text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
|---|---|---|
= = Conclusion = =
| 50fa2cf7597a55ca7e4a4581c738e5f0 | 33,725 |
President Nixon proclaimed the incursion to be " the most successful military operation of the entire war . " General Abrams was of like mind , believing that time had been bought for the pacification of the South Vietnamese countryside and that U.S. and ARVN forces had been made safe from any attack out of Cambodia d... | 86323e93f001fa7b25dc9d191fde2356 | 33,727 |
John Shaw and other historians , military and civilian , have based the conclusions of their work on the incursion on the premise that the North Vietnamese logistical system in Cambodia had been so badly damaged that it was rendered ineffective . The next large @-@ scale North Vietnamese offensive , the Nguyen Hue Off... | a9ae4d9a0ed352537db7d558928e27c6 | 33,728 |
The logistical haul discovered , removed , or destroyed in eastern Cambodia during the operations was indeed prodigious : 20 @,@ 000 individual and 2 @,@ 500 crew @-@ served weapons ; 7 @,@ 000 to 8 @,@ 000 tons of rice ; 1 @,@ 800 tons of ammunition ( including 143 @,@ 000 mortar shells , rockets , and recoilless rif... | 97e0c5b94fcc839e3a27a6cafdd96ddc | 33,729 |
South Vietnamese forces had performed well during the incursion but their leadership was uneven . General Tri proved a resourceful and inspiring commander , earning the sobriquet the " Patton of the Parrot 's Beak " from the American media . General Abrams also praised the skill of General Nguyen Viet Thanh , commande... | 82f6567dc5088199a1e7d6d3c3c39f81 | 33,730 |
The Cambodian government was not informed of the incursion until it was already under way . It has been argued by some scholars that the incursion heated up the civil war and helped the insurgent Khmer Rouge gather recruits to their cause .
| 7a2b0681ece6d311f3fcc4aa787f42a9 | 33,731 |
= = = = Unpublished government documents = = = =
| 6ebaea3612346a408f10e8af41edd2b0 | 33,733 |
Military Assistance Command , Vietnam , Command History 1967 , Annex F. Saigon , 1968 .
| b029dcab25d4e220dc522e3fa6b34659 | 33,735 |
= = = = Published government documents = = = =
| 008700bfe7eee03bb98089cda45d13b6 | 33,737 |
Gilster , Herman L. The Air War in Southeast Asia : Case Studies of Selected Campaigns . Maxwell Air Force Base AL : Air University Press , 1993 .
| 9e9b9b804aaddabc063f6deb8d1b8832 | 33,739 |
Nalty , Bernard C. Air War Over South Vietnam : 1968 – 1975 . Washington DC : Air Force History and Museums Program , 2000 .
| 1e3cc368089b1f8da3955b76e3223d20 | 33,740 |
Nalty , Bernard C. War Against Trucks : Aerial Interdiction in Southern Laos , 1968 – 1972 . Washington DC : Air Force History and Museums Program , 2005 .
| b5027e00539b27235db68327e136eddb | 33,741 |
A War Too Long : The USAF in Southeast Asia , 1961 @-@ 1975
| bae7cca2f9d448ce9733ea1ffaa3d9b7 | 33,742 |
Foreign Relations Series
| 9d8c25a963bdb10e313c12808d5919ab | 33,743 |
VIETNAM , JULY 1970 – JANUARY 1972
| 5db8a6bbcd0543422e891fb949d6f1ed | 33,744 |
VIETNAM , JANUARY 1969 – JULY 1970
| 6b2d94fbc848c935f53207f73314e345 | 33,745 |
= = = = Secondary accounts = = = =
| 7edcf35ff7423f6d15c8400d932dfc5f | 33,747 |
Chandler , David P. The Tragedy of Cambodian History . New Haven CT : Yale University Press , 1991 .
| addc93f6ba6f3a690711f6a017156e24 | 33,749 |
Deac , Wilfred , Road to the Killing Fields : The Cambodian Civil War of 1970 – 1975 . College Station TX : Texas A & M University , 1997 .
| 13b9c1babecfad286c6ea9a1dd21a082 | 33,750 |
Fulghum , David , Terrence Maitland , et al . South Vietnam on Trial : Mid @-@ 1970 – 1972 . Boston ; Boston Publishing Company , 1984 .
| e0fbc00fe3221ca3a51ca2b33408dc96 | 33,751 |
Gitlin , Todd , The Sixties : Years of Hope , Days of Rage . New York : Bantam Books , 1987 .
| dfb31ae802d8763010f9672d8d8e231c | 33,752 |
Karnow , Stanley , Vietnam : A History . New York : Viking Books , 1983 .
| 9cd51d961460e7a67d2de5ebdc582826 | 33,753 |
Kennedy , Denis , Tracks in the Jungle in The Army at War . Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1987 .
| 9675fc4fce04859675b70926b49a6f06 | 33,754 |
Lipsman , Samuel , Edward Doyle , et al . Fighting for Time : 1969 – 1970 . Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1983 .
| dc59b62ef0b404b85731b01b73ead8b7 | 33,755 |
Morocco , John , Operation Menu in War in the Shadows . Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1988 .
| 5ea5c9218c8d7d9aed8728f4b0d7ee6c | 33,756 |
Morocco , John , Rain of Fire : Air War , 1969 – 1973 Boston : Boston Publishing Company , 1985 .
| 195ebf6a18ce6cb05afb1c145ce0a9fe | 33,757 |
Nolan , Keith W. Into Cambodia : Spring Campaign , Summer Offensive , 1970 . Novato CA : Presidio Press , 1990 .
| a4102b7c9aba491931f74b97bdc15f18 | 33,758 |
Palmer , Dave Richard ( 1978 ) . Summons of the Trumpet : The History of the Vietnam War from a Military Man 's Viewpoint . New York : Ballantine .
| bb61c4745c80046da185d4291acbb67b | 33,759 |
Prados , John , The Blood Road : The Ho Chi Minh Trail and the Vietnam War . New York : John Wiley and Sons , 1998 .
| f3cdf8874ede7f2dc34360c6a21bbad4 | 33,760 |
Shaw , John M. The Cambodian Campaign : The 1970 Offensive and America 's Vietnam War . Lawrence KS : University of Kansas Press , 2005 .
| e981b7609d88278717735b5fe81f3bbf | 33,761 |
Shawcross , William , Sideshow : Kissinger , Nixon and the Destruction of Cambodia . New York : Washington Square Books , 1979 .
| 2262bbaf1959e075db21fb42895ce10b | 33,762 |
Sorley , Lewis ( 1999 ) . A Better War : The Unexamined Victories and Final Tragedy of America 's Last Years in Vietnam . New York : Harvest Books . ISBN 0 @-@ 15 @-@ 601309 @-@ 6 .
| b5eb9fee8bde1a2f11cc34b696369a53 | 33,763 |
Stanton , Shelby L. ( 1985 ) . The Rise and Fall of an American Army : U.S. Ground Forces in Vietnam , 1965 – 1973 . New York : Dell . ISBN 0 @-@ 89141 @-@ 232 @-@ 8 .
| e51665ff403f3d322871026167fc2aa0 | 33,764 |
Tảng , Truong Như ; David Chanoff , Van Toai Doan ( 1985 ) . A Vietcong memoir ( 1985 ed . ) . Harcourt Brace Jovanovich . ISBN 978 @-@ 0 @-@ 15 @-@ 193636 @-@ 6 . - Total pages : 350
| fee389b3a3e6b0e4afbbeaa86e4753fd | 33,765 |
= = = = TIME coverage = = = =
| 1a3b269e92dd4ae33c8c363624a7b2c8 | 33,767 |
" Upsetting the Balance " . Time . 23 March 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 6b2f753dd0ab7947e6e3a31a32064f95 | 33,769 |
" Danger and Opportunity in Indochina " . Time . 30 March 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 3ac84ceb9289d393a33dedfd2fa1e757 | 33,770 |
" The Royal Jugglers of Southeast Asia " . Time . 30 March 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 291cbf0a1e210f9fcd7d248453c3a231 | 33,771 |
" Mounting Uneasiness in Southeast Asia " . Time . 6 April 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 8c66f021f8db9da249135b807c527281 | 33,772 |
" The Nixon Doctrine 's Test in Indochina " . Time . 13 April 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 259d5861c40a4421a08f7ab8a545d538 | 33,773 |
" The Three @-@ Theater War " . Time . 13 April 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 44f6e970b7a2f02c85074c79fd2c3ee3 | 33,774 |
" Indochina 's Crumbling Frontiers " . Time . 20 April 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 376022f5bf3b98951afcc6b6ea7973b2 | 33,775 |
" A New Horror in Indochina " . Time . 27 April 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| a574fe8a36848cd052be89861ed5da5a | 33,776 |
" Cambodia : Communists on the Rampage " . Time . 4 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 7d0cac4a166f921e28d78c4c135f3b3c | 33,777 |
" Between the Lines " . Time . 4 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 80498fcc752b55a36b13ad8d7fd35d9f | 33,778 |
" The New Burdens of War " . Time . 11 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| e4a031b15b8e28cd7e2f3d0796082ae8 | 33,779 |
" At War with War " . Time . 18 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 5baebfd29054e8363af1fd543bca7035 | 33,780 |
" In Search of an Elusive Foe " . Time . 18 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 16b47950f003da341eb8cd0d2c01ebbc | 33,781 |
" Ten Days — or Ten Years " . Time . 18 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| b78e7a25b447b6777f8645aa1f894f70 | 33,782 |
" Congress v. the President " . Time . 25 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| fc91345383cf28ead60afdfa5492f741 | 33,783 |
" Cambodia : Now It 's ' Operation Buy Time ' " . Time . 25 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 1174b514a21fd05cf12458dfbaa10597 | 33,784 |
" Exodus on the Mekong " . Time . 25 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 7dabbadffa0f50eb007f73a6e79e0604 | 33,785 |
" Nixon 's Campaign for Confidence " . Time . 25 May 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| ac167491f14333bbe1b1329e4ddcfda5 | 33,786 |
" Cambodia : Toward War by Proxy " . Time . 1 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| d5934d6f794964eca8f8b0bc29df54a9 | 33,787 |
" The Senate : Unloving Acts " . Time . 1 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 2e753721e1d8ba7f50dea64555bd35b8 | 33,788 |
" The Widening Cracks in Nixon 's Cabinet " . Time . 1 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 5d75f509a7e224458bee5895fe731547 | 33,789 |
" Cambodia : A Cocky New ARVN " . Time . 8 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| d9668e40f31326cd500be23d09bce797 | 33,790 |
" Indochina : More and More Fighters " . Time . 15 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| df77d4d6674201eccb0e475dc9e19c16 | 33,791 |
" No Confidence on Cambodia " . Time . 22 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| d14feb8d6044f5755bead392a7754ce0 | 33,792 |
" Indochina : The Rising Tide of War " . Time . 22 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| da8542e55202ed2e7a6a25397f499f9d | 33,793 |
" New Dangers in Cambodia " . Time . 29 June 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 58a4a3cd3f155103ed5f11ff9a014610 | 33,794 |
" The Cambodian Venture : An Assessment " . Time . 6 July 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| d24d5623e8316f8deeddcb04b74411a7 | 33,795 |
" Cambodia : Struggle for Survival " . Time . 13 July 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 0a4a471d82fb50641ed6b3c166bdf548 | 33,796 |
" Winding Up the Cambodian Hard Sell " . Time . 13 July 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| a9a2855a336a0a0322c07f3f6eb03544 | 33,797 |
" Gloom in the Land of Smiles " . Time . 27 July 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 08f65541233be2f0c08943ad5a8ce44a | 33,798 |
" The Discreet US Presence " . Time . 3 August 1970 . Retrieved 10 April 2007 .
| 6a4d1bad67a3f270e148aa59b8d9c118 | 33,799 |
= Verpa bohemica =
| 09c9691681c7007024b82fc26f353b6d | 33,801 |
Verpa bohemica is a species of fungus in the family Morchellaceae . Commonly known as the early morel ( or early false morel ) or the wrinkled thimble @-@ cap , it is one of several species known informally as a " false morel " . The mushroom has a pale yellow or brown thimble @-@ shaped cap — 2 to 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 to 1... | 7e06f342f8b5c06191638dd1c4312f96 | 33,803 |
In the field , the mushroom is reliably distinguished from the true morels on the basis of cap attachment : V. bohemica has a cap that hangs completely free from the stem . Although widely considered edible , consumption of the mushroom is generally not advised due to reports of poisoning in susceptible individuals . ... | ca52a38c31c08604f61bb6e53230454c | 33,804 |
= = Taxonomy , phylogeny , and naming = =
| 54af53bd21cb586aefd9b1c9a40acaf0 | 33,806 |
The species was first described in the scientific literature by the Czech physician and mycologist Julius Vincenz von Krombholz in 1828 , under the name Morchella bohemica . The German naturalist Joseph Schröter transferred it to the genus Verpa in 1893 . Ptychoverpa bohemica is a synonym that was published by Frenchm... | 930d86db70b21517a160721e881fe333 | 33,808 |
The specific epithet bohemica refers to Bohemia ( now a part of the Czech Republic ) , where Krombholz originally collected the species . The mushroom is commonly known as the " early morel " , " early false morel " , or the " wrinkled thimble @-@ cap " . Ptychoverpa is derived from the Ancient Greek ptyx ( genitive f... | bd3923806185f197b5217a671d4c5789 | 33,809 |
= = Description = =
| 7096d9cc91723f919ab4f5acdab6bccb | 33,811 |
The cap of this fungus ( known technically as an apothecium ) is 2 to 4 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 to 1 @.@ 6 in ) in diameter by 2 to 5 cm ( 0 @.@ 8 to 2 @.@ 0 in ) long , with a conical or bell shape . It is folded into longitudinal ridges that often fuse together ( anastomose ) in a vein @-@ like network . The cap is attached to... | 2fe809d8272f0d1fe075923b98fe3e14 | 33,813 |
Relative to other typical mushroom species , the spores of V. bohemica are huge , typically measuring 60 – 80 by 15 – 18 µm . They are elliptical , smooth , sometimes curved , and appear hyaline ( translucent ) to yellowish . The spores , which number two ( more rarely three ) per ascus are characteristic for this spe... | 5c52ca458504b6ef81743f35560a11f2 | 33,814 |
= = = Edibility = = =
| 412d8c101ed9e52fb4c3734dc5f53697 | 33,816 |
The edibility of this species is questionable ; although Verpa bohemica is eaten by many , consumption of large amounts in a single sitting , or on successive days , has been reported to cause poisoning in susceptible individuals . Symptoms include gastrointestinal upset and lack of muscular coordination , similar to ... | f3575014f527be2602456a43f3835128 | 33,818 |
= = = Similar species = = =
| 655abc1b4acc929e2a0013d0919c231d | 33,820 |
The closely related species Verpa conica typically has a smooth cap , although specimens with wrinkled caps are known . V. conica may be distinguished microscopically by its eight @-@ spored asci . Its North American range extends much further south than V. bohemica . Another similar group of species are the " half @-... | 85d01c78b6b245c0587ca46f65d5350d | 33,822 |
= = Ecology , habitat and distribution = =
| 18be70d6abc12a625552c5e63584a6da | 33,824 |
The fruit bodies of V. bohemica grow singly or scattered on the ground in woods in early spring , often before the appearance of the morel , and throughout the morel season . It is often found along riverbanks , near cottonwoods , willows and aspens , often buried in plant litter . The fungus prefers to fruit in moist... | 443c644e42733aca53371383f9bd0adf | 33,826 |
A 10 @-@ year study of the distribution , time of fruiting and habitats of morel and false morel population in Iowa showed that early false morels are the first morels to fruit in the spring , appearing shortly after leaves begin to form on deciduous trees . Narrow @-@ head morels ( Morchella angusticeps ) fruit next ... | 49b035f75d1e3aa3460e2c95c33816c5 | 33,827 |
= Varanasi =
| e516094718f3f3a4a3a4bc639a75d617 | 33,830 |
Varanasi ( Hindustani pronunciation : [ ʋaːˈraːɳəsi ] ) , also known as Benares , Banaras ( Banāras [ bəˈnaːrəs ] ) , or Kashi ( Kāśī [ ˈkaːʃi ] ) , is a North Indian city on the banks of the Ganges in Uttar Pradesh , India , 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) south @-@ east of the state capital , Lucknow , and 121 kilometres ... | 89bdc4eb0aa6db47b93768360200f5c4 | 33,832 |
Varanasi grew as an important industrial centre , famous for its muslin and silk fabrics , perfumes , ivory works , and sculpture . Buddha is believed to have founded Buddhism here around 528 BC when he gave his first sermon , " The Setting in Motion of the Wheel of Dharma " , at nearby Sarnath . The city 's religious... | 5a544039ac3694ff8354f2e9839ec069 | 33,833 |
Varanasi has been a cultural centre of North India for several thousand years , and is closely associated with the Ganges . Hindus believe that death in the city will bring salvation , making it a major centre for pilgrimage . The city is known worldwide for its many ghats , embankments made in steps of stone slabs al... | ad21121d32d45e3ba11c0c686bc35f11 | 33,834 |
= = Etymology = =
| 7fea396da2a2c19c0da296faa651b7f5 | 33,836 |
Traditional etymology links " Varanasi " to the names of two Ganges tributaries forming the city 's borders : Varuna , still flowing in northern Varanasi , and Assi , today a small stream in the southern part of the city , near Assi Ghat . The old city is located on the north shores of the Ganges , bounded by Varuna a... | af4f73f4a7b3c5447985ef580f7c5447 | 33,838 |
In the Rigveda , an ancient Indian sacred collection of Vedic Sanskrit hymns , the city is referred to as Kāśī ( Kashi ) from the Sanskrit verbal root kaś- " to shine " , making Varanasi known as " City of Light " , the " luminous city as an eminent seat of learning " . The name was also used by pilgrims dating from B... | a324e5552f94e77e57ff61e1bf39e3fd | 33,839 |
Hindu religious texts use many epithets to refer to Varanasi , such as Kāśikā ( Sanskrit : " the shining one " ) , Avimukta ( Sanskrit : " never forsaken " by Shiva ) , Ānandavana ( Sanskrit : the forest of bliss ) , and Rudravāsa ( Sanskrit : the place where Rudra / Śiva resides ) .
| 9883bf0c503ba270fac632f05690f289 | 33,840 |
Over most of the last millennium , the city was known as Banaras . In the 1950s , Indian government decided to return to the Sanskrit form Varanasi ; however , Banaras is still the predominant form used locally .
| b1e67c26059344e32c031a7170f0891b | 33,841 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 33,843 |
According to legend , Varanasi was founded by the god Shiva . The Pandavas , the heroes of the Hindu epic Mahabharata , are also said to have visited the city in search of Shiva to atone for their sin of fratricide and Brāhmanahatya that they had committed during the climactic Kurukshetra War . It is regarded as one o... | cf9a139b7ff8a68098d1a9dc75f78eb8 | 33,845 |
= = = Archaeological evidence = = =
| 93593ef8b7d907a960ec659ec45491c2 | 33,847 |
Archaeological evidence of the earliest known settlements around Varanasi in the Ganges valley suggest that they began in the 20th century BC , placing it among the world 's oldest continually inhabited cities according to Kenneth Fletcher . These archaeological remains suggest that the Varanasi area was populated by ... | 203ff83f0385e532ec1e3e7848b833a4 | 33,849 |
= = = Ancient period = = =
| 8dcf04ce9d390f81c793a4f73eb906e6 | 33,851 |
Varanasi grew as an important industrial centre , famous for its muslin and silk fabrics , perfumes , ivory works , and sculpture . During the time of Gautama Buddha , Varanasi was the capital of the Kingdom of Kashi . The Buddha is believed to have founded Buddhism here around 528 BC when he gave his first sermon , "... | 8bf7558ca4e5886762e680abce719e26 | 33,853 |
= = = Medieval period = = =
| 1a83278113751bc0a9547458741578cc | 33,855 |
Chandradeva , founder of the Gahadvala dynasty made Banaras a second capital in 1090 .
| 9eabd1f38ed4ff6273623ebc50e2e408 | 33,857 |
During the Birth Period , Varanasi was connected by a road starting from Taxila and ending at Pataliputra .
| 24032eac1fbe32bf4fa9530a481aae38 | 33,858 |
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