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for? Our own personal survival or something else? According to Halligan and Oakley ( 2015 ) the role of consciousness seems to be linked to the function of the brain. For example, “muscles and brain areas prepare for an action, such as a reaching out for an object, before we are even aware of our intention to make that... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.443 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict"] | 451 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862380 | [
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l processes” (Halligan and Oakley, 2015 , p. 26). Latest research identified the gap between the brain's unconscious preparedness for action and the conscious awareness of the action to 11 s (Koenig-Robert and Pearson, 2019 ). The fact that our brains prepare to take a decision much earlier than when our consciousness ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.868 | ["decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862439 | [
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that the sense of self comes from “our unconscious mind, and provides an evolutionary advantage that developed for the benefit of the social group, not the individual” (ibid, p. 26). We argue that our unconscious mind broadcasts all info and decisions to our consciousness that then creates an individual construct neces... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.375 | 0.856 | ["decision_making", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862494 | [
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rmation and being able to adjust attitudes in relation to various on external stimuli. This means that consciousness is an emergent product of our unconscious part of the brain in order to assist us in adapting to, and interacting with, our peers in order to evolve together as a group not as individuals. We call this a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.864 | ["rhetoric"] | 499 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862539 | [
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lutionary advantage (Mercier and Sperber, 2011 ). The importance of human communication for the species survival and growth, the ability to develop individual, conscious thoughts is for persuasion purposes and not for ego-centric decision making. Its role is inherently social. The evolutionary advantage of a collaborat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.826 | ["communication", "decision_making", "economy", "rhetoric"] | 443 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862607 | [
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d true from other scientific disciplines as well. Evolutionary anthropology, primatology, and archeology have discovered that homo sapiens sapiens' , our species', unique ability to form multilayered social relations and to collaborate within highly complex and coordinated group activities with genetically unrelated in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.364 | 0.84 | ["economy", "philosophy"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862664 | [
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cooperate, what he has called hyperprosociality , which to him is not a learned tendency but a genetically encoded trait, was what helped our species dominate against other related species, such as the Neanderthals. Although cooperation can also be observed in primate species, our unique ability to collaborate in large... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.698 | ["ethics", "economy"] | 475 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862723 | [
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what gave the edge to humankind (De Waal, 2014 ). Last but not least, psychology is also revising some of its long-held beliefs on individuality and consciousness toward a more socially oriented approach. One of the most cited tests for studying self-consciousness, especially in the developmental process, is the sticke... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.333 | 0.856 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 500 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862770 | [
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in non-human species and compare those to humans. Apart from humans very few other species pass the test proving that self-awareness is a function of advanced cerebral processes. Rochat ( 2009 ) conducted a similar study in non-western societies with surprising results. Instead of kids reaching for their faces, in many... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.379 | 0.834 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 420 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862818 | [
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hould be doing with such an unexpected situation. In particular, out of 104 kids in a Kenyan study only two removed the sticker while the rest stayed confused. Recognizing ourselves in the mirror is not about individuality, about ‘us against the world' or about finding our unique personal place in this world (Rochat, 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.359 | 0.87 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 496 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862875 | [
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an outside-in test and not the other way around. These scientific developments, pointing to a socially driven sense of self, have led many in psychology to claim that the sense of a concrete self is an illusion (Hood, 2012 ). In other words, our self-awareness is a fluid concept dependent on our surroundings, constantl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.351 | 0.872 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 510 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862929 | [
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process of shaping one's self through action and interaction,” signifying the importance of the embodied self as a key approach in revising what it means to be us. This notion seem to be at the core of relational leadership. Many relational leadership studies argue that we are aware of ourselves as leadership actors (l... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.401 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.862992 | [
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ted in the process of interaction between the leader and the follower. Similarly, Sluss and Ashforth ( 2007 ) claim that the role-based identities of a leader and a follower interactively “influence the [leadership] relational identity such that the [leadership] relational identity is more than the sum of its parts” (p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.569 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 507 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.863041 | [
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oward leadership (Van Knippenberg et al., 2004 ). In other words, followers' self-conception in the leadership process is formulating in a dynamic way within the process and influenced by it. Therefore, leadership actors through the leadership process co-create a relational leadership identity. In conclusion, adopting ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.433 | 0.852 | ["leadership", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.863088 | [
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in life and of course ourselves as leadership actors. First, if the human mind is not all about ourselves then consciousness is an inherent brain phenomenon that allows us to understand, relate, and interact with those around us appropriately in order to achieve various types of goals together. Second, if we are not as... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.399 | 0.872 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.863160 | [
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with others should be more open, assertive and collaborative than before. Above all, our consciousness emerges unexpectedly, not as the pinnacle of human cognition and of our place in the universe, but as a product of our brains, an illusion even, that helps us create and respond to dynamic social environments and move... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.416 | 0.858 | ["leadership", "career", "war_conflict", "economy"] | 484 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.863228 | [
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s to happen, we needed the right type of a brain. A “social” brain to be exact. We argue that our brain is mainly a social organ that emphasizes connecting, interacting, trusting, and cooperating, and that this is also confirmed by the evolution of human kind (Dimitriadis and Psychogios, 2020 ). The idea of relational ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.574 | 0.87 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.863299 | [
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s in various contexts that affect various outcomes. Therefore, a social brain is an essential part of relational leadership. Leadership is not just a socially constructed, but a social brain constructed process. Social Brain Theory and Leadership If you ask someone for their opinion on the species that show the highest... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.414 | 0.836 | ["leadership", "communication", "economy", "rhetoric"] | 426 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.863394 | [
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l answer that you will receive is: bees and ants. Bees' and ants' ability to collaborate within their communities harmoniously and relentlessly attracts the attention of the public. Nevertheless, the admiration of bees and ants as the ultimate cooperative machines is based on a fundamental misconception. Actually, thos... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.346 | 0.844 | ["economy", "communication", "rhetoric", "decision_making"] | 471 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.863489 | [
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hemicals to collaboration (Gamble et al., 2014 ). In this chemically-induced “tyranny” of co-working, those species are born to cooperate with specific members of their community and for specific reasons. In an analogy to human societies, organizations would look more like totalitarian systems or like Huxley ( 1998 ) p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.432 | 0.858 | ["economy", "communication", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.863797 | [
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s reveals the damage done by the Homo Economicus mindset that focuses exclusively on competitive struggle, self-interest, and isolative individuality. Looking at the evolution of Homo Sapiens Sapiens in comparison with other species, and studying brain size in relation to group size, has led to the breakthrough theory ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.544 | 0.848 | ["economy", "education"] | 503 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.863980 | [
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ally frontal lobe cortical areas (Dunbar, 1998 ). Humans have a disproportionally big cortex/body ratio and this allows them to form larger groups with complex relations. It can be argued that, according to the Social Brain theory, higher neuro-complexity leads to higher social-complexity. Dunbar ( 1998 ) is actually f... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.858 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 500 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.864111 | [
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depending on the closeness of the relationships-. This was found to hold true even in our highly networked era dominated by the internet and social media (Gamble et al., 2014 ). The human social brain is able to behave in extraordinary ways. Based on a more complex cortex humans have the ability to reciprocate, collabo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.559 | 0.852 | ["networking", "economy", "philosophy"] | 468 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.864369 | [
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more cleverly than other species (Dunbar, 1998 ). Unfortunately, it is the latter group of those social behaviors that initially attracted many scientists who, by observing children's ability to get what they wanted from their parents, labeled these abilities as Machiavellian 2 . Again, applying a typical Homo Economic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.844 | ["family"] | 500 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.864526 | [
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on, social intelligence, and social co-existence. This narrowest of views though has been later revised to include all the socially positive behaviors creating a more realistic picture of the social brain's behavioral aspects. Interactivity, interdependence, and mutual understanding are core functions of the social bra... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.395 | 0.84 | ["leadership"] | 460 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.865595 | [
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operate in complex human societies (Hood, 2012 ). Two key components of the social brain theory is that first, brain processing capacity determines breadth of social relations and second, that the human kind has a unique ability to understand intentionality, in a much higher level than any other species. Concerning the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.866 | ["philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.865690 | [
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le we can associate with in different social setting. Since with every new acquaintance our brain will have to process new information, and even more information for keeping regularly in touch with this new person, our brain's processing capacity will ultimately determine the ability to maintain that relation. Spunt an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.85 | ["philosophy"] | 491 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.865865 | [
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erstand and connect to others, drops drastically. Thus, relationship building becomes harder. Our brain's expanded cognitive load is an actual advantage, when compared to other species, but also a limitation because of the boundaries it sets for further social bonding. Concerning the second, unlocking each others' inte... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.856 | ["networking"] | 508 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.865971 | [
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ons in the animal kingdom (Gamble et al., 2014 ). Our intentionality-decoding skills are so advanced when compared with other species that they alone have been deemed enough to explain the Why of consciousness. Graziano ( 2013 ) suggests that we have consciousness in order to detect the consciousness of other people an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.38 | 0.86 | [] | 497 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.866041 | [
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e “Why” question (hard problem) of consciousness. The evolved human brain is set for dynamic and complex relations that are made possible through advanced intention-reading skills unique to our species. Therefore, answering the “Why” of consciousness in this manner leads to important insights into the “How” (soft probl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.352 | 0.848 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.866210 | [
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and internal stimuli to create subjectivity, preparing the individual to act effectively to various situations (Graziano and Webb, 2015 ). Under this approach, consciousness is a neuro mechanism through which the brain creates mental models of reality in order to focus where needed the most. These mental models are bot... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.354 | 0.846 | [] | 472 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.866357 | [
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and our own stance, and to respond appropriately. Although AST does not necessarily require a socially-oriented consciousness approach (Rahimian, 2021 ), it seems to offer an effective integration of two sister phenomena that many believe to be separate within the brain: attention and consciousness (Nani et al., 2019 )... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.398 | 0.858 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.866770 | [
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ng to a conscious experience that is both internal (awareness of what is happening with us) and external (awareness of what is happening with others) (Wilterson et al., 2020 ). The “Why” and the “How” are coming together, bridging the gap between purpose and function, when consciousness is viewed as an evolutionary mec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.379 | 0.854 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.867139 | [
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es, friendships, institutions, communities, and societies. If this is the case, then it would be logical to expect that leadership in modern organizations is guided primarily by principles of empathy, collaborating, caring, and trust. We suggest social brain-constructed relational process of leadership, it is important... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.47 | 0.816 | ["leadership", "networking", "economy"] | 414 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.867591 | [
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us rethink the leader-follower dual relationship. Cognitive Styles and Leadership/Followership Duality In order to understand further the brain aspects of leadership actors, we argue that we need to take a step back, exploring through brain science the leadership-followership duality. Therefore, by focusing on consciou... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "networking"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.867701 | [
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ip (leader-follower) that consist the basis of the social brain-constructed relational leadership. The scientific debate on the evolution and function of consciousness has had intriguing side-effects on other topics, most notably on the concept of the self. The Homo Economicus mindset applied to consciousness as the ep... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.836 | ["leadership"] | 454 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.867779 | [
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which they understand and control (Pesch, 2002 ). Most importantly, people have one, solid self, or personality, which can be captured using quantitative tools like surveys. The problem with this approach is that it does not take into account significant findings from neuroscience and other brain-related sciences point... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.854 | [] | 498 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.867826 | [
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t of the self, has been called the Self-Illusion. Hood ( 2012 ) explains the sense of authenticity of an essential self within us, that feels true and unified: “[t]his core self… is, however, the illusion” (p. 82). The phenomenal experience of a subjective reality and the absence of a core self is also discussed in dep... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.368 | 0.848 | [] | 434 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.867920 | [
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concept of the Self-Model Theory of Subjectivity. Metzinger ( 2009 ) claims that “[t]he phenomenal Ego is not some mysterious thing or little man inside the head but the content of an inner image- namely, the conscious self-model, or PSM. By placing the self-model within the world-model, a center is created. That cente... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.367 | 0.874 | ["communication"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.867976 | [
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nal words, but they do have a representational model that feels unique and real which is much more socially-oriented and socially-derived than expected. The point to make about the ego, or self, is that it is more of a feeling than a fixed reality. The human brain adapts its reaction in different settings and switches ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.324 | 0.872 | ["communication"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868032 | [
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is an illusion and people's behaviors depend more on adjusting social brain processes than our sense of a solid self. In order to apply this approach to the relational leadership process, cognitive styles need to be discussed. Different brains show attention and process incoming information in working memory in differe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.456 | 0.838 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 438 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868102 | [
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called cognitive style (Happé and Frith, 2006 ). In organizational sciences, the concept of cognitive styles was popularized by the Cognitive Styles Index by Allinson and Hayes ( 1996 ) which proposed a questionnaire for measuring managers and employees in two variables, analysis vs. intuition, viewed as being distinct... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.842 | ["management", "education"] | 487 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868152 | [
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efficient learning under challenging conditions. Cognitive flexibility is contrasted to cognitive rigidity when attention and perception models hinder rather than allow for learning and behavioral change (Tchanturia et al., 2004 ). The concept of cognitive flexibility and rigidity were popularized in the business world... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.552 | 0.854 | ["innovation", "education"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868200 | [
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ing, problem-solving and innovation with the distinction of divergent creative cognitive style vs. divergent creative cognitive style (Chen et al., 2015 ). In leadership-related literature, the majority of work on cognitive styles has been focusing on creative organizational output and leadership (Zhang et al., 2011 ) ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.558 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "innovation"] | 504 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868263 | [
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stinction between the adaptor cognitive style vs. the innovator cognitive style (Jain and Jeppe Jeppesen, 2013 ). Based on the analysis of consciousness as a social tool, and the social brain and self-illusion theories, we recommend a new cognitive style distinction between the person as a leader vs. the same person as... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.374 | 0.87 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868313 | [
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uroscientific perspective, where the self of a person within an organization changes to fit into a leadership role, the leadership cognitive style vs. the follower role, the follower cognitive style, based on the situation. Since the presence of an authentic, one-dimensional, continuous and rigid core self has been dee... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.852 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868367 | [
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wn attentional and perceptual distinct processes applied even within the same day, but with different people and overall setting. Although still a hypothesis, such a distinction would help leadership theory progress beyond the standard view of a person as either a leader or a follower (both of them leadership actors), ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.408 | 0.834 | ["leadership"] | 460 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868414 | [
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elations within current organizational realities. Such a cognitively driven hypothesis fits also well with AST, which recommends three key cognitive processes present for human consciousness: endogenous control of awareness, exogenous control of awareness, and the resulting experience of a non-physical awareness of per... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.559 | 0.84 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868461 | [
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ies, will help us look into the specific mechanisms of awareness, reality, and meaning creation within the context of leadership actors (leader-follower) relations and the leader/follower duality, and thus, develop further the Relational Leadership Theory (Uhl-Bien, 2006 ). Furthermore, our approach has the potential o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.458 | 0.696 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868507 | [
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a follower viewpoint in explaining evolutionary beneficial leadership-related behaviors (Bastardoz and Van Vugt, 2019 ). EvoL theory explains the way that leadership is a biological product evolved through physiological, neurological and psychological processes (Vugt, 2018 ). What we further suggest is that leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.427 | 0.836 | ["leadership"] | 466 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868560 | [
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l relations that are occur in a specific context. In particular, our approach by combining relational and evolutional approaches to leadership suggests that leadership as a social process itself is rooted in the brains of leaders and followers that are wired and interacting in continuous, endless ways. In other words, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.838 | ["leadership"] | 453 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868612 | [
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h our brain functions and influencing each other. From a practice perspective, leadership actors will understand better how their own view of reality and the things they focus on influence their relations with other actors as well as how leadership actors' attention models can do the same. At the same time, leadership ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.579 | 0.84 | ["leadership", "decision_making"] | 447 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868661 | [
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e styles influence their relations and decisions. This in turn implies that the development of leadership capabilities in organizations should take into account a social brain-constructed relational approach and target the development of leadership not as a set of individual skills, but in contrast as a set of skills t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.417 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "decision_making"] | 509 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868709 | [
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s of leader-follower in one person as we suggest. Discussion: Toward Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership Leadership, evolutionarily speaking, is about creating appropriate conditions and trusting relationships for group members to contribute the most they can in the group's mission. These conditions include trust, car... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.603 | 0.824 | ["leadership", "communication", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 446 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868757 | [
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p (Brower et al., 2000 ; Uhl-Bien et al., 2000 ). Traditionally, the job of a leader was to provide support and safety to group members in order for them to feel liberated enough to perform their tasks in the most creative, passionate, and successful way. This community-oriented approach to leadership was found to be i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.391 | 0.866 | ["leadership", "innovation", "career", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868810 | [
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cience, evolutionary biology, and anthropology, has convincingly argued that leadership in modern companies should create circles of trust within an organization in order for its members, and the organization itself, to flourish. He claims that the negative image of big business in Western societies is exactly because ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.864 | ["leadership"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868858 | [
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the society as a whole, they do not act as our brain expects. We argue that based on the relational aspect of leadership, true leadership actors (leaders/followers) care for each other using their consciousness as a tool for the development of in-group collaboration, interdependence, and trust. These should be the key ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "communication", "economy", "rhetoric"] | 490 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868915 | [
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rom Western societies, shows something different. The fact that business, as a societal institution, has an unfavorable image within the wider global population is well-documented. The annual Trust Barometer study by Edelman ( 2020 ), conducted in 28 countries with more than 34,000 respondents, found that increasingly,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.856 | ["education"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.868965 | [
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s not working for them and the second largest group not being sure (34%). In a similar poll by Gallup ( 2020 ), only 19% of respondents in the US showed confidence in big businesses compared to 72% for the military and 75% for smaller businesses. Corporate leadership seems to have gone exactly the opposite way of an an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.854 | ["leadership", "war_conflict"] | 484 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.869011 | [
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t of deceit, manipulation, and self-preservation. Essentially, leadership is turned into something that psychopaths could do uniquely well. A study has found that one out of five CEOs (formal leaders) are psychopaths (Agerholm, 2016 ). This number, according to the study, is equal to prison populations. This is an alar... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.394 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "education", "philosophy"] | 457 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.869094 | [
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imilar insights can be observed in other domains. Both the empathy deficit, the drop in overall empathy levels (Colvin, 2015 ), and the increase of narcissism (Twenge and Campbell, 2009 ) in the wider population have been much publicized (Northwestern, 2006 ). These intriguing facts seem to contradict the previous anal... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.834 | ["philosophy"] | 412 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.869150 | [
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usness and the human brain as a pro-social organ. If we have been evolving to form dynamic and symbiotic relations, how is it that we are led by psychopaths and at the same time we start losing our hardwired empathic capacities? The answer is in the brain. Our brain is plastic. New neurons are generated every day, even... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.872 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 480 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.869201 | [
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ow much and how often these connections are used. These two processes, namely neuro-generation and the creation of new synapses between neurons, are fundamental to neuroplacticity (Breznitz and Hemingway, 2013 ). How we use our brains further enhances or weakens our mental abilities. In the case of the brain, this actu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.386 | 0.854 | ["war_conflict", "networking"] | 490 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.869252 | [
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and laptops (Dimitriadis and Psychogios, 2020 ). If the requirement for managers to progress within corporations is to adopt psychopathic attitudes and behaviors, repetition will lead | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8313727/ | Brain-Adjusted Relational Leadership: A Social-Constructed Consciousness Approach to Leader-Follower Interaction - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.563 | 0.752 | ["communication", "management", "rhetoric"] | 183 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:12.869301 | [
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Oncologist . 2015 Jul 16;20(8):852–853. doi: 10.1634/theoncologist.2015-0250 Giving Bad News Walter F Baile Walter F Baile 1 Department of Behavioral Science, Department of Psychiatry, and Program for Interpersonal Communication and Relationship Enhancement (I*CARE), Department of Faculty and Academic Development, The ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.531 | 0.84 | ["philosophy", "communication", "networking", "education"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.480743 | [
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ght and License information 1 Department of Behavioral Science, Department of Psychiatry, and Program for Interpersonal Communication and Relationship Enhancement (I*CARE), Department of Faculty and Academic Development, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas USA Disclosures of potential conf... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.553 | 0.834 | ["education", "communication", "networking", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 471 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.480885 | [
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iversity of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, P.O. Box 301402, Unit 1426, Houston, Texas 77230-1402, USA. Telephone: 713-745-4116; E-Mail: wbaile@mdanderson.org ✉ Corresponding author. Received 2015 Jun 23; Accepted 2015 Jul 1; Issue date 2015 Aug. ©AlphaMed Press PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC4524764 PMID: 26185197 Se... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.704 | [] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.480970 | [
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require bad news to be given to patients and families. SPIKES (setting, perception, invitation for information, knowledge, empathy, summarize and strategize) is a skills-based, best-practices approach to giving bad news. ••Although not formally tested in clinical trials, the communication skills it encompasses have bee... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.364 | 0.84 | ["communication", "philosophy", "crisis", "family", "education"] | 503 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481061 | [
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nt and family needs in a patient-centered manner. In the practice of oncology, it is difficult not to be impressed by the number of clinical situations that necessitate the conveyance of unfavorable medical information to patients and families. These include the communication of the cancer diagnosis, a poor prognosis, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.854 | ["crisis", "communication", "family", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481148 | [
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nd unexpected death, the discussion of hospice, and, more recently, a focus on the disclosure of medical errors. The estimate that these “bad news” discussions can occur more than 20,000 times during the course of an oncologist’s career [ 1 , 2 ] underscores the importance of this communication competency for patient c... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.548 | 0.846 | ["communication", "career", "education", "philosophy"] | 490 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481305 | [
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ased, best-practices approach to giving bad news. Although not formally tested in a clinical trial, the communication skills it proposes, or similar ones, have been found to positively affect patient outcomes in one or more studies [ 3 ]. Its steps have been incorporated into guidelines for clinician-patient communicat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.364 | 0.874 | ["communication", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 507 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481414 | [
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, medical oncology fellows, and others [ 7 , 8 ]. Although the SPIKES protocol has been adapted to many important “bad news” discussions, Morgans and Schapira in their report in this issue of The Oncologist address the use of SPIKES in the context of discussing treatment failure in an era of ever-expanding treatment op... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.337 | 0.868 | ["communication"] | 499 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481484 | [
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s and is often a daunting task for the clinician. In the original report in which we introduced the SPIKES protocol [ 2 ], we cited data from a survey of 500 oncologists, almost one half of whom thought that talking about the end of cancer treatment was the most difficult aspect of breaking bad news. Commenting on the ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.349 | 0.88 | ["war_conflict", "crisis"] | 507 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481563 | [
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en as “the enemy” and therefore must be defeated. Not to do so can represent the ultimate therapeutic failure (perhaps more so when the patient is young or “special” to the doctor). Consequently, the clinician must deal both with the patient’s and the family’s reactions to the bad news and also with their own strong em... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.441 | 0.862 | ["war_conflict", "family", "education"] | 459 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481630 | [
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oint was highlighted in a study by Wallace et al. [ 11 ], presented at the annual meeting of the American Society for Clinical Oncology in 2006. They polled more than 1,000 medical oncologists about their experiences in giving bad news about a poor prognosis (disease progression and death likely in the next 6–12 months... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.375 | 0.864 | ["education"] | 506 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481705 | [
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as sadness, pain, guilt, heartbreak, and stress. These feelings, repeated over and over again in the work of caring for very ill patients, are surely a recipe for burnout. Recognizing this, Morgan and Schapira discussed several techniques for mitigating the stress associated with discussing bad news. These can include ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.345 | 0.858 | [] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481762 | [
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ing steps, such as being calm and empathic, for dealing with patient emotions. Other investigators have made additional and important refinements to SPIKES, such as addressing cultural factors [ 12 ], setting goals of care and checking on what information the patient has actually absorbed and understood [ 13 ], and usi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.83 | ["decision_making", "communication", "philosophy"] | 413 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481826 | [
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tment decisions are more patient-centered [ 14 ]. Another important aspect of stress management is the creation of mindfulness about one’s own emotional reactions and unhelpful attitudes around giving bad news, such as the fear of being blamed, fear of unleashing an emotional reaction in the patient's family, expressin... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.377 | 0.86 | ["management", "decision_making", "networking", "family"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481891 | [
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nship if the result is the clinician's distancing himself or herself from the patient or attempting to shield the patient from distress. The consequences can be misunderstanding by the patient and family about the purpose of care and/or the loss of honest and supportive communication at a time when the patient needs th... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.884 | ["communication", "decision_making", "war_conflict", "family", "education"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.481955 | [
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can act on them with calmness and wisdom [ 21 ]. This can be important for clinicians who are particularly sensitive to the stress of giving bad news [ 10 ] or who tend to judge themselves too severely. These clinicians might benefit from emotional self-management strategies such as those described in the reports by Kr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.361 | 0.878 | ["management", "family", "education"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.482036 | [
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atient and family reactions, including their sadness, anger, disbelief, and/or denial [ 24 ]. In previous correspondence, we pointed out how patients’ emotions can cause the bearer of bad news to flounder because the patient reactions in themselves can elicit additional anxiety [ 25 ]. This psychological dynamic has be... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.468 | 0.844 | ["family"] | 467 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.482102 | [
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otional brain” can bring unintended consequences. These have been illustrated by Finset et al. [ 27 ], who found that oncologists often responded to negative emotions in cancer patients by changing the topic, asking a question, providing factual information, or reassuring the patient, instead of responding with an empa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.856 | ["strategy", "philosophy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.482181 | [
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” which helps oncologists to not assume responsibility for the bad news or the patient’s emotional reaction to it, but instead to refocus attention on the message itself and the support that the oncologist can provide to the patient. Communication skills training programs can provide awareness of emotions and the oppor... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.543 | 0.858 | ["communication", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.482264 | [
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techniques to encourage participants to recognize the range of both the clinician’s and the patient’s feelings, and their consequences, in bad news discussions. Taking on the role of a patient or family member in receiving bad news can help guide clinician communication by providing insight into the question, “What doe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.545 | 0.866 | ["family", "communication", "strategy"] | 512 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.482325 | [
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dance might not be the most effective strategy and that the patient might benefit more from honesty and support [ 30 ]. From the above, we can agree, as Bousquet et al. have pointed out [ 31 ] and as Morgan and Schapira have illustrated, that in giving bad news, SPIKES is best viewed as a flexible guideline to help the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.545 | 0.848 | ["communication", "strategy", "family"] | 423 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.482399 | [
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in a personalized and “patient-centered” manner. Footnotes Editor's Note: See the related article, “Confronting Therapeutic Failure: A Conversation Guide,” on page 946 of this issue. Disclosures Walter F. Baile: Lilly Pharmaceuticals (C/A). (C/A) Consulting/advisory relationship; (RF) Research funding; (E) Employment; ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4524764/ | Giving Bad News - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.82 | ["ethics", "networking", "career", "social_justice"] | 496 | Managing Up Lateral Relationships | topic | 2026-04-14T22:06:13.482462 | [
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