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lead to resilience and long-term success [ 43 ]. Thus, according to Iqbal et al. (2020b) sustainable leaders emphasize in employees’ development and as result employees support and embrace their leaders’ sustainable behaviors [ 44 ]. Furthermore, the relationship between sustainable leadership and the leadership styles...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.179028
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ly with the principles of sustainable leadership. Collaborative leadership fosters an inclusive environment where shared decision-making and mutual trust contribute to a resilient organizational culture—key aspects of sustainability. Transformational leadership, on the other hand, inspires innovation, long-term vision,...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
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and open communication, may hinder the development of a sustainable workplace culture. Therefore, understanding how these leadership styles support or challenge sustainable leadership principles is essential for promoting resilience, adaptability, and long-term organizational success [ 32 ]. Public leaders operating in...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.179104
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hin the context of limited resources and heightened performance expectations [ 32 ]. Getha-Taylor et al. (2011) argue that public leadership should be treated as a distinct field within leadership studies and prioritized in public administration research. They highlight that public managers operate under unique constra...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
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eld that requires tailored strategies for effective conflict resolution. Their findings suggest that transformational and transactional leadership styles can significantly influence conflict management outcomes [ 46 ]. The Khan et al. (2015) research also supported for the existence of a relationship between the leader...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
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h settings hinder the full implementation of transformational leadership, as they complicate the process of establishing clear organizational visions. Dwivedi (2014) suggests that transformational leadership could be highly effective in public organizations due to their strong emphasis on service-oriented and community...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
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fect on the ways in which workers view their job. Existing research deepens the knowledge concerning the collaborative approaches of the transformational leader to conflicts [ 30 , 50 , 51 ]. 2.2. Collaborative Leadership in Practice As organizations evolve, collaborative leadership has emerged as a critical approach t...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
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rinciples and practices of this leadership style. Modern leadership necessitates an approach that actively listens to employees, addresses their concerns, and simultaneously maintains focus on shared goals, fostering their achievement through collaboration. This approach aligns with the principles of collaborative lead...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
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raditional hierarchical and public choice models. This approach prioritizes collaborative processes aimed at achieving shared outcomes across agencies and sectors, while enhancing democratic accountability to promote responsiveness and inclusiveness. It is commonly referred to as facilitative leadership, collaborative ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
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o remain competitive nod survive and it will impact to the whole organization [ 53 , 54 ]. Collaborative leaders focus on guiding and inspiring network participants rather than exerting control or providing direct instructions [ 55 ]. Collaborative leadership is not merely a process of developing the skills needed to f...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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collaboration, thereby supporting the organization’s financial sustainability [ 52 ]. On the contrary, authoritarian leaders enforce strict hierarchical control, expecting subordinates to demonstrate submission, dependency, and obedience [ 56 ]. In hierarchical structures, subordinates tend to view obedience to the leg...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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job satisfaction and trust in leadership [ 57 ]. Obi et al. (2021) in their research argued that authoritarian leadership is found to be strongly and positively related to avoiding and forcing third-party behaviors. Authoritarian leaders may use personal power and coercive authority to opt not to intervene in followers...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179426
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nd the influence of an individual on their group. Its effectiveness relies on the alignment between how leaders and followers perceive the world and the leadership process within it. Leaders cannot effectively convey their perspective on the current state and vision for a new reality to their followers if there is no s...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.179458
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ant role in conflict management as it sets a solid framework with rules and regulations concerning conflict resolution. However, it can also set barriers with the lack of flexibility or the crucial role of the bureaucrat/leader, who is responsible to interpreter the conflict management [ 60 ]. 2.3. Cultural Influences ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.179490
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s take in managing teams and resolving conflicts. This section examines the interplay between cultural dimensions and leadership practices Numerous studies have explored the relationship between culture and leadership styles, revealing that different cultural groups often hold distinct views on leadership. Bersin and C...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179531
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differ between developed and emerging economies. As a result, both individual and national culture shape the leadership style and conflict management strategies adopted by leaders. Leadership roles are influenced by societal values, structural norms, and communication styles, all of which guide conflict resolution appr...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179563
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n the realities of their environment [ 58 , 63 ]. Power distance and the individualism–collectivism dimension play a significant role in influencing leadership style preferences. Cultures characterized by collectivism or high power distance tend to favor authoritarian leadership, whereas individualistic cultures or tho...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179594
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les are still predominant in many Asian cultures. At the same time the leaders in these countries are expected to use avoiding or dominating conflict management techniques. Moreover, in hierarchical structures employees are not very much involved in decision making [ 64 , 65 ]. Backhaus and Vogel (2022) in their resear...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.179625
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tradition are more beneficial than these in German and Scandinavian tradition. The public sector in German and Scandinavian countries is highly structured with rules and regulations that may lead leaders to rule-following and controlling leadership styles. On the other hand, there is more flexibility in Anglo-American ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.179656
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o emerge in Anglo-American countries than in continental European countries [ 26 , 66 , 67 ]. There are few studies examining leadership styles within Greece’s Public Sector, focusing mainly in health care sector and in education. Menon’s research (2021) resolved that the bureaucratic nature of Greek educational system...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179687
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similar research in Greek hospitals Goula et al. (2021) argue that the culture in these environments put severe limitations in employees’ participation in decision making due to the way the hospitals are structured following laws and procedures and a prevalent controlling system. Moreover, the research notices the tend...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
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topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179717
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and not appreciate the value of teamwork [ 69 ]. The results from an empirical study from Bank Sector employees in Greece reveal that transformational and democratic management styles are more appropriate to cope the global financial market competition [ 70 ]. Furthermore a study in Greek tourism Services reveals a con...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.179746
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nflict management and resolution behaviors, noting that individualism and collectivism significantly affect an individual’s preferred style of resolving conflicts [ 72 ]. Moreover, recent research provides insights on the ways that culture influences leadership [ 73 ]. Across the public, private, and non-profit sectors...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179777
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peration among employees to enhance productivity. While horizontal leadership is becoming more common in team settings, managers accustomed to traditional individual problem-solving methods may find it challenging to fully embrace this approach [ 32 , 74 ]. For this analysis we focused on three contents: organizational...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.988
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179809
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examine as well as a vast research in literature. Nevertheless, the reality in Greek public Sector as it is presented in relevant literature focuses in these elements. There are significant findings in existing research literature but they often lack deeper analysis [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 70 , 75 ]. The current paper aims to fi...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
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Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179840
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p are interdependent elements that fundamentally shape conflict management practices. The organizational level determines the structural framework within which leadership operates, influencing hierarchical relationships and decision-making processes. Cultural factors affect leadership expectations, trust dynamics, and ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.896
0.818
["leadership", "war_conflict", "management", "decision_making", "networking"]
510
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179870
[ 0.0621018260717392, 0.007325781974941492, 0.009081142023205757, 0.006900445558130741, 0.04238941892981529, 0.015035989694297314, -0.009816729463636875, -0.05647255852818489, 0.055964283645153046, 0.030879735946655273, 0.015744047239422798, 0.031284794211387634, 0.031088292598724365, 0.0423...
organizational context and cultural environment. Thus, these three contents provide a comprehensive analytical framework, as they collectively determine how conflict management techniques are adopted and perceived. This integrated approach offers deeper insights than isolated examinations of other factors, such as indi...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
1
0.834
["communication", "management", "war_conflict"]
511
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179900
[ 0.06286915391683578, 0.026742858812212944, -0.017603568732738495, -0.04877907410264015, 0.0673924908041954, 0.049959100782871246, 0.052203740924596786, -0.037175197154283524, 0.0029687697533518076, 0.013643426820635796, 0.025767574086785316, -0.01684454455971718, 0.042198531329631805, 0.01...
sses existing gaps in literature but also directly supports the research questions of this study by illustrating how organizational structure, cultural context, and leadership dynamics jointly influence conflict management approaches. Such an integrated perspective is essential for understanding the complexity of leade...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
1
0.846
["leadership", "education", "management", "war_conflict"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.179967
[ 0.0068998490460217, -0.012939698994159698, 0.0019141138764098287, -0.0074803573079407215, 0.011117068119347095, -0.0038872126024216413, -0.03821571543812752, -0.05131096765398979, 0.06071774289011955, 0.03942423686385155, -0.017211908474564552, 0.05882228910923004, 0.03671170026063919, 0.0...
e key constructs for this study’s analysis is based on their fundamental role in shaping leadership practices and conflict management strategies in hierarchical organizations. Previous research highlights the impact of organizational structure on leadership dynamics, where the level of authority within the organization...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
1
0.838
["leadership", "war_conflict", "communication", "management", "decision_making"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180001
[ 0.006757712457329035, 0.0038101423997431993, 0.027311906218528748, -0.014962541870772839, -0.024621764197945595, -0.050374142825603485, -0.013157815672457218, -0.03374503552913666, 0.1125783622264862, 0.012722025625407696, 0.015925809741020203, 0.022174689918756485, 0.08156149089336395, 0....
n styles, all of which are critical in conflict resolution processes. Lastly, leadership, as the central driver of organizational behavior, both shapes and is shaped by the organizational structure and cultural context. These three factors are interdependent and provide a comprehensive framework for understanding how l...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
1
0.842
["leadership", "war_conflict", "management"]
501
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180047
[ 0.022450782358646393, 0.01914159208536148, -0.002906127367168665, -0.054915037006139755, 0.003523848718032241, 0.0017085832078009844, -0.02191701903939247, -0.08291397243738174, 0.027106165885925293, 0.00899383332580328, -0.016176704317331314, 0.059783872216939926, 0.010319513268768787, 0....
stitutional and cultural environment [ 38 ]. 2.4. Research Questions Exploring the relationship between leadership styles and conflict management techniques is essential for understanding how these factors influence workplace dynamics. Particularly in the Greek public sector, where hierarchical structures and cultural ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
1
0.84
["leadership", "management", "ethics", "networking", "war_conflict"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180079
[ 0.04253876954317093, 0.010995185934007168, 0.0061913528479635715, -0.04295392706990242, 0.033704787492752075, -0.028277302160859108, -0.019742894917726517, -0.07675720751285553, 0.05440365523099899, -0.02226303704082966, 0.001561271259561181, 0.026160867884755135, -0.002304346300661564, -0...
ing on the perceptions of different hierarchical levels within public organizations. The following research questions aim to address the identified gaps in the literature by focusing on the perceptions of leadership styles and conflict management techniques within the Greek public sector. Perception of leadership is a ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
1
0.838
["leadership", "communication", "management", "war_conflict"]
500
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180110
[ 0.021228427067399025, -0.010604090988636017, -0.0025952262803912163, -0.06363191455602646, 0.02071879804134369, -0.011217677965760231, 0.032699767500162125, -0.028208281844854355, 0.03227340802550316, 0.049694743007421494, 0.01599007099866867, 0.024771403521299362, 0.03315579891204834, -0....
rent across countries, societies and individuals. It is a subjective concept that also may differ from the act of leadership both in theoretical approach and in practical application. However, there is a connection between the two concepts as the way leadership is perceived affects the leader and the outcomes but also ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.895
0.856
["leadership", "networking", "resume", "education"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180147
[ -0.016055872663855553, 0.0409054309129715, 0.03633003309369087, -0.021589426323771477, 0.005824158433824778, 0.010752412490546703, 0.030710909515619278, 0.03242877498269081, 0.0777168944478035, 0.053808122873306274, 0.029214415699243546, 0.03634634241461754, 0.01325887069106102, 0.04552085...
to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interplay between leadership practices and organizational dynamics in a culturally unique setting. Differences in perceptions regarding conflict management techniques can significantly impact organizational cohesion and efficiency. Existing literature highlights that lead...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.925
0.802
["leadership", "war_conflict", "management"]
413
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180176
[ 0.008823255077004433, 0.01903231255710125, -0.02019939012825489, 0.02132335677742958, -0.04038989171385765, -0.01511732954531908, -0.04213184118270874, -0.07699638605117798, 0.06537026911973953, 0.021514320746064186, -0.007585479877889156, 0.04051711782813072, 0.015921728685498238, 0.02723...
ews on the methods employed to resolve conflicts. This question addresses whether such differences exist in the Greek public sector, shedding light on the role of hierarchical positions in shaping these perceptions [ 3 ]. RQ1: Do supervisors and employees differ in their perceptions of the conflict management technique...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.9
0.85
["leadership", "war_conflict", "communication", "management"]
500
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180208
[ -0.008928061462938786, -0.006535802036523819, 0.026196524500846863, -0.05563012510538101, 0.02599145472049713, -0.011519418098032475, -0.00037621165392920375, -0.04008353129029274, 0.03719085827469826, 0.03381111100316048, -0.0015786242438480258, 0.08878709375858307, -0.0257477555423975, 0...
tyles can vary between supervisors and employees. Understanding these differences is critical for aligning leadership practices with organizational goals. This question examines whether supervisors and employees perceive leadership styles differently within the public sector context [ 5 ]. RQ2: Do supervisors and emplo...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.684
0.816
["leadership"]
419
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180236
[ 0.03271924704313278, 0.008785256184637547, 0.011590084992349148, -0.03315610811114311, 0.020282993093132973, -0.019034862518310547, -0.0013049719855189323, -0.07781632989645004, 0.017802344635128975, -0.0005522746942006052, 0.032380376011133194, 0.042406611144542694, -0.022595347836613655, ...
styles employed by leaders in the public sector? The link between leadership characteristics and conflict management techniques is pivotal in understanding how leaders influence workplace harmony. Prior research suggests that certain leadership traits can predict the adoption of specific conflict resolution strategies....
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.997
0.834
["leadership", "war_conflict", "management"]
487
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180264
[ 0.0092701967805624, 0.014898950234055519, 0.051944978535175323, -0.03190140053629875, 0.030176810920238495, 0.025632373988628387, -0.023263148963451385, -0.06649111956357956, 0.007550794631242752, 0.049668777734041214, -0.03551451116800308, 0.10537336766719818, -0.01535755768418312, -0.007...
oyed by leaders in the Greek public sector [ 4 ]. RQ3: Do leadership characteristics predict the conflict management techniques used by leaders in the public sector? 3. Methodology 3.1. Research Planning For the purpose of the present study a quantitative, primary, cross-sectional, correlational research was conducted ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.986
0.832
["leadership", "strategy", "management", "war_conflict", "education"]
428
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180293
[ 0.02489655464887619, 0.020126309245824814, -0.002943321131169796, -0.011341600678861141, -0.002997027710080147, 0.0254104882478714, -0.008479357697069645, -0.02182905562222004, 0.015550630167126656, 0.09399905800819397, -0.00821155309677124, 0.044631898403167725, -0.009653142653405666, 0.0...
by the use of Cronbach Alpha coefficient [ 76 ]. Primary, cross-sectional, quantitative research was considered the appropriate plan in order to ascertain in the current time period the opinions of public sector managers and employees on measurable concepts [ 77 ], which are the frequency of application of conflict man...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.986
0.83
["leadership", "management", "resume", "war_conflict", "philosophy"]
430
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180321
[ 0.038692306727170944, 0.025955568999052048, -0.04968349263072014, -0.01582184061408043, -0.019478917121887207, 0.08552085608243942, 0.012333804741501808, 0.0075285593047738075, 0.015751603990793228, 0.08480332046747208, 0.013411197811365128, 0.03853171318769455, -0.03965091332793236, 0.004...
ly, concepts that formed the dependent variables. Employees are seen as a valuable source of information because they have a good view on internal processes [ 78 , 79 ]. The existence of specific research questions required data that derive from certain source and couldn’t be retrieved from other sources. Besides, it w...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.295
0.864
["philosophy"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180354
[ 0.0035363214556127787, 0.0016324007883667946, -0.00807423610240221, 0.013038571923971176, 0.03711613267660141, 0.05556414648890495, 0.023839086294174194, 0.03665854409337044, -0.02648880146443844, 0.04395819455385208, 0.08417670428752899, 0.08270266652107239, 0.022223476320505142, 0.040325...
availability of the data and the capability of implementing measurements with the use of the measurable concepts. Moreover, it was needed to examine the relationships between two different variables [ 80 ]. Consequently, this approach provides a measurable, statistically validated understanding regarding the interactio...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.987
0.818
["leadership", "management", "networking", "war_conflict"]
433
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180382
[ 0.014094538055360317, 0.06319087743759155, 0.016058914363384247, 0.04684900864958763, -0.00964270904660225, 0.021106412634253502, 0.0036871309857815504, -0.036524463444948196, -0.014071247540414333, 0.048483457416296005, -0.003068643156439066, -0.007604862563312054, 0.08459240198135376, 0....
ing the reliability and accuracy of its findings. Measurable concepts were measured using Likert scale questionnaires which were tested for reliability and validity [ 81 , 82 ]. Quantitative research was used to test the effect of independent variables on dependent variables using statistical techniques on numerical da...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.393
0.838
["leadership"]
465
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180412
[ 0.10952028632164001, 0.038587648421525955, -0.07214954495429993, 0.04851071909070015, -0.008372202515602112, 0.0840638279914856, -0.013838130049407482, -0.007646491285413504, 0.005987207405269146, 0.03386785835027695, 0.10946791619062424, 0.03811425343155861, 0.03205065056681633, 0.0035378...
blic Sector with 2 levels (supervisor, employee). Leadership styles were considered as independent variables when investigating their possible relationship with conflict management techniques [ 83 ]. 3.2. Process Data collection process began with two types of questionnaires (one addressing to the supervisors, the seco...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.909
0.834
["leadership", "communication", "management", "networking", "war_conflict"]
461
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180445
[ 0.0012585831573233008, -0.02082296460866928, -0.05821681022644043, -0.01982002705335617, -0.051722247153520584, -0.00038977558142505586, -0.020489413291215897, -0.038752831518650055, -0.0001492519659223035, 0.019170179963111877, 0.04981566593050957, 0.021860359236598015, 0.026844754815101624...
we engaged in a comprehensive validation process. Expert reviews were conducted by professionals with expertise in leadership, conflict management, and organizational behavior. These experts assessed the clarity, relevance, and content validity of the questionnaire items to ensure they accurately measured the intended ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.7
0.834
["leadership", "management", "career", "war_conflict", "education"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180477
[ 0.030508387833833694, 0.030739810317754745, -0.020542871206998825, 0.07577796280384064, -0.02871512994170189, -0.026537107303738594, 0.0014583789743483067, 0.0284733846783638, -0.03155084699392319, 0.047003597021102905, -0.047778818756341934, -0.023166948929429054, 0.021594349294900894, 0....
e sample included only the relevant target group. While convenience sampling was used, which limits the generalizability of the results, efforts were made to mitigate biases by ensuring that the sample consisted of appropriate participants who met the study’s criteria. In addition, it was emphasized that the survey is ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.295
0.86
["education"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180508
[ -0.018741672858595848, 0.09549576044082642, -0.004901094827800989, 0.031011516228318214, 0.09527599811553955, 0.09668507426977158, 0.03692709654569626, 0.01933690533041954, -0.004694832488894463, 0.03208019956946373, 0.06346940994262695, -0.053517911583185196, 0.017120208591222763, -0.0629...
with Data Protection (GDPR), where the possibility of withdrawal and access to the data for corrections and additions is also possible as restriction of data processing. Participants had the right to contact the Personal Data Protection Authority if they found that the processing of their personal data violates the GDP...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.317
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["communication", "philosophy"]
435
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180536
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all the employees/supervisors of each Department. The necessary moral and ethical issues of a scientific research were observed. 3.3. Questionnaire The questionnaire was selected as the most suitable research tool, as it enables a large sample to be approached, providing a general picture of the problem to be investiga...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.4
0.858
["ethics", "crisis"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180564
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[ 84 ]: (A) Demographic data: The section consists of 5 closed-ended questions regarding gender, age, education level, years of service and position of responsibility in the Public Sector. (B) Conflict Management Techniques: A questionnaire of 5 questions on a Likert scale from 1–5 (1 = Never, 2 = Rarely, 3 = Sometimes...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
1
0.718
["management", "war_conflict", "resume", "education"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180592
[ 0.07054248452186584, 0.044658809900283813, -0.017930179834365845, 0.0007703541195951402, -0.001618548994883895, 0.07682794332504272, 0.04214103892445564, -0.044737230986356735, -0.025021232664585114, 0.07697352021932602, 0.058917541056871414, 0.01783226802945137, 0.05253590643405914, -0.04...
avoidance, which refers to the separation of conflicting sides, defining tasks and postponing problem solving [ 9 , 85 ]. The compromise technique in which the two parties are asked to find a common solution, without benefiting either side [ 9 , 85 ]. The confrontation technique where the two sides come into contact, a...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.7
0.876
["management", "war_conflict", "negotiation"]
511
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180619
[ 0.017261601984500885, 0.10914675146341324, -0.01421226467937231, 0.012833826243877411, -0.009101812727749348, -0.007673273794353008, 0.06568775326013565, -0.05332174524664879, 0.03311920166015625, -0.0029592670034617186, 0.0398489385843277, 0.031204666942358017, 0.07286016643047333, -0.017...
stop the conflict, when it is not possible to find a solution [ 9 , 85 ]. The organizing technique where the nature of the conflict is analyzed to decide the most appropriate method [ 9 ]. The questionnaire is considered valid through content validity, meaning that the following techniques cover the possible spectrum o...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
1
0.888
["war_conflict", "leadership", "management", "decision_making", "philosophy"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180650
[ 0.06998499482870102, 0.09992699325084686, -0.018642110750079155, -0.015416785143315792, -0.007094759028404951, 0.056156083941459656, -0.0019199687521904707, -0.03456904739141464, -0.0058448221534490585, 0.06272880733013153, 0.015316681936383247, 0.016489382833242416, 0.04810832813382149, 0...
A little, 3 = Neither a little, nor much, 4 = A lot, 5 = Very much) was used, regarding 3 leadership styles that emerged with the Factor analysis technique, with Equamax rotation with the eigenvalue criterion, proving conceptual construct validity [ 88 ]. The data were ideal for conducting the procedure (KMO = 0.892 > ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.895
0.872
["leadership"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180677
[ 0.11497031897306442, -0.009469803422689438, -0.08422047644853592, -0.04491889849305153, -0.038617055863142014, 0.05541130155324936, -0.06871483474969864, -0.020720776170492172, -0.04193096607923508, 0.030437534675002098, 0.06561700254678726, 0.0210901889950037, 0.021764742210507393, 0.0176...
oefficient, which measures internal consistency reliability with values greater than or equal to 0.7 considered satisfactory [ 89 ]. Table 1. Results of Factor Analysis with Equamax Rotation for Leader Characteristics. The leadership styles that emerged are: Collaborative: The factor includes 7 questions such as e.g., ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.898
0.69
["leadership", "communication", "management", "ethics", "economy"]
504
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180709
[ 0.07607299089431763, -0.007597062271088362, -0.05819505825638771, -0.003533561248332262, 0.002800112357363105, 0.041939057409763336, -0.017022138461470604, 0.03491562604904175, -0.004472032189369202, -0.04586062952876091, 0.03088403306901455, 0.057431746274232864, 0.07113566994667053, 0.00...
variance and showed high reliability (α = 0.800). These three leadership styles are considered to adequately cover the spectrum of leadership styles [ 70 ]. To assess the reliability of the survey instrument, we calculated Cronbach’s alpha for each of the three factors identified in the exploratory factor analysis (EFA...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.895
0.85
["leadership", "economy", "philosophy"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180738
[ 0.07874254137277603, -0.024698158726096153, -0.0533442497253418, 0.010392224416136742, 0.030128521844744682, 0.05951883643865585, -0.055496834218502045, -0.03941614553332329, -0.02048613876104355, -0.011233744211494923, 0.047761332243680954, -0.020598849281668663, 0.01736011728644371, 0.01...
907), and Factor 3- Authoritarian Leadership- (α = 0.800). These values indicate that the instrument is highly reliable for measuring the intended constructs. Additionally, Eigenvalue values for the factors were 6.87, 3.38, and 1.89, respectively, supporting the validity of the factor structure. The combination of thes...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.904
0.684
["leadership", "ethics", "management", "networking", "war_conflict"]
481
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180767
[ 0.05339199677109718, -0.00014570547500625253, -0.054106492549180984, 0.006323153153061867, 0.005195294506847858, 0.04965461045503616, -0.04800223931670189, -0.07361581176519394, -0.0457906648516655, 0.05016130954027176, 0.06649387627840042, -0.027245571836829185, 0.03080827184021473, -0.00...
ership styles and conflict management techniques. To assess the potential impact of common method variance (CMV) on the results, we conducted the Harman’s Single Factor Test on the survey data. The results revealed that the largest factor accounted for 40% of the total variance, which is well below the 50% threshold th...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.914
0.842
["management", "war_conflict", "education"]
444
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180795
[ 0.10030511766672134, -0.0008066295413300395, 0.024805540218949318, -0.0017137679969891906, 0.027194134891033173, 0.03894604369997978, -0.02788655087351799, 0.0004122143145650625, -0.06369433552026749, 0.03359415754675865, 0.0605379082262516, 0.021594583988189697, 0.008704716339707375, -0.0...
od variance is not a major concern in this study. Furthermore, to minimize the risk of CMV, we ensured that data were collected from multiple respondent groups, including both employees and supervisors within the Departments of Public Works in Greece. This approach helped to reduce the likelihood of common method bias ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.325
0.828
["education"]
412
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180825
[ 0.024302326142787933, 0.021853474900126457, 0.03846556320786476, 0.029310353100299835, 0.06310263276100159, 0.01753624528646469, -0.016670621931552887, -0.002278499072417617, -0.00498945964500308, 0.0004540105874184519, 0.009307999163866043, 0.06473847478628159, -0.04147360846400261, -0.02...
, contributing to the robustness of the findings. By implementing these measures, the potential impact of CMV on the study’s results has been effectively mitigated. 3.4. Population-Sample The population of the research is considered to be all civil servants of the Public Works Departments of the 7 Regional Prefectures ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.4
0.856
["education", "philosophy"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180852
[ -0.011757607571780682, -0.0011749397963285446, 0.008297424763441086, 0.017164723947644234, -0.01842472143471241, 0.0424627885222435, -0.027862101793289185, 0.04593772441148758, -0.07708746939897537, 0.08334178477525711, 0.029660983011126518, -0.03860471770167351, -0.004322608932852745, -0....
s were approached through the google forms application from the managers or the human resources of the departments to which the researcher had contact access. Convenience sampling was considered the appropriate method for practical and strategical reasons. This method has a simplicity in implementation as the study was...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.395
0.844
["philosophy", "communication", "strategy", "management", "resume"]
477
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180880
[ -0.10514896363019943, 0.049735717475414276, -0.03966983035206795, -0.016942791640758514, -0.02162245474755764, 0.059452373534440994, 0.009728265926241875, 0.05690502002835274, -0.02077830769121647, -0.007216372061520815, 0.0214652419090271, 0.02867911569774151, 0.021907538175582886, -0.098...
ction took place within the required time period. Convenience sampling is extensively used in real-world research, especially in localized studies like the present. Generalization of the study is applicable to population with similar characteristics to the sample because convenience sampling deals with a certain group ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.393
0.836
["education"]
464
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180907
[ -0.0331721156835556, -0.023654792457818985, -0.022064950317144394, 0.06235744059085846, -0.03324272483587265, 0.07844632863998413, 0.02483869157731533, 0.013044174760580063, 0.059653691947460175, 0.019293254241347313, 0.061725374311208725, -0.013962317258119583, -0.06000032648444176, 0.010...
rch for further experimental studies [ 87 , 90 ]. The sample of the 7 Prefectures and the 38 Municipalities represented a diverse range of categories. It included Municipalities with large/small population, metropolitan and urban areas as well as agricultural municipalities. Some of them are located by the sea, others ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.1
0.86
[]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180934
[ 0.10252664238214493, 0.019448280334472656, 0.04657089337706566, 0.0007206563604995608, 0.03841963782906532, 0.016578784212470055, -0.05055740848183632, 0.06656712293624878, -0.06675811856985092, 0.043221719563007355, 0.008812989108264446, -0.18003493547439575, 0.022310057654976845, 0.02122...
es (out of a total of approximately 380 employees, i.e., approximately 35% of the employees participated in the survey and constitute 71% of the survey participants) and 54 supervisors (out of a total of approximately 136 supervisors, i.e., approximately 38% participated in the survey and constitute 29% of survey popul...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.1
0.706
["education"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180967
[ 0.09589064121246338, -0.05044445022940636, 0.011423380114138126, 0.04229331016540527, 0.04436984658241272, -0.009432068094611168, 0.00482028815895319, 0.02151910588145256, -0.026631992310285568, 0.04700709134340286, 0.00207239156588912, -0.07580863684415817, -0.03566327691078186, -0.035000...
h a university or postgraduate education level (89.2%) and more than 10 years of service in the Public Sector (89.2%) ( Table 2 ). Table 2. Demographic and Occupational Data. 3.5. Data Analysis Data analysis was performed at a significance level of 5% in IBM SPSS 26 software. Factors were tested for normality using the...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.389
0.708
["education", "war_conflict", "philosophy"]
446
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.180997
[ 0.08007752895355225, 0.023572083562612534, -0.015985192731022835, -0.015196316875517368, 0.011179455555975437, 0.006230573169887066, -0.013456244021654129, 0.03924272209405899, -0.05148520693182945, 0.036483779549598694, 0.052589938044548035, 0.033528346568346024, 0.010695920325815678, -0....
ample sizes and commonly used in similar studies. Due to non-existence of a normal distribution ( p ≤ 0.028, Table 3 ), non-parametric tests were implemented. Mann-Whitney U test replaces the t-test for comparing two groups and to analyze relationships between variables, Spearman’s correlation replaces Pearson’s correl...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.7
0.846
["management", "networking", "resume", "war_conflict"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181025
[ 0.06117758899927139, -0.0275798998773098, -0.02092784084379673, 0.013239326886832714, -0.020396970212459564, 0.04791796952486038, -0.05048975348472595, -0.05216800048947334, 0.009506311267614365, 0.0803789421916008, 0.09927491098642349, -0.012676479294896126, -0.015514327213168144, 0.01452...
y of application of certain conflict management techniques and leadership styles followed by leaders. Values were presented with median and interquartile range [ 92 ]. Table 3. Normality tests using Shapiro Wilk test. These tests are addressing the first and second research questions (1) Do supervisors’ and employees’ ...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.983
0.824
["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "communication", "ethics"]
414
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181054
[ 0.06805901974439621, 0.005925954785197973, 0.006959239020943642, -0.038158148527145386, 0.003657211549580097, 0.03603314608335495, -0.004703022539615631, -0.0013401912292465568, -0.020037513226270676, 0.07529132813215256, 0.028955809772014618, 0.03422638773918152, 0.010350503958761692, -0....
ques used by leaders in the Public Sector differ? (2) Do supervisors and employees’ opinions differ on the leadership style employed by leaders in the Public Sector? Regarding the perceptions of employees and leaders concerning the leadership style and the use of conflict management techniques. Moreover, they provide s...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.895
0.85
["leadership", "management", "war_conflict"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181083
[ 0.024768153205513954, -0.024992596358060837, 0.011593946255743504, -0.013061597011983395, -0.012905471958220005, 0.02632952854037285, 0.012366666458547115, -0.008254742249846458, 0.035305511206388474, 0.039044156670570374, 0.053706444799900055, 0.06978380680084229, 0.0023942715488374233, -...
dency and dispersion of responses within each group, facilitating the comparison of the results. Similarly, to address the third research question “Do leadership characteristics predict the conflict management techniques used by leaders in the Public Sector?” the non-parametric Spearman correlation coefficient was used...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
1
0.834
["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "communication", "education"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181111
[ 0.004907769616693258, -0.035604849457740784, -0.016531694680452347, 0.01882227696478367, -0.02383565530180931, 0.022792337462306023, -0.06820037961006165, -0.0677947923541069, 0.02393513172864914, 0.052858561277389526, 0.027363574132323265, 0.024284332990646362, 0.031054982915520668, -0.01...
ship characteristics were significantly correlated with specific [ 93 ]. Finally, to investigate the predictive power of leadership styles on conflict management techniques, multiple linear regression models were used. Leadership characteristics that were related to conflict management techniques in the bivariate analy...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.987
0.818
["leadership", "management", "war_conflict"]
437
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181138
[ 0.04073940962553024, -0.00480615021660924, 0.036629922688007355, 0.07193557918071747, 0.003034088760614395, 0.024904808029532433, -0.042443372309207916, -0.0592176727950573, -0.05832517147064209, 0.06136908754706383, 0.004985942039638758, 0.057756904512643814, 0.021341178566217422, 0.05794...
hniques defined as the depended variables [ 94 ]. This analysis provides the results on how the leadership style could predict the implementation of a particular conflict management technique. The combined use of Spearman’s correlation and multiple linear regression analyses provides an effective way to examine the res...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.995
0.834
["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "networking"]
473
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181166
[ 0.015522501431405544, 0.05648654326796532, -0.0025534401647746563, 0.013547733426094055, -0.051557838916778564, 0.06337080895900726, -0.035232722759246826, -0.06172564625740051, -0.00801753904670477, 0.04427747428417206, 0.0014290045946836472, 0.05759807303547859, 0.046423524618148804, 0.0...
ership styles and conflict management techniques. The final step is the regression analysis which evaluates the prediction of these techniques according the leadership style. 4. Results 4.1. Comparison of Views on Conflict Resolution Techniques Regarding the first research question “Do supervisors’ and employees’ opini...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
1
0.85
["leadership", "war_conflict", "management"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181193
[ 0.024146687239408493, 0.024751724675297737, 0.02890911139547825, -0.002496927510946989, -0.0017418545903638005, 0.05529455095529556, 0.01156619843095541, -0.037511277943849564, -0.017902009189128876, 0.034056443721055984, 0.004954555071890354, 0.08442147821187973, 0.01709647662937641, -0.0...
degree compared to employees that the leader uses compromise (MdnSupervisors = 3.70 vs. MdnEmployees = 2.89, p < 0.001), confrontation (MdnSupervisors = 3.06 vs. MdnEmployees = 2.60, p = 0.008) and organizing technique (MdnSupervisors = 3.72 vs. MdnEmployees = 2.50, p < 0.001) to deal with conflicts while employees fel...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.69
0.698
["leadership", "negotiation", "war_conflict"]
452
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181222
[ 0.09711434692144394, 0.07393130660057068, -0.021752629429101944, -0.059654247015714645, 0.03786306828260422, 0.04519321769475937, 0.015836551785469055, 0.010385768488049507, -0.032805945724248886, 0.07873266190290451, 0.026278598234057426, 0.006348608992993832, 0.07499456405639648, 0.01636...
mployees = 3.22, p < 0.001) ( Table 4 ). Table 4. Comparison of opinions regarding the level (position of responsibility) in Public Sector. Therefore, it is obvious that the supervisors’ and employees’ perception about the conflict management techniques used by the leaders in the Public Sector do differ. Supervisors su...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.999
0.698
["leadership", "war_conflict", "management", "negotiation"]
496
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181254
[ 0.0464739166200161, -0.03732923045754433, -0.001237409422174096, -0.049044378101825714, 0.03276384249329567, 0.05720483884215355, 0.0792134553194046, 0.005825025495141745, 0.0029612418729811907, 0.10136725753545761, 0.03695457801222801, 0.062405526638031006, 0.041160840541124344, -0.032509...
the leaders use the technique of avoidance. 4.2. Comparison of Views on Leadership Style Regarding the second question, Do supervisors and employees opinions differ on the leadership style employed by leaders in the Public Sector? and according Table 4 , supervisors felt to a greater extent compared to employees that t...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.698
0.702
["leadership", "strategy", "economy"]
492
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181284
[ 0.06127281114459038, 0.044283557683229446, -0.0029125912114977837, -0.05317288637161255, 0.03292569890618324, 0.03599223494529724, 0.006934779696166515, -0.03313957527279854, -0.0010971949668601155, -0.0042278096079826355, 0.017737358808517456, 0.09028623253107071, 0.06062459945678711, -0....
at he/she has a vision (MdnSupervisors = 4.00 vs. MdnEmployees = 3.00, p = 0.003), belief in values, persuasion, team spirit, that he/she strengthens their colleagues, that he/she creates positive communication (MdnSupervisors = 4.00 vs. MdnEmployees = 3.00, p < 0.001) and that he/she has empathy (MdnSupervisors = 4.50...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.698
0.696
["leadership", "communication", "strategy", "management", "ethics"]
488
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181312
[ 0.06453455239534378, 0.03919466584920883, -0.009183108806610107, -0.08208661526441574, -0.006445287261158228, 0.005713508930057287, -0.01724262535572052, 0.03286702185869217, 0.01010012999176979, -0.020775344222784042, -0.009220888838171959, 0.03596300259232521, 0.0075924028642475605, 0.04...
formational leadership (MdnSupervisors = 4.00 vs. MdnEmployees = 2.33, p < 0.001) and specifically that he/she is more communicative, that he/she encourages and empowers his/her colleagues (MdnSupervisors = 4.00 vs. MdnEmployees = 2.00), p < 0.001) and that he/she is capable of changing employees, improving them at wor...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.7
0.706
["leadership", "philosophy"]
512
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181339
[ 0.02327795699238777, 0.007995749823749065, -0.006831236183643341, -0.0450797937810421, -0.011911089532077312, -0.003102607559412718, -0.024686159566044807, 0.013401773758232594, -0.022322239354252815, -0.0046464246697723866, 0.0063940854743123055, 0.06738387793302536, 0.06183839589357376, ...
e leader applies more of an authoritarian leadership (MdnSupervisors = 2.30 vs. MdnEmployees = 3.20, p < 0.001) which is expressed through obsession, strictness (MdnSupervisors = 2.00 vs. MdnEmployees = 3.00, p < 0.001) and authoritarianism (MdnSupervisors = 1.00 vs. MdnEmployees = 3.00, p < 0.001) ( Table 4 ). Therefo...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.693
0.696
["leadership"]
465
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181368
[ 0.10111455619335175, 0.008547963574528694, 0.014034857042133808, -0.03615020588040352, 0.054093409329652786, 0.006287955213338137, -0.0018184500513598323, -0.00837493035942316, -0.006584778893738985, 0.023814288899302483, 0.07902452349662781, 0.01763099804520607, 0.02840087190270424, -0.06...
loyed the leaders in the Public Sector do differ. Supervisors supported that leaders employ collaborative leadership style which is expressed through vision and need for achievement, belief in values, self-confidence and colleagues strengthening, persuasion, positive communication, team spirit, emotional intelligence a...
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.7
0.826
["leadership", "communication", "strategy", "management", "motivation"]
511
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181395
[ 0.026435764506459236, -0.013598140329122543, 0.03098563477396965, -0.041121914982795715, 0.04092809930443764, 0.0008382186060771346, -0.05480977147817612, -0.056334830820560455, -0.0034316466189920902, -0.020915474742650986, 0.02556823007762432, 0.07587502151727676, -0.017524242401123047, ...
ing, motivation and inspiring colleagues, ability to change and job development skills. On the contrary employees supported that leaders employ authoritarian leadership s
https://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/17/5/2248
Sustainable Leadership and Conflict Management: Insights from Greece’s Public Sector
mdpi.com
unknown
false
0.934
0.746
["leadership", "motivation", "career"]
170
Conflict Resolution Leadership
topic
2026-03-21T18:11:41.181422
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ly in constructive conversations about conflicts. Rectifying this deficiency in conflict resolution skills is pivotal for cultivating a more robust and harmonious group dynamic. Teachers often attempt to quell conflicts by resorting to superficial measures such as punishment (Marshall, 2012 ). These disciplinary measur...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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ORIGINAL RESEARCH article Front. Soc. Psychol. , 29 July 2024 Sec. Intergroup Relations and Group Processes Volume 2 - 2024 | https://doi.org/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968 Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution E V Eli Vinokur 1 A Y Avinoam...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.299794
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on Academic College of Education, Haifa, Israel 2. Department of Human Services, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel 3. Department of Emergency and Disaster Management, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel See more Article metrics View details Abstract Navigating conflicts is crucial for promoting positive relationship...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.299841
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pproach to group dynamics and conflict resolution within the school setting, aiming to foster meaningful relationships and personal and social growth. The methods of SBL focus on group evolution by navigating conflicts rooted in higher needs while balancing the interplay of separation and connection. It proactively emb...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.299884
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em-solving, and positive feedback amid conflicts. Teachers acquire tools to transform the classroom into a “social laboratory” and construct meaningful partnerships with parents. Practical conflict management within the SBL framework involves dynamic group discussions, shifting from other blaming to accountability, and...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.299966
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ls by fostering perspective-taking and inclusiveness. We conducted a qualitative case study in an SBL training in a school from 2020 to 2023. These conflict management processes allow the school community to reimagine conflict as an invaluable educational opportunity, equipping pupils with essential soft skills for nav...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.300170
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angry and are even more reluctant to invite Maya. This incident makes them resent Maya for “snitching” on them (although Maya did not tell her mother to call the teacher). The issue is then brought up in the parents' WhatsApp group and results in a heated argument between Maya's mother and her friends and the parents o...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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ause they see her as the reason for the conflict. Maya's friends are embarrassed to be seen with her at school, which leads to further social rejection. In the wake of this heated conflict, several parents, including Maya's mother, contacted the school principal and vent about the incident. They are furious that the sc...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.300259
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of addressing social issues in the classroom. Ms. Thompson, despite her efforts, could not bridge the divide, hence underscoring the complexities of navigating interpersonal conflicts among pupils. This example is one of many such school conflicts ranging from two 1st graders fighting over a game during recess to power...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.300298
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eir need for effective conflict management and resolution approaches across the educational ecosystem. The tolerance for conflicts in schools is low and often leads to extreme reactions such as violence and mental breakdowns that are indicative of systemic dysfunction (Burde et al., 2017 ). The staff, teachers, and par...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.300342
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o the overall school environment (Ertürk, 2022 ). Conflict is perceived as an indicator of systemic (school) or personal (teacher or pupil) failure (Marengo et al., 2018 ), but school conflict management strategies often do not align with the challenges of the 21 st century (Malik, 2018 ; Blank, 2020 ). The outcome is ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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t management) does not work well (Liddle, 2023 ). These challenges have been further intensified in today's educational landscape, which faces an unprecedented social reality that drastically impacts school interpersonal relations. These challenges include high proportions of ADHD pupils (Zagzoog et al., 2020 ), extens...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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empathy (Gultom et al., 2022 ) and more ostracism (Eriks-Brophy and Whittingham, 2013 ). Addressing this new intricate web of conflicts necessitates a comprehensive and innovative approach to school conflict management that transitions from the mindset that conflict is a “problem” to a mindset where conflict is seen as...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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namely, a mindset and proficiency that should be taught and practiced in schools to better prepare pupils for contemporary challenges rather than a tool that helps teachers avoid classroom chaos. Specifically, developing soft skills, particularly conflict management skills, should become part and parcel of socializatio...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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Learning (hereafter: SBL; Vinokur et al., 2023 ). We first present an overview of the nature of intragroup and intragroup conflicts among teachers, parents, pupils, and staff that typify the school system. Our primary focus is on teachers since they interact with all the other groups and are considered to be drivers of...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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approach, followed by its practical applications. Finally, we present a qualitative case study in a school that implements SBL-oriented conflict management. SBL is an approach that seeks to shift the mindset of educators to evaluate the quality of an educational process according to the quality of the interpersonal con...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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tional process (teachers, students, and parents). It is a holistic approach that seeks to construct positive relationships among the members of the educational community (Vinokur et al., 2023 ). When managed properly, implementing the SBL methodology should prevent the escalation of social conflicts. Still, it is worth...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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L also gives teachers the toolkit to face such challenges constructively. Intragroup conflicts Intragroup conflicts within educational institutions can manifest among all stakeholders, including teachers, parents, pupils, and staff, in different but interrelated ways. Teachers frequently encounter intragroup conflicts ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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on and reciprocal behavior (Kilag et al., 2024 ). The division created by tenure can erode organizational citizenship and helping behaviors and can be exacerbated by the teaching profession's duties outside the classroom, such as school trips, extracurricular interactions, and interactions with parents and students aft...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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nd Yemini, 2018 ), can escalate into conflicts due to a lack of common goals and norms of conduct and a tendency to prioritize their child's interests over the good of the class, or to blame others for personal problems (Moyano Dávila et al., 2023 ). Only a few parents actively participate in official school councils a...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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2026-03-21T18:11:41.300692
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ve peer relationships (Blatchford et al., 2003 ). Staff conflicts in schools stem from a lack of cohesion between staff members, ideological differences, and the principal's management style (Robbins and Alvy, 2009 ). To foster a harmonious and effective team, school principals need to encourage open communication led ...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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ration (Tschannen-Moran, 2001 ) to ultimately mitigate the negative impact of competition and differing approaches, and contribute to more cohesive and successful educational leadership. Intergroup conflicts Teacher centrality in the case of conflicts significantly contributes to burnout and high turnover rates (Rave e...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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emic problems within the educational institution (Chatterton and Goddard, 2000 ). The dynamics between teachers and pupils reflect a general decline in respect for authority (Hammett, 2008 ), where pupils value immediate gratification or success in alternative venues over school achievement and long-term goals (Alam, 2...
https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/social-psychology/articles/10.3389/frsps.2024.1412968/full
Frontiers | Social-based learning and leadership in school: conflict management training for holistic, relational conflict resolution
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