text stringlengths 4 7.07k | text_hash stringlengths 32 32 | __index_level_0__ int64 1 1.81M |
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A recent ( 2015 ) application of europium is in quantum memory chips which can reliably store information for days at a time ; these could allow sensitive quantum data to be stored to a hard disk @-@ like device and shipped around the country .
| b753ce06f71e92afe412dd737815ad3a | 34,634 |
= = Precautions = =
| a1de7e96ead77217add8903c9b1c64b3 | 34,636 |
There are no clear indications that europium is particularly toxic compared to other heavy metals . Europium chloride , nitrate and oxide have been tested for toxicity : europium chloride shows an acute intraperitoneal LD50 toxicity of 550 mg / kg and the acute oral LD50 toxicity is 5000 mg / kg . Europium nitrate sho... | 45b012d0cd4dbe031909de63cf87390b | 34,638 |
= North @-@ Eastern Area Command ( RAAF ) =
| 24c538dc87778f8f72e73cff110ead47 | 34,641 |
North @-@ Eastern Area Command was one of several geographically based commands raised by the Royal Australian Air Force ( RAAF ) during World War II . For most of its existence it covered central and northern Queensland , and Papua New Guinea . It was formed in January 1942 from the eastern part of the former Norther... | b4d4b55a6bb6a603d8c6f0a00914b646 | 34,643 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 34,645 |
= = = World War II = = =
| 50cdc758b64f7f05d46e3c685a89a39c | 34,648 |
North @-@ Eastern Area Command was formed at Townsville , Queensland , on 15 January 1942 , taking over the eastern portion of what was previously Northern Area Command . Northern Area had been established on 8 May 1941 as one of the RAAF 's geographically based command @-@ and @-@ control zones , and covered northern... | aa6ca842e0414513765a2cc66733d794 | 34,650 |
The outbreak of the Pacific War in December 1941 was the catalyst for Northern Area being split into North @-@ Western Area ( NWA ) and North @-@ Eastern Area ( NEA ) , to counter distinct threats to Northern Australia and New Guinea , respectively . Air Commodore Frank Lukis , formerly in charge of Northern Area , wa... | b660f02cd17608900a6d52c6571bb3c4 | 34,651 |
No. 33 Squadron , operating ex @-@ Qantas Short Empire flying boats and several smaller transports , was raised in NEA on 19 February 1942 . Earlier that month , Lukis warned higher command of the poor state of preparedness and low morale of Australian Army troops at Port Moresby , due to lack of air cover and apparen... | 342e224f1542b6fb81a74d798f4ac127 | 34,652 |
Several USAAF bomber formations operated under NEA 's control in early 1942 , including A @-@ 24 Banshees of the 8th Squadron from Port Moresby , and B @-@ 17 Flying Fortresses of the 435th Squadron ( initially known as the " Kangaroo Squadron " ) from Townsville . As of 20 April , operational authority over all RAAF ... | a6c71b9eb217caa6086c9a1ac4870b66 | 34,653 |
NEA 's operational headquarters , a reinforced concrete bunker known as Building 81 , was completed in May 1942 . Located on Green Street , Townsville , at the base of Castle Hill , it was topped with a suburban house to mislead enemy aircraft . The same month , Eastern Area Command was formed , taking control of unit... | 361a120acbded001873bcdb220af669f | 34,654 |
On 1 September 1942 , No. 9 ( Operational ) Group was formed at Port Moresby as a mobile strike force to move forward with Allied advances in the Pacific , in contrast to the static , defensive nature of the area commands . It took over all units in New Guinea previously operating under NEA Command . NEA initially ret... | 555c377dd83d740aee324d358ba99d29 | 34,655 |
In early 1943 , Japan was still believed to be capable of invading , or at least bombing , the Torres Strait islands , and NEA had only No. 7 Squadron , now operating from Horn Island , to counter the threat . It was reinforced in April by No. 84 Squadron , flying CAC Boomerang fighters . The same month , No. 72 Wing ... | 0dd79ef3021c685dbd0a0d756754d3be | 34,656 |
Cobby served as AOC NEA until November 1943 , handing over to Air Commodore John Summers , who held command for the remainder of the war . By the end of November , NEA headquarters staff numbered 499 , including ninety @-@ seven officers . NEA 's Catalinas joined aircraft of No. 9 Group in support of the US invasion o... | 785c9ada0a36b1ed02f160a50115eb22 | 34,657 |
= = = Post @-@ war activity and disbandment = = =
| df78dbd1d3e539de2a339a1e074addbf | 34,659 |
Following the end of the Pacific War in August 1945 , SWPA was dissolved and RAAF Headquarters again assumed full control of all its operational formations , including the area commands . By the end of the month , NEA headquarters staff numbered 526 , including ninety @-@ eight officers . The Air Force shrank dramatic... | 820de50c74075999ff0949968e8f520e | 34,661 |
Commencing in October 1953 , the RAAF was reorganised from a geographically based command @-@ and @-@ control system into one based on function . In February 1954 , the newly constituted functional organisations — Home , Training , and Maintenance Commands — assumed control of all operations , training and maintenance... | 3f91ad2454b7e517d6afe20d43a181d6 | 34,662 |
As of 2009 , the former NEA headquarters in Building 81 , Green Street , housed Townsville 's State Emergency Service group .
| 614c185b428b99c3767219b8315bf3ce | 34,663 |
= = Order of battle = =
| d0622c0a811ac5df9179bdb9eebb50fc | 34,665 |
As at 30 April 1942 , NEA 's order of battle comprised :
| 6074697cf15921d910a478eec7c5908c | 34,667 |
RAAF Station Townsville
| 92d5ff391a754d0a58e5f0ca764fe715 | 34,668 |
No. 24 ( General Purpose ) Squadron
| 56f00d314029080bb7beec13a308226e | 34,669 |
No. 33 ( Transport ) Squadron
| 960be228cec8ef508a95509feb1375c6 | 34,670 |
No. 76 ( Fighter ) Squadron
| c3466f017fd9e0f206b3b4b528ef9280 | 34,671 |
RAAF Station Amberley
| ddf8f761d9ad943f91c4c9f9765475b1 | 34,672 |
No. 23 ( General Purpose ) Squadron
| 166aa9889c3dc7ddddce48c956897fd7 | 34,673 |
RAAF Station Port Moresby
| 302c2549b52a4c8c8f70442b89c29f48 | 34,674 |
No. 11 ( General Reconnaissance ) Squadron
| f48265329f28cf72b340c5b8bdf519b7 | 34,675 |
No. 20 ( General Reconnaissance ) Squadron
| c287714175a81345eb567d4931a667a5 | 34,676 |
No. 32 ( General Reconnaissance ) Squadron
| 69e029f25c571e77d87023e88b328685 | 34,677 |
No. 75 ( Fighter ) Squadron
| efbd8d8047c073dba8668945e4131101 | 34,678 |
No. 3 Fighter Sector Headquarters , Townsville
| bccbd93272b206bfc966995d86c6a2ba | 34,679 |
No. 4 Fighter Sector Headquarters , Port Moresby
| 19884854be4c96757955b3b1b3c14ca4 | 34,680 |
= Cape lobster =
| 54d14294219e766167cdd16a761077c7 | 34,683 |
The Cape lobster , Homarinus capensis , is a species of small lobster that lives off the coast of South Africa , from Dassen Island to Haga Haga . Only a few dozen specimens are known , mostly regurgitated by reef @-@ dwelling fish . It lives in rocky reefs , and is thought to lay large eggs that have a short larval p... | 206e35def7902057f8394d507a868802 | 34,685 |
= = Distribution and ecology = =
| 60f55b5f525240fac4c051081d4b137f | 34,687 |
The Cape lobster is endemic to South Africa . It occurs from Dassen Island , Western Cape in the west to Haga Haga , Eastern Cape in the east , a range of 900 kilometres ( 560 mi ) . Most of the known specimens were regurgitated by fish caught on reefs at depths of 20 – 40 metres ( 66 – 131 ft ) . This suggests that t... | 5c12eb98e877bd183ae7b86d8c93afb5 | 34,689 |
= = Description = =
| 7096d9cc91723f919ab4f5acdab6bccb | 34,691 |
Homarinus capensis is considerably smaller than the large northern lobsters of the Atlantic Ocean , Homarus gammarus ( the European lobster ) and Homarus americanus ( the American lobster ) , at 8 – 10 centimetres ( 3 @.@ 1 – 3 @.@ 9 in ) total length , or 4 – 5 cm ( 1 @.@ 6 – 2 @.@ 0 in ) carapace length . Accounts o... | ce4f1aba43e0766cee38b5c8255c7ba9 | 34,693 |
Homarinus and Homarus are considered to be the most plesiomorphic genera in the family Nephropidae . Nonetheless , the Cape lobster differs from Homarus in a number of characters . The rostrum of the Cape lobster is flattened , while that of Homarus is rounded in section , and curves upwards at the tip . The three pai... | c7053914edd7e073e09fda09eb0f646b | 34,694 |
= = Taxonomy and evolution = =
| 0d34722406c9419574b4f004e0a63c03 | 34,696 |
Cape lobsters are elusive and rare , with only fourteen specimens having been collected between 1792 ( the date of its first description ) and 1992 . These include five males in the collections of the South African Museum ( Cape Town ) , two in the Natural History Museum ( London ) , one in each of the East London Mus... | 86f659888940cad5c671c211935d9868 | 34,698 |
The Cape lobster was first described by Johann Friedrich Wilhelm Herbst in 1792 as Cancer ( Astacus ) capensis . It was independently described in 1793 by Johan Christian Fabricius as Astacus flavus , possibly based on the same type specimen . When Friedrich Weber erected the genus Homarus in 1795 , he included Fabric... | a9b3548e4b255f120e62d48651ecfc77 | 34,699 |
While analyses of morphology suggest a close relationship between Homarinus and Homarus , molecular analyses using mitochondrial DNA reveal that they are not sister taxa . Both genera lack ornamentation such as spines and carinae , but are thought to have reached that state independently , through convergent evolution... | b08347919009702d30b8a14fef79dbf4 | 34,700 |
= A4232 road =
| 90ac0309f8509310f0a9b726b08b38b0 | 34,703 |
The A4232 , which is also known either as the Peripheral Distributor Road ( PDR ) ( Welsh : Ffordd Ddosbarthu Ymylol ) or the Cardiff Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt Caerdydd ) , is a distributor road in Cardiff , the capital of Wales .
| 1683ab9c7df06a03f42f1c114e851a2f | 34,705 |
The first section of the PDR to be completed was the Southern Way Link Road in 1978 and the last section was the Butetown Link Road in 1995 . Construction of the first phase of the final link road , the Eastern Bay Link Road , started on 17 March 2016 and is due to be completed by April 2017 . When fully completed , t... | 6ad5a7658fdb1e9d1d0620ddfe38aa1b | 34,706 |
The PDR has been constructed in separate link roads of between 1 @.@ 61 km ( 1 @.@ 00 mi ) and 5 @.@ 47 km ( 3 @.@ 40 mi ) around Cardiff and to date 22 kilometres ( 14 mi ) including spurs have been opened to traffic , with plans for a further 5 @.@ 53 km ( 3 @.@ 44 mi ) . It has 4 large viaducts ( Ely Viaduct , Gran... | cd11ab71430c86daea5552f880560861 | 34,707 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 34,709 |
The road was conceived in the early 1970s and planning began in the late 1970s , by South Glamorgan County Council . The road at that stage was planned to be completed by 1995 and would relieve Ely , Grangetown , Butetown and East Moors of through traffic and as a fast link to the national motorway network via the M4 ... | 7119926d0a7482ee677d4ccd9d5eabfa | 34,711 |
The former chairman of the South Glamorgan County Council environment committee , Councillor Paddy Kitson , called the road a " necklace of opportunity " due to its shape and also the opportunities for regeneration . By 1 April 1996 the responsibility for the road was transferred from South Glamorgan County Council to... | 66cc712d6c4e75796507f9eadf9a13d2 | 34,712 |
= = Route description = =
| 492dd728c7998b12b26ca6c56c46440f | 34,714 |
The PDR has 3 separate sections ; the Capel Llanilltern Interchange ( M4 J33 ) to Queen 's Gate roundabout , the Rover Way – Lamby Way roundabout to the Llanedeyrn Interchange ( A48 ) and the Pontprennau Interchange ( A48 ) to the Pentwyn Interchange ( M4 J30 ) .
| fe168ee38c702d622d9b66843b592579 | 34,716 |
The section from the Capel Llanilltern Interchange on the M4 ( junction 33 ) to the Queen 's Gate roundabout is sometimes referred to as the Western Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt Gorllewin ) , is 15 @.@ 77 kilometers ( 9 @.@ 80 mi ) in length and includes the Capel Llanilltern – Culverhouse Cross Link Road , Ely ... | c1728c2f68f2a98807f4d634938cfd4a | 34,717 |
This section partly opened in 1978 , from the Rover Way – Lamby Way roundabout to the Llanedeyrn Interchange on the A48 is oldest section of the PDR . It includes only the Southern Way Link Road , known locally as Southern Way , and is 2 @.@ 25 km ( 1 @.@ 40 mi ) in length .
| 4a4a7adba56dd5938718be6ec4d4b422 | 34,718 |
The Pentwyn Link Road section from the Pontprennau Interchange on the A48 to the Pentwyn Interchange on the M4 ( junction 30 ) is one of the newer sections of the PDR , having been opened in 1984 , it is 1 @.@ 61 km ( 1 @.@ 00 mi ) in length . The road between the Llanedeyrn Interchange to the Pontprennau Interchange ... | 97c7f6dd2680b1f7746dec5393836801 | 34,719 |
= = Link roads = =
| b9a74777ea25e6339121f6ccde351c23 | 34,721 |
A map of all the link roads and spur roads can be seen by clicking Map of all coordinates opposite
| d17913ec6af69fc83c0bebcbb4b8ed65 | 34,723 |
Each section of the road was completed in separate link roads .
| 66994447032bfe8a37a5ae8527be6069 | 34,724 |
= = = Capel Llanilltern – Culverhouse Cross Link Road = = =
| 94b1fd4351cd5eb6c2dee599f866d48f | 34,726 |
The GB £ 14 @.@ 5 million Capel Llanilltern – Culverhouse Cross Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt Capel Llanilltern – Croes Cwrlwys ) , also known as the A4232 Trunk Road ( as it is the only section of the PDR which is a trunk road ) , between the Capel Llanilltern Interchange ( 51 @.@ 506481 ° N 3 @.@ 310425 ° W /... | 3b3e0ba7eb26830daba150aa171feac3 | 34,728 |
= = = = Ely Viaduct = = = =
| ad2c41d9fa1477520b3173246c5545bb | 34,730 |
The Ely Viaduct ( Welsh : Traphont Trelái ) crosses over the River Ely and also the main South Wales railway line .
| 834d5c96011a3709df0a970f6a701d74 | 34,732 |
The viaduct is a 538 ft ( 164 m ) twin @-@ box girder and has central span of 230 ft ( 70 m ) and 150 ft ( 46 m ) side spans , constructed by the balanced cantilever method . It was constructed in segments each weighing between 54 tons for plain segments to 93 tons for the main segments .
| 1a808d4d3f809335a6b879c757e57854 | 34,733 |
= = = Ely Link Road = = =
| 2a47a7b8e53c3aa1dd0331d7d0d969c9 | 34,735 |
The Ely Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt Trelái ) between the Culverhouse Cross Interchange ( 51 @.@ 465840 ° N 3 @.@ 269895 ° W / 51 @.@ 465840 ; -3.269895 ( Culverhouse Cross Interchange ) ) and the Leckwith Interchange ( 51 @.@ 470641 ° N 3 @.@ 211762 ° W / 51 @.@ 470641 ; -3.211762 ( Leckwith Interchange... | f0f0436c28a4b99799918d8038b7a62c | 34,737 |
= = = Grangetown Link Road = = =
| 6f5c1dbf18a40ba96466d669c1caaf33 | 34,739 |
The 2 @.@ 89 km ( 1 @.@ 80 mi ) Grangetown Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt Trelluest ) between the Leckwith Interchange ( 51 @.@ 470159 ° N 3 @.@ 211239 ° W / 51 @.@ 470159 ; -3.211239 ( Leckwith Interchange ) ) and the Ferry Road Interchange ( 51 @.@ 453510 ° N 3 @.@ 185760 ° W / 51 @.@ 453510 ; -3.185760 ... | 07dcb34efa8fed81cd756bebc88f6d5f | 34,741 |
= = = = Grangetown Viaduct = = = =
| 471095f0b88f48f300c677e46eba6c01 | 34,743 |
The Grangetown Viaduct ( Welsh : Traphont Trelluest ) is approximately 1 km ( 0 @.@ 62 mi ) in length and is said to be the longest glued segmental bridge in the United Kingdom . It has 13 spans of 71 meters ( 233 ft ) with 2 end spans of 38 m ( 125 ft ) and 46 m ( 151 ft ) .
| 416a6641507cb54493ccf15afd740a4b | 34,745 |
The viaduct was designed by South Glamorgan County Council . Robert Benaim and Associates , now called Benaim UK Ltd designed the initial launching system for the glued segmental structure .
| 7cabf40074dbd8a38727d41f3c91a704 | 34,746 |
= = = Butetown Link Road = = =
| faec21c05545f1f500d7a4c7b35cd7c3 | 34,748 |
The 2 @.@ 57 km ( 1 @.@ 60 mi ) Butetown Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt Butetown ) between the Ferry Road Interchange ( 51 @.@ 453585 ° N 3 @.@ 184044 ° W / 51 @.@ 453585 ; -3.184044 ( Ferry Road Interchange ) ) and the Queen 's Gate Roundabout ( 51 @.@ 467873 ° N 3 @.@ 157455 ° W / 51 @.@ 467873 ; -3.157455... | a5b3aa3ca8643abf7a966291beadbacc | 34,750 |
In 1987 South Glamorgan County Council had intended to build a viaduct cross the River Taff and then go onto an elevated section through Butetown " on stilts " . But the newly formed Cardiff Bay Development Corporation along with local residents objected to the scheme that they said would cut through Butetown and spli... | bb040e826c4c3f9565a72bcdd65d1639 | 34,751 |
The contract to build the Butetown Link Road was eventually won by a local company Davies Middleton & Davies Ltd in a joint venture with an Italian contractor , Cogefar @-@ Impresit UK Ltd . The bid of £ 60 million undercut all other bids by £ 10 million , Davies Middleton & Davies Ltd have subsequently gone into admi... | 3d7101f1c2b5a589e9ec02fd6a43bae5 | 34,752 |
= = = = Queen 's Gate Tunnel = = = =
| 8d0e7f85f4bcd4859244346909c10a1d | 34,754 |
The Queen 's Gate Tunnel ( Welsh : Twnnel Porth y Frenhines ) , also known as the Butetown Tunnel , is underneath southern Butetown and follows a line underneath the Wales Millennium Centre . The 715 m ( 2 @,@ 346 ft ) twin tunnel was constructed using the cut and cover method of construction , which involves digging ... | fc96003e72aaec76a71d755bf6e76038 | 34,756 |
South Glamorgan County Council originally awarded the contract for the management , installation , testing and commissioning of all electrical and mechanical services for the tunnel , and the water pumping stations to EI · WHS Ltd . They still maintain the tunnel on behalf of Cardiff Council .
| c544783a72cb1ce626b4a0f60739d651 | 34,757 |
= = = = Taff Viaduct = = = =
| cecb23b8e8752faf51349db4479ab489 | 34,759 |
Construction of the 600 m ( 2 @,@ 000 ft ) Taff Viaduct ( Welsh : Traphont Tâf ) includes a dual @-@ carriageway roadway plus a foot and cycle path . South Glamorgan County Council was the local authority in charge of the project at the time and construction of the viaduct began in March , 1991 . The Taff Viaduct cros... | 687ddc1064fd8f6337f48680ec0de189 | 34,761 |
The viaduct was constructed using precast concrete segments , which is widely used in the construction industry for medium to long span viaducts . Segments were made in a casting yard near the site and then transported for final assembly of the viaduct .
| 4532b552cb9db4f31f205fa53ce44d44 | 34,762 |
= = = Eastern Bay Link Road = = =
| 250843fe4a87939c79e17adf99b3d465 | 34,764 |
Construction began on 17 March 2016 on the 5 @.@ 25 km ( 3 @.@ 26 mi ) Eastern Bay Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt Ddwyreiniol y Bae ) which will run from the Queen 's Gate Roundabout to the Rover Way – Lamby Way Roundabout on the Southern Way Link Road , although at present only the first phase between Queen 's Ga... | 7d1767edfe7f1321097142a533c45a39 | 34,766 |
For many years this link road has been mothballed due to the costs involved . The link road had previously been known as the East Moors Link Road – Phase 1 and 3 , but it also included the East Moors Viaduct , which was originally known as the East Moors Link Road – Phase 2 . Later it became known as the Cardiff Bay L... | a6f8870e1076dd82a0b502706f98eaa0 | 34,767 |
The Eastern Bay Link Road , along with other schemes have been subject to many planning proposals since the last link road ( the Butetown Link Road ) was finished in 1995 , namely a local transport plan ( Local Transport Plan 2000 – 2016 ) in August 2000 , a green paper ( A Change of Gear ) in December 2002 and a whit... | be2a7fcda7d86b756510b77c8d9e8ad5 | 34,768 |
The original route of the link road had been challenged by both Friends of the Earth Cymru , and also the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds ( RSPB ) , who had both lodged formal objections against the link road . However , the current proposal from Cardiff Council of 31 October 2006 is to complete the first ph... | 859592b44ae1a9c1569de2456c7afd8e | 34,769 |
It was revealed on 14 June 2013 that Edwina Hart , Minister for Economy , Science and Transport in the WAG supported the completion the Eastern Bay Link Road . She said that the link road would ; improve access to Cardiff Bay , improve access to the Cardiff Central Enterprise Zone and enhance connections within the Ca... | b8c254d00cf44c145cef034b4024c387 | 34,770 |
Increase accessibility from east Cardiff to major employment sites in the East Moors area , Cardiff Bay and the Central Cardiff Enterprise Zone
| 816aa15ced4b9c4a616da7a74d33945c | 34,771 |
Provide a more direct route between the Butetown Tunnel and Rover Way
| 65cc7fc4ee4b6800c9940717cfcafa3f | 34,772 |
Reduce congestion at the junctions on Tyndall Street by removing traffic currently using the Ocean Way- East Tyndall Street – Central Link route
| ff65252c8bc9a9d0b04f54fbaf96dd9d | 34,773 |
Reduce journey times for private and commercial road users
| 75c90fe9b6b43b6417e5668744d1b1d2 | 34,774 |
Help economic regeneration
| d89e8944ab9824566b3f3abef421bf68 | 34,775 |
Enhance road safety and reduce casualties
| fa12bbab78f646bbd06455ff8c41f066 | 34,776 |
Improve resilience on the strategic road network around Cardiff
| 0157f9e9f62a1e5861ac7d80b0f54f04 | 34,777 |
Provide more opportunities for cycling and walking
| a8a62dab75618f7d1c20d5aec81cac4d | 34,778 |
On 2 May 2014 , Edwina Hart approved the procurement of the design – build contractor , advance service diversion works and communications arrangements for the Eastern Bay Link Road . Construction of this first phase of the Eastern Bay Link Road is due to begin in 2015 and will take 18 months to complete . In April 20... | 70056b764d0b013b0ca21954dcbaaa4a | 34,779 |
= = = Southern Way Link Road = = =
| 59dfaaec2510d963a98064c35b1dacb7 | 34,781 |
The Southern Way Link Road ( Welsh : Ffordd Gyswllt y Ffordd Deheuol ) , generally known simply as Southern Way , was built in two parts ; the first section of Southern Way to be completed was between Newport Road ( A4161 road ) and the Eastern Avenue ( A48 road ) in 1978 . The final section of the link road was built... | 33b340bed51edfbecc6dcd12b202a950 | 34,783 |
= = = = East Moors Viaduct = = = =
| c297ff11a56e633ac30edad3aff182b6 | 34,785 |
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