESS) Three phases of data collection Quantitative descriptive instrument N = 274 NCAA Division I intercollegiate coaches Sport, college level 18 sports (USA) Created a quantitative instrument to identify criteria coaches use to assess athletic ability. Identifie...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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, Physical Ability, and Maturity Mitteness et al. (2010) [ 21 ] Developed a model of how entrepreneurs exhibiting key leadership behaviours; trustworthiness, coachability and passion more successfully gain the support of critical stakeholders Evaluated entrepreneur pitch using a 5-point Likert scale Quantitative descri...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.582227
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en August 2006 and November 2009 Business, Angel Organisation (USA) Entrepreneurs perceived as coachable are more likely to be viewed favourably by angel investors. Authentic transformational leadership behaviours, such as seeking feedback and being open about weaknesses, enhance perceived coachability and, consequentl...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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t teams Author developed 18-item instrument using a 5-point scale Mixed-methods cross-sectional survey design N = 36 (head coaches) and N = 190 (female college softball athletes) Sport, college level softball (USA) Found significant behavioural differences between less coachable (lower-level Cooperation, higher levels ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.582340
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soccer coaches who coach both male and female teams Interview (semi-structured) Qualitative N = 15 male NCAA Division III coaches Sport, college level soccer (USA) Twelve higher order themes emerged from the data. The study revealed differences in coach–athlete relationships between male and female athletes, indicating...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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w ideas compared with male athletes Driska et al. (2012) [ 8 ] Study had two main purposes: (i) determined specific attributes of mental toughness in swimming and (ii) identified situations and environmental factors that lead to mental toughness development in swimmers Interview (semi-structured) Qualitative N = 13 Swi...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
public_domain
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.582444
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ty to the coach’s feedback (positive and negative), forming a partnership with the coach. Coachability was linked to bidirectional communication, the development of trust with coaches and a strong buy-in to the team philosophy. The athletes had ‘competitive maturity’ developed through experiences of failure and adversi...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.582501
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) Qualitative descriptive N = 10 Expert development coaches Sport, elite youth football (UK) Study revealed 23 lower order themes and six higher order categories that collectively represented the factors perceived by expert coaches to influence player development. Coachability (lower order theme) came under Sports Spec...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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receptive to their coaches’ methods Kirby et al. (2013) [ 24 ] Introduced the concept of salesperson coachability and proposed potential relationships between it and sales coaching and sales performance Author developed assessment of the adapted Athletic Coachability Scale Qualitative N = 94 Business, sales (USA) Found...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.582771
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tioners and academics a better understanding of how certain salesperson personality traits combined and interacted with certain situational influences to impact sales performance Shannahan et al. (2013) [ 13 ] Examined the relationship between salesperson coachability, trait competitiveness and sales performance Data w...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.582826
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d female ( n = 29) Business, sales in food and beverage (USA) Found sales performance is highest when salespeople are highly coachable, highly competitive and under transformational leadership Kruger et al. (2013) [ 52 ] Determined whether the sport psychological profiles of talented 13-year-old sport participants diff...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.582880
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e of 13.2 ± 0.33 years Male ( n = 105) and female ( n = 99) Sport, talent identification general sports (South Africa) Revealed talented 13-year-old adolescents demonstrated higher means in all seven sport psychological characteristics: coping with adversity, peaking under pressure, goal setting, confidence, coachabili...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.582945
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ort psychological characteristics compared with less talented adolescents. Note: only 9 boys and 7 girls were classed as talented compared with 91 boys and 98 girls classed as less talented Beswick (2015) [ 3 ] Book, Chapter 6: Fostering Coachability. Discussed coachability and how it can be developed by coaching pract...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.582993
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allenge and support to enhance player coachability. It highlighted that both coaches and players play crucial roles in fostering learning and progress or potentially acting as barriers Solomon (2015) [ 53 ] Explored the influence of coach optimism on criteria used to evaluate athlete ability. The secondary purpose was ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.583043
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ive Expectancy Questionnaire Quantitative instruments N = 93 NCAA Division I head coaches Sport, college level basketball, golf (USA) Coaches higher in optimism prioritised coachability (i.e. willingness to listen, receptivity to coaching, handling pressure, respect). These were vital in the development of athletic abi...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.583095
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questions: • How and why is executive coaching used in Global Talent Management (GTM)? • What are the experiences of HR professionals in implementing coaching in GTM programmes? Interview (semi-structured) conducted in Finnish or in English, face-to-face or virtual Exploratory: a qualitative multiple-case study approac...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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; Netherlands; Singapore; Denmark) Three main factors were found to impact coaching success: adaptability of the coaching process to the coachee’s needs; coachability of the coachee; and the international experience of the coach. Coachability is describes how open the coachee is to being coached. Expatriates’ openness,...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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public_domain
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ibutes as important for youth soccer performance. The main findings highlighted the perceived importance of coachability and a positive attitude as crucial psychological attributes for identifying skilled youth performance in soccer Ciuchta et al. (2018) [ 19 ] Established and validated the entrepreneurial coachability...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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= 93 NCAA Division I head coaches Business, entrepreneurship practice (USA) The study found that entrepreneurial coachability serves as a viable signal influencing potential investors and has predictive power on funding outcomes, demonstrating its importance in entrepreneurial pitches and investment decisions Mayer et ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.583316
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e if emotional intelligence and coachability can increase organisational citizenship behaviour Survey-based methods: Section I consisted of demographic information, Section II consisted of the Athletic Coachability Scale; Section III consisted of the Assessing Emotions Scale; Section IV consisted of the Organizational ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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els of coachability were more likely to exhibit organisational citizenship behaviour, showcasing the importance of coachability in fostering positive work outcomes and organisational success. The results indicated positive relationships, which suggest it may be desirable for higher education institutions to help studen...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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019) a [ 57 ] Examined the importance and impact of coachability in coaching interactions. Tried to determine the relationship between employee coachability and job performance, adaptability and promotability Survey-based methods Each coachee completed one survey, whereas coaches completed one survey for each of their ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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e important for optimising coaching interactions. Employee coachability drove individual job performance, adaptability and promotability. Employee adaptability was a vital driver of organisational effectiveness. Organisations may consider employee coachability as a competency to achieve competitive advantages Marvel et...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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a from 59 different countries collected through separate confidential surveys completed by startup coaches and founders Entrepreneurial qualitative case study N = 401 startup coaches and N = 686 founders completed individual surveys Business, emerging organisations (USA) Coachability significantly boosted product innov...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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for entrepreneurs to acquire and integrate new knowledge effectively Kuratko et al. (2021) [ 58 ] Examined mentors and founders across entrepreneurial support organisations to investigate the factors that influenced an entrepreneur’s coachability, how it translated to venture outcomes and if the mentor–mentee relations...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.583653
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19, focusing on backgrounds, coachability, venture development and relationships Empirical research study N = 401 startup coaches and N = 686 founders completed individual surveys Business, entrepreneurs (USA) Founders with higher entrepreneurial self-efficacy were more satisfied with mentorship. Female founders were s...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.583699
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nships with mentors, with learning goal orientation enhancing mentorship satisfaction Wu et al. (2021) [ 59 ] Examined the relationship between dispositional mindfulness, psychological skills and mental toughness in multiple-sport populations Self-reported questionnaires: Chinese Version Mindful Attention Awareness Sca...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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public_domain
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.583753
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athletes Male ( n = 72) and female ( n = 29) Sport, college level Taekwondo, Judo, archery, Wushu, tennis (Taiwan) Found a positive correlation between dispositional mindfulness and psychological skills, as well as mental toughness among college athletes. The findings suggested that higher dispositional mindfulness may...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.583805
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Nixon (2021) [ 60 ] Explored the dimensions of coaching relationships that impact women entrepreneurs during business incubation, providing deeper insight into their coaching needs Interview (semi-structured) Qualitative N = 15 Male ( n = 5) Female ( n = 6) Coaches ( n = 4) Business, entrepreneurship (Canada) Female en...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.583856
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n, influencing their entrepreneurial self-efficacy and outcomes during business incubation. It highlighted the significance of coachability, indicating that the willingness and openness of entrepreneurs to receive support and integrate feedback from coaches play a vital role in impacting their entrepreneurial outcome N...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.583910
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ended questions assessing their beliefs about the benefits of team sports participation for shy children and adolescents, as well as the special contributions that shy team members may make to a sports team Entrepreneurial qualitative case study ( N = 496) coaches Male ( n = 403) and female ( n = 93) Sport, amateur lev...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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hable, observant and attentive, based on their specific characteristics and contributions to the team Davis (2021) a [ 62 ] Examined coachability from the perspectives of athletes and coaches, created a model of coachability from both perspectives Interview (semi-structured) Exploratory qualitative case-study design N ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.584174
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the participants’ responses gathered in the interviews. The model created could be useful to coaches for identifying and recruiting athletes with traits, attributes and other key factors that will enhance their coachability (coach awareness, trusting relationship, willingness to learn, mutual respect) Johnson et al. (2...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.584316
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d and supervisor ratings Quantitative Sample 1: N = 99 employees and N = 89 pairs Sample 2: N = 306 Sample 3: N = 209 Sample 4: N = 179 Business, numerous industries (USA) Unveiled a comprehensive conceptualisation of coachability and demonstrated its significance and implications for workplace coaching. The Coachabili...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.584371
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(s) the individual might need additional support. Therefore, the measure has the potential as a diagnostic tool for identifying the coachee’s needs and which coaching methods would best suit him or her Weiss and Merrigan (2021) [ 23 ] Explored whether employee coachability drives employee job performance, adaptability ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.584509
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siness, pharmaceutical organisation (USA) Demonstrated highly coachable employees achieve greater individual job performance, are significantly more adaptable and are viewed as more promotable. Advised organisations should identify highly coachable individuals during the hiring process and elevate the skill sets of new...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.584591
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thletic performance in college athletes Personality was measured through the 16 Personality Factor Questionnaire (6th Edition). Athletic performance was measured through 1. coach evaluations (Coach Rating Scale) and 2. a calculated performance statistic (percent of games started in the season) Cross-sectional N = 85 Sp...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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the strongest predictor of athletic performance. It identified athletic performance was a multifaceted construct consisting of coachability, athletic ability, game performance, team player, work ethic and the composite score of these domains Iwasaki et al. (2022) [ 45 ] Examined the mediating role of mindful engagement...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.584709
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vational climate perceptions on their teams (i.e. caring, task, and ego involving climate) to athlete coachability Questionnaires: Caring Climate Scale, Perceived Motivational Climate in Sport Questionnaire, Short version of CAMS-R: Mindful engagement, the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 Quantitative descriptive N ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.584765
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e were significant antecedent variables for mindful engagement and coachability, while perceptions of an ego-involving climate showed a negative relationship with these factors. Mindful engagement can foster a supportive and encouraging environment and may enhance athletes’ ability to be coachable Somià (2022) [ 64 ] D...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.584847
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tudents transitioning from student to entrepreneur The Coachability Competency Survey and the Behavioural Event Interview (BEI) A multi-perspective approach Mixed-methods, quantitative and qualitative N = 450 final number of participants Education, entrepreneurship education (EU funded, study location not specified) Th...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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e in the development of entrepreneurial competencies from student to entrepreneur adopting a competency-based approach in assessing and training coachability Bar-On and VanDijk (2022) [ 65 ] Created a comprehensive model and measure of performance by evaluating 18 Core Factors and 5 Ring Factors that contribute to perf...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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cupational performance in small-, medium- and large-sized organisations (global English-speaking countries) The Multifactor Measure of Human Performance effectively identified and offered developmental suggestions for individual’s performance, including their readiness to enhance performance through self-development ef...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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ormance through developmental efforts Azim et al. (2023) [ 66 ] Examined the psychological skills of State University of Malang athletes who took part in POMPROV 2022 using ACSI-28 ACSI-28 questionnaire Quantitative descriptive N = 45 Sport, university athletes across 10 sports (Indonesia) Psychological factors played ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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embrace criticism as an opportunity for learning. The study advocated for educating athletes on humility and self-reliance Weiss et al. (2023) [ 67 ] Identified antecedents that influence coachability represented as a second order factor Multiple questionnaires Cross-sectional, survey-based design N = 450 final number ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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al factors influencing individuals’ coachability. These proved vital for achieving critical organisational outcomes. The authors encouraged organisations to develop current employees to highly coachable levels through targeted skills training Tetteh et al. (2023) [ 68 ] Aimed to understand the levels (i.e. mild vs inte...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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ollow-on investment intentions with the same entrepreneur Survey Conjoint experiment N = 71 Male ( n = 65) and female ( n = 6) Business, angel investors and entrepreneur (China) Angel investors appraisal of task conflict events depended on the degree to which conflicts (mild or intense) were expressed and their percept...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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ict events and subsequently impacted their reinvestment intentions James-Boone (2023) a [ 69 ] Analysed the notion of professional development coachability from the perspective of experienced professional coaches; define it specifically in the context of professional coaching, and provide a framework for attributes/tra...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.586228
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design used for investigation and analysis Study 1 (survey, n = 209) Study 2 (semi-structured interviews/mini survey, n = 44) Business, professional development coaching in organisational setting (North America 88%; UK 11%) Coachability in professional development was a dynamic state influenced by internal attributes (...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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mprovement) and supportive external environments. It changed based on the coachee’’s circumstances and the coaching relationship. Organisations needed to foster environments that nurtured these attributes to support coachability Jooste et al. (2023) [ 70 ] Investigated the relationship between emotional intelligence an...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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ntelligence can be a predictor of coping ability. Explored the potential use of emotional intelligence testing and intervention in sport psychology practice Correlational research design. Convenient sampling method. Pen-and-paper survey used for data collection Emotional Intelligence Scale and Athletic Coping Skills In...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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e field hockey (Africa) Developing emotional intelligence complemented conventional mental skills training for field-hockey players, providing proactive behaviour that helped them better cope with adversity, failure and stress in their sport Svetek (2023) [ 71 ] Assessed the dimensions used by investors to evaluate ent...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12476389/
Why do Some Respond and Develop more from Coaching than Others? A Systematic Review of Coachability and Its Constituent Components - PMC
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Behav Sci (Basel) . 2024 Oct 16;14(10):955. doi: 10.3390/bs14100955 Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework Jaason M Geerts Jaason M Geerts 1 Research and Leadership Development, Canadian College of Health Leaders, Ottawa, ON K1S 1V7, Canada; jgeerts3@uottawa.c...
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Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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iversity of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada Find articles by Jaason M Geerts 1, 2, 3 Editors: A Rui Gomes , Catarina Morais Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Research and Leadership Development, Canadian College of Health Leaders, Ottawa, ON K1S 1V7, Canada; jgeerts3@uottawa.ca; Te...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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ity of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada Roles A Rui Gomes : Academic Editor Catarina Morais : Academic Editor Received 2024 Aug 19; Revised 2024 Oct 1; Accepted 2024 Oct 7; Collection date 2024 Oct. © 2024 by the author. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ). PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC11505461 PMID: 39457826 Abstract Globally, organizations invest an estimated USD 60 billion annually in leadership development; however, the workplace application of learning is typically low, and many programs underperform or fail, result...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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s and return on investment (ROI) of leadership development programs. The foundation of the framework derives from four separate literature reviews: three systematic reviews on leadership development, including the only two to isolate gold-standard elements of effective design, delivery, and evaluation, and one on “trai...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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sts of 65 evidence-informed strategies that can be applied as a foundation (9), and before (23), during (17), at the conclusion of (11), and sometime after (5), programs, to maximize impact and ROI. Implications for practice and further research are also presented. Given the stakes, there is an urgent need for evidence...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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ce for governments, policymakers, and those funding, designing, delivering, and supporting development. Keywords: leadership development, leader development, evidence-based program design, impact, training transfer, return on investment 1. Introduction Internationally, an estimated USD 60 billion [ 1 ] is spent on lead...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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nual funding allocated to cancer treatment [ 2 ]. This sum is rationalized by the potential impact of effective leadership on organizations and outcomes [ 3 , 4 ] and by confidence in the importance and utility of professional development [ 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Supporting the latter is evidence that leadership is not purel...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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to acquired experiences and training [ 9 , 10 ]. Consequently, many organizations consider leadership development an essential cost and a source of competitive advantage [ 7 , 11 , 12 , 13 ], as well as a key retention strategy [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Accordingly, the proliferation of leadership programs offered by...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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individual consultants, continues to rise [ 19 ]. Unsurprisingly, the substantial time and money dedicated to development carry with them expectations of a return on investment (ROI) and of demonstrable outcomes at the individual level and beyond [ 5 , 12 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 ]. This signals a critical need for evi...
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Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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interventions can facilitate improved participant outcomes, such as increased confidence, knowledge, skills, capabilities, self-efficacy, engagement, job satisfaction, and performance [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. Leadership programs have also been correlated with organizational-level outcomes, such as decreased absenteeism, incre...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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ased organizational performance [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. In healthcare settings, this includes superior financial and clinical performance, including improved patient outcomes and patient safety [ 25 , 26 , 27 ]. These findings echo empirical and meta-analytic results that development programs can facilitate the application o...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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2 , 33 , 34 , 35 ], terms used synonymously here. This application and the achievement of desired outcomes at various levels are indications of the ultimate goal of, and the currency of success in, leadership development, which is increased capacity and outstanding practice [ 19 , 36 , 37 ]. Finally, there is also evid...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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ensive global investment, and typically favorable program evaluations [ 34 , 39 , 40 ], training transfer, and its corresponding outcomes, are not automatic or certain [ 7 , 19 , 41 , 42 ], and the empirical evidence of program effectiveness is conflicting [ 12 , 27 ]. For example, many studies and meta-analyses of lea...
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Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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e results and effect sizes [ 19 , 35 , 39 , 43 ]. Others, however, suggest the rate of program participants applying their learning to work is minimal [ 12 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ], with as few as five per cent doing so successfully [ 49 ]. Furthermore, Avolio et al. (2010) indicate that the organizational ROI of lea...
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Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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th USD 5,811,600 to losses of USD 460,588 [ 50 ]. Additionally concerning is that some programs allegedly fail altogether [ 51 , 52 ], including ten per cent of interventions in a combined data set of 72 studies from two separate systematic literature reviews of leadership development [ 53 ]. The frequent inefficacy of...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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uch of the investment has been wasted [ 23 , 56 , 57 , 58 ] and even harmful [ 23 , 58 ]. Poor results create a five-fold loss: wasted funds, the opportunity cost of participants’ time off work, the discouragement of participants, organizational reluctance to invest in further development, and, in certain sectors, the ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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at training robbery” is taking place [ 63 ]. 1.3. An Optimizing System Many studies of unsuccessful interventions attribute their failure to issues related to participants lacking support, change-averse organizational cultures, and the absence of an “Optimizing System”. The latter includes a set of enabling factors des...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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evement of desired outcomes [ 7 , 56 , 64 , 65 ]. These factors relate to the programs (design, delivery, personnel, evaluation, and direct application strategies) and to organizational culture and support. This concept builds on previous terms, including “transfer system” [ 66 ], “organizational climate” [ 67 , 68 ], ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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ticipants’ organizational cultures are not conducive to change, even outstanding development programs based on gold-standard evidence will underperform or fail [ 7 , 63 , 70 , 71 ]. Brinkerhoff and Gill explain, “the workplace can untrain people far more efficiently than even the best training department can train peop...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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actual program content and activities [ 7 , 48 ]. Effective design and application strategies can also influence the degree to which individual performance improvements extend beyond participants to organizational levels and become integrated systematically [ 73 ]. 1.4. Problem #2: Research Gaps, Uncertain Quality of E...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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plication strategies individually and collectively are linked empirically to outcomes [ 40 , 49 , 57 , 63 , 74 , 75 ]. The scholarly knowledge base is predominantly anecdotal, seldom involving objective data [ 27 , 53 , 76 , 77 ], which obscures what works best, why, and with what reliability [ 38 ], and can dangerousl...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
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, is dated, and despite a desire for evidence-based training [ 78 , 79 , 80 , 81 ] and available research on the workplace application of learning [ 7 , 12 , 19 , 44 , 81 , 82 ], there is not yet a comprehensive, theory- and evidence-informed framework of effective approaches to design, delivery, and evaluation and dir...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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ct and ROI of leadership development [ 12 , 32 ]. Designing interventions without a credible theoretical and empirical foundation exposes them and their people to substandard or damaging outcomes [ 40 , 51 , 52 , 58 , 78 , 83 ]. The risk and fallout of deficient interventions for organizations heighten given that incre...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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g, and capacity is limited [ 20 , 84 , 85 ]. 1.5. Purpose The purpose of this article is to describe a novel theory- and evidence-based framework for maximizing the impact and ROI of leadership development. The framework, called the “Optimizing System”, is grounded in a robust theoretical and empirical foundation, as d...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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Leader as Coach Developing Others
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.839939
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and is the only published framework of its kind. It was created to support outstanding leadership by providing credible guidance for those designing, revising, delivering, and sponsoring interventions to maximize their quality, impact, and ROI [ 7 , 11 , 69 , 74 , 81 , 82 , 83 , 86 , 87 ]. 1.6. Definitions Defining wha...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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Leader as Coach Developing Others
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.840005
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and there is no collective set on which scholars and practitioners generally agree [ 23 ]. And yet, how one understands leadership, as distinct from “management” and “power”, for example, has significant implications for how one approaches research, practice, and development program design, delivery, and evaluation [ 5...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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Leader as Coach Developing Others
topic
2026-03-27T02:00:13.840059
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p for individuals (thus, leader development), often with minimal or no accountability-bound expectations to involve their colleagues. This situation rarely yields remarkable results [ 7 , 48 ], further signaling the need for reliable research and guidance to maximize impact and ROI [ 23 ]. To clarify the nomenclature a...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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Leader as Coach Developing Others
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2026-03-27T02:00:13.840160
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ent; and (c) leadership integration are presented. 1.6.1. Leadership, Management, and Power Leadership is the process of leaders and team members collaborating meaningfully and responsibly to realize a shared purpose and vision (True North) [ 89 ]. The opposite extreme is power. Power is the capacity to control others ...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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Leader as Coach Developing Others
topic
2026-03-27T02:00:13.840219
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s produce predictable, effective, and efficient results. This typically, but does not automatically, involves positional leaders (supervisors or managers) establishing targets, processes, checkpoints, consequences, and rewards, as well as holding people accountable to these targets. At the team, departmental, and beyon...
https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11505461/
Maximizing the Impact and ROI of Leadership Development: A Theory- and Evidence-Informed Framework - PMC
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Leader as Coach Developing Others
topic
2026-03-27T02:00:13.840348
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