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= = = Style and language guides = = =
| a25deefa2f1f76991136171513d709ad | 6,015 |
= = = = Style guides = = = =
| c2f43687d51cb5faaa89a9e6e63cae18 | 6,018 |
Early style guides for typesetting used a wider space between sentences than between words – " traditional spacing " , as shown in the illustration to the right . During the 20th century , style guides commonly mandated two spaces between sentences for typewritten manuscripts , which were used prior to professionally ... | 4f7342ce4ee62f4d5137de9bb6687aac | 6,020 |
Modern style guides provide standards and guidance for the written language . These works are important to writers since " virtually all professional editors work closely with one of them in editing a manuscript for publication . " Late editions of comprehensive style guides , such as the Oxford Style Manual ( 2003 ) ... | 443b58e8ffb637258814579658b52914 | 6,021 |
The European Union 's Interinstitutional Style Guide ( 2008 ) indicates that single sentence spacing is to be used in all European Union publications — encompassing 23 languages . For the English language , the European Commission 's English Style Guide ( 2010 ) states that sentences are always single @-@ spaced . The... | 2f862bc92d7d2486293e5df1ba55cad7 | 6,022 |
National languages not covered by an authoritative language academy typically have multiple style guides — only some of which may discuss sentence spacing . This is the case in the United Kingdom . The Oxford Style Manual ( 2003 ) and the Modern Humanities Research Association 's MHRA Style Guide ( 2002 ) state that o... | b76032a905423639643f5eddeed1cb04 | 6,023 |
= = = = Language guides = = = =
| 52994bb6c2309c6de6910c3e67e5612d | 6,025 |
Some languages , such as French and Spanish , have academies that set language rules . Their publications typically address orthography and grammar as opposed to matters of typography . Style guides are less relevant for such languages , as their academies set prescriptive rules . For example , the Académie française ... | 44b76b3eb40f45dd8e529a5eb4549cc7 | 6,027 |
= = = Grammar guides = = =
| 1c9bab5b13b90708622dfd72003bb698 | 6,029 |
A few reference grammars address sentence spacing , as increased spacing between words is punctuation in itself . Most do not . Grammar guides typically cover terminal punctuation and the proper construction of sentences — but not the spacing between sentences . Moreover , many modern grammar guides are designed for q... | 68735e5eda4fb44a6e0f8a1aba7bee59 | 6,031 |
= = Digital age = =
| 6ad08087ccd8dd0ba637f46ba9d5d721 | 6,033 |
In the computer era , spacing between sentences is handled in several different ways by various software packages . Some systems accept whatever the user types , while others attempt to alter the spacing , or use the user input as a method of detecting sentences . Computer @-@ based word processors , and typesetting s... | a62140fba7065bdae4602254947feb00 | 6,035 |
The text editing environment in Emacs uses a double space following a period to identify the end of sentences unambiguously ; the double space convention prevents confusion with periods within sentences that signify abbreviations . How Emacs recognizes the end of a sentence is controlled by the settings sentence @-@ e... | 34ded59f12bfbd98c4bee743f266ac73 | 6,036 |
The Unix typesetter program troff uses two spaces to mark the end of a sentence . This allows the typesetter to distinguish sentence endings from abbreviations and to typeset them differently . Early versions of troff , which only typeset in fixed width fonts , would automatically add a second space between sentences ... | e69426100b2992b9a1ac5b8c35c762b1 | 6,037 |
Microsoft Word does not treat sentences differently by default , but the grammar checking can be set to prefer a specific number of spaces between sentences .
| c085c6670a6f955bed54883bea858fdb | 6,038 |
On some modern touch @-@ screen platforms , including Android and iOS , typing two spaces in a row is automatically interpreted to mean the end of a sentence , and a period is automatically inserted . However , only one space is retained .
| 08271e0fa0c264bbe9e8d9f828244e88 | 6,039 |
Multiple spaces are eliminated by default in most World Wide Web content , regardless of whether they are associated with sentences or not . There are options for preserving spacing , such as the CSS white @-@ space property , and the < pre > tag . Twitter retains extra spaces in user input on their website . HTML als... | a87747f1b8bc13259fbd1a5862ab421c | 6,040 |
= = Controversy = =
| 3f80e8e1a9c38fa1cd3788416ecd7910 | 6,042 |
James Felici , author of the Complete Manual of Typography , says that the topic of sentence spacing is " the debate that refuses to die ... In all my years of writing about type , it 's still the question I hear most often , and a search of the web will find threads galore on the subject " . This subject is still wid... | 9defca1e083edaba60094b00dad97f13 | 6,044 |
Many people are opposed to single sentence spacing for various reasons . Some state that the habit of double spacing is too deeply ingrained to change . Others claim that additional space between sentences improves the aesthetics or readability of text . Proponents of double sentence spacing also state that some publi... | 1ca017cc1675b8339dd920db6e580513 | 6,045 |
One of the most popular arguments against wider sentence spacing is that it was created for monospaced fonts of the typewriter , and is no longer needed with modern proportional fonts . However , proportional fonts existed together with wide sentence spacing for centuries before the typewriter , and remained for decad... | d43cbd445f581c7c10343e0bbc2d9cbb | 6,046 |
Most style guides indicate that single sentence spacing is proper for final or published work today , and most publishers require manuscripts to be submitted as they will appear in publication — single sentence spaced . Writing sources typically recommend that prospective authors remove extra spaces before submitting ... | 4caf420526040e1d909d004476064d30 | 6,047 |
= = Effects on readability and legibility = =
| e17048c40b8ed95821216a5404bf5c53 | 6,049 |
Claims abound regarding the legibility and readability of the single and double sentence spacing methods — by proponents on both sides . Supporters of single spacing assert that familiarity with the current standard in books , magazines , and the Web enhances readability , that double spacing looks strange in text usi... | 1abcda932b44b7a213deb381cba21125 | 6,051 |
However , typographic opinions are typically anecdotal with no basis in evidence . " Opinions are not always safe guides to legibility of print " , and when direct studies are conducted , anecdotal opinions — even those of experts — can turn out to be false . Text that seems legible ( visually pleasing at first glance... | 8b2ae41f3fd8e3038d343820a2518d7e | 6,052 |
= = = Studies = = =
| 351e66f428f7493224dd640dc30e9a3f | 6,054 |
Direct studies on sentence spacing include those by Loh , Branch , Shewanown , and Ali ( 2002 ) ; Clinton , Branch , Holschuh , and Shewanown ( 2003 ) ; and Ni , Branch , and Chen ( 2004 ) , with results favoring neither single , double , nor triple spacing . The 2002 study tested participants ' reading speed for sing... | 3cfeae6eeecb8958b58ab35aa7e3d582 | 6,056 |
= The Crab with the Golden Claws =
| 173ba4133f7f64965f285eab089c0d6f | 6,059 |
The Crab with the Golden Claws ( French : Le Crabe aux pinces d 'or ) is the ninth volume of The Adventures of Tintin , the comics series by Belgian cartoonist Hergé . The story was serialised weekly in Le Soir Jeunesse , the children 's supplement to Le Soir , Belgium 's leading francophone newspaper , from October 1... | 558d3e5ea967bd9f807462ba737c7b43 | 6,061 |
The Crab with the Golden Claws was published in book form shortly after its conclusion . Hergé continued The Adventures of Tintin with The Shooting Star , while the series itself became a defining part of the Franco @-@ Belgian comics tradition . In 1943 , Hergé coloured and redrew the book in his distinctive ligne @-... | c9cfd6b06361a80fc0afab7e180f0384 | 6,062 |
= = Synopsis = =
| 055eb4fc391ee73feef058e27571861e | 6,064 |
Tintin is informed by Thomson and Thompson of a case involving the ramblings of a drunken man , later killed , found with a scrap of paper from what appears to be a tin of crab meat with the word " Karaboudjan " scrawled on it . His subsequent investigation and the kidnapping of a Japanese man interested in giving him... | 59a4dfc633c71735ffa8124cf4453891 | 6,066 |
After trekking across the desert and nearly dying of dehydration , Tintin and Haddock are rescued and taken to a French outpost , where they hear on the radio the storm sunk the Karaboudjan . They travel to a Moroccan port , and along the way are attacked by Tuareg tribesmen , defending themselves with French MAS @-@ ... | 1a84fe5077acb2f484e7c5919555c458 | 6,067 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 6,069 |
= = = Background = = =
| ea9ac47e32ffc41a1781ee037f9f0838 | 6,072 |
As the Belgian army clashed with the invading Germans in May 1940 , Hergé and his wife fled by car to France along with tens of thousands of other Belgians , first staying in Paris and then heading south to Puy @-@ de @-@ Dôme , where they remained for six weeks . On 28 May , Belgian King Leopold III officially surren... | dd0e52bb80d02de95d626d003d9aac7d | 6,074 |
Instead , he accepted a position with Le Soir , Belgium 's largest Francophone daily newspaper . Confiscated from its original owners , the German authorities permitted Le Soir to reopen under the directorship of Belgian editor Raymond de Becker , although it remained firmly under Nazi control , supporting the German ... | 24d4d3b7ea6e543acdf009edf4e21726 | 6,075 |
= = = Publication = = =
| 8f0045827b53707da4b98385238319bb | 6,077 |
The Crab with the Golden Claws began serialisation in Le Soir Jeunesse on 17 October 1940 . However , on 8 May 1941 , a paper shortage caused by the ongoing war led to the Le Soir Jeunesse being reduced to four pages , with the length of the weekly Tintin strip being cut by two @-@ thirds . Several weeks later , on 3 ... | 0d78f063fa979feadac32eddf14df0a7 | 6,079 |
Following serialisation , Casterman collected together and published the story in book form in 1941 ; the last black @-@ and @-@ white Tintin volume to be released . For this collected edition , Hergé thought of renaming the story , initially considering The Red Crab ( to accompany earlier adventures The Blue Lotus an... | d1af0a0fab93e186dd0d8660cef0d01e | 6,080 |
The serial introduced the character of Captain Haddock . Haddock made his first appearance in Le Soir adjacent to an advert for the anti @-@ Semitic German film , Jud Süß . Hergé chose the name " Haddock " for the character after his wife , Germaine Remi , mentioned " a sad English fish " during a meal . The inclusion... | 52491a853b53c0014752331d02f05b64 | 6,081 |
Whereas Hergé 's use of Chinese in The Blue Lotus was correct , the Arabic script employed in The Crab with the Golden Claws was intentionally fictitious . Many of the place names featured in the series are puns : the town of Kefheir was a pun on the French Que faire ? ( " what is to be done ? " ) while the port of Ba... | 685ef99761b5885aa0f0ff1fdf2cb2b3 | 6,082 |
In February 1942 , Casterman suggested to Hergé that his books be published in a new format ; 62 @-@ pages rather than the former 100 to 130 pages , and now in full colour rather than black @-@ and @-@ white . He agreed to this , and in 1943 The Crab with the Golden Claws was re @-@ edited and coloured for publication... | 6805c7169164dfa8dca2798fbf0ba7ad | 6,083 |
In the 1960s , The Crab with the Golden Claws , along with King Ottokar 's Sceptre , became the first Tintin adventures published in the United States , in Little Golden Books . However , Casterman , working with the American publisher Western Publishing , made a number of changes : Jumbo , the sailor who Tintin leave... | 7ab6077e5814d9613a6deca0a663d8ea | 6,084 |
= = Critical analysis = =
| 5f6885bf6f0964c8be35e7b98779884a | 6,086 |
Hergé biographer Benoît Peeters described the story as a " rebirth " for The Adventures of Tintin and described the addition of Haddock as " a formidable narrative element " , one which " profoundly changed the spirit of the series " . Elsewhere , he asserts that it is Haddock 's appearance which " makes this book so ... | dc7299e870af3b15a8257879111d0723 | 6,088 |
Jean @-@ Marc Lofficier and Randy Lofficier described the story as " a thinly @-@ disguised remake of Cigars of the Pharaoh " , an Adventure of Tintin which had been first serialised in 1934 . Both feature the smuggling of opium , in crab tins and cigars respectively , and " desert treks , hostile tribes and , at the ... | 7c55166f7c8a7629464a1b0b58948efd | 6,089 |
Literary critic Jean @-@ Marie Apostolidès of Stanford University , in a psychoanalytical review of The Crab with the Golden Claws , commented that this book witnessed Tintin 's " real entrance into the community of human beings " as he gains an " older brother " in Haddock . He also believed that the recurring image ... | 5de4f89125be777709d1f915e545b352 | 6,090 |
= = Adaptations = =
| 20f4c85e015822d43f62e775b5b907a5 | 6,092 |
In 1947 , the first Tintin motion picture was created : the stop motion @-@ animated feature film The Crab with the Golden Claws , faithfully adapted by producer Wilfried Bouchery for Films Claude Misonne . It was first shown at the ABC Cinema on 11 January 1947 for a group of invited guests . It was screened publicly... | d5dbdcb109abc5e49db0ef412ad5934d | 6,094 |
In 1957 , the animation company Belvision Studios produced a string of colour adaptations based upon Hergé 's original comics , adapting eight of the Adventures into a series of daily five @-@ minute episodes . The Crab with the Golden Claws was the fifth such story to be adapted , being directed by Ray Goossens and w... | 30e298103e94031d841d4045366b009c | 6,095 |
In 1991 , a second animated series based upon The Adventures of Tintin was produced , this time as a collaboration between the French studio Ellipse and the Canadian animation company Nelvana . Adapting 21 of the stories into a series of episodes , each 42 minutes long , with most stories spanning two episodes , The C... | 8afa2e69ebc5e4699b512dd801abec66 | 6,096 |
A motion capture adventure film titled The Adventures of Tintin : The Secret of the Unicorn directed by Steven Spielberg and produced by Peter Jackson was released in the US on 21 December 2011 and in Europe at the end of October 2011 . Parts of the movie are taken from The Crab with the Golden Claws including the mee... | ea4d449e4b015ac930fcdac0efdc36c1 | 6,097 |
= = In popular culture = =
| e3f88c86dc3837edd8eda4ec57e954be | 6,099 |
In The Simpsons episode In the Name of the Grandfather Bart Simpson makes a derogatory remark about Belgium , causing his mother Marge to threaten him with " taking his Tintins away " , whereupon Bart clutches a copy of the Tintin album The Crab with the Golden Claws to his chest , promising he 'll behave .
| 2ebba03858165555cb17f089f640e056 | 6,101 |
= L.A.M.B. =
| daf2b00f20104bcdc3eb13fb1406849a | 6,104 |
L.A.M.B. is a fashion line by American singer Gwen Stefani , the lead vocalist of the rock band No Doubt . The line manufactures apparel and fashion accessories . It was founded in 2003 and made its runway debut in 2004 . The fashion line manufactures accessories like shoes , watches , bags and a fragrance called " L.... | 8afd1bdc5963478480a9f720fcb3cab3 | 6,106 |
The line is influenced by a variety of fashions cultures , including Guatemalan , Japanese , Indian and Jamaican styles . Stefani came from a family of seamstresses . This further inspired her to launch her own fashion line . The line achieved popularity among celebrities and is worn by stars such as Teri Hatcher , Ni... | 2093dc8ca21e96efe73a1e84c58ef1ff | 6,107 |
In late 2014 Stefani announced she would be producing an animated series that was based on the characters Love , Angel , Music and Baby . The series , Kuukuu Harajuku follows the Harajuku Girls , known together as HJ5 , as they fight evil and try to pursue their music career .
| faaf8839d25887fc063df77db48c18ed | 6,108 |
= = History = =
| fd3fc667e330e6e3944a4f085f9ef39d | 6,110 |
Stefani first came face to face with designing clothes when she and her mother would sew clothes for themselves when she was young . Stefani comes from a long line of seamstresses , as even her great @-@ grandmother would sew clothes . Stefani made most of the things she wore onstage during concerts . When she became ... | 48de14c4885e851c76d2b54d676af7d4 | 6,112 |
L.A.M.B. started out as a collaboration with LeSportsac in 2003 . The name L.A.M.B. is an acronym which stands for Love . Angel . Music . Baby . , which is also the name of Stefani 's first solo album .
| 294c250aea220c8d8a8904e8e96fa68f | 6,113 |
= = Products = =
| 7c679fe624519a847aea8dd69bc4286e | 6,115 |
The fashion line manufactures clothes , shoes , bags and a fragrance called " L " . The brand started out as a line for women but claims the track items are unisex . The clothes were manufactured by Ska Girl LLC , which was founded in 2003 by Ken Erman , president of L.A.M.B. While for its other products , L.A.M.B has... | d207402adfd600aedeaa5c7e90d8eb25 | 6,117 |
L.A.M.B joined with Royal Elastics for the shoe line . Stefani is widening her footwear line for adults to include boots and stilettos . L.A.M.B collaborated with Coty Inc. for the fragrance and with LeSportsac for handbags in 2003 . Stefani went on to design a new line of handbags with Shifter and Partners in 2006 . ... | be6a5c8e1732c8bce5e90e1ba6fd54f7 | 6,118 |
L.A.M.B. products are relatively expensive , with apparel priced $ 55 to $ 1100 , handbags priced $ 80 to $ 825 , and watches priced $ 125 to $ 995 .
| d2e79c54bfb2540f2956f2acfc3481a7 | 6,119 |
= = = Fragrance = = =
| f0b811c41effcfd7075404de182efda0 | 6,121 |
Coty Inc. announced a global licensing agreement with Stefani , to develop and market fragrances for L.A.M.B. Catherine Walsh , senior vice president , American Fragrances , Coty Prestige , said in a statement - " From the packaging to the bottle design to the distinctive scent itself , we will be working very closely... | 365a339309a981c487056131f664634b | 6,123 |
The fragrance called " L " was launched in September , 2007 at Soho House in New York . Stefani worked with perfumer Harry Fremont to develop the scent . Stefani described the fragrance as " it 's another thing you can wear and another thing I can be part of creatively . I created it for myself -- it 's like me shrunk... | 9c897527ec9e5fdcb9ea62876557f3a5 | 6,124 |
= = Promotion and fashion shows = =
| fabc2034dfae12cfbc458bc98c55826c | 6,126 |
Stefani frequently refers to her clothing line in her music , as one of the brand 's promotional strategies . Stefani refers to her clothing line in her songs " Wind It Up , " " Harajuku Girls , " and " Crash " ( which even incorporates the brand 's slogan , " I want you all over me like L.A.M.B. " ) . Stefani is ofte... | 488fa6ffd05a0b892dd0979051141c64 | 6,128 |
L.A.M.B. has participated in the Spring / Summer 2006 , 2007 , and 2008 New York Fashion Weeks . Stefani described her first line , which debuted on September 16 , 2005 , as " a little Sound of Music , some Orange County chola girl , some Rasta , and a bit of The Great Gatsby . " The highlights of the show were purple... | 7943ea3b48b5c9b95e28ab329e35f0a9 | 6,129 |
For Spring / Summer 2007 , Stefani opted for a presentation rather than a catwalk show . The models , all donning identical blond wigs , wore designs Stefani said were inspired by Michelle Pfeiffer 's role as Elvira Hancock in the 1983 Scarface . The show included some of Stefani 's trademark tracksuits and extensivel... | a67b8e484f4d85cf783e9930dec11d41 | 6,130 |
= = Critical reception = =
| 665d8b05c2aaeb7152997a12a8446d6b | 6,132 |
The line was mostly well received by critics and Stefani was appreciated for taking fashion seriously even though she is a celebrity . Fern Mallis of IMG praised the line and Stefani as well and said , " the L.A.M.B. line is clearly at the top of these lines and is as unique and individual as Gwen herself . " The shoe... | 66c6852d047c205c20e67fea535073a1 | 6,134 |
= = Commercial success = =
| c2a96a10a8448bf965970de4eebf32e5 | 6,136 |
The brand is sold in 275 stores worldwide and is worn by celebrities including Teri Hatcher , Nicole Kidman , Kelly Ripa , Paris Hilton , and Stefani herself . L.A.M.B sales have expanded from $ 40 million in 2005 to a predicted $ 90 million in 2007 . According to a Nordstrom spokesperson , the debut of L.A.M.B. ' s w... | 207e7846bf89248553d1ce1ce8563544 | 6,138 |
= First @-@ move advantage in chess =
| 744f1c0fd8153d4c3ee07ed4765c3b9e | 6,141 |
The first @-@ move advantage in chess is the inherent advantage of the player ( White ) who makes the first move in chess . Chess players and theorists generally agree that White begins the game with some advantage . Since 1851 , compiled statistics support this view ; White consistently wins slightly more often than ... | f162758619640d77344325f3eb2f3c82 | 6,143 |
Chess players and theoreticians have long debated whether , given perfect play by both sides , the game should end in a win for White , or a draw . Since approximately 1889 , when World Champion Wilhelm Steinitz addressed this issue , the overwhelming consensus has been that a perfectly played game would end in a draw... | 16593ad341de8055f24893e7b97069e0 | 6,144 |
Some players , including World Champions such as José Raúl Capablanca , Emanuel Lasker , and Bobby Fischer , have expressed fears of a " draw death " as chess becomes more deeply analyzed . To alleviate this danger , Capablanca and Fischer both proposed chess variants to renew interest in the game , while Lasker sugge... | 5bbe5190077da49619b8a73316ca23be | 6,145 |
Since 1988 , chess theorists have challenged previously well @-@ established views about White 's advantage . Grandmaster ( GM ) András Adorján wrote a series of books on the theme that " Black is OK ! " , arguing that the general perception that White has an advantage is founded more in psychology than reality . GM M... | a30321fb1ab43bf330098ffdac80f7ed | 6,146 |
Modern writers also argue that Black has certain countervailing advantages . The consensus that White should try to win can be a psychological burden for the white player , who sometimes loses by trying too hard to win . Some symmetrical openings ( i.e. those where both players make the same moves ) can lead to situat... | ac33e073a6b06b1ef10f462e75828066 | 6,147 |
= = Winning percentages = =
| d7c81fbd660b35117145c9e4205b6b0d | 6,149 |
In 1946 , W.F. Streeter examined the results of 5 @,@ 598 games played in 45 international chess tournaments between 1851 and 1932 . Streeter found that overall White scored 53 @.@ 4 % ( W : 38 @.@ 12 ; D : 30 @.@ 56 ; L : 31 @.@ 31 ) . White scored 52 @.@ 55 % in 1851 – 78 ( W : 45 @.@ 52 ; D : 14 @.@ 07 ; L : 40 @.@... | 5d0ac3ce3560eb8cef0f393e7dacf2bf | 6,151 |
Two decades later , statistician Arthur M. Stevens concluded in The Blue Book of Charts to Winning Chess , based on a survey of 56 @,@ 972 master games that he completed in 1967 , that White scores 59 @.@ 1 % . However , Stevens assembled his games from those that had been published in chess magazines , rather than co... | f28a299de7f3cbd35673adaeb2fdf810 | 6,152 |
More recent sources indicate that White scores approximately 54 to 56 percent . In 2005 , GM Jonathan Rowson wrote that " the conventional wisdom is that White begins the game with a small advantage and , holding all other factors constant , scores approximately 56 % to Black 's 44 % " . International Master ( IM ) Jo... | 8ed30436bb4c2b7751e25781f02f6e3f | 6,153 |
New In Chess observed in its 2000 Yearbook that of the 731 @,@ 740 games in its database , White scored 54 @.@ 8 % overall ; with the two most popular opening moves , White scored 54 @.@ 1 % in 349 @,@ 855 games beginning 1.e4 , and 56 @.@ 1 % in 296 @,@ 200 games beginning 1.d4. The main reason that 1.e4 was less eff... | 618b716be71c61e2bc4846fc75c476b9 | 6,154 |
Statistician Jeff Sonas , in examining data from 266 @,@ 000 games played between 1994 and 2001 , concluded that White scored 54 @.@ 1767 % plus 0 @.@ 001164 times White 's Elo rating advantage , treating White 's rating advantage as + 390 if it is better than + 390 , or − 460 if it is worse than − 460 . He found that... | 4908c349a5a0cf528cef4bf0dcb7cd45 | 6,155 |
Other writers conclude that there is a positive correlation between the players ' ratings and White 's score . According to GM Evgeny Sveshnikov , statistics show that White has no advantage over Black in games between beginners , but " if the players are stronger , White has the lead " . An analysis of the results of... | e82889f06ab2a8f3d4ebb7512b2721ac | 6,156 |
Chess Engines Grand Tournament ( CEGT ) tests computer chess engines by playing them against each other , with time controls of forty moves in one hundred and twenty minutes per player ( 40 / 120 ) , and also 40 / 20 and 40 / 4 , and uses the results of those games to compile a rating list for each time control . At t... | f606151dfcad4864f7463c39d50458a3 | 6,157 |
= = Drawn with best play = =
| 7ea46cab2de057e27f537bb23f062812 | 6,159 |
Joseph Bertin wrote in his 1735 textbook The Noble Game of Chess , " He that plays first , is understood to have the attack . " This is consistent with the traditional view that White , by virtue of the first move , begins with the initiative and should try to extend it into the middlegame , while Black should strive ... | d87a3eed392915d9e9c5f34ef1c3454a | 6,161 |
Chess theorists have long debated how enduring White 's initiative is and whether , if both sides play perfectly , the game should end in a win for White or a draw . George Walker wrote in 1846 that , " The first move is an advantage , ... but if properly answered , the first move is of little worth " . Steinitz , the... | fbdfd582ac6edaad4aea47f760770f33 | 6,162 |
The view that a game of chess should end in a draw given best play prevails . Even if it cannot be proved , this assumption is considered " safe " by Rowson and " logical " by Adorján . Watson agrees that " the proper result of a perfectly played chess game ... is a draw . ... Of course , I can 't prove this , but I d... | f492d88f77499dfcf7d7bcbe38a847bb | 6,163 |
Lasker and Capablanca both worried that chess would suffer a " draw death " as top @-@ level players drew more and more of their games . More recently , Fischer agreed , saying that the game has become played out . All three advocated changing the rules of chess to minimize the number of drawn games . Lasker suggested... | d0ebd7832895cb92fdfd86efd2c82be1 | 6,164 |
Today some of the sharpest opening variations have been analyzed so deeply that they are often used as drawing weapons . For example , at the highest levels , Black often uses the Marshall Attack in the Ruy Lopez , a line where Black sacrifices a pawn for strong attacking chances , to obtain an endgame where Black is ... | 8851fedafbb28edeffadae1195614e36 | 6,165 |
In 2007 , GMs Kiril Georgiev and Atanas Kolev asserted that much the same was true of the so @-@ called Poisoned Pawn Variation of the Najdorf Sicilian , which arises after 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 Nf6 5.Nc3 a6 6.Bg5 e6 7.f4 Qb6 ! ? This has long been considered one of the sharpest and most problematic , or e... | d80e084902b8bb25c22c793192b45676 | 6,166 |
Francisco Vallejo Pons – Kasparov , Moscow 2004 : 1 @.@ e4 c5 2 . Nf3 d6 3 @.@ d4 cxd4 4 . Nxd4 Nf6 5 . Nc3 a6 6 . Bg5 e6 7 @.@ f4 Qb6 8 . Qd2 Qxb2 9 . Rb1 Qa3 10 @.@ f5 Nc6 11 @.@ fxe6 fxe6 12 . Nxc6 bxc6 13 @.@ e5 dxe5 14 . Bxf6 gxf6 15 . Ne4 Qxa2 16 . Rd1 Be7 17 . Be2 0 @-@ 0 18 . 0 @-@ 0 Ra7 19 . Rf3 Kh8 20 ... | f714b82b6bf60c5954f048b76685c366 | 6,167 |
However , Georgiev and Kolev 's pessimistic assessment of 6.Bg5 has since been called into question , as White succeeded with 10.e5 ( another critical line ) in several later high @-@ level games . GM Zaven Andriasyan wrote in 2013 that after 10.f5 , " a forced draw results " , but that after 10.e5 , " we reach a very... | d52828c64f22d0d948594492d4c35687 | 6,168 |
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