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Whereas the xenon fluorides are well @-@ characterized , the other halides are not known , the only exception being the dichloride , XeCl2 . Xenon dichloride is reported to be an endothermic , colorless , crystalline compound that decomposes into the elements at 80 ° C , formed by the high @-@ frequency irradiation of a mixture of xenon , fluorine , and silicon or carbon tetrachloride . However , doubt has been raised as to whether XeCl
| e376c8bbb8cf2662142d3376ff7ae182 | 19,271 |
2 is a real compound and not merely a van der Waals molecule consisting of weakly bound Xe atoms and Cl
| fffc70e80ea465cc5d73d67aa8c5a844 | 19,272 |
2 molecules . Theoretical calculations indicate that the linear molecule XeCl
| 9c119d6b32c8b584100b5ff78ed55015 | 19,273 |
2 is less stable than the van der Waals complex .
| 6b18bee0d560d9cf23c5487d7ffe8171 | 19,274 |
= = = Oxides and oxohalides = = =
| b229f88f3019e4461cd4d28ca9a763e9 | 19,276 |
Three oxides of xenon are known : xenon trioxide ( XeO
| 6be304ee9cea339b6ddc114b1bda6a19 | 19,278 |
3 ) and xenon tetroxide ( XeO
| ec1dcfe59c923f496c3aa9652454e480 | 19,279 |
4 ) , both of which are dangerously explosive and powerful oxidizing agents , and xenon dioxide ( XeO2 ) , which was reported in 2011 with a coordination number of four . XeO2 forms when xenon tetrafluoride is poured over ice . Its crystal structure may allow it to replace silicon in silicate minerals . The XeOO + cation has been identified by infrared spectroscopy in solid argon .
| cd957b27d0d274d3b6ce5baa551a5a90 | 19,280 |
Xenon does not react with oxygen directly ; the trioxide is formed by the hydrolysis of XeF
| 9e3b40e609a5f0ded38929beb7e3cf21 | 19,281 |
6 :
| 58d8476460eb8cdfdcd4f4c7fee07050 | 19,282 |
XeF
| c05858f210adf28cb86d7dd49950ee9b | 19,283 |
6 + 3 H
| 11ad77ba1b1659d763a4c89ce1e7d284 | 19,284 |
2O → XeO
| 467171b1c3aa03d76ee0df11819a140f | 19,285 |
3 + 6 HF
| 35737a8e990bf8a11b9c49f3726343b2 | 19,286 |
XeO
| b682d21d1c8f8df7f5a04c32058a3530 | 19,287 |
3 is weakly acidic , dissolving in alkali to form unstable xenate salts containing the HXeO −
| e9fd43860c115b0e46567fd8c3de6819 | 19,288 |
4 anion . These unstable salts easily disproportionate into xenon gas and perxenate salts , containing the XeO4 −
| 1f70bd1204e63929479375e2184b30f7 | 19,289 |
6 anion .
| 014054e71c63790c38e0f9b0f5e2ea9e | 19,290 |
Barium perxenate , when treated with concentrated sulfuric acid , yields gaseous xenon tetroxide :
| c4ac07f367550de60473117b86c6b1ad | 19,291 |
Ba
| 5c19bdaec731450d2d8ab6176343b0bb | 19,292 |
2XeO
| 4ebe2dc2285875b7e1a4dc47d8a00ee2 | 19,293 |
6 + 2 H
| 2c11a467ace272883f855123dbd4ec8b | 19,294 |
2SO
| aac9ea9b6ce1624d0e63ba2c69826da3 | 19,295 |
4 → 2 BaSO
| 055ee0bb695dfd98742eead877ee488e | 19,296 |
4 + 2 H
| 1fb9cd88e38c1edd1bcea739133f1150 | 19,297 |
2O + XeO
| 264cd13ba03f677855d6e8c4eec97882 | 19,298 |
4
| f97def46376980d7191017789f0bbf72 | 19,299 |
To prevent decomposition , the xenon tetroxide thus formed is quickly cooled to form a pale @-@ yellow solid . It explodes above − 35 @.@ 9 ° C into xenon and oxygen gas .
| 318719cfbe187354a3318048abb608a6 | 19,300 |
A number of xenon oxyfluorides are known , including XeOF
| 0d373e80bc2f13f8d6a8953559f83dc5 | 19,301 |
2 , XeOF
| fde886aadae751b3d4d487cda1a532f6 | 19,302 |
4 , XeO
| fcdf577f18d59ad9357a4b7cd99ab050 | 19,303 |
2F
| acd064bec302ff8eca639a5d5ba1a0c4 | 19,304 |
2 , and XeO
| bc3a8133b051401524097266b87ec1bc | 19,305 |
3F
| 2763fc734af47edb1406311fa256a845 | 19,306 |
2 . XeOF
| b1c5b9de9dc81458c7ac32596c04c8ec | 19,307 |
2 is formed by the reaction of OF
| 68d4bd4fbcb6877d738b8a7177085c0a | 19,308 |
2 with xenon gas at low temperatures . It may also be obtained by the partial hydrolysis of XeF
| 90072f3426257e3edcf893f55713680d | 19,309 |
4 . It disproportionates at − 20 ° C into XeF
| 6771d7ceb7f940feac7a10aba0c22bdf | 19,310 |
2 and XeO
| 9d9e707bb30cb01b6c7e119a398bacab | 19,311 |
2F
| acd064bec302ff8eca639a5d5ba1a0c4 | 19,312 |
2 . XeOF
| b1c5b9de9dc81458c7ac32596c04c8ec | 19,313 |
4 is formed by the partial hydrolysis of XeF
| 934c62f399ef887774c1ae9f5c813ca9 | 19,314 |
6 , or the reaction of XeF
| 6539f4507fe13131495736616a40e830 | 19,315 |
6 with sodium perxenate , Na
| 048e5936618bcbedaef0850406e91c92 | 19,316 |
4XeO
| 5d4f5878db70058d66c8ee55b95f1e32 | 19,317 |
6 . The latter reaction also produces a small amount of XeO
| 0764a151b88c9c119ff3b71be848bca2 | 19,318 |
3F
| 2763fc734af47edb1406311fa256a845 | 19,319 |
2 . XeOF
| b1c5b9de9dc81458c7ac32596c04c8ec | 19,320 |
4 reacts with CsF to form the XeOF −
| e098f1502f698ff5a28c810e2746ec68 | 19,321 |
5 anion , while XeOF3 reacts with the alkali metal fluorides KF , RbF and CsF to form the XeOF −
| be908bc8ea0052990f1aab80074ba264 | 19,322 |
4 anion .
| 9d55e27b2e14fce2bea2f7077a31704e | 19,323 |
= = = Other compounds = = =
| 755c32d2b09b37048997746335ac8d06 | 19,325 |
Recently , there has been an interest in xenon compounds where xenon is directly bonded to a less electronegative element than fluorine or oxygen , particularly carbon . Electron @-@ withdrawing groups , such as groups with fluorine substitution , are necessary to stabilize these compounds . Numerous such compounds have been characterized , including :
| b3285370e9f4f7bc4b90448f6ac434a1 | 19,327 |
C
| c7c3ce75067f6edffc71170d16c4617c | 19,328 |
6F
| 3064fdffe3bf2bd96598a9f71f791a79 | 19,329 |
5 – Xe + – N ≡ C – CH
| 7aca7c597867178370b213266497ec95 | 19,330 |
3 , where C6F5 is the pentafluorophenyl group .
| 015e22327ef1aa33799bb3d15f97b3a8 | 19,331 |
[ C
| 8f29c1e5991aa4e2ab766acb3ad358fa | 19,332 |
6F
| 3064fdffe3bf2bd96598a9f71f791a79 | 19,333 |
5 ]
| 211dd84cf7034639d6ed2eb74db549a3 | 19,334 |
2Xe
| 0601d73ab7297bb7f1625a842a327ef7 | 19,335 |
C
| c7c3ce75067f6edffc71170d16c4617c | 19,336 |
6F
| 3064fdffe3bf2bd96598a9f71f791a79 | 19,337 |
5 – Xe – X , where X is CN , F , or Cl .
| 5c4d39d76c9a457d978c9500493c3774 | 19,338 |
R – C ≡ C – Xe + , where R is C
| 22374d682a59032f2032721a582385bd | 19,339 |
2F −
| 1c55a7321481f567328ea657400a2de1 | 19,340 |
5 or tert @-@ butyl .
| 4bda9ad760dc854df566d4ec4b30a9d9 | 19,341 |
C
| c7c3ce75067f6edffc71170d16c4617c | 19,342 |
6F
| 3064fdffe3bf2bd96598a9f71f791a79 | 19,343 |
5 – XeF +
| f9400dbdd93a591ec226ec77692781bd | 19,344 |
2
| f41ce9bd6ef9d73c5f155e3317d47066 | 19,345 |
( C
| e8e58fd2d8de27922a06ad3dfabae96f | 19,346 |
6F
| 3064fdffe3bf2bd96598a9f71f791a79 | 19,347 |
5Xe )
| cbd02a4ee9f2de8099464c2f1d6e83cd | 19,348 |
2Cl +
| 5eed4fd7d48ec9b74775f74161d46d00 | 19,349 |
Other compounds containing xenon bonded to a less electronegative element include F – Xe – N ( SO
| b175b7b4cabddfcc000cb6188bb66c3c | 19,350 |
2F )
| 4119fd984bed72804b4ff5f96439a360 | 19,351 |
2 and F – Xe – BF
| 045c8e2a2f1abd9c25d06f40c62fab8d | 19,352 |
2 . The latter is synthesized from dioxygenyl tetrafluoroborate , O
| d0c2bab40e24e9e9e76513d25c00fa45 | 19,353 |
2BF
| d8a9d366997ed7d4b8d75f2125a6bcb5 | 19,354 |
4 , at − 100 ° C.
| 77d25547f4cc8bc0cc2498a82dca10ff | 19,355 |
An unusual ion containing xenon is the tetraxenonogold ( II ) cation , AuXe2 +
| 547c784ee2a50d1279a530ef62297241 | 19,356 |
4 , which contains Xe – Au bonds . This ion occurs in the compound AuXe
| 3d78a409bf4df2c0829cdbf0ae27d1b7 | 19,357 |
4 ( Sb
| c2d96944a61f0704227a95f01faa4b3b | 19,358 |
2F
| acd064bec302ff8eca639a5d5ba1a0c4 | 19,359 |
11 )
| e3353ee8499205ae525d3d65ae99b695 | 19,360 |
2 , and is remarkable in having direct chemical bonds between two notoriously unreactive atoms , xenon and gold , with xenon acting as a transition metal ligand .
| b1f641960b5125cda019a4e644186920 | 19,361 |
The compound Xe
| 5921832f31ef34049cb4af9897712bee | 19,362 |
2Sb
| 2693e73f772710482aa48d8f696d4e4d | 19,363 |
2F
| acd064bec302ff8eca639a5d5ba1a0c4 | 19,364 |
11 contains a Xe – Xe bond , the longest element @-@ element bond known ( 308 @.@ 71 pm = 3 @.@ 0871 Å ) .
| 0a6fa18ea7dac8da2128c0866c954173 | 19,365 |
In 1995 , M. Räsänen and co @-@ workers , scientists at the University of Helsinki in Finland , announced the preparation of xenon dihydride ( HXeH ) , and later xenon hydride @-@ hydroxide ( HXeOH ) , hydroxenoacetylene ( HXeCCH ) , and other Xe @-@ containing molecules . In 2008 , Khriachtchev et al. reported the preparation of HXeOXeH by the photolysis of water within a cryogenic xenon matrix . Deuterated molecules , HXeOD and DXeOH , have also been produced .
| 6c53ff845abdbdf1076af1faba6714ee | 19,366 |
= = = Clathrates and excimers = = =
| 6f755ab691d936b6248444cf69326f6f | 19,368 |
In addition to compounds where xenon forms a chemical bond , xenon can form clathrates — substances where xenon atoms or pairs are trapped by the crystalline lattice of another compound . One example is xenon hydrate ( Xe • 5 @.@ 75 H2O ) , where xenon atoms occupy vacancies in a lattice of water molecules . This clathrate has a melting point of 24 ° C. The deuterated version of this hydrate has also been produced . Another example is Xe hydride ( Xe ( H2 ) 8 ) , in which xenon pairs ( dimers ) are trapped inside solid hydrogen . Such clathrate hydrates can occur naturally under conditions of high pressure , such as in Lake Vostok underneath the Antarctic ice sheet . Clathrate formation can be used to fractionally distill xenon , argon and krypton .
| f6e791a585bec5a8da41d254d8043e20 | 19,370 |
Xenon can also form endohedral fullerene compounds , where a xenon atom is trapped inside a fullerene molecule . The xenon atom trapped in the fullerene can be monitored via 129Xe nuclear magnetic resonance ( NMR ) spectroscopy . Using this technique , chemical reactions on the fullerene molecule can be analyzed , due to the sensitivity of the chemical shift of the xenon atom to its environment . However , the xenon atom also has an electronic influence on the reactivity of the fullerene .
| 20b67518f6f715522f1643e5df800463 | 19,371 |
When xenon atoms are at their ground energy state , they repel each other and will not form a bond . When xenon atoms becomes energized , however , they can form an excimer ( excited dimer ) until the electrons return to the ground state . This entity is formed because the xenon atom tends to fill its outermost electronic shell , and can briefly do this by adding an electron from a neighboring xenon atom . The typical lifetime of a xenon excimer is 1 – 5 ns , and the decay releases photons with wavelengths of about 150 and 173 nm . Xenon can also form excimers with other elements , such as the halogens bromine , chlorine and fluorine .
| e1f850459a79926b0c6008280c101f26 | 19,372 |
= = Applications = =
| c0e0bedbcbecea5c5cafcbcb5ba54d8a | 19,374 |
Although xenon is rare and relatively expensive to extract from the Earth 's atmosphere , it has a number of applications .
| 1ed027a575d7831e35b5044719a2e1d7 | 19,376 |
= = = Illumination and optics = = =
| 9b4e9c29999eea322d6b107697b88383 | 19,378 |
= = = = Gas @-@ discharge lamps = = = =
| f4c76cf7c2db7005108e3b57a75dc87c | 19,381 |
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