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The feeling in my throat when im holding back tears
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When you're about to cry, your brain detects that your body is under stress. It automatically sends signals out into your nervous system, including one to **increase air intake**. The opening in your throat that leads down to your lungs gets wider, to accommodate deeper breathing and so on. The shaking feeling is possibly down to your swallowing muscles spasming against the opening muscles.
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how can animated shows, like the simpsons, be cranked out episode after episode so fast?
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They're all being worked on simultaneously. This way, every episode is in the same stage of production at the same time which greatly cuts down the amount of chaos and time spent in total. How do you think shows that are Netflix originals can release all the episodes at once? It's kind of the same thing but on TV, they spread the episodes out weekly. I understand why they use to do it but now I feel like a week is too long to wait inbetween episodes. I guess that's why traditional TV is failing .
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Why is there such a huge gender gap among Wikipedia editors?
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I had no idea this was true. It suggests a problematic bias in Wikipedia.> Why is there a huge gender gap in < profession/interest/field/ > ? Because people of different genders have different interests, goals, capabilities, desires, etc. As long as everyone has equal opportunity to do whatever they want, there's nothing wrong if certain places are statistically over/under-represented by a gender or other group.
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We have 4G on phones and tablets that allows us to access the internet anywhere, so why can't we have the same for laptops?
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You can. You can get 4g dongles for them. You have to sign up to a data plan for it and away you go. Presumably they are not usually built into laptops because most people use laptops where WiFi is available.
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What is happening inside the brain during lucid dreaming?
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Dreaming is kind of like an altered state of consciousness. You're still conscious, but you're dreaming, and there's different areas of the brain that are activated and other parts that are shut down. Being drunk is a good example: when you're drunk you fall a few levels down the consciousness scale, physiologically and mentally. You say weird things, you lose your inhibitions, your blood pressure slows down and your heating/cooling mechanisms get wonky. I know when I'm drunk I get these feelings of \'coming to\' like suddenly you're aware. Or people get blackout drunk and don't remember anything even though it did happen. Some drugs do this to an even bigger extent. There's not been a super lot of research on it, but I reckon it's the same. You're low on the consciousness scale, but you can still be self-aware. The areas when you're REM-sleeping there's a lot of brain activity going on, and from what I remember there are only slight differences from an \'awake\' brain during REM sleep. I 've lucid dreamed a bit and there was no difference when I realized I was sleeping, and I could even feel myself lying in bed. It was super weird. Weirder even is that I forgot about it a few seconds later. Like a brief second of "Woah, I'm in a dream bathroom." and then I was just regular dreaming again.
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Why Don't I Have Nightmares Anymore?
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More recent research shows that dreams and nightmares are a playground for your mind to play out scenarios so you can "learn" to react. Basically, your mind is having a dream or nightmare based on your awake moments. This "database" for a lack of a better word is used to build the dreams and nightmares. If your database contains lots of frightful thoughts it will play out a nightmare scenario but the older you get the better you are at coping with dangerous or unexpected situation. For example, if you are young and have never met a wolf face to face you may have a nightmare about it in which you run until you get away or are killed. Either way you wake up and the next time you have that dream you should be better equipped to handle the situation. Maybe after actually coming face to face with a wolf you can understand that the fear can be resolved by not running but by using the solution your used in real life. I 'd say nightmares arise from unresolved stressed. Your brain is just trying to help you resolve them through scenario play so you can find a solution when awake.Nightmares are most common in children and teenagers aged 5-16 or so. They are generally regarded to be an expression of unresolved anxiety. Adults have fewer nightmares, typically only 2-3 per year. Although adults with PTSD, substance abuse problems, medication side effects, etc. may develop Nightmare Disorder, a condition where frequent nightmares disrupt sleep patterns and interrupt normal life. Presumably as you get older you become better able to cope with anxiety in your life, and so the incipient cause of nightmares is reduced. It's also possible that nightmares are reduced in other ways. A) your brain might learn to inhibit nightmares as you get older, steering your dream contents into less anxiety-inducing subjects. B) you might still be having nightmares, but you have learned to forget them upon waking up. In the case of B) it isn't the nightmares themselves that are inhibited, but rather the formation of memories about the nightmares.
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Chemically, how does water stop fire from burning?
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Two ways Firstly, fire needs heat, water absorbs and disperses heat really well. Secondly, fire needs oxygen, waters oxygen is really hard for fire to get ahold of, amf it stops free oxygen in the air from reaching the fire.
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How is it possible for Cam Newton to pay a 198.8% tax rate, as claimed by Forbes?
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He's not paying all of those taxes on his Super Bowl winnings. He's paying taxes on his normal salary too. And his normal salary is about $20 million a year, so even a small fraction of that is more than what winning the Super Bowl pays. The article's point is that, if he *weren't* playing in the Super Bowl in California, he wouldn't have to pay California state taxes.
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why are gas prices going down so quickly?
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They always do this time of year Colder weather climates require a different fuel octane ratio or a car wouldn't be able to start. The increase in regular gas lowers the demand and therefore the price.
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Climate change, how is the earth warming, and making some parts colder at the same time?
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Climate change can, among other things, alter prevailing trends in global wind currents. For instance, some studies in Europe have suggested that the loss of sea ice could contribute to a phenomenon where artic air currents predominate more steadfastly over Northern Europe than they do now. So even though the Earth as a whole is getting warmer, the immediate consequence for Britain, for instance, is that they'd be getting 'slightly warmer arctic air' which is still a heck of a lot colder than the 'slightly warmer temperate air' they currently get.As well as what stuthulhu says, melting Arctic ice makes the sea less salty in the Arctic. One of the things that keeps Europe warm is movement of salt through the Atlantic . If the water around the poles becomes less salty, this will no longer keep Europe warm, particularly affecting Britain, Ireland, and Norway.
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How come the British colonization of Ireland was able to spread the English language but not religion?
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It did spread religion. England was originally Catholic, and they spread that Catholicism to Ireland. Then, during the rule of Henry the 8th, England split from the Catholic church, so that Henry could get divorced and remarried. That's how you get the Church of England.
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why does a coke machine sometimes give me 2 cans instead of one?
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It's just a basic cost-risk trade-off. A more accurate machine costs more money than a less accurate machine. Soda is cheap, so giving one out for free every once in a while is less costly than buying the expensive machine. That being said, If you are regularly getting 20 cokes from the machine it is likely in a state of disrepair.
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How do UV lamps dry nail polish?
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There are groups of materials that react in a specific way to certain circumstances. Sometimes it's water, sometimes it's air, sometimes its light etc.It's mostly related to the way the material is built, internal structure, how particles are arranged and connected. In this case, there is a substance called photoinitiator added to the gel. Photoinitiators react when exposed to certain wavelengths of UV lights. This means that when just a right type of light come in, it fiddles with particles inside the materials and forces them to throw out a part of them called electrons. When those electrons are thrown out, they start to react with actual gel, causing what is called a polymerization rection. Thanks to that additional energy, the molecules start to form chains. So instead of just floating around, molecules start to connect together in large groups, which makes the material solid instead of liquid.
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Why if our body temperature is 98.6* do we sweat and feel hot if it is 90* outside?
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There are lots of chemical reactions going on inside your body at any given time, and most of them generate heat. In fact, since your body is thick and solid , and made mostly of water , you generate enough heat raise your body temperature above 98.6 easily. Much like a computer, you need a heat sink to keep yourself from warming up beyond what you're designed to handle. That heat sink is your skin. But in order for a heat sink to work, there has to be a pretty big difference between the temperature it's trying to cool and the temperature it's bleeding that heat into. The body is designed to function most easily at around what we call 'room temperature.' We set it at that *because* it's easy to maintain without extra work, and it's therefore comfortable. Below that, you start getting cold, and your body kicks into gear to produce more heat. At the extreme it will cause you to shiver, because muscle contractions produce a *lot* of heat. When it's warmer than that, your body can't shed enough heat to keep your internal temperature right, so it has to go into sweat mode to get rid of more.
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do vegetables, or meats take longer to digest, and why?
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Digestion is the process of breaking up food into a form that can be absorbed by your body. There are 3 major groups that we distinguish in the type of the food we digest. Sugars, proteins and fats. Both meats and vegetables can contain all 3 of them and depending on the type of the meat or vegetable in different amounts. Sugars are the easy ones - you start breaking them up in your mouth with enzymes in your saliva. Try to chew a piece of bread crust for a few minutes, you should start to feel sweet taste because big and tasteless sugars are broken up to a sweeter and smaller - easier to digest mono-sugars. Proteins are also quite easy to digest, you digest them and sugars in your stomach. But it still takes a bit longer to digest proteins than sugars. The hardest thing to digest are fats because they are insoluble in water and they have to be emulgated first - broken up to drops so small that their surface area is big enough to be digested. EDIT:There are vegetables that will take much longer to digest than almost fat free meat and there are vegetables that will be digested a few times quicker than a fatty steak so the answer is it depends.
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The difference between 4WD HI and 4WD LO.
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4 Low is a lower gear set, for when you need more power. You're using a gear set that moves more pulling power to the tires, in exchange for extremely limited speed. 4 high is a higher gear set, for when you want power to all 4 tires, but don't want to be as limited in your speed. It's the 4WD equivalent of first and second gear vs drive or higher gears.
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If there isn't such thing as a sugar high, then what causes you to act hyper after eating candy or drinking a can of coke?
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[Peer pressure and placebo, mostly.] Similar experiment involving non-alcoholic beer produced "tipsy" people even though the drinks contained absolutely no alcohol. Look at people who drink vitamin water/fruit juices which contain almost as much sugar yet don't act hyper since they believe they aren't drinking sugar.Well sugar being a simple carbohydrate provides energy in the short term and it doesn't take much sugar to have an effect on a child. But the hyperactivity outside of that is just a myth
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Why do computers, as they get older, slow down even if there are no viruses/spyware on them?
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Computers don't get slower. Badly written OSs get slower. This is particularly a problem with Windows OSs but it is not confined to them. Its just more prevalent in them because of the architecture of the constantly updated shared libraries and registry. There are a couple of things that slow down windows machines over time: 1) additional updates adding bug fixes and new features which take more resources than the original 2) a growing registry that is not properly cleaned up as applications and the applications updates are added then removed. 3) backwards compatibility, windows libraries are always changing and in order for older apps to function the old versions of libraries have to be kept as new ones are added this adds to the resources used and the size of the registry. Yes if you were to do a complete restore and then not do the updates and not install any applications it would be just as fast. However you would be foolish not to do the updates as they are there to correct problems and protect the computer from exploits discovered over time. You probably couldn't function like that. The app you bought last week wouldn't work because it expects .NET 45 not .NET 12 that came with the OS. As soon as you put the computer on the internet some malicious web site is going to take advantage of the lack of updates and install spyware/malware which itself will slow down the machine.
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Why do movie studios disclose everything about their movies' budgets and revenue but game studios don't do the same for their games?
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Movie studios generally don't disclose everything about their budgets. The stuff you see is just a publicly releasable number regarding an approximation of the production cost of the movie. Thats just one aspect of the overall process, and its a fundamental part of the movie processes, so its often a pretty well known number, its not secret. Now, the rest of the money involved in making the movie, marketing it, distributing it, paying people out, all of that well, you *never* see that publicly, ever. Game studios are unrelated. Movies are unique beasts. Asking why a game studio doesn't do this is like why asking the grocery store how much it costs to sell you milk.
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How does Hand Sanitizer work, and how effective is it?
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The active ingredient in most hand sanitizers is is isopropyl alcohol, which works by disrupting the lipid structure in cell membranes. It's also quite effective against common viruses since they are usually enveloped in a phospholipid shell as well. It's [quite effective] with some caveats.
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Why do phones need SIM cards? Do they actually allow connection or are they just data storages?
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Well 'need' is a strong word. Technically they don't need one, and they can make a 911/999/112 call just fine without one if they're in range of a tower. Your carrier requires it because it's a means of authentication. It's reasonably secure for use as an identification. The SIM is how the network knows your phone from the others, and how it knows to bill your account for the usage. They could move to other means of doing the same thing, but I don't really see the point. It's really convenient for some people that you can just take one SIM out and put in another at-will. People that are regularly in different countries could just keep an account open with two carriers and swap their SIM to use the account for their current country for example.
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why planets rotate on a flat plain?
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The solar system was developed from a cloud of gas. That cloud of gas condensed and started to spin for whatever reason The condensing and spinning flattened out the cloud. The center became the sun, and the remainder of the cloud that wasn't taken into the sun became the 8 major planets of the solar system, all in the same plane that the original gas cloud condensed and spun into. Now, interestingly enough, Uranus, the 7th planet, is tilted almost 90 degrees to the plane of it's orbit. It sort of 'rolls' around the solar system, instead of spinning like a top. This is due to some event in it's history. It is suspected some sort of collision, but we really don't actually know. We can only theorize. It still orbits similar to the other 7 planets.Its also worth nothing that for some highly inclined bodies the combined gravitationally effect of the others brings them down to orbit in at least a relatively flat plane. In other words even if you orbit at 60 degrees to the horizontal plane, at every orbit, the combined bulk of everything elese is pulling you back towards the horizontal plane of the solar system. This, of course is a relatively slow process.
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How come skin cancer stays in your body?
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Sun damage hits various parts of the skin and predisposes you to skin cancer . The most common are basal cell carcinomas that don't often invade to become malignant. But can come back. There are also genetic factors and past history factors that can make them more likely to recur or having genetic traits that can make it more likely to happen. Skin cancer is a result of abnormal cell growth. Your cells in your skin are always growing and shedding the outer layer. So the cells on the bottom layer that start growing have a chance to have damaged DNA or the predisposing trait within them, and change into a cancer. This is why they seem to appear out of nowhere.
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Why are electric cars and hybrids, which have more powerful motors, quieter than power drills and blenders?
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The power tools and such might be using brushed motors which are notoriously louder than the brushless design I would imagine a serious car would useThey have space for more sound dampening. Your car is quieter than a lawn mower for similar reasons.
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Why do classic arcade machines have players look at the screen through a mirror rather than looking directly at the monitor?
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Those monitors were HUGE. If they had put them facing you, the back of the machine would have poked out really far, so they put them in the bottom, reversed the image , aimed them up and have you look at the reflection. Basically, they did it to save space.
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How come prisoners in supermax prisons where they're not allowed to talk to anybody don't all go crazy?
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They do. It's a real issue, solitary confinement causes massive mental trauma on those inflicted by it.
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Why do accents exist, and how did they develop
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Going back hundreds of years a lot of people would never go more than a few miles from home. Communities tended to keep to themselves. So throw in a language to two communities that are a distance apart, fast forward the clock through decades and centuries, wouldn't it be even stranger if - after all that time - the two communities evolved the way they spoke in exactly the same way? Yes. So they end up talking differently. It's not the only factor. I live in the UK. Our island has been conquered many times, but often the conquering people only managed to take control of certain areas, not the whole British Isles, so the way the conquering people spoke had a major influence in some areas but far less influence in the areas they didn't touch. Often when communities have different accents they have a fair few different words for things also.
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Why does putting salt on a slug kill it?
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> I'm comfortable with the idea of diffusion . This is the key to understanding osmosis, along with the idea that **water is no exception to this rule**. The salt ions will try to move from one side of the slug's skin to the other until they're evenly distributed but they can't, because the slug's skin doesn't allow salt to cross. But the skin doesn't block the movement of water molecules, and they behave just like the salt: they move from one side of the slug's skin to the other until they're equal in concentration. The salty slime on the skin has a *lower concentration* of water than the inside of the slug, so water moves outward to make the concentrations equal.
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Why do stars twinkle if the light we're seeing is from thousands of years ago and most things aren't big enough to block its light?
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Stars twinkle due to atmospheric interference. If you 've ever seen "heat waves" shimmering above a road, you're seeing a similar principle at work. Gasses can cause interference with light passing through them. In the case of a twinkling star, you're seeing the atmosphere scattering the light as it passes through.Just like you can use your thumb to block out any skyscraper, the light from a giant star can actually be blocked by small things, such as dust particles or asteroids. Seeing how stars are far away, there's a long line through which things can fly. However, this isn't the main source of the twinkling. Twinkling is largely caused by our atmosphere. Light bends when it moves through something. That something can be anyting: solid , liquid , or a gas Bending doesn't make it twinkle though. If you look through a window, light is also bend, but because its always bend in the same fashion, you can't even notice it. Twinkling comes in when the bending is happening randomly. Like the air above your head. Patches of air are randomly cold, and warm, and moved about by the wind. This has a tiny effect on the bending of the light, and thus the star appears to twinkle
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how the website Kickstarter works and how it helps people who want to use it.
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ok, if someone has is a good idea, but no money to fund creation or production of said idea. what they usually do is to find investors, people that will give you money to fund your project in return for a slice of your profits. what kickstarter lets you do is to get funding directly from the people who want your service or product, before you've even made it. so traditional method is investors money goes to creator, creator makes his product/service, customers pay for the product/service and the money goes to creator, then the investor gets a percentage of the customer's money. kickstarter cuts out the investors, in the kickstarter model: customers pay for product/service and money goes to creator, creator makes product/service, the product/service is released to customers. it works very nicely, because sometimes there is a product or service someone wants to make, but cant secure investors to fund it for him. kickstarter allows people to fund it directly if they think its a good idea, rather than it relying on the whims of investors
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Why do companies trap the back button? How can making it very difficult to get off a page be good for their site?
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without running such a site, I assume that these overtly obtrusive sites are only in it to make a dime once. They dont expect you to return but they will get as many page loads as they can while you are there.One way would be to load a Web page after their home. So you go to _URL_1_ and it takes you to _URL_0_ you hit back and it goes to the first one and then it takes you back to the second. Not at all the only way but an easy and effective one. And after I posted this turns out reddit makes hyperlinks : # don't go to them I doubt they're real anythings but if they are they don't seem to be great sites to visit.
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How it is made that cars speedometer's arrow shows the car's speed at crash moment?
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This isn't something speedometers do. Many cars now though do have black boxes that record the speed at moment of impact. It can do this because its a computer that records data as it happens and then can sense a crash via sensors.
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Our cell phones update our pictures and contacts to the cloud, why can't a planes black box do the same?
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Because it lost contact. The point of the black box is to store information *after* the plane loses contact. All of the pertinent information prior to losing contact is already transmitted.Black boxes only record a certain amount of data before the over write existing data. About 4 hrs of recent data at all times. But when a plane crashes, it looses power ect, so how would they be able to send almost 30GBs of data before it loses it's ability to send it?It can't. The black box is designed to record up until impact and if it can afterwards. The most important data on the bb is seconds up to the crash, and a few minutes worth before it. Source?I was a avionics tech and recovered 2 crashed aircraft black boxes in the military.
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Public vs. Private Citizenship in America
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If you're talking about the sovereign citizen types, who claim that you aren't bound by tax or other laws, there **isn't** a way to do it, and trying it will get you fined or sent to jail when you break one of those laws they supposedly aren't bound by. It's a scam, pure and simple. Up here in Canada, they call themselves 'freemen on the land', but the claims are pretty much the same as in the US, and they tie the courts up with ridiculous litigation and paperwork here too. A judge in Alberta actually used a decision a couple of years ago [to write a hugely detailed explanation] of how they work, what their arguments are, etc, in an effort to educate other judges in Canada and the US in how to deal with these er odd people . Anyway, the takeaway is that they are scammers, and should be ignored.
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Why do humans think other sentient beings would use radio signals to communicate with other intelligent life?
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Most of scientists who are looking for other species, accept that other species might use other methods of communication but since WE don't have access to those methods, radio is our best option. The scientists looking for radio waves aren't expecting all other life to use radio waves but they are hoping that if we stumbled upon radio as one of the best ways to transmit long distances, then it's logical to assume that someone else might have stumbled upon it as well. Additionally radio is a relatively low tech solutions so they are also hoping that, even if this imaginary race moved beyond radio waves to something else, they might recognize that others haven't advanced that far and still use radio to send a message. There's no denying that it could all be a waste of time though but until we are able to detect other signals that are capable of traveling hundreds of light years it's the best option we have to find other life.
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What happens to our social media accounts when we die?
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I can't speak for the others, but Facebook actually has a feature where you can have your account 'memorialized' or permanently deactivated in the event of death. With a memorialized account you can link another account, friend, relative, whatever, and they're given some control of your account; they can't read your messages or delete anything you've already posted, but they can change your profile picture, respond to friend requests, and change your profile/cover photo.
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Why doesn't taxidermied animals rot like other dead animals?
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A) Because the gut is removed, which contains the bacteria that cause the body to rot in the first place and B) because the skin is embalmed to prevent it from rotting.
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The drug levothyroxine for Hypothyroidism.
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Levothyroxine increases your overall metabolic rate and thus, helps your body manage fat better. It shouldn't have any effect on muscle gain, assuming you eat enough to ensure your body doesn't start metabolizing protein/muscle for energy. Having greater than normal amount of thyroxine in the body can have several bad effects:1. Higher metabolic rate = faster rate of heart beating = bad for heart.2. Possible, but rare, TSH/TRH resistance Thyroxine is controlled by a beautiful cascade of hormones starting from the pituitary through the hypothalamus. Messing with that balance can cause TSH/TRF resistance to build up in the body, leading to a lot of trouble. Stick to the dosage your doctor prescribed and have frequent follow-ups to ensure your dosage is the amount your body requires.
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How do phones like the Nokia Lumia charge wirelessly?
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This is called '[Inductive Charging]'. What happens is that the charging station uses electricity creates a vibrating magnetic field. In the phone , this vibrating magnetic field causes a electricity to flow within a coil. That electricity charges the batteries. The principle is is to use some process which allows for electricity to be turned into another thing, and that thing is then turned back into electricity. In this case, that's a magnetic field. A vibrating magnetic field causes a electricity to flow within a coil of wire, just as a coil of wire causes a magnetic field when electricity flows through it. These two coils combine to form a transformer. It's the same thing that exists on dozens of the large black plugs you plug into the wall to power all kinds of things . The only difference here is that instead of the transformer being contained in one plastic box, the two halves exist in different devices, but when brought close enough together, they can still function.
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Why aren't shampoos and soap used interchangeably, and how do those shampoo-body all-in-one soap work?
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IIRC shampoos and soaps have different levels of hardness. You CAN use regular soap on your hair, but it'll treat your hair more harshly than shampoo.
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Why aren't more electronics waterproof?
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It is significant extra expense and engineering challenge for something most users don't need. Most of your life is in a dry environment, why spend a lot of work so you can dunk your laptop in the tub?", 'Because it can cost a lot. Most electronics needs to be opened up to put new batteries in, for repair, or ease of manufacturing. Closing all the holes that water can get in while allowing the above three costs money for features most consumers dont care about.A lot of electronics just don't need it, or the manufacturer isn't willing to spend the extra production cost for something that doesn't necessarily make it more valuable.
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why is it more instinctual to hold our breaths while lifting something heavy, than it is to breath properly?
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when lifting an heavy object, your body needs to become rigid enough to lift such object. So you start tensing your muscles to create a strong enough structure capable to lift. Breathing involve the diaphragm to expand and retract the rib cage. in order to do so, the upper chest needs to be "soft" enough to allow the contraction and expansion. This goes against the "rigid" stance that is needed to lift the heavy object and this is why we stop breathing while lifting.I'm not sure why it is more instinctual, but I can explain why we do it. Holding your breath increases the internal pressure of your torso, in turn assisting the spine in rigidity.In weightlifting, it's called the Valsalva Technique.
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Why does it seem like all of Africa is politically unstable?
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Many African countries are quite stable, but there are a lot of African countries so the number of unstable ones in Africa can seem high. Much of Africa was also under colonial rule at some point until this century; as a result their borders got drawn somewhat arbitrarily, artificially dividing and grouping cultures and religions, and they had to create new governments after the colonial rulers pulled out. All that combined means that, in some sense, Africa today is politically in the spot where Europe was a few hundred years ago.
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What happens--physiologically-speaking--when someone returning to riding a bicycle builds up immunity(?) to being saddle-sore?
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A few things. Just like you form calluses on your toes, heals, hands, etc. Your tissue also toughens in response to the added stress targeted in that area. Your sensory also becomes a bit dulled as use goes on just like you get used to wearing glasses for example.Mostly what's happening is in your legs. Early in the year, you're sitting and pedaling. As your legs respond to exercise and grow stronger, you carry more and more of your weight on your feet, and less on your butt.
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Facebook application request limit reached
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Welp, i was just directed here after a search, glad to know, this is more of a widespread issue. Hoping it'll get fixed
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Why does a broken mirror show many tiny images instead of one image with lots of cracks?
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The glass is all pointing in slightly different directions, and so the light reflected off of each little surface is coming from a different place before being reflected to your eye.
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What would happen if a nuke were to explode in space (not low atmosphere)?
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Let's assume we're dealing with an early Cold War ICBM for our nuke. The explosion would go off just fine. It wouldn't resemble a mushroom cloud, though. That has to do with gravity and air currents. It would look relatively spherical. Anything in the immediate blast radius would be damaged quite a bit, less than you might expect on earth, though. Especially at greater range. This is because there isn't a shockwave of air to damage things. If there was nothing nearby the radiation would be the other issue but that's less than you might imagine. There's EM radiation like X Rays and Gamma Rays and also the less harmful varieties like visible light. These will be less damaging with distance, however. There's also alpha and beta decay, that's a shower of helium nuclei, electrons and neutrinos. Imagine the helium nuclei like little bits of sand, they can run into things and even penetrate surfaces that seem solid but they can't do that much damage at this scale. The electrons are the EMP and would probably be the only thing to worry about after a few miles. As you mentioned a detonation directly outside our atmosphere would cause a northern lights style aurora and possibly mess with ground electronics. Of course this diminishes with distance. The neutrinos are too small and inert to really affect anything. Space ships have to have radiation shielding, there's a lot of all these kinds of radiation in space, so outside of immediate blast area it should be fine. A higher yield weapon like a modern nuke or EMP could make the safe distance potentially hundreds of times further but with an old one you could probably watch from a few miles away. From thousands of miles away you would be just fine. The radiation spreads out in a sphere so every passing mile it gets more and more sparse.
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The Abramovic Method. (Specifically, as used in the new Lady Gaga Video)
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It's Performance Art. It doesn't sound like there's anything even *remotely* scientific about it; rather just her personal views on how to be 'more aware of your surroundings'.
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Why Do Cars "Squat"
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Because by applying torque to the drive shaft, differential, and then the rear wheels. There is a secondary reaction in the car's rear springs. They are "winding up", or "loading up". So for example, if you had stiffer competition springs, you 'd notice less squat. On a front wheel drive car, this whole scenario takes place with the front wheels. The car lifts up in front. You may be experiencing more squat as your shocks get older. Shocks fight compression of the rear springs. Weaker shocks let the springs compress moreWhen you accelerate fast the wheels/axles pull on the frame as they translate the power of the engine into movement, and due to inertia the frame shift back a bit relative to the axles. This means more weight on the back axle/less on the front hence back of the car goes down/front up due to more/less load on the the springs. How much of this happens depends on the stiffness of the springs/shocks, weight/center-of-mass and power of the carAs a side note: In "figure 8 racing" there is always a danger of crashing when cars meet in the intersection of the "figure 8." This "squatting" of the cars is how a driver decides if the competitor he meets in the intersection is going to collide with them. When coming to the intersection, the driver glances at the front bumper of the competitor's car. If the bumper is higher than it should be the racer knows that his competitor is applying a lot of throttle and it may be wise to stop. If the competitor's nose is low then the car is braking and it is safe to proceed. If the competitor's bumper height is "normal" there is some indecision on the competitor's part and a second glance is wise. It is this indecision situation that is usually the cause of most accidents in the intersection
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Why can't I start my own nation?
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It becomes recognized whenever other countries recognize it. That's not a satisfying answer, but it's the truth. Just ask Palestine. There are only two things stopping you from finding an island and starting the People's Democratic Free Opensource Republic of Doge: finding an unclaimed island or convincing a country to relinquish its claim on an island/convincing other countries to recognize your claim as superior to the existing country's claim. If you can get over either of those two things, please let me know and I will be your first Vice Dictator. You may want to check out seasteading if this interests you. The idea there is to build an island-ship you can float out to international waters and then declare it as your own country. Defense against other countries and bandits is an issue, but people have put a lot of thought into it.
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Why is such an emphasis placed on only a couple states during the U.S. presidential elections?
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The "swing states". Most states are typically majority conservative or liberal. It's a waste of resources to go campaigning there. The majority party wins all of the electoral votes. But certain states are very close to 50/50 splits. These ones are worth a focus because a few points swing in voting makes a huge difference. Due to the electoral college system in the US, only a handful of states really matter as far as votes go. 40-45 of the 50 states are virtually guaranteed to go one way or another, regardless. So candidates focus their efforts on those handful of on-the-fence states like Ohio and Florida. They call them "swing states" because they can determine the entire election based on which way they go For a state to be important, a few things have to be true. 1. They have a significant number of electoral votes. No one is going to waste a bunch of their time campaigning in Wyoming, because they have almost no impact on the final result. 2. They have to have a similar number of voters for either party. Little time is spent campaigning in Arkansas because we pretty much know they are going to vote for whatever conservative is on the ballot. The reverse is true with Massachusetts. So, that leaves a handful of states with an important number of ballot that either candidate could conceivably take for their own. These are the ones candidates tend to focus onBecause only about 10 states tend to have more diverse political populations. There are states that candidates can almost ignore because they will always vote party lines however, the "swing states" don't always do what is expected. These are the areas that presidential candidates spend most of their time and focus on in getting people engaged in their specific platform. Edit: spelling
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What is chloride in a hydration IV and why do you need it to be hydrated instead of just water, sodium, potassium, etc?
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Simple answer is to maintain your blood's PH and isotonic balances. IV fluids are usually sodium chloride solution, .9 & #37;, which is the level that you would find in human blood. WIthout the right balance, water would be an irritant and change the electrolyte levels in your body, causing potential problems with electrical transmissions in the brain and CNS. Similar for sodium, potassium, etc., all of which are toxic metals on their own. It's not until they bond with other atoms to form compounds that they lose most of their toxic effects on humans. You can easily see the difference on the human body between a proper saline level and plain water. Get a neti pot, fill one with warm saline, and run it through your sinuses. No problem, right? Now, repeat it with plain, warm water. Once your nose has stopped burning, you'll realize the difference a proper isotonic balance has on the human body.For clarity, getting an IV of plain water would start making the cells in your blood explode. . This is not good for your health. Things added to IVs are either sugars or a salt. Any salt needs a + and a - part. If you have water with just chorine in it, it just has - parts added. And become both poisonous and a strong acid that would burn anything it touches Bad idea. Just sodium would make a base and liquefy flesh, so also bad.
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Why is it that we can consume substantially more liquid by weight than we can food?
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Liquid is absorbed faster. Water fastest of all as it needs 0 digestion. Solid foods start chemical reactions and your body notices it and has to work before it can be advanced to the intestinesMy understanding is that liquids leave the stomach within minutes, while solids take a few hours to break down enough to move into the intestines. The solids sit there significantly longer and make you feel full while the liquids can move around/through quicker.
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How did US voters figure out which presidential candidate was the best in the early days of America?
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Mostly, they didn't, that's why the electoral college is a thing. In Theory, you'd vote for the most intelligent/well informed guy from your county, and then he would go vote for the candidate he thought was best. In practice, you voted for the delegate from your political party, and he would vote for whomever the party told him to.Mostly newspapers. They would read newspapers, campaign literature, talk to friends, and so on. Some might could see the candidates themselves, but for most, it was the newspapersThere were always newspapers. Today the editorials and letters to the editor are all on 1-2 pages but they used to be a much bigger element of the paper. And people read the paper as much for that sort of content as for actual news. Political campaigning in the early days consisted largely of having your well-known and well-written supporters back you in the various editorial pages of important newspapers. In fact it was considered gauche to go around overtly campaigning and giving speeches and whatnot until well in to the 19th century.Slogans were big back then . You'd hear things like 'Tippecanoe and Tyler too'. There were newspapers, political cartoons, posters, pamphlets, etc. And trash talking 'Ma, Ma, Where’s my Pa, Gone to the White House, Ha, Ha, Ha'
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What is going on with the top post on /r/wallstreetbets? What will the stream be about?
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There are two ways to invest in stocks and shares - normally you buy them, and if the company makes a profit they give you a dividend, and you can sell the share if the compnay value goes up. You can also 'short' a stock - that is bet that a share's value will go down. You do this by borrowing some shares, selling them, and promising to buy some back for the person you borrowed them from. If the company value goes down, you buy the shares back cheaper than you sold them and make a profit. If the company value increases, you lose money. It's possible to lose a lot more money than you intend. There are more complex scenarios where you're simply betting on what the market will do . These are straightforward gambling. The post in question is someone who has shorted Apple stock, hoping their stock price will crash today. If their stock price does crash, the person will become very rich, if not, they'll lose money. If they get lucky they'll chalk it all up to skill, of they get unlucky they'll chalk it up to bad luck and irrational markets.
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if the cabin of a commercial airplane is pressurized why do I have to "pop" my ears while ascending and descending
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Because the cabin is not pressurised to the equivalent of surface level. It is pressurised to the equivalent of around 8000' - significantly different pressure to the surface, but not so low as to be dangerous. As you climb or descend, the pressure inside the cabin gradually changes between surface pressure and 8000'.
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How do movies & music albums get leaked?
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Many times it is leaked by either a store who sells the CD's or by early reviewers. The stores will always receive their copies before the release date so at any point it's in the inventory, it's subject to leaking.
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Is face blindness restricted to humans or is this something that's been observed in other species? Is it understood what causes it?
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Not many animals rely primarily on sight to recognize others, and fewer still rely primarily on facial features. I would imagine if it happens in animals, it is pretty uncommon and restricted to our closest animal relativesIt's due to a problem with a particular brain region, the fusiform gyrus, whether as the result of a problem from birth, an accident, or a disease. I don't know if it has been described in animals, though I would be surprised if it did not occur as a result of problems in a similar brain region. EDIT: My first answer was as simple as I could make it, but, for the sake of its not being simplistic, I would like to add that other brain regions have a role to play, and also that the condition is called *prosopagnosia* .I'm on my phone so this will be relatively brief. Also this information is also based on what I've learned in my neuropsychology classes, as I am a neuroscience student. As has been mentioned there's a specific area in the brain where damage there causes this. First off, not all animals will even have that area. Secondly, that's some severe brain trauma that an animal in the wild couldn't recover from. However it can be congenital and so theoretically some more developed animals may be born with it. But in those cases the animals probably rely more on scent anyway. So all in all, this is likely a mostly human thing, however I am not aware of any studies looking into whether animals can truly have it or not.I believe primates might get this to some extent. But no other animal recognizes faces like we do and thus dedicates enough of the brain to it. They can be "blind" to familiar smells or sensations just like us.
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The process of dry cleaning.
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Check out the [_URL_0_] if you want to know more specifics but here is a TL;DR for the lazy. The process is basically the same, the only difference is dry cleaning doesn’t use soap and water as the medium for dissolving dirt. It instead uses another liquid that is equally as adept as dissolving oil and dirt. Usually a non-polar carbon based liquid. This is because some fabrics tend to break down in the presence of water so using that is a bad idea. Other than that the process is the same as the washing machine in your house or local Laundromat.
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How do digital cameras know when an object is in focus?
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You can tell if an image is in focus by looking for sharp edges. Out of focus objects that look blurry will not have sharp edges. The camera looks for sharp edges by scanning through the photo pixels and comparing each pixel to its neighbours. If a pixel is very different to its neighbours it is an 'edge'. The auto-focus will cycle through the different focus settings by moving the lens in and out and select the setting that produces the most number of edges.
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The origin of "your mom" jokes.
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according to recent archaeological finds, it seems to be from ancient Babylonian philosophy or writing students, about 3500 years ago. a tablet had a list of riddles, most condescending or conceptually funny at the time, such as: The deflowered girl did not become pregnant. The undeflowered girl became pregnant. What is it?Auxiliary forces.translating to:the non-virgin did not become pregnant, but the virgin did. what is it?special forces. {lost piece of tablet} of your mother is by the one who has intercourse with her. What/who is it?[No answer]"{something something} is from someone willing to bed your mother. what is it? " this is perhaps the strongest wit among them, because it's a meta-joke. every one has an answer, except the last. The lack of an answer, after reading the rest, is striking. this could also mean it's the longest running memetic, or "meme", everPerhaps it stemmed from "Yo mama" jokes. Like "Your mama's so fat she sweats Crisco" I seem to remember as that fad tapered off, shortly after "Your mom" became a thing. Perhaps there's a correlation.
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If salt water is left alone does it separate into Na+ and Cl- ions?
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Yes they do. Most salts, including NaCl, naturally dissociate into cations and anions in water. Looks like this: _URL_0_
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What's so hard about taking CO2 out of the air and putting it in the ground?
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You know how you get energy when you burn carbon? Well, if you want to split CO2 into carbon and oxygen, you have to put that energy back. Plants get this energy from the Sun. [Methods for replicating this process artificially] are still an active area of research, not economical for widespread use yetI think if you just take CO2 and put it in ground it will become carbonic acid with water and turn the soil acidicIt's not really "hard" it just is energy intensive and thus requires a lot of money. Economically not viable yet
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Why does every RV/Winnebago you see seem to be made by a different company? Is there like no consolidation in that sector?
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What you're seeing on the side of the RV is the "brand" not the manufacturer. There are probably 20-ish big manufacturers that make 80% of the brands you see on the road. Each manufacturer usually specializes in a particular "class" of RV, for instance Fleetwood makes almost exclusively Class A motor homes while Skyline makes Travel Trailers almost exclusively. Some make a bunch, though Forest River RV makes just about everything. Those three manufacturers sell over 35 brands of RV. There has been some consolidation recently but the companies are usually small, niche, regional producers and most do custom builds.
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Why do some vegetarians eat fish?
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They're not vegetarians, but because the term "pescatarian" isn't familiar to most people, they find it easier to describe themselves as vegetarians who eat fish. The obvious followup question is why do they eat fish if they're against eating animals. Part of the answer is that some vegetarians aren't against eating animals, but are vegetarians because they think it's healthier, and they think that fish can be included in their diet and still be a healthy diet, according to their priorities and beliefs about healthy eating. Others do it as a way to transition from a fully omnivorous diet to vegetarianism. Finally, there are those who simply don't believe that the standards they have for ethical treatment of livestock and poultry simply don't apply to fish.They are not vegetarians if they eat fish, but rather pescetarians. Many of them will misuse the term vegetarian to describe themselves though. Their reasons are likely as varied as people's reasons for abstaining from animal products in the first place. Many of them may not realize the complex lives and minds that fish have . Some may falsely believe that it is necessary for their health. Some may put their personal convenience over other concerns and coninue eating fish for that reason. Some may simply dislike the taste of other meats.
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When burning a CD, does a 4x vs a 1x write speed change the quality of the end product? Is there anything different about a 4x vs any other speed other than, speed?
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I always thought this harkened back to the old days of CD burning, where buffer underruns occurred frequently. A buffer was created for the data being burned, and if the buffer emptied before the burning process is complete, it would fail. Burning at a slower speed meant you didn't empty the buffer and cause problems. However if your PC could handle it, you could attempt to burn at faster speeds .
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How do copyright laws work? How heavily are they enforced?
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Copyright law is the idea that when people make creative content, they and they alone can decide who profits from it for a limited time. Generally, this means that if you want to use content from something with copyright, ask first or be prepared for a lawsuit. However, there is something called Fair Use in the United States, which says you can use copyrighted content if, according to the US Copyright Office, “quotation of excerpts in a review or criticism for purposes of illustration or comment; quotation of short passages in a scholarly or technical work, for illustration or clarification of the author’s observations; use in a parody of some of the content of the work parodied; summary of an address or article, with brief quotations, in a news report; reproduction by a library of a portion of a work to replace part of a damaged copy; reproduction by a teacher or student of a small part of a work to illustrate a lesson; reproduction of a work in legislative or judicial proceedings or reports; incidental and fortuitous reproduction, in a newsreel or broadcast, of a work located in the scene of an event being reported.”For more information, CGP Grey made a fantastic video explaining this, and it includes his case for why it should be shorter: _URL_1_US Copyright Office: _URL_0_
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Is there a reason we ejaculate in spurts rather than a continuous stream like peeing?
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So imagine you have a turkey baster. You have a certain amount of fluid in there that you want to get out. If you squeeze it gently, you'll get a dribbling stream. It doesn't go very far and a bunch is still left inside. Now take that same turkey baster, and squeeze it hard. The fluid shoots out and goes further, right? But now you still have liquid left inside, so squeeze again. Keep on doing this till all the liquid is out. In the end, most of the liquid ends up further away from the tip. If you really want to make sure everything is out, squeeze it a bunch more times. Those are the dry contractions at the end of orgasm. The volume of urine is a lot bigger than the volume of ejaculate. So the urinary bladder contracts to squeeze out the urine, like squeezing a water balloon before you tie it closed. That's why urine comes out in a stream, unless you're an unlucky sod who has prostate problems.. You have a lot less ejaculate than you do urine.
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When does a date become a girl/boyfriend?
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Probably when the individuals involved start calling each other boyfriend/girlfriend. I don't think there's a solid definition beyond that.When you stop dating other people and stop looking for others to dateThis is determined largely cultural. Generally people become a couple if they agree on itWhen you spend time with each othee while the sun is still shining.
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Why do people have different kinds of laughter?
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Lots of factors. Some of them are physical - people have different pitched voices, different body sizes and differently-shaped insides, and that changes the way anything that comes out of their mouths sounds. And some of it is psychological. Some people, perhaps through shyness or social convention or just a habit of keeping their mouth tightly shut, actually stifle the laugh so it comes out as a snort or a pffffft sound. Someone else might be a big brash extrovert and let out big belly laughs. A lot of people will also have a fake laugh when they feel they ought to laugh at something out of politeness, and that probably just sounds like whatever their idea of a normal laugh is.I didn't see this added, but I've noticed that I laugh differently depending on my mood. I personally believe laughs to be a form of expression very similar to language in it's most basic form. My tone of laugh can convey the extent of my amusement in ways that words do not.
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Lysenko's approach to agriculture, Lysenkoism
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Lysenkoism is the byword for bringing politics into science. Marxism-Leninism claims that any competition between individuals is a result of an unjust society with private property. If you allow a revolution to overthrow the bourgeoisie, and build a society of advanced socialism, you will produce the utopia of communism, a stateless society of equals where there is no shortage of collectively owned resources. Trofim Lysenko decided to bring politics into biology by rejecting Darwinism in favour of Lamarckian evolution, which assumes that organisms inherit acquired deliberately acquired charecteristics and not natural selection; he slapped Darwinism with the label of being "burgeous science", used to justify an unfair society, similar to how the Nazis branded Einstein's theories as filthy Jew-pseudoscience unworthy of attention. That labelling persisted for quite a while: the Soviet Union considered genetics and cybernetics prohibited sciences for decades, and very nearly banned nuclear physics. So, what did Lysenko propose? He claimed that by planting crops extremely close to each other, he was going to make them express "natural cooperation" , *make the crops adopt Marxism-Leninism*, distributing sunlight, water and nutrients equally and hence more efficiency, and transmute between species as necessary to maximize yields. Yes, this is patently retarded, and only magnified the famine resulting from forced collectivization of farmers. However, Lysenko crawled into the public sphere in the late 1920s, just as Iosif Stalin consolidated his power. The height of Lysenko's campaigns coincided with the Great Purges. So, it was pretty simple: by bringing politics into science, he made disagreement with his theories equal to disagreement with Marxism-Leninism. And those who disagree with Marxism-Leninism are Enemies of the People. At best, his critics became permanently unemployable; at worst, it's Article 58, the guy gets a quick shot to the back of the head, the wife gets ten years of gulags , and the children get dumped into a prison-type orphanage and told that they are absolute scumbags for having such disgusting, inhuman parents.
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In extremely obese (~1,000lbs) individuals, why does fat tend to collect in uneven pockets, particularly favoring one area or another, instead of being more evenly distributed throughout the body?
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It may be because there hasn't really been any natural selection or sexual selection among humans regarding fat distribution. Being able to become obese at all has historically been rare enough that humans haven't evolved to favour fat being distributed symmetrically or evenly, so fat distribution is still very varied from person to person.
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How Does an Oven Cook Food Enough to Eat if It's Off for 2 Hours?
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Beef is a relatively "clean" meat. Because it's so dense, all the nasties tend to live in the outer layer, which of course cooks first. And an oven heated to 350 will maintain a good temp for quite some time so It's a combination. I certainly wouldn't do the same thing with chicken or pork because they both need to be cooked thoroughly all the way through to be safeJust as an addendum, keep in mind that the comments about bacteria and beef apply to steaks and other whole beefs. In the case of hamburger, it should be cooked through since it has been exposed to air through the grinding process, although many people seem to be fine eating medium or rare hamburgers. At least from what I understand.Beef is rather unique among meets. Bacteria that is present on raw meet is what makes raw meet unsafe to eat. However, the particular kind of bacteria that grows on beef requires access to air in order to live. Therefore the bacteria can only life on exposed surfaces of the meet. With any cut of beef, cooking the outside will make it safe to eat. That is why steak can be cooked rare and still be OK. Yes it's raw in the middle but since the middle has never been exposed to the air it's impossible for harmful bacteria to be there, therefore it's OK to eat. According to _URL_0_ the bacteria in beef dies at 145. Bringing the oven to 350 and cooking for 5 mins, then sitting in that hot oven while it cools down is enough to bring the surface temp of the meet to 145.
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Why don't you feel the same way listening to a song like you do the first time after you've listened to it too many times?
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Just natural human reward center mechanics. Think about it like this. If I gave you a million dollars tomorrow you would feel great. Possibly the greatest day of your life. If I came back a week later with another million that would feel great too. But what if I came back the next week? And the next week. And the next week. And the next week. And the next week. And the next week. And the next week.After a while you wouldn't have any positive emotional response. On a long enough time line you would get sick of seeing me and probably slam the door in my face. Imagine the best meal you ever had. Now imagine only eating that 3 meals a day for the rest of your life. How long would it take for you to absolutely hate that meal? Now apply that to your song or anything else.
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what Flat Earth Theory is, and why believers are called crazy
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It's pretty self explanatory. Flat-Earthers believe that the earth is flat, that if you start walking in any direction, you will eventually fall off the edge. It's crazy because the evidence to the contrary is so convincing that no scientist has seriously considered it for over 2500 years.
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Why poison frogs don't poison themselves
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Time for a little cellular biology. So quick rule of thumb, a lot of what makes up biology is the shape of molecules. The reason why certain things act a certain way in biology is usually because a particular molecule is shaped in a useful way. So toxins have their own shape. Likewise, the proteins they affect have their own shape. The only way a toxin can affect a protein is if the shape of the toxin is the right one to not only connect with it but also change the shape of the protein in the right way to mess with it. Think of it like puzzle pieces, except that once the puzzle piece connects, one of them suddenly changes shape. The changed shape now messes with the other puzzle pieces that originally could fit. For a frog to be immune to its own toxins then, all it needs to do is to both store the toxins somewhere where it cannot affect the proteins it affects, or else it can have unique proteins the toxins cannot affect.
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What are the benefits to the United States in constructing the Keystone XL Pipeline?
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As a Canadian who works in the Oil Sands I have to say I strongly oppose the Keystone XL. The political message in Canada is that it will create jobs. In reality, our high paying refining jobs will move to the states, where the weather is more favourable, the standards more lax, and the lower wages make it more affordable. We will lose more control of our resourses as well. We'll be selling you the unrefined product. Like selling unprocessed tress instead of a completed and more valuable product like lumber or paper . This project came about after a breakthrough in bitumen transportation. Traditionally, bituminous oil didn't move well through pipes. This was a large reason why most of the upgrading facilities are built way up in the middle of the bush right at the mines. Now that we can move it through pipes though, the oil companies are second guessing doing all the work up here. Canada will diversify our buyers one way or another, I don't think that was ever a selling point of the KeystoneXL. Right now two other pipelines are in the works to move Canadian oil to Asia and Europe. Sorry, but having America as our one and only customer doesn't lend to a great buisness relationship for Canada, it's more like a colonial one. If you support fucking Canada over though, the US will get some oil jobs out of the deal and I'm sure some big buisiness fat cats will make a pretty penny. It would probably mean more oil and cheaper oil from Canada too. Our own government is pretty damn set on this one, so it's all up to the American side now. Edit: Oh, one little note, our oil refineries aren't in southern Canada, they're predominantly fairly north actually. North is a pretty relative term in Canada though since our population is situated mostly at the southern end of the country.
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How are fingerprints formed?
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You have 3 layers of skin - the epidermis, dermis, subcutis. Now the epidermis and dermis have to mesh together like a jigsaw puzzle - this is called interdigitation. This is done because you can't have your epidermis and your dermis sliding over each other as you touch stuff. Your body is a very well evolved piece of equipment, and knows that your hands, especially fingers, and feet undergo the most friction in your body. It is here where the interdigitation is the most pronounced - so much so that you can see it on the surface.
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how do sports commentators know all the players and their backgrounds so readily? I realize they are fed the info beforehand but they seem to spit out the info at appropriate times and so easily.
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They typically have notes on hand during the broadcast, additionally they have a producer in the truck feeding them information60 minutes did a feature on Chris Collinsworth a couple years ago. He does not just show up and announce the game. He spent over 60 hours a week preparing for the game he was going to call by watching every game that both team has played, sometimes multiple years worth, interviewing with players and coaches etc. In his broadcasts you'll often here him say "When I talked to X, he felt they really had to get pressure on the qb early in this game" or something to that effect. That's what he was doing during the week.I'm sure they have helpful material but also they're extremely knowledgeable. My sister is an absolute monster at sports commentary/facts - mainly football but baseball and soccer are easy for her as well. We use to laugh because she'd tell us a funny story about some NFL guys high school career and then the commentator moments later would repeat the same story. Happens a lot.
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how do you determine the 'pack years' of a smoker?
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1 pack = 20 cigs So 10 cigs per day x 20 years = 1/2 pack x 20 yrs = 10 pack yearsIf you smoke after the age of thirty, you are going to have a bad time.One pack year is one packet of cigarettes per day for a year. So 2 pack years could be 2 packs a day for 1 year or 1/2 a pack per day for 4 years. As Plavix75 said, a packet of cigarettes is taken to be 20 cigarettes. Its a way of trying to quantify the number of cigarettes smoked to give an estimation of that persons risk. As an example if someone 'has been a smoker for 20 years' but they only had a single cigarette after dinner their risk is pretty low.
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How can a 500mg pill be the same size as a 10mg pill?
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The pills aren't 500mg, the dose of the drug is. Some drugs need to be buffered differently so they will be absorbed by your body properly without causing a reaction. That could very well make a 10mg dose require a bigger pill than a 500 mg dose of a different drug.
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I have allergies. Why do I get sneezing fits every time I get out of the shower?
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I'm no doctor, but it may be because the humidity in your shower loosens the particulates in your nose which causes a reaction.Personal anec-data, but with medical support: I was having ridiculous sneezing fits every morning with tons of excess mucus production and assumed I just had allergies. Went to the doc for tests when I couldn't stand it anymore, but after four allergy skin tests, absolutely NO allergies showed up. My doc said that I most likely had a condition called which pretty much amounts to "your nose is mad sensitive, yo" and means that any environmental factors (change in temp, wind speed, going from light-to-dark, etc could cause a respiratory freak-out with sneezing, etc. Mimics allergies but isn't. So I'm guessing that your nose really likes the steam but not so much the going back to a regularly humid environmentThe moist environment increases the sensitivity of the membranes in your nasal passages.
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The current European economic mess.
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The European Union is a collection of states that are integrated at a level never before seen in human history. Part of that integration is a shared currency and many other economic ties. Several of the European Union States are experiencing an aging population, which combined with very generous social benefits have combined to create a level of debt that is unsustainable. Because the European Union is so integrated economically, these faltering countries essentially become a danger to the economic well being of the entire European Community. Further, the shared currency "Euro" means that these countries cannot simply devalue their currency unilaterally, to attract more tourism, make their exports more competitive etc.
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Why are Japanese game titles often just strings of arbitrary words?
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These are titles that were released in Japan with the title in English, so there is a bit lost in translation as they are trying to make their titles work with the way the game is. Here is the reasoning behind the titles in your example: *Bravely Default* is an RPG where you have a "special ability" to either be "Brave" and perform an extra action in a round while giving up your ability to do anything the next round or "Default" when you basically do nothing but defend, but allow your character to perform a "Brave" move the next round without penalty. Hence the name "Bravely Default". *Melty Blood Actress Again Current Code* is actually a title with two subtitled names. The overall game name for the series is "Melty Blood" which is an arcade fighting game about vampires . The expansion is called "Actress Again" which adds some new characters to the "Melty Blood" fighting game . The "Current Code" is actually an arcade port to the PS2 which includes the Melty Blood with the Actress Again expansion . So, you get "**Melty Blood:** Actress Again *Current Code*" as the full titleYou 've mostly come up with the correct conclusion. English on Japanese products is considered "cool" because of the "exotic" factor--almost how we like seeing foreign words on English products. That's why you'll see a lot of products deliberately having weird and strange English words or slogans stringed on video games, food, or anything. It's phenomenon has been coined as "Engrish" . Here's a fun video of "Engrish" marketing examples in Japan: _URL_0_
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Why are passwords said to be safer if I use uppercase, lowercase, numbers and symbols?
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The longer the password, the more potential passwords a hacker or cracking program would have to try before guessing yours. Using more randomized passwords, increases the odds that it won't land on yours. It depends on the program and goal. I have lists of passwords for different penetration testing that I am doing. For example. Wifi passwords need to be at least 8 characters so I filter out any shorter than that.
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How does my mobile phone know when there's an incoming call?
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Your phone constantly pings or sends information to cell towers for information. Cell towers route the call to you so when your phone says, "hey, do I have anything?" The Tower responds by giving your phone the call or a text message or just the time.
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Why is it that when it's a really cold night outside, the sky is so much clearer & crisper to see the stars more clearly? [Serious]
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The sky isn't clear because it's cold, it's cold because the sky is clear. Clouds act like a blanket that keep the warmth radiating from the earth's surface escaping into the upper atmosphere so easily. Without the clouds, the heat escapes. This is why deserts are usually freezing cold at night - no moisture for clouds.
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Why does our voice sound different in a recording than what we hear ?
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When you talk, you hear your voice both through vibrations in the air , as well as through vibrations in the bones of your skull . A recording accurately recreates the part that everyone else hears When you speak the sound vibrations reach your internal ears partly through your body. You hear yourself partly internally.
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Why do airplane staff have to open/close the windows at set parts of the flight?
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I actually asked a flight attendant this. She told me that it is a safety thing. They want people to be able to see if there are any hazards outside the plane. Also, keep in mind that a plane has no rear view mirrors. It is literally impossible for a pilot to see their wings. If some thing was wrong the only way they could see the wing is through the passenger windows.They will usually make sure all of the blinds are open on takeoff and landing, so that if the pilot needs a check on the wings or flaps they don't need to take the time to ask the customer to open the blinds. . )
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Who do bruises turn blue?
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As you may know, your body contains a lot of small pipelines carrying blood to everywhere in your body. What happens if you bruise, is that one of these pipelines or veins burst and spill blood. Now you may wonder: Why is that stain blue, while blood is red? It has everything to do with how we see colors. If white light hits an objects, some of it gets absorbed and some is reflected. The color of the light that is reflected, is the one we see. Blood reflects mostly red light and little other colors. Aside from that, red and green colors are absorbed more easily than blue. Think of how a swimming pool is blueish, while a glass of water is transparant. This is because as you get deeper, more red/green light is absorbed than blue. A similar feat happens with veins under our skin . Even though your skin isn't transparent it still lets a bit of light through. In that bit, there is more blue because the other colors are more easily absorbed. By the time the light hits your blood, most of the red/green light will be absorbed. When your blood reflects that light, it will seem blue, because the other colors are already gone. It is similar to how a gray sheet of paper turns blue if you shine blue light on it. So in essence, the blood under your skin isn't blue. It seems that way because only blue light is able to pass deep through the skin and be reflected. edit: As rupert1920 pointed out, the blood is also broken down into products that are blue, green and yellow. This explains the variety of colors a bruise has. Veins seem blue, because of those light effects as described above.> _Who_ do bruises turn blue? White people.
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What is the difference between using < tables > or < div > in webpage layout?
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Web development has moved towards more semantic markup. In a super small nutshell its kind of like the idea of using the right tool for the job. A table is *supposed* to be for tabular data, not layout -- this is why it is generally not used for layout anymore. It doesn't make semantic sense to. In other words, if you need to put a nail in a board, you could use a wrench, and it would work, but a hammer is better suited for that. Aside from tables, all the other elements generally behave in basically one of three well-defined ways: block, inline-block, inline. I won't really get into those , but the thing is that the way those elements behave is pretty well defined. If you know how they behave, and can expect that behavior, you don't need something like tables to help with layout. [Here is a great place to start]
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why do email clients on android require access to calls and calls details?
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The only explanation I could think of is so the app knows the phone is in use, and it won't attempt to transmit or recieve and fail unnecessarily. As for call logs idk. But it could all be for marketing purposes as well.If you tap a phone number in your email, it will send the number to your phone app. So it needs access.
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The difference between a coma and being unconscious.
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> In medicine, a coma **is a state of unconsciousness:** > 1) lasting more than six hours in which > 2) a person cannot be awakened, > 3) fails to respond normally to painful stimuli, light, sound, > 4) lacks a normal sleep-wake cycle and > 5) does not initiate voluntary actions. *Source:* Wikipedia - Coma. Formatting changed and emphasis added for clarity. It looks like a coma is just a certain kind of unconsciousness with a few other choice characteristics.
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Why aren't there any fruit-bearing plants that grow underwater?
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Fruit is there for the plant to spread its seeds through fruit eaters' feces. In water, the seeds would float away once pooped out, so cut out the middle man and go straight to floating away. Submarine fruits aren't evolutionary beneficial.Most under water "plants" are actually algae, which never got around to using seeds and are not really *plant*. Very very few plants can live in marine environments at all, although freshwater is much easier. Some true plants that live in marine environments DO produce fruit but they're not pleasant fruit to eat. Any tissue surrounding a seed is a "fruit" but in many cases these are not edible but just provide a protective coat or means of locomotion; you can't eat a cottonseed fruit because the fruit is fibrous fluff. The fruit we like to eat generally evolved for being eaten by mammals or birds, so the fruit provides a sweet treat for a mammal or bird. Aquatic are rarer than land plants, and they don't use a bird or mammal to spread their seeds so they don't need to make a tasty fruit.Fruit is only produced by flowering plants, and I haven't heard of any flowering plants that grow submerged underwater.
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Why does the Japanese language use so many English words, even in cases when you know they must have an equivalent word in their language?
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While Japan does have inherently Japanese words, what they're translating is a franchise name, not a word. Trying to be faithful to the original name does have its advantages: firstly it shows some respect for the country's culture and secondly it increases cultural diffusion, and thus, globalisation. Japan, as you might know, has been under the influence of the West for a very long time, and in their culture respect is very important. Of course, another good reason is simply that it reduces the language barrier, especially when it comes to an imported franchise, so that people know it's the same thing even when it's not written in their native tongue.
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Why are male nipples fine to show, but females are taboo?
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It depends on the culture. You're assuming a Western focus. It's much less taboo in Europe, and even less so in other parts of the world. There's no real good answer beyond that. Culture doesn't really have to "make sense". A lot of it goes back to when showing any type of skin was considered immodest. Gradually that standard has evolved, especially in the last 100 years or so. As skirts have gotten shorter, as well as necklines/arms, all that's really left are the pieces covered by a bikini. Breasts in particular are a bit special because they're tied to raising a child/picking a mate, and sensitive. tdr: Because in our culture, it is. edit: I 'd also add that it's kind of self reinforcing. Covering breasts means they tend to get fetishized/sexualized , which tends to reinforce that taboo notion
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Why is the divorce rate so high in the US?
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Who says it's high? It's high*er than it used to be* because nowadays we advocate divorce when relationships are abusive, dysfunctional, or unhappy. In the past, you were expected to stay married even they beat you, if they were a junkie, if they molested your kids, if you just weren't in love anymore and wanted to move on. We've only had a few years of even considering marital rape to be a real thing, you can't compare divorce rates to the past. The US divorce rate is *low* compared to many first-world nations .
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Who invented the internet and how is it owned by nobody?
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The inventors of the internet are Robert Kahn and Vint Cerf. Internet is not a single thing. It is a set of thousands of other things. No one owns it. A nice analogy would be agriculture. No one owns agriculture, agriculture is a set of techniques. The parts of the internet are owned by various people and companies though, like Facebook, Google, etc, but I think you know that. Edit : replaced a wordThe Internet were not invented in a single project with a few people but developed gradually though a lot of incremental steps. These improvements are still ongoing. As computers started to be developed it was natural to let them connect together over telephone wires instead of having human operators relay the messages between them. But to improve reliability in case one connection got broken either by accident or by an enemy attack routing protocols were developed that allowed the computers to reroute data throughout the system depending on its current state. And as computers became more common universities started connecting together. They developed new protocols for file transfer, text transfer, searching, emails, etc. Old standards were improved or replaced. When computers became even more common commercial and private actors also started connecting computers together. But since most of these are too small to maintain their own connections around the world phone companies started offering Internet access where they were responsible to send the data to the receiver. So Internet was and is an effort from lots of different people, universities and companies and each of these organizations are responsible for a tiny part of the big network.Who owns the economy? Nobody. Who invented it? Various people invented various parts, but they all work together. Who owns global diplomacy? Nobody. Who invented it? Various people invented various parts, but they all work together. Like these, the Internet is a system of numerous different things that are all designed to interact with each other. It's not a single technology or a single object. However, certain bits of the technology are especially important, and we may praise their inventors.
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Why do companies wait till the Super Bowl to make good commercials?
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I suppose the best time to invest a lot of money into the production of an ad is when it is guaranteed to be seen by many, and be talked about later on. And in order to have the ad stand out in front of the others, so that the investment in the spot was worthwhile, it has to be very good. It's an ad competition.
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When we crave certain foods, is it because our body knows we need it?
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My brother is a pediatrician and says the same thing. Some caveats though: sugar and fat is so scarce in nature that we are hardwired to want it when it is available - which is not good in today's society. My brother does also refer to a theory that one of the reasons we have so many nutritional issues today is because as a society we suppress these innate skills in children, and over time they lose it.
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