triplets list | passage stringlengths 0 32.9k | label stringlengths 4 48 ⌀ | label_id int64 0 1k ⌀ | synonyms list | __index_level_1__ int64 312 64.1k ⌀ | __index_level_0__ int64 0 2.4k ⌀ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"participant",
"Maruthas"
] | null | null | null | null | 16 | |
[
"First Council of Constantinople",
"participant",
"Peter of Sebaste"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 | |
[
"Bar Kokhba revolt",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Bar Kokhba revolt"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Roman–Parthian War of 161–166",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | The Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 (also called the Parthian War of Lucius Verus) was fought between the Roman and Parthian Empires over Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia. It concluded in 166 after the Romans made successful campaigns into Lower Mesopotamia and Media and sacked Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital. | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Roman–Parthian War of 161–166",
"participant",
"Parthian Empire"
] | The Roman–Parthian War of 161–166 (also called the Parthian War of Lucius Verus) was fought between the Roman and Parthian Empires over Armenia and Upper Mesopotamia. It concluded in 166 after the Romans made successful campaigns into Lower Mesopotamia and Media and sacked Ctesiphon, the Parthian capital.Origins to Luc... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Anastasian War",
"participant",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | The Anastasian War was fought from 502 to 506 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire. It was the first major conflict between the two powers since 440, and would be the prelude to a long series of destructive conflicts between the two empires over the next century.Prelude
Several factors underlay the term... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Anastasian War",
"participant",
"Sasanian Empire"
] | The Anastasian War was fought from 502 to 506 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire. It was the first major conflict between the two powers since 440, and would be the prelude to a long series of destructive conflicts between the two empires over the next century.Prelude
Several factors underlay the term... | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Anastasian War",
"participant",
"Lakhmids"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Gothic War (248–253)",
"participant",
"Ancient Rome"
] | The Gothic War took place between the years 248 and 249, as well as in the year 253. Within this war, a series of battles occurred and plundering was carried out by the Goths and their allies in the eastern territory of the Roman Empire, specifically in the Balkans. With the cessation of the payment of tribute previous... | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Gothic War (248–253)",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Gothic War (248–253)"
] | The Gothic War took place between the years 248 and 249, as well as in the year 253. Within this war, a series of battles occurred and plundering was carried out by the Goths and their allies in the eastern territory of the Roman Empire, specifically in the Balkans. With the cessation of the payment of tribute previous... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Yayoi period",
"follows",
"Jōmon period"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Yayoi period",
"followed by",
"Kofun period"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Yayoi period",
"followed by",
"Yamato period"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Yayoi period",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Yayoi period"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Kofun period",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Kofun period"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Kofun period",
"follows",
"Yayoi period"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Kofun period",
"followed by",
"Asuka period"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Clerical script",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Clerical script"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Clerical script",
"based on",
"seal script"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591",
"participant",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 was a war fought between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire, termed by modern historians as the Byzantine Empire. It was triggered by pro-Byzantine revolts in areas of the Caucasus under Persian hegemony, although other events also contributed to its outbrea... | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591",
"participant",
"Sasanian Empire"
] | The Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591 was a war fought between the Sasanian Empire of Persia and the Eastern Roman Empire, termed by modern historians as the Byzantine Empire. It was triggered by pro-Byzantine revolts in areas of the Caucasus under Persian hegemony, although other events also contributed to its outbrea... | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591",
"participant",
"Ghassanids"
] | Fall of Dara
In Mesopotamia, however, the war began disastrously for the Byzantines. After a victory at Sargathon in 573, they laid siege to Nisibis and were apparently on the point of capturing this, the chief bulwark of the Persian frontier defences, when the abrupt dismissal of their general Marcian led to a disorde... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Byzantine–Sasanian War of 572–591",
"participant",
"Lakhmids"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Second Council of Constantinople",
"follows",
"Council of Chalcedon"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Second Council of Constantinople",
"followed by",
"Third Council of Constantinople"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Second Council of Constantinople",
"different from",
"Council of Constantinople"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Moche culture",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Moche culture"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"7th century",
"followed by",
"8th century"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"7th century",
"follows",
"6th century"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"7th century",
"topic's main category",
"Category:7th century"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 | |
[
"Vandalic War",
"participant",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | The Vandalic War was a conflict fought in North Africa between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Vandalic Kingdom of Carthage in 533–534. It was the first of Justinian I's wars of the reconquest of the Western Roman Empire.
The Vandals occupied Roman North Africa in the early 5th century and established an ind... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Vandalic War",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Vandalic War"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Vandalic War",
"participant",
"Belisarius"
] | Opposing forces
Justinian selected one of his most trusted and talented generals, Belisarius, who had recently distinguished himself against the Persians and in the suppression of the Nika riots, to lead the expedition. As Ian Hughes points out, Belisarius was also eminently suited for this appointment for two other re... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Vandalic War",
"participant",
"Gelimer"
] | The Vandalic War was a conflict fought in North Africa between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Vandalic Kingdom of Carthage in 533–534. It was the first of Justinian I's wars of the reconquest of the Western Roman Empire.
The Vandals occupied Roman North Africa in the early 5th century and established an ind... | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Vandalic War",
"participant",
"Vandal Kingdom"
] | The Vandalic War was a conflict fought in North Africa between the forces of the Byzantine Empire and the Vandalic Kingdom of Carthage in 533–534. It was the first of Justinian I's wars of the reconquest of the Western Roman Empire.
The Vandals occupied Roman North Africa in the early 5th century and established an ind... | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | The Iberian War was fought from 526 to 532 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia—a Sasanian client state that defected to the Byzantines. Conflict erupted among tensions over tribute and the spice trade.
The Sasanians maintained the upper hand until 530 but the... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Iberia"
] | The Iberian War was fought from 526 to 532 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia—a Sasanian client state that defected to the Byzantines. Conflict erupted among tensions over tribute and the spice trade.
The Sasanians maintained the upper hand until 530 but the... | null | null | null | null | 4 |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Huns"
] | Origin
After the Anastasian War, a seven-year truce was agreed on, yet it lasted for nearly twenty years. Even during the war in 505, Emperor Anastasius I had already started fortifying Dara as a counter to the Persian fortress city of Nisibis for a looming conflict. In 524–525, the Persian shah Kavadh I (r. 488–531) p... | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Sasanian Empire"
] | Origin
After the Anastasian War, a seven-year truce was agreed on, yet it lasted for nearly twenty years. Even during the war in 505, Emperor Anastasius I had already started fortifying Dara as a counter to the Persian fortress city of Nisibis for a looming conflict. In 524–525, the Persian shah Kavadh I (r. 488–531) p... | null | null | null | null | 6 |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Heruli"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Aksum"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Belisarius"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Sabir people"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 | |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Sittas"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 | |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Ghassanids"
] | The Iberian War was fought from 526 to 532 between the Byzantine Empire and the Sasanian Empire over the eastern Georgian kingdom of Iberia—a Sasanian client state that defected to the Byzantines. Conflict erupted among tensions over tribute and the spice trade.
The Sasanians maintained the upper hand until 530 but the... | null | null | null | null | 14 |
[
"Iberian War",
"participant",
"Lakhmids"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 | |
[
"Aramaic alphabet",
"has use",
"Aramaic languages"
] | null | null | null | null | 0 | |
[
"Aramaic alphabet",
"based on",
"Phoenician alphabet"
] | Origins
The earliest inscriptions in the Aramaic language use the Phoenician alphabet. Over time, the alphabet developed into the form shown below. Aramaic gradually became the lingua franca throughout the Middle East, with the script at first complementing and then displacing Assyrian cuneiform, as the predominant wri... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Aramaic alphabet",
"has use",
"Imperial Aramaic"
] | null | null | null | null | 26 | |
[
"Aramaic alphabet",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Aramaic alphabet"
] | null | null | null | null | 28 | |
[
"Lazic War",
"participant",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Lazic War",
"participant",
"Sasanian Empire"
] | Background
The Persian Sasanians recognized Lazica (Egrisi) as part of the Roman/Byzantine sphere of influence by the "Eternal Peace" Treaty of 532. By that time, in order to foster their influence over the local monarchy, the Byzantines had insisted on the conversion of the King, Tzath I: he received both baptism and ... | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Lazic War",
"participant",
"Lazica"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Lazic War",
"participant",
"Sabir people"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422",
"participant",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | The Roman–Sasanian war of 421–422 was a conflict between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanians. The casus belli was the persecution of Christians by the Sassanid king Bahram V, which had come as a response to attacks by Christians against Zoroastrian temples; the Christian Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II decla... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422",
"participant",
"Sasanian Empire"
] | The Roman–Sasanian war of 421–422 was a conflict between the Eastern Roman Empire and the Sasanians. The casus belli was the persecution of Christians by the Sassanid king Bahram V, which had come as a response to attacks by Christians against Zoroastrian temples; the Christian Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II decla... | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Roman–Sasanian War of 421–422",
"participant",
"Lakhmids"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Aksumite–Persian wars",
"participant",
"Sasanian Empire"
] | Context
Around 520 CE, Kaleb of Aksum sent a military expedition to Yemen to fight against Dhu Nuwas, a Jewish ruler of the Himyarite Kingdom who had gained notoriety for his ongoing persecution of the Christian community in Najran. Following the successful Aksumite invasion, Nuwas was deposed and executed, and Kaleb a... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Aksumite–Persian wars",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Abyssinian–Persian wars"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Aksumite–Persian wars",
"participant",
"Kingdom of Aksum"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Aksumite–Persian wars",
"participant",
"Himyarite Kingdom"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Northern and Southern dynasties",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Northern and Southern dynasties"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Second Perso-Turkic War",
"participant",
"Sasanian Empire"
] | The Second Perso-Turkic War began in 606/607 with an invasion of the Sasanian Empire by the Göktürks and Hephthalites. The war ended in 608 with the defeat of the Turks and Hephthalites by the Sasanians under the Armenian general Smbat IV Bagratuni. | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Arab–Khazar wars",
"participant",
"Abbasid Caliphate"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Arab–Khazar wars",
"participant",
"Khazar Khaganate"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Arab–Khazar wars",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Arab–Khazar wars"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Arab–Khazar wars",
"participant",
"Umayyad Caliphate"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Arab–Khazar wars",
"participant",
"Rashidun Caliphate"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Nara period",
"followed by",
"Heian period"
] | The Nara period (奈良時代, Nara jidai) of the history of Japan covers the years from CE 710 to 794. Empress Genmei established the capital of Heijō-kyō (present-day Nara). Except for a five-year period (740–745), when the capital was briefly moved again, it remained the capital of Japanese civilization until Emperor Kanmu ... | null | null | null | null | 2 |
[
"Nara period",
"follows",
"Asuka period"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Nara period",
"follows",
"Yamato period"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Nara period",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Nara period"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Avar–Byzantine wars",
"participant",
"Byzantine Empire"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Avar–Byzantine wars",
"participant",
"Avar Khaganate"
] | Background
The Avars arrived in the Carpathian Basin in 568, fleeing from the First Turkic Khaganate. They quickly entered into an alliance with the Lombards to seize the land of the Gepids. However, during this process, the Lombards retreated to Italy, allowing the Avars to take both the lands of the Gepids and the fo... | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Avar–Byzantine wars",
"participant",
"Slavs"
] | null | null | null | null | 4 | |
[
"Avar–Byzantine wars",
"participant",
"Sasanian dynasty"
] | null | null | null | null | 5 | |
[
"Avar–Byzantine wars",
"participant",
"Sabir people"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Avar–Byzantine wars",
"participant",
"Antes people"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Avar–Byzantine wars",
"participant",
"Kutrigurs"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Avar–Byzantine wars",
"participant",
"Sclaveni"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Taika (era)",
"followed by",
"Hakuchi"
] | Taika (大化) was a Japanese era name (年号, nengō) during the reign of Kōtoku. The Taika era immediately preceded the Hakuchi era. This period spanned the years from August 645 through February 650.History
In 645, also known as Taika 1 (大化元年), the new era name was created to mark the beginning of the reign of the empero... | null | null | null | null | 3 |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan"
] | The Second Fitna was a period of general political and military disorder and civil war in the Islamic community during the early Umayyad Caliphate. It followed the death of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya I in 680, and lasted for about twelve years. The war involved the suppression of two challenges to the Umayyad dy... | null | null | null | null | 1 |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Husayn ibn Ali"
] | null | null | null | null | 2 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Al-Mukhtar"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Yazid I"
] | Sectarian and eschatological developments
The death of Husayn produced widespread outcry and helped crystallize opposition to Yazid into an anti-Umayyad movement based on Alid aspirations. The Battle of Karbala contributed to the definitive break between what later became the Shi'a and Sunni denominations of Islam. Thi... | null | null | null | null | 5 |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Abbas ibn Ali"
] | null | null | null | null | 7 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Marwan I"
] | null | null | null | null | 8 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Second Fitna"
] | null | null | null | null | 9 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"followed by",
"Third Fitna"
] | null | null | null | null | 10 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Shemr"
] | null | null | null | null | 11 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr"
] | null | null | null | null | 13 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Umar ibn Sa'ad"
] | null | null | null | null | 14 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"follows",
"First Fitna"
] | null | null | null | null | 15 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad"
] | Revolts against Yazid
Revolt of Husayn ibn Ali
Husayn had considerable support in Kufa. The inhabitants of the town had fought the Umayyads and their Syrian allies during the First Fitna. They were dissatisfied with Hasan's abdication and strongly resented Umayyad rule. After the death of Hasan in 669, they had attempt... | null | null | null | null | 16 |
[
"Second Fitna",
"participant",
"Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni"
] | null | null | null | null | 17 | |
[
"Second Fitna",
"replaces",
"Siege of Uthman"
] | null | null | null | null | 18 | |
[
"Early Muslim conquests",
"topic's main category",
"Category:Early Muslim conquests"
] | null | null | null | null | 1 | |
[
"Umayyad campaigns in India",
"follows",
"Muslim conquest of Persia"
] | null | null | null | null | 6 | |
[
"An Lushan Rebellion",
"topic's main category",
"Category:An Lushan Rebellion"
] | null | null | null | null | 3 |
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