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ics of an organisation to accomplish one‘s goals. 1.6.4 Politicking Muhammad (2007) defines politicking as actions which undermine fairness in the organisation. Some examples he lists of these self-serving behaviours include bypassing the chain of command to gain approval, going through improper channels to obtain spec... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.591 | 0.686 | ["management", "decision_making"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756015 | [
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defines organisational citizenship behaviour as individual behaviours that are discretionary in nature and are not explicitly recognised in the formal appraisal or reward system. 1.6.6 Procedural Justice According to Muhammad (2007), procedural justice (PJ) has been conceptualised as an administrative process which lea... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.404 | 0.822 | ["philosophy", "social_justice", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 449 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756164 | [
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ss by which administrative decisions are reached. Elements of this process include employee involvement, systematic decisional processes and timely implementation of decisional goals/strategies. 1.7 OUTLINE OF THE STUDY The study has been divided into five chapters. Chapter 1 This chapter outlines the scope of the stud... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.605 | 0.85 | ["decision_making", "education"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756263 | [
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stigma attached to it, the implications for managers, as well as strategies and tactics to help equip managers for political behaviour. Chapter 3 This chapter outlines the research methodology, which includes the research paradigm, sampling and measuring instruments. Chapter 4 This chapter presents the empirical result... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.644 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "management"] | 449 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756333 | [
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impact of leadership on organisational politics. 1.8 CONCLUDING REMARKS In Chapter 1 the main problem and sub-problems were addressed. The key concepts and assumptions were identified, together with a discussion on the significance of the topic. This was followed by the research approach that was implemented. In Chapte... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.655 | 0.846 | ["leadership", "communication", "education"] | 483 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756402 | [
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hip on organisational politics will be presented. 14 CHAPTER 2: THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS 2.1 INTRODUCTION In an effort to gain more insight into organisational politics, it must be understood from the outset that people react to their perceptions of politics, not to organisational politics it... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.507 | 0.856 | ["leadership", "faith_spirituality"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756479 | [
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y suggested that organisational politics is best conceptualised as a subjective state. Kacmar and Carlson (1994, as cited in Vigoda and Cohen, 2002:311), state that the perceptions of organisational politics are represented by the degree to which respondents view their work environment as political in nature, promoting... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.484 | 0.83 | ["faith_spirituality", "philosophy"] | 434 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756550 | [
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ust and unfair from the individual point of view. According to Ferris and Kacmar (1992 as cited in Kacmar and Carlson, 1997:628) the political nature individuals hold towards their working environment influences the way they do their jobs. The perceptions of politics affects how employees feel about the company, bosses... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.439 | 0.842 | ["career", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 470 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756626 | [
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orkers to leave the company (turnover intention). Workers will be more inclined to act in a political nature if they perceive fellow workers of being political and getting ahead in the organisation by doing so (Kacmar and Carlson, 1997:628). Kinicki and Kreitner (2008:336) make the point that leaders are endlessly chal... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.573 | 0.85 | ["leadership", "crisis", "philosophy"] | 506 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756695 | [
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suit of self-interest may serve the organisation. They go on to report that political behaviour becomes a negative force when self-interests erode or defeat organisational interests. DuBrin (2010:210) states that people want power for many different reasons, which contribute to the widespread appearance of political be... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.586 | 0.846 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756764 | [
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n structure and emotional insecurity, that contribute to this political behaviour. Below is a list of popular beliefs people have about organisational politics. There has always been a stigma attached to the concept of organisational politics and it is for this reason that leaders in their perspective fields need to us... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.834 | ["leadership", "philosophy"] | 450 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.756838 | [
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s about organisational politics (DeLuca, 1999:8). Manipulation Petty Personal Squabbles ―I‘ll scratch your back if you scratch mine‖ Looking Good without Substance Looking out for #1 Back-Room Decisions Destructiveness Power Plays The Organisation‘s Soap Opera Natural Human Behaviour Covert Under-the-Table Deals Behind... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.617 | 0.828 | ["leadership", "decision_making", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.757008 | [
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for leaders in organisations to have an understanding of both the positive and negative outcomes of politics in the working environment. Understanding the initial signs of politics in a working environment will help leaders deal with the situation in a constructive manner before it becomes difficult to manage. Leaders ... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.65 | 0.832 | ["leadership", "crisis"] | 430 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.757089 | [
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cal skills are great assets for the organisation. 16 2.2 THE IMPACT OF ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS ON THE ORGANISATION Modern organisations are described as political systems that are characterised by diversity, scarcity of resources, group or personal interests, and disagreements that result in conflicts (Ladebo, 2006:256... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.441 | 0.838 | ["negotiation", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.757157 | [
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arded rather than organisational interests (Malik, Danish and Ghafoor, 2009:23). In general, people in organisations typically responded to their perceptions of politics in one of three ways: by withdrawal or planning to quit (intent to turnover), by increased work involvement, or by reacting with similar or more aggre... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.61 | 0.822 | ["strategy"] | 413 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.757212 | [
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r, 1992, as cited in Ram and Prabhakar, 2010:41). An individual who is in a political setting may believe that hard work will not be consistently rewarded (Cropanzano, Howes, Grandey and Toth, 1997, as cited in Ram and Prabhakar, 2010:41). According to Ullah, Jafri and Dost (2011:43) the impact of organisational politi... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.457 | 0.844 | ["war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 473 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.757290 | [
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al and dysfunctional effects on the organisation. They maintain that the involvement of employees in organisational politics affects not only the performance of the organisation, but the effectiveness as well as decisionmaking and any change processes the organisation wishes to implement. It was however found by Ulla e... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.826 | ["philosophy", "management", "decision_making"] | 425 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.757357 | [
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vely related to the performance of organisations. According to Randall (1999, as cited in Byrne, 2005:178) individuals perceiving negative politics tend to contribute little to the organisation because of their assessment that performing in a political environment is a risky investment. Therefore, the overall effective... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.579 | 0.834 | ["philosophy", "leadership"] | 462 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.757442 | [
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the guidance and influence of competent leaders. 2.3 FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS Vigoda (2002:571) points out that organisational politics has emerged in the last decade as a field of growing value and relevance for understanding managerial processes. He concludes that during this time, many studies... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.671 | 0.844 | ["leadership", "management", "faith_spirituality"] | 476 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.757662 | [
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outcomes of politics in the working environment. DuBrin (2010:211) makes the point that despite the shift of organisational politics into a positive, constructive direction, people need to possess political skills, i.e. an interpersonal style combining social awareness with the ability to communicate well. He goes on t... | https://files01.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145044341.pdf | THE IMPACT OF LEADERSHIP ON ORGANISATIONAL POLITICS BY CHARLES A ROBB | files01.core.ac.uk | public_domain | false | 0.444 | 0.816 | ["communication", "war_conflict"] | 401 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.757732 | [
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J Pers Soc Psychol . Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2011 Jul 1. Published in final edited form as: J Pers Soc Psychol. 2010 Jul;99(1):78–106. doi: 10.1037/a0018186 Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals Amy Canevello Amy Canevello 1 Research Center for Group Dyn... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.848 | ["networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.962891 | [
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enter for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, and Department of Psychology, University of Michigan Find articles by Jennifer Crocker 2 Author information Copyright and License information 1 Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan 2 Research Center for Group D... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.413 | 0.692 | ["education", "philosophy", "communication"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.963145 | [
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e addressed to Amy Canevello or Jennifer Crocker, Research Center for Group Dynamics, Institute for Social Research, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106. Electronic mail should be addressed to canevell@umich.edu or jcrocker@umich.edu PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC2891543 NIHMSID: NIHMS163640 PMID: 20565187 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.378 | 0.834 | ["communication", "networking"] | 490 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.963315 | [
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core feature of close, satisfying relationships. But how does responsiveness originate? Can people create relationships characterized by high responsiveness, and consequently, higher quality relationships? We suggest that goals contribute to cycles of responsiveness between people, improving both people’s relationship ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.357 | 0.83 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.963464 | [
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ating nature of these processes, and 3) how responsiveness evolves dynamically over time through both intrapersonal projection and reciprocal interpersonal relationship processes. In a semester-long study of 115 roommate dyads, actors’ compassionate and self-image goals predicted a cycle of responsiveness between roomm... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.525 | 0.84 | ["education", "networking", "philosophy"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.963622 | [
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veness between roommates, which then contributed to both actors’ and partners’ relationship quality. Results suggest that both projection and reciprocation of responsiveness associated with compassionate goals create upward spirals of responsiveness that ultimately enhance relationship quality for both people. Creating... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.518 | 0.824 | ["networking", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.963750 | [
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hysical well-being; poor quality close relationships create stress and undermine health and well-being (e.g., Baumeister & Leary, 1995 ; Uchino, Cacioppo, & Kiecolt-Glaser, 1996 ). Relationship quality depends on beliefs about a relationship partner’s responsiveness--that is, on the perception that a partner understand... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.325 | 0.84 | ["networking", "ethics"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.963906 | [
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d committed to those relationships ( Reis, Clark, & Holmes, 2004 ). The present studies focus on the dynamic of responsiveness in dyadic relationships -- relationship processes that promote or undermine reciprocation of responsiveness between relationship partners, affecting both partners’ relationship quality over tim... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.338 | 0.842 | ["networking"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.964048 | [
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age goals to create and maintain desired self-images ( Crocker & Canevello, 2008 ), predict positive and negative responsiveness dynamics respectively, changing both people’s relationship quality. In this way, people can create responsive, high-quality relationships for themselves and others. Responsiveness in Relation... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.812 | ["networking"] | 427 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.964168 | [
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g, validation, and caring ( Gable & Reis, 2006 ). They are warm, sensitive to their partners’ feelings, and want to make their partners feel comfortable, valued, listened to, and understood. Existing theory and research on responsiveness suggests that people’s responsiveness to partners contributes to both their own an... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.363 | 0.858 | ["networking", "war_conflict"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.964312 | [
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nd that people contribute to their own experiences of responsiveness in close relationships; when people report being responsive to relationship partners, they project their responsiveness onto partners and perceive partners as more responsive. Other researchers characterize responsiveness as a transactional process be... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.528 | 0.832 | ["networking"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.964429 | [
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ors’ reactions to partners influence partners’ perceptions of actors’ responsiveness. Importantly, Reis and Shaver speculate that goals, motives, needs, and fears of both relationship partners contribute to and result from responsiveness in the relationship. That is, goals and motives predict people’s relationship beha... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.364 | 0.818 | ["networking"] | 424 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.964547 | [
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in turn, feed back to predict goals and motives. The present studies examine both intrapersonal and interpersonal processes of responsiveness and contribute to the responsiveness literature in three important ways. First, as suggested by Reis and Shaver (1988) , interpersonal goals should predict responsiveness process... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.367 | 0.836 | ["motivation", "networking"] | 499 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.965199 | [
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ss, whether based on projection or reciprocation. We propose that actors’ compassionate goals to support others and self-image goals to construct and maintain desired self-images shape their responsiveness to relationship partners. Through projection, actors’ responsiveness affects their perceptions of their partners’ ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.359 | 0.826 | ["networking"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.965350 | [
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s’ responsiveness affects both actors’ and partners’ relationship experiences. We suggest that because projection is an intrapersonal processes and the exchange of responsiveness between relationship partners is an interpersonal process, both can occur simultaneously. That is, people can project their responsiveness on... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.428 | 0.824 | ["networking"] | 492 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.965501 | [
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rs, affecting partners’ relationship experiences. Second, projected and reciprocated responsiveness can become self-perpetuating: relationship goals promote or undermine projection and reciprocation of responsiveness, which reinforce both people’s subsequent relationship goals. Thus, through their interpersonal goals, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.385 | 0.808 | ["networking"] | 462 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.965638 | [
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bute to both people’s goals for the relationship. Third, to our knowledge, the present studies are the first to examine both immediate and long-term intra- and interpersonal responsiveness dynamics and resulting relationship outcomes as they evolve over time. Previous research suggests that these processes should occur... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.84 | ["networking", "education"] | 489 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.965783 | [
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ett, & Pietromonaco, 1998 ; Lemay et al., 2007 ). We hypothesize that the effects of compassionate and self-image goals and responsiveness extend over time, predicting change in people’s relationship experiences and goals from day to day and week to week, and that chronic interpersonal goals predict long-term changes i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.363 | 0.848 | ["networking"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.965911 | [
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of responsiveness dynamically affect short-term fluctuations and long-term changes in relationship outcomes. Figure 1 illustrates our general model in a relationship between an actor (A) and a relationship partner (P). We highlight intra- and interpersonal aspects of the model and detail them below. Figure 1. Open in a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.519 | 0.82 | ["networking"] | 425 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.966054 | [
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goals, responsiveness, and relationship quality. Intrapersonal Process: A’s Compassionate and Self-Image Goals and Responsiveness Predict A’s Relationship Experience We hypothesize an intrapersonal model examining how people’s goals contribute to their own experiences of responsiveness and resulting relationship goals ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.84 | ["networking"] | 510 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.966210 | [
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et al., 2007 ), by showing how actors’ goals can be the starting point for change in their responsiveness to partners, which is projected onto partners and leads to change in actors’ goals and relationship outcomes. Paths A–E in Figure 1 show our hypothesized intrapersonal model of goals and responsiveness: A’s interpe... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.551 | 0.858 | ["networking"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.966332 | [
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sequences for change in A’s subsequent responsiveness (Path C), goals (Path D), and relationship quality (Path E). Paths G–K of Figure 1 are a mirror image of the intrapersonal processes in paths A–E, but for partners rather than actors: P’s compassionate goals predict P’s increased and self-image goals predict P’s dec... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.536 | 0.858 | ["networking"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.966595 | [
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ds to P’s increased responsiveness (Path I), increased compassionate and decreased self-image goals (Path J), and increased relationship quality (Path K). Below, we present the rationale for each path in the intrapersonal model. Path A: A’s compassionate and self-image goals predict change in A’s responsiveness We prop... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.512 | 0.844 | ["networking"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.966759 | [
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nd defending desired public and private images of the self ( Crocker & Canevello, 2008 ). When people have self-image goals, they care about what others think of them, but not what others need; consequently they should be less responsive. Compassionate goals focus on supporting others, not to obtain something for the s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.351 | 0.868 | [] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.966874 | [
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tive force in their interactions with others, and avoid harming them. We suggest that when people have compassionate goals they are more responsive, because they care about others’ well-being. 1 People with chronically high compassionate goals report greater private self-consciousness, lower psychological entitlement, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.37 | 0.86 | ["networking"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.966997 | [
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or one another; they trust in and feel closer to others and report both giving and receiving more social support ( Crocker & Canevello, 2008 ). These findings suggest that when people have compassionate goals they understand and trust that when they are responsive to others, they create an environment in which others w... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.329 | 0.864 | [] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.967114 | [
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comes for one person come at the expense of others, and feel that it is important to look out for themselves, even at the expense of others; they report higher loneliness, more conflict with others, and lower interpersonal trust ( Crocker & Canevello, 2008 ). These findings suggest that when people have self-image goal... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.371 | 0.696 | ["communication", "war_conflict", "economy", "rhetoric"] | 423 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.967237 | [
0.03993287310004234,
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eds will not be met in collaboration with others. Based on these findings, we propose Path A: When A has the goal to care for and support P, A will become more responsive to P, whereas when A has the goal to create and maintain desired self-images, A will become less responsive to P. Path B: A’s responsiveness to P pre... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.375 | 0.876 | ["communication", "economy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.967388 | [
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ss onto partners and perceive partners as more responsive ( Kenny & Acitelli, 2001 ; Lemay & Clark, 2008 ; Lemay et al., 2007 ). Several factors might moderate this association. For example, actors who have low self-esteem might feel their partners do not value them and perceive their partners as unresponsive ( Murray,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.377 | 0.862 | [] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.967500 | [
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might want to see themselves as self-sacrificing and see their partners as unresponsive ( Helgeson & Fritz, 1998 ). However, despite these specific circumstances, in general we expect a strong association between responsiveness and perceptions of partners’ responsiveness. These considerations lead us to propose Path B:... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.378 | 0.846 | [] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.967643 | [
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increased responsiveness to P When actors perceive their partners as responsive, they are more responsive in return; when they perceive their partners as unresponsive, actors are less responsive in return ( Fruzzetti, Jacobson, & Blechman, 1990 ; Gable & Reis, 2006 ; Patterson, 1976 ; Plickert, Côté, & Wellman, 2007 ).... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.341 | 0.854 | ["llm", "philosophy"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.967796 | [
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bonds to actors, including feelings of caring, connection, and trust, leading partners to want to be responsive to actors (e.g., Brown & Brown, 2006 ; Clark, Fitness, & Brissette, 2004 ). In established communal relationships, partners experience more positive mood and less negative mood when they reciprocate support t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.352 | 0.862 | ["networking", "leadership"] | 510 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.967946 | [
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y be the result of social exchange norms in which both partners focus on an equal exchange of responsiveness ( Clark & Mills, 1993 ; Mills & Clark, 1982 ). Given this evidence, we propose Path C: A’s perception of P’s responsiveness predicts A’s increased responsiveness to P. Path D: A’s perception of P’s responsivenes... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.395 | 0.856 | ["war_conflict"] | 503 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.968138 | [
0.041390299797058105,
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ssionate and self-image goals toward the partner. Actors who perceive partners as responsive feel validated, understood, and cared for ( Reis et al., 2004 ), which fosters a sense of security and permits a shift in focus from protecting the self to supporting others ( Mikulincer, Shaver, Gillath, & Nitzberg, 2005 ; Mur... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.345 | 0.85 | ["war_conflict"] | 469 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.968276 | [
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m should foster compassionate goals for partners. Unresponsiveness, on the other hand, conveys a partners’ lack of interest in or concern for actors. Perceptions of partners’ unresponsiveness may signal to actors that they should protect themselves from uncaring partners ( Clark & Monin, 2006 ; Murray et al., 2003 ; Mu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.399 | 0.836 | [] | 428 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.968398 | [
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sult, actors should increase in self-image goals. These considerations lead us to propose Path D: A’s perception of P’s responsiveness predicts A’s increased compassionate and decreased self-image goals. Path E: A’s perception of P’s responsiveness predicts A’s increased relationship quality Perceived partner responsiv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.39 | 0.834 | ["networking"] | 447 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.968519 | [
0.013202323578298092,
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al., 2004 ; see Reis et al., 2004 for a review). Actors who believe that partners are responsive feel closer, more intimate, and more satisfied with their relationships ( Berg & Archer, 1982 ; Collins & Feeney, 2000 ; Cutrona, Shaffer, Wesner, & Gardner, 2007 ; Davis, 1982 ; Laurenceau et al., 1998 ; Lemay et al., 2007... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.504 | 0.87 | ["networking"] | 510 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.968662 | [
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Fincham & Beach, 1999 ; Gottman & Levenson, 1992 ). Consequently, we predict Path E: A’s perception of P’s responsiveness predicts A’s increased relationship quality. Interpersonal Process: A’s compassionate and self-image goals and responsiveness lead to P’s relationship experience and goals In addition to this purely... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.389 | 0.838 | ["networking", "leadership"] | 510 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.968856 | [
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experience of actors’ responsiveness, leading to reciprocation of responsiveness and resulting relationship goals and quality. We draw from previous theory and research suggesting that responsiveness is a dyadic process whereby partners perceive actors’ responsiveness and respond in turn (e.g., Collins & Feeney, 2000 ;... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.542 | 0.844 | ["networking", "leadership"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.968977 | [
0.02936280332505703,
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nship partners, with consequences for partners’ responsiveness to actors, goals, and relationship quality. Paths A, F, I, J, and K in Figure 1 depict our interpersonal model, in which A’s goals predict change in A’s responsiveness to partners (Path A), which predicts change in P’s perceptions of A’s responsiveness (Pat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.522 | 0.838 | ["networking"] | 448 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.969101 | [
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oals (Path J), and relationship quality (Path K). Paths G, L, C, D, and E of Figure 1 are a mirror image of the interpersonal processes in Paths A, F, I, J, and K, but show effects of partners’ goals and responsiveness on change in actors’ relationship experiences: P’s compassionate and self-image goals predict change ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.535 | 0.868 | ["networking"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.969225 | [
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ds to A’s increased responsiveness, increased compassionate and decreased self-image goals, and increased relationship quality (Paths C, D, and E). Path A: A’s compassionate and self-image goals predict change in A’s responsiveness As described previously in our rationale for the intrapersonal model, we propose Path A:... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.523 | 0.844 | ["networking"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.969347 | [
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responsiveness Relationship researchers assume that partners’ perceptions of actors have some basis in actors’ behaviors ( Kelley et al., 1983 ). Most theories of interpersonal relationships assume that actors’ responsiveness to partners predicts partners’ perceptions of actors’ responsiveness (e.g. Bowlby, 1969 ; Gabl... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.53 | 0.852 | ["networking"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.969471 | [
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ws, & Halman, 1995 ; Bolger, Zuckerman, & Kessler, 2000 ; Collins & Feeney, 2000 ; Feeney & Collins, 2003 ; Lemay & Clark, 2008 ; Vinokur, Schul, & Caplan, 1987 ). For example, in romantic couples when actors disclosed a stressful problem to partners, partners’ reports of their own responsiveness (i.e., responsiveness,... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.85 | [] | 500 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.969576 | [
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tners’ responsiveness ( Collins & Feeney, 2000 ). Consequently, we propose Path F: A’s responsiveness to P predicts P’s increased perceptions of A’s responsiveness. Paths I, J, and K: P’s perceptions of A’s responsiveness and change in P’s relationship experience Using the same rationale to describe Paths C, D, and E p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.431 | 0.856 | ["networking"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.969713 | [
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(Path I), increased compassionate and decreased self-image goals (Path J) and increased relationship quality (Path K). Overview of Present Studies In two studies of first-semester college freshman roommates, we tested 1) how interpersonal goals initiate projection and reciprocal responsiveness in close relationships, 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.524 | 0.832 | ["networking", "philosophy"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.969850 | [
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ion and reciprocal interpersonal relationship processes. First semester college students provide an interesting population for examining these processes. Roommates in these samples did not know each other before living together, so their relationships are relatively unbiased by relationship history and past interaction... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.506 | 0.81 | ["networking"] | 431 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.970610 | [
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ommates do not self-select into the relationship. At the same time, many first-year students experience significant disruption of their social lives. When they move away from home to attend college, they must build a social network. Their roommates are often the first people they meet and with whom they spend significa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.366 | 0.854 | ["networking", "family", "education"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971165 | [
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n roommates with implications for both people’s relationship goals. Study 2 reports previously unpublished data from the Roommate Goals Study ( Crocker & Canevello, 2008 , Study 2), examining the implications of these processes for both roommates’ relationship quality. STUDY 1 College roommates completed pretest, postt... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.334 | 0.83 | ["education", "networking"] | 487 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971305 | [
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ommates, and perceived roommates’ responsiveness. We tested associations between students’ goals and 1) the intrapersonal process predicting their own experiences of responsiveness, and 2) the interpersonal process predicting their roommates’ experiences of responsiveness. We tested a number of alternative explanations... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.348 | 0.838 | ["education"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971407 | [
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elisti, & Perlman, 2006 ; Reis & Patrick, 1996 ; Reis & Shaver, 1988 ). Associations between goals and responsiveness to roommates could be due to perceptions of roommates’ disclosure, and associations between responsiveness to roommates and perceptions of roommates’ responsiveness could be due to disclosure to roommat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.442 | 0.846 | [] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971487 | [
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ct change in perceived available support and supportive behaviors ( Crocker & Canevello, 2008 ). The present studies focus on responsiveness, which we hypothesize is a specific type of support. Support is often broadly defined, including perceptions of support availability and frequency of supportive behaviors (B. R. S... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.325 | 0.696 | ["networking", "family"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971609 | [
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(e.g., providing tangible or emotional support) ( Uchino, 2004 ). Responsiveness refers to people’s sensitivity to partners and desires that partners feel valued, listened to, and understood. Researchers differ in how they view the relation between responsiveness and support; some argue that support is a component of r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.324 | 0.696 | [] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971695 | [
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and unresponsive support (e.g., Collins & Feeney, in press ). Regardless, researchers agree that responsiveness and support are distinct but related constructs; support providers may not be perceived as responsive. We tested whether support made available to roommates and perceived available social support from roommat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.816 | [] | 435 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971770 | [
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tions of roommates’ responsiveness, respectively. Third, we examined whether negative mood accounts for or moderates the hypothesized associations. For example, the association between interpersonal goals and responsiveness to others might be spurious, if both are associated with anxious or depressed feelings. Feeling ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.354 | 0.834 | [] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971823 | [
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roommates’ responsiveness may be particularly strong when people do not feel anxious or depressed. We controlled for students’ self-disclosure to their roommates and their perceptions of their roommates’ disclosure, social support made available to and perceived available support from roommates, and anxiety and depress... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.842 | ["education"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971870 | [
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large Midwestern university who did not know each other prior to college volunteered for a study of goals and roommate relationships during the fall semester. Via s in the campus newspaper and flyers, we offered each roommate $60 for completing 12 surveys over 10 weeks ($10 for each the pretest and posttest and $4 for ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.864 | ["education", "networking"] | 480 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971926 | [
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pretest, posttest, and at least 8 weekly surveys. Although 6 pairs completed fewer parts of the study, we retained all data for analyses where possible. 2 Eighty-six pairs (75%) were female. Seventy-five percent of participants reported their race as White or European-American, 2% as Black or African-American, 15% as A... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.289 | 0.844 | ["education"] | 479 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.971979 | [
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acial composition of the incoming freshman class. Participants ranged in age from 18 to 21 years ( M = 18.1 years, SD = .36). Procedure In groups of 1 to 8, roommate pairs attended a 1.5 hour session to learn about the study, give their consent, complete the pretest survey, and receive instructions for completing the r... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.479 | 0.868 | ["war_conflict", "education"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.972026 | [
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d to complete the 10 weekly online surveys in privacy and not to discuss their responses with each other. The weekly surveys took about 30 minutes to complete and roommates were required to complete weekly surveys within no less than 48 hours of each other. To retain as many participants as possible in the study, parti... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.874 | ["education"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.972070 | [
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test survey and were paid for their participation. Measures Participants completed measures of compassionate and self-image goals, responsiveness to roommates, perceptions of roommates’ responsiveness, disclosure to and from roommates, support made available to roommates, available support from roommates, anxiety, and ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.49 | 0.816 | [] | 476 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.972111 | [
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s (gender, race/ethnicity, age, parental income). Additional measures not germane to the goals of the present investigation were also included. Self-image and compassionate goals for participants’ relationships with their roommates were measured using a modified measure from Crocker & Canevello (2008) . Pretest and pos... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.852 | ["networking"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.972156 | [
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p with my roommate, I wanted/tried to.” All items were rated on a scale ranging from 1 ( not at all ) to 5 ( extremely ). Eight items assessed compassionate goals: “be supportive of my roommate;” "have compassion for my roommate's mistakes and weaknesses;" "be aware of the impact my behavior might have on my roommate's... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.513 | 0.868 | ["networking", "war_conflict"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.972205 | [
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elf-centered;" "be constructive in my comments to my roommate;" and "avoid doing things that aren’t helpful to me or my roommate." Six items reflected self-image goals, including "avoid showing my weaknesses;" “avoid revealing my shortcomings or vulnerabilities;” "avoid the possibility of being wrong;" "convince my roo... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.418 | 0.856 | [] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973226 | [
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cy at pretest (self-image α = .79; compassionate α = .75), posttest (self-image α = .87; compassionate α = .94), and across participants and weeks (self-image goals: .83 < α < .91, M α = .88; compassionate goals: .85 < α < .94, M α = .91). Responsiveness to roommates and perceptions of roommates’ responsiveness were me... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.505 | 0.716 | [] | 478 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973295 | [
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ng, & Suhr, 1997 ; Gore, Cross, & Morris, 2006 ). Participants indicated how they acted toward their roommate in general at pretest and posttest. All items were rated on a scale from 1 ( not at all ) to 5 ( very much ). Items included “I try to make my roommate feel comfortable about him/herself and how he/she feels;” ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.508 | 0.892 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973371 | [
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e’s concerns;" “I really listen to my roommate when he/she talks;” and “I behave warmly toward my roommate.” We measured weekly responsiveness using the same items, asking how participants acted toward their roommate that week. Responsiveness was reliable at pretest (α =.93), posttest (α = .97) and in each weekly surve... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.513 | 0.704 | ["war_conflict"] | 459 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973424 | [
0.024198567494750023,
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pants believed their roommates responded to them. Pretest and posttest items asked about roommates’ general responsiveness. Sample items included “my roommate tries to make me feel comfortable about myself and how I feel;” and "my roommate tries to make me feel valued as a person." We measured weekly roommate responsiv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.5 | 0.858 | ["war_conflict"] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973479 | [
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le at pretest (α = .95), posttest (α =.98), and in the weekly surveys (.94 < α < .98, M α = .97). Disclosure to the roommate and perceptions of roommates’ disclosure were measured with a 5-item modified version of a disclosure measure used by Gore and colleagues (Gore et al., 2006a; Miller, Berg, & Archer, 1983 ). Part... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.499 | 0.728 | [] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973551 | [
0.0018577714217826724,
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the phrase, “In general, I discuss:." All items were rated on a scale from 1 ( discussed not at all ) to 5 ( discussed fully and completely ) and included “my deepest feelings;” “my worst fears;” “what I like and dislike about myself;” “my close relationships with other people;” and “things I have done which I am proud... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.395 | 0.876 | ["networking"] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973614 | [
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roommates was reliable at pretest (α =.85), posttest (α = .94) and from week to week (.85 < α < .95, M α = .92). A parallel set of items assessed the extent to which participants believed their roommates self-disclosed. Pretest and posttest items began with the phrase, “In general, my roommate discusses:." Sample items... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.714 | [] | 511 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973656 | [
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ate disclosure with the same items, referring to the extent to which roommates self-disclosed that week. Roommate disclosure was reliable at pretest (α = .89), posttest (α =.94), and in weekly surveys (.89 < α < .95, M α = .93). Perceived social support availability from roommates and support made available to roommate... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.463 | 0.692 | [] | 438 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973697 | [
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Support ( Zimet, Dahlem, Zimet, & Farley, 1988 ). Perceived availability pretest and posttest items were preceded with the stem “In general, I feel that.” Weekly items were preceded with the stem “This past week, I felt that.” Sample items included “My roommate really tried to help me” and “I could count on my roommate... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.485 | 0.724 | [] | 484 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973753 | [
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and from week to week (.93 < α < .97, M α = .96). Social support made available to roommates was also measured at pretest, posttest and weekly using a parallel set of items. Sample items included “I really tried to help my roommate” and “my roommate can count on me when things go wrong.” Social support made available t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.718 | [] | 435 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973794 | [
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and in weekly surveys (.86 < α < .96, M α = .94). Anxiety was assessed with the Speilberger State Anxiety Scale ( Spielberger, Vagg, Barker, Donham, & Westberry, 1980 ). At pretest and posttest, participants rated their anxiety in general on a scale ranging from 1 (never) to 5 (always); in the weekly surveys, they rate... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.486 | 0.738 | [] | 512 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973851 | [
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h of the weekly surveys (.94 < α < .95, Mα = .94). Depression was assessed at pretest, posttest, and weekly using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Inventory (CES-D; Radloff, 1997). The CES-D was developed to measure depressive symptoms in community samples and consists of 20 depression-related symptom ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.449 | 0.86 | [] | 481 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973892 | [
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nced each symptom. Scores can range from 0 to 60. The CES-D had high internal consistency at pretest (α =.86), posttest (α =.89) and each of the weekly surveys (.90 < α < .92, Mα = .91). Results Factor Analyses Table 1 shows the means, standard deviations, and intrapersonal (i.e., within-person) intraclass correlations... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.369 | 0.702 | ["education"] | 456 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973939 | [
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lez, 1995 ) for all primary variables in Study 1. Because correlations between compassionate goals and responsiveness to roommates and perceptions of roommates’ responsiveness were high, we conducted exploratory factor analyses (EFA) on these items at pretest and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) on items at posttest ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.478 | 0.832 | ["education"] | 427 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.973988 | [
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actors with a model specifying 1 factor. Table 1. Study 1 means, standard deviations, and intrapersonal intraclass correlations for all primary pretest, posttest, and mean weekly variables. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. M ( SD ) 1. Pretest Compassionate Goals 4.04 (.50) 2. Pretest Self-Image Goals −.22 *** 2.53 (.... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.338 | 0.714 | ["education"] | 481 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.974034 | [
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onsiveness .47 *** −.30 *** .62 *** 4.17 (.74) 5. Posttest Compassionate Goals .49 *** −.17 * .42 *** .38 *** 3.89 (.82) 6. Posttest Self-Image Goals −.02 .54 *** −.13 −.20 ** −.14 * 2.36 (.77) 7. Posttest Responsiveness to Roommates .35 *** −.18 ** .38 *** .38 *** .84 *** −.20 ** 4.16 (.85) 8. Posttest Perceptions of ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2891543/ | Creating Good Relationships: Responsiveness, Relationship Quality, and Interpersonal Goals - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.504 | 0.706 | [] | 412 | Navigating Organizational Politics Leadership | topic | 2026-04-13T15:27:06.974075 | [
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