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How can the same dose of a drug be OTC and RX at the same time?
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Bureaucracy and regulatory capture. Generic preparations of OTC drugs still have to pass FDA scrutiny. In this case Miralax, the brand name did all the work to get FDA approval for OTC sales before the generic manufacturer did. For a period of time the brand name manufacturer can end up being able to sell the product OTC before any generic manufacturer canPharmacodynamics, I.e. rate of absorption, rate of sustained release. Method of distribution, bioavailability, albumin-binding capacity , whether it bypasses hepatic portal circulation, and more factors are involved in whether a drug is OTC or prescription. Most importantly: 1- The drug's possibility of interaction with not only other drugs, but foods and other chemicals. 2-The drug's absorption rate 3- When mentioning "active ingredients" people tend to think of it as "this chemical goes to this place". In fact, that particular chemical is the active ingredient because it's the one that produces the effect we're looking for. However, that chemical goes all over the body, as do the other constituents of the drug and potential metabolites . All these things are taken into account when determining whether a drug should be Prescription or OTC.
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What is the symbolic fear represented by dead young girls in the movies (e.g. The Ring)
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Because children are innocent, loved and protected while adults can be monsters. Having a young girl who we see as innocent murdering people is out of the realms of our reality and hence shit's fucked. Like when you see an young girl, you'll be like awwww. Then when her head starts to form, you're like awww shit. Where as an adult stood in front of you doing nothing, you're already on guard. Having an adult ghost is just the norm, "meh some people are more scarier than that" mentality.Female puberty is supposed to be seen as uncanny The idea is that during early adolescence, she is a kind of dual person, and her body is a 'battleground' between masculinity/childhood, and femininity/adulthood. The reason the horror film character is generally a girl rather than a boy is because female sexuality in general is seen as more uncanny or monstruous than male sexuality - her being beautiful, virginal and pure makes her a temptress, inciting the 'crime' of sex , but also a victim, subject to the gaze/whims/penetration etc. of men. Vaginas are also supposed to be uncanny, as they're 'inverted' holes, full of secrets and darkness etc., which is another part of the reason why so many adolescent girls in horror films are victims of male sexual violence. The term 'uncanny' here means a few things - it's translated from the German 'unheimliche' The general idea is that it's something you don't know but still feels very familiar, leading to the double nature that makes adolescent girls supposedly uncanny. That's why Samara from The Ring makes you uneasy. She's victim and perpatrator, dead and alive, raped and virginal, adult and child, male and female. If you think about other adolescent girls in horror films you can apply the 'dual nature'/uncanny thing to all of them. ", 'Things that seem innocent make you think of other ways in which they are dangerous. Unknown is terrifying.
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How do we charge our phones wirelessly?
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Simply put it's induction charging, the specific process I'm not going to explain in too much detail but an analogy I physicist once told me as a good way of explaining of the process which might make it clearer for you. Think of a battery with an electrical circuit as a track filled with ball bearings that can't get out of the track but can move freely along it if you push them through it. Now you take a strong magnet and hold it near to the track but not touching it you can drag the ball bearing along the track . Now remember that any electrical circuit will cause a magnetic field as part of it's properties and you can imagine how lots of magnets dragging the ball bearings would work. This is pretty much what happens as there is a coil of wire inside the device and another inside the charging surface, when they are aligned correctly the charger causes the electrons in the device to be moved along. This process has the useful effect of charging the electrons in the device without them being in contact and therefore recharges your phone . This is also why Inductive charging hasn't taken off as much due to consumer demand for mobile telephones that offer quick charging times or devices like electronic toothbrushes which typically don't require super fast recharge times because after the morning/evening rush it can have all day to recharge. _URL_0_ - Electromangnetic induction article which explains some other uses for the same basic process. _URL_1_ - Inductive charging article
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why does time seem to move quicker when I'm occupied?
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The prevailing theory is that, when a brain is occupied with a task, then it has to spread its resources, leaving little to spend focused on the passing of time. However, if nothing in particular is occupying our conscious brain, it takes more notice of the time ticking by. The funny thing is, this slower vision is thought to be the more accurate perception of reality. It isn't about danger vs safety. It's about how much of our brain power is devoted to the passing of time, and how much to other things.
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How a company can trademark a single word and prevent the word being used in anything?
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You're a little confused about how trademark works. Trademarks protect the look and branding of a specific product or class of products. The protection they grant is limited in scope. Sky TV can't keep me from brewing a beer and calling it Sky Pale Ale. However, if I were to use their logo on the label, or something that looked very similar to it, then they would have a case. However, you can sue anyone for anything. Doesn't mean you'll win. In order for a company to prevail in a trademark lawsuit, they typically have to show that there exists either the likelihood of brand confusion , or that the use of the trademarked term by another party devalues the trademark. In reality, the practical application of trademark law means that many factors are taken into consideration: are the two parties selling product or competing in the same market? Are they selling a similar product ? Is the branding of the defendant physically or materially similar to that of the plaintiff ? How common is the term in question ? Generally, common English words are the hardest to protect in trademark, because they have a broader application beyond a brand nameTrademarks are not that broad. They can only prevent a word from being used in a similar product line close enough to the original to cause confusion. So the "Sky TV" trademark going against "No Man's Sky" videogame is not actually close enough to cause confusion so they will not win a case trying to go after them.
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What would happen if we were more transparent with our national security plans?
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If we say, "Russia can have the Ukraine and one of the little Baltic countries before we're mad enough to send over an army" that's an invitation to an adversary to commit mischief. It's like going to a negotiation and saying "I'll pay $12.32", you disclose your position without probing to find your adversary's position. What if he 'd have sold it for $9.73? You left a lot of money on the tableIt would probably do both - expose our ability to protect ourselves so that our enemies can exploit our weaknesses, but also expose a lot of the people who are abusing our national security to benefit themselves. The real problem is in finding the balance between the two. We need to be able to hide our national security plans and assets from our enemies, but allow enough transparency to keep people from abusing the system. Congressional committees that have access to our national security plans are supposed to be the biggest safeguard from abuse, but we all know how that works out
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Why don't animals pull their muscles when exerting themselves?
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IamA veterinarian. Animals over exert themselves all the time. My favorite example is the guy who came to see me for lameness in his 10yr old dog. He was a college student visiting home for the holidays and, the day before I saw him, decided to take the elderly, homebody Huskie for a 10 mile run. He's lucky she was only sore.Animals use compound movements . You don't see animals doing bicep curls or stability ball crunches. You also don't see animals playing new sports like racquetball or basketball. For example a dogs "sports" are running, digging, and chewing and they 've done that their entire lives.You don't notice the ones that do because they can't run and get eaten by lions.
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Do we sleep for only psychological reasons?
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[There are more reasons for it. See Fatal Familial Insomnia - a rare disease in which the patient eventually dies because they can't sleep.] It seems that the exact reason we need to sleep isn't fully understood, but it's pretty clear that there are serious consequences of sleep deprivation - like weight gain and a decrease in white blood cells. If we don't sleep at all - we'll die. Many of the theories about why we sleep involve metabolism - how our bodies take in fuel like food, and make energy that we need to move, eat, etc. When we're most active, during the day, we need a lot more energy - so there's a lot more activity going on as far as converting things like food in to energy. The thing is, these processes give us not only energy, but by-products called free radicals. It's almost like how if you burn something - you'll have a flame - but you'll also have smoke Free radicals can damage the cells of the body. Sleeping may give the body an opportunity to essentially catch up and repair the damaged cells. So in our analogy - lets say you have a controlled campfire but it's in your house. The smoke is damaging your stuff, so you try to start removing the smoke by opening a window, operating a fan, whatever, but the campfire is still putting off a lot of smoke. So you put some water on the fire and it dies down a bit. Now you have a chance to get rid of more of the smoke. Sleep is basically allowing us to turn down the "flames" so we have more of an opportunity to clean up the smoke and the damage that comes from it. Again, there really is no true consensus on why we sleep - but this is a prominent theory.
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Why does an e-reader screen flicker so badly on each refresh?
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There are two reasons for this. The pixels of an e-reader is based on the physical movement of the pigments to the back or the front of the screen. These pigments can get stuck just like an old etch & sketch. To prevent this the e-reader will flicker the screen to get the pigments unstuck. The other reason is that to keep the cost and the power drain down it is fitted with a slow CPU and memory. Typesetting and display processing is rather expensive processes that requires some processing power to do. The slow CPU may take some time to render the next page for you.
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Why some drugs make us feel drowsy/sleepy and why some don't?
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Think of your nervous system as a light with a dimmer switch, Certain drugs are capable of increasing the brightness. Some drugs turn it down. In the case of the nervous system glutamate is a chemical in our bodies that turns up the brightness making nerves more "excitable" while GABA is a chemical in our bodies that turns down the brightness making nerves less "excitable". And certain drugs can enhance or stimulate one or the other systems. GABA and glutamate aren't the only systems involved there are others, but the principle is similar.
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Does your stomach stop telling you that you are hungry based on the weight of food you have eaten, the volume of it or something else?
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The cue to stop eating is a combination of several factors. 1) Blood sugar reaching a certain level. Your blood sugar starts going up fairly quickly when you start to eat. Once you get to some minimal levels that is one signal that you have eaten enough. 2) Volume. Your stomach knows how full it is and it will signal that you are done eating when it reaches a "full" volume. This is somewhat variable though and you can train your stomach to think different volumes are full. People with anorexia or who just eat small meals will get full faster because they have trained their stomachs to not stretch much before sending full signals. Meanwhile professional contest eaters will train their stomachs to not send full signals till they have eaten an absurd amount of food. A trick to lose weight is to drink an extra glass of water at the beginning of a meal to up stomach volume so you eat lessDuodenum distention is one part of hunger. You duodenum is the first part of the intestine after the stomach. When you eat and the duodenum starts getting filled and stretches a bit it basically says "yo buddy lets shut this down for a little, we need to catch up". So your brain tells the stomach to stop some acid production and to close the valve into the duodenum, thus giving you this full feeling. You also have Leptin and Ghrelin, which are hormones related to hunger. Ghrelin pretty much tells your body when to eat. It gets released in your stomach when your undernourished, thus creating that hungry feelings. Leptin is another hormone and it is pretty complicated. For the purposes of this post: Leptin is produced by fat cells and tells the brain when we have enough stored energy and can stop eating. Anyway this is a ELI5 so I respectably do not want my inbox full with comments from biologists.
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Why do we need surround sound, when we only have 2 ears? Alternatively: how do I know a sound is coming from the front or back from me?
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You seem to understand that the ears can localize sounds based on the slight delay it takes to get to the near ear and the far ear. In cases where there is no delay - something in front or behind you - there are other mechanisms. The shape of your ear filters out different frequencies of sound differently, and it also filters sound in front and behind differently as well. Not only that, other ambient factors - such as sound reflecting off walls, can give clues that your brain can pick up on. This is one of the reasons it's sometimes hard to localize sounds with earbuds - you've bypassed the filtering effect your outer ear has.Sound has two attributes: volume and speed. Your left ear and right ear compare the volume that each ear hears a sound, as well as the extremely small difference in time that each ear hears a sound in order to determine direction. This is why a surround sound system must be placed in very strategic and proportional points around a room in order for it to be effective.
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How does the Reddit Enhancement Suite (RES) work?
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Works in the same way as greasemonkey scripts; RES is javascript that alters the html returned from the server.
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Why don't women catcall men?
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Women are not encouraged to express their sexuality in the same way as men in our culture. Women actually having lots of sex or otherwise finding too many men attractive is frowned upon .
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How do they determine the suggested speed for curves on roads?
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There’s a lot of physics involved but the boiled down way is that when you’re moving around a circle your car wants to get pushed out. The friction of the road stops some of this, and the bank of the road stops some more. Engineers determine how fast you can go without losing traction, the. Have a safety factor and that speed is the limit
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What are the differences in different types of RAM?
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RAM has two qualities you should look for, clock speed and size. The size is given as some GB. You should go for 4 or 8 now, mainly because it cheap. More is never worse, but to much won't help you. The other is clock speed, it's given in Hz and 1333 or 1600 are common ones . This tells you how many operations the ram can do each second. Once again more is better. Now, if you have more than 4 GB of 1333 RAM you probably can't really tell the difference if you get more or faster. Unless you are doing some really heavy video edition or something.
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Why do people invest in gold and silver?
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Personally, I do it to diversify. Gold and silver have held value throughout time, but who knows what will happen to various markets? & nbsp;I know that in the past, people flocked to it to hedge against inflation. So if inflation is at 10% that means your money is losing value every year, so you bought gold to prevent your cash from losing value. EDIT: clarifying the point', "For the same reason people buy any asset they don't plan on using: They hope the price will go up and that they can sell it. People buy precious metals when they believe most other assets are going to decline in value or that there will be lots of inflation because the value of gold tends to not change much over time.It generally moves the opposite of other traditional investments. When the market goes up, usually gold goes down and when the market goes down gold goes up Gold is generally thought of as a good "SHTF" investment, it is increasingly valuable when times are bad. It's a hedge against a declining market.Because of its longstanding global use as a means of storing wealth, it's considered a safe way to hedge against currency fluctuations/devaluations.
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Finite and non-finite clauses and verbs.
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**Clause** Basically the smallest grammatical unit. If it can stand alone as a sentence, it is an independent clause. If it cannot stand alone as a sentence, it is a dependent clause. *The kid shut the door.* Is an independent clause and sentence. *After he entered the house* Is a dependent clause. We can combine clauses together to form complex sentences like this: *After he entered the house, the kid shut the door.* Clauses typically will have a verb or verb phrase in it. **Infinitives** Verbs have different forms depending on how they are used. Most commonly verbs change form depending on the tense . The infinitive form of the verb, in English is usually seen with the word "to" preceding the verb. A notable thing about infinitives is they cannot exist alone in an independent clause. **Putting it together.** So, simply put, a finite clause is a clause with a finite verb, and a non-finite clause is a clause with a non-finite verb. Example of non-finite clause: *To get a drink.* We should note that non-finite clauses are necessarily dependent; we have to add additional clauses to make a complete sentence: *The kid entered the house to get a drink.*
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why do new airplanes still have ashtrays in the bathroom?
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If someone violates the no smoking rule you want to ensure they have a good place to put out the cigarette. If they put it in the trash can and a fire starts at 38,000 feet then everyone is dead [CNN did an article about this earlier this year] and it is required by law that US airplanes have ashtrays in the bathroom title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, chapter I, subchapter C, part 25, subpart D, section 25.853, paragraph g > Regardless of whether smoking is allowed in any other part of the airplane, lavatories must have self-contained, removable ashtrays located conspicuously on or near the entry side of each lavatory door Plus, smoking isn't banned on airlines in all countries, there are still airlines buying new planes on which smoking is permitted. Boeing and Airbus like to ship some standard interiors to reduce engineering costs
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How do smartphones that run multi-core cpus stay cool with such a compact design and zero airflow?
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Most smartphone CPUs are ARM based, which are designed to run cool and use a small amount of energy. Per Mhz, those ARM cpus will provide less computational than an x86 CPU of the same speed. But the power consumption and heat generation will be much lower.Mine freaking doesn't. Ten minutes of 3g'ing and that bad boy gets toasty.It actually all has to do with wattage and voltage, anything under 5 watts can be considered a passively cooled chip as long as the heat spreader is efficient enough. Desktop cpus go all the way up to 130 watts in some consumer cases. Even the actively cooled surface pro 2 uses a 15 watt haswell chip. Smart phones effectively under clock themselves whenever they run into their thermal limits, this is similar to ultrabooks aswell. Edit - Lots of smart phones are 1-2 watt solutions and tablets usually in the 4 watt area, the new smart watches coming out are single core and underclocked to be under .8 wattsLow clockspeeds. As clockspeeds increase the heat generated by the CPU rises exponentially, so the difference between 1.2 Ghz and 3.4 is about a factor of 8.
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How are EULAs legal in the United States if you can't return the software after you've "purchased" it?
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I'm gonna answer this in a way that you don't want to hear, but its really the correct answer as of now: EULAs are problematic for the courts. There have not really been enough cases or strong decisions in either way to make it clear what the precedent or legality of them are and what is and isn't legal. Courts know they are written by a team of lawyers and no one, even other lawyers can fully understand them. Yet they are written in a legal manner. They also know that no one reads them, and even if you did, you wouldn't understand it, because it is written so you can't. Also there are tons of clauses and issues which are legal because you agree to them, but are crazy, restrictive and may go against various laws. Courts have ruled vary narrowly, and on only specific cases so far, so there really isn't a general rule yet. Until then, they will continue to be enforced because there really isn't anything saying otherwise. It's a tough situation for everyone. tl;dr: Courts haven't made them illegal yet, they are confused too, but its an issue that will need to be addressed and everyone knows it.
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Once a cyst or abcess is removed from the body, if left alone do they continue to grow?
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If put in the appropriate solution. Otherwise no, it doesn't have the access to energy necessary for the cells to do anything, the cells making it up will die.
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Why does pain linger?
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Depends on your pain tolerance as well. Somebody with a higher pain tolerance doesn't mean they feel less pain, it means they need more pain before it starts to affect them. If you have a low pain tolerance you will feel an injury a lot longer cause it will affect you. Higher pain tolerance will feel it less because like others has said your body will get used to it faster. I'm no scientist but as somebody with a high pain tolerance, this is just what I notice. I'll get an injury that others people say if it was them they would e crying, I'm just like "it's just a flesh wound" . But for real, unless it something serious like a broken bone , something like a deep cut ill feel for the first minute but after that my brain just locks it out. I still "feel it", but it doesn't bother me, unless I hit it on something then it will hurt again for a minute. Which you could look at as your nerves telling you to stop damaging that part of the body cause it needs time to heal. So I'm guessing it depends on how your pain tolerance is, is how long pain will lingerHe aching or lingering pain after an injury is due to inflammation from the damaged tissue. This gets picked up by c-fibers which only detects the aching or burning pain sensation. Source: Dental student
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how & what happened to the Lehman Brothers?
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OK. So Lehman's was overly leveraged, meaning that when people gave them money, they could use that money as collateral on a loan to borrow more money. That borrowed money would then be invested. They are able to earn more profits doing this even after paying the interest on the loan. The problem is that you need to keep a good ratio of actual money to borrowed money in order to be able to ride out a downturn. Lehman was heavily invested in real estate and mortgages, the very assets that started the collapse. They had borrowed $30 for every $1 they had on deposit. That meant that a drop of 5% or so was enough to wipe them out entirely. And that's what happened. It never should have gone down that way. In the past there were laws preventing them from borrowing so much compared to what they had in assets. But those laws were removed during deregulation, so this problem was allowed to exist. Basically, they owed way more money than they had any hope of being able to pay back, so they went bankrupt.
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What caused the switch from doctors doing home visits to the modern doctors office?
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If you keep the doctor in one place, he can spend more of his valuable time actually seeing patients rather than driving between potentially distant patient houses. Having patients drive to the doctor means the doctor gets to see more patients. Some countries still do paid doctor housecalls, but that isn't what most of their citizens do.
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why won't YouTube fix the issue of saving the video quality even though it's the number one complaint they get?
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You mean when you start a new video? It's becomes HD every time I enter full screen.YouTube Help Forum Top Contributor here. I don't know what you mean by "saving the video quality", but whatever it is -- no, it's not the "number one complaint". If you're uploading gaming videos, then I suspect that you're complaining about compression artefacts. They practically unavoidable. That is, they *could* be avoided, but only by making it impossible for most people to actually watch the video. In my experience, gamers are *extremely* sensitive about the slightest loss of quality, even if most other people would never notice anything "wrong". But whenever you upload a video, YouTube has to transcode it into a number of different resolutions and formats for playback on a wide variety of devices. And it has to keep the file sizes as small as possible, partly to save bandwidth at YouTube's end , and partly because most people on Planet Earth still don't have access to decent high-bandwidth internet . This *always* involves sacrificing a little quality, although it tries to make it unnoticeable. Unfortunately for gamers, the typical gameplay video is extremely difficult to compress efficiently. Things like lots of fine, sharp detail, fast action sequences and rapid cuts are the mortal enemies of efficient video compression, so those videos suffer the most, especially when viewed at lower resolutions. YouTube is currently switching over to the WebM video codec, a process which is pretty much complete, although many browsers still don't support VP9. But this should compress a bit more easily, so it should show at least some improvement in video quality.
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Why do movies look like soap operas on my MIL’s giant HD TV?
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There is an adjustment for reducing judder, varies by brand name, that causes what you describe. Needs to be turned off.
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Is there a limit to the largest nuclear bomb mankind can create? If so, why?
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The only limits we know of are cost and that a bomb will blow itself up before all the nuclear material can be used_URL_0_ This is the Tsar Bomba, the largest nuclear bomb ever created. The bomb was that large and delivered that large a payload that they had to detonate it as far north as they could and away from civilisation.
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What is the historical significane of coal in your stocking?
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Its a Sicilian tradition. It began with the legend of La Befana. Two of the Wise Men stopped at the home of La Befana to ask for directions on the night of Jesus' birth. They invited her to join them in going to see baby Jesus, but she refused. A while later, one of the shepherds asked for directions, and again invited La Befana to join him, but again she refused. Looking up into the sky, La Befana saw the bright star, and thought that she should go to find the stable. She gathered toys to give to baby Jesus. Unfortunately, La Befana was unable to find the stable. Tradition says that even today, she continues to try to find baby Jesus. Every January 5th and the morning of January 6th La Befana tries to find the Christ child. Throughout her journey, she leaves toys along the way to the good children and she leaves coal for the naughty children.
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Why sometimes when I lie on my bed and breathe in I feel sharp pain at my left lung preventing me from breathing in fully?
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That is a very good question. I have the same problem', "I'm an RN, wife, mom and a grandmother---it's most likely gas pains. Seriously. If the pain doesn't resolve within a few days and is constant, see a doctor.
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What does it mean if a person has a low centre of gravity?
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Ok, so your mass is spread all over your body, pretty unevenly because of your limbs and different body parts. But from a physics standpoint, you still have a center of mass . Center of gravity is the same thing since gravity is pulling on your center of mass. When you're standing up, your center of gravity has to be between your feet. Gravity is pulling down, put it's pulling down somewhere between your feet, and your feet can push back, keeping you up. If your center of gravity moves outside your feet, your feet can no longer cancel out the pull of gravity and you tip over. Now, as for a *low* center of gravity, it's harder to tip over because your center of gravity is less likely to move outside your feet. If you start to tip over, your center of gravity will be outside your feet sooner if it's higher up your body. If you know some math, it's probably something like: Tip over if: feet radius < sin * center of mass height Now looking at this, or just thinking through center of mass, you can keep yourself from tipping over by spreading your feet out and increasing your feet radius, or by lowering your center of mass by crouching down.
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How do (online) scalpers get their tickets before everyone else, when everyone else seems to be struggling?
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There are computer programs that will automatically buy the tickets quicker than any human can. The scalpers use theseIn short, ticket retailers contract with scalpers such that they buy a block of tickets to every show at the venue no matter what, sort of like a big block of season tickets. Scalpers make bank on popular shows and help retailer profits when demand is low.Often times they own season tickets, and that makes the owners obligated to buy a ticket for every home game of the season. In the NBA that's good news if Cleveland is coming to town because you can resell the tickets for several times face value, but bad news if you're playing Philadelphia
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How do mutual fund fees work?
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Your broker might charge you a fee to put money in or take it out of the fund, although a lot of the major brokers that offer their own funds offer many free funds. Then the fund has an "expense ratio"--you pay this percentage of your total investment every year. Think of it as going straight off the profit or loss for that year: if the fund's value went up 6%, but your expense ratio is 1%, your net gain is 5%. If the value went down 6%, you still have to pay the fee, so your loss is 7%. This means that expense ratios can make a big difference to your returns, and many people recommend finding mutual funds with low fees. Some mutual funds have artificially low expense ratios because some of its expenses are subsidized by the parent company. They should disclose this. As an investor, that usually doesn't concern you.
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How do we know if Syria has handed over ALL their chemical weapons?
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It's likely that any agreement that is made that requires them to give up their weapons would require them to allow very thorough investigations, and it's not easy to hide chemical weapons facilities like that, especially with satellites that could be tracking things.
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Why do we as humans always have trouble lying without giving it away in some form of body language?
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I'm not sure that it's true the people *always* give away their lies with some sort of bodily signal, but you're right that there are often signs. There are a few reasons for this. One is simply that lying is cognitively more difficult than telling the truth. Think about it this way, which is easier: reading from a script or improvising a scene? Furthermore, lying is sometimes not just fabrication, but often requires knowing the truth and purposefully saying something that is not the truth. This coupling of knowing the truth and speaking a lie forms cognitive dissonance and it requires significant brain power to do it quickly and well. This is why, contrary to common belief, people who are being interrogated are often *less* fidgity when they're lying because their brains are busy coming up with the lie. Another reason it's hard to not give away a lie is because we are social creatures, and lying is antisocial. Even if they're lying for a good reason, most people have an emotional aversion to it. On top of that, there's almost always the fear of getting caught while you're doing it, and that makes it emotionally stressful. Of course signs of emotion aversion and stress and not always signs of lying, as people can be stressed by interrogation even when they're telling the truth. Edit: grammar
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Does the body absorb every calorie? If I overeat like crazy will some of it just 'flow through' me or will it all be stored?
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Some calories remain in partially digested food that exits your body in stool. But not enough to counterbalance the energy equation. If you overeat a lot, *most* of it will be stored in adipose tissue. The human body is very good at banking up energy reserves for a rainy dayNo, your body only absorbs something like 80% of calories you take in. The rest are lost to urine and feces, or burned off by bacteria in your gut.Calories aren't actually a substance. A calorie is a measure of energy and that energy comes from metabolization of carbohydrates and lipids . The human digestive system is not 100% efficient. So no, not every carbohydrate or lipid is absorbed. Overeating however, increases the total amount of these substances and thus increase your total absorption to a degree.The exact amount of energy you're going to get from a meal varies somewhat. Calorie counts are sort of the "ceiling" of what you could extract, if your gastrointestinal system was a Bunsen burner. Everything from the ratios between fat, carbs, and proteins, to the particular microbiome in your belly, to whether you 've been starving yourself lately and thus your body believes every meal might be your last, modifies just how much energy you actually get from a meal. How much the above factors really matter in terms of absorption, doesn't seem to be all that well understood. In general though, calories are used as a useful number because they're "accurate enough".
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Can someone explain what FEMA camps are, and why people are so afraid of them?
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Many people are afraid that FEMA may eventually lock up people just for disagreeing with the government, ala political prisoners or dissidentsFEMA concemtration camps are a conspiracy theory about how the federal government is going to round up anyone they don't like and put them in concentration camps. When they look for a government agency that knows how to make camps FEMA is an easy target. It is like presuming your school matching band is a covert military unit because they are the only kids at the high school that have the ability to march in sync. The fact that you "can't get a clear answer why" is often a good indicator you are dealing with a conspiracy theory. That said, as a society in the US right now we seem just fine with locking thiusands of people up as punishment so that they can't fight in wars, produce or pay taxes. So oddly that isn't a stike against. A thorough explanation of the conspiracy theory here:_URL_0_', "FEMA camps have been a favorite hobby horse of the loon fringe for decades. The notion is that FEMA is secretly setting up concentration camps all around the country that they're going to herd people into after the UN One World Government troops fly in with their black helicopters and take our guns away. I *wish* I was exaggerating here, but there are people out there who actually believe bullshit like this.
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What's the whole issue with Hobby Lobby?
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The Justices held that under the 1993 Religious Freedom Restoration Act that certain for-profit corporations were able to hold religious beliefs and could apply to be exempt from providing select contraceptive coverage mandated in the ACA . The Democrats/Left have built a narrative around the decision that it is another example of the right-wing's "war on women" and that the decision is essentially allowing bosses to impose their personal beliefs on their workers. People seem to be responding to that narrative and its obviously upsetting some people.Being English I'm still baffled by America's health system. Any contraception is free over here regardless of employer or religion
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Why is gambling illegal? (in america)
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The reason its not legal in most states is the assumption that it attracts crime and other undesirable elements to the area. While casinos and other forms of gambling are very profitable for those running it, and the state that taxes it, all that money is coming out of the pockets of average people, increasing the possibility that people will gamble themselves into debt and turn to loan sharks and the like, some of which have ties to criminal organizations. The feeling of most lawmakers and voters tends to be that its just not worth it, since there are other ways increase revenue that don't come with these potential side effects.
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How is masochism possible when pain isn't supposed to be pleasing, but warning us?
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Hi there. To put it simply, we cant control pain itself but we *can* control how we respond to it. Thats a physical reason. Psychologically, you cant really make many broad generalizations about masochists, or anyone really. Some masochists endure because it reminds them they are alive and helps them to focus on being content with being alive, some genuinely enjoy pain itself and actively force themselves to regard it as pleasure through small incremental steps, some enjoy the state of numbness one can achieve when so much pain is inflicted that the area just doesnt get stimulated by anything afterwardsFor some people pain releases "excess" endorphin/enkalphin in the brain.They are natural opiates. So I suspect the initial pain is not pleasurablebut the subsequent release of natural opiate like substances is pleasurable and reinforcing. I treated a feather picking bird with naloxone, a drug that blocks opiate receptors. After a few treatmentsthe parrot stopped the painful picking as it was no longer positively reinforcing. I suspect self-cutting in some people works by the same mechanism.
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Why do I feel like I have to have my brain and mind be constantly stimulated throughout the day, from when I wake up until I go to bed?
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ELI5: If you feel the quest for knowledge so bad. Why don't you work it out for yourself?
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How do pathologists tolerate the odor of decomposition?
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People can get used to pretty much anything. I'm a medic and smell decomposition frequently. It stinks, but I'll take that over C.diff any day.First they try to minimize exposure to decomposition. Recent corpses are refrigerated and will only be in the beginning stages of decomposition. Old corpses will be mostly decomposed, it is only the middle ground that will be particularly stinky. Beyond that, they just get used to it. Unless a smell is actually harming you, like ammonia, you can get used to anything. And part of the bad smell is psychological, the whole revulsion of being near a corpse. Get used to both, and you are good to go.Forensic pathologists who regularly dissect rotting bodies wear special breathing apparatus. It the smell isn't too bad, a little pleasant smelling ointment under the nose helps. The worst is walking into the room, when one doesn't have time to acclimate. Autopsies smell terrible because we open the colon and the internal organs have their own disagreeable smell.
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Why are people allowed to be racist towards their own race?
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Most people are not self-hating, so when you say something about your own race, it's much more likely to be construed either as a joke, or as a constructive criticism. Saying something about another race will sound much less like constructive criticism. "We Chinese have a bad reputation for being boorish tourists, and we need to examine our own behavior in order to treat foreign destinations with the proper respect they deserve." "Those Chinese have a bad reputation for being boorish tourists, and they need to examine their behavior in order to treat our tourist destinations with the proper respect they deserve." See how each sentence sounds?
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Why do we sweat, even when not being physically active, at 30ºC?
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your body temp is 37° because it's permanently cooled down. you're burning sugar in your cells continuously, increasing your body temperature.unfortunately your organs are very sensitive to overheating, so your body must make sure that your temp doesn't raise . imagine a running engine in a standing car. it produces heat all the time, and if you don't cool the engine actively it will overheat very fast.
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Why are eggs/biscuits/pancakes considered to be breakfast food, and not normally eaten during other meals?
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All of those things are eaten at any time of the day. Eggs are present in damn near everything. It's true that in western cultures a fried or scrambled egg is traditionally reserved for the first meal of the day, but in other cuisines eggs are featured players in all sorts of meals. Poached eggs, for example, are common ingredients in salads in the French tradition, and in the United States where people are generally less inclined to eat runny eggs, hard-boiled eggs are substituted. A fried egg is a very common ingredient in bánh mì, a type of Vietnamese sandwich. The Aussies use them as hamburger toppings. As for biscuits, you're clearly not from the American south! Biscuits are a common addition to every meal. In general, in the American south quick breads — breads leavened by chemistry — are preferred over yeast breads, and the biscuit plays the same part that the traditional yeast dinner roll does in other parts of the United States. And as for pancakes, consider the Chinese moo shu pancake or the French crêpe … or hell, the *tortilla* for that matter. In many cultures, unleavened pancakes are staple foods, or at least not relegated to breakfast. Leavened pancakes not that different from American ones are common in England, where they're eaten as dessert foods. In Scotland, they're eaten for tea, in basically the same way scones are. So really, it's more a question of why *you* only eat those foods for breakfast. You're missing out on a whole world of deliciousnessIf you were a peasant with a day of backbreaking work ahead of him, you want breakfast to be quick to prepare, quick to eat, and quick to digest. Eggs and starchy foods fit this bill better than say a roasted chicken.
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What happens when the US government proves a monopoly or oligopoly exists? How is the law enforced?
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Contrary to popular belief, monopolies and oligopolies are not illegal. What is illegal is using monopoly powers in specifically described ways to stifle competition. For example, selling goods at less than cost to drive a competitor out of business is illegal, as is colluding with other companies to fix prices or territory. If a company is caught doing one of those things, it can face legal actionthey make them change their name and APPEAR to be different companies lol
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Like most people, I do not suffer from OCD. So why do I experience compulsions?
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One of my best friends has very severe OCD and I asked him once what the difference is. He says that everybody has obsessions and everybody has compulsions, but most people's obsessions and compulsions are separate. You have a preferred light switch and you are compelled to use it, but you do not obsess over the switch when you are not interacting with it. Or, you might obsess and have rules for people in your space about which switch to use, but you do not feel compelled to interfere when something goes wrong. He says that in his brain he is compelled to obsess' and 'obsessed with his compulsions.' In other words, the two are connected circularly in his mind and he cannot disengage from the object even when the interaction is complete. As to why we have these obsessions and compulsions, evolution has a strong preference for keeping things the same or changing very slowly. If you know that 'on' is 'up' and 'off' is 'down' then your brain seeks to apply this principle universally even once you have learned of a particular exception. This tendency towards sameness is very practical - your body is a finely tuned piece of equipment. If you were to randomly introduce a single genetic mutation it has a much greater change of doing harm then good. Thus, we benefit from all changes being very minor so that even if the change is bad it is not overwhelmingly bad.
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How do third party vendors on Amazon, Newegg, Best Buy, etc get their inventory?
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They typically buy direct from the manufacturer. Most products will provide discounts if purchased in bulk. And if you don't have a storefront you have much lower operational expenses and can reduce prices even lower. With their size they can reduce their margins to make their profits on volume.
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Why do different languages have different names for different countries?
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The main sources are: 1. Language change: in year N, I call Country X "X" and you also call Country X "X", but 1000 years later our descendants speak languages that have moved in different directions. A simple example is how "Roma", spelled with an *e* in English but pronounced the same way, became a one-syllable word when the English stopped pronouncing the final *-e* on all English words. 2. Playing Telephone: every time a word gets passed from one language to another it gets trampled a little, since the sounds in different languages aren't 1:1. So you go from "Qin" to "Śina" to "Sina" . As the branches go in different directions you get weirder and weirder variations. 3. Different kinds of name: Countries can be named after the geographic location, after the ethnic group that inhabits the region, a descriptive feature, or after some political regime. So that already gives you at least four options; but then, you might have a region inhabited by a group of related tribes, where each neighbor calls the whole population by the name of the closest tribe; or a region ruled by several dynasties, where each neighbor calls the region by the name of a different dynasty. The classic example: the Allemanni, the Teutones, the Germanii, who each gave their names to the whole region whence they came. Anyway, "Nippon" is the Wu pronunciation of "Land of the Rising Sun", which the Japanese adopted as their own; but the Min pronunciation is basically "Jaypon", and the Southern Chinese merchants who operated all over Southeast Asia were the ones who gave us a lot of Asian words. The Latin form of "Scotland" is *Scotia* ; in French, initial clusters of *sc-* were always replaced with *esc-* and then *éc-*, while the -tio- or -tia- usually softened to and S.
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Why are humans "human-sized"?
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Evolution isn't conscious, intelligent design. It doesn't strive to make the perfect organism that just the right height and size - whatever species manage to have viable offspring is an evolutionary success, and some end up better than others, thrive in their enviroment and breed more. The average human is the size of the average human because those are the genes that have been passed along for hundreds of thousands of years. We've grown taller and taller as of late due to a vast improvement of diet - more people can eat their fill and thus reach their maximum potential height, whereas malnourishment previously stunted many people's growth. So, why the 5-6 foot range then? It's a good enough size, really. Small enough to stay energy efficient in times in hunger, big enough to chase after prey and kill them.
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Why does the word for 'mum/mother' sound so similar across nearly all languages?
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Äiti, haha, nënë, walida, unitsi, pia, hooyo Your premise is obviously false. Related languages, however, are likely to share some words - especially words that would be very old. English is related to a *lot* of languages through the Proto-Indo-European root language, from which *mother* derives, and from which Latin, Germanic, and Slavic languages get the word .it's due to a combination of it being an easy sound for babies to make and being one of the most basic words. All children will call for their mothers. Since it is among the first words that children learn it has a sort of cultural inertia. Mothers will know that their babes will call them mama, or their languages equivalent. Mothers will respond to mama when they hear the baby say it. As babies see their mother respond to mama, they will use that word. It would be very difficult to break that cycle. As others have mentioned, it not nearly all languages, but as languages evolve it is the sort of word that is unlikely to make a significant change.
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How do fruit flies "magically" appear?
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Fun fact: "Back in the day" people used to think that animals "magically appeared"; this concept was known as [spontaneous generation]. It was commonly thought that if a pile of dirty clothes was left laying around for too long it would spawn ratsThey lay microscopic eggs on the skin of fruits and vegetables. The eggs eventually hatch and then they "magically" appear.
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what are the silica gels they put in new clothes and why are they telling me not to put it in my mouth?
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It dries stuff out. It is apparently an irritant but I don't see anything super dangerous in the [Material Safety Data Sheet]. It will not be pleasant though.
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Why does eating a lemon make your teeth hurt?
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Lemon juice is moderately acidic, and if your teeth have metal fillings that can set up an electric circuit. Biting aluminum foil does the same thing, but I don't advise doing either of those things.
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How come the third rail on subway systems doesn't short circuit when it gets wet?
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1. Water on the rail itself doesn't short circuit, as the rail is more conductive than the water. 2. The water doesn't bridge between the third rail and a suitable ground. It might drip off, but it won't form a continuous path like a wire very easily. 3. Water is an awful conductor, so outside of very high voltages such as lightning strikes, it doesn't tend to carry a charge very far.
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Why is it legal for a police officer to lie to me about the law ?
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An example would be a police officer telling a person that filming them is illegal.The justification here is that this allows the police officer to trick the suspect into telling the truth. However, there is evidence that this does not actually happen. In many cases where the police have utilized deception as an interrogation tactic a false confession was elicited by the suspect. Source: _URL_0_ Richard A Leo. False Confessions. Causes, Consequences and Implications. American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law.
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Why is it sometimes a popular connotation to assume that attractive people are less intelligent than others?
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2 Primary reasons: Anecdotal evidence, people thinking instances of it and generalizing. Compensation thinking people seem to have an unfounded belief that strengths come with weaknesses. If someone's attractive, they must be stupid or the opposite, if someone is smart they must be socially inept. The idea that some people are good without major drawbacks is uncomfortable to some people, it makes them feel better to assume the rich guy is unhappy or cruel or the pretty girl is an idiot.Driven by hunger, a fox tried to reach some grapes hanging high on the vine but was unable to, although he leaped with all his strength. As he went away, the fox remarked \'Oh, you aren't even ripe yet! I don't need any sour grapes.\' People who speak disparagingly of things that they cannot attain would do well to apply this story to themselves. -- Aesop's Fables, "The Fox and the Grapes" . Studies actually show that people assume attractive people are smarter and better than their less-attractive peers. And that creates a "sour grapes" desire to tear down the lucky few, so the couter-stereotype of "pretty and stupid" is a cultural artifact of that attempt to wipe the special off the face of the enemy. So we have created myth of "them trading on their looks" and so not needing to be "smart" or "wise" or them being "lazy or naive, because they never had to overcome anything" So it's basically a resentment created as a reaction formation to the brain's natural tendency to raise up attractive people as ideals.For the most part, if you're attractive, you don't *need* to be intelligent. Thus many choose not to develop their mind. Conversely, intelligence is the primary saving grace of ugly people. They have all that time on their hands because they're not dating.
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Why are American movies called by their literal names in other countries?
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Maybe the word "Anchorman" doesn't exist in those languages? That would be the only reason I can think of', "Because anchormam isn't a word in other languages
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why, if at all, is Putin a bad guy?
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Vladimir Putin has made Russia less democratic--he and his party intimidate political opponents and are suspected of several assassinations, and he has skirted around the term limits set by the Russian constitution by exchanging positions with Medvedev. On the international scene, he has behaved very aggressively, using military force to conquer parts of Georgia and Ukraine. These actions have not been good for Russia, which is reeling from the international sanctions that have been imposed on the country. So he's not even very good at being an autocrat.
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the Ohm rating on guitar amplifiers and why it's important...
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Imagine two bicycles, side by side. The first bike has the brakes stuck on. You can pedal it and move it, but it takes a lot of effort to do so. Then you hop onto the second bike. You expect it to be the same as the first bike, so you put a lot of power into pedalling. However, because this bike's resistance is so much lower, you get startled at how fast you zoom off, and lose control of the bike. Ohms are a unit for measuring electrical resistance, kind of like friction in the physical world. The first bike had a lot of resistance, so I could analogously say it had a high Ohm value.
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why do some people's abs appear bloated or rounded?
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Growth hormone. Bodybuilders take them to get bigger but it doesn't just make muscles bigger. Organs grow too so their guts is basically pushing outwards behind the abs. Some will eventually need surgery because their insides tries to come out from their belly button.
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why we sometimes yell or make obnoxious noises when we stretch
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Everyone else in this thread is being mean, the reason we do it I would imagine is the same reason people moan during sex. That stretch feels fucking awesome
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How do microtomes work? How can a blade be physicslly manipulated to cut a slide a few micrometres or nanometres thick?
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The below freezing temperatures and frozen substrate that the tissue is embedded in helps considerably to keep things together. The problem arises when you have tissue that contains a high amount of fat. The fat doesn't freeze at the same temperature, and makes cutting thin slices more difficult.
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What is a random walk?
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Industrial Engineer here: I'm going to be talking about measurements of say the length of a part. You know your part should be 12 inches long. We IEs have tools to measure that this number remains, on average, 12 inches. One of our most powerful tools is the [Estimate Weight Moving Average] control chart. In this plot, we look for non random walks. Let's say that your 12 inch average all of a sudden becomes 12.1 inches. Most normal tests of quality will say that each part measurement is still acceptable due to this small shift; we won't conclude that these individual observations are out of control. The EWMA, however, takes into account previous measurements, so non random walks can be detected. [This figure] is a great example of a non random walk. At observation 15, our average probably shifted to 12.1, so each new measurement adds a fraction to the old measurement which was adding a fraction, so on and so on until we hit the upper or lower control line and we then conclude that our average is incorrect. EDIT: just realized I never ELI5'd. A non random walk is any upward or downward trend with some non random process behind it. In my example, the non random reason for the walk was the shift of the average from 12 to 12.1. It could really be anything, but this movement should be caused by an underlying reason, not random chance Hopefully this helps!
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How does the pump at the gas station know when to turn off when your gas tank is full?
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If you look down the nozzle of a gas pump, you 'd find there is a smaller tube, about the size of a straw, within the main tube. Gasoline goes through the main tube, the smaller one allows air to escape from the tank as it's displaced by the gasoline being pumped in. When liquid reaches this tube, it triggers the shut-off, as the level of gasoline must have reached the nozzle, which sticks a safe amount into the fuel filler tube. In certain conditions, similar to when you swallow and choke because it "went down the wrong tube", this may falsely trigger the shutoff even when the tank isn't full. Better to false stop than overfill, so no big deal. If it shuts off, and you keep pumping the handle to try and get a few more drops in, all you're doing is pumping gas back into that return tube. You're returning the gas to them and paying for it. Stop doing that.
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If boiling water kills all the bacteria, where do the dead bacteria go?
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Nowhere. They stay in the water. The only difference is that if they're dead they pass right through you, whereas if they're alive, they're more inclined to infect you with whatever.
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How can water from the Gulf of Mexico keep Norway from being covered in ice and snow?
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The warm water from the gulf of mexico gets carried up towards Norway and pulls the temperature up. The air gets heated by the ground and water. When the water is warm enough to keep ice from forming then you get that effect. One thing you'd immediately think is how doesn't the water cool by then? Its due to the sheer scale of water. Its extremely difficult to cool that much water and it makes it up there cooler, but still warm enough to keep Norway thawed.The Gulf Stream flows out between Cuba and Florida, and across the Atlantic, and carries with it heat which is responsible for the relatively mild climate in Scotland as well as Norway. It then sinks and flows south again, but deeper. Some ocean scientists think the melting ice in Greenland may block the return cycle of the Gulf Stream and cause it to shut down or divert,so keep an eye open for developments.
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Why is the history of math so separated from math itself in education? Wouldn't it be more interesting if this weren't the case?
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Because it doesn't teach you math. Flip it around. Imagine you are studying literature but before you can get to the actual writing you have to spend 20 percent of the class on linguistics. Imagine you are studying medicine but spend part of the class learning the mechancs about how an mri works. Imagine taking a mechanics class and learning about the life and times of Henry ford. It's not relevant. It might inspire you but it doesn't teach you. But if it interests you, the Internet is available. _URL_0_ Edit: OP originally was talking about differential equations . My answer would be different in the context of elementary or pre-calculus high school math.I would have enjoyed math if I got to understand their struggles. Why they wanted to understand these equations and find the correct formula', "The reason I think they don't teach us the history in addition to everything is for the sake of time. Look at the syllabus for Differential Equations, there's a LOT of material to be covered. Now imagine adding just 20 minutes to each section. It'll add up. I definitely agree that it would make math better to learn. But its hard to cram all of that into our already full classes.
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How the illegal 'Hawala System' works for laundering money?
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Hawala as Underground BankingThe very features that make hawala an attractive avenue for legitimate patrons, also make it attractive for illegitimate uses. Thus, hawala is frequently referred to as underground banking. This is because money launderers and terrorists also take advantage of this system to transfer funds from one location to another. Hawala provides anonymity in its transactions as official records are not kept, and the source of money that is transferred cannot be traced. In addition, corrupt politicians and the wealthy who would prefer to evade taxes use hawala to anonymize their wealth and activities. [Since hawala transfers are not routed through banks and, hence, not regulated by governmental and financial bodies, many countries have been le]d to re-examine their regulatory policies in regard to hawala. Some countries have made hawala illegal due to the absence of bureaucracy in the system. For example, in India, the Foreign Exchange Management Act and the Prevention of Money Laundering Act are the two major legislative systems that deter the use of hawala in the country.
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Why does smoking a cigarette feel so much better after sex or a big meal than it does normally?
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Troll answer: You are 5. You shouldn't be smoking.Endorphins. After sex or eating a big meal your body releases them to make you feel good. Morphine is based on Endorphins, to give you some reference, its a very powerful feel good drug, and your body makes it naturally and releases it when you feel extreme pleasure or pain. The head-rush from smoking a cigarette feels even better when you have endorphins in your system. Also it might be partially psychological. If you believe that smoking a cigarette feels better after these activities, then you are more likely to enjoy smoking after the activitiesBecause a cigarette is an excellent way to celebrate being awesomeIt's a combination of Endorphins and Serotonin. To your brain, chemically, doing drugs, eating a big comfort meal and having sex are all the same thing because they release the same chemicals in the brain. While your brain is flooded with these chemicals you experience euphoria, a slight "high" and feelings and effects of normal sensations are heightened.
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Why are some foods like eggs or pancakes considered breakfast foods in the US?
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You can feed your family whatever you want whenever you want. When I was a kid we did "breakfast for dinner" about once a week. Usually bacon, eggs, and biscuitsThe traditional "American breakfast," which is to say a hearty meal of eggs, meat, pancakes or waffles, and cereal washed down with coffee, milk, tea, and/or juice comes from the traditional breakfast meal of the British Isles. Compare that to the typical breakfast on continental Europe which is a light meal consisting of a piece of fruit, a pastry or bread, and coffee. It all just boils down to culture and where culture comes from. And meals aren't about having something in common, they're about complimenting each other. Eggs and pancakes. Protein and carbs. Part of a balanced meal to start your day.Actually there is no problem eating leftovers for breakfast here in 'merica. Cold pizza being the most common. IMO you can have whatever you want for breakfast, but some people wouldn't want to eat, say meatloaf for breakfast because it's too heavy. Eggs and pancakes are actually pretty simple when compared to meatloaf leftovers. Does that make sense?
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Why are nerdiness and eyeglasses synonymous with one another? Is there a tangible link between intelligence and bad eyesight?
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The connection is the other way around, glasses, especially very thick framed one, tend to make you the target of bullying, as they are an easy target to ridicule and you are very helpless without them, making them ideal to steal and mock you with. Being ridiculed can make for a recluse and that can make people turn towards things that doesn't involve other people, like learning or video games.
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How did the moon get there?
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The favored explanation for the formation of the moon is the "giant impact hypothesis", which posits that during the early formation of the solar system , a Mars-sized object called Theia formed at earth's L4/L5 lagrange points . Gravitational tugs from Venus/Jupiter eventually sent Theia crashing into the young Earth at an oblique angle , ejecting a huge amount of material into space that relatively quickly coalesced into the moonSome time long ago an astroid hit the earth and a huge chunk broke off and started orbiting the earth.
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What does a virus or bacteria gain from making its host sick?
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Bacteria and viruses don't necessarily want their host sick, or even dead. Complications happen when the virus is in an organism it's not supposed to be in, and that organism isn't equipped to handle the virus. Rats carried the plague and were doing just fine, but when they jumped shipped and infected humans, they wiped out millions in the 14th century. It's the same with the influenza virus, and other viruses. Their goal is to multiply within their host for a while and then spread. Sometimes though, killing your host and exposing its fluids to other organisms is the best way to migrate.
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How is it safe and/or Legal for cops to drive while using the laptop in their patrol car but texting and driving is illegal?
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Few laws are absolute & many of them have specific exemptions. On duty police officers are allowed to ignore many traffic laws in the line of duty - speeding, running red lights, etc. - this is just another one. It's assumed that police are professional drivers & have received proper training as to when it's safe & appropriate to use electronic devices.
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What happens when my memory is jogged?
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The brain is a pattern-matching computer. You see letters and words, for example, and your brain turns them into sounds and ideas. You see faces, and your brain turns them into identities. Every pattern you recognize connects to some memory, and encountering the pattern causes you to recall that memory. The memories you jogged were stored in your long term memory the whole time, but you hadn't encountered the patterns that would unlock them. When you went back and read them, the words and ideas acted as the pattern that triggered the release of the long-term memory associated with the pattern. The easiest way to recall a memory is to poke your brain with an electrode. This triggers any memory regardless of the pattern associated with it. The hard part here is triggering a *specific* memory. As to whether you could remember *anything*, yes, and no. All the memories in your long-term storage are connected to *some* impulse, so you could theoretically remember anything stored in there. But on the other hand, there are many things you have seen or encountered which are *not* stored in your long-term memory. The human brain has only limited storage, and more importantly you only have limited focus, which means you only take in a fraction of the details that you could potentially perceive at any one time. These details are lost forever because they never make it into long-term memory.
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How does my brain start paying attention to someone moments *before* they say something unusual?
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you have sorta short term memory for words, have you ever ran into situation where somebody asks HAVE YOU BEEN LISTENING! and you werent, yet can say what they saidYour brain doesn't actually know a second or two before; you are hearing it the whole time, but your conscious "awareness" is only just catching up. This is a problem in psychology around "attention". You're probably innately familiar with the "cocktail party effect"; a lot of people are talking around you, and you have the ability to actually focus on whichever conversation you want as long as you can hear it well, even though there's tons of voices chatting at the same time. However, your brain is constantly scanning the rest of the noise for any useful data. For example, if you heard your name, then your brain would want to pay attention to what's being said about you! So your attention switches to that conversation. The same with something unusual, like the chicken suit example you gave. Your brain happened to pick that up as interesting while it was subconsciously scanning, and decided to bring that conversation to your attention. The your consciousness catches up and registers what was just said, hence the feeling of a "delay". The phenomenon is more formally known as "selective auditory attention", it's an exciting field or research nowadaysYou were listening the entire time, but at the unusual part your brain flagged the information as potentially important and focused your attention onto it.
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Why does a hot shower make my skin dry?
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Moisture evaporates very readily from the skin, but a certain amount of moisture is retained by skin oils and a hot shower can wash away these oils. Skin moisturizer can replace them. I personally use Vaseline skin lotion, but only for the palms of my hands, the rest of my skin does OK on its own.
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Why is "bury" pronounced as if theres an "a" in in it? Like "berry".
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Regional dialects. In my region the U is pronounced and we say "Burr-ee" I 've also heard "Be-urr-ee"There was a lot of variation in how it was pronounced in Middle English based on regional accent, and at the time, English spelling wasn't fixed, so you sometimes saw it spelled with an i, e, and y instead of a u. That variation in how it was said still existed when English spellings eventually got standardized, and "bury" won out, but later the "berry" pronunciation became dominant .
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Why is the sound of someone snoring so annoying when we're trying to sleep?
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I imagine it's at least partly because the sound is irregular. Traffic, air conditioners, and rain are very rhythmic. Predictable sensory input is input that our brain ignores, which is why you only smell things for a short period of time. Snoring is jerky and hard to predict so you never adjust. I could also be wrong.
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G20 Hamburg summit, what it is, and why are people protesting it?
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The G20 is an organization of the 20 most powerful world leaders. They get together to talk about the issues that face the globe, touching on things from trade, to military action, to global climate change. Protestors are protesting for various reasons. - Some are angry that the US backed out of the Paris Climate Accord. - Some are angry that the world leaders aren't doing enough to tackle climate change. - Some are angry about specific trade policies. - Some are angry about capitalism in general. - Some are protesting human rights violations by certain G20 leaders. I could probably list 1,000 more reasons why people are protesting, but I think you get the point. The reasons for protesting span nearly all areas of the political climate, and there isn't necessarily a specific reason.
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Why is it that some parents children look extremley alike, and other parents children don't even look related?
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recessive genes my friend. My dad is 5\'9", white, green eyes and brown hair, my mom is 5\'5", black, hazel eyes and "burgundy" hair. I am 6\'1" white blonde hair blue eyes. My D-grandma had a bunch of brothers over 6 foot and my M-grandma has blonde hair and blue eyes. Family portraits look hilarious, white guy and black lady had a porteguese boy, aryan boy, and mexican girl.
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why does the site of a shot, such as flu or TDAP, hurt for hours after? It's not even a large needle.
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The needle isn't the issue, the liquid injected into your muscle capsule is. It can be a matter of some pressure or discomfort, bruising and the like, or it can be a localized reaction to the substances being injected, sometimes an immune response. If someone stuck you with a needle and injected nothing, it would literally just be a pinprick.
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How does a bidets work?
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Hi sir I've used a bidet. Most bidets these days are not things you sit on top of and have them lightly splash your anus while sitting down. Most of them are hand held sprayers that you aim yourself. The water pressure is usually quite high, relative to a shower. If a shower can get dirt off of you, a bidet can certainly spray off that little bit of poop. I find them really uncomfortable to use compared to toilet paper but at the same time my butt is cleaner . so there's that.
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How did worms get inside a mango seed if it didn't make any holes on the outside.
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They burrow inside before the seed is fully matured. > The newly hatched larva is about 1 mm long and burrows through the pulp and into the seed where it will remain until it becomes an adult. Minimum time from hatching to seed penetration is one day. There are at least five larval instars in Hawaii. Larvae can penetrate the seed coat easier on younger fruit of all varieties, and apparently find entry impossible on mature seed of some varieties . As the fruits mature, the tunnels are eliminated and it is not possible to distinguish between infested and non-infested seeds, unless they are cut open . Assuming we're talking about mango seed weevil larvae.
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Why cant we just make up a number when we divide by 0 by 0
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You could define it to be anything you want, but such a definition isn't very useful. Suppose that you decided to define multiplication in such a way that zero has an inverse. Then for any number x you would have: x=x *1 =x * = *0 =0 Therefore, if you allow zero to have an inverse, then either the only number in your set is zero , or you lose some of the other useful properties of addition and multiplication on real numbers.
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what is that noise we hear when we put our ear in an empty shell?
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Cupped shapes focus noises. Think of the megaphone shape on an old phonograph, your ear, an owls face, or just turn a song on your phone, make a cup with your hand, put it between the speaker and your face and you'll hear the volume go up. That shell is esentially that same shape. Background noises, like wind, air conditioners, distant talking, etc all get caught up in the cup shape and bounce around and mixing together into a static noise. They are then focused forward all exiting in the same direction towards you ear. Short answer, your amplifying mixed background noise into a focused beam directly towards your ear.
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How can humans forget the benefits from vaccination?
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What do they gain? Attention and money. The majority of the anti-vax movement was started by Andrew Wakefield in an effort to promote his business venture of selling nutritional supplements as a replacement for vaccinations. Then the pornstar-turned-selfproclaimed-medical-expert Jenny McCarthy started attention whoring when her son was diagnosed autistic. Despite the fact that both of these people have been thoroughly discredited or have retracted their statements, people who got suckered by the anti-vax industry don't want to admit that they're wrong, so they just double-down on the derp. Keep in mind that your average person is an idiot and that a non-trivial portion of the population believes in flat earth, moon landing hoaxes, chemtrails, and fluoride mind control.
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Why to big rigs have different types of tires on the FRONT and REAR of the truck?
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If you want another example, go to the drag strip. Even the street muscle cars swap out their rear tires for "slicks" which are big, specially formulated, and with little to no tread for racing purposes. When you don't have to worry about rotating your tires, you can tailor the kinds of tires for the application to increase performance or reduce cost. In the case of the race car, they get better performance. In the case of the big rig, the front wheels are probably cheaper because they don't need to be as big and tough as the rear ones which are supporting all the weight and engine power. Also, unlike a 4 wheeled passenger car, the big rig has many tires and the front wheels are not as important for maintaining grip and stopping power, they are kind of just there for steering. In fact, many people, including myself, have staggered wheels on our sports cars, meaning the rear wheels are wider than the front. Same concept as the drag car but to a lesser degree. Theoretically this will give more grip to the driving wheels but unfortunately, since I don't actually race, I'm really just paying a premium to look cool without taking advantage of the performance gains. You may notice some of the bigger pickup trucks like the f350s with the dual wheels in rear may have different tires as well to be compatible with that setup. For the average driver, economy and safety are the usual priorities. Being able to rotate your tires means you are buying new tires less frequently, and with only 4 tires touching the pavement, proper tread and grip is important to have on all wheels for safety in all weather conditions.It's all about traction. The drive axle/s are on the rear of the truck so they're designed to give maximum traction going forward. The front axle is only responsible for steering and is designed to give maximum traction for that purpose.
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Why can't "superbacteria" live outside hospitals
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It's not that they can't live outside of hospitals, it's just that hospitals are great places to go if you want to catch antibiotic resistant bugs. Everyone who goes there is sick, and if they have bacterial infections they are going to get dosed up, which can lead to resistant strains. Plus they are sticking needles into you, and performing surgery and all sorts of activities with a high risk of infection.
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Why does garbage day getting pushed back a day actually change anything? Wouldn't this mean they work on some other day they normally have off?
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Many places also have different days for garbage pick up in different areas. To save on the number of workers, they split their area and do pickups each day but in different areas. If services was pushed back a day long term than the schedule readjusts. A one-time or short-term pickup change would result in either having to bring on extra workers or working on a previously scheduled day off. Doing either is expensive.
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Can one neuron produce a thought?
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I don't think we have enough understanding to answer this question, we don't fully understand what a "thought" is so we can't specifically say what's required to create oneCan one pixel produce a movie? Clearly not. The best you'll get is a single dot changing colors, possibly in a slightly-interesting manner. But to watch a movie, you need millions pixels operating in concert. It makes no sense to even try to discuss "the movie displayed by a single pixel". The movie is a property that only exists when groups of pixels work together. Thoughts are the same way. They are a result of the complex interactions of trillions of neurons all working together.
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British Cricket for an American
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[We've done this shit 11 fucking times in the last month.] [Here is the one with the most responses and information] I can do the following if you so request A) Copy and paste the responses into a Word Document and email it to you B) Screenshot the whole thread, upload to imgur as an album C) Teach you how to use the search function
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The process for connecting new construction to already existing infrastructure. (i.e sewage, internet, power)
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Permitting and code - you start by getting permission to make a physical connection. The process for a small user is probably pretty simplified, but for a large users like industrial and comercial locations, you go through a review on how you would impact the rest of the distribution system. You may be required to upgrade things Physically connections - Sewer, water, and natural gas are probably hot tapped. The means you put a saddle on the pipe, then a valve, then a drill assembly goes through the valve, drills a hole on the pipe, then retracts and you close the valve. the distribution system is also build with redundancy, so they can possibly isolate certain legs and drain them if need by. Electricity is done by the utulility company, but can be done live with certain protective measures. I do not have any direct experience with telecom, but i imagine its similiar. I'm an engineer at a manufacturing plant, but i used to be a construction worker and i've actually hot tapped water and sewer. They're building a large Bass Pro Shops in my area, but the opening date was delayed. I spoke with a friend at the local municipal utility authority, and he told me they realized the sewer pipes weren't big enough to handle all the water flow and made them run a new line. I'm trying to get more electricity into my manufacturing plant, I had to apply to the power company for a review of the new connection. They looked at the existing capacity on my leg of the grid and determined that i can take another 200A of the grid without impacting the other customers. they told me this is good because my 2nd option would be to run 5 miles of utility poles and install a new sub-station. option 1 is about $100,000 while option 2 would be about $4 million.Water, sewer, drainage and cable are typically under the new roads. The developer has to find the nearest existing connection points that are sufficient to service the new homes and they connect there and construct new lines under the road.
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Why do your eyes get puffy after crying?
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When you cry eye ocular muscles constrict and the salt in tears may cause fluid retention in the eye area. This is called ~~Pussy~~ Puffy eyes.I don't know but I hope you feel better soon :(
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Why are the rules for elections for federal offices allowed to vary between different US states?
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The country was formed from 13 States , and the Constitution preserves a lot of autonomy on their part. For most purposes, the federal government is very loose. States establish and conduct the elections that send representatives to the federal House and Senate, and also that apportion electors to Presidential races. This was a huge problem in the century after the Civil War because the Southern states rigged their systems so that black people had no possibility of voting, and under the laws at the time, they were allowed to do so. That changed in a big way only with the Voting Rights Act of 1965 that allowed the federal government to stop race-based state discrimination in election procedures. But the same forces are at it again, it seems, finding ways around those federal laws.The Constitution doesn't specify much about *how* voting should be done. This means that the specific rules fall under the 10th Amendment: > The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
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What are the ramifications to the U.S. and the world if the United States were to stop trading with our closest allies?
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Huge damage to our economy. A huge percentage of Americans are employed making things that are sold in other countries. A huge percentage of the things Americans buy are made in other countries. Quite a few of the products American companies make use components are tools from other countries.
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Why does balding seem to occur exclusively in humans and not other mammals?
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Elderley animals develop thin, scruffy fur; old ladies get thin hair like that. This is the result of the overall breakdown of the body due to age. Male pattern baldness is different, it happens in healthy men; it is related to testosterone level. Male pattern baldness *evolved*, presumably for a reason. [It is probably simply a matter of signaling maturity]. In a traditional hunter- gatherer society, maturity is synonymous with experience and wisdom. The world didn't change much for early humans, it is only in a fast changing modern world that old people are confused by technology. If you are a fertile young cave woman, the 40 year old guy who is still strong enough to hunt is *attractive*. That young stud Ogg may be stronger, but old bald Grak brought the tribe through droughts, forest fires, and the hard winters when the mastodons never came.
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Why aren't people more accepting of nuclear power in the USA?
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Basically things like Chernobyl and Fukushima have given nuclear energy a bad wrap. It really only takes one worst case scenario
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How do clicky pens work, and what is the mechanism called?!
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Here is a great animation: _URL_0_As you can see from the animation, the inner surface of the pen is grooved. The button has a "holder", which holds the pen shaft in place and slides back and forth on the grooves. The shaft has a complementary part that fits into the holder. The holder is designed such that the shaft's part always wants to be one section over . The shape of the holder, however, is such that the shaft has to fit in one of the spots in the holder. The spring forces the shaft into these spots. Once you push the button, however, you lift the shaft out of the spot, allowing it to go one spot over. These spots are elevated differently so that the pen has two modes: out and in. The difference in elevation is also why you have to push the button further to open the pen than to close it.As for what it's called, I have no idea.
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