text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
|---|---|---|
= = = Sheffield Wednesday = = =
| 3df51834dfc3ece61c7c7f74b2869377 | 19,120 |
He made a move to Premier League side Sheffield Wednesday on a four @-@ year contract on 25 March 1999 , with the Β£ 950 @,@ 000 fee being the highest received for a York player . On his transfer , Cresswell said : " This move is no disrespect to York , it 's just that I have always wanted to play at a much bigger club... | 4d740bb7a4835eaf24887c272311917d | 19,122 |
= = = Leicester City = = =
| 267284b5722c9ed1f8545c3a152f53bd | 19,124 |
Cresswell struggled to establish himself at Wednesday under manager Paul Jewell early in the 2000 β 01 season , before he resumed playing in the Premier League after signing for Leicester City on 1 September 2000 for a fee of Β£ 750 @,@ 000 . Leicester were managed by Peter Taylor , who previously worked with Cresswell... | b77ba3f4ae1b5ea9e3321b959c07881b | 19,126 |
= = = Preston North End = = =
| 4d0bb5f1e57955d9943539f4c71803e2 | 19,128 |
Cresswell joined First Division club Preston North End on loan for the remainder of the 2000 β 01 season on 10 March 2001 and scored five minutes into his debut , a 2 β 0 win at home to Wolverhampton Wanderers on 14 March . He came on as an 82nd minute substitute in their 3 β 0 defeat to Bolton Wanderers in the 2001 F... | 602bf9cbab442ec522c7bb24ddadc5dc | 19,130 |
Cresswell was Preston 's top scorer in his first two permanent seasons with Preston , scoring 15 goals in 44 appearances in 2001 β 02 and scoring 16 in 46 games in 2002 β 03 . He was also named Preston 's Player of the Year for the 2001 β 02 season . He received the first red card of his career in Preston 's 4 β 1 def... | 816613e152268bd553ee3d310452d216 | 19,131 |
Cresswell drew praise from manager Billy Davies during the 2004 β 05 season , " Richard is very capable of that and it is important that we keep creating chances for Cressy as we know that he will put the ball in the back of the net " , although he admitted the team were over reliant on Cresswell 's goals . He enjoyed... | f30e04cb22fea059696e171a7a95079c | 19,132 |
= = = Leeds United = = =
| 3b398f92a549736f60bb70fe073abd0a | 19,134 |
Cresswell was bought by Championship rivals Leeds United on a four @-@ year contract on 24 August 2005 for a fee of Β£ 1 @.@ 15 million , after rivals Sheffield United had a Β£ 1 million bid accepted . After the signing was completed , manager Kevin Blackwell said " To get a player of Cresswell 's quality is amazing " ,... | a16a77f289ed9c695c473707b451e4e7 | 19,136 |
Having damaged his knee ligaments during the play @-@ off semi @-@ final , Cresswell missed the start of the 2006 β 07 season , making his first appearance in Leeds ' 4 β 0 home defeat to Stoke City on 14 October 2006 . However , he sustained a knee injury in November 2006 , after scoring his first goal of the campaig... | fb4e6c905a4943f03a42f879839838e7 | 19,137 |
= = = Stoke City = = =
| 08d731bdf4b2f6376435a242469edfbd | 19,139 |
Leeds were resigned to losing their senior players after going into administration , with Championship side Stoke City signing Cresswell on a three @-@ year contract for an undisclosed fee on 2 August 2007 , after Hull City had pulled out of a deal after expressing concerns following his medical . He made his debut in... | a8f0853bba2ab1f77e6077e5bdc2dbe8 | 19,141 |
= = = Sheffield United = = =
| 059c12e7edc60a5b6902b950048b76ec | 19,143 |
Having struggled for appearances with Stoke since their promotion to the Premier League , Cresswell joined Championship outfit Sheffield United on a three @-@ month loan on 29 September 2009 and made his debut the same day as a 76th @-@ minute substitute against Ipswich Town in a 3 β 3 home draw . Starting the followi... | 17031ac79b388b8aa664c423823ff37f | 19,145 |
With United now in League One , Cresswell formed a striking partnership with Ched Evans , making 51 appearances and scoring 10 goals in 2011 β 12 . The club failed to achieve promotion however , being beaten 8 β 7 in a penalty shoot @-@ out by Huddersfield Town in the 2012 League One play @-@ off Final at Wembley Stad... | 24992f3681bf557fdaba673675a58891 | 19,146 |
= = = Return to York City = = =
| a308f8968095eb21b5ae0c7a6a4b7f3b | 19,148 |
Cresswell rejoined his first club York City , playing in League Two , on a one @-@ month loan on 19 March 2013 . He marked his second York debut by scoring a 73rd minute penalty kick on 23 March 2013 away at Torquay United in a 2 β 1 defeat . He played an important role as York fought against relegation , scoring twic... | 49c0d270564462466ec70e22c1d41a41 | 19,150 |
= = International career = =
| afe44e549edc38a418931021e1750fc3 | 19,152 |
Cresswell was called up to the England national under @-@ 21 team while with York , making his debut in a 2 β 1 home victory over France in a friendly on 9 February 1999 . He continued to play for the under @-@ 21s after joining Wednesday , and scored his first goal for them in a 3 β 0 home win over Sweden in a 2000 U... | e43f8074875523c09bb0cd2c5e6f0c53 | 19,154 |
= = Coaching career = =
| 85ed5babefcb3fd3d432c883135ec3ee | 19,156 |
Cresswell returned to York as a commercial , academy and community development consultant in April 2014 , having previously intended to pursue a career in coaching . He took on the position of Head of Football Operations , before being appointed as first team coach to manager Russ Wilcox in March 2015 . In May 2015 , ... | 70d02c5ab2711b412feae54695fb2f69 | 19,158 |
= = Personal life = =
| 2c5735a3c906b38ffb1ed46fcd1d3624 | 19,160 |
Cresswell married Zoe Chapman at Christ Church , Bridlington on 7 June 2003 , with former York City teammate Jonathan Greening being his joint best man . He took part in a 170 mile bike ride during 2012 to raise money for a charity which helps children with Dravet 's syndrome , after his twin nieces were diagnosed wit... | 8c59465d47e0281a5dca0709b161a679 | 19,162 |
= = Career statistics = =
| 3e38ebadf33a163a8c4321e2f67e7fd0 | 19,164 |
As of match played 14 April 2016 .
| a3a43686049fdf8ddc6be24a387e53da | 19,166 |
= = Managerial statistics = =
| 1fc4aa01b11831e64f0102b30a0e69dd | 19,168 |
As of 4 November 2015 .
| fd0efc549f18aaf9aa637e8f4358c109 | 19,170 |
= = Honours = =
| 913fd5016d1f11b6667ed7d6e0f8b110 | 19,172 |
Stoke City
| 90c7af5ad156782c636f5e41ef7423d9 | 19,174 |
Football League Championship runner @-@ up : 2007 β 08
| 23881ae8dfd31735f60b1b2be5f8f751 | 19,175 |
Individual
| 15f02a8b077cedc903d45d0bb39ca6f1 | 19,176 |
Preston North End Player of the Year : 2001 β 02
| a942ff6be90bc4ebe252bf7c7b430048 | 19,177 |
= Berhtwald =
| a3034fe2d00a7b8feb8d2d96505a1b1b | 19,180 |
Berhtwald ( also Brihtwald , Beorhtweald , Bertwald , Berthwald , Beorhtwald , or Beretuald ; died 731 ) was the ninth Archbishop of Canterbury in England . Documentary evidence names Berhtwald as abbot at Reculver before his election as archbishop . Berhtwald begins the first continuous series of native @-@ born Arch... | dc266378b428f1f4d0a31d7a8043a132 | 19,182 |
Berhtwald 's period as archbishop coincided with the end of Wilfrid 's long struggle to regain the Bishopric of York , and the two @-@ year delay between Theodore 's death and Berhtwald 's election may have been due to efforts to select Wilfrid for Canterbury . After his election , Berhtwald went to Gaul for consecrat... | 60c353d4471fa6664be08a731a87c9be | 19,183 |
= = Early life = =
| b536b642460eb47d0633950c6043cf5f | 19,185 |
Little is known of Berhtwald 's ancestry or his early life , but he was born around the middle of the seventh century . By 679 , he was made abbot of the monastery at Reculver in Kent , and a charter dated May 679 names Berhtwald as abbot . This charter , from Hlothere , King of Kent , is the earliest surviving origin... | b47eed17cf3538052477224f624ba198 | 19,187 |
= = Election as archbishop = =
| 999b3e155309e87e3132afa3cf9e3aa9 | 19,189 |
The see of Canterbury was vacant for two years after the death of Theodore before Berhtwald was elected to the office on 1 July 692 . The long vacancy resulted from the disturbed conditions in the kingdom of Kent at the time , as various kings fought for control . The succession to the kingdom was disputed between riv... | 31600d8ac8c08b63ca9d322c9f24e654 | 19,191 |
The vacancy may also have occurred because Wilfrid , who was at that point having problems in Northumbria , desired to become Archbishop of Canterbury . A contemporary biographer of Wilfrid , Stephen of Ripon , says that Theodore had wished for Wilfrid to succeed Theodore at Canterbury . Γthelred of Mercia may have su... | dc2e9510d3bafebda91e75ff4639354e | 19,192 |
= = Archbishop = =
| e0bbc580e8b29fd480b57bf3e3cad423 | 19,194 |
Berhtwald appears to have been involved in the governance of the church , establishing the bishopric of Sherborne in Wessex and it was during his tenure that Sussex , the last pagan kingdom in England , was converted to Christianity . He also consecrated the first Bishop of Selsey . During his time in office , King Wi... | 4ceb761026cdf42effd47ab0215fc577 | 19,196 |
Much of Berhtwald 's time in office coincided with the efforts of Wilfrid to regain the see of York , and to reverse the division of York into smaller dioceses . Berhtwald was opposed to Wilfrid 's desire to restore some separated bishoprics to the bishopric of York as well as regaining his old see . Wilfrid 's proble... | a7cc044f75514c7cda3524bd77afcd4d | 19,197 |
One of Berhtwald 's letters has been preserved , sent to Forthhere , Bishop of Sherborne , and asking Forthhere to intercede with Beorwold , the Abbot of Glastonbury , to ransom a slave . Another letter , this one addressed to Berhtwald , from Waldhere , Bishop of London , also survives . The main interest in the seco... | dee4a7df3d82aea5fd7c80093c2f446e | 19,198 |
= = Death and legacy = =
| b3c89d43da3a8d6720759eae4e8a3a32 | 19,200 |
Berhtwald died on 13 January 731 . An epitaph to him in verse survives , and may have been placed over his tomb , which was at Canterbury . Subsequently he was canonised with a feast day of 9 January . Little evidence of extensive cult activity exists , however , and the main evidence for his sainthood is a late medie... | 6d35cb26cab33af16f264c42534406e4 | 19,202 |
= Xenon =
| 083c14dff126dcb3fd23c1ae8c736dd1 | 19,205 |
Xenon is a chemical element with symbol Xe and atomic number 54 . It is a colorless , dense , odorless noble gas , that occurs in the Earth 's atmosphere in trace amounts . Although generally unreactive , xenon can undergo a few chemical reactions such as the formation of xenon hexafluoroplatinate , the first noble ga... | e813c33cbe2f7b5981853af790b19970 | 19,207 |
Xenon is used in flash lamps and arc lamps , and as a general anesthetic . The first excimer laser design used a xenon dimer molecule ( Xe2 ) as its lasing medium , and the earliest laser designs used xenon flash lamps as pumps . Xenon is also being used to search for hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles ... | a4500b248d519d4f92bb6afb93934ac6 | 19,208 |
Naturally occurring xenon consists of eight stable isotopes . There are also over 40 unstable isotopes that undergo radioactive decay . The isotope ratios of xenon are an important tool for studying the early history of the Solar System . Radioactive xenon @-@ 135 is produced by beta decay from iodine @-@ 135 ( which ... | cb3ddefa553ec6031b67003f29a66450 | 19,209 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 19,211 |
Xenon was discovered in England by the Scottish chemist William Ramsay and English chemist Morris Travers in September 1898 , shortly after their discovery of the elements krypton and neon . They found xenon in the residue left over from evaporating components of liquid air . Ramsay suggested the name xenon for this g... | b7b88ecc75319d06a23ee538da672392 | 19,213 |
During the 1930s , American engineer Harold Edgerton began exploring strobe light technology for high speed photography . This led him to the invention of the xenon flash lamp , in which light is generated by sending a brief electric current through a tube filled with xenon gas . In 1934 , Edgerton was able to generat... | e116479e8cbc0f55a98b5d746a3adca6 | 19,214 |
In 1939 , American physician Albert R. Behnke Jr. began exploring the causes of " drunkenness " in deep @-@ sea divers . He tested the effects of varying the breathing mixtures on his subjects , and discovered that this caused the divers to perceive a change in depth . From his results , he deduced that xenon gas coul... | e2dec1a1bfe5d4cedcb8aaf1f2e73b70 | 19,215 |
Xenon and the other noble gases were for a long time considered to be completely chemically inert and not able to form compounds . However , while teaching at the University of British Columbia , Neil Bartlett discovered that the gas platinum hexafluoride ( PtF6 ) was a powerful oxidizing agent that could oxidize oxyg... | f23f9053944246f6e333aae0c7c353fa | 19,216 |
In November 1999 IBM scientists demonstrated a technology capable of manipulating individual atoms . The program , called IBM in atoms , used a scanning tunneling microscope to arrange 35 individual xenon atoms on a substrate of chilled crystal of nickel to spell out the three letter company acronym . It was the first... | 97d92003cf9a998cb9ef41cd1025354a | 19,217 |
= = Characteristics = =
| 7578e00b1806474d133aedda48bbb013 | 19,219 |
Xenon has atomic number 54 ; that is , its nucleus contains 54 protons . At standard temperature and pressure , pure xenon gas has a density of 5 @.@ 761 kg / m3 , about 4 @.@ 5 times the surface density of the Earth 's atmosphere , 1 @.@ 217 kg / m3 . As a liquid , xenon has a density of up to 3 @.@ 100 g / mL , with... | 81d4659e67b4ca68adb62a202875ece5 | 19,221 |
Solid xenon changes from face @-@ centered cubic ( fcc ) to hexagonal close packed ( hcp ) crystal phase under pressure and begins to turn metallic at about 140 GPa , with no noticeable volume change in the hcp phase . It is completely metallic at 155 GPa . When metallized , xenon looks sky blue because it absorbs red... | 1dcea5f04db0afc177e28773dd48fc60 | 19,222 |
Liquid or solid xenon nanoparticles can be formed at room temperature by implanting Xe + ions into a solid matrix . Many solids have lattice constants smaller than solid Xe . This results in compression of the implanted Xe to pressures that may be sufficient for its liquefaction or solidification .
| ffb78cf25ddbd8bf4407f1c6ff138cb5 | 19,223 |
Xenon is a member of the zero @-@ valence elements that are called noble or inert gases . It is inert to most common chemical reactions ( such as combustion , for example ) because the outer valence shell contains eight electrons . This produces a stable , minimum energy configuration in which the outer electrons are ... | 16871ec7850c3ec2c36e76e99992aa5c | 19,224 |
In a gas @-@ filled tube , xenon emits a blue or lavenderish glow when the gas is excited by electrical discharge . Xenon emits a band of emission lines that span the visual spectrum , but the most intense lines occur in the region of blue light , which produces the coloration .
| fd283e6cfba0e71c2328eb81da8700dc | 19,225 |
= = Occurrence and production = =
| 0168fcd324414ddeaf4a75ddc7ced464 | 19,227 |
Xenon is a trace gas in Earth 's atmosphere , occurring at 87 Β± 1 parts per billion ( nL / L ) , or approximately 1 part per 11 @.@ 5 million , and is also found as a component in gases emitted from some mineral springs .
| 6b7954a1a1aafe1d2675ff974928f9a3 | 19,229 |
Xenon is obtained commercially as a by @-@ product of the separation of air into oxygen and nitrogen . After this separation , generally performed by fractional distillation in a double @-@ column plant , the liquid oxygen produced will contain small quantities of krypton and xenon . By additional fractional distillat... | 8899a8ed48f43fcbf385a104eb77a0a8 | 19,230 |
Within the Solar System , the nucleon fraction of xenon is 1 @.@ 56 Γ 10 β 8 , for an abundance of approximately one part in 630 thousand of the total mass . Xenon is relatively rare in the Sun 's atmosphere , on Earth , and in asteroids and comets . The planet Jupiter has an unusually high abundance of xenon in its a... | 9be63c854183e3ba5161ed96d1bfe8cd | 19,231 |
Unlike the lower mass noble gases , the normal stellar nucleosynthesis process inside a star does not form xenon . Elements more massive than iron @-@ 56 have a net energy cost to produce through fusion , so there is no energy gain for a star when creating xenon . Instead , xenon is formed during supernova explosions ... | d1a4a98d399c5df9536180bb0936d8b9 | 19,232 |
= = Isotopes and isotopic studies = =
| c41ae7facc3aac160b649e596afea2a2 | 19,234 |
Naturally occurring xenon is made of eight stable isotopes , the most of any element with the exception of tin , which has ten . Xenon and tin are the only elements to have more than seven stable isotopes . The isotopes 124Xe and 134Xe are predicted to undergo double beta decay , but this has never been observed so th... | 91697da510463418ad15152f51fa0579 | 19,236 |
Nuclei of two of the stable isotopes of xenon , 129Xe and 131Xe , have non @-@ zero intrinsic angular momenta ( nuclear spins , suitable for nuclear magnetic resonance ) . The nuclear spins can be aligned beyond ordinary polarization levels by means of circularly polarized light and rubidium vapor . The resulting spin... | ac81866ad58d95bca0f908a7a6eff566 | 19,237 |
Because a 129Xe nucleus has a spin of 1 / 2 , and therefore a zero electric quadrupole moment , the 129Xe nucleus does not experience any quadrupolar interactions during collisions with other atoms , and thus its hyperpolarization can be maintained for long periods of time even after the laser beam has been turned off... | f294f44451f32a62a3e0f266adad9971 | 19,238 |
Some radioactive isotopes of xenon , for example , 133Xe and 135Xe , are produced by neutron irradiation of fissionable material within nuclear reactors . 135Xe is of considerable significance in the operation of nuclear fission reactors . 135Xe has a huge cross section for thermal neutrons , 2 @.@ 6 Γ 106 barns , so ... | ffe8c7b83d86845df5e240f5d9cc589b | 19,239 |
Under adverse conditions , relatively high concentrations of radioactive xenon isotopes may be found emanating from nuclear reactors due to the release of fission products from cracked fuel rods , or fissioning of uranium in cooling water .
| 75386bc81d860e40c9b9b1b216ffeab0 | 19,240 |
Because xenon is a tracer for two parent isotopes , xenon isotope ratios in meteorites are a powerful tool for studying the formation of the solar system . The iodine @-@ xenon method of dating gives the time elapsed between nucleosynthesis and the condensation of a solid object from the solar nebula . In 1960 , physi... | 3c3374d544391259b6aa307825dd4554 | 19,241 |
In a similar way , xenon isotopic ratios such as 129Xe / 130Xe and 136Xe / 130Xe are also a powerful tool for understanding planetary differentiation and early outgassing . For example , The atmosphere of Mars shows a xenon abundance similar to that of Earth : 0 @.@ 08 parts per million , however Mars shows a higher p... | 2370643424bc47276065dcedd628c53b | 19,242 |
= = Compounds = =
| 12d2e83caea02fe636e64e85b080a1fd | 19,244 |
After Neil Bartlett 's discovery in 1962 that xenon can form chemical compounds , a large number of xenon compounds have been discovered and described . Almost all known xenon compounds contain the electronegative atoms fluorine or oxygen .
| 7bd77e7d65e8e1cc8d1c396ab0fe15d6 | 19,246 |
= = = Halides = = =
| 6743fecaee07c1e883fcf7a9af05b2df | 19,248 |
Three fluorides are known : XeF
| 8b12b4bb668f378c4b857be6abc37704 | 19,250 |
2 , XeF
| 462c91d528af31ab449208dc25f24b2b | 19,251 |
4 , and XeF
| 96bd641597ed2491d3870e1a16a5938f | 19,252 |
6 . XeF is theorized to be unstable . The fluorides are the starting point for the synthesis of almost all xenon compounds .
| 5473d5a78353ea7299a4254d7c6f09a1 | 19,253 |
The solid , crystalline difluoride XeF
| 0195178d64100b6d1d8ec75321271f6c | 19,254 |
2 is formed when a mixture of fluorine and xenon gases is exposed to ultraviolet light . Ordinary daylight is sufficient . Long @-@ term heating of XeF
| 0f55ec1420e0fb8c0a286cd8b0c7443b | 19,255 |
2 at high temperatures under an NiF
| ae287811e12b9f4ed3401ae7ad188250 | 19,256 |
2 catalyst yields XeF
| 73364a78c781d7ba1d621966ad7a2b9f | 19,257 |
6 . Pyrolysis of XeF
| ce8e0fc7612e566d582ef22e471ff03c | 19,258 |
6 in the presence of NaF yields high @-@ purity XeF
| b277850e93a24984fe59c9de1a49acb7 | 19,259 |
4 .
| 0dcf5f43e217d2f7f2c3a030a17fdb66 | 19,260 |
The xenon fluorides behave as both fluoride acceptors and fluoride donors , forming salts that contain such cations as XeF + and Xe
| a9b331f825f0870103554f5d5c16b31f | 19,261 |
2F +
| 1fab06e89a66a90791058dd87e694001 | 19,262 |
3 , and anions such as XeF β
| e94b2c127ad82bf3d7caeb854b127455 | 19,263 |
5 , XeF β
| ab754674aab0dc9ff1af8d7d8c12c7b3 | 19,264 |
7 , and XeF2 β
| 15655c109297ab7fef0a5d2ab8a630d5 | 19,265 |
8 . The green , paramagnetic Xe +
| 76ad872f41eb8c18d8767d9c56d52951 | 19,266 |
2 is formed by the reduction of XeF
| 5c9d25ff4ca75b07e4b48c0e44b87ea9 | 19,267 |
2 by xenon gas .
| 653a97db96105192486adfda4e079723 | 19,268 |
XeF
| c05858f210adf28cb86d7dd49950ee9b | 19,269 |
2 is also able to form coordination complexes with transition metal ions . Over 30 such complexes have been synthesized and characterized .
| 7107c6aceb5af44fb67375e8b244594e | 19,270 |
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