text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
|---|---|---|
Armenian language . In the Armenian community in Tbilisi , the Georgian script was occasionally used for writing Armenian in the 18th and 19th centuries , and some samples of this kind of texts are kept at the Georgian National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi .
| f122329432e6a983508d60204af504d1 | 34,474 |
Russian language . In the collections of the National Center of Manuscripts in Tbilisi there are also a few short poems in the Russian language written in Georgian script dating from the late 18th and early 19th centuries .
| b2c4abe3b7ad1be742a56526a3f3c312 | 34,475 |
Other Northeast Caucasian languages . The Georgian script was used for writing North Caucasian and Dagestani languages in connection with Georgian missionary activities in the areas starting in the 18th century .
| 894a448b19cb192778efaae3ad9126af | 34,476 |
Old Avar crosses with Avar inscriptions in Asomtavruli script .
| a30ddaba25dea2c46a0c0e5a5ff6008d | 34,477 |
= = Computing = =
| b5908c326246dc7898ff88e5f53a80d8 | 34,479 |
= = = Unicode = = =
| 874fae3583359d6706a20076b795e530 | 34,482 |
The first Georgian script was added to the Unicode Standard in October , 1991 with the release of version 1 @.@ 0 . In creating the Georgian Unicode block , important roles were played by German Jost Gippert , a linguist of Kartvelian studies , and American @-@ Irish linguist and script @-@ encoder Michael Everson , w... | eb1a1ca06acd7fc40d3bae1b4e954eb9 | 34,484 |
Georgian Mkhedruli script received an official status for being Georgia 's internationalized domain name script for ( .გე ) .
| 3d98cef6345c0ef3c8030804de29cfdc | 34,485 |
= = = = Blocks = = = =
| 7b456e0ef271f4d7ce40ecbea00ae2d2 | 34,487 |
The Unicode block for Georgian is U + 10A0 – U + 10FF . Mkhedruli ( modern Georgian ) occupies the U + 10D0 – U + 10FF range and Asomtavruli occupies the U + 10A0 – U + 10CF range . The Unicode block for Georgian Supplement is U + 2D00 – U + 2D2F and it encodes Nuskhuri .
| 17096f04f1f9770440e8be7a95b159d5 | 34,489 |
= = = Keyboard layouts = = =
| 340a6706f1fe0d606185c4a19473bc1d | 34,491 |
Below is the standard Georgian @-@ language keyboard layout , the traditional layout of manual typewriters .
| 9e68c3d7a0147eb9656eaf43e734a9e9 | 34,493 |
= = Gallery = =
| 576dfe135172e0738fddd50ebf28874a | 34,495 |
Gallery of Asomtavruli , Nuskhuri and Mkhedruli scripts .
| b980526278559361ab0def5acca4f25b | 34,497 |
= = = Gallery of Asomtavruli = = =
| b4cbd872e32323e8607ec728700bca2e | 34,499 |
= = = Gallery of Nuskhuri = = =
| 657ca14a9faed4560d1ed3b586acbf7b | 34,502 |
= = = Gallery of Mkhedruli = = =
| 73e3be170fe3b9d1188cccacb31f5948 | 34,505 |
= Banai ( goddess ) =
| 26076d0b754bdc9a283a073716aff9a9 | 34,509 |
Banai ( Marathi : बाणाई Bāṇāi , sometimes बानाई ) , also known as Banu ( Bāṇu , बानू ) and Banu @-@ bai ( Bāṇu @-@ bāī , बानू @-@ बाई ) , is a Hindu goddess and the second wife of Khandoba , a form of the god Shiva worshipped in the Deccan – predominantly in the Indian states of Maharashtra and Karnataka . Khandoba is... | f7a0ce76a1d6614f9e3e5e14454c2f86 | 34,511 |
While scriptures related to Khandoba do not mention Banai , she is a central subject of folk songs . Banai is considered as a Dhangar , a sheep herding caste , and is sometimes regarded to be of celestial origin . Oral traditions chiefly discuss the tale of her marriage to Khandoba and her conflicts with his first wif... | 31f44574579cce83dc977cb862fd0730 | 34,512 |
Banai does not enjoy independent worship , but is worshipped as Khandoba 's consort in most of his temples . She is the patron goddess of the Dhangar community and is worshipped as a protector of their herds .
| 446d413b97cbfdf6fd66d7a740fa2138 | 34,513 |
= = Development and symbolism = =
| cfaebccd3f1c07b77bbbd7b61efb58b5 | 34,515 |
Though Khandoba is a god with five wives , his first two consorts Mhalsa and Banai are the most important . The tale of the King or god with two wives is retold with some variation across India : Murugan and his wives Devasena and Valli ; Venkateswara , Lakshmi and Padmavati being some examples . The motif of Shiva an... | 3c3aa32093372da1b25f7f97f2ec8e5e | 34,517 |
The theme of the god marrying a tribal girl like Banai recurs across the Deccan region ; another example being Valli 's marriage to Murugan . Deities across the Deccan ( even extending to Kerala and Tamil Nadu ) often have two wives ; one wife from a high caste and another from the lower social strata : a lower caste ... | 03e5b51384defb69f8906cceb13d1d1e | 34,518 |
While Banai is considered as a legal wife of Khandoba in Maharashtra ( especially with the Dhangars ) , the Kurubas of Karnataka regard her as a concubine . While Mhalsa is from the high @-@ caste Lingayat merchant ( Vani ) community , Banai is described as a Dhangar ( shepherd caste ) , representing the " outside " a... | 5470f39649253771c1625c1316ae2a10 | 34,519 |
Banai is an antithesis Mhalsa . Mhalsa has a regular ritualistic marriage with Khandoba . Banai , on the other hand , has a love marriage after being captured by the god . Mhalsa is described as pure , ugly , jealous and a good cook ; Banai is impure , erotic , resolute , but does not even know to cook . Mhalsa repres... | c4c5b53dac00e8d26c7b3386a2e86e96 | 34,520 |
The oral legends and texts initiate a process of Sanskritization of the folk deity Khandoba by elevating him to the classical Hindu god Shiva ; his two principal wives Mhalsa and Banai are equated to Parvati and Ganga . Banai does not appear in the Sanskrit Malhari Mahatmya , the main scripture related to Khandoba , h... | 752e045d4f5c2fcd3439d38ef529ab31 | 34,521 |
The chief source of legends related to Banai are ovi ( pada ) or folk songs sung by Vaghyas and Muralis , the male and female bards of Khandoba . They sing at jagrans ( a vigil ) where the bards sing in praise of Khandoba through the night . The songs talk about the relationship of Khandoba to his consorts and the mut... | 12f18f4b53ba40784a52b32242e01bae | 34,522 |
According to scholar Günther @-@ Dietz Sontheimer , the legend of Banai has close parallels with the story of King Dushyanta and Shakuntala from the Hindu epic Mahabharata . The tale of another folk god Mhaskoba ( Bhairava ) to gain his wife Balurani or Balai despite obstacles is also similar to Khandoba 's endeavour ... | d60e6b788116f5591ba0ad63e2174acc | 34,523 |
= = Legends = =
| 7bdf74fe002a3791c8b9d85e0cc92d35 | 34,525 |
Banai does not appear in the Malhari Mahatmya originating from the Brahmin ( high @-@ priest caste ) tradition , which glorifies Khandoba as Shiva and de @-@ emphasizes his earthly connections . In contrast , Banai occupies the central position in the Dhangar folk narrative and Mhalsa 's marriage to Khandoba is reduce... | f1699866708eb2a25320f9b21c8a1f7b | 34,527 |
= = = Early life = = =
| 0399b39d828290d85f13e93f8953ab82 | 34,529 |
Generally , Banai 's birth is not discussed in the folk songs . Few regard her as an avatar of the apsara ( celestial nymph ) Rambha , while others consider her as one of the seven daughters of Indra , the king of the gods . She is found by a Dhangar in a golden box in the forest , hidden in a termite mound or a pit .... | 5022a09ad93baefa53a119e4342896de | 34,531 |
= = = Marriage = = =
| ba7fce995aaa3fb0862cbb190ca500e5 | 34,533 |
Once , Khandoba and Mhalsa play a game of saripat ( translated as game of dice or chess ) . Khandoba loses everything to Mhalsa in the wager , except his dhoti , his flag , his staff ( wand ) and his bhandari , the bag of magical bhandara ( turmeric powder ) . In a dream , he sees Banai and falls in love with her . He... | 5fa87361d5401e71d7f4e20accc85858 | 34,535 |
Khandoba is described as doing odd jobs under Banai 's orders . Banai first assigns him the task of sweeping the entire vada . He is responsible for cleaning the sheep pens and taking the sheep and lambs for grazing . He completes all tasks by spreading his magical bhandara . The shepherds are astonished how a single ... | f3b2cc1be2159c310b6e850b26809190 | 34,536 |
The wedding is deemed not in accordance to Hindu rituals . Banai and Khandoba marry in a simple , un @-@ Brahmanical ceremony , where sheep droppings are showered on the couple , instead of rice as in the ritualistic weddings of classical ( Brahmanical ) Hinduism . The wedding is conducted without a Brahmin officiatin... | e535e773ee93016f2dc2b42785e7ed6a | 34,537 |
= = = After marriage = = =
| 368c73d8956840e420ef282a936741a6 | 34,539 |
In all versions , Khandoba returns to Jejuri with his new wife and faces the wrath of Mhalsa . Many songs tell about the confrontations of Mhalsa and Banai . In some songs , Mhalsa complains about Khandoba 's infatuation with the impure Banai . The cantankerous Mhalsa grumbles how Banai has polluted the house by her u... | b81819494854abf923bafd461503b01e | 34,541 |
Rarely , Banai also appears in Khandoba 's chief legend where he slays the demons Mani and Malla . Mhalsa and Banai ( or Ganga ) futilely help Khandoba in the battle to collect the blood of Mani , every drop of which was creating a new demon . Finally , the dog of Khandoba swallows all the blood . Rarely , Banai is de... | 56d38b714cf396ca8157c7b7e633cfbf | 34,542 |
= = Worship and iconography = =
| 26e20ba73f619cf10eefa29fa84d2267 | 34,544 |
While traces of Banai / Balai 's association with the folk god Biroba as a " mother " remain , Banai rarely enjoys independent worship in modern times . She is generally worshipped as Khandoba 's consort . While in Karnataka , her temple is outside the village and Mailara ( as Khandoba is known in Karnataka ) journeys... | 50ca7d0dcd4120a666be62803344a629 | 34,546 |
Banai is the patron goddess of the Dhangars and the protector goddess of flock and herds . She takes care of the well @-@ being of the community and is worshipped for increasing the herd . Stone votive images of sheep and other cattle are offered to her for plentiful animals . No animal sacrifice or non @-@ vegetarian... | d5a43fca536248faea5bcc776be21a44 | 34,547 |
Khandoba is often depicted with two identical goddesses accompanying him , representing Mhalsa and Banai . In brass images , Banai is depicted holding a lamb and offering water to Khandoba , while Mhalsa rides with Khandoba on his horse . In metal plaques worshipped by the Dhangars , Banai accompanies Khandoba on his ... | d00f9f4038950feaf7b138795b644639 | 34,548 |
= Europium =
| c727fa5d7f256fdf08e8d69b1600f3e3 | 34,551 |
Europium is a chemical element with symbol Eu and atomic number 63 . It was isolated in 1901 and is named after the continent of Europe . It is a moderately hard , silvery metal which readily oxidizes in air and water . Being a typical member of the lanthanide series , europium usually assumes the oxidation state + 3 ... | 9ee528ed2f23238bb8eebe96f3b3bf12 | 34,553 |
= = Characteristics = =
| 7578e00b1806474d133aedda48bbb013 | 34,555 |
= = = Physical properties = = =
| 23e653433004cd470ef2a4e157681942 | 34,558 |
Europium is a ductile metal with a hardness similar to that of lead . It crystallizes in a body @-@ centered cubic lattice . Some properties of europium are strongly influenced by its half @-@ filled electron shell . Europium has the second lowest melting point and the lowest density of all lanthanides .
| 344f833edc9a50e89cf5855f6d32b660 | 34,560 |
Europium becomes a superconductor when it is cooled below 1 @.@ 8 K and compressed to above 80 GPa . This is because europium is divalent in the metallic state , and is converted into the trivalent state by the applied pressure . In the divalent state , the strong local magnetic moment ( J
| 9c4e4e6918cb3f7260ca427a0a7ddd0a | 34,561 |
= 7 / 2 ) suppresses the superconductivity , which is induced by eliminating this local moment ( J =
| 4144fa07c16182fdc6dd1de4c95fe2f4 | 34,562 |
0 in Eu3 + ) .
| 6f084d5b9de69a979d93feb32d3b228a | 34,563 |
= = = Chemical properties = = =
| c44ec3086ae39997266356d9f07ac5d3 | 34,565 |
Europium is the most reactive rare earth element . It rapidly oxidizes in air , so that bulk oxidation of a centimeter @-@ sized sample occurs within several days . Its reactivity with water is comparable to that of calcium , and the reaction is
| b2211bc7f75c4326ba2c6d967c1840c6 | 34,567 |
2 Eu + 6 H2O → 2 Eu ( OH ) 3 + 3 H2
| ee9f4e2c817c3c0da9282618eb227e27 | 34,568 |
Because of the high reactivity , samples of solid europium rarely have the shiny appearance of the fresh metal , even when coated with a protective layer of mineral oil . Europium ignites in air at 150 to 180 ° C to form europium ( III ) oxide :
| afa91d2d4efaba18783771ec337798be | 34,569 |
4 Eu + 3 O2 → 2 Eu2O3
| 5905ab1383fe339a1f5106169c19e354 | 34,570 |
Europium dissolves readily in dilute sulfuric acid to form pale pink solutions of the hydrated Eu ( III ) , which exist as a nonahydrate :
| 532331b420d6ebd390b4242cfe0e4ed4 | 34,571 |
2 Eu + 3 H2SO4 + 18 H2O → 2 [ Eu ( H2O ) 9 ] 3 + + 3 SO2 −
| 5559f69960ad7182f98d8a30f2622bdc | 34,572 |
4 + 3 H2
| dd1c7be0c955f43a5e572f014a492d4f | 34,573 |
= = = = Eu ( II ) vs. Eu ( III ) = = = =
| 51c0d45a83ea09b5323d488e94790627 | 34,575 |
Although usually trivalent , europium readily forms divalent compounds . This behavior is unusual to most lanthanides , which almost exclusively form compounds with an oxidation state of + 3 . The + 2 state has an electron configuration 4f7 because the half @-@ filled f @-@ shell gives more stability . The + 2 state i... | 86cda2950e470fa2b469263041c45c66 | 34,577 |
= = = Isotopes = = =
| 57e7ae3993fa945e52e1f6c2691c28a4 | 34,579 |
Naturally occurring europium is composed of 2 isotopes , 151Eu and 153Eu , with 153Eu being the most abundant ( 52 @.@ 2 % natural abundance ) . While 153Eu is stable , 151Eu was recently found to be unstable to alpha decay with half @-@ life of 5 + 11
| 4bc01fbe3c923973fb23d78e92e6f783 | 34,581 |
− 3 × 1018 years , giving about 1 alpha decay per two minutes in every kilogram of natural europium . This value is in reasonable agreement with theoretical predictions . Besides the natural radioisotope 151Eu , 35 artificial radioisotopes have been characterized , the most stable being 150Eu with a half @-@ life of 3... | 07d59a8e1e309851611e98fb2dfa2329 | 34,582 |
The primary decay mode for isotopes lighter than 153Eu is electron capture , and the primary mode for heavier isotopes is beta minus decay . The primary decay products before 153Eu are isotopes of samarium ( Sm ) and the primary products after are isotopes of gadolinium ( Gd ) .
| ac66e5b048528e6afb56117dd1eb8635 | 34,583 |
= = = = Europium as a nuclear fission product = = = =
| b2fb1630e7904dc9ab3c30dae428d00b | 34,585 |
Europium is produced by nuclear fission , but the fission product yields of europium isotopes are low near the top of the mass range for fission products .
| 6db90f086b71ddff71dc09dd812af485 | 34,587 |
Like other lanthanides , many isotopes , especially isotopes with odd mass numbers and neutron @-@ poor isotopes like 152Eu , have high cross sections for neutron capture , often high enough to be neutron poisons .
| 460abbee3f27a63a7f15d78f4640ecc7 | 34,588 |
151Eu is the beta decay product of samarium @-@ 151 , but since this has a long decay half @-@ life and short mean time to neutron absorption , most 151Sm instead ends up as 152Sm .
| 63db3868689656cf6d526d3ad92910d5 | 34,589 |
152Eu ( half @-@ life 13 @.@ 516 years ) and 154Eu ( half @-@ life 8 @.@ 593 years ) cannot be beta decay products because 152Sm and 154Sm are non @-@ radioactive , but 154Eu is the only long @-@ lived " shielded " nuclide , other than 134Cs , to have a fission yield of more than 2 @.@ 5 parts per million fissions . A... | 06cdc6a2005ffe32697b9ebd1f060dbb | 34,590 |
155Eu ( half @-@ life 4 @.@ 7612 years ) has a fission yield of 330 parts per million ( ppm ) for uranium @-@ 235 and thermal neutrons ; most of it is transmuted to non @-@ radioactive and nonabsorptive gadolinium @-@ 156 by the end of fuel burnup .
| b6ee32571d1cf957d916dc71a8dd64f5 | 34,591 |
Overall , europium is overshadowed by caesium @-@ 137 and strontium @-@ 90 as a radiation hazard , and by samarium and others as a neutron poison .
| 3718bb6cf23a2a13726eadc12e0715ea | 34,592 |
= = = Occurrence = = =
| 85aa22e1628b173b69d2b6eaee07200a | 34,594 |
Europium is not found in nature as a free element . Many minerals contain europium , with the most important sources being bastnäsite , monazite , xenotime and loparite .
| de70293aa013430f3c4d2f5615b3cb0e | 34,596 |
Depletion or enrichment of europium in minerals relative to other rare earth elements is known as the europium anomaly . Europium is commonly included in trace element studies in geochemistry and petrology to understand the processes that form igneous rocks ( rocks that cooled from magma or lava ) . The nature of the ... | a5970a47c34821d3f6ff911e448d4025 | 34,597 |
Divalent europium ( Eu2 + ) in small amounts is the activator of the bright blue fluorescence of some samples of the mineral fluorite ( CaF2 ) . The reduction from Eu3 + to Eu2 + is induced by irradiation with energetic particles . The most outstanding examples of this originated around Weardale and adjacent parts of ... | c322699a7477184f6f533f00f4d9dda0 | 34,598 |
= = Production = =
| faaebcbbaf42e685bce2a1bbbaaad33b | 34,600 |
Europium is associated with the other rare earth elements and is , therefore , mined together with them . Separation of the rare earth elements is a step in the later processing . Rare earth elements are found in the minerals bastnäsite , loparite , xenotime , and monazite in mineable quantities . The first two are or... | 8f3cca788421694bab2d7185b26584f2 | 34,602 |
4 ( Ln denotes a mixture of all the lanthanides except promethium ) , and the third is a fluorocarbonate LnCO3F . Monazite also contains thorium and yttrium , which complicates handling because thorium and its decay products are radioactive . For the extraction from the ore and the isolation of individual lanthanides ... | 46956e5eddc680269e8b9230d62e73a5 | 34,603 |
A few large deposits produce or produced a significant amount of the world production . The Bayan Obo iron ore deposit contains significant amounts of bastnäsite and monazite and is , with an estimated 36 million tonnes of rare earth element oxides , the largest known deposit . The mining operations at the Bayan Obo d... | 751c0291068a97969ba8271fb3f9180e | 34,604 |
= = Compounds = =
| 12d2e83caea02fe636e64e85b080a1fd | 34,606 |
Europium compounds tend to exist trivalent oxidation state under most conditions . Commonly these compounds feature Eu ( III ) bound by 6 – 9 oxygenic ligands , typically water . These compounds , the chlorides , sulfates , nitrates , are soluble in water or polar organic solvent . Lipophilic europium complexes often ... | ae67e6d0e64363c57d10265c20955619 | 34,608 |
= = = Halides = = =
| 6743fecaee07c1e883fcf7a9af05b2df | 34,610 |
Europium metal reacts with all the halogens :
| 2af845dfa412cdd6474030bc40a6eead | 34,612 |
2 Eu + 3 X2 → 2 EuX3 ( X = F , Cl , Br , I )
| 6091fb7d3c78a22c8162642a41a4b385 | 34,613 |
This route gives white europium ( III ) fluoride ( EuF3 ) , yellow europium ( III ) chloride ( EuCl3 ) , gray europium ( III ) bromide ( EuBr3 ) , and colorless europium ( III ) iodide ( EuI3 ) . Europium also forms the corresponding dihalides : yellow @-@ green europium ( II ) fluoride ( EuF2 ) , colorless europium (... | fb330600cb1a3d254ec4ab1a6b974418 | 34,614 |
= = = Chalcogenides and pnictides = = =
| 2734d75ea8dd0887b48e6ff1dea6367f | 34,616 |
Europium forms stable compounds with all of the chalcogens , but the heavier chalcogens ( S , Se , and Te ) stabilize the lower oxidation state . Three oxides are known : europium ( II ) oxide ( EuO ) , europium ( III ) oxide ( Eu2O3 ) , and the mixed @-@ valence oxide Eu3O4 , consisting of both Eu ( II ) and Eu ( III... | dedf0d8b1f75f2b398c576aa63be0076 | 34,618 |
Eu2O3 + 3 H2S → 2 EuS + 3 H2O + S
| c9056bf96ace6499291a52fa11a52cf9 | 34,619 |
The main nitride is europium ( III ) nitride ( EuN ) .
| 4ba3c3813e454229d9bad0b7e0ac420f | 34,620 |
= = History of study = =
| 0aa996a63684bc5804a2cbec3f7dd1c8 | 34,622 |
Although europium is present in most of the minerals containing the other rare elements , due to the difficulties in separating the elements it was not until the late 1800s that the element was isolated . William Crookes observed the phosphorescent spectra of the rare elements and observed spectral lines later assigne... | 3e69eaadf7a8eb033fd58adba5d33422 | 34,624 |
Europium was first found in 1890 by Paul Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran , who obtained basic fractions from samarium @-@ gadolinium concentrates which had spectral lines not accounted for by samarium or gadolinium . However , the discovery of europium is generally credited to French chemist Eugène @-@ Anatole Demarçay , w... | ffd8b1ebc9cf3b430b6b18dfc3754f2c | 34,625 |
When the europium @-@ doped yttrium orthovanadate red phosphor was discovered in the early 1960s , and understood to be about to cause a revolution in the color television industry , there was a scramble for the limited supply of europium on hand among the monazite processors , as the typical europium content in monaz... | f840ae90e1d4d3fcc97a8e40547ecb81 | 34,626 |
Frank Spedding , celebrated for his development of the ion @-@ exchange technology that revolutionized the rare earth industry in the mid @-@ 1950s , once related the story of how he was lecturing on the rare earths in the 1930s when an elderly gentleman approached him with an offer of a gift of several pounds of euro... | e57f09e15a551e714593c00e74332aab | 34,627 |
= = Applications = =
| c0e0bedbcbecea5c5cafcbcb5ba54d8a | 34,629 |
Relative to most other elements , commercial applications for europium are few and rather specialized . Almost invariably , they exploit its phosphorescence , either in the + 2 or + 3 oxidation state .
| 2ea2d86029d149f82bebcaed7abda8cb | 34,631 |
It is a dopant in some types of glass in lasers and other optoelectronic devices . Europium oxide ( Eu2O3 ) is widely used as a red phosphor in television sets and fluorescent lamps , and as an activator for yttrium @-@ based phosphors . Color TV screens contain between 0 @.@ 5 and 1 g of europium oxide . Whereas triv... | dbb93d74fa83ce1d475a3043d0f3eb7e | 34,632 |
An application that has almost fallen out of use with the introduction of affordable superconducting magnets is the use of europium complexes , such as Eu ( fod ) 3 , as shift reagents in NMR spectroscopy . Chiral shift reagents , such as Eu ( hfc ) 3 , are still used to determine enantiomeric purity .
| 87d909c186661f2b60ec808d0f20a4b7 | 34,633 |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.