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higher levels of goal clarity (β = .44, p < .01). When self-management and information elaboration are added, these effects remain significant and more variance can be accounted for in Model 3 ( R 2 adjusted = .593, Δ R 2 = .139, Δ F = 17.70, p < .01). Self - management has the largest positive influence on efficiency ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.58 | 0.652 | ["management", "communication", "networking", "economy", "philosophy"] | 503 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.987767 | [
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lationships cannot be found in the data. Table 5. Regression Analyses Team Efficiency ( n = 105). B (95% confidence intervals) SE B β t p Model 1 Constant 3.54 [3.43, 3.64] 0.05 66.35 .000 Team size −0.01 [−0.02, −0.00] 0.00 −.25 −2.72 .008 Sector −0.18 [−0.31, −0.04] 0.07 −.24 −2.59 .011 R 2 adjusted = .106, F = 7.17 ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.537 | 0.738 | ["management"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.987820 | [
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0 −2.82 .006 Goal clarity 0.44 [0.33, 0.54] 0.05 .59 8.20 .000 R 2 adjusted = .473, F = 30.27 ** , R 2 change = .350, F change = 67.15 ** Model 3 Constant 3.51 [3.44, 3.59] 0.04 93.56 .000 Team size −0.01 [−0.01, −0.00] 0.00 −.16 −2.53 .013 Sector −0.13 [−0.23, −0.03] 0.05 −.18 −2.68 .009 Goal clarity 0.24 [0.13, 0.36]... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.595 | 0.75 | ["management", "communication", "economy", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 511 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.987857 | [
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usted = .593, F = 31.25 ** , R 2 change = .139, F change = 17.70 ** Model 4 Constant 3.51 [3.44, 3.59] .04 90.04 .000 Team size −0.01 [−0.01, −0.00] .00 −2.45 .016 Sector −0.12 [−0.23, −0.03] .05 −2.51 .017 Goal clarity 0.23 [0.12, 0.35] .06 3.90 .000 Self-management 0.38 [0.15, 0.61] .12 3.31 .001 Information elaborat... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.608 | 0.722 | ["management", "communication", "economy", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.987894 | [
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ration 0.05 [−0.31, 0.41] .18 0.29 .772 R 2 adjusted = .586, F = 21.99 ** , R 2 change = .001, F change = 0.16 ( ns ) Open in a new tab † p < .10. * p < .05. ** p < .01. Taking the discussed analyses into consideration, the evidence for the hypotheses is mixed. The first hypothesis about the positive effect of goal cla... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.726 | ["philosophy"] | 458 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.987930 | [
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own a positive correlation throughout all models. The second and third hypotheses concerning the moderating effects of self-management and information elaboration have not been supported by the data. For both effectiveness and efficiency, no significant interaction effect was found for either of the two expected modera... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.514 | 0.814 | ["management", "philosophy", "communication", "networking", "economy"] | 416 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.987966 | [
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gement and performance appears to be significant. Information elaboration, however, shows no significant correlation with effectiveness and efficiency. On the basis of these analyses, the conceptual model can be adapted, as displayed in Figure 2 . Figure 2. Open in a new tab Significant relationships in the conceptual ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.393 | 0.842 | ["philosophy", "communication", "management", "networking", "economy"] | 464 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988002 | [
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ear goals contributes to better team performance? The present analyses have shown that having clear team goals is quite important for team performance. It is therefore beneficial for teams to make an effort to clarify their goals and create good common understanding of them. Clearly, there is a positive effect, but goa... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.862 | ["management", "philosophy"] | 510 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988036 | [
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tronger compared with the effect of goal clarity. It follows that goal clarity is beneficial, but that other factors could be more important than goals. This is only speculative, because only one dimension of goal setting was tested here; goal difficulty and specificity are important goal dimensions as well, but fell o... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.497 | 0.84 | ["management", "crisis"] | 452 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988072 | [
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setting is less influential than self-management. Further research should continue to test the usefulness of a goal orientation in the public sector by including the other dimensions of goal setting theory. Testing Davis and Stazyk’s (2015) ideas about the benefits that could follow from the presence of some goal ambig... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.85 | ["philosophy", "communication", "management", "salary", "economy"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988118 | [
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iables, no significant association was found in the regression analysis. Together with the strong bivariate correlation between information elaboration and self-management (as well as the other two bivariate correlations between the independent variables), this may point to a configuration of team characteristics that ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.421 | 0.842 | ["management", "philosophy", "communication", "economy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988165 | [
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induces better information elaboration because team members have to exchange more information to be able to organize the teamwork. Such information exchange could in turn benefit the clarity of team goals. Especially if teams are involved in goal setting and are able to influence their own goals as part of self-managem... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.426 | 0.862 | ["management", "philosophy", "communication", "economy", "rhetoric"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988213 | [
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cussion of the potential value of having some degree of goal ambiguity: despite the negative influence of the uncertainty that could be introduced by goal ambiguity, teams could alleviate this by engaging more in self-management. The clarification within the team that would accompany this self-managing behavior and inf... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.417 | 0.848 | ["management", "philosophy", "communication", "networking", "war_conflict"] | 511 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988255 | [
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etween team characteristics into account, as well as who is setting goals. Further research could investigate this more. Another way in which our knowledge about the usefulness of goal orientation and teamwork in the public sector could be increased is through the consideration of other factors from the goal setting fr... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.431 | 0.84 | ["management", "education"] | 440 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988290 | [
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cularly in the public sector, is goal complexity. This refers to situations in which multiple goals that have different time frames and that require different capacities are in place simultaneously. Cooperation and coordination gain in importance in such circumstances ( Marks, Mathieu, & Zaccaro, 2001 ; Rainey & Jung, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.381 | 0.87 | ["management"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988328 | [
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uncommon as well, with the associated effects on performance ( Chun & Rainey, 2005 ; Rainey & Jung, 2015 ). Looking into factors such as goal complexity would enhance our understanding of goal setting and the performance benefits of the goal focus in performance management. Some limitations of this study must be kept i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.862 | ["philosophy", "management", "networking", "salary", "education"] | 503 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988389 | [
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t optimal to test the hypothesized relationships. This can be seen in the fact that for goal setting only the goal clarity dimension was taken into account, as mentioned earlier, with a scale that was initially not intended to measure this concept. 1 Measurement validity is possibly limited as a consequence ( De Vaus, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.621 | 0.868 | ["networking", "education", "philosophy"] | 504 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988441 | [
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tion is the cross-sectional nature of this study. Although the model was based on theoretical arguments and empirical studies supported the direction of the hypothesized relationships, causality cannot be demonstrated. Data were only collected at one point in time, so no change in the variables and relationships could ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.335 | 0.854 | ["networking", "education", "philosophy", "rhetoric"] | 510 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988481 | [
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uld take a longitudinal approach ( Field, 2013 ). Third, the results can only be partly generalized. The method of team selection, which involved selective sampling and self-selection, made the sample not random and consequently not representative for the Dutch public sector ( De Vaus, 2014 ). Conclusions should theref... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.397 | 0.848 | ["management", "networking", "philosophy"] | 469 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988528 | [
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’ relationships (cf. Morgeson & Humphrey, 2006 ). Moreover, due to the heterogeneity and the limited number of teams in the sample, no conclusions could be drawn about individual sectors within the public domain. Our current sample is broad in scope as it concerns an exploration within the public sector. Relationships ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.336 | 0.864 | ["management", "networking", "communication", "rhetoric"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988568 | [
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, whereby the management context is kept constant. Spurious relationships involving organizational characteristics and variations in management systems could not be ruled out as these factors were not accounted for in the present analyses. Such factors could play a role in relationships at the team level by influencing... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.526 | 0.856 | ["management", "networking", "governance"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988605 | [
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paring levels of government or sectors ( Richter et al., 2011 ). As shown here, the sector or organization in which a team operates influences efficiency and may affect team characteristics as was found in other studies ( Cohen & Bailey, 1997 ; Delarue et al., 2008 ; Mathieu, Maynard, Taylor, Gilson, & Ruddy, 2007 ; Ri... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.519 | 0.87 | ["management", "governance"] | 510 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988642 | [
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ize, but further comparisons could be insightful. Finally, our measurement may be influenced by common method bias as the independent and dependent variables were collected from the same source ( Jakobsen & Jensen, 2015 ; Meier & O’Toole, 2013 ). Although we are aware that our approach has limitations, team members are... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.388 | 0.846 | ["management", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 452 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988682 | [
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combined behavior that constitutes the teamwork. At the same time, other potential measurements for performance would be flawed as well or unfeasible in the present project. Asking other informants rather than the team members themselves, supervisors for example, would also bias measurement. Using perceptions of multip... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.365 | 0.828 | ["management", "philosophy", "decision_making", "governance"] | 428 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988730 | [
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st picture than the judgment of a single manager. A problem for using other types of data instead of survey responses to assess performance stems from the diversity of the sample. Due to la | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6207990/ | Goal Clarity and Team Performance in the Public Sector - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.768 | ["management", "decision_making", "philosophy"] | 189 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:45.988771 | [
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ed learning through executed educational actions. How does this improve population health? Improving debriefing methodology after simulation has the potential to reach a wide variety of learners across the healthcare continuum. Study Setting and Sample The study was conducted at three academic hospitals from November 2... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.498 | 0.826 | ["education", "crisis"] | 456 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126474 | [
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c (i.e., important, specific, measureable, etc.). Unfortunately, raters in this study could not reliably apply Lockspeiser’s rubric to the recalled goals submitted by our cohort of learners. As a result, we created a modified Learning Goal Rating Scale ( Figure 2 ). To support content validity, we adapted Lockspeiser’s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.447 | 0.68 | ["education"] | 434 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126566 | [
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West J Emerg Med . 2017 Dec 21;19(1):112–120. doi: 10.5811/westjem.2017.11.36524 A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions Amish Aghera Amish Aghera , MD * Maimonides Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooklyn, New York Find articles by Amish Ag... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.59 | 0.854 | ["crisis", "education"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126599 | [
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and Rapids, Michigan Find articles by Matt Emery † , Richard Bounds Richard Bounds , MD ‡ University of Vermont Medical Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Burlington, Vermont Find articles by Richard Bounds ‡ , Colleen Bush Colleen Bush , MD † Michigan State University College of Human Medic... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.469 | 0.714 | ["education", "crisis", "strategy"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126626 | [
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eld , PhD § Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan Find articles by R Brent Stansfield § , Brian Gillett Brian Gillett , MD * Maimonides Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooklyn, New York Find articles by Brian Gillett * , Sally A Santen Sally A Santen , MD, PhD ¶ Virginia Common... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.476 | 0.714 | ["education", "philosophy", "crisis", "economy"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126654 | [
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nse information * Maimonides Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, Brooklyn, New York † Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Spectrum Health Emergency Medicine Residency, Grand Rapids, Michigan ‡ University of Vermont Medical Center, Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Surgery, Bur... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.475 | 0.686 | ["education", "crisis", "communication", "strategy", "economy"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126677 | [
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d, Virginia ✉ Address for Correspondence: Amish Aghera, MD, Maimonides Medical Center, Department of Emergency Medicine, 4802 Tenth Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11219. Email: aaghera@maimonidesmed.org . Received 2017 Sep 25; Revised 2017 Nov 7; Accepted 2017 Nov 27; Issue date 2018 Jan. Copyright: © 2018 Aghera et al This is a... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.463 | 0.836 | ["communication", "crisis", "innovation"] | 439 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126700 | [
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Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY 4.0) License. See: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ PMC Copyright notice PMCID: PMC5785177 PMID: 29383065 Abstract Introduction Goal setting is used in education to promote learning and performance. Debriefing after clinical scenario-based simulation is a well-established ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.63 | 0.678 | ["education", "philosophy", "innovation"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126724 | [
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eration, using the SMART framework (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound), into standard debriefing processes (i.e., “SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing”) and subsequently measure the impact on the development of learning goals and execution of educational actions. Methods This was a prospective mult... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.632 | 0.832 | ["education", "crisis"] | 506 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126745 | [
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oal Enhanced Debriefing to a standard debriefing. Residents were block randomized on a rolling basis following a simulation case. SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing included five minutes of formal instruction on the development of SMART learning goals during the summary/application phase of the debrief. Outcome measures in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.614 | 0.84 | ["education", "resume", "philosophy"] | 501 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126768 | [
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ational action after a two-week follow-up period. Results The mean number of reported learning goals was similar in the standard debriefing group (mean 2.05 goals, SD 1.13, n =37 residents), and in the SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing group (mean 1.93, SD 0.96, n =43), with no difference in learning goal quality. Residen... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.504 | 0.706 | ["education"] | 503 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126791 | [
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87), SMART debrief group 1.44 (SD 1.03) p =0.03). Conclusion The number and quality of learning goals reported by residents was not improved as a result of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing. Residents did, however, execute more educational actions, which is consistent with the overarching intent of any educational interve... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.494 | 0.842 | ["education"] | 480 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126813 | [
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creating action plans or setting learning goals. 1 , 2 While goals are not always accomplished, there is a clear relationship between setting goals and achievement. 3 , 4 Goals can influence performance by focusing effort and attention to a specific domain resulting in greater effort and persistence of effort, as well ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.474 | 0.844 | ["education", "networking", "philosophy"] | 446 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126835 | [
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tionable learning goals is the “SMART” framework. These goals are Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time-bound. The SMART framework is easy to teach, easy to remember, and has been employed successfully across multiple disciplines, including medical education. 6 – 12 Ideally, SMART goals consist of pract... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.457 | 0.832 | ["education"] | 464 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126857 | [
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attitudes, with an emphasis on tangible outcomes. 7 , 9 , 13 It is commonly held that residents will form learning goals without prompting and then execute them; however, this assumption is untested. While formal goal-setting instruction improves the quality of resident-generated learning goals, learners may struggle t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.852 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126879 | [
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tional actions reported are detailed in Table 4 . There was no significant difference in the mean number of goals reported or goal quality; however, residents receiving SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing completed more educational actions on average ( p =0.03). There was no difference in action quality. Table 4. Mean and s... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.443 | 0.86 | ["education"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126903 | [
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en shown to generate a greater number of learning goals, and these goals are more likely to be carried out. 8 , 18 As an educational platform in healthcare, simulation-based medical education (SBME) lends itself as a strategy for pairing informed self-assessment and targeted goal setting. SBME employs well-structured, ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.575 | 0.848 | ["philosophy", "education", "strategy"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126925 | [
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rs through a reflective conversation using objective feedback and self-assessment, thereby providing the context to change suboptimal practice patterns and improve patient outcomes. 24 However, all debriefing techniques do not incorporate the generation of explicit learning goals. 25 The use of debriefing in SBME as a ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.396 | 0.826 | ["education", "war_conflict", "philosophy"] | 462 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126946 | [
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ith explicit goal-setting warrants further study. The objective of our study was to compare the effectiveness of a novel debriefing modality that integrated the creation of quality, self-directed learning goals identified from a clinical simulation scenario, compared to a standard simulation debriefing without explicit... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.625 | 0.85 | ["education", "war_conflict"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126968 | [
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nd higher quality of learning goals and educational actions. METHODS Study Design This was a prospective multicenter randomized controlled study comparing the effectiveness of a standard debriefing process to SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing, which employed the use of coaching to develop “SMART” learning goals. 9 Learner... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.826 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 454 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.126990 | [
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wed by formal debriefing with one of two methods. Measured outcomes included both the generation of learning goals and the subsequent completion of educational actions. The study was approved by each institution’s local institutional review board and classified as exempt at each site (i.e., informed consent was not req... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.55 | 0.698 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 503 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127012 | [
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? Goals help to promote learning and performance. The “SMART” (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time-bound) framework for setting goals has been successfully used across multiple disciplines including medicine. What was the research question? To evaluate the effectiveness of a SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.482 | 0.832 | ["education", "strategy", "philosophy"] | 502 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127034 | [
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approved residencies in emergency medicine (EM). Attributes include one Midwest urban university affiliated site with an annual emergency department (ED) census of 110K visits (Site1); one Mid-Atlantic suburban university affiliated site with an ED volume of 115K visits (Site 2); and one Northeast private urban site wi... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.471 | 0.85 | ["crisis", "education", "family"] | 511 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127057 | [
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practice or EM/internal medicine residents/year, and 16 EM residents/year. Subjects included a convenience sample of EM residents or combined program residents. Participation in the study was voluntary, though residents were required at their respective institutions to routinely participate in simulation-based educatio... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.491 | 0.838 | ["education"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127079 | [
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s that would be reported in the control and intervention groups, based on the study team’s previous experience in this area. 8 Initially, the need for 88 residents was predicted based on an estimate of 0.8 reported actions in the control group, and 2.0 in the intervention group (standard deviation [SD] 2, alpha 0.05, p... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.373 | 0.844 | ["llm", "management", "education"] | 447 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127103 | [
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statistical significance between the two groups. Study Protocol Simulation Case Scenarios A schematic of the study protocol is graphically represented in Figure 1 . Case scenarios were not standardized across institutions in order to model typical educational settings representing the variety of cases used for teaching... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.372 | 0.846 | ["education"] | 490 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127125 | [
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dents were block randomized by case at each site. The priority of randomization was to have a similar spread of cases across both groups. Program administrators did appropriately match resident postgraduate year (PGY) level to specific case scenarios and associated learning objectives in advance. Cases at each site inv... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.496 | 0.84 | ["education"] | 456 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127147 | [
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d were blinded to their assigned group. Figure 1. Open in a new tab Schematic of study protocol comparing development of learning goals. Debriefing After completing the simulation, residents received approximately 30 minutes of debriefing time structured as a standard debrief (control group), or a SMART Goal Enhanced D... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.597 | 0.828 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 439 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127168 | [
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ent of SMART learning goals (intervention group). Of note, the length of time for case scenarios and debriefing were constrained by each site’s curricular structure, and thus any individual group did not receive any more or less instruction time in total. Residents were asked to keep scenario details confidential to al... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.448 | 0.842 | ["education"] | 476 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127189 | [
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n debriefing facilitated the simulation sessions. Faculty members were not limited to members of the study team or participation in either the control or intervention groups. However, to minimize the effect of varying debriefing styles each facilitator was trained to assure that each debriefing session was conducted in... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.337 | 0.83 | ["management", "resume", "education", "philosophy"] | 458 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127210 | [
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flection, and summary/application ( Appendix 1 ). 24 It is important to note that facilitators would still routinely discuss lessons learned and next steps in the summary/application phase of the debrief as part of standard practice in the control group. The enhancement of this practice in the intervention group specif... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.422 | 0.832 | ["resume", "philosophy"] | 425 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127231 | [
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SMART format during this final debriefing phase. SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing In the intervention group, education around the development of SMART learning goals was conducted in the summary/application phase of the debriefing to facilitate linking lessons learned from the case to explicit goals. Faculty instructors ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.64 | 0.844 | ["education", "resume", "philosophy"] | 495 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127284 | [
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MART learning goals with examples ( Appendix 2 ). Residents were allowed to keep the worksheet after the debriefing. Evaluation of Debriefing At the conclusion of each debriefing session, residents were asked to complete the Debriefing Assessment for Simulation in Healthcare (DASH) for the purpose of monitoring the ove... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.549 | 0.864 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127310 | [
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rs to rate their instructors in each of the six core DASH elements in less than three minutes. 26 Content validity of the DASH has its basis in best debriefing practices defined by an expert panel grounded in an extensive literature review. 27 Measurements The primary outcome was to compare the number and quality of le... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.568 | 0.862 | ["education"] | 511 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127336 | [
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e learning goals and educational actions recalled by resident’s who underwent SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing (intervention group). Specifically, all residents were asked to list learning goals and educational actions taken in response to their simulation case encounter ( Appendix 3 ). A two-week time interval was chose... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.513 | 0.834 | ["education", "management"] | 438 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127364 | [
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al actions to be executed beyond that time frame. Additionally, minimizing the follow-up period would help limit recall bias. Learning Goal Rating Scale – Validity Evidence Initially, we rated the quality of learning goals using a scoring rubric with validity evidence published by Lockspeiser, 28 which was subdivided i... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.623 | 0.82 | ["education"] | 411 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127389 | [
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ithin the context of our learning-goal worksheet. Response process was improved through an iterative process of rater training and tool refinement. Developing general scoring guidelines and streamlining the tool into a single global rating scale decreased variation in interpreting the anchors. Figure 2. Open in a new t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.592 | 0.848 | ["education"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127414 | [
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intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), using a two-way model estimating the reliability of average κ ratings. Upon finalizing the structure of the Learning Goal Rating Scale, four members of the study team used it to independently rate a representative subset of learning goals ( n =21) with good reliability (ICC=0.8... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.578 | 0.854 | ["education", "management"] | 492 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127438 | [
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Scale to every reported learning goal ( n =155). We found that good reliability was maintained (ICC=0.78). The Learning Goal Rating Scale was not tested for relationships to other variables or consequences. Educational Action Rating Scale – Validity Evidence We measured the quality of the educational actions using an E... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.389 | 0.842 | ["education", "networking"] | 443 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127463 | [
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here was no existing instrument for this purpose. To support content validity, we chose rating criteria based on principles of education pedagogy such as the cognitive domain of Bloom’s Taxonomy. 29 , 30 In essence, higher ratings would be given to activities that incorporated active learning and were deemed more relev... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.367 | 0.862 | ["education"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127492 | [
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duration of the activity would also result in an improved rating. To support response process validity, the instrument was piloted and revised using an iterative process to simplify the interpretation of specific rating criteria. Initially, four members of the study team rated a representative subset of educational act... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.529 | 0.848 | ["education", "management"] | 493 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127517 | [
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he same subset of educational actions (ICC=0.94). Follow-up ratings of every educational action ( n =95) by the same four raters revealed good ICC (0.90). The Educational Action Rating Scale was not tested for relationships to other variables or consequences. Average Quality Ratings Learning goal and educational action... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.534 | 0.828 | ["education", "networking", "philosophy"] | 430 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127542 | [
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e Scholar ] 8. Bounds R, Bush C, Aghera A, et al. Emergency medicine residents’ self-assessments play a critical role when receiving feedback. Acad Emerg Med. 2013;20(10):1055–61. doi: 10.1111/acem.12231. [ DOI ] [ PubMed ] [ Google Scholar ] 9. O’Neill J, Cozemius A. The Power of SMART Goals: Using Goals to Improve St... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.451 | 0.696 | ["crisis", "education"] | 433 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127566 | [
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o study site and group (control or intervention). Each study investigator rated the quality of reported goals and actions for all study subjects. We created the Average Learning Goal Quality by averaging ratings of learning goals within each study group. The Average Educational Action Quality was calculated in a simila... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.592 | 0.854 | ["education"] | 492 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127593 | [
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test when the case frequency was <5 in any group. A p value of <0.05 was considered significant. We used descriptive statistics to summarize the number and quality of goals and educational actions. The number and quality of learning goals and educational actions from the control and intervention groups were compared us... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.576 | 0.854 | ["education"] | 508 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127618 | [
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in the delivery of SBME sessions between groups. A p < 0.05 level was considered significant. RESULTS A total of 80 residents were enrolled in the study: 37 in the standard debriefing (control) group, and 43 in the SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing (intervention) group. A breakdown of the PGY level of study subjects in ea... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.564 | 0.868 | ["education"] | 496 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127642 | [
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a statistical measure of randomization. Table 1. Subjects in the standard debriefing group. Residents Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Total PGY1 3 3 6 12 PGY2 5 3 4 12 PGY3 4 3 4 11 PGY4 0 2 0 2 PGY5 0 0 0 0 Open in a new tab PGY , post graduate year. Table 2. Subjects in the SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing group. Residents Site 1... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.576 | 0.834 | [] | 511 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127664 | [
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pecific, measurable, attainable, realistic and time-bound. Table 3. Clinical simulation case scenarios and frequency. Simulation case scenario title Standard debriefing frequency ( n ) Goal enhanced debriefing frequency ( n ) p value Torsades 12 13 0.90 Bradycardia 6 6 0.82 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome 2 2 0.64 Unsta... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.492 | 0.714 | [] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127686 | [
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infarct 3 2 0.44 Placental abruption 2 6 0.18 Symptomatic bradycardia calcium channel blocker overdose 1 1 0.72 Penetrating neck trauma 3 0 0.10 Penetrating chest trauma 3 0 0.10 Carbon monoxide toxicity 0 2 0.30 Traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage 0 2 0.30 Open in a new tab TCA , tricyclic antidepressant. Residents in t... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.465 | 0.698 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 455 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127714 | [
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uently reported 36 educational actions performed. Residents in the SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing group ( n =41) recalled 79 goals and reported 59 actions performed. Two PGY1 residents in the SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing group were lost to follow-up at Site 3 (did not return/submit their learning goals and action ite... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.435 | 0.84 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 438 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127741 | [
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Number of educational actions * Average educational action quality † Standard debriefing ( n = 37) 2.05 (1.13) 2.84 (0.88) 0.97 (0.87) 2.88 (0.89) SMART-goal enhanced debriefing ( n = 41) 1.93 (0.96) 2.88 (0.81) 1.44 (1.03) 3.01 (0.91) p value 0.59 0.76 0.03 0.52 Open in a new tab SD , standard deviation; SMART , speci... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.446 | 0.722 | ["education"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127778 | [
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n both groups to ensure that the quality of debriefing was similar in both groups. Both were rated similarly across all measured domains ( Table 5 ). Table 5. Mean and standard deviation of resident “DASH” ratings (Debriefing Assessment in Healthcare). Ratings are all reported on a scale of 1 to 7 (1=extremely ineffect... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.346 | 0.716 | [] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127800 | [
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ion to the simulation environment 5.9 (1.0) 6.1 (0.8) 0.34 Engaging context for learning 6.5 (0.7) 6.3 (0.8) 0.16 Organized debriefing structure 6.5 (0.6) 6.5 (0.7) 1 Provoked reflection of performance 6.4 (0.7) 6.5 (0.6) 0.34 Identified what was done well and poorly 6.0 (0.8) 6.2 (0.7) 0.44 Helped determine how to imp... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.564 | 0.716 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 511 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127826 | [
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f-directed learning has the potential to serve as a scaffold for ongoing performance improvement over the entirety of a physician’s career. Widespread application of deliberate goal setting should be considered an important skill to promote ongoing professional development. In this study, SBME motivated residents to se... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.463 | 0.85 | ["education", "career", "motivation", "resume", "philosophy"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.127854 | [
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result of receiving SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing. Notably, residents from this group reported performing more educational actions, which is arguably the more important metric related to improving one’s clinical performance. We theorize that the process of creating SMART learning goals served as a subconscious primer ... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.638 | 0.838 | ["education", "philosophy", "motivation"] | 467 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.128836 | [
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by increasing motivation, focus, and commitment. 3 , 31 Concurrently, automatic goal activation can be influenced by associations with situational features and mental representations of colleagues’ goal pursuits. 32 Both of these factors likely came into play in our study. For example, a key situational feature was the... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.515 | 0.838 | ["communication", "education", "motivation"] | 477 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.128906 | [
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al mental representations of the goals of others. Other educational factors may also have worked in combination, or even synergistically, to promote the execution of goals. For example, all simulation debriefings in our study used the technique of summarizing lessons learned in relation to observed performance. When ex... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.432 | 0.844 | ["education", "communication", "philosophy"] | 490 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.128939 | [
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the completion of subsequent learning activities. 5 Further codifying learning goals into the structured SMART framework may also have stimulated ongoing motivation such that even more actions were completed in the intervention group. Theoretical constructs in goal-setting supporting motivation include improving affect... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.644 | 0.688 | ["motivation", "education", "decision_making"] | 505 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.128969 | [
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er-centered goals are more likely to be pursued). 4 , 5 Regardless of the underlying mechanism, we believe that equipping learners with an explicit method to develop focused learning goals may help them become self-directed learners. This is particularly valuable in the context of SBME, which is a commonly employed edu... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.583 | 0.842 | ["education", "career"] | 493 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.129005 | [
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debriefing objectives tailored to their learners. Debriefing incorporates self-assessment and reflection as key components that impact the learning process. Building on this framework, improving a learners’ ability to create actionable learning goals will ultimately facilitate improvement in subsequent clinical perform... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.603 | 0.832 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 490 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.129032 | [
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IONS There are several limitations to this study. We chose to study our intervention with non-standardized simulation case scenarios to replicate conditions in routine educational settings in the hopes of making our findings more generalizable. While we asked all residents to self-report their learning goals and action... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.388 | 0.838 | ["education", "crisis"] | 476 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.129062 | [
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represented these goals and actions in follow-up. There may be an effect of recall bias. Finally, novel measurement tools were developed in an effort to quantify the quality of goals and actions. We recognize that our interpretations cannot be “fully valid.” 33 As a result, validity evidence was collected during the de... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.461 | 0.838 | ["education"] | 429 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.129089 | [
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ss of refinement of a Learning Goal Rating Scale. Similarly, development of the Educational Action Rating Scale was developed de novo and has not been validated externally. The impact on study results are unknown. CONCLUSION We found that debriefing after simulation is an effective modality to stimulate the development... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.489 | 0.856 | ["education", "resume"] | 512 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.129116 | [
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d Debriefing) did not increase the number and quality of goals recalled, it did serve as a powerful primer to promote additional self-directed learning through executed educational actions. This intervention can be readily applied to most simulation debriefing sessions and requires little training to be employed effect... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.58 | 0.676 | ["education", "philosophy"] | 499 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.129145 | [
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15.4KB, docx) Footnotes Section Editor: Andrew W. Phillips, MD Full text available through open access at http://escholarship.org/uc/uciem_westjem Conflicts of Interest : By the West JEM article submission agreement, all authors are required to disclose all affiliations, funding sources and financial or management rela... | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5785177/ | A Randomized Trial of SMART Goal Enhanced Debriefing after Simulation to Promote Educational Actions - PMC | pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov | public_domain | false | 0.5 | 0.836 | ["networking", "management", "negotiation", "career", "war_conflict"] | 489 | most up to date techniques and strategies for smart goal setting | topic | 2026-05-20T16:36:46.129174 | [
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