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sychological capital (Hedges' g = 0.83, p < 0.001), and resilience (Hedges' g = 0.57, p < 0.001). The aggregated effect size for job satisfaction was positive but not significant (Hedges' g = 0.36, p = 0.17). Table 5. Effect sizes for specific outcomes. Outcome Samples N Hedges g Standard error 95% CI Z -value p Q I 2 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.746 | ["career"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.388940 | [
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ob satisfaction 3 154 0.36 0.27 −0.17 0.91 1.31 0.17 5.86 65.92 PsyCap 3 144 0.83 0.17 0.49 1.17 4.80 < 0.001 1.84 0.00 Resilience 3 133 0.57 0.17 0.23 0.91 3.31 < 0.001 0.34 0.00 Open in a new tab N , total sample size in k studies; LLCI, lower limit for the 95% confidence interval for g; ULCI, upper limit for the 95%... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.435 | 0.738 | [] | 494 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.388988 | [
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ect that is due to heterogeneity between studies. * Indicates that between-study heterogeneity significant ( p < 0.05). Moderator analysis We tested the moderating role of the length of the coaching program and the number of sessions for the three outcome categories (behavior, attitudes, and person characteristics). Th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.858 | ["education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389012 | [
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nly for the attitudes category (coefficient = 0.01, se = 0.008, p = 0.03). The longer the program was, the greater the effect size. The number of sessions was not a significant moderator for any outcome category. Table 6. Results for the moderators. Outcome Samples Coefficient Standard error 95% CI z p LL CI UL CI Beha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.732 | [] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389037 | [
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0.004 0.03 −0.05 0.06 0.13 0.89 Length of program 10 0.01 0.008 0.001 0.03 2.11 0.03 Person characteristics Number of sessions 15 0.001 0.02 −0.05 0.05 0.03 0.97 Length of program 14 −0.001 0.01 −0.02 0.01 −0.08 0.93 Open in a new tab LLCI, lower limit for the 95% confidence interval for the coefficient; ULCI, upper li... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.722 | [] | 504 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389058 | [
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ts and the Egger bias test (Egger et al., 1997 ). The Egger test was significant ( p < 0.001). Based on this result, we conducted further sensitivity analyses. Firstly, using the trim and fill method, we found that by adding 29 new effect sizes in the meta-analysis, the aggregated effect size would decrease from 0.43 t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.338 | 0.728 | [] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389076 | [
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, we found that to find a trivial effect size (<0.10), the addition of 332 studies with an effect size lower than 0.10 would be necessary. Concluding, we found no publication bias in this study. Discussion The purpose of the current meta-analysis was to evaluate coaching effectiveness by investigating its effect on the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.854 | ["education"] | 495 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389096 | [
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ng RCT studies on coaching effectiveness at work. Additionally, the study examined whether the number of coaching sessions and overall length of the coaching program moderated its effectiveness. To evaluate the executive coaching intervention and multiple types of outcomes, we proposed a classification based on previou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.846 | ["education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389115 | [
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oaching on overall coaching outcomes dimensions reported in the reviewed studies. We found support for Hypothesis 2a and Hypothesis 2b. The results indicated that the relative strength of coaching was higher on behavioral than on attitude and person characteristics outcomes, with a significant difference between behavi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.826 | [] | 443 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389133 | [
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utcomes. Hypotheses 3a and 3b were not confirmed. The analyses indicated a large effect size for performance behaviors and behavioral-cognitive activities and a moderate effect size for leadership behaviors, with a significant difference only between behavioral cognitive activities and leadership behavior. The results ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.644 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389155 | [
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en the coaching program's length and coaching effectiveness for the attitude outcome. In summary, our meta-analytic findings indicate that executive coaching is an effective tool resulting mainly in changes in individuals' behaviors, especially in cognitive behaviors, with no conditional effect from the number of sessi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.612 | 0.848 | [] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389172 | [
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executive coaching literature about the overall effect size and the varying effect sizes for different outcomes (Theeboom et al., 2014 ; Jones et al., 2016 ; Burt and Talati, 2017 ). We found clear indications that the relative strength of coaching was higher on behavioral outcomes than on other outcomes categories. Co... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.84 | ["education"] | 446 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389190 | [
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fect sizes reported in our study can be expected. However, our findings on attitudes are likely to throw light on the contextual factors that contribute to coaching effectiveness. Improvements in work-related attitudes, such as job satisfaction and wellbeing, suggest that coaching may facilitate a better alignment betw... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.517 | 0.848 | ["career", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389210 | [
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of coaching as an aid from the organization for individual development (Fontes and Dello Russo, 2021 ). The executives | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10272735/ | The effects of executive coaching on behaviors, attitudes, and personal characteristics: a meta-analysis of randomized control trial studies - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.639 | 0.588 | [] | 118 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.389228 | [
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BMC Med Educ . 2020 Dec 3;20(Suppl 2):456. doi: 10.1186/s12909-020-02288-x Leadership in healthcare education Christie van Diggele Christie van Diggele 1 The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building A27, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia 2 The University of Sydney, F... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.574 | 0.852 | ["education", "leadership", "networking", "career", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.641455 | [
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s by Christie van Diggele 1, 2, ✉ , Annette Burgess Annette Burgess 2 The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Health Professional Education Research Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 3 The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School – Education... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.523 | 0.712 | ["education", "networking", "career"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.641750 | [
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ydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Health Professional Education Research Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 3 The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School – Education Office, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Find articles by Chris Roberts 2, 3 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.704 | ["education", "networking", "career"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.641903 | [
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niversity of Sydney, Sydney, Australia Find articles by Craig Mellis 4 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Edward Ford Building A27, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia 2 The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.702 | ["education", "philosophy", "networking", "career", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.641991 | [
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, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School – Education Office, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia 4 The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School – Central Clinical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia ✉ Corresponding author. Collection date 2020. ©... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.495 | 0.848 | ["education", "innovation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.642067 | [
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aring, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the artic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.832 | ["innovation", "philosophy"] | 411 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.642148 | [
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cated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.344 | 0.696 | ["innovation"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.642225 | [
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/zero/1.0/ ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC7712520 PMID: 33272264 Abstract Effective leadership is a complex and highly valued component of healthcare education, increasingly recognised as essential to the deliver... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.622 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.642566 | [
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rs will be increasingly important across all health professions, including allied health, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, and medicine. Consequently, incorporation of leadership training and development should be part of all health professional curricula. A new type of leader is emerging: one who role models the balance ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.814 | ["leadership", "career", "communication", "management", "rhetoric"] | 420 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.642640 | [
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mwork, and focuses on improving patient outcomes. Healthcare education leaders are required to work effectively and collaboratively across discipline and organisational boundaries, where titles are not always linked to leadership roles. This paper briefly considers the current theories of leadership, and explores leade... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "management", "education", "economy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.642722 | [
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Organisational goals Background Leadership has many interpretations, and has been likened to “ the abominable snowman whose footprints are everywhere but who is nowhere to be seen” [ 1 ]. It is an influential process, through which groups of people work towards the achievement of a common goal [ 2 ]. Leaders have the a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "ethics", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 430 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.642784 | [
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des and behaviours through a dyadic relationship. They are able to gain and enlist the support of others in order to achieve shared goals [ 3 , 4 ]. Effective leadership is a complex and highly valued component of healthcare education, increasingly recognised as essential to the delivery of high standards of education,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "education", "management", "networking"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.642842 | [
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d requirement in the healthcare education setting [ 5 ]. However, leaders within healthcare education should not rely on formal positions of authority, but instead, utilise their own appropriate leadership qualities irrespective of their level within the organisation [ 3 ]. A new type of leader is emerging: one who rol... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "education", "management", "philosophy"] | 447 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.642996 | [
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and focuses on improving patient outcomes [ 3 ]. This paper briefly considers the theories of leadership, and explores leadership skills and roles within the context of healthcare education. Management versus leadership Management and leadership are considered just as important as each other in accomplishing organisati... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "management", "education"] | 493 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643051 | [
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le leadership produces change and movement [ 2 ]. Management has the responsibility of organising all elements within the organisation, so that the leader’s vision and goals are successfully achieved. If poor management is in place, then goals cannot be achieved; and if poor leadership is in place, then there is no cle... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.457 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "management", "strategy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643154 | [
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with the marshalling and organisation of resources and maintaining stability” [ 6 ]. These differences are summarised in Table 1 [ 6 , 7 ]. Table 1. Leadership versus Management (adapted from Swanwick & McKimm, 2011) [ 6 ] Leadership Management ● Establishes direction ● Plan and Budget - Creates a shared vision - Resou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.591 | 0.872 | ["leadership", "management", "strategy", "career"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643217 | [
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Connecting people ● Employment and organising - Communication of goals - Maintain structure - Team building and networking - Staffing placements - Aims for commitment - Enforce rules and procedures ● Motivate and Drive ● Control and Problem solve - Inspire and motivate - Reward systems - Empower followers - Identifies ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.627 | 0.708 | ["leadership", "motivation", "networking", "war_conflict", "communication"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643273 | [
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adership Leadership is a social construct, and there are many different leadership models [ 6 ]. Two broad types of leadership are identifiable: “transactional” and “transformational”. And their respective features are a useful way to think about the many types of leadership. Transactional and transformational leadersh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.425 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 499 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643324 | [
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ble” (transactional) for their actions [ 7 – 9 ]. While it is clear that both transformational and transactional leadership paradigms are needed for an organisation to be effective, the optimal leader predominantly practices the transformational aspects of leadership, rather than transactional [ 10 ]. Transactional lea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643377 | [
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follower, once specific goals are identified or decided upon. Transactional leaders value order and structure, and have formal authority, with positions of responsibility within organisations. They achieve organisational goals through a rewards system and through positive reinforcement. A weakness of this model is the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.62 | 0.842 | ["philosophy", "leadership", "decision_making", "motivation", "innovation"] | 480 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643430 | [
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ivation to perform beyond what is expected [ 6 ]. Transformational leadership Since the introduction of transformational leadership, the concept of leadership has undergone a major shift from representing an authoritative relationship (transactional), to a process of influencing individuals (transformational). Transfor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 474 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643491 | [
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towards a common organisational goal [ 9 – 11 ]. This contemporary form of leadership is based on inspiring individuals, and forming teams to achieve goals. Transformational leaders define organisations through the articulation of a clear vision and clear values. The four “I”s of transformational leadership are outline... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.63 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "strategy", "management", "ethics"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643540 | [
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respect and trust is stimulated through the development of a vision Inspirational motivation High expectations are created through role modelling Individualised consideration Respect and responsibility is fostered through personal attention to followers Intellectual stimulation New ideas and approaches are used to chal... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.628 | 0.688 | ["leadership", "management", "motivation", "strategy", "crisis"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643605 | [
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p becoming more prevalent within healthcare education, where different professions share influence [ 12 , 13 ]. Increasingly, leadership involves a collaborative role, with an emphasis on shared leadership and thoughtful allocation of responsibilities. Team-based organisations shift central control from the one leader,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "management", "career", "economy", "education"] | 482 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643659 | [
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der to accomplish their shared goals [ 14 , 15 ]. Personal autonomy, accountability, appropriate recognition, and clarity of roles, are all elements that contribute to optimal team performance. However, to ensure success, the organisational culture needs to support the involvement of individuals in these teams, and enc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.441 | 0.852 | ["management", "leadership", "economy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643715 | [
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supportive of collaborative work, and lower level decision making. Distributed leadership entails sharing of influence by team members, who step forward, or take a step back as needed. Leadership is provided by the person who meets the specific needs of the team at the time, hence providing faster responses to more com... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.463 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "management", "decision_making", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 462 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643770 | [
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the conditions needed for teams to function well. For a team to achieve its potential, the operational roles of its members should be matched to their members’ abilities [ 18 ]. Belbin (1991) classified nine roles of team members that contribute to its process and function [ 19 ], outlined in Table 3 . Importantly, wit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.466 | 0.872 | ["management", "leadership"] | 505 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643821 | [
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drawing from the strengths of each member [ 13 ]. Table 3. Roles of team members that contribute to its process and function (adapted from Belbin, 1991) [ 19 ] ROLE DESCRIPTION Plant: the ‘ideas’ person Thoughtful and creative, but may lack communication skills, and attention to required detail. Co-ordinator : the ‘cha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.834 | ["management", "communication", "innovation"] | 438 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643871 | [
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volves all team-members, and mediates discussion. Monitor evaluator : the ‘critic’ Objectively evaluates everything, and may be perceived as negative. Implementer: the ‘doer’ A reliable worker who puts the ideas into action, although they may lack flexibility. Completer finisher: the ‘details’ person Is conscientious i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.842 | ["management", "networking", "career", "salary", "diplomacy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643923 | [
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p’s ‘ambassador’, although enthusiasm may fade during the project. Shaper: the ‘driver’ Keeps the project moving, enjoys the action, but can upset others as they push through the ideas. Teamworker: the ‘peacemaker’ Assists with diplomacy and helps keep the team working effectively, although they can be indecisive. Spec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.45 | 0.828 | ["diplomacy", "management", "education"] | 437 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.643972 | [
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may be restricted to their own specialised area. Open in a new tab Effective leadership Leaders need to have good time management and organisational skills, the ability to network professionally, display political nous and most importantly, they need to have strong communication skills [ 4 , 20 , 21 ]. Ready acceptance... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "communication", "management", "networking", "career"] | 505 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644043 | [
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erately corrected by utilising received feedback. Although there is not one set of qualities that apply to being an effective leader, certain competencies are valued and contribute to the leadership model in different ways [ 5 ]. Leadership competencies relevant for all health professional educators are outlined in Tab... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "career", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644093 | [
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ts • This includes theoretical background, organisational structure, and leadership development of others. Motivator, mentor and facilitator • Integrity should be shown in motivating and encouraging others instead of controlling situations. • Through excellence in role modelling, and careful delegation, future leaders ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.509 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "communication", "strategy", "ethics"] | 466 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644144 | [
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stent messages through various methods over time. • Communication by leaders is required at all levels: to senior management, administrators, team members, and to patients. • Communication should always be respectful, and acknowledge the input and achievements of others. • Networking, facilitating groups, effective lis... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.83 | ["management", "communication", "networking", "leadership", "decision_making"] | 465 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644205 | [
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t, set goals, change management, decision making. Leadership presence • The ability to assume a leadership role in various settings, share your opinion with confidence, and communicate and engage with others. Team leader, team player, team-building • A good leader is not only a team leader, but also a team player, who ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.639 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "management", "communication", "decision_making", "ethics"] | 494 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644257 | [
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ountable, and undertaking performance appraisals. • Conflict resolution skills are needed in leadership roles. The views and abilities of all parties should be respected. • Group problem-solving, conflict management, contributions to team processes and development. Healthcare education research skills • Although time m... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.452 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "education", "philosophy"] | 486 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644310 | [
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h, and an understanding of the value of research. Business skills • Human Resource management, work flow, budgeting, effectiveness evaluation, business plan development. • Reduction of waste and inefficiencies. • Financial management skills, including resource allocation, reduction in variation of clinical practice to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.382 | 0.832 | ["management", "strategy"] | 509 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644362 | [
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oaching, motivating, interpersonal effectiveness. Open in a new tab Language of leadership Just as education and healthcare organisations have evolved, so too has the team leader. The role of the modern leader reinforces the tenets of stepping forward, collaborating and contributing. This role involves encouraging othe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.516 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "communication", "management", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 490 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644419 | [
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rship, excellent communication skills are a must. In order for successful communication to occur, both the sender and receiver must understand the message. This means that active listening is just as important as active talking [ 22 ]. Language used needs to be [ 22 ]: Clear Communicate with clarity of your purpose and... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.868 | ["communication", "leadership", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644476 | [
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active listening Acknowledge what has been communicated, and use questioning skills Show that you value others and their contributions Challenges for leaders in healthcare education There are a number of unique challenges in healthcare education. Healthcare education is delivered across professional disciplines, and no... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.806 | ["education", "crisis", "leadership", "communication", "career"] | 420 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644525 | [
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universities, hospitals, and healthcare services. In turn, these organisations are bound by their own systems, structures, policies, cultures and values. At some point, most leaders in healthcare education need to make a decision about their leadership direction, and whether it lies predominantly in higher education or... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.818 | ["education", "leadership", "decision_making", "ethics"] | 416 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644620 | [
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ndergraduate education or postgraduate education. It can be difficult to merge roles between organisations, and McKimm (2004) has identified a number of issues and challenges specific to health education leaders, outlined in Table 5 [ 22 , 23 ]. Throughout a career, it may be necessary to maintain an awareness of avail... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.579 | 0.85 | ["education", "crisis", "leadership", "career", "war_conflict"] | 457 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644691 | [
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capabilities [ 22 , 23 ] (see Fig. 1 ). Table 5. Issues and challenges of health education leaders (adapted from McKimm, 2004) [ 22 , 23 ] Personal issues • It can be difficult to maintain an appropriate work-life balance, particularly for those with family responsibilities. • Managing both clinical and academic career... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.85 | ["crisis", "leadership", "management", "career", "family"] | 459 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644749 | [
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understand the culture of their own organisation. • Some healthcare disciplines may better facilitate the demands of both clinical and academic life. Balancing competing agendas • Dual demands of the higher education sector, which is highly accountable, and healthcare systems, with rapid change, may be stressful for he... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.854 | ["education", "leadership", "career", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644805 | [
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help drive new issues, such as interprofessional learning and collaboration. They need to help promote diversity and innovation in leadership. Open in a new tab Fig. 1. Open in a new tab Reflection task Development of leadership skills Workforce data indicates that many experienced clinicians and healthcare educators w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.87 | ["leadership", "communication", "strategy", "innovation", "career"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644872 | [
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7 ], with a current shortage of emerging leaders moving into leadership roles. Effective leaders need to be nurtured and supported by the organisations in which they are educated, train and work [ 6 ]. As a learned skill, the topic of leadership is gathering momentum as a key curriculum area. Leadership development, as... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "career", "education"] | 418 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644930 | [
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e education and training of health professionals. Aspiring and current leaders can be identified, trained and assessed through formal leadership development programs, and through supportive organisational cultures. This requires embedding leadership training programs, opportunities for leadership practice, and promotio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "career", "education", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.644988 | [
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fering a means to further enhance leadership and engagement within the workforce [ 28 ]. While many are assigned as leaders through their job title, it is important to identify, support and develop emerging leaders [ 2 ]. Leadership consists of a learnable set of practices and skills that can be developed by reading li... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.467 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "career", "communication", "education"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.645095 | [
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learning and communication in the work setting, and collaboration across organisations assists in leadership development. Developing leadership skills is a life-long process [ 21 ]. Resources and opportunities should be considered to assist in the development of leadership skills. Some examples include: Reading about l... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "communication", "economy", "education", "rhetoric"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.645151 | [
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mentor Joining small group seminars on leadership development Accepting more responsibilities when required, or when opportunities arise. Process for effective leadership A title is not required to enable effective leadership. Leadership may occur in everyday work, and occurs in collaboration with other professionals w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.474 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "communication", "career", "economy", "education"] | 466 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.645216 | [
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research, and/or excellence in clinical practice. Leadership roles include the important concept of management of both personal and professional practice. Priorities need to be set and time managed to integrate work and personal life. Tools can be used to stay organised, and deliberately manage busy schedules. Effectiv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.463 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "management", "career"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.645286 | [
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sh steps and a sequence to achieve the desired outcomes List required resources, considering the competencies of individual team members, and match tasks appropriately (also consider skill development needs) Communicate with team members, monitor progress in activities and provide guidance to team members. Conclusion L... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "management", "communication", "career", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.645341 | [
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ofessions, including allied health, nursing, pharmacy, dentistry, and medicine, in meeting the needs of healthcare in the twenty-first century [ 30 ]. With an increase in interprofessional teams and an emphasis on collaboration, more effective outcomes are achieved [ 5 ]. Healthcare education leaders are required to wo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.842 | ["leadership", "economy", "communication", "management", "career"] | 491 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.645390 | [
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leadership roles, but may occur in everyday work. Good leadership also means knowing when, and how to support others in their endeavours. Provision of opportunities for leadership development is crucial in improving education sectors and health services, and effecting change. The future belongs to healthcare education ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.453 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "education", "strategy", "management"] | 466 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.645448 | [
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responsibly balance accountability with autonomy. Take-home message • Titles are not always linked to leadership roles. • The role of today’s leader requires stepping forward, collaborating and contributing. • A good leader is a good team player who values and seeks the opinions of others. • Leadership requires clear, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.63 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "education", "communication", "management", "ethics"] | 451 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.645503 | [
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pen in a new tab Acknowledgements Not applicable. About this supplement This article has been published as part of BMC Medical Education Volume 20 Supplement 2, 2020: Peer Teacher Training in health professional education. The full contents of the supplement are available online at URL. https://bmcmedicaleducation.biom... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.684 | ["education", "career", "resume"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.645558 | [
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to the drafting, and critical review of the manuscript. CR contributed to the critical review of the manuscript. All authors read and reviewed the final version of the manuscript. Funding No funding was received. Availability of data and materials Not applicable. Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicabl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7712520/ | Leadership in healthcare education - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.521 | 0.678 | ["ethics"] | 434 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:14.645611 | [
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J Interprof Care . Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Jan 8. Published in final edited form as: J Interprof Care. 2019 Apr 30;34(1):76–86. doi: 10.1080/13561820.2019.1604496 Impact of Leadership Development Workshops in Facilitating Team-Based Practice Transformation Mayumi A Willgerodt Mayumi A Willgerodt 1 Uni... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6821575/ | Impact of Leadership Development Workshops in Facilitating Team-Based Practice Transformation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.64 | 0.698 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy", "management"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.132381 | [
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rticles by Erin Abu-Rish Blakeney 1 , Nicole Woodard Nicole Woodard 1 University of Washington Find articles by Nicole Woodard 1 , Mia T Vogel Mia T Vogel 1 University of Washington Find articles by Mia T Vogel 1 , Debra A Liner Debra A Liner 1 University of Washington Find articles by Debra A Liner 1 , Brenda Zierler ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6821575/ | Impact of Leadership Development Workshops in Facilitating Team-Based Practice Transformation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.708 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.132656 | [
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1 University of Washington ✉ Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Mayumi A. Willgerodt, Department of Family and Child Nursing, University of Washington, Box 357262, Seattle, WA 98115, mayumiw@uw.edu Issue date 2020 Jan-Feb. PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC6821575 NIHMSID: NIHMS1036890 PMID: 310... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6821575/ | Impact of Leadership Development Workshops in Facilitating Team-Based Practice Transformation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.403 | 0.836 | ["education", "communication", "career", "economy", "family"] | 510 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.132727 | [
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actice (IPCP) environments requires a systematic, multi-pronged approach. Despite recognition of the need for IPCP, interventions that support its development are not well described in the literature. Leadership training is necessary for individuals and teams to build IPCP-supportive environments. This study describes ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6821575/ | Impact of Leadership Development Workshops in Facilitating Team-Based Practice Transformation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "management", "education", "philosophy"] | 450 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.132799 | [
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then IPCP and facilitate practice transformation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 healthcare professionals who described ways in which the workshops influenced the team-based practice transformation. change process. Thematic analysis indicated that the workshops were instrumental in providing structur... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6821575/ | Impact of Leadership Development Workshops in Facilitating Team-Based Practice Transformation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.585 | 0.81 | ["management", "philosophy", "career", "interview"] | 438 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.133007 | [
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es, and change behavior to improve team outcomes. Findings highlight the importance of supporting individual and team development over time and suggest that intentional, targeted coaching focused on relationship building and meeting the evolving needs of the team is critical to the implementation and sustainment of pra... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6821575/ | Impact of Leadership Development Workshops in Facilitating Team-Based Practice Transformation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.828 | ["management", "leadership", "career", "networking", "economy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.133390 | [
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e Introduction The development of interprofessional collaborative practice (IPCP) environments is key to achieving the Institute for Healthcare Improvement Quadruple Aim of improving patient experience, work life of health-care providers, and population health while reducing cost ( Bodenheimer & Sinsky, 2014 ; Brandt, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6821575/ | Impact of Leadership Development Workshops in Facilitating Team-Based Practice Transformation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.83 | ["communication", "management", "career", "economy"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.133627 | [
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ited to improve health outcomes, patient experiences, and work satisfaction of healthcare professionals ( Reeves, Lewin, Espin, & Zwarenstein, 2010 ). While there is general consensus on the need for IPCP, the implementation of team-based care to support IPCP is not well articulated in the literature ( Baik et al., 201... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6821575/ | Impact of Leadership Development Workshops in Facilitating Team-Based Practice Transformation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.466 | 0.856 | ["management", "leadership", "career", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.133693 | [
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of leaders to champion, implement, and sustain IPCP ( Interprofessional Education Collaborative, 2016 ). This paper reports findings from a qualitative study conducted to explore the influence of leadership development workshops in facilitating practice transformation through developing and implementing structured inte... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6821575/ | Impact of Leadership Development Workshops in Facilitating Team-Based Practice Transformation - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.587 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "education", "career", "economy", "philosophy"] | 511 | Leader as Coach Developing Others | topic | 2026-03-27T02:00:15.133857 | [
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