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tion view the Sage Journals article sharing page. Information Published In View Small Group Research Volume 29 , Issue 4 Pages : 452 - 471 Article first published : August 1998 Issue published : August 1998 Rights and permissions Request permissions for this article. Request Permissions Authors Affiliations Scott D. Jo... | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1046496498294003 | Examining the Relationship Between Listening Effectiveness and Leadership Emergence - Scott D. Johnson, Curt Bechler, 1998 | journals.sagepub.com | unknown | false | 0.296 | 0.858 | ["social_justice", "education", "philosophy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.427926 | [
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rnals metrics This article was published in Small Group Research . View All Journal Metrics Publication usage * Total views and downloads: 1296 * Publication usage tracking started in December 2016 Publications citing this one Receive email alerts when this publication is cited Sign up to citation alerts Web of Science... | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1046496498294003 | Examining the Relationship Between Listening Effectiveness and Leadership Emergence - Scott D. Johnson, Curt Bechler, 1998 | journals.sagepub.com | unknown | false | 0.4 | 0.706 | [] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.427969 | [
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rs' behaviors Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar Unraveling the influence of leadership behaviors on leader emergence in virtual teams Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar Listening in team meetings – what is the team leader’s influence? Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar Positive Psychologie und Führung – ei... | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1046496498294003 | Examining the Relationship Between Listening Effectiveness and Leadership Emergence - Scott D. Johnson, Curt Bechler, 1998 | journals.sagepub.com | unknown | false | 0.295 | 0.704 | ["leadership", "management", "strategy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.428010 | [
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c listening for value creation Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar How do people perceive listeners? Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar Tell-and-sell or ask-and-listen: A self-concept perspective on why it needs leadership communication flexibility to engage subordinates at work Go to citation Crossref Google Sc... | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1046496498294003 | Examining the Relationship Between Listening Effectiveness and Leadership Emergence - Scott D. Johnson, Curt Bechler, 1998 | journals.sagepub.com | unknown | false | 0.7 | 0.698 | ["leadership", "communication"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.428041 | [
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ar Listening in Organizations: A Synthesis and Future Agenda Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar Harnessing the power of chatbot social conversation for organizational listening: The impact on perceived transparency and organization-public relationships Go to citation Crossref Google Scholar View More Figures & Medi... | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1046496498294003 | Examining the Relationship Between Listening Effectiveness and Leadership Emergence - Scott D. Johnson, Curt Bechler, 1998 | journals.sagepub.com | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.698 | ["networking", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.428072 | [
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om the options below: Sage Journals profile I am signed in as: View my profile Sign out I can access personal subscriptions, purchases, paired institutional access and free tools such as favourite journals, email alerts and saved searches. OR Create profile Institution loading institutional access options Click the but... | https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1046496498294003 | Examining the Relationship Between Listening Effectiveness and Leadership Emergence - Scott D. Johnson, Curt Bechler, 1998 | journals.sagepub.com | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.706 | [] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.428102 | [
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tribution CC BY Reviews Learn more about reviews. The following reviews were for a previous edition. Reviewed by Steve Custer, Professor, Oakland City University on 10/3/24 Management Communication provides an excellent framework for any discussion of effective and efficient communication in business. Its content encom... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.983 | 0.818 | ["communication", "management", "education"] | 413 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548021 | [
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You are offline and only viewing locally cached content. Management Communication: Strategic Insights and Practical Skills for Modern Business Communication Leaders - 5th Edition (8 reviews) Elizabeth A. Dixon, Brigham Young University Lisa Thomas, Brigham Young University Copyright Year: 2025 Publisher: The Marriott S... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.994 | 0.83 | ["education", "communication", "leadership", "strategy", "management"] | 470 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548140 | [
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ting material furnishes a wonderful toolbox of... read more Reviewed by Steve Custer, Professor, Oakland City University on 10/3/24 Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less Management Communication provides an excellent framework for any discussion of effective and efficient communication in business. Its content encompass... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.915 | 0.822 | ["communication", "management", "education"] | 440 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548191 | [
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rful toolbox of resources for classroom guidance. In fact, this text would be worthwhile to incorporate in just about any undergraduate business course and would greatly enhance the subject matter. Content Accuracy rating: 5 Upon inspection, no errors were observed by this reviewer. Relevance/Longevity rating: 5 Manage... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.699 | 0.846 | ["communication", "management"] | 493 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548235 | [
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serve as excellent conversation starters as well. The chapter on branding was a particular highlight in terms of defining how critically important it is to develop a positive social media presence in one's personal brand. Clarity rating: 5 This text was presented in a logical fashion and was extremely easy to read and ... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.862 | [] | 508 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548271 | [
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reviewer did not observe any grammatical issues. Cultural Relevance rating: 5 The reviewer did not notice any offensive or insensitive material. Comments Management Communication was a pleasure to read and it would be an excellent resource to include in undergraduate classes. This reviewer highly recommends it. Reviewe... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.7 | 0.85 | ["communication", "management", "education"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548311 | [
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ing tool that combines both text with links to online stories, research, and videos. read more Reviewed by Barbara Tarter, Full Professor, Marshall University on 4/11/23 Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less The textbook is extremely comprehensive and provides an interactive teaching tool that combines both text with li... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.387 | 0.832 | ["education"] | 434 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548363 | [
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ing: 5 The accuracy of the material is very high. As a teacher of Communication Studies for over twenty years, I was pleased to see the well-rounded coverage of both nonverbal and verbal cues included in the text. Relevance/Longevity rating: 5 I love the section on writing concisely as this continues to be a problem fo... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.909 | 0.856 | ["communication"] | 462 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548397 | [
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ry in the field of business and in everyday life. Clarity rating: 5 The textbook is clear and concise with available links taking the reader to a more in-depth review of the material. Consistency rating: 5 The textbook used a consist framework throughout and was quick to define any terminology that might be unclear. Mo... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.299 | 0.87 | [] | 503 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548426 | [
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in a different order, if the instructor desired. Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4 The textbook does have a clear organizational pattern and leads the reader into all areas of communication by providing interactive links, testimonials, and examples. The Link and Learn icons were a little confusing as they did not s... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.903 | 0.856 | ["communication", "crisis"] | 484 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548455 | [
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ing in the text that seemed offensive in any way. Comments An excellent textbook that I would consider using in both sections of my graduate and undergraduate courses. The writing of students has really declined in the last five years. It is refreshing to see a textbook that has taken them back to the basics. The inclu... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.895 | 0.868 | ["communication"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548484 | [
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tion courses as writing-intensive, this textbook fits the bill perfectly. Reviewed by Vapordeal Sanders, Assistant Professor, Clarke University on 12/15/22 The text covers many skill areas of communication that allow us to manage communication in our professional life including writing, planning, organizing, building, ... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.895 | 0.828 | ["communication", "education", "strategy", "management", "career"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548511 | [
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Clarke University on 12/15/22 Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less The text covers many skill areas of communication that allow us to manage communication in our professional life including writing, planning, organizing, building, researching, formatting, revising, managing, persuading, showing, presenting, branding, w... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.909 | 0.824 | ["communication", "strategy", "management", "career", "education"] | 461 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548539 | [
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tegories that match your objectives and outcomes. Content Accuracy rating: 5 The information is in line with 21st-century current topics, skills, needs, and demands. The format is in line with current and future audiences that range from “new school”l to “old schoo”l types. Some like information in bite-size nuggets fo... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.297 | 0.864 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 508 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548572 | [
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h chapter has a built-in quick link for feedback. The author has considered their audience in terms of what was needed in the past that is currently needed and will still be needed in the future. There is a contemporary approach to the layout and design that includes the use of symbols and color coding. Clarity rating:... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.895 | 0.888 | ["communication", "management"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548599 | [
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on” and it is woven in such a manner that you do not need a dictionary to decipher. The approach of the other quickly becomes clear because of a consistent format in section types and the use of symbols and color coding. Consistency rating: 5 The reader knows what to expect in each chapter in terms of categories of inf... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.301 | 0.866 | ["philosophy"] | 495 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548626 | [
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hapter has core information on the chapter topic. Modularity rating: 4 The reader can quickly see that each chapter has a modular approach. The content is well organized with good subheadings and bite-size chunks of information to easily digest. Bite-size in this text, fits the truth that more does not mean better if t... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.295 | 0.864 | ["philosophy", "innovation"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548653 | [
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ts the information in a systematic and creative manner. The author lets you see the subheadings and distinguish types of information with the use of subheadings and symbols. The inclusion of a continuum tool serves as an anchor for quickly going back, going forward, or accessing the table of contents Interface rating: ... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.866 | ["philosophy", "innovation", "war_conflict"] | 498 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548681 | [
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rse in terms of gender, age, ethnicity, and race. There are diverse charts, graphs, and photographs that are linear or creative. The use of cultural colors is broad and includes, black, gray, red, yellow, orange, blue, and green. Comments I think the table of contents is very eye-appealing with the titles that look to ... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.868 | ["communication", "innovation", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548715 | [
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n 1/10/21 This open textbook addresses a variety of relevant topics in management and business communication. The information is very useful and applicable to real world experiences. The authors engage and challenge students who communicate at varying skill... read more Reviewed by Terese Stratta, Associate Professor, ... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.697 | 0.838 | ["communication", "management", "crisis", "education", "philosophy"] | 485 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548743 | [
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topics in management and business communication. The information is very useful and applicable to real world experiences. The authors engage and challenge students who communicate at varying skill levels. Formatting and links will keep the attention of students. The authors use a broad and comprehensive list of resourc... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.7 | 0.844 | ["communication", "management", "philosophy", "crisis"] | 504 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548772 | [
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relevant topics within management communication. The information is presented in a meaningful manner. Clarity rating: 5 The text is clear, concise, and grammatically correct. Consistency rating: 5 All topics are presented in a logical and structured manner. Terminology and concepts are consistent across chapters. Modul... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.692 | 0.832 | ["communication", "management", "philosophy"] | 459 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548799 | [
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essors can assign sections of the text as needed. Each chapter is followed with very useful references. Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5 The topics are presented in a logical manner. Interface rating: 5 Interface issues were not noted. The graphics were consistent and were easy to understand. Grammatical Errors ra... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.698 | 0.844 | ["communication", "crisis"] | 490 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548826 | [
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ommunication challenges of a global organization. In addition, the text provides general guidelines for communication across cultural groups. Comments I wish I would have used this textbook when I taught Business Communication three years ago. This text is straight-forward and concise, and addresses the skill levels of... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.895 | 0.852 | ["communication", "crisis", "war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548853 | [
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ommunication from written to verbal within the context of management. Each chapter clearly targets a particular aspect of communication and provides practical explanations and examples. This is a very... read more Reviewed by Carol Hutchinson, Assistant Professor, George Fox University on 1/27/20 Comprehensiveness rati... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.69 | 0.832 | ["communication", "management", "education"] | 451 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548880 | [
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itten to verbal within the context of management. Each chapter clearly targets a particular aspect of communication and provides practical explanations and examples. This is a very useful text for any student preparing for a management or leadership role. Content Accuracy rating: 5 I found no errors. All the informatio... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.69 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "communication", "management", "philosophy", "innovation"] | 449 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548905 | [
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new application of concepts throughout the text. Consistency rating: 5 The tone was consistent throughout. The text was also consistent in the layout, color contrast and use of text boxes. The language was accessible and when uncommon terms were used they were carefully and clearly defined. The authors truly sought to ... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.7 | 0.866 | ["communication", "crisis", "resume"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548930 | [
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r to some degree, it would not be difficult to use some blocks of material in an order other than the textual format. The early chapters on writing would be difficult to take out of order. Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5 The move from one chapter to another was seamless and made perfect sense. Each chapter began ... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.882 | ["crisis", "philosophy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548953 | [
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le from other ethnic backgrounds to comment upon. Comments The text was well written, creative and practical in its approach to communication for managers. I will likely use some of the chapters for one of my courses. Much of the text emphasized writing skills, but it also contained excellent chapters on presentations ... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.997 | 0.86 | ["communication", "management", "innovation", "career"] | 483 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548974 | [
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r, there were excellent suggestions and examples. Reviewed by Jodie Bowers, Assistant Professor, Ancilla College on 12/17/19 I believe this text does a fine job of addressing many areas of business and management communication. The author covers the basics that I would expect to find in a business and professional comm... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.7 | 0.858 | ["communication", "career", "management"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.548996 | [
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prehensiveness rating: 5 see less I believe this text does a fine job of addressing many areas of business and management communication. The author covers the basics that I would expect to find in a business and professional communication class. I particularly like that the text is written and formatted in such a succi... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.7 | 0.88 | ["communication", "career", "management", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549017 | [
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make the subject matter their own and fit the needs of the individual classes. It is not bogged down with filler content and unnecessary information as many other business communication texts seem to be. I also appreciate that the author links many external articles, websites, and infographics throughout the text so th... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.684 | 0.84 | ["communication", "philosophy"] | 420 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549040 | [
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hout becoming outdated in a short period of time. Clarity rating: 5 The text is very easy to read and understand. Any specific jargon or technical terminology is explained when necessary. The quotes from alumni or professionals give great context to the concepts being covered as well. Consistency rating: 5 The terminol... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.864 | ["career"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549061 | [
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ating: 5 I did not notice any grammatical errors. Cultural Relevance rating: 5 The text is covering basic skills that apply to all professionals. There were culturally diverse examples included. Comments This is a great book. I look forward to including it in my Business and Professional Communication course as supplem... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.908 | 0.846 | ["career", "communication", "management", "war_conflict"] | 467 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549084 | [
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mation that enhances the existing outline format. Content Accuracy rating: 5 The book is error free and no bias detected. Relevance/Longevity rating: 4 Content is current to today's managerial communications. There are multiple links to videos and articles and as with a textbook of this nature, you can expect that some... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.7 | 0.868 | ["philosophy", "communication", "management"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549107 | [
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to other resources are available in case the reader needs additional information. Consistency rating: 5 Not surprising for a managerial communication textbook, it follows "to the letter" English standards Modularity rating: 5 Virtually each page of the textbook has a topic of its own. Each page is written in appropriat... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.699 | 0.852 | ["philosophy", "communication", "management"] | 494 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549128 | [
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ers that English may not be their first language. The textbook is also sensitive to send the appropriate message to any audience/race/culture. The textbook is limited however in using scenarios and support information such as articles and links. Comments The textbook is suitable for associate and bachelor's level manag... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.694 | 0.842 | ["communication", "management", "philosophy"] | 468 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549151 | [
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your own supplemental materials. Reviewed by Dr. Eva Johnson, Director, LSUS on 4/5/19, updated 5/6/19 The textbook is very comprehensive covering each communication tool in a manner that is easy for students or anyone to read with helpful examples. Each subject matter is indexed and highlighted. read more Reviewed by ... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.7 | 0.86 | ["communication"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549175 | [
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ch communication tool in a manner that is easy for students or anyone to read with helpful examples. Each subject matter is indexed and highlighted. Content Accuracy rating: 5 The content is very accurate with examples that are universal, error-free and unbiased. Relevance/Longevity rating: 5 The content is up-to-date,... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.7 | 0.85 | ["communication", "philosophy"] | 499 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549197 | [
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with terminology that is universally understood. Consistency rating: 5 The textbook framework and terminology is consistent throughout the textbook. While each section has a color division, the terminology is consistent. Modularity rating: 5 The textbook is divided into small reading sections color-coded with the appro... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.316 | 0.826 | ["strategy"] | 437 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549219 | [
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The text has no culturally sensitive information. The examples are inclusive of all backgrounds and cultures. Comments I really enjoyed the textbook. The color-coded section kept my attention. The small pockets of information were clear, concise and not overwhelming. This is the type of textbook that I think every stud... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.87 | ["philosophy", "strategy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549240 | [
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ite (with Gen Ai) Chapter 4 - Analyze Chapter 5 - Strategize Chapter 6 - Research Chapter 7 - Visualize and Interpret Data Chapter 8 - Organize Chapter 9 - Draft for Impact Chapter 10 - Design and Format Chapter 11 - Revise Chapter 12 - Collaborate Chapter 13 - Present Appendices About the Book This comprehensive resou... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.895 | 0.71 | ["communication", "philosophy", "career", "economy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549262 | [
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gating the writing process, developing information and data literacy skills, professionally formatting documents and presentation media, giving and receiving feedback, delivering difficult messages, communicating collaboratively, and delivering world-class business presentations. Focusing on practical application to re... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.307 | 0.806 | ["communication", "philosophy", "leadership", "crisis", "career"] | 471 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549285 | [
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d confidently communicate with diverse audiences. This textbook is an indispensable guide for those seeking to master the art of business communication. For any questions or suggestions, please contact BYUMCOM@byu.edu About the Contributors Authors Elizabeth A. Dixon , Brigham Young University Lisa Thomas , Brigham You... | https://open.umn.edu/opentextbooks/textbooks/672 | Management Communication - Open Textbook Library | open.umn.edu | unknown | false | 0.918 | 0.824 | ["communication", "education"] | 431 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.549307 | [
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Information in the public domain About this detailed guidance This guidance is written for public authorities. It discusses what you should consider when dealing with FOI and EIR requests when there is already information, or some related information, in the public domain. In particular, this guidance will help you to ... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.866 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726192 | [
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gly being available and accessible to the public. Therefore, the first step is to have an understanding of the most common public domain sources. Information can be found from a variety of sources including, but not limited to: websites, including FOI forums such as whatdotheyknow , social networking sites, press relea... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.848 | ["governance", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726304 | [
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ible at the time of you dealing with the request. Is the information realistically accessible to a member of the general public? Information is in the public domain if it is easily, readily and realistically accessible to the public. One example of this is information which can be easily found through a simple internet... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.876 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726350 | [
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es to access the footage can easily do so” [para. 36] The information should also be available in practice and finding it should not require unrealistic persistence or efforts nor any specialised knowledge. This interpretation was established by the High Court of Justice in the landmark case of Attorney General v Great... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.868 | ["philosophy", "social_justice", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726388 | [
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Ltd [2001] EWHC QB 451 (4 December, 2001), the High Court of Justice reached the conclusion that for information to be considered as being in the public domain, the public should have direct, rather than indirect, access to it. Further, finding the information should not require any background knowledge or persistence.... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "social_justice", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726424 | [
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whereabouts of two boys after their release from prison. They had been convicted of murder. Prior to their release, the Attorney General had obtained an injunction order restraining the publication of any information which could lead to the re-identification and location of the two boys. The order included a proviso, w... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.304 | 0.854 | ["philosophy"] | 482 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726458 | [
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MEN’s article released new pieces of information. The Court examined whether “the additional information provided by the MEN article was nonetheless in the public domain. Could that information have been obtained in some other way by searching Government Department internet websites, or publications [available in libra... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.295 | 0.858 | ["philosophy", "governance"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726493 | [
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, not engaged in statistics or research of some sort, amount to being as a matter of reality in the public domain?” [para. 27]. The Court concluded that it wasn’t, providing the following rationale: “In general, I would agree that information available in the public library was accessible to the public. In the present ... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.295 | 0.872 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726528 | [
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s were not aware of these sources of information. “I have come to the conclusion that accessibility to the general public of Government statistical information is, in the present context, theoretical and therefore not generally accessible to the public.” [para. 32 – 33]. This case was not decided under access to inform... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.301 | 0.856 | ["philosophy", "governance", "decision_making", "war_conflict", "social_justice"] | 493 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726562 | [
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ked for the specific number of complaints upheld. The Commissioner argued “[W]hilst the complainant could undertake an online search for ministerial misconduct complaints, the Commissioner considers that the complainant would have to already know the number of upheld complaints per year to be certain that he had locate... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.858 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726597 | [
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ormation subject to a prohibition on disclosure). The applicant objected as a draft of the report had been leaked to various parties and subsequently quoted in proceedings of the Treasury Select Committee, news reports and court proceedings. The Tribunal found that, although the draft report had been leaked, it did not... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.868 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726630 | [
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Treasury and Civil Service Committee” [para. 32]. Similarly, the fact that some of the information is known to the applicant or a few other individuals does not mean that information is in the public domain. You still need to consider whether a hypothetical member of the general public can realistically and easily acce... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.872 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726668 | [
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would create an actionable breach of confidence. The applicant appealed on the grounds the information did not have the necessary quality of confidence and could therefore be released. They argued the disputed information contained details already known to them and, as a result, the information could be considered as b... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.864 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726704 | [
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by the Informant is not public knowledge.” [para. 42] The question of whether the information is realistically accessible to a hypothetical member of the general public is different to whether the information is reasonably accessible to the applicant. In the latter case, you should consider if you can apply section 21,... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.856 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726738 | [
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o have entered and remained in the public domain. This applies if it was reproduced in publicly and permanently available sources, such as online disclosure logs, press releases and newspapers or online FOI forums, such as WhatDoTheyKnow. In theory any disclosure under FOIA or the EIR means a disclosure to the public. ... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.866 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726773 | [
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general public can realistically access it in practice. Information may also still be considered as being in the public domain even though access is subject to the payment of a fee. Example In the case of S v IC and the General Register Office (GRO) (EA/2006/0030, 9 May 2007), the Tribunal noted that “(…) the specific ... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.884 | ["salary", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726808 | [
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cessible at the time of dealing with the request? The relevant time for considering what information is in the public domain is when you deal with the request. At the latest, this is the time when you must issue your response in accordance with FOIA statutory timeframes. Example In Montague v Information Commissioner a... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.87 | ["philosophy", "decision_making", "economy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726843 | [
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withhold any remaining information within scope. The FtT made its assessment at the time when the authority had concluded its internal review. In considering the public interest factors, the FtT took into account the information disclosed by the DiT after it had concluded dealing with the request. The FtT decided that ... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.296 | 0.86 | ["philosophy", "decision_making"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726877 | [
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at the FtT had taken the wrong legal approach when reaching its conclusion. At para. 89, the UT said: “The wider error the FtT made (…) was on the face of it to weigh in the effect on the public interest balance disclosures that only took place after 8 February 2018 [ie the date when the authority issued its refusal no... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.384 | 0.852 | [] | 421 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726908 | [
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to take place. This was the wrong legal approach. The correct approach was for the FtT to ask, in respect of each piece of information separately, whether at the date of the 8 February 2018 refusal decision, the public interest in maintaining a given exemption outweighed that in favour of disclosure, taking account of ... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.4 | 0.876 | ["philosophy", "decision_making"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726938 | [
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e prior to the information request does not necessarily remain there indefinitely. Key is whether at the time of dealing with a request a hypothetical member of the general public is in a position to realistically access it in practice. The fact that the information had previously been published or disseminated, includ... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.87 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726967 | [
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e time of the authority dealing with the request. The case concerned a request for a copy of a determination about a doctor’s fitness to practice. The public authority was the General Medical Council (GMC). The GMC refused the request as the requested information contained personal data and disclosing it would be in br... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.314 | 0.842 | ["philosophy"] | 445 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.726994 | [
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from the medical register available for 10 years. This period had already passed when the applicant submitted the request about the doctor. The First-tier Tribunal found the information was not in the public domain “at the relevant time”. The Upper Tribunal endorsed this finding and stated: “as a result of that unconte... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.872 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727022 | [
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f information in the public domain on disclosure. You need to consider the quality and content of the information in the public domain, compare it carefully with the requested information you hold and make an assessment about how this may affect your response. The ICO acknowledges that this may not always be possible. ... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.872 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 510 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727050 | [
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what is, or is not, already in the public domain. In such cases, you might find it helpful to look in the round at the matter the requested information is about, then consider to what extent such matter has been publicly discussed and debated. You should not assume that information in the public domain will automatical... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.87 | ["philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727079 | [
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e there is already information or related information in the public domain. You need to make a decision on a case-by-case basis, depending on the exact content of the information and context of the disclosure. The principle of the importance of taking into account the context of the disclosure was established by the Hi... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.87 | ["philosophy", "decision_making"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727107 | [
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essment about Iraq’s Weapons of Mass Destruction. The formerly known Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) refused the request by relying on section 36 (prejudice to the effective conduct of public affairs). The authority argued that disclosure of the Williams report would inhibit the free and frank provision of advice... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.856 | ["strategy", "diplomacy", "economy", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727136 | [
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any risk of inhibition was considerably reduced by the fact that there was already a significant amount of information in the public domain. This was a result of the publication of a different report, the Hutton report, about the circumstances surrounding the death of an employee of the Ministry of Defence. The First-t... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.864 | ["philosophy"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727164 | [
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quested information were the first information on the drafting process to be put into the public domain” [para 26]. On the basis of this, the First-tier Tribunal concluded that “the ‘chilling effect’ would have been quite limited, given that the Hutton Report had not only put into the public domain a great deal of info... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.726 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727192 | [
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ublic was in a good position to place the Williams draft into its correct context” [para. 28]. Bearing in mind what is already in the public domain, you always need to consider the likelihood of any harm on a case-by-case basis. You should look at whether the disclosure may reveal anything new beyond what may already b... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.88 | [] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727218 | [
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ive issue or reopen a debate at a particularly sensitive time. Safe space or chilling effect arguments about prejudice may not have the same force when there is already information, or similar information, in the public domain at a given point in time. The requested information may be more detailed than the information... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 500 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727245 | [
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on in the public domain about the Special Branch. In particular, the requester noted that the authority had previously released information from the Special Branch in response to FOIA requests about different groups. He also pointed out the existence of a BBC documentary, ‘True Spies’ in which ex-Special Branch officer... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.864 | ["interview", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727274 | [
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ch they stated that they had assisted the BBC with its research on the topic. In light of the information already in the public domain, the requester argued that there could be no potential for harm because the requested information was already effectively a matter of public record. He also contended that the press rel... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.305 | 0.856 | ["philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 479 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727301 | [
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the information in the context of its disclosure. Example In Cole v IC and Ministry of Defence (EA/2016/0290, 11 July 2017) , the First-tier Tribunal accepted the public authority’s evidence that the requested information, if released, could be collated with other information in the public domain and concluded that thi... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.86 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727329 | [
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ion. It was also released in a different context. The FTT went on to acknowledge the higher likelihood of prejudice which could stem from the possibility that the requested information could be combined with other information in the public domain before concluding: “answers [to the FOIA request] would provide an insigh... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.864 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727358 | [
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disclosure of the requested information would be. Although the information in the public domain was of a similar nature, it did not provide the same level of detail and insight into the MOD’s operations. The authority was also able to demonstrate the time-sensitivity of the requested information compared to previous re... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.866 | ["philosophy", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727386 | [
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related information has been harmful in the past. You should also explain how this supports your arguments for withholding the requested information in the current circumstances. What are the public interest factors? After considering the effects information in the public domain may have on the likelihood of prejudice,... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.864 | ["philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727414 | [
0.026321344077587128,
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thing new beyond what is already known to the public. In the ICO’s view, even though there is already information or some related information in the public domain, there will always still be some general residual interest in disclosure. That is, you should always give some weight to general transparency and full pictur... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.864 | ["philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727442 | [
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ch would further inform public debate on a particular issue; corroborate a previously unreliable source or leak; or give previously unknown context to the information already known. The factors will also carry additional weight if in light of information or some related information in the public domain: there is object... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.714 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727470 | [
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the UK’s armed forces to military action in Iraq. The Cabinet Office refused to disclose the information by relying on section 35 (formulation of government policy). It argued that the public interest in maintaining the exemption outweighed the public interest in disclosure. The Tribunal rejected the authority’s argume... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.852 | ["philosophy", "governance", "war_conflict", "education", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727500 | [
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in maintaining the confidentiality of the information and preserving the principle of collective responsibility. However, it ultimately concluded that: “the public interest factors in favour of disclosure are, in the view of the majority, very compelling. The decision to commit the nation’s armed forces to the invasion... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.858 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727528 | [
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the Butler Report) of the general decision making processes in the Cabinet at the time. There has also been criticism of the Attorney General’s legal advice and of the particular way in which the 17 March Opinion was made available to the Cabinet only at the last moment and the 7 March Opinion was not disclosed to it a... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.296 | 0.888 | ["decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727555 | [
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crucial significance to an understanding of a hugely important step in the nation’s recent history and the accountability of those who caused it to be taken” [para. 79]. How much weight you give to such arguments is likely to depend on: the severity of the suspected wrongdoing; the evidence substantiating any allegatio... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.856 | ["rhetoric", "communication", "governance", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 505 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727584 | [
-0.009951694868505001,
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information reflecting proceedings in Parliament. For example, Hansard or select committees reports. This is because parliamentary privilege prevents anyone else from considering or questioning the accuracy or reliability of such information. If there is information in the public domain which may give rise to suspicion... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.85 | ["philosophy", "governance"] | 499 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727614 | [
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vealing anything new beyond what is already know. Example In Baker v IC and the Department for Communities and Local Government (EA/2006/0043, 1 June 2007) , the Tribunal reasoned that: “one reason for having a freedom of information regime is to protect Ministers and their advisers from suspicion or innuendo to the ef... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.72 | ["philosophy", "decision_making", "governance", "social_justice"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727642 | [
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whose very invention illustrates this tendency towards cynicism and mistrust). Disclosure of internal communications is not therefore predicated by a need to bring to light any wrongdoing of this kind. Rather, by making the whole picture available, it should enable the public to satisfy itself that it need have no conc... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.7 | 0.862 | ["communication", "war_conflict", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727670 | [
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ing or debating the issue is being met elsewhere. This is because FOIA and the EIR exist as an additional, rather than alternative, means of promoting public debate and transparency. Example In Department of Health v IC (EA/2008/0018, 18 November 2008) , the Tribunal rejected the authority’s argument that the public in... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.858 | ["philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 498 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727698 | [
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to the issue the requested information was about. The applicant had requested a copy of a contract to provide electronic recruitment services for the NHS. The Department of Health refused to disclose the information. It claimed, as one of the factors which reduced the general public interest in the transparency of gove... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.862 | ["governance", "philosophy", "decision_making", "economy"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727726 | [
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0.0017950342735275626,
-0.011851150542497635,
0.026300394907593727,
-0.03... | ||
the exemption or exception. Example In Willow v. Information Commissioner and another [2017] EWCA Civ. 1876 [22 November 2017] , the Court of Appeal (CoA) decided the First-tier Tribunal and the Upper Tribunal were right to give weight to the information in the public domain. They had decided that the Ministry of Justi... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.297 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "decision_making", "management", "social_justice", "family"] | 507 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727755 | [
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0.12030180543661118,
0.015020985156297684,
0.013436202891170979,
0.01000... | ||
al Restraint (MMPR) of children and young adults. When dealing with the request, the MoJ responded by providing the applicant with the means of accessing a redacted copy of the document. The MoJ explained that the unredacted version of the manual was a ‘restricted’ document engaging exemptions under s31(1)(f), good ord... | https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/foi/freedom-of-information-and-environmental-information-regulations/information-in-the-public-domain/ | Information in the public domain | ICO | ico.org.uk | unknown | false | 0.1 | 0.866 | ["family"] | 512 | Communication | topic | 2026-03-18T22:41:57.727782 | [
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0.05698441341519356,
0.1291593313217163,
0.030064454302191734,
0.052146103233098984,
0.... |
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