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Nurse Pract . Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2017 Aug 31. Published in final edited form as: Nurse Pract. 2012 Feb 12;37(2):1–4. doi: 10.1097/01.NPR.0000408626.24599.9e Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication Margaret Quinn Rosenzweig Margaret Quinn Rosenzweig , PhD, FNP-BC, AOCNP 1 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.554 | 0.692 | ["education", "philosophy", "communication"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.818771 | [
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on Copyright and License information 1 University of Pittsburgh School of Nursing in Pittsburgh, PA Roles Margaret Quinn Rosenzweig : PhD, FNP-BC, AOCNP , assistant professor PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC5578619 NIHMSID: NIHMS897616 PMID: 22252021 The publisher's version of this article is available at Nurse Pract Ab... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.698 | ["education", "communication", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819131 | [
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mmunication skills, and must be approached with empathy for all parties involved. There are several ways to deliver bad news to patients successfully using patient-centered communication techniques and methods. Keywords: empathetic communication, breaking bad news, patient-centered communication techniques Well-develop... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.419 | 0.83 | ["communication"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819237 | [
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uation and development as an important component in the provision of care. 1 Without excellent, empathetic communication skills, the NP is not able to fully relate to patients and families. Patient-centered communication, regardless of provider, is a contributing factor to high-quality patient care. Most medical school... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.551 | 0.838 | ["communication", "strategy", "education"] | 492 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819297 | [
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um, regarding communication skills in healthcare. In fact, medical license exams require a demonstration of communication skills for medical practitioners. 2 In nursing schools, patient-centered communication techniques are taught didactally but like many new skills student nurses have the difficult task of integrating... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.415 | 0.848 | ["communication", "crisis", "education"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819377 | [
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cognized as a competency for NPs that can improve patient outcomes. 4 The National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculty (NONPF), in their recently revised (2011) Nurse Practitioner Core Competencies, lists “provides patient-centered care recognizing cultural diversity and the patient or designee as a full partner... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.814 | ["decision_making"] | 415 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819439 | [
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s listed under Independent Practice competencies. 5 As NP education evolves with the development of practice-focused doctoral programs, The American Association of Colleges of Nursing has published The Essentials of Doctoral Education for Advanced Nursing Practice in 2006. 6 Included is the requirement that nurses with... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.538 | 0.842 | ["education", "networking", "career", "family"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819503 | [
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up) and other professionals to facilitate optimal care and patient outcomes.” 6 Delivering negative news One of the most important components in the repertoire of NP communication skills is the ability to “break bad news” to patients and families. Many NPs view breaking bad news as a communication skill that is importa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.379 | 0.858 | ["communication", "career"] | 493 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819561 | [
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s for disease control, or that death is imminent. However, all healthcare providers break bad news on different levels with all types of patient populations. Bad news can be understood as any information that changes a person’s view of the future in a negative way. 7 – 9 The NP cannot judge what constitutes bad news an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.33 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 443 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819608 | [
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individual’s view of themselves or their future. 8 – 10 NP practice does not regularly include the diagnosis of a life-ending illness, but often involves the communication of news that a new chronic diagnosis is present, that a chronic illness has worsened, or that attempts at management through medication or nonpharma... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.392 | 0.83 | ["communication", "management"] | 414 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819661 | [
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ews about the cost of medical care. J Clin Oncol. 2008;26(25):4200–4204. doi: 10.1200/JCO.2007.15.6208. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 11. Eggly S, Penner L, Albrecht TL, et al. Discussing bad news in the outpatient oncology clinic: rethinking current communication guidelines. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(4):716–719. d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.696 | ["communication"] | 452 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819708 | [
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and that a new course of treatment is necessary. Breaking bad news is a multifaceted task that can be managed successfully if it is done correctly. Many aspects of the interaction can be predicted, particularly if the patient is already in the NP’s primary care practice or specialty practice. A mental strategy for not ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.415 | 0.872 | ["strategy", "networking", "family", "philosophy"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819758 | [
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lanned when a relationship has previously been established with the patient. This process should be approached with concern for the patient and family receiving this news. Using a template or communication protocol while conveying bad news will help to instill and assure quality and empathy into this difficult communic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.382 | 0.83 | ["communication", "crisis", "networking", "career", "family"] | 435 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819805 | [
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at deal of professionalism, patience, and energy. This communication requires the twofold complex process of finding appropriate kind words and understandable terminology, and the secondary task of assessing how the patient and family are reacting, the degree of distress that the conversation is inducing, and the subse... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.553 | 0.86 | ["communication", "family", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819859 | [
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family from the bad news to the future plans with realism and hopefulness. There are several accepted ways to break bad news. These methods include using common formats of structured listening to what the patient knows and wants to know, giving information in understandable amounts, reacting to the news, and checking f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.539 | 0.872 | ["philosophy", "family"] | 493 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.819978 | [
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rting place if they are unsure of how to proceed. Additionally, this is a task that often must be completed in the context of a busy clinical scenario, with less than optimal time and conditions. Although all communication involving breaking bad news can not follow an exact protocol, the considerations of the SPIKES pr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.341 | 0.844 | ["communication", "crisis"] | 449 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.820108 | [
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de when initiating these difficult conversations. The acronym SPIKES, 8 – 10 stands for S etting up, P erception, I nvitation, K nowledge, E motions with Empathy, and S trategy or Summary. This approach was designed by Walter Baile and colleagues at the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston TX, and i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.345 | 0.844 | ["crisis", "career", "education"] | 450 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.820248 | [
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aking bad news: Establish an appropriate setting. Check the patient’s perception of the situation prompting the news regarding the illness or test results. Determine the amount of information known or how much information is desired. Know the medical facts and their implication before initiating the conversation. Explo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.532 | 0.706 | ["interview", "philosophy", "strategy"] | 505 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.820370 | [
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the SPIKES protocol is setting up the interview. Setting the stage for optimal communication by preparing what to say prior to the conversation is essential to successful communication. The appropriate vocabulary to use and the information to be shared can also be reviewed ahead of the interview to assure that the NP f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.398 | 0.87 | ["communication", "interview", "economy", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.820488 | [
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the news, and the specific care plan is important. This step is particularly important for novice NPs working in collaborative practice agreements with a physician, unsure of what the collaborating physician may recommend in specific situations. A strong, unified, consistent message among all members of the healthcare ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.406 | 0.84 | ["economy", "management", "negotiation"] | 447 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.820765 | [
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and the manner in which the news will be shared. The wrong physical setting for delivering negative news can lead to an unsuccessful discussion. 8 – 10 The rules of preferred body language for optimal communication including sitting while speaking, maintaining an open posture, and maintaining eye contact apply as the i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.395 | 0.864 | ["communication", "interview"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.820876 | [
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, quiet space during communication between the clinician, the patient, and the family. Asking the patient to quiet their personal communication technology prior to the conversation can also minimize distraction. 8 – 10 It is important to eliminate evidence of nervousness; many clinicians feel anxious when sharing bad n... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.384 | 0.838 | ["communication", "family"] | 464 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.820927 | [
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portant in establishing rapport with the patient. Simply placing your feet flat on the floor with your ankles together and putting your hands, palms downward, on your lap is a successful neutral position. Maintaining eye contact with your patient will help ensure your attentiveness. 8 – 10 Perception The patient’s perc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.423 | 0.876 | ["war_conflict", "family"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.820981 | [
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and family know about the results of a test, what this news will mean to them in the context of the illness, and perhaps most importantly what they want to know. If the NP has a relationship with the patient and family and has been following the patient through a diagnostic workup or management of chronic illness, unde... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.341 | 0.884 | ["family", "management", "crisis", "networking"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821029 | [
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ly new patient or one in which the NP has not been involved as a member of the care team. 8 – 10 Empathic communication skills will help the NP explore the patient and family’s perception of illness or events to date in a disease trajectory. The patient’s response to the NP’s questioning will help guide the manner and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.365 | 0.882 | ["communication", "management", "family"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821083 | [
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such as wishful thinking, omission of the essential but unfavorable medical details of the illness, or unrealistic expectations of treatment. 8 The patient’s denial behaviors are often important management strategies for the patient and family in dealing with overwhelming loss. The breaking of bad news should not shatt... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.862 | ["family", "management", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821133 | [
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tient and family know enough so that they are able to provide informed consent for further testing and treatment. Invitation The permission to have information shared is granted by the patient or family. Once an inquiry has been made as to the extent of understanding and the context in which the information fits, the N... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.362 | 0.878 | ["philosophy", "family"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821179 | [
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ntext in which testing has been done, the NP then asks permission to share the current information. 8 – 10 Knowledge The first step in actually delivering the news is to “Fire a Warning Shot” and warn the patient and family that the incoming news is not good. 8 – 10 Beginning a discussion with phrases such as: “Unfortu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.345 | 0.89 | ["war_conflict", "family", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821228 | [
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ient and family to emotionally brace themselves for the information to follow. These statements of warning also establish the NP as a patient advocate. The sharing of bad news must be presented based on the assessed level of patient’s understanding, compliance, and wishes for disclosure. Instead of using technical lang... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.834 | ["war_conflict", "family", "philosophy"] | 433 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821280 | [
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r radiology can make an abstract concept clearer. The actual sharing of the bad news should be done slowly so that the patient and family understand. Choosing words carefully is particularly important if the news indicates a very poor prognosis. These conversations and choice of words on the part of the clinician can b... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.332 | 0.87 | ["family", "decision_making"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821337 | [
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the need for mental and emotional preparation prior to the patient interaction. In situations involving cancer, patients report that the most important component of the process of breaking bad news is the content itself, specifically the expertise and the specific detail that is provided during the conversation. This d... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.409 | 0.828 | ["family", "philosophy"] | 410 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821384 | [
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he informational needs of the patient and family. 12 Empathy Patients will have a wide range of emotional reactions as they respond to the bad news delivered to them. The emotional response may range from silence to dramatic crying and sobbing. This creates a potentially awkward situation for the NP, but this sense of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.355 | 0.858 | ["communication", "war_conflict", "family", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821434 | [
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he patient involves empathetic communication, an appropriate and kind response to the emotion demonstrated when the patient hears bad news is critically important. The NP should show an understanding of the patient’s emotion and demonstrate empathy and respect in the face of a difficult situation. 13 , 14 Strategizing ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.844 | ["communication", "crisis"] | 441 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821482 | [
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h that patients have a clear plan for the future. 7 – 9 Preparatory information is important in order to decrease distress, regardless of illness stage. One of the best ways to prepare a patient for participation in treatment decisions is to ensure that he or she understands the information that has been provided. Befo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.848 | ["philosophy", "decision_making"] | 428 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821528 | [
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patient if they are ready for such a discussion. Frequent clarification during the discussion of the treatment plan will help the NP establish the patient’s understanding and likelihood of following through with the plan. 15 , 16 At the conclusion of the discussion, both the NP and the patient should leave with a clear... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.395 | 0.846 | [] | 412 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821574 | [
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d the roles each will play in taking those steps. If further testing is needed, the tests should be arranged and the patient should have a clear understanding of how those results will be communicated. 8 – 10 Refining communication skills There is a general consensus that these skills are important to the NP and can be... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.866 | ["communication", "education"] | 499 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821621 | [
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nt learning needs as they encounter this content. While communication content has a cognitive component, communication skills such as breaking bad news for healthcare providers should ideally be taught using an experiential and not just a didactic methodology. A skill such as breaking bad news is ideally taught as a ps... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.462 | 0.858 | ["communication", "education"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821667 | [
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pportunity to utilize these skills in a precepted clinical setting. 17 – 19 Conclusion Breaking bad news is an important clinical skill that can be frequently utilized in the context of routine practice. Following an established protocol while integrating empathetic communication makes the difficult task of breaking ba... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.371 | 0.828 | ["communication", "crisis", "family"] | 422 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821712 | [
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the communication between the patient and family. These skills can be learned in continuing education programs or easily integrated into NP curriculum. 20 Footnotes The author has disclosed that she has no financial relationships related to this article. References 1. Berry JA. Nurse practitioner/patient communication ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5578619/ | Breaking bad news: A guide for effective and empathetic communication - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.558 | 0.692 | ["communication", "networking", "family", "education"] | 485 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:11.821768 | [
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Front Psychol . 2021 Jul 13;12:672217. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.672217 Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction Alexandros Psychogios Alexandros Psychogios 1 Birmingham City University, Birmingham City Business School, Birmingham, United Kingdom Fin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.578 | 0.82 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.858742 | [
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oniki, Greece Find articles by Nikolaos Dimitriadis 2 Author information Article notes Copyright and License information 1 Birmingham City University, Birmingham City Business School, Birmingham, United Kingdom 2 University of York Europe Campus, City College, Thessaloniki, Greece Edited by: Jesper Clement, Copenhagen ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.54 | 0.684 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.858864 | [
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stitute of Lisbon (ISCTE), Portugal ✉ *Correspondence: Alexandros Psychogios alexandros.psychogios@bcu.ac.uk This article was submitted to Organizational Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology Received 2021 Feb 25; Accepted 2021 Jun 2; Collection date 2021. Copyright © 2021 Psychogios and Dimitria... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.568 | 0.668 | ["innovation"] | 436 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.858922 | [
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the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.562 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "innovation", "networking"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.858976 | [
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-based approaches to leadership represent one of the fastest-growing leadership fields and help us to understand better organizational leadership. Relation-based approaches emphasize the relationship and interaction between the leader and the follower. The emphasis is placed on the way that they interact and influence ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.635 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 503 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859025 | [
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r's needs toward the achievement of mutual goals. Leaders and followers are an essential part of this social process implying that they are losing their traditional identity rooted in the formal organizational structure (manager-subordinate) and become inseparable actors of a co-constructing process of leadership. What... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.415 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 478 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859085 | [
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ry to understand how to do that in the workplace. What is even less understood is the importance and role of consciousness in this relationship. Especially since consciousness appears to be both a fundamental and a very elusive element in human relations. Therefore, this paper conceptually explores the concept of consc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.443 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859136 | [
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us on mutually dependent relations with each other. This paper contributes to the field of Neuro-management by introducing the concept of Homo Relationalis . In this respect, we suggest that leadership is not just a socially constructed element but also a social brain constructed phenomenon that requires an understandi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.591 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "management"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859246 | [
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ader/follower in the same person, following the self-illusion theory. Finally, we conclude that we need to further emphasize a social brain-adjusted relational leadership approach and we introduce two new cognitive styles that can help capture the essence of it. Keywords: relational leadership, neuroscience, leader-fol... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.826 | ["leadership", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859488 | [
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one of the fastest-growing leadership fields and help us understanding better organizational leadership (Dihn et al., 2014 ). Relation-based approaches emphasize the relationship, and thus interaction, between the leader and the follower, rather than focusing on leader or follower's characteristics and attitudes. In ot... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859550 | [
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attaining mutual goals (Erdogan and Liden, 2002 ). It is known that leaders are linked to followers and vice versa in a sense of responding to each other's needs (Simons et al., 2011 ). The process of their interaction along with the result of their interaction comprise the wholeness of leadership. Viewing leadership a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.407 | 0.712 | ["leadership", "ethics"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859610 | [
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hange (e.g., new values, attitudes, approaches, behaviors, and ideologies) are constructed and produced” (Uhl-Bien, 2006 , p. 655). Leaders and followers are essential parts of this social process implying that in a relational mode of understanding leadership, they are losing their traditional identity that is rooted i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.46 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "management", "ethics", "philosophy"] | 510 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859665 | [
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ome, according to our view, leadership actors 1 . What is less known is the way that leadership actors are linked to each other and in particular how they try to understand how to do that in the workplace. What is even less understood is the importance and the role of consciousness in this relationship. Especially sinc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 415 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859767 | [
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al and a very elusive element in human relations. Therefore, this paper explores the concept of consciousness within the context of the social brain theory to argue that leadership actors need to revise their approach to individuality and focus on mutually dependent relations. Furthermore, we introduce the concept of H... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.862 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859862 | [
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ly constructed element, but also a social brain constructed phenomenon that requires an understanding of the human brain as a social organ. We further recommend a new approach of applying cognitive style analysis to capture the duality of leader/follower in the same person, following the self-illusion theory. In order ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "rhetoric"] | 444 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.859952 | [
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called the Convergence Method of Evidence (CME). This method, not unlike the investigative work of detectives, strives to explain phenomena by drawing insights from diverse fields simultaneously and from multiple inquiry lines, instead of utilizing more straightforward and single-path science methods (Shermer, 2011 ). ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.414 | 0.852 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860038 | [
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the all of our background knowledge about how the word works and decide what possible explanation provides the best account of all the facts we have” (Carroll, 2016 , p. 41). By combining diverse but relevant theories and research from neuroscience, evolutionary biology, anthropology, psychology, and leadership, we wer... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.583 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "education"] | 453 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860097 | [
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develop the neuroscience-based model we suggest. Following the CME method, the paper is organized in six sections. In the first one, we try to review the main arguments coming from relational leadership schools and how they are associated with brain science. In the second and third sections, we explore consciousness ar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.574 | 0.868 | ["leadership", "education", "rhetoric"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860148 | [
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in theory that also links relational approaches to leadership with neuroscience. In the fifth section, we show that although social consciousness and social brain theory can show us the way toward relational leadership, the evolution of leadership and leadership relations were based on a bounded view of human relations... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.416 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860198 | [
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oduce two new cognitive styles that can help capture the essence of social brain-adjusted relational leadership. Relational Leadership On Board The traditional leadership theories attempted to approach and understand leadership as an individual feature that consists of many cognitive aspects. The focus was on the indiv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.434 | 0.854 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860256 | [
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solated phenomenon that is based on the main actor, the leader, and his/her behavior formulated by his/her experience and knowledge. As Cunliffe and Eriksen ( 2011 ) argue, traditional leadership theories were based on the “ periphery and content aspects of leadership” (p. 1428) not the actual sense of leadership. Thes... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.383 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "philosophy", "education"] | 506 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860314 | [
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ous basis from people's actions and interactions. In this paper, we follow a different approach to leadership that is not related only to the individual level of analysis, but mainly to a dyadic and group analysis, where leadership is a part of social context full of interactions (Dionne et al., 2014 ). The context inc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.405 | 0.85 | ["leadership"] | 440 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860369 | [
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zational level as well (Yammarino et al., 2005 ). This multilevel context of interaction includes two main leadership actors: the leader and the follower(s) (Schriesheim et al., 2001 ). The actors cannot be seen independently of the context that they participate as well as they cannot be seen independently of the peopl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.454 | 0.864 | ["leadership", "education"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860416 | [
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ion for leadership are influenced by both cultural and socioeconomic elements (Hoyland et al., 2021 ). In other words, leadership occurs within the process of relating with each other, aiming in doing things in a non-static, but dynamic and continuously evolving context. In this respect, a school of thought has been de... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.405 | 0.87 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860478 | [
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urrell, 1997 ; Erdogan and Liden, 2002 ; Uhl-Bien, 2003 ; Dihn et al., 2014 ) giving birth to the Relational Leadership Theory (Uhl-Bien, 2006 ). Relational leadership does not primarily refer to behaviors of leaders that are relationship-oriented emphasizing on compassion, support, trust, and high quality work relatio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.435 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 419 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860531 | [
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; Brower et al., 2000 ; Uhl-Bien et al., 2000 ). Although, we recognize the importance of these aspects in relation to consciousness and social brain, relational leadership can be understood as a social construction process within complex collective entities (organizations) and through connections and interdependences ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 424 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860593 | [
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ichtenstein, 2000 ; Psychogios and Garev, 2012 ). The relational school argues that leadership is understood as a continuous and evolving reality within the process of organizing and occurs in interdependent relationships (Uhl-Bien, 2006 ). Therefore, leadership as a relational process has to be explored in the context... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860648 | [
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leadership realities emphasizing on dialogue and conversation, relational dynamics and creation of interactive processes (Cunliffe, 2001 ; Vine et al., 2008 ; Ness, 2009 ). For example, leadership is seen as a relational dialogue among organizational members, whose interaction and engagement constructs everyday organiz... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.836 | ["leadership"] | 483 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860695 | [
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uence as traditional leadership approaches claim. Leadership is related to the way that people experience daily events and making judgments in the moment of their interactions with others in organizations about these events (Cunliffe and Eriksen, 2011 ; Antonacopoulou and Psychogios, 2015 ). With this in mind, leadersh... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.556 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "decision_making"] | 463 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860748 | [
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l behaviors and characteristics (Murrell, 1997 ). In short, leadership is always a process of relating, and relating is a constructive, ongoing, and dynamic process of meaning making (Uhl-Bien and Ospina, 2012 ). In this respect, the present paper adopts a relational definition of leadership where leadership is viewed ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.852 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860794 | [
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influence organizational understandings and produce outcomes (Barge and Fairhurst, 2008 ). However, what it is less known and comprehensive from the relational approach to leadership is associated with the “how” of leadership process. It seems that there is a missing link regarding the ways that leadership is construct... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.419 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 508 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860888 | [
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al connection that can be found in brain science. In particular, we argue that leadership as a relational process of meaning making that is taking place through endless influential interactions in a specific context, requires the brain awareness of leadership actors (leaders and followers). In other words, relational l... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.483 | 0.822 | ["leadership", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 413 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.860947 | [
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d better if we engage neuroscientific approaches. In the next sections, we utilize on consciousness approaches and social brain theory to demonstrate our arguments. We argue that consciousness helps us to be aware of our own subjective experience of events and processes, hence relational leadership experiences as descr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.402 | 0.86 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861002 | [
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iew that our brains are better fit to relational experiences and therefore relational leadership as such rather than traditional (hierarchical) leadership formalities. We conclude by suggesting the need for a brain-adjusted relational approach to leadership. Understanding the Nature of Consciousness Within the few scie... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.41 | 0.818 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 442 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861051 | [
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nation, consciousness holds a prominent position. Article titles such as “Why can't the world's greatest minds solve the mystery of consciousness?” in 2015 on The Guardian (Burkeman, 2015 ) and “World's Smartest Physicist Thinks Science Can't Crack Consciousness” in 2016 on Scientific American (Horgan, 2016 ) portray t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.335 | 0.82 | [] | 414 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861093 | [
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lism, that the concept of consciousness attracts. Media coverage aside, understanding consciousness, and its role in human relations, might hold the key to upgrading the analysis and comprehension of relational leadership within organizations. The main challenge of studying consciousness can be summarized in the questi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.546 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "crisis", "education"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861217 | [
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e leading conundrum for many in search of decoding consciousness. Chalmers ( 1995 ), separated the easy problems (can be solved through computational or neural mechanisms) and the hard problems (cannot be solved by computational or neural mechanisms) of studying consciousness. However, the actual hard problem of consci... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.377 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "education"] | 434 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861271 | [
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f why and how it so arises.” (Chalmers, 1995 , p. 5), In addition, the soft part of this problem is about studying neural and other biological processes that are responsible for capturing stimuli, focusing our attention, controlling our behavior and integrating information cognitively or in general, various functions a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.86 | ["philosophy", "education"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861320 | [
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derable impact on the subjective experience of westerners, including on their cognition and emotions (Markus and Kitayama, 1991 ). This acute focus on the individual and on the value of a single person as opposed to wider social units. This individualist approach, laser-focusing on the person's interests rather on comm... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.42 | 0.848 | [] | 471 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861377 | [
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fact that those functions could be done without being necessarily aware of them as we do, but we are. The above approach of consciousness is a continuation of a number of philosophers' argumentation since classical antiquity and especially ancient Greece, who separated between the physical and inner worlds (Phillips et... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.337 | 0.856 | ["war_conflict", "faith_spirituality", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861586 | [
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that consciousness existed seemingly in separation from nature. These two worlds, nature and thought, body and mind, or more recently, brain and mind, has been called Dualism and it is central to the debate on consciousness (Crane and Patterson, 2012 ). This Cartesian substance dualism, suggests “the mind and the body ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.303 | 0.84 | ["philosophy"] | 436 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861655 | [
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of each other…” (Grankvist et al., 2016 , p. 1). In other words, according to Chalmers ( 1995 ) the dualistic approach of consciousness is about two main questions: Why we are aware of our own subjective experience (Hard Problem) and How are we aware of our own subjective experiences (Soft Problem). Although this appro... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.866 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 490 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861707 | [
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14 ), Dualism itself is not universally accepted. We argue (as many others do) that rejecting dualism might be the fastest way of solving the hard problem of consciousness focusing on the real one, which is the soft problem (Dehaene, 2014 ). The ‘Divide and Conquer' method of modern Dualism needs to be abandoned (Denne... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.85 | ["leadership"] | 458 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861771 | [
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arly for understanding the process of leadership. This is because it is the interplay of the why and how that makes consciousness so central for the relational approach of leadership process in organizations. As Seth elegantly puts it 2016 : “But there is an alternative [to the hard and soft problems], which I like to ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.87 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861822 | [
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esn't exist (easy problem) and without worrying too much about explaining its existence in the first place (hard problem).” Social Constructed Consciousness and Self Awareness The difficulty in explaining the “Why” of consciousness might lie in the extreme importance that the western world is putting on individuality. ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.527 | 0.856 | ["crisis", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.861942 | [
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alled the Homo Economicus view of the human kind. Homo Economicus is an individualistic conception of humanity, void of any social dimension, which considers as natural law that the self-interest of one person is the interest of all people, leading to an ultra-egocentric model of decision making and behavior (Pesch, 20... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.52 | 0.862 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "governance"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862035 | [
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temology and a Cartesian dogma of a clear distinction between mind and nature (Bradbury and Lichtenstein, 2000 ). It assumes that individuals have a “knowing mind,” as well as that they have access to the contents of their mind (Uhl-Bien, 2006 ) that they can control (Hosking et al., 1995 ). Dipped into neoclassical ec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.864 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862114 | [
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imize costs, the Homo Economicus model of humanity is fading away: new models such as the Homo Reciprocans , the Homo Sociologicus , and the Homo Socioeconomicus have emerged as an effort to understand better the complex interrelations between people (O'Boyle, 2007 ). In a similar vein, we propose the term Homo Relatio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.411 | 0.716 | [] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862163 | [
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s improve our understanding of socioeconomic interaction. But it is the relational aspects (interconnectivity, interrelatedness, and interaction) between us ( Homo Relationalis ) that needs to be factored in, if we want to explain and further understand the leadership process. Individuality, self-interest, ego-centrici... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.598 | 0.824 | ["leadership"] | 448 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862213 | [
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, and still shape, our approach to consciousness. If we continue to look at consciousness as a mechanism that creates subjective, thus individual, experiences then we might never understand its value and purpose. However, if we look at consciousness from a more socio-centric and relational view of humanity, taking into... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.495 | 0.854 | ["philosophy"] | 497 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862261 | [
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, thus solving the real problem of consciousness. The main problem of consciousness within the Homo Economicus view is that since consciousness, is responsible for our subjective/individualistic experience and for our self-centered, ego-driven decision-making and behavior, then what would happen if those two exact proc... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.371 | 0.834 | ["decision_making"] | 464 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862315 | [
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