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How do coffee machines (like a Keurig) super heat water in 10 seconds?
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a thin layer of water heats up very quickly. Take a wet sponge, put it in the microwave for 10 seconds, it will be extremely hot. A cup of water wouldn't be warm in 10 seconds.
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When you boil water, where does the air that fills the bubbles come from?
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"Boiling" is the process of water becoming steam. The "air" in those bubbles is water turning into its gaseous form from its liquid formWhen you heat water, the first bubbles that appear are the air that was dissolved in it. This is because gasses are more soluble in cold water than hot. Once the air is driven off, the bubbles are from steam, or water vapor.That's not air. It's steam. It's the water in the pot turning into a gas.The air in the bubble, or the bubble as such, is basically water in the gaseous state. When you boil water in a metal container, you would notice that the bubbles start coming from that area where maximum heating happens. The hot metal transfers so much of heat, so fast to the water touching it that, before that water transfers heat to nearby water, it gets converted to steam. This steam is what you see bubbling up to the surface.
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... If yogurt is made with a starter of a small bit of yogurt, how was the first yogurt ever created?
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They were not created, they were captured and bred from wild strains of bacteria. You could start the same sort of thing today, but your quality would be hit or miss .
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What causes something to have a smell?
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Molecules from it break off and float around in the air. Your nose picks them up, and your olfactory center "reads" them. Yes this means exactly what you think it means, when you smell pooWe can smell things because particles are released from the substance. These particles diffuse into the air, and then we breath them in through our noses where they interact with special receptors that send signals to our brains. Our brains interpret these signals as smell sensations.I love to share with people the fact that if you can smell something, it's because you are inhaling some of it. Think about that the next time you walk into a bathroom.
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I'm British. How could Greece defaulting on its loan repayment and leaving the eurozone affect me, the rest of the EU and the global economy?
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For one thing, some of that debt is owed to UK banks and institutions. They will have to take a loss, which could mean everything to high interest rates to outright bank failures. It will heard the economies of the EU in general, and those are some of the UK biggest trading partners. One the other hand, the weakened euro might make the pound more attractive, which could boost the UK economy.If Greece defaults on its loan payments, the following might happen : 1. It sets up a bad precedent. Perhaps it will encourage other countries to borrow too much money and do risky things in the future. If Greece doesn't have to repay its loans, why should other countries? 2. It means Greece will have difficulty borrowing any money for a long time. If they decided not to pay back these loans, they might not pay back similar loans in the future. 3. It means people will be more pessimistic in the state of the Greek economy and Greek's trading partners, and by extension in the global economy; such pessimism can hurt stock markets. 4. It means Greece will not pay back the entities it owes money to, which may include your country. 5. Other countries may be more likely to emulate Greece and default on their payments. 5. Other countries may be more likely to leave the Eurozone for other reasons when times are bad, sticking Britain with the bill for their mistakes. That's just off the top of my head
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S.A.D (Seasonal Affective Disorder)
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Basically, not getting enough sun makes you depressed. That's why one of the ways to alleviate it is to use a light box.
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Why is it so difficult to fall asleep without a blanket even when you aren't cold?
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People develop patterns for going to sleep. When you lie down, put your head on a pillow and cover yourself with a blanket your body thinks "ok, it's time to go to sleep" because you 've trained it to react that way. You could just as easily train your body with a different set of criteria for sleepNot sure, but I think it`s because we feel safe under a blanket. Like a protection against whatever. Plus it`s what we`re used to
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Why are some major media outlets speculating a Ted Cruz presidential run, ignoring that he was born in Canada?
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His father was a Cuban who moved to the US in the 1950s , his mother was born in US. You don't have to be born in the US to be eligible.The term the Constitution uses for presidential eligibility is "natural born citizen". That term is not defined in the Constitution, nor has it ever been clarified by a court. Some people have taken a very narrow view that you have to be physically born in a US state, thus making Cruz ineligible. Most legal scholars take the view it means you have to be born in circumstances that grant you US citizenship, either on US soil or to a US citizen, making Cruz eligible. But until it is tested by the courts, no one will no for sure.
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At what point do under the table bank deposits become suspicious?
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The reporting limit is $10,000 but if you arrange multiple transactions that look like you should have done a single over $10,000 transaction you'll trip anti-money laundering law wires. For taxes, you should report *all* income earned in a period, regardless of source.Why are depositing tax free income? Stop it.Think you're missing the point being paid under the table. If you're making money this way it should be paid in cash.If you get audited they will look through your accounts. Better report it on your taxes or get that money paid in cash.not sure what you mean by under the table bank deposits. under the table generally means there is no paper trail associated with it, nothing is reported. you are degeating that if you are making bank deposits. Do you mean depositing money that you were paid under the table? Unless you are depositing close to the 10,000.00 mandatory reporting amount at one time, you're probably in the clear. Unless it's an interest bearing account - then stuff WILL be reported to the IRS, since you may need to be paying taxes on the interest.
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Why in ancient times anything but a pure wife was rejected, but some men married widows?
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Men didn't prefer virgins because they got to be the first. It was about legacy. Everything they had and were would be passed on to a son, and they wanted to make sure that boy really was his son. Marrying a virgin helped ensure this. Not only could the husband be sure she was not pregnant with another man's child, but she had followed the norm of society, and could be expected to continue to do so when married. Conversely, a woman known to have had sex out of marriage defied society, was considered a harlot who could not be trusted to remain faithful. In this scheme, a widow is almost as good as a virgin. She followed the rules and just had an unlucky break, so there was no reason to believe she would be any less faithful. Also, widows often inherited their husband's property and were more wealthy than a young woman still living with her family.
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Why do people say county jail is worse than prison?
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County is nothing but laying and sitting, in a lot of places. Small town? You're just in a cell in a courthouse with a few other guys, beds, and a tv. Prison has other shit to do. Library, classes, exercise and what have you.
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why do large amounts of prize money, (e.g. $100,000 from a game show or a lottery prize) get taxed so much?
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Lottery winnings are taxed as ordinary income at the Federal level, and by most states. The highest U.S. tax rate is 39.6%, and it's applied to any income over $418,401 for an individual. So on a big jackpot, that's almost 40% right off the top. Then of course your state gets to tax the income as well.
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That baby smell. Like on baby items in Toys R Us, what is it and why does it all smell the same?
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It's made to smell like baby powder, which is rarely actually used on babies these days. But lots of diapers have that as their default scent, so babies still smell like it. The day my daughter was born, it blew my mind that she smelled just like the Cabbage Patch Kid I had when I was little. Then I realized it wasn't her, it was the hospital-issued Pampers she was wearing.
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What is on the papers that news anchors are continuously shuffling?
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Newsreaders usually have a small screen under the camera. On that screen, the text they read out is shown. This screen is called a "teleprompter". But in case the prompter breaks, they have the same text with them on paper, so they can continue reading the newsIIRC it comes from the days when newsreaders actually used written notes. A newsreader misjudged his timing and turned to speak to his colleague at the end of the programme whilst the cameras were still rolling. He did what a lot of people would do naturally at the end of a meeting: picked up the paper, shuffled them and tapped them on the desk. Apparently this action scored so highly with focus groups that it the became standard activity for newsreaders the world over.sw66sw answered it but I'll explain the shuffling. The papers are the entire show in text form. Everything is loaded in to the teleprompter which they read but if that breaks they can read along. the reason they are shuffling them is that they have to keep up with the teleprompter. If, for instance, one story takes up a page of text then at the end of reading the story they need to flip to the next page. If they didn't keep up and the prompter died you would see them flip through 20 pages to try and find their place.
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What happens inside of your body when you overheat?
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The heat messes with the functionality of your cells. Different mechanisms within the body require that very specific heat range or they fail to function properly. As your core temp increases the biological functions are no longer I their optimal zone so they start malfunctioning or stop malfunctioning. Additional, especially with the brain temperatures too high can cause damage to certain portions. Buddy of mine was a corpsman and they had a severe heat casualty where his body temp was up over 106 degrees after 10 minutes in an ice bath. Actually damaged the portion of his brain responsible for regulating temperature and now he can even do mild exercise without overheating. Ruined his military career.
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How is headbutting someone effective? How do you hurt your opponent without hurting yourself?
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You take the harder part of your head and aim for a softer part of theirsIt is often not, especially as it is often depicted on television with two people essentially mashing foreheads together. A misplaced strike can easily wound the "headbutter" as significantly as the "headbuttee." Optimally, one would strike the soft parts of one's opponent such as the nose, with the stronger parts of their own skull, such as the rounded portion of the forehead.A headbutt is useful in close quarters. It is fast. It is almost always unexpected. You aim your upper forehead for their nose or eye area. It will often cut them. It hurts a little but right now, if nobody is watching, hit yourself with a little force in the forehead. It's pretty fucking tough. I have only headbutted somebody in a fight one time and it worked out well.
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Most fracking happens at over 1 to 2 miles under ground. What is the theory that explains how that water gets through 2 miles of bedrock to pollute my 150 foot well?
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There is definitely the potential for fracking to pollute groundwater. The truth is, we don't really know for sure exactly how much the underground geology is altered when they use fracking. They inject an extraordinary amount of fluid into the ground under an extraordinary amount of pressure, fracturing the rock formations around the drilling site, which allows for easier extraction of natural gas and/or oil.. It's possible that these rock formations may have been separating oil or gas deposits from groundwater, and after the shale is fractured, these two may begin to mix, where they couldn't before.
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How do planes "break" the sound barrier?
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The speed of sound is only about 780 miles per hour, and all you need to do to break the sound barrier is go faster than that. Most normal planes already go about 500~ mph, so boosting that up to 800~ isnt too hard
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How can we sometimes see the moon during the day and at night within a 24 hour period?
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When the sun, moon, and earth form a 90 degree angle the moon will be visible for part of the day and part of the night since it's only 6 hours ahead or behind the sun but still fairly well illuminated. In that case the moon will rise around noon and set around midnight , making it visible during a portion of the day. The moon will always rise in the east and set in the west just like the sun, only the position relative to the sun changes from our perspective. The moon will never be visible for 24 hours straight unless you're very near the north or south pole.
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How can "The Interview" have an all persons fictitious disclaimer at the end, when it is clearly based on a real living person?
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So the TL:NR is going to be "That line doesn't really do jack" here's why: Like someone using music or audio without consent saying "Blahbity blah belongs to such and such, no claim to copyright is made" or some such gives you no legal protection in court should that person decide to sue you the same is going to be true in satire. Being a public figure, Kim Jung Un, in the U.S., has little to no protection against satire, and even if he wanted to, he 'd have to sue Sony, et al in U.S. courts for damages, and that's not going to happen. The litmus test, afaik, is simply "Would a reasonable person believe this to be actual events?"
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Is a human virgin birth scientifically possible?
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If a woman is a virgin until a penis enters her vagina, then yes, virgin births are possible. If a man were to ejaculate on her, it's possible that sperm cells could swim up the vaginal canal and make her pregnant.
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How does Piratebay still manage to be a live website?
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This bully, Pirate von Bayinstein, goes to a school connected to yours. Every day at the joint lunchtime your two schools have together he steals the cookies your mom packed for you. This pisses you off, so you go to your teacher and tell on him. Unfortunately, while he may be breaking your school's rules, he is not breaking his own school's rules, and your teacher does not have the authority to punish him. Your teacher is the US government, pirate von bayinstein is the pirate bay, and you are the MPAA/RIAA ect. TPB's servers are not in the US and are therefore not subject to our laws. The country where they are does not have any laws prohibiting what they do.
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Theoretically, shouldn't a pyramid scheme work?
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Pyramid schemes are 100% effective so long as the number of people joining exceeds the number of people who are already involved. This works because you can use the joiners money to pay off the oldest members. The problem is that the number of fools is a finite number. Eventually the scheme cannot maintain cash flowBasically here is how it works. Take a look at this picture. _URL_0_ What this picture is showing us is how pyramid schemes work. It is a system of recruitment. Pyramid schemes show us a company with some made up purpose that ultimately can't make money on it's products alone. The way it makes money is by having people buy into the company as "members". One person starts at the top and recruits however many people into the company. He/she get's these members to buy into the company via 100$ or whatever. He/she tells these new members that if they recruit new members they will get a margin of the profit. They might make 50$ off of each new member, while they other 50$ goes to the higher level. The problem is that by the time a member has recruit 5 members who went on to recruit another 5 who went on to recruit another 5 who all keep going on to recruit another 5, you run out of world population within a couple weeks. Then the pyramid collapses because money is no longer being passed up the chain of command and 95% of the members make no profit. Also the amount that members make from pyramid schemes ultimately is not that much anyways compared to if they graduated college and got a real job.Minor correction: Vemma is a not strictly a pyramid scheme, it's multi-level marketing. The difference is that in MLM there's an actual product being sold, so the company has actual revenues. MLM, while controversial, is sustainable and legal, and some MLM companies have existed for decades.It depends on where you are in the pyramid. It works great for those towards the top, horribly for those at the bottom.
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How reaction wheels (gyroscopes) in spacecraft work? How do they produce force?
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The simple answer is because of Newton's laws. They actually aren't using any of the special properties of gyroscopes. If you apply a force with an electric motor to a heavy disk, you are also applying an opposite force to the object the motor is mounted to. Same thing if you apply a force using a set of brakes. That opposite force is what you are really after when maneuvering a space craft. Here's a video showing this in Earth gravity: _URL_0_ You should note also that it is possible to use these disks as gyroscopes in order to maneuver. In that case, you most likely will want to use gyroscopic precession to apply force. That's a property where applying force to a gyroscope to tilt its axis of spin will result in another force acting 90* around the gyroscopes axis of spin. This is actually how helicopters control their orientation. By tilting the blades of the rotors up **on one side of the helicopter**, they can produce a force that lifts or lowers **the front** of the rotor disk.
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Why is a baby not nine months old when its born?
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Because it's called a "birth"day - we define your age as being measured by your date of birth. We do that because it's easier to know for sure the day that the baby came out of the mom than the day that the sperm hit the egg. Even with all our technology, there's no real 100% way to know "Oh yeah, this was fertilized on May 8th." So we base our date on what we know, and everything works out about the sameBecause there is not a concrete date of conception that can be confirmed. Some infants are born later than 9 months of development, and some are born earlier. So we calculate age from a concrete date and time which is the birth.Not all babies are born at 9 months. It's just a accepted term because most babies are born around nine months of gestation
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What does the CDC in America do?
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As some examples: CDC tracks the spread of diseases, looking for the source, transmission vector, and that sort of thing. CDC also maintains the ‘strategic national stockpile’ of medicine, which is basically something from an action move. They can get tons of medical products to basically anywhere in the US in 12 hours . > These so-called push packages are warehoused in a dozen, classified, non-descript facilities under 24-hour, contractor armed guard protection. Geographically situated to allow rapid delivery anywhere in the Continental U.S., material will deploy by unmarked trucks and/or airplanes within 12 hours of the receipt of the request by CDC. The U.S. Marshal provides armed security from these federal sites to local destinations. _URL_0_ How cool is that?
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what in our brain makes the auto alarm clock go off?
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This is an extremely complex part of biology. The processes your body uses for internal time keeping is called the circadian rhythm. Your circadian rhythm is affected by many different things such as hormone levels and balances within your brain, which in turn can be affected by external stimuli such as temperature and light. These hormone levels are controlled by a part of your brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus, located in the hypothalamus. At the very basic the suprachiasmatic nucleus is stimulated during the day time via a nerve pathway from the retina of your eye during exposure to light. When it gets dark, this signal stops and the suprachiasmatic nucleus turns the pineal gland on; which starts to produce melatonin. The melatonin relaxes the body and causes you to start to feel tired. In the morning, when it starts to get light again, the pineal gland is switched off and the levels of melatonin in your blood start to decrease again; causing you to become more alert. Those are the basics anyway, how the body is able to determine time to an accurate enough level to wake you up within 5 minutes before your alarm goes off, I do not know. I'd be interested for someone to chip in with more detail. :)
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What is actually going on with the oil companies, and why do the prices keep dropping?
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all of these answers contain somewhat true points, but something to point out -- no one 'sets' oil prices, not the oil exploration and production companies, not OPEC, not anyone except the market. The two types of oil quoted when people talk about 'oil prices' are WTI and Brent Crude and these prices are set by futures contracts that are traded instruments. In other words, the price of oil is determined in much the same way the price of a stock is determined, not like the price of a good/service is determined. OPEC decided not to cut production , which had the effect of driving prices down , but they do not actually decide what price they will be able to sell a barrel of oil.
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what antibodies and reagents are
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An antibody is a protein produced by the body to combat disease. The antibodies will attach to the outside of a virus, coating it and making it inactive. A virus coated in antibodies can't infect other cells. A reagent is chemical added to a mixture that allows a reaction to occur but is not consumed in the process.
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How does the extra printed money from quantitative easing get into circulation?
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It's created electronically, and then used to buy bonds. Because those bonds are now owned, they can't be bought by the private investors anymore, so they have to go put their money other places instead.
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Why do most promotions say "Purchase Not Necessary"?
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If a purchase is necessary to enter the game of chance the promotion is classified as a lottery. Some governments, such as the US and the UK, deem as illegal. You should be able to get a piece for free by going to your local McDonalds and stating you'd like to enroll without a purchase. Your request must then legally be obliged, possibly with a postage paid form that you fill out and mail in and they will, in turn, will mail you a piece. I am not certain how frequently you can do this, but I believe it's once per day per household.
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Why do people call Fifty Shades of Gray porn?
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It's an erotic novel, which is about as close to porn as you can get while still being a novel. From what I understand, it goes into great detail about the intimacy involved.A better question is why we have the word "Porn" The word is a pejorative for anything of a sexual nature that you may disagree with. "I can describe an axe entering the human skull in great explicit detail and no one will blink twice at it. I provide a similar description, just as detailed, of a penis entering a vagina, and I get letters about it and people swearing off. To my mind this is kind of frustrating, it’s madness. Ultimately, in the history of [the] world, penises entering vaginas have given a lot of people a lot of pleasure; axes entering skulls, well, not so much.” - A Song of Ice and Fire author, George R.R. Martin on American readers’ reactions to his sex scenes.
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How does hollywood accounting make a successful movie like Forrest Gump to be categorize as net loss, is it not true that box office - production office = profit?
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Let's imagine that I'm making a film. It costs me $100million to make the film. And the film takes $300million at the box office. But of that $300million, the cinemas themselves keep $100million, so I get $200million. This sounds like $100million profit, right? I'm going to pay the screenwriter 10% of the profit. So he stands to make $10million. Not bad. But as well as spending $100million making the film, I also had to distribute the film to the cinemas. And arrange for it to be advertised. And I had to hire studios in which to film it. I decided to hire myself to distribute the film. I charged myself $40million for that. And I charged myself $40million for my expertise in arranging the advertising, too. Add to the the $30million I charged myself to hire my own studios, and you can see that the total cost of making the film was $210million. Even though over half those costs go to me. So why would I want to do that? Well, now there's no profit. And since the screenwriter's salary is a portion of the profit, I don't have to pay him anything at all! I've just saved myself $10million.
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Why is it that Reddit only displays some of my subreddits in the drop down at one time?
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The maximum number of subreddits for the drop down list is 50Is there a maximum number it can display?
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How and why did cannabis come to be illegal?
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because of systemic political racism. back in the 1930's, mexicans and blacks smoke weed. white people didn't. so weed was make illegal to have a reason to put mexicans and blacks in jail.
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How are aluminum tent poles so much stronger/springier today?
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It might be the same as how it's done with aircraft wings. In a normal alloy the elements are evenly mixed throughout the structure. In some more modern high strength alloys you have certain regions that have a greater ration of one metal to another than other regions do. This can allow things such as increased flexibility or the same strength for less weight
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Why does sperm and bleach smell basically the same?
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If I remember my awkward Catholic school sex ed, the female reproductive canal is acidic. Therefore, the male ejaculate has to be slightly basic to counteract it. Bleach is a strong alkaline, hence a somewhat similar smell. Also, I think semen may contain an element of chlorine, we didn't get that far in class ;)
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How does the 'Stingray' work? Wouldn't you be able to hear interference on calls etc?
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Your phone treats the Stingray as a local cell tower. And the Stingray passes through all cell phone traffic. It happens quick enough that any delay is not noticed. No interference is generated. If you are concerned about Stingrays in your neighborhood see: _URL_0_', "IMSI catchers work by pretending to be a normal cell tower that your phone happily connects to. All the call information is funneled out to the phone network so service still works. There's no reason why quality would suffer except if the person running it doesn't have enough bandwidth to support all the traffic at once and has to degrade the audio to make it fit but that would be a stunningly incompetent way to run such an expensive piece of equipment.
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What stops a journalist from printing anything 'off the record'?
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If you print something that was said to you in the course of performing your journalistic duties, you are basically betraying the trust of your source and burning that source. You do it once, you'd need some luck to be able to talk to anyone on the inside ever again.
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Why do I become even more angrier at the person who really hurt me when they try to be nice to me or offer something nice when I'm upset?
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Human instinct is to not repeat a task that hurts you. You have in some way opened up and allowed yourself to be hurt by this person. They hurt you and your natural reaction is to want to not be hurt again so when they try to be nice your brain doesn't want to open back up to them and give them another opportunity to hurt you. The easiest way to prevent yourself from opening back up is to be angry with them. It is one of the strongest emotions and the most difficult to change through reasonable thinking which makes it the go to emotion for when you are upset with someone.
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Why were ancient cities buried or abandoned if they continued to grow into modern cities?
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Some cities have been around for thousands of years, and still are inhabited today. Rome or example or Istanbul. Many cities were abandoned because of things like: 1. Natural Disasters2. Lack of/exhaustion of local resources3. Economic/Trade shifts', "Well, look at your example, Corinth. It was sacked and burned by Rome, and its citizens put to the sword, leaving it largely uninhabited to fall into further ruin for years, before being rebuilt by Rome. Then the new city was largely destroyed by earthquakes, and rebuilt again. Then it was attacked by barbarians. Then another earthquake. Then captured by crusaders. Captured by ottomans. Captured by Byzantines. Then Ottomans again. Then Venetians. Then destroyed by the Turks. then owned by the Greeks, then another earthquake. Basically, the long march of history gives a *lot* of opportunities for the 'current layout' to get totally shitcanned, making you want to build a new, less shitcanned house.
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Why do we perceive our vision as a single frame when we have two eyes?
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We have binocular vision, by using two eyes our brain receives to separate images with everything shifted slightly left or right. Your brain then takes the images and process them together into a single image, using the differences to give you depth perception and three dimensional vision. For example I am sitting at my computer screen. If I close one eye, then quickly open and close the other my computer screen seems to shift, this is because it's close to me. If I look out the window at a tree down the street and do the same that jump is minimal or imperceptible. This tells me the tree is far away. Your brain is doing this in real time with the two images to constantly keep up our sense of depth.The above is extremely accurate! Im commenting just to tell you if stuff like this interest you I 'd suggest watching the show "Brain Games" they have an episode on how vision works! The show is on Netflix, enjoy!
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Why does semen turn hard when exposed to hot water?
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The same reason eggs get more solid when they cook, I believe. The heat causes some of the proteins to denature. Proteins are kind of like balled-up organic strings. Since they are round, they easily bump past each other in a liquid. When they denature, they partially or completely unravel, and the loose ends get all tangled up with each other, creating a more solid structure.It's because the components of semen include different types of proteins which 1 is a coagulating protein and the other is a de-coagulating protein. The water apparently removes the de-coagulating protein quicker which would make the semen hard. Edit add:[wisegeek] has a good article.
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LI5: Why wont the US government legalize marijuana?
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Legalizing marijuana is not a politically wise proposal to make. There are lots of reasons why this is so, but the core thing is that a politician would lose more votes from the minority that opposes marijuana than from the majority that supports it. As long as that is true, marijuana will not be legalized, no matter how strong the reasons are.Because a lot of people still oppose it, and because it would be akin to admitting that the War on Drugs was ineffective and a massive waste of money. It would cause a pretty seismic shift in the American legal system too. I expect you'd see a massive wave of conviction appeals, for example.
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How is a SSN (Social Security Number) generated?
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Area numbers - The first three numbers originally represented the state in which a person first applied for a social security card. Numbers started in the northeast and moved westward. This meant that people on the east coast had the lowest numbers and those on the west coast had the highest. Since 1972, the Social Security Administration has assigned numbers and issued cards based on the ZIP code in the mailing address provided on the original application form. Since the applicant's mailing address doesn't have to be the same as his residence, his area number doesn't necessarily represent the state in which he resides. For many of us who received our SSNs as infants, the area number indicates the state we were born in. You can find out which area numbers go with each state here. Group numbers - These two middle digits, which range from 01 through 99, are simply used to break all the SSNs with the same area number into smaller blocks to make administration easier. Serial numbers - Within each group designation, serial numbers -- the last four digits in an SSN -- run consecutively from 0001 through 9999.
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How do trees survive winter?
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They can store nutrients below ground mostly. Think of syrup, which all decidious trees in northern climates produce. The flow of syrup is the tree moving sugars from its lower storage organs to its leaf buds yo support the new growth. Also woody tissue with secondary cell walls are dead so they aren't really supporting as much living tissue as it seems.
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Why in construction, when they lay rebar, is it in a grid pattern?
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Because grids are easy and the structural integrity gained from triangles would not outway the massive extra time investment.With rebar being placed in concrete it is used to add tensile strength . The strength of rebar isn't utilized from the grid pattern itself but by the pieces parallel to each other resisting stretching caused by loads causing bending. Laying in a grid pattern is simply the most efficient way of adding support in the X-Y grid with Z loading. There are actually complex formulas based on loading, spans, material qualities, etc. but I'm assuming that's not what you came here for.
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Why does diarrhea make your anus burn.
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Several factors contribute to the feeling of burning, ranging from the following depending on your particular situation: * diarrhea poop is more acidic than normal poop. * reduced time in transit through your gut may also leave more digestive enzymes in diarrhea than regular poop* increased water content in your poop means that the entire contents are more easily smeared onto the surfaces of your mucous membranes. Normal poop is more desiccated and thus doesn't spread all the food contents over your rectum and anus.* The bacteria that live in your mid-gut may have been expelled more quickly than normal, meaning that the bacteria in diarrhea may be different than those in normal poop.* There are many immune cells that hang out near the rectum , and tissue inflammation is a common side effect of your immune cells detecting foreign substances. This doesn't happen as badly for regular poop because it is often more solid, and therefore less accessible. As described above, normal poop is also more alkaline, less digestive enzymes, and has normal bacteria in it. The combination of all these things, combined with the need for more wiping is the primary reason why diarrhea burns.Not to do with stomach acid, that should be neutralised before it gets anywhere near leaving your body . Probably because diarrhoea is wet and this, in addition to wiping more often than usual, irritates the skin around your butthole. Also, think about how babies get nappy rash from having wet nappies against their butts for extended periods, if you have wet soppy faeces because you couldn't clean it all properly it's going to start itching and irritating you.Because of rapid contractions and expansions of the anal skin. When you release an air filled balloon, its "exit", goes like [this]. If a balloon could feel, it 'd feel burn.Not sure on the accuracy of this one, but I've understood it to be, essentially muzzle velocity. I don't think I need to elaborate.none of this sounds very definitive. I didnt know I needed to know but now I do know that I need to know, I need to know.
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What is the purpose of hanging highly irradiated patient's limbs up in the air?
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Not a scientifically backed explanation as such but it might be to do with minimizing contact with surfaces to reduce the pain the subject is in. Any sort of second degree burn or worse hurts when it has pressure appliedIs that a real photo? When is it from if so?
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How is the melody encoded on a vinyl and how is it reproduced by a record player ?
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Such is the genius of Thomas Edison. It turns out sound waves are really pressure waves that exert force on your eardrums 'creating' sound. Vinyl is a soft material which is sensitive to subtle changes in force. Therefore to make a recording, an etching needle is placed on the vinyl and when sounds are made it moves the needle up and down according to the pressure exerted by the sound wave. As a result it literally converts a pressure wave into a physical shape. To play back, the opposite occurs. You run a needle over the record and the needle moves a diaphragm back and forth converting the 'shape' of the sound wave back into an actual sound.The awesome thing is that the music isn't "encoded" so much as directly represented on the vinyl. You are listening to the waves, bumps, dust and mites on the vinyl itself. Here's a [modern explanation] . However, I 'd highly recommend checking out [this video] as it details the making of shellac records . Which, if you didn't know, is made from resin excreted by a bug.
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How did child rearing work before diapers?
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As far as infants, cloth and linen were often used as diapers, this is shown in native tribes. Disposable diapers are relatively new. Many people still use cloth diapers as they tend to be better for an infants skin. Thorough cleaning was just very importantPeople just used cloth which they had to wrap around the baby then wash when it was used. Same with tampons.
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When naming a new royal, are there only certain names they are allowed to use or is it just assumed they'll use a previous royal name?
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It comes down to custom and tradition. For instance, with British royalty, they need to pick a British name. Custom dictates they can't go with something like Barbara or Fleur. Custom shows that typically they choose names to honor other family members or royalty. That's how they chose Charlotte, Elizabeth, and Diana as the three names for the Princess. You want something with historical significance and personal significance.
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According to the BBC: pilots used the aircrafts' sensors to confirm "no civilians were in the proximity of the targets" In the Syrian Bombings. How?
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It basically means "We hit the designated target. The target was defined as hostile, therefore everybody there were enemies. If there were any civilians, we define them as enemies as well.". In other words, they only know that the bombs hit as intended, they don't know who was there or if the intelligence that selected the target was correctBelieve it or not, there's an incredible amount of people involved in planning a kinetic strike. There is a whole section of doctrine describing the targeting cycle, and it's not trivial, nor is dropping a bomb on areas with people in them okay as long as the "intended targets" are in the mix. It's the exact reason ISIL like hiding behind civilians. They understand our targeting doctrine and use it against us. When they mentioned sensors, notice they mentioned other ISR assets supporting the strike. This is most likely where the information came from in this situation. But also understand that this probably was not the first time they had eyes on the target or the people around it. Weeks or months of planning lead up to a few PowerPoints to big wigs explaining why something should be targeted and how. Reddit as a whole seems to have the impression that modern countries don't consider civilian damage because of cynicism and a large gap in their understanding of how this works. In fact I challenge anyone to tell me I'm wrong and we perform deliberate strikes in a way other than I describedMost likely what they mean is, "There were no other buildings near the building we blew up." There could be any number of non-combatants in that building, there would be no way of knowing.
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Why do dogs throw up when they're hungry?
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I guess you have never been really hungry. Not an insult I just mean humans do the same thing its just we can just feed our selves or drink water or something to stop the hunger before it gets to that point. As a former homeless dude I have been that hungry you start to drool and it burns in your belly till you just got to let it out. hurts. it sucksEven though a stomach is empty, it is still getting ready for the next meal. So, acid and bile are being created and released into the stomach and intestines. Just sitting around not doing anything is sometimes, in some individuals, irritating to the gastrointestinal tract. This irritation stimulates vomiting as the body does not realize the cause of the irritation, and tries to get it out of the body. In animals , this is known as bilious vomiting syndrome. The best way to treat it is feeding smaller, more frequent meals; or at the very least giving a bit of a snack before bedtime. Source: I am a veterinarianNothing but bile, right? Mine does the same.I'd guess because all she has in her stomach is bile, which could irritate the stomach lining. So, puke it up, get rid of excess bile, feel better.
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What does it mean as Paul Halmos says in his Naive Set Theory that "nothing contains everything"
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It simply means that there's no set that contains every possible element, and that we can't arbitrarily define any set we want. Set theory defines objects called "sets", which are simply collections of elements. For a given set, every possible element either is or isn't in this set. So given a set and an element, we can ask whether the element is contained in the set. How do we define sets? Well, we can define X = "The set of all positive integers". So 1, 2 and 3 are members of that set, but -1, 1/2, "cat" and "air" aren't. We can take a set X and derive a new set from it. For example, we can say Y = "every number in X that is divisible by 3", and we get that set that contains 3, 6, 9 and so on. Sets can also be members of another set: for example, we can define X to be a set that contains the set {1,2} . The question is, can we arbitrarily define any set we want? The answer is no, because that causes a paradox. "Nothing contains everything" says that we can't define a set that contains everything. That is, a set X such that for every element E, E is a member of X. The proof is similar to Russell's Paradox: we define a new set Y to be "every element in X that doesn't contain itself". Is Y a member of X? If it is, then it means that Y doesn't contains itself. But according to the definition of Y, it means that Y does contain itself - we got ourselves a contradiction. So that means Y isn't a member of X - which contradicts the assumption that X is a set that contains everything.
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Why can't you "uncook" something?
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Most of what your asking is covering the difference between a physical change and a chemical change. : _URL_2URL_1_ In short a physical change would be melting ice or cutting up a stick of butter. It's different in form but essentially the same. Chemical changes alter the chemical composition of something so it's no longer what it was. Cooking often involves chemical changes . other times it's just physical. Pasta can be dried out again and re cooked but a steak cannot be made raw again due to the protien structure. This page shows you the changes that happen when you cook it _URL_0_
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Why do Americans always cheer when they hear their hometown/state?
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Psychological tribalism. You associate with a group, so attention paid to that group can be seen as attention paid to you. You may not have strong association with your city/state, but what about your local/favorite sports team? If a comedian did a set on the same day a local team was playing, wouldn't he immediately get a positive reaction by positively acknowledging that team? Doing so breaks the ice and makes the audience more receptive to his jokes", 'I would also say that America, being a federal democracy with genuine cultural and lifestyle differences between states, is more disconnected than the citizens of other countries are. Therefore, people more readily identify with their home cities and states. For the majority of our history, the country was referred to as "These" United States instead of "The" United States to highlight the separation.
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Why does building a robot like the mars rover cost so much money?
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Are you talking about the Curiosity rover that is said to have cost $2.5 billion? If so, some clarification might be warranted. NASA spread the $2.5 billion figure over eight years. The money spent went into salaries of engineers, programmers, managers, and independent contractors in over twenty states across the country. And even some from out of country. Things like the cost of rocket to launch it to Mars are included in that total, too, which accounts for nearly a fifth of the amount alone. If you you just divide the total cost by the number of years NASA has saved for it, you come out with about $312 million per year. This works about to approximately 1.8% of NASA’s yearly budget. That’s about $1 per year for every American. When put into context of the federal budget, it's actually quite cheap.
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How does ticket scalping work?
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You buy the tickets when they're available, and then you sell them to desperate people for a higher price than you bought them. It's a generally scummy thing to do because you're just jacking up the price for no reason.person A buys tickets. Person B goes to buy tickets but they are sold out. person A sells person B tickets for a profit.
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What's the difference between Meth and Adderall?
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[Aderall] is a mix of different types of amphetamine salts and methamphetamine is another type of amphetamine . There is a difference in their chemical structure and how fast they work. What's in Aderall works a *lot* slower than methamphetamine which has a way of fastly working its way past the blood-brain barrier Amphetamine = methylated phenylethylamine. Methamphetamine = double methylated phenylethylamine. Essentially the methamphetamine molecule just has an extra methyl group attached to its nitrogen. They are not appreciably different otherwise. Methamphetamine is broken down quickly into amphetamine in the body. Methamphetamine does come in an FDA approved form under the trade name Desoxyn.
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Why can't we use physical tests to detect mental illness?
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We don't understand the brain nearly as well as we understand the circulatory system, though for some mental illnesses we are starting to be able to detect them with brain imaging technology. For instance, Schizophrenia. _URL_0_
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What makes the japanese market so different from the western one? Why japan has all these special edition albums, games, mangas, electronics, gadgets that are never released elsewhere?
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High import taxes force them to produce their own version for domestic market only. Plus, despite their efforts, they're fairly English illiterate so internationalized marketing doesn't work quite well there and needs to be localized heavily. Being a cultural galapagos also means they have unique tastes and demands unlike the western world which is more or less homogenized either being America-centric or Euro-centric.
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What makes debts you owe be removed / halved in what you originally owe from Debt Collectors?
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Often times the original company you owe the money to, sells the debt for less than the original and writes it off as a business loss. For some businesses this is a better choice then spending money trying to collect the debt from you. The company that buys it will try and get you to pay them more than what they paid for it, but that is often less than the original debt. Other times, if the company doesn't active try to collect the debt for a certain period of time, the debt is cancelled. You no longer owe the money to the company. However, be careful, because the federal government considers cancelled debt as income and will tax you on it.
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What are trust funds and how do they work?
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Basically money that someone invests for some specific purpose or persons. A rich dude will create a trust for his 3 kids, or a scholarship fund, or charity or something the trust will then have rules on how it may be invested, and how much will be paid out, when and to who. Many trust funds are set up to avoid taxes, and put money in limbo basically. If you just gave your daughter $50 million, the taxes are higher than if you made a trust and it paid her an allowance. For many trusts one of the ideas is to pay out the earnings, or a portion of them, without ever depleting the trust so that it continues on indefinitely benefiting people or some charity for a long time.
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Why do certain "noises" (i.e., a fingernail scratching a chalkboard) irritate us so much?
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Certain sounds at particular frequencies are very unpleasant to the human ear, the sound of that falls into that range. However it isn't something that effects all humans the same, some tolerate the sound more so than others or are not bothered by it at all. I fall into the category of not being bothered by it at all, the sound of folding paper however, that drives me mad.
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What would happen if the US Government payed off all its debt?
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We would accrue new debt as we continue to borrow money to fund large scale efforts, unless the magical source of money that allowed us to pay off all our debt also funded that. Nations aren't in debt because they can't pay their bills , they're in debt because it is useful to get a large sum of money now and be able to pay it off gradually, as opposed to taking a huge chunk of money out of the budget all at once. I need a car, but I also like to eat and have a place to live and drive my car to and from, so I take out a loan, rather than sinking all my money into the car, and then pay the loan back gradually while I eat and own a house.
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What does it mean to verify permissions in a UNIX system and, if you are a grandma on a Mac, do you need to repair them?
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Each file and folder in a UNIX system has a list of permissions, which are a list of rules describing "who is allowed to do what to this file". For example, Bobby can read, modify, or delete a particular file but Charlie can only read it and Danny can't even read the file. Repairing permissions on a Mac tells the computer to scan through every file and folder looking for any odd permission settings. For example, if no users are allowed to read a file then that's strange . Or, if a file says that Frankie is allowed to edit the file but there is no users named Frankie, and so on.
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What is the purpose of electric motion detecting hand towel dispensers in public restrooms when we have cheap, mechanical, spring loaded dispensers which have no circuitry and always work?
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It's a hygiene thing too, I think. It means you don't have to touch the handle on the towel dispenser, which might conceivably be contaminated with someone else's fecal matter.you can control the usage by setting delays on how fast the sensor one will spit out the next piece limiting usage, saving trees/costs.
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Why are programs allowed to use 100% CPU ?
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We bought the CPU to be used, not to sit idle. If one program wants all of the CPU and no other programs want any, why would the program that wants it not be given it? The CPU doesn't have inertia. If someone else comes along and asks for CPU, it can be taken away from the first process in a tiny fraction of a second.On desktop, this is allowed because often hogging CPU is precisely what program is supposed to do, for example games, or video editing. You want these programs to use as much processor power as possible to get the best experience from them. On servers, where multiple important programs share the same hardware, you can set up CPU, memory and i/o quotas, which are enforced these days through virtualization . This, however, is no easy task to do correctly, and requires a rather specific expertise. Also server-grade hardware and software, which is expensive compared to regular desktop stuff.It does, don't think it doesn't. You are probably looking at statistics detailing overall CPU usage, which adds what other programs and the OS use. Though the OS doesn't need much CPU use generally.
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Is there an "absolute hot", the hottest temperature possible, or can temperature be infinitely hotter?
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This is just conjecture, but as I understand, heat is a measure of the speed at which electrons are orbiting the nucleus of a given atom. 0 kelvin and this orbit stops entirely. I hypothesize that, since as you dump more and more energy into these electrons they move faster, they'd eventually begin to approach the speed of light and it becomes more and more ineffective to apply more energy. When the speed of the electrons is *c*, it will take infinite energy to make them move any faster. And there's you hard limit on temperature. As far a what temperature this would be in degrees, there's probably some conversion for an electrons feet per second to degrees fahrenheit.
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Besides cannabis, are there any objects that naturally contain THC?
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Almost all living multicellular organisms produce THC as a part of the regulation of the metabolism. THC receptors are also present in all of these organisms. Species as different as the simple nematode and the mighty redwood tree all have THC receptors, and produce THC as part of their normal metabolic cycle. This is why organisms can benefit from THC therapy. Because they already have THC receptors, and the THC provided in addition to their existing levels can have thereputic effects.
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Why do people puke when they over-exert themselves?
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It's a derivative of the flight-or-fight response. When you are exercising your sympathetic nervous system starts to take over the same if you were really scared. This makes sense from an evolutionary stand point, any time you would have been running you would have been in danger. The sympathetic system diverts energy away from your digestive system and towards your muscles and heart. You don't want a full belly with a stalled digestive system when you're fleeing from a jaguar so you toss your lunch and that allows you to run faster. Since it's the same system that is in control when you exercise, you get the same response.
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The Russian military's current capabilities
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In terms of what? They are the second most powerful nation on earth. WAY behind the US of course but still significantly powerful. The real trouble is that they are fully geared up to fight wars of 40 years ago.. They have lots of tanks, aircraft and ships but not much by way of stealth abilities . If you want a more detailed list, check out this website _URL_0_ But none of that includes nuclear abilities. Russia has missiles that can hit any place on the globe. Russia has subs that carry nuclear ICBMs and can be launched from anywhere on the globe. Once a nation gets to that point, it really does not matter what their other military abilities are. They have the power to destroy the world if they want, so we don't engage in open warfare with them.
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How do G force suits work?
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The compress the body in an attempt to keep the blood from leaving your head, which is what causes blackouts at high GsAs dancingwithcats said the suit helps constrict certain parts of your body to hinder the blood flow so the pressure is higher in the upper body. Higher G forces will literally draw the blood away from your head or at least prevent it from flowing effectively throughout your brain hence you passing out . As such pilots are trained also to tighten the muscles around their thighs to help increase their tolerance. The suit then helps enhance their level even higher. I cannot remember the exact number but the training can increase the body tolerance by 2g and the suit can increase it a couple more. However there is a threshold of which every human being will fail at no matter what', "G suits are actually by pilots when they do high G maneuvers, not from breaking the sound barrier. You can pull high G's at relatively slow speeds. When you are pulling high positive Gs, the forces are pulling blood down from the top of your body to your bottom extremities. This means your head gets less blood and thus less oxygen than it needs to keep you from passing out - you end up experiencing things like tunnel vision, muffled hearing, and then eventually greying out/blacking out and G-LOC . G-suits are worn by pilots. These are essentially wrapped around your abdominals and legs and contain internal pouches. The G-suit has a hose which the pilot connects to a valve in the cockpit. When high Gs are pulled, pressurized bleed air from the engine goes through the hose into the pouches in the suit, inflating them. Think of it like blowing air into a balloon and having it inflate. When the pouches inflate, they push on your abdominals and legs thus creating pressure that helps fight blood flowing down to your legs, making you more resistant to G-forces.
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The different "grades" of gas, and how much it really matters.
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In one part of how a car engine works, a piston squeezes a mixture of gasoline and air, then a spark plug sets it on fire at a precise time. But squeezing that mixture makes it hot, and sometimes it can make it *so* hot that it catches fire before the right time. This can push the engine backward, hurts your gas mileage, and wears out the engine too soon. It's called knocking, or engine knock. It's most common in sports cars, where, to get a little bit more power when the engine is working right, it's designed to squeeze the gasoline-air mixture more tightly than other engines do. Now, gasoline is made up mainly of two kinds of stuff: hexane and octane. Fuels with more octane can get squeezed into less space, at higher temperatures, before they catch fire. So if you have a car with a **high compression ratio** , you need to use a high-octane gasoline, or else your engine might knock, which could hurt the engine. If you don't have a car with a high compression ratio, you probably don't need to worry about engine knock: your engine doesn't squeeze hard enough for the difference to be important. So you can use lower-octane gasoline.
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Why did they need to close the airspace over Sydney because of the current hostage situation?
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It happens all the time during critical incidents. Usually the goal is to keep media aircraft back so they do not interfere with law enforcement operations.
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What are the potential health risks to humans of pervasive plastic contamination?
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Plastic filaments and particles can interact with receptors on the outside of cells, and can freely enter cells by moving through the fatty cell membrane to disrupt processes inside the cell. The downstream effects are poorly understood, and could be anything from nothing, to interfering with hormone cycles and metabolism, to causing cell death, or to affecting DNA replication and repair, depending on the type and size of the plastic particle. Here's an NIH article on how they can affect your hormones : _URL_0_
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Why is stock only traded 6hrs/day, 30hrs/week?
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In general, limited hours help the market remain stable.There's all sorts of ways to trade stuff 24/7, it's just that the major stock markets officially close down during the night/holidays/etc. But there's a bunch of stock markets across the globe, there's stock futures , and all sorts of other markets where you can go toss money around any time any day if you're so inclined.
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do workout supplements (such as pre-workout that claims to increase the ability of your blood to deliver oxygen to muscles) actually work, and if so what actually happens to your body?
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Somewhat. They work by increasing levels of nitric oxide in the body, which regulates blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels. You can't supplement nitric oxide directly, but two amino acids, L-arginine and L-citrulline, cause the body to produce it. While L-arginine is a popular product, it is poorly absorbed by the body, so L-citrulline is the better choice of the two.
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What causes stains to become permanent?
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Color compounds are usually fairly large molecules, and the fabrics in your clothes are made of even larger polymer chains. Big molecules like this can interact [non-covalently] . Non-covalent interactions can add up to be pretty strong, but also are reversible. Detergent in particular is very good and inserting itself between the molecules and removing their attraction for each other. But the longer you let the staining molecules sit around and the hotter you get them, the better the chances are that the colored compounds covalently bond them to the fabric. At that point, there isn't anything that can break the bond that wouldn't also break the bonds of the fabric in general.
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If sound is typically vibration travelling through air, how can I hear someone through a wall.
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Wall vibrates too, but less than air, then transers the vibrations to air around you Edit: grammar
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Why does the Violin (or any of it's kind) sounds so compressed when played inside a car, and sounds normal when played in any room?
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Most instruments, really anything that makes sound will be like that, even clapping your hands. It's all about acoustics, basically how the sound bounces off the walls and back to you. An orchestra sounds gorgeous in a large and well-designed room because the sound bounces off the walls again and again, surrounding you and lingering in an echo. In a smaller room with "softer" walls, the sound is cut off quicker because you're not hearing it from much other than the source. Try clapping and yelling in a car or a band practice room at a school vs a really big room, especially with stone walls, and listen for the same difference.
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What was building 7? Why do conspiracy theorists use it as an example? what is the "real explanation" behind its collapse? What do the theorists think happened?
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The World Trade Center was a complex of seven buildings. The twin towers were 1 WTC and 2 WTC. Four other buildings were on the same block, and 7 WTC was across the street. While only the twin towers were struck by planes, their collapse caused substantial, irreperable damage to all the other buildings part of the WTC, and other neighboring buildings as well. 3 WTC immediately collapsed from the twin towers essentially falling on it. Same thing happened to a church across the street. Debris that struck 7 WTC didn't cause it to collapse immediately, but started fires that weakened the building, causing it to collapse later that day. Conspiracy theorists think that, because the building was across the street from the WTC and its collapse wasn't *directly* caused by the collapse of the twin towers, that its collapse must have been a controlled demolition. They add to this that the building had offices of the SEC and Secret Service, theorizing that someone wanted to set back investigations into potential financial wrongdoing."Building 7" refers to 7 World Trade Center, a 47 storey building which was damaged in the 9/11 attacks and collapsed at roughly 5:20pm that afternoon. Conspiracy theorists claim the building was purposely demolished. _URL_1_ _URL_0_ What happened was that falling debris from the collapse of the north tower damaged 7 WTC and started fires. The building's sprinkler system had a number of issues , in particular there was very low water pressure available to firefighters so the fire was able to burn out of control. As the fire burned, the steel beams which ran along the floors of the building heated up and expanded. Ultimately this pushed a key beam off a column, shifting how loads were distributed through the building, causing a column to fail and the building collapsed from there. Conspiracy theorists claim that fire shouldn't be hot enough to deform the beams like that, and that it was actually a controlled demolition. However official reports include analyses which rule out these claims.
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Why do we pronounce "colonel" as "curnel/kernal?"
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The same reason we in Britain pronounce "Lieutenant" as "Leftenant". That's the way the word was said when we stole it off the French.
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Why am I "Innocent until proven guilty in a court of law", but only found "not guilty" and not "innocent"?
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You are under no obligation to prove your innocence, nor your "not-guilty mess." The onus is on the prosecution to prove that you are guilty, and your job is to refute their accusations and show, if possible, that they can't be true. That's what presumption of innocence means. If nobody shows that you're guilty, then there's no reason to believe guilt; you're "not guilty." The prosecution has to prove you are guilty well enough that you can't poke holes in their accusations, otherwise we default to our presumptionTo add to what others have said already - if we find you "not guilty", we *treat* you as if you're innocent. That's what the phrase "innocent until proven guilty" means. That doesn't mean you *are* innocent, and we 'd never *say* you're innocent, because you haven't proven that, nor is there any requirement for you to prove it.You aren't taken to court because you are not innocent. You're in court because you are accused of being guilty. The court sees that you are being accused, and places the burden of proof on the accuser. The accuser shows the court why he/she/it thinks you are guilty, and the court makes the decision whether or not you are guilty based on his proof. Being told to show up in court is not being treated as guilty, it is simply where the accuser shows his proof, and you show why he is wrong.You aren't innocent, you are *presumed innocent", mean the burden is to prove your guilt. If the prosecution fails to do this, they didn't find you guilty. They didn't find you innocent, because you were already presumed innocent, and because the proceedings didn't prove your were innocent, just that there was insufficient evidence to prove your guilt.
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Why is reading good for the brain?
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I can think of two important reasons. First reading and comprehension increases vocabulary and your understanding of language. Second is what you learn from the material. Even fiction can train your brain to make connections or think in ways that you hadn't before.
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What is revisionist history and why is it bad?
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Revisionist history is when somebody has an idea he or she wants to support and then goes back and reinterprets historical events to create that support, sometimes interpreting events to mean the opposite of what an objective analysis would conclude.Something is 'revisionist history' if it's teaching something as though it were historical fact when it is not according to all the data, and it's bad because - outside of simply propagating information that's wrong - it's usually done to further the agenda of someone with a negative intent. Holocaust-denial is the most obvious example - teaching that there was no strong effort to kill off the Jewish, Romani, handicapped, etc. populations by the Nazi party.You already have good definitions from others, but I 'd still like to comment regarding the "bad" part with my favorite example of revisionist work, the Deuteronimists, who successfully erased and marginalized all the other gods from the Old Testament, thus convincing people judaism has always been monotheistic, which it hasn't. _URL_0_
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Why do we call Earths moon "The Moon", when every other moon in the solar system have their own separate name?
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We started calling it the moon before we had discovered what a moon really was, or that other planets had their own moons.Some people brought up the point about languages, which could change the Moon’s “real name” in a culture. but there is a catch. The Moon is the name that’s been approved by the International Astronomical Union , which is the internationally recognized body for naming anything outside of Earth’s atmosphere. The Moon is called as such because it doesn't need any other name. It’s not just any moon, it’s *the* Moon. The Moon’s proper name is reinforced with the realization that in most scientific writings the name that scientists use to discuss our natural satellite is, you guessed in, the Moon. Click [here] for more information.The Moon was named before we understood that there were other similar objects. Thus, its name was extended to the class of objects that it exemplifies once we discovered they existed. Since there was "only one" as far as we knew, there wasn't really a difference between \'Moon\' being a category or a name up until that point.
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Why do countries have different voltage for appliances ?
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First, I believe you mistyped and meant 120/240v in the US. There is a trade-off between voltage and power lost due to resistance. Very few things in your house use even 120v, so why so much voltage? First you need to know some simple concepts about electricity. For a certain amount of power running through a wire, you can increase the current by decreasing the voltage and vice vera, according to this formula: Power= Voltage * Current So if I have a cable with 120v at 2 amps of current, and another line with 240v at 1 amp, those two cables are carrying the same amount of electricity. It's like two streams, one is twice as wide as the other, but the thinner one is twice as fast. So why choose one over the other? This brings us to our last electrical concept: The power lost to heat from the resistance of the wire we use is based on the CURRENT only. The more current, the more energy lost to heat caused by the resistance of the conductor. Now the reason we use high-power lines is clear, transporting electricity at high voltages and stepping the voltage down close to where it is used is more efficient. In the end the precise voltages you use are arbitrary, as Mr. JelloTree said, but once you commit, you can bet a power network isn't going to want to change, as there are massive economies of scale in keeping components standard.
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How are people identified by their dental records?
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Everyone's teeth and jaws are different, like everyone has a different fingerprint. And dental work like fillings, caps, etc, and their placement make dental structures even more unique. I have taken college courses in basic forensic techniques, but I'm not a forensic scientist, so I can't tell you *exactly* how someone is identified using this method. I believe it involves matching their jaws and teeth to the most recent dental x-rays available. In your story, I would imagine that they have records of who was on the train, and who survived. This narrows down the list of people that could possibly be left. Even if only a partial match was possible using dental records, they'd have a relatively small number of records to check against and no one else's teeth in that small group of possible people would match. It would take a ridiculous sample size for there to be the possibility of two close matches.
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Why are the republican/democrat debates called debates? There's hardly any debating going on.
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They're mostly called debates to lend some gravitas to the situation. What they are these days, however, is joint press conferences. It would be nice to have actual debates, but that would require politicians who are willing and able to think on their feet, and argue in defense of a position, rather than requiring an army of writers to create pre-prepared statements for them to memorize. There aren't many who are willing or able to do that.
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How come I'm not related to people that have the same last name as me?
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Last names didn't always exist. So when they did start existing, sometimes unrelated people chose the same last name. ", 'one reason, in spanish countries at least, orphans used to get the last name "iglesias" . Since this was embarrasing for them later in life, churches decided to give them random spanish last names.
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If you melt a penny or rip up a dollar, are you combating inflation, since that cash is no longer in circulation? or is inflation less straightforward?
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Yes, you are combatting inflation, but the amount of new currency that is added to the economy everyday is so massive that unless you were to orchestrate a huge money burn, you couldn’t make any sort of difference
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Why is it called the "Democratic People's Republic of Korea" when it's not a democracy or a republic?
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Your mum wants to get you to eat some food you don't like, so instead of just calling it cabbage, she calls it delicious super tasty munchy fun time. But the cabbage is severe famine and human rights violations.
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How does a computer screen work?
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Your monitor has a grid of tiny little boxes called pixels . Each one of these can be controlled independently to display a certain color and brightness. Your computer figures out how to draw your screen by filling in each pixel and sending that information to the monitor. It does this usually around 60 times each second, so for instance, if you move your mouse, each time the screen gets re-painted, the mouse pointer is just the tiniest bit further along its path, creating an illusion of movement.Sub-question that I think is relevant. Is everything on the screen, in machine code, simply the rgb value of every single pixel in one long string followed by the next screen's individual pixel values, ad infinitum, 60 times a second?", 'this awesome video explains how lcd screens work: _URL_0_
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Why is the Euro more valuable than the American Dollar?
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It doesn't really matter if one number is bigger than the other number. What matters is how many Euros you get and how much stuff you can buy with a Euro. So if I have 3 Euros, but it costs me 3 Euros to buy some candy, then I have no more Euros left! But if I have $2 and it only costs $1 to buy some candy then I have a dollar left over! So even though the Euro is a bigger number, what really matters is how much stuff you can buy with that amount. So we now know two things: How much can I buy with a euro vs how much can I buy with a USD. And we know how many dollars it costs to buy a euro. So if I can buy a piece of candy for 3 euros or $1, and I can $2 for one Euro, then I'm much better off selling my Euros to buy dollars because that way I'll be able to get a LOT more candy. Very smart people who run banks and businesses are aware of this, and so they trade euros for dollars all the time to the extent that the amount of stuff you can buy with euros vs the amount of stuff you can buy with dollars is in proportion to how many euros you can buy per dollar. In the perfect world, this means that you can't just trade dollars for euros and therefore buy more stuff. But sometimes people have other reasons for buying dollars instead of euros or vice versa . If people have a strong reason to prefer one currency over the other that is not related to how much candy that currency can buy, then that currency is considered to be overvalued. If a currency is significantly overvalued, it means that people are knowingly giving themselves a bad deal because they are nervous about the future of the undervalued currency. Not quite ELI5 link here: _URL_0_
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How come the suit (pants, shirt, jacket, tie) became the norm for formal dressing everywhere and not something else?
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After the French Revolution western men rapidly abandoned the frilly flamboyant fashion characteristic of the Rococo era and adapted a much more conservative fashion of England. The modern suit was developed in the 19th century by an Englishman named [Beau Brummell]. He wore well tailored jacket, white shirt with neckcloth that eventually became a standard tie or bowtie, and fitted pants. The Great Britain also became the most powerful nation in the 19th and early 20th century, thus influenced formal attires around the worldit is not formal around the world for example parts of Africa, in eastern Europe, Asia and the Middle East and other parts of the world there are different more traditional kinds of clothing that are considered formal.
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Why do many companies nowadays see tattoos as being "unprofessional"?
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Because in much of modern history the people with tattoos have been people very often associated with unsavory organizations, crime, and violence. I think you can understand why companies wishing to present a professional and safe environment would shy away from hiring those with tattoos. That general attitude has been passed down, even though it may not be as applicable nowadays as it was in the past, since many people with tattoos are in no way associated with violence or crime"Nowadays"? Tattoos have been seen as unprofessional in Western society for ages. They 've become vastly more acceptable in the last few decades.It's because of the customers, if the customers didn't care the businesses wouldn't either. I work in a service where I travel from house to house, when I first started I had earnings and tattoos. I went in to the office to quit at the end of my first week, it was rough and the Customers were horrible. My boss told me no, I wasn't quitting. What I was going to do was try the next week without my earnings and longer sleeves to cover my tattoos. Then after that I could do what I want. I'm glad I took his advice, it was a start to the vest job I ever had. Attitudes were drastically different, I was welcome and treated as a friend. People can be pretty petty, and a business has to make their customers happy.
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Gabriel's horn, having trouble visualizing it.
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Well, you could just consider it being made of lego blocks instead. Each block with length of 1 along x-axis, first one that covers the entire horn from x=1 to x=2 would have side length of 2 * 1. Basically, you're approximating upwards, so that lego is bigger than it needs to be near x=2 but that's fine. So lego block has length 1, and two other dimensions are 2 * 1, so it has volume of 4 Next lego block from x = 2 to x = 3 would have to have side length of 2 * 1/2, so total volume 4 * 1/4 = 1. Next lego, side length 2 * 1/3, so 4 * 1/9. The next one, 4 * 1/16. So basically, our lego blocks have volumes 4 * 1/x^2 So volume of Gabriels horn has to be smaller than the lego blocks that contain it, which form neat series 4 * . Sum of inverses of squares is finite, so maybe that helps?
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instead of fighting green energy, why don't coal and gas companies invest in it?
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The current energy companies have every motivation to get in on "green energy ". There are just a few problems: It is more expensive to produce than traditional fossil fuels, or only effective in a few areas or times, or doesn't have the necessary capacity. Often the only reason we see green energy is because of government subsidies. From the traditional energy companies\' standpoint this is just passing a law to take money from people and give it to their competitors. As they see it they have a superior product; more powerful, more flexible, more reliable, and less expensive. If "Big Oil" could make or buy solar panels and provide electricity to their customers at a lower cost than digging up oil then they would; however greedy and sadistic you want to paint them, at least trust that they wouldn't throw money away. Many big energy companies are accused of buying up green energy concepts and squashing them, never to be seen again. The companies want in on the next big thing early, but what they find is an inferior product that doesn't stand on its own without government intervention. They retain the tech but keep selling what the market wants: The least expensive solution. That is oil, for now.Energy companies HAVE invested in 'green energy' and are doing so right now. However, the necessary capital to get green energy is too much and the profit margins from them are too slim. The main reasons Green Energy is attempted at the moment is due to the government forcing it and also the publicity these companies receive. This is not to say there will be a point on time when green energy becomes a more lucrative investment . Concluding: You will always hear people calling the energy companies evil . However, when people complain companies should drop fossil fuels it is necessary in keep in mind the extra cost YOU will be paying extra for it due to the extra cost the energy companies must pay.
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