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__label__cc	0.654369	0.345631	The Century of the Film May 26, 2011 to April 30, 2012 – Swiss Camera Museum When films on a flexible support appeared on the market in the 1880s, the whole world of photography was radically transformed. Cameras underwent a complete metamorphosis, rapidly becoming smaller a… Organized by Swiss Camera Museum \| Type: exhibition The Darkroom: Extraordinary stories from the history o f Dutch photography August 19, 2011 to December 29, 2013 – Las Palmas Building, Nederlands Fotomuseum In The Netherlands there isn’t a permanent place where photo history is shown. The Fotomuseum fills this void with a new exhibition where aspects of the Dutch photography history is shown by the coll… Organized by Nederlands Fotomuseum \| Type: exhibition Canadian Industrial Photographs, 1858 to Today August 25, 2011 to April 29, 2012 – Musée des beaux-arts de l’Ontario Songs of the Future: Canadian Industrial Photographs, 1858 to Today traces the history of Canada’s changing industrial landscape through the lens of some of the country’s most extraordinary photograp… Organized by Art Gallery of Ontario \| Type: exhibition Small Lives - Photographs of Irish Childhood 1880 - 1970 September 12, 2011 to June 28, 2012 – National Photographic Archive The 50 photographs in this exhibition are drawn from across NLI’s collections, and range from formal studio portraits featuring children of the landed classes taken in the 1880s to more candid shot… Organized by National Photographic Archive \| Type: exhibition Romantic Camera November 30, 2011 to June 3, 2012 – Scottish National Portrait Gallery Romantic Camera is the first exhibition within the new Photography Gallery in the refurbished Scottish National Portrait Gallery. This space will display a rolling programme of shows and exhibitions… Organized by Scottish National Portrait Gallery \| Type: exhibition Dawn’s Early Light: The First Fifty Years of American Photography January 4, 2012 to May 4, 2012 – Cornell University Library Cornell University Library’s Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections invites you to an exhibition about the first half-century of photography in America, from its invention in Europe in 1839 thro… Organized by Cornell University Library \| Type: exhibition People, Lives and Landscapes, 1898-1934: Images from the Land of the Bible January 8, 2012 to September 30, 2012 – Eretz Israel Museum At the end of the 19th and beginning f the 20th century the American Colony photographers of Jerusalem commemorated the lives, people, and sites of Palestine. In thousands of high-quality photographs… Organized by Eretz Israel Museum \| Type: exhibition People, Lives and Landscapes, 1898-1934: mages from the Land of the Bible A Yemenite Portrait: Photography and Memory 1881- 1948 January 8, 2012 to April 30, 2012 – Eretz Israel Museum In 1882, at the end of the 19th century, the new immigrants from Yemen came to the Palestine and settled in Kfar Hashiloach near Jerusalem. Their number steadily increased, reaching 35,000 in 1948, w… Organized by Eretz Israel Museum \| Type: exhibition Scott's Last Expedition January 20, 2012 to September 2, 2012 – Natural History Museum Scott's Last Expedition reveals powerful stories of human endeavour and struggles for survival, and celebrates the expedition's scientific achievements. Get a real sense of the everyday realities and… Organized by Natural History Museum, London, Antarctic Heritage Trust (New Zealand) and Canterbury Museum, New Zealand \| Type: exhibition The Dutch photo book January 21, 2012 to April 29, 2012 – Nederlands Fotomuseum First overview of the development of the Dutch photo book since 1945 and its significance for the Dutch photography. With highlights from the past 65 years, including many important Dutch photographe… Organized by Nederlands Fotomuseum \| Type: exhibition Britain’s Child Migrants January 23, 2012 to May 6, 2012 – Museum Victoria From the 1860s through to 1967, more than 100,000 children were sent from Britain to Australia and other Commonwealth countries through child migration schemes, changing the lives of these children d… Organized by Museum Victoria \| Type: exhibition An Age of Confidence: Photographs by Bedford Lemere & Co January 27, 2012 to May 7, 2012 – Lady Lever Art Gallery This photographic exhibition features the work of Bedford Lemere & Co, a leading English firm of architectural photographers between 1870 and 1930. Although based in London, the firm photographed… Organized by Lady Lever Art Gallery \| Type: exhibition Highlights from the Permanent Collection of Photography, Part 1 January 27, 2012 to April 29, 2012 – Fred Jones Jr. Museum of Art This exhibition surveys the history of photography beginning with 19th-century photographers, such as Nadar and Eadweard Muybridge, and concluding with recent works by contemporary photographers such… Organized by Michael Wong \| Type: exhibition The Queen: 60 Photographs for 60 Years February 4, 2012 to October 28, 2012 – Windsor Castle Sixty photographs of The Queen, including the work of leading press photographers of the past six decades, are brought together for a display at Windsor Castle to celebrate Her Majesty’s Diamond Jubi… Organized by The Boss herself \| Type: exhibition Snapshot: Painters and Photography, Bonnard to Vuillard February 4, 2012 to May 6, 2012 – The Phillips Collection The invention of the Kodak handheld camera in 1888 gave post-impressionist artists a new source of inspiration. Investigating the techniques and compositional strategies made possible by the new appa… Organized by The Phillips Collection, the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam, and the Indianapolis Museum of Art. \| Type: exhibition Shadows of History: Photographs of the Civil War from the Collection of Julia J. Norrell February 4, 2012 to May 6, 2012 – Corcoran Gallery and College of Art + Design The American Civil War was one of the first conflicts to be extensively documented by photography. The public had never before seen such powerful images of human devastation and the destructive impa… Organized by Corcoran Gallery \| Type: exhibition Controversies: A Legal and Ethical History of Photography February 9, 2012 to August 12, 2012 – Trapholt Museum Since its invention in 1839, photography has provoked numerous controversies and sensational trials. The photographic image has been at the centre of important ethical debates and legal questions thr… Organized by Trapholt Museum/Musée de l’Elysée \| Type: exhibition Reconsidering the Photographic Masterpiece February 10, 2012 to July 10, 2012 – UNM Art Museum The sweeping exhibition, RECONSIDERING THE PHOTOGRAPHIC MASTERPIECE, curated by Michele Penhall, will present approximately 100 works chosen from the museum’s permanent collection—some on view for th… Organized by UNM Art Museum \| Type: exhibition Art of Arrangement: Photography and the Still Life Tradition February 11, 2012 to May 7, 2012 – The Holburne Museum Art of Arrangement: Photography and the Still Life Tradition is a visually arresting exhibition at Bath’s Holburne Museum. Organised in partnership with the National Media Museum, it surveys the many… Organized by The Holburne Museum/National Media Museum \| Type: exhibition Historic Process Workshops at Lacock February 14, 2012 to July 12, 2012 – Fox Talbot Museum Our 2012 calendar of workshops is now online and available to photographers and historians alike. Organized by Roger Watson \| Type: workshops Judy Annear February 15, 2012 at 6pm to May 13, 2012 at 7pm – Art Gallery of NSW, Sydney, Australia http://www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au/exhibitions/making-sense/ Organized by Judy Annear \| Type: exhibition After Yesterday February 17, 2012 to June 3, 2012 – İstanbul Museum of Modern Art After Yesterday is an exhibition of images from the İstanbul Modern Photography Collection. Bringing together modern and contemporary examples from Turkish photography, the show displays the technica… Organized by İstanbul Museum of Modern Art \| Type: exhibition Conversations: Photography from the Bank of America February 22, 2012 to May 20, 2012 – Irish Museum of Modern Art Conversations: Photography from the Bank of America Collection comprises more than 100 photographs drawn from the renowned Bank of America Collection. The exhibition documents the evolution of photog… Organized by Irish Museum of Modern Art \| Type: exhibition 19th Century Photography and Art February 24, 2012 to May 20, 2012 – Moravian Gallery Although the relationship to fine arts in the 19th century is a most remarkable area in the history of photography, the local artistic output which contributed to the forming of the relationship – wh… Organized by Moravian Gallery \| Type: exhibition Eve Arnold - All About Eve March 2, 2012 to April 27, 2012 – Art Sensus In celebration of her life and work as a pioneering photographer, Art Sensus will present over 100 unique photographs and a new book of the work of American photographer Eve Arnold (1912-2012). Curat… Organized by Art Sensus \| Type: exhibition A Tale of Two Cities: Eugene Atget’s Paris and Berenice Abbott’s New York March 2, 2012 to May 2, 2012 – The Southeast Museum of Photography More than an exhibition of architectural photography, this show examines the work of two artists who were inextricably linked to each other and to the development of modern photography. Eugene Atget… Organized by The Southeast Museum of Photography \| Type: exhibition Felice Beato: A Photographer on the Eastern Road March 6, 2012 to May 6, 2012 – Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography This exhibition was exhibited at the Getty Museum last year. In a peripatetic career that spanned five decades, the photographer Felice Beato (1832–1909) covered a wide swath of East Asia. Following… Organized by Tokyo Metropolitan Museum of Photography \| Type: exhibition Hoppé: Studio and Street March 9, 2012 to May 20, 2012 – Fundacion Mapfre Resident in Great Britain from 1902, Emil Otto Hoppé began taking photographs in 1907 and enjoyed an immediate success. Today his work offers an excellent record of England’s artistic and intellectua… Organized by Fundacion Mapfre \| Type: exhibition Broken Stones. Ruins and the Picturesque in Vintage Photography March 15, 2012 to May 5, 2012 – James Hyman Photography A broken stone has necessarily more various forms in it than a whole one; a bent roof has more various curves in it than a straight one; every excrescence or cleft involves some additional complexity… Organized by Valérie C. Whitacre \| Type: exhibition Island Stories: British photography from 1945 to the present March 16, 2012 to September 19, 2012 – Room 38a, Victoria & Albert Museum Drawn exclusively from the V&A collections, this display is a selection of around 70 photographs celebrating the variety of photography in the UK since 1945. It captures the diversity of the isla… Organized by Victoria & Albert Museum \| Type: exhibition March 23, 2012 to September 16, 2012 – Brackett–Clark Gallery, George Eastman House George Eastman House turns to its own unparalleled collections for a survey of photography from the earliest efforts in the 19th century to the most recent techniques and aesthetics. See: Untold Stor… Organized by George Eastman House \| Type: exhibition The Birth of Photography: From Pictorialism to Modern Photography 1889-1929 March 29, 2012 to July 1, 2012 – Museum of Fine Arts The period of Pictorialism represents a milestone in the history of photography. The new photographic trend developed almost simultaneously in the 1890s in England, Austria, France and Germany. In th… Organized by Museum of Fine Arts \| Type: exhibition The Birth of Art Photography March 30, 2012 to July 1, 2012 – Museum of Fine Arts From Pictorialism to Modern Photography 1889-1929. The period of Pictorialism represents a milestone in the history of photography. The new photographic trend developed almost simultaneously in the 1… Organized by Museum of Fine Arts \| Type: exhibition Marcus Adams: Royal Photographer March 31, 2012 to June 17, 2012 – Harewood House Trust, Harewood House In 2012 Harewood is pleased to be hosting a special collection of photographs generously lent by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II from the Royal Collection. ‘Marcus Adams: Royal Photographer’, will sho… Organized by Harewood House Trust \| Type: exhibition Royal Harewood: Celebrating the Life of The Yorkshire Princess March 31, 2012 to June 17, 2012 – Harewood House Trust A unique collection fo Royal photographs capturing the Queen from early childhood to the births of her own children is to go on display at Harewood House. Harewood House was home to Princess Mary, Th… Organized by Harewood House Trust \| Type: exhibition Just One Look - At 1960s Chester April 2, 2012 to June 29, 2012 – Chester History & Heritage Just One Look - At 1960s Chester - welcome to Chester 50 years ago with a photographic exhibition looking at the changing face of the city at Chester History and Heritage Centre. Organized by Chester History & Heritage \| Type: exhibition Naked before the Camera April 4, 2012 to September 9, 2012 – Metropolitan Museum of Art Since the beginning of art and in every medium, depicting the human body has been among the artist's greatest challenges and supreme achievements, as can so easily be seen by Museum visitors walking… Organized by Metropolitan Museum of Art \| Type: exhibition Fay Godwin Photographer April 4, 2012 to July 28, 2012 – Aberdeen Art Gallery This small display highlights a local private collection of photographs by the well know British photographer Fay Godwin. During the 1970s and 1980s Godwin produced portraits of dozens of well known… Organized by Aberdeen Art Gallery \| Type: exhibition Cardiff Before Cardiff - Keith S. Robertson and Jon Pountney April 5, 2012 to May 27, 2012 – Wales Millennium Centre Cardiff before Cardiff is an exhibition which stands apart from the majority of photographic shows. It comprises of and combines social history, a mystery story, social media, classic documentary nar… Organized by Wales Millennium Centre \| Type: exhibition With Scott to the Pole: The Terra Nova Expedition 1910-13 April 6, 2012 to May 28, 2012 – Severn Studio, Brantwood A Scott Centenary event in association with The Royal Geographical Society. Historic photographs of this ill-fated Antarctic expedition taken by `camera artist` Herbert Ponting tell an unforgettable… Organized by Brantwood Trust \| Type: exhibition Memory and the Photographic Image April 16, 2012 to September 9, 2012 – Bartels Gallery, Floor 1L, Johnson Museum of Art For many photographers, memory plays a large role in the choice of subject and how that subject is interpreted. These images often become the only record of a moment passed, and therefore the one tha… Organized by Johnson Museum of Art \| Type: exhibition Photography and Photographers in Britain 1839-2012 April 17, 2012 to June 12, 2012 – Seminar Room Three, The Victoria and Albert Museum Investigate the work of British photographers from the nineteenth century to the present and discuss key ideas and questions shaping the history of photography as a medium for creative expression. Tu… Organized by The Victoria and Albert Museum \| Type: course Early European Photography April 18, 2012 to May 27, 2012 – National Waterfront Museum PEEP (Promoting Early European Photography) draws together pioneers from Iceland, England and Wales, showcasing photographs from the 1850s to the 1930s. South Wales photographers of the mid-nineteent… Organized by PEEP (Promoting Early European Photography)/National Waterfront Museum \| Type: exhibition The Radical Camera April 19, 2012 to September 9, 2012 – Columbus Museum of Art Guided by a belief in the transformative power of photography, the Photo League took to the streets in the 1930s and 1940s to record the effects of poverty, war, racial inequality, and social injusti… Organized by Columbus Museum of Art \| Type: exhibition What is a Photograph? April 20, 2012 to August 19, 2012 – Templeman Galleries, New Orleans Museum of Art "What is a Photograph?" describes and includes many of the most common photographic processes (daguerreotypes, salted paper prints, gelatin silver prints, and ink jet prints), but it also includes ob… Organized by New Orleans Museum of Art \| Type: exhibition I Spy: Photography and the Theater of the Street, 1938–2010 April 22, 2012 to August 5, 2012 – National Gallery of Art Since the invention of small hand-held cameras and faster films in the late 19th century, photographers have been fascinated with capturing everyday life in the urban environment. An exhibition of so… Organized by National Gallery of Art \| Type: exhibition Time to Time - Vintage images from Angus collection April 22, 2012 to May 19, 2012 – The Meffan Gallery A photographic account of how Angus has been transformed through the generations will be unveiled at the latest exhibition to open at The Meffan Gallery in Forfar. The exhibition, which opens this Sa… Organized by The Meffan Gallery \| Type: exhibition Brympton Literary Festival - Norman Parkinson images from recent Mshed An Eye For Fashion Exhibition April 24, 2012 from 12:30pm to 2pm – The Orangery Brympton House Brympton D'Evercey Somerset BA22 8TD Following the Exhibition Norman Parkinson 'An Eye for Fashion' from the Portfolio - Designers of British Fashion 1950-1964 we are exhibiting a selection of images for one week during the Literary Fes… Organized by Angela Williams Archive AWA \| Type: angela, williams, and, michael, hewett, talk, about, norman, parkinson, the, archive	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2027
__label__cc	0.667798	0.332202	Timothy P. Crisafulli Douglas J. Gorman Trusts, Estates and Elder Law Corporate, Finance and Commercial Law Business Succession and Exit Planning Crisafulli Gorman, PC Seven Pines Office Park Building Three 8104 Cazenovia Road Timothy P. Crisafulli practices in the areas of tax law, trust and estates, and elder law. His tax practice focuses on assisting businesses, not-for-profit organizations, and individuals with tax planning, compliance, audits, and disputes. He helps businesses achieve optimal tax results, develop succession plans, and comply with federal and state tax laws. He forms not-for-profit organizations, and helps them to obtain and maintain tax-exempt status. Individuals and businesses facing audits and collections proceedings rely on Mr. Crisafulli for representation before the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and New York State Department of Taxation and Finance. Mr. Crisafulli is admitted to practice in the United States Tax Court, and is authorized to represent taxpayers with respect to all matters administered by the IRS. He is a candidate for an Executive LL.M. in Taxation from the Graduate Tax Program at the New York University School of Law, an advanced law degree for tax attorneys. Through his trusts and estates practice, Mr. Crisafulli helps families protect, preserve, and effectively transfer wealth. He utilizes his extensive knowledge of tax law to minimize capital gains, income, gift and estate taxes. He administers estates through all stages of probate, representing both fiduciaries and beneficiaries in litigation under highly-specialized Surrogate’s Court procedural rules. Mr. Crisafulli’s elder law practice is dedicated to assisting clients with long-term care planning. He helps clients qualify for Medicaid without sacrificing their life savings. He also represents clients in Medicaid fair hearings and in guardianship proceedings. Mr. Crisafulli is also a regular author and lecturer on various tax, trust and estate matters. Prior to co-founding the Firm, Mr. Crisafulli practiced in the Tax, Trusts and Estates departments of a large Upstate New York law firm. He is a former middle school and high school social studies teacher in the Fayetteville-Manlius Central School District. New York University School of Law, Executive LL.M. in Taxation, 2013 Syracuse University College of Law, J.D., magna cum laude, 2006 Justinian Honor Society Associate Member and Member of Editorial Staff, Syracuse Law Review Recipient, Robert M. Anderson Publication Award Arthur L. Cohen Scholarship Chancellor's Scholar Syracuse University Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public Affairs, M.S.Sc., 2000 Le Moyne College, B.A., summa cum laude, 1994 Professional and Community Activities Mentor, Syracuse Sandbox Member, New York State Bar Association Member, Onondaga County Bar Association Member, Central New York Estate Planning Council Member, Onondaga County Volunteer Lawyers Project Member, Syracuse City Court Small Claims Arbitration Program Central New York Council for the Social Studies, Former Member of Board of Directors and Chairperson for Professional Development © Crisafulli Gorman, PC All Rights Reserved. Attorney advertisement. The material and information contained on these pages and on any pages linked from these pages is intended to provide general information only and not legal advice. You should consult with an attorney licensed to practice in your jurisdiction before relying upon any of the information presented here. You are advised that the acts of sending e-mail to or downloading information from this website does not create an attorney-client relationship.\| Disclaimer \| Sitemap \| Law Firm Website Design by Law Promo	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2030
__label__cc	0.6934	0.3066	Canadian Government Joins the Clinton Giustra Enterprise Partnership to Foster Youth Employment in Colombia President Bill Clinton, philanthropist Frank Giustra, and Canadian Ambassador Carmen Sylvain tour the Acceso Training Center and visit with Colombian Youth Cartagena, Colombia — Cartagena, Colombia — The Clinton Giustra Enterprise Partnership (CGEP), an initiative of the Clinton Foundation, founded by President Bill Clinton and philanthropist Frank Giustra, today announced a partnership with the Government of Canada, through the Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD). The partnership will, thanks to DFATD’s $CAD 600,000 investment, will provide new employment and education opportunities to more than 20,000 youth, and training scholarships and job internships to over 700 youth living in communities around Cartagena, Colombia. CGEP’s Acceso Training Center model supports a range of demand-driven training programs aimed at improving the livelihoods of thousands of youth around the world. The Acceso Training Center prepares and places marginalized youth in quality hospitality jobs by providing them with the specific competencies and skills sets in housekeeping and hotel guest services, and as kitchen aids, baristas, food and beverages patrons, administrative and accounting assistants. In Cartagena, youth from the poorest neighborhoods are provided training for jobs in productive sectors including tourism, port logistics and health care. President Clinton and Frank Giustra toured the Acceso training center as part of a trip to Latin America to tour CGEP projects in the region. “This generous investment by the Government of Canada will help the Acceso Training Center provide educational and employment opportunities to more vulnerable youth in Colombia,” said President Clinton. “We are looking to replicate the Training Center enterprise model in tourism, hospitality, and other sectors throughout Latin America and other developing regions.” “We are very pleased to partner with the Government of Canada on our Acceso Training Center aimed at helping vulnerable youth in Cartagena, Colombia,” said Giustra. “This partnership will advance youth employment, spur economic development, and create innovative approaches to alleviating poverty. This contribution will foster continued growth of this Center which we inaugurated last May enabled by a joint investment with Fundacion Carlos Slim and local investors.” “Our success has been heavily dependent on our ability to identify and respond to growing labor market requirements and tailor our training programs to the specific needs of a rapidly growing sector,” said Mark Gunton, CEO of the Clinton Giustra Enterprise Partnership. “This results in sustainable job placements. Many training programs are disconnected from local market requirements. We ensure ours are completely in line with where there is market demand.” Cartagena’s hospitality industry is growing at an impressive rate, resulting in a big need for entry level positions in hospitality. “Canada is proud to contribute to this Clinton Giustra Enterprise Partnership initiative that will help the youth of Cartagena improve their living conditions and their livelihoods in this historic city,” said Christian Paradis, Canada’s Minister of International Development and La Francophonie. “It will empower youth through access to training and employment in the tourism sector, a key growth area for the Colombian economy.” About the Clinton Foundation The Bill, Hillary & Chelsea Clinton Foundation convenes businesses, governments, NGOs, and individuals to improve global health and wellness, increase opportunity for women and girls, reduce childhood obesity, create economic opportunity and growth, and help communities address the effects of climate change. Because of our work, 20,000 American schools are providing kids with healthy food choices in an effort to eradicate childhood obesity; 28,000 farmers in Malawi have improved their incomes by more than 500 percent; 248 million tons of greenhouse gas emissions are being reduced in cities worldwide; more than 5,000 people have been trained in marketable job skills in Colombia; 8.2 million people have access to lifesaving HIV/AIDS medications; $200 million in strategic investments have been made, impacting the health of 75 million people in the U.S.; and members of the Clinton Global Initiative have made nearly 2,800 Commitments to Action to improve more than 430 million lives around the world. Learn more at www.clintonfoundation.org, on Facebook at facebook.com/ClintonFoundation and on Twitter @ClintonFdn. About the Clinton Giustra Enterprise Partnership The Clinton Giustra Enterprise Partnership (the Enterprise Partnership) established by President Bill Clinton and Canadian philanthropist Frank Giustra, combines the best of non-profit and for-profit approaches to create new enterprises that capitalize market opportunities to generate social impact and financial returns by addressing existing market gaps in developing country supply and distribution chains. The Enterprise Partnership has been refining its approach for several years and believes there is great potential to enhance the economic and social benefits of marginalized communities by incorporating these individuals into one of three “market-driven” models – Distribution Enterprises, Supply Chain Enterprises, and Training Center Enterprises. Through these models, the Enterprise Partnership seeks to help people work themselves out of poverty. Learn more at www.CGEPartnership.com, on Facebook at facebook.com/CGEPartnership and on Twitter @CGEPartnership About The Canadian Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development (DFATD) The Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development leads Canada’s international effort to reduce poverty in developing countries and provide humanitarian assistance to vulnerable people in crisis. Canada has established three priority themes to guide its international development work: Increasing food security, Securing the future of children and youth and Stimulating sustainable economic growth. The overall goal of Canada’s international development program in Colombia is to improve human rights and reduce the inequality and poverty of the most vulnerable, with a specific focus on children and youth. Canada is a world leader in the global effort to reduce maternal and child mortality, and improve the health of mothers and children in the world’s poorest countries. About the Acceso Training Center The Acceso Training Center (ACCESO CENTRO DE FORMACIÓN PARA EL TRABAJO S.A.S.) was established as a private educational institution with a social purpose of providing educational training in the form of the vocational skills and humanistic development. This training and the implementation of all activities and events related to it, take into consideration the importance of permanently developing students in the principle orientation in, but not limited to, the field of hospitality tourism, and which is carried out through the creation and operation of one or more training centers; it is an educational institution project structured by flexible curricula, which is not subject to a self-imposed system of levels and degrees characteristic of formal education. Learn more at www.accesocft.edu.co Facebook at facebook.com/accesocft and on Twitter @AccesoCFT « Previous Press Releases Next Press Releases »	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2031
__label__wiki	0.562331	0.562331	Bunnell-Bonnell Family Blog Obituaries on the Bunnell Family Website Charlie Bunnell is the creator and keeper of the Bunnell-Bonnell Family website. He keeps us up to date on his activities on our behalf. Here's his latest: Starting in 2013 I collected every Bunnell/Bonnell obituary I could find and copied each one. In some cases, I did shorten them and just kept the information of value to genealogists. I believe that was done primarily with the 2013 obits. I have now added the obituaries for 2013, 2014 and 2015 to the members’ page which all of you have access to. I do not have all that data entered into Claude’s database, but I am plugging away at it. So take a look at the member’s page and let me know if you have any problems accessing the obituaries. Happy Thanksgiving, There's always a link to his site on the right, but here it is again Bunnell-Bonnell Family website. Happy Thanksgiving from all of us Bunnell-Bonnell researchers. Posted by Margaret Watson Rutledge at 6:45 PM No comments: Resources Available at Rutgers University, the State University of New Jersey Ronald L. Becker Head of Special Collections and University Archives at Rutgers University Libraries, has replied to queries about information available at Rutgers: Information on their genealogical resources guide is available online at Rutgers Genealogical Resources. Also available is pdf document "Genealogical Resources Available at the Archibald S. Alexander Library, Rutgers" He did a search of their online catalog under "Bonnell family," with the following results Genealogy of the Bonnell family as it pertains to Edgar Marsh Gibby and his descendants. by Gibby, Edgar Marsh, 1877-1968. Published 1962. Catalogue of the Bonnell collection in the Brontë parsonage museum. Published 1932. Thunder over New England, Benjamin Bonnell, the Loyalist /; by Bunnell, Paul J. 1946- Published 1988. Harold Frederic Powell genealogy / by Powell, Harold Frederic, 1912- Published 1991. From distant lands : nine family genealogies: by Siegel, Alan A., 1939- Published 1993. I did a search for "Bonnel" and "Bunnell" and found, in addition to the above: The Bonnell House ... Elizabeth, N.J. by Gibby, Edgar Marsh, 1877-1968. Published 1965. People with Bonnell/Bunnell in their names have written many books on a variety of subjects. Mr. Becker also reported the Middlesex County records at Rutgers consist generally of: Marriage registers and indexes, 1795-1928 Public road surveys, 1705-1828 Deeds and land conveyances, 1714-1722 Official oaths, 1779-1831 Sheriff bonds, 1807-1929 Slave manumissions, 1800-1825 Court of Common Pleas minutes, 1683-1736, 1755-1771, 1783-1793, 1798, 1802-1871 Court of Common Pleas judgements, 1799-1858 Court of General Quarter Sessions minutes, 1683-1736, 1755-1771, 1783-1793, 1798, 1802-1871 Court of Oyer and Terminer minutes, 1799, 1805-1835, 1842-1869, Circuit Court docket, 1839-1873 Circuit Court minutes, 1799, 1805-1826, 1838-1857 Circuit Court judgements, 1838-1855, 1858-1861 More on Hightstown and the Bonnells Who Lived There More from Bob Craig of the Hightstown-East Windsor Historical Society (written to George Farris): I do need to go further on some points, however. You are right that few Windsor Township records exist. In fact, the only ones that I've been able to find in very, very extensive searching are the minutes of the annual meetings for 1761, 1762, 1763, and 1764, and 1772, 1773, and 1774. These, themselves, were not originals, but rather contemporary manuscript copies submitted to the Middlesex County court. I have found no Windsor Township minutes for other years. The township appointed only two constables each year, and of the fourteen names in those seven years, only one, John Updike Jr., was represented more than once. It is possible that Bonnell may have been incidentally identified in one or another surviving Middlesex County record, but given the clear pattern among surviving records, I would ask you to identify the earlier documents that list Bonnell as a constable. When he was named a constable in 1762, he did not succeed himself. (for other reasons, I would also ask that you let me know what documents or other sources identify him as a blacksmith.) The tavern that he occupied and ran stood across the road (Main Street) from a blacksmith shop. Hoagland's gristmill was actually on the north side of Rocky Brook, not the south side (several secondary sources have gotten this point wrong, but the original manuscript sources are very clear on this point. Even so, you are right that the tavern and the mill were only a few hundred feet apart. Some other questions for you. Do you know when Samuel Bonnell first appeared in Windsor, and was it in the Penns Neck area? When did he first appear in the Hightstown area? The movement of Hightstown-area families to Loudoun County, VA is something that the Society has not carefully studied, but we are aware of members of several families who made that move between 1760 and 1775. One of them was Richard Major, the blacksmith who operated the blacksmith shop across from Bonnell's tavern, who left Hightstown ca.1766, and one of John Hight's sons, Thomas Hight, who left for Virginia prob. in 1770. There were others. From George Farris to Bob Craig: Most of the references to Samuel Bonnell as a Constable are within the context of several court documents over a period of many years, not in documents addressing his appointments as constable. Some of the court documents show both Samuel and Samuel, Jr. as being blacksmiths. Regarding the location of the mill, thanks for the correction. I had misinterpreted the reference to it being on the southeasterly side of the road at Rocky Brook when he bought it from James English, Jr. in 1758. We have copies of a few pages from Loudoun VA tax lists for 1768 - 1771 - but only the pages listing Samuel and William Bonnell. However, fortunately, the 1770 list was not sorted alphabetically so it's possible to see who lived near each other. There are no Majors or Hights showing up on the page with the Bonnells. However there are a Daniel and William Hutchinson. Were these a part of the Hutchinson clan from that area? From Bob Craig: One further clarification, if you will permit me. The constable was a local office, appointed by the township at the annual meeting on the second Tuesday in March. Tavern licenses were issued by the county court of special quarter sessions of the peace during court sessions that were held quarterly, in January, April, July, and October. So the use of the word "simultaneously" would seem to be slightly amiss. Does the court minute in January 1763 specifically address whether Bonnell yielded his tavern license and his position as constable at the same time? (if so, that would further strengthen the circumstantial evidence of a link between those positions.) The constables worked closely with the justices of the peace, and delivered writs, arrested charged persons, and so forth. This would help explain their names appearing in the county court minutes. From John Bunnell to Bob Craig; You are correct that “simultaneously” was my interpretation. There is no direct link between the change in tavern proprietorship and change in constable appointment in the Minute Books for the Court of Common Pleas. They just appear to happen coincidentally. Of note, Samuel Bonnell appeared to become less diligent with his constabulary duties in the 1760s, as he was fined several times for “default,” which seems to mean that he did not appear in the quarterly court session when the constables were called. So, either his mounting debts, poor health, or a combination of the two may have led to an inability to carry out his public duties, thus necessitating the change in appointment to Benjamin Ward. A correction to me email before. The three tavern licenses I described were split between the January and April 1761 terms of the court. (I mixed up the pages, serves me right for trying to do this in a hurry last night…) Here is the corrected description: Regarding the Taverns, Samuel Bonnell is first connected with a tavern in April 1757, when he performs as a surety for John Height’s application for a tavern license. Regarding the tavern that Samuel Bonnell eventually ran, the previous proprietor, James English (a fellow constable) received his last license in January 1761 for the “the house where he now lives in Windsor.” Three months later (April 1761), proprietorship shifts to Samuel Bonnell, for the house “where James English lately kept tavern in Windsor” (John Silver and John Smith suretys). Several entries above that in the Minute Book, John Hight, for whom Samuel Bonnell previously served as surety, is granted another license for “the house where he lives in Windsor,” with the same two individuals, John Smith and John Silver, acting as suretys. In April 1762, Samuel Bonnell’s tavern license is renewed, but he also serves as the surety, along with James Brooks, for John Smith’s tavern “at Cattail Brook in the South west part of the County.” In January 1763, as has been mentioned, Benjamin Ward is awarded a tavern license “in the house where Samuel Bonnell lately lived in Windsor.” Benjamin Ward also assumed Samuel Bonnell’s constabulary position in March 1763. Your question below regarding sources is key. I followed your footsteps exactly, finding the appointment of officers documents from 1761 forward in the loose papers of the Middlesex Court of Common Pleas kept in the State Archives in Trenton. That is where we were stuck until two weeks ago, frustrated that the officer selection documents for Windsor do not exist prior to this date. The ground-breaking new source is the Minute Books from the Middlesex Court of Common Pleas just now available to the public after the archival work at Rutgers. These books record the officer appointment results for Windsor each April session, not only confirming the information we already have, but now providing the officer information for previous years. I only copied the ones that applied to me, but I have the officer lists for 1736 (John Clarke, Constable), 1756 (Samuel Bonnel and William Mounteer, constables), 1758 (it says to continue the same officers as the previous year), and 1760 (Samuel Bonnel and James English, constables). Officer listings for 1757 and 1759 may be there as well, I may have just missed them. This brings up a point where we could certainly use help from our new friends in New Jersey. We’ve discovered that navigating the Byzantine world of New Jersey documents is tremendously difficult. Just to take the Middlesex Court documents as an example. The Court of Common Pleas Minute Books are at Rutgers (only now available to the public via microfilm), the Court of the Oyer and Terminer Minute Books (debtors court) are at Princeton (may not be available to the public), the loose papers (writs, etc) emanating from both of these courts are what we have been sifting through at the State Archives at Trenton (only being indexed for the earlier years). It absolutely baffles me why all these documents that were produced by the same organization (the County Court at Perth Amboy with the same Justices, Sheriffs, and Constables throughout) should be spread amongst these disparate agencies. We will certainly need your help and advice to answer questions such as: how do we get access to the Oyer and Terminer Minute Books? What else is available in the Special collections at Rutgers and Princeton for which we are not smart enough to ask? What other records exist for local governments, churches, etc, that may supplement what we are finding at the larger establishments? We have been working this remotely (I live in Colorado, George lives in Tennessee, John Grady lives in Houston, etc.), so we have wasted much of our very limited on-site research time by not having a good understanding of the available documentation and the potential value of each source. We would greatly value your input to make us more productive in the future. Samuel Bonnell (1), Samuel Bonnell (2) and Edward Bonnell in Middlesex County, New Jersey John Bunnell's latest report on the Samuel Bonnell sorting: As George (Farris) stated, the documentation seems to indicate that Samuel Bonnell was a Constable of Windsor from at least 1744 until 1762. There are significant gaps in the Middlesex Court records during this period, but Samuel seems to be there whenever the records exist for his adult life. A newly produced microfilm in the New Jersey State Archives (courtesy of recent archival work by Rutgers University) shows the a fairly complete set of Minute Books for Middlesex County through 1736. The only mention of the Bonnells I’ve found in this time is for the father of the individual we are investigating here (also called Samuel Bonnell (1)), who is mentioned in a series of actions involving an adultery case that eventually leads to his conviction and an assessment of a fine in 1715. Of note, Samuel Bonnell (2) is not a constable of Windsor in 1736 (the last year before the record gap), as that position is occupied by John Clarke. George and I assess that the adultery case probably led the family to relocate to Somerset County during that period, thus explaining several of the court documents that emanate from that county during this time. There is a gap in the Middlesex County Minute Books from 1737-1754, denying us the ability to do the year-by-year tracing that we can do earlier and later. Nonetheless, the items we have found in the loose papers indicate that Samuel Bonnell (2) returned to Middlesex County and assumed the position of the Constable of Windsor during this time. The first mention of this we’ve found so far is from 1744. This is actually a fairly entertaining case where Samuel was ordered to legal action against an individual who was a law officer in another jurisdiction (New Brunswick). Samuel, in turn, was arrested as he attempted to execute this order, leading to an argument between the officials in the two townships. The next case, also from the free court papers, is in March 1755, when Samuel is deposed to deliver a letter from the court to William Walker concerning a land dispute. Once the Middlesex Court Minute Books pick up again in 1755, Samuel is consistently noted performing constabulary duties. The annotations are there for the Court Terms of October 1755, April 1756, July 1756, July 1757, April 1758 (by implication), January 1759, April 1759, April 1760, October 1760, April 1762, and October 1762 Regarding the Taverns, Samuel Bonnell is first connected with a tavern in April 1757, when he performs as a surety for John Height’s application for a tavern license. January 1761 seems to be the big transition point for the Windsor Township Taverns, with licenses simultaneously issued for James English (“in the house where he now lives in Windsor,” John Hight and Vincent Dye his recognizance, Timothy Frazee and David Stewart his suretys), John Hight (“in the house where he lives in Windsor,” John Smith and John Silver suretys), and Samuel Bonnel (“in the house where James English lately kept tavern in Windsor,” John Silver and John Smith suretys). In April 1762, Samuel Bonnell’s tavern license is renewed, but he also serves as the surety, along with James Brooks, for John Smith’s tavern “at Cattail Brook in the South west part of the County.” In January 1763, as has been mentioned, Benjamin Ward is awarded a tavern license “in the house where Samuel Bonnell lately lived in Windsor” and simultaneously assumed his role as constable. I know I need to scan and transcribe these more recent discoveries and get them out to everyone. (I’m a single point of failure here…) I think I have mostly exhausted the resources in the NJ State Archives, so George is on the right track to look for data sources beyond Trenton. The archivist at Trenton recommended I contact the administrator for the Rutgers Special Collections. I sent the email but not yet received a response. I did sort through the fragmented annotations (marriages and births) for the Cranberry Presbyterian Church (just north of Hightstown) located in the State Archives, but did not get any hits within these clearly incomplete listings. Bob Craig of the Hightstown-East Windsor Historical Society added: Thanks for all of this information. One further clarification, if you will permit me. The constable was a local office, appointed by the township at the annual meeting on the second Tuesday in March. Tavern licenses were issued by the county court of special quarter sessions of the peace during court sessions that were held quarterly, in January, April, July, and October. So the use of the word "simultaneously" would seem to be slightly amiss. Does the court minute in January 1763 specifically address whether Bonnell yielded his tavern license and his position as constable at the same time? (if so, that would further strengthen the circumstantial evidence of a link between those positions.) BTW, there is a reference to an Edward Bonnel having been a blacksmith in Somerset County in 1740. Is this part of the story also? Another interesting pattern in the tavern license material is the frequency with which tavern keepers served as sureties for one another. I'm not sure what to make of this tidbit, but when Bonnell was first licensed, his sureties, Silver and Smith, were not from the Hightstown area, but rather from the area now encompassed within Robbinsville Township. Likewise, when Smith was licensed in 1762, his tavern was at "Cattail" (New Sharon on the Old York Road), but a year later Bonnell reciprocated for Smith. It turns out that Smith died not long afterward, so neither man was a local tavern keeper very long. George Farris on Edward Bonnell: I don't think Edward Bonnell has been identified among the related Bonnell lines of NJ. Yes, we've seen the article about him breaking out of goal in 1740 in Somerset. There was later an Edward in Monmouth Co. - and several other Edwards over the years. Charlie Bunnell is the keeper of the Bonnell/Bunnell database and I will let him comment if he knows more about this Edward. He wasn't part of the Samuel Bonnell family as far as I know. Posted by Margaret Watson Rutledge at 9:44 AM No comments: Help from the Hightstown-East Windsor Historical Society George Farris reported: Since John’s research at the NJ Archives had pinpointed Hightstown, NJ as one of the specific places where Samuel Bonnell had lived, I contacted the Hightstown - East Windsor Historical Society to see if there might be any local information remaining regarding him or other members of the family there. Cappy Stults is the current President of the Society and he did quite a bit of searching of the available records with very limited success. The one specific that came out of this is the exact location of the Inn and the fact that Samuel Bonnell lived there for a short time. Mr. Stults responded: Although I have not totally given up, everything has been a dead end. I have not found any Bonnell’s. Hightstown was a very small hamlet prior to the railroad in the 1830s. Although we had a mill and inn, there was not even a church until the 1780s. Years later many may have referred to Hightstown even though they may have been in Millstone or Cranbury Townships, or even what are now West Windsor or Plainsboro Townships, all within 5 miles of Hightstown. Mr. Stults asked “the real expert,” Bob Craig, for help. Mr. Craig wrote On Samuel Bonnell, I have only one record of him as constable. He was appointed constable for the year 1762-3 at the annual Windsor Township meeting in March 1762. The surviving records on constables show that they were typically one-year assignments with almost no succession. They often included a tavern keeper, usually in the first year of his license (evidence of a quid pro quo ?). Thus John Hight was appointed constable in 1751, the first year of which there is record of him as tavern keeper. Samuel Bonnell was first licensed as a tavern keeper in April 1761; before his first year of licensure was completed, he was appointed constable in 1762. Bonnell was re-licensed in April 1762, while still constable. In January 1763, before his year was out, he was succeeded as tavern keeper by Benjamin Ward in 1763. Ward, in turn, was appointed constable in March 1763, in the first year he was licensed. This pattern is strong enough that there was clearly something unstated going on. In the court minute when Benjamin Ward was licensed in January 1763, it was noted that the tavern was kept "in the house where Samuel Bonnel [sic] lately lived in Windsor ..." Note the past tense, "lived." This tavern stood on the site of Cunningham's pharmacy, the southwest corner of Main and Stockton streets, Hightstown. The tavern was built about 1755, and stood (I think) until the late 1850s when it was demolished. So I can only place Samuel Bonnell in Hightstown for this brief interval in the early 1760s. These are the only references that I've found to Bonnell in my notes. William Bonnell of Mercer County, Kentucky Had a Brother Samuel Bonnell Who Stayed in New Jersey Marjorie Gibbs asked: I have been following all this with great interest. It must take some kind of record for the depth and breadth of the research you have done, and the careful sorting and analyzing. it’s fascinating. Would you retrace a little to help me follow the descent from the original William? I assume the evidence now shows Samuel Bonnell (3) the more likely father of our “Kentucky Bonnells.” Is that right? William Austin suggested that Isaac4 was William’s father. That no longer seems to be the case — Samuel was William’s father, instead of Isaac. Does this mean Isaac4. (Nathaniel3,2, was not our William’s ancestor? Or was it Isaac4’s brother, Samuel4? Or was our William’s progenitor Samuel3, and not Nathaniel at all? Would you line this out for me, please? It looks to me as though you have found three generations of Samuels that weren’t even on Bill Austin’s radar. Is that right? Sorry if I appear rather dense on following this. It’s not your fault. John’s reply: Thanks for the note, I know all of this can get quite confusing, especially with the duplicate names. I think we’ve now established with reasonable confidence that William Bonnell of Mercer County Kentucky was the son of Samuel Bonnell [2] who was born in Woodbridge New Jersey (26 May 1707), reached maturity in Somerset County New Jersey, spent most of his adult life as the Constable of Windsor, New Jersey, and was an elderly companion of William during his first several moves in Virginia. The body of evidence indicates that Samuel (2) had at least one other son, also named Samuel [3], who would have been William’s brother, probably born about five to eight years before William. Samuel (3) appears to have stayed in New Jersey after the rest of the family moved to Virginia, at least through the Revolutionary War. William and Samuel (3)’s paternal grandfather and Samuel (2) father was Samuel Bonnell (1) who is listed on page 57 and 58 of William Austin’s book. We now know that Austin’s write up is incomplete. Samuel (1) did not die in 1715 (that was a different Samuel). Instead, he remained in the public record until at least 1728 and probably 1739. Our discoveries reinforce Austin’s assessment that Samuel (1) split with his wife Abigail and son Benjamin. It now appears that he took up a relationship with a Susannah (Randolph?) which resulted in the birth of Samuel (2). The genealogy from here is straightforward and in accordance with William Austin and Claude Bunnell’s work: Samuel (1) was the son of Nathaniel, who was the third child of the original immigrant William Bonnell. So, our direct line to the original immigrant was: -William (of Mercer KY, b. ~1742 in Somerset or Middlesex County, New Jersey) - Samuel Bonnell (2) (b. 26 May 1707 in Woodbridge, Middlesex County, NJ; d. probably in late 1770s in Virginia) - Samuel Bonnell (1) (b. ~1675 in Elizabethtown, NJ, d. probably 1740s in Somerset County, NJ) - Nathaniel Bonnell (b ~1640-1642, probably in Massachusetts) - William Bonnell – the original immigrant. Bonnells and Bunnells in Hightstown, New Jersey George Farris adds to the discussion of Samuel Bunnells, Middlesex County, New Jersey: I agree that the 3 generations of Samuels scenario is about the only way to explain all of the references over a period of many decades. As we put together more pieces of this mosaic the picture is beginning to emerge and make sense. One of the key things that some of the later records clarify is a second specific location where the Samuel(2) Bonnell family lived. While they apparently lived in the Penn's Neck area near Princeton and near the western boundary of Windsor Township for many years it's now clear that they later relocated to Hightstown - which is near the eastern boundary of Windsor Township. The questions regarding James English and Benjamin Ward are pertinent and help pinpoint the location of the Inn that Samuel Bonnell operated for several years. James English was the Inn Keeper prior to Samuel Bonnell and Benjamin Ward after Samuel. The brief references that I've found to them describe both as Inn Keepers at Hightstown. James English was later a miller and a blacksmith at Hightstown. Hightstown was small and centered on the point where the Kings Highway crossed Rocky Brook - which is where Christopher Hoagland operated a mill from 1758 until his death in 1763. Since Hoagland owed William Bonnell a small amount of money at his death it appears very likely that William worked for him at the mill. So we can put a pin on the map at Hightstown, NJ as the earliest specific location where we have identified William Bonnell as living - at least from 1761 - 1763. That location also helps explain some of the Bonnell records that involve people who lived in Monmouth County. Hightstown is just a few miles from Monmouth County. It seems quite possible that Samuel Bonnell(3) served with the 3rd NJ Regiment (the New Jersey Greys). While the officers were mostly from northern NJ most of the foot soldiers were recruited from southern NJ. John Bunnell adds: That a Samuel Bonnell served in the Third New Jersey is beyond doubt. I have extensive references to pay, as well as the final pay settlement from 1785 signed by Jonathan Dalton (the youngest signer if the Declaration of Independence). The only question is whether this is for Samuel (3) or an unrelated individual. Interestingly, there is also a Revolutionary record for a Samuel Bonnell who skippered a schooner from Elizabethtown to deliver firewood to American forces. Sorting Out the Samuel Bunnells of Middlesex County, New Jersey John Bunnell reports: I apologize for the delay in correspondence, as things have been very busy at home and work. While I was able to find several more pertinent documents during my last trip to the New Jersey State Archives, I have not been able to scan and transcribe them as I did with the first bunch. Since I don't know when I will get to that, I'll provide an interim summary of my conclusions. The more documents I find, the more I become convinced that we are actually dealing with three generations of Samuel Bonnells in Middlesex County New Jersey. To explore this theory, please refer to the attached spreadsheet,(see below) in which I have reorganized the New Jersey documents into chronological order. With this, we can see that the differentiation between a Samuel Senior and Samuel Junior happens at two points. The first is in Somerset County in 1732. The next is a generation later, 1755-1761 in Middlesex County. Looking at the ages of the two Samuels we have identified to date (Nathaniel's son, b. ~1675, and grandson, b. 1707), they would have had to have been both very long lived and very active into their elder years to account for all these references. Indeed, the last reference of them together, in 1761, would require the older Samuel to be still active at 86 years of age. I think a more likely scenario is that the Samuel born in 1707 had a son likewise named Samuel in, I propose, about 1738. This individual would have been the older brother of William Bonnell of Mercer County Kentucky. The birth year is based on the fact that he first begins to appear in the public record in 1755, at which time he must have reached the age of majority. I believe he was still connected to Samuel (2) at least through 1761 (same house and business, perhaps). Although writs are written against both of them, the court minute books list only the suit against one of them, presumably the father. The other argument for this theory is that it explains the continuing presence of a Samuel Bonnell in New Jersey after 1707-born Samuel is already established with William in Virginia. The spreadsheet is color coded to show what I believe to be the most likely "owner" of each of the documents we've collected. Based on the above, I would offer the following as "provisional biographies" of the three generations: Samuel Bonnell (1): This was the individual that we already know of from William Austin's work. He is the son of Nathaniel, born in Elizabeth Town, Essex county, in approximately 1675. As we have discussed in the past, he appears to have divorced his first wife with whom he perhaps had a son Benjamin. He then appears to have married Susannah, with whom he parented son Samuel (2) in 1707 after relocating to Woodbridge in Middlesex County. The family appears to have relocated to Somerset County sometime before 1728. The last document that probably relates to this individual is the will of John Balm in 1739, when he would have been approximately 64 years old. Unfortunately, all records of this time from Somerset County were destroyed in a courthouse fire, which is probably why this search is so difficult. (The Somerset court documents we've found only exist because they were later prosecuted in other counties.) It is possible, therefore, that Samuel (1) died in Somerset, with the record now lost. Samuel Bonnell (2): According to the document found by Margaret, Samuel (2) was born on 26 May 1707 in Woodbridge, NJ. The first adult mention of Samuel (2) is in the 1732 bond to Richard Carman (he would have been 25 years old), in which he is listed as a blacksmith. Probably through family connections, Samuel (2) was appointed one of the Constables of the Township of Windsor not later than 1744, holding this post for nearly two decades until 1762. (Remember that Joseph Bonnell was a judge on the New Jersey Supreme Court and Isaac Bonnell later became the Sheriff of Middlesex County, so the enforcement of the law appears to have been Bonnell family business.) Samuel (2) lived in Windsor Township near Penns Neck and had at least two sons, Samuel (3) and William, when he was in his thirties. In 1761, he purchased an inn and public house from James English, a fellow constable. By 1763, he sold the inn and public house to Benjamin Ward, who also assumed his position as constable. Increasingly in debt, all his possessions were confiscated by 1767, causing him to relocate to Virginia with his son William and family friends Jacob Wright (also penniless) and Peter Rossell. The last document relating to this individual is the letter for the administration of the Estate of Jacob Wright in 1777, when he would have been 70 years old. He probably passed away in Spotsylvania County, Virginia. Samuel Bonnell (3): Samuel (3) should have been born in ~1738 to start appearing in the public record as a legal adult in 1755. He became a blacksmith like his father. Although his father relocated to Virginia in approximately 1767, Samuel (3) stayed in New Jersey, being placed in debtors prison in 1770, when he would have been 32 years old. This may be the individual that was in the Third New Jersey Regiment, raised in Elizabethtown and officered by Jonathan Dalton of Princeton. (Neither Samuel (1) or Samuel (2) would have been young enough age for military service in the Revolutionary War.) Samuel (3) appears in New Jersey legal documents as late as 1785, when he would have been 47 years old. I welcome your comments and criticisms on the above. There is still much work that can be done to prove or disprove this this theory and/or flesh out the details. I'm sure at least some of this is wrong. Some of specific the "like to knows" are as follows: Who was the Susannah Randolph that was the co-witness, with Samuel Bonnell (1?), on the 1728 bond between Isaac Fitzrandolph and William Beaks? Was this the mother of Samuel (2) either out of wedlock or using her maiden name? Who was the Ann Johnson who was the co-witness, with Jacob Wright, on the bond between Joseph Cox and Isaac Ivins in 1763? Did she become the Ann Wright that we know was his wife (debunking the theory that Ann Wright was a Bonnell)? Who was James English, fellow constable with Samuel (2), and from whom Samuel purchased the inn and public house? Who were John Smith and John Silver, who were the sureties for Samuel (2) in his application for a liquor license? Who was Benjamin Ward, who both purchased the inn from Samuel (2) and assumed his position of constable in ~1763? Did the witness of the sale of lands from the estate of Charles Wright in 1773 by Samuel (3?) have any connection to Jacob Wright? Does it make sense that Samuel (3) was the Samuel Bonnell in the Third New Jersey Regiment who was officered by Jonathan Dalton, or has this record been connected to some other Samuel? Thanks ahead of time for any help you can provide in answering these questions. I'll try to transcribe and forward the most pertinent documents as time allows. Posted by Margaret Watson Rutledge at 9:13 AM 1 comment: Bunnells in the Christopher Hoogeland of Windsor, New Jersey, Estate Records, 1763 Here's the latest from John Bunnell on his research in the New Jersey State Archives– I was able to spend several more hours in the New Jersey State Archives last month. Overall, I found a number of other documents related to the Samuel Sr./Samuel Jr./William Bonnell family. Unfortunately, those document do not, at first review, shed any more light on untangling Samuel Sr. from Samuel Jr., which was my primary purpose. However, there are some important pieces of information. Most significantly, I was able to find the young William Bunnell in records relating to the same location on which we've been focused, Windsor, Middlesex County, New Jersey. The document is the accounts of the estate of Christopher Hoogeland from 20 September 1763. This is a very large document, so I've just copied the relevant pages. These include the title pages for the two main sections, followed by the page listing William Bunnell as a creditor to the estate (near the top of the page). This is followed by the page on which Samuel Bunnell and Jacob Wright are listed as debtors to the estate (middle of the page). If there were any lingering doubts as to whether these New Jersey Bunnell/Bonnells were the same as appeared in Virginia several years later, they must certainly be dispelled by finding all three on the same document together in Windsor. I admit that the quality of these copies is poor. This is mainly a function of the microfilm reader I was working on. I have much cleaner copies from another machine, but these are printed on 11x14 paper, so I can't fit them in my scanner. I think there is little need, however, as I have also attached a transcription of the complete document from the New Jersey Genealogical Magazine that captures their names as well as providing the context. I think we will discover the relationship between Christopher Hoogeland and the Bonnell/Bunnells was geographic, at a minimum. In a document I'll forward later, Christopher Hoogeland is a signatory to a request for a liquor license where they state that the public house run by Samuel Bonnell is, in effect, their local pub. Finding William Bunnell on this document also provides some clue as to his age. We've seen guesses between 1740 and 1750. I think this document shows us that the 1750 date must be too late. I think his latest date of birth is probably 1745, which would have made him of age (18) at the time of this document. 1740 is likely the early limit, as this is the first appearance we see of him in the record, which contains voluminous mention of Samuel Sr., Samuel, Jr., and Isaac. The article John refers to is "Accounts of the Estate of Cristopher Hoogeland of Windsor, 1763," by Thomas B. Wilson, published in The Genealogical Magazine of New Jersey 82-59-69 May 2007, pages 59-69. I can't post the copy that John included in his e-mail because of copyright laws and regulations. I can quote from it, however. "Administration on the estate of Christopher Hoogeland of Windwor, Middlesex County, was granted 14 September 1763 to his brother Jacob Hoogeland and Peter Schenk, both of Somerset County. …The original estate file can be found in the New Jersey State Archives, Trenton, N.J., in the series Department of State, Secretary of State's Office, Wills and Inventories, ca. 1670-1900, #3935-68L. The packet includes three inventories drawn up by the administrators, all dated 20 September 1763." page 67:"…William Bunnell, credit Balance £8.6.10 outstanding 7 mo." (found on page 3959 in the original file, see below, copy courtesy of John Bunnell). page 69: "…Samuel Bunnell amounnt £10.0.11 paid £9.94 balance £0.11.7 outstanding 3 mo." (shown on page 3962 of the court file) George Farris added: As a location reference, this Christopher Hoagland (who was fairly young - 1732-1763) bought the mill property in November 1758. It included a grist mill, bolting mills (used to separate flour from the larger particles), a dwelling house and "other improvements." It was located on the SE side of the Perth Amboy - Burlington Road where it crossed Rocky Brook. This is now the center of Hightstown, NJ - Main Street of Hightstown is on part of the old Kings Highway. Peddie Lake in Hightstown was the original mill pond. The old mill site itself is now a city park. The Hoagland families owned considerable property along the Brunswick - Princeton Road and this Christopher (there were several Christopher Hoaglands) was born in 1732 near Harlingen in Somerset County. This particular mill must have served a very wide area when Christopher Hoagland owned it since his customers seem to span an area from Penns Neck at the western end of Windsor Township all the way to Freehold in Monmouth County and south to Bordentown as well as north to Cranberry. Virginia Revolutionary War record for a William Bonnell John Bunnell gave an update to his research: I''ve been heavily occupied at work recently, so I've not been able to think much about Bunnell/Bonnel geneology. However, questions regarding the Virginia Revolutionary War record for a William Bonnell are still churning through my mind. As a reminder, it was a salary payment made on 28 April 1785 for naval service that I sent earlier (Virginia Auditors Accounts, volume XXXI, page 31). I've examined the document again and determined that all the payments on that page were for service in the Virginia State Navy (as opposed to the US Navy) in the Revolutionary War. In the attached spreadsheet, I've cross referenced the names versus the extremely incomplete set of muster rolls I've found online. I was actually surprised at the number of individuals I was able to match against their ships of service. Unfortunately, this did not include William Bonnell. Also, I was not able to identify any trends that would tie William to any other person on the page. As you can see from the spreadsheet, officers and crew from all of the Virginia ships are mixed together. I have discovered that a "Master" in the navies of the day was not the captain, but instead a relatively low-ranking warrant officer who was responsible for navigation and the fitting of the ship. This level of responsibility is confirmed on the William Bonnell pay sheet, as his line has no "No XXX" annotation associated with the payment, unlike the commissioned officers (Lieutenants, Captains, and the Commodore). I know that we have no other indication that William Bonnell had any connection with the sea. I find it intriguing, however, that at least two ships of the Virginia line, the Dragon and the Pocahontas, were built and outfitted on the Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg. This area is the northern border of Spotsylvania County, where the Bonnell, Wright, and Rossell families were living at the time. The crews for these two ships were recruited from that area from 1777 until 1778. Some other points to ponder: This Bonnell family appears to have been tradesmen rather than farmers. We know that Samuel, Sr. and Samuel, Jr. were both blacksmiths. We've not found that William Bonnell owned land at any place he lived, so I think it is reasonable to assume he was also involved in a trade. Tradesmen would seem to be sought after in the initial outfitting of a ship. It is seems clear that although the William Bonnell in this record served honorably enough to receive pay in 1785, this service did not result in a land grant. Land grants were only awarded if the service member completed three years of service, so this individual must have served less than this period. We've not found that anyone has claimed connection to this naval William Bonnell with the DAR or SAR. Unlike most of these records, where there is a stamped of people trying to prove their Revolutionary War connection, the familial connection to this record seems lost. We still don't know why Jacob Wright died, but that event occurred while these ships were outfitting and recruiting at Fredericksburg. Was there any connection? There were other Bonnells and Burnells involved in shipping further north during this period. Is there any connection? (see attached photos). In summary, we still don't have enough information to say what this record means, but I think the coincidences are strong enough to justify a deep research dive to determine if this naval Bonnell is the same as our ancestor. I'll include a couple of websites I found useful so far... Revolutionary War Records Virginia Navy George Farris responded: Thanks for this information and analysis. I had also been searching through the RW records available on fold3.com this week for any Bonnell records that might apply to the William Bonnell of Spotsylvania VA. There were none that I could find there. The Brumbaugh compilation from 1936 that you reference is probably as complete a list as exists anywhere for the VA naval vessels and their crews. But, again, no William Bonnell is listed so these rolls must not be complete since the one VA pay record that you found does show William Bonnell as a VA ship's master. Given the timeframe and location refernces that you cite involving the VA naval vessels it seems likely that this was our William Bonnell. But there may not be any way to verify that from existing records. I've encountered a similar situation regarding John Farris's RW service. There seem to be no muster or pay rolls or other direct evidence of his service other than his own account in his pension application that is consistent with historical records. When you make it back to do more research in the VA Archives some time in the future perhaps you can find more about this William Bonnell. I think we have already identified enough other areas requiring more research there to occupy many days. Perhaps your military career will take you back to that area and allow some research time in the future. Posted by Margaret Watson Rutledge at 10:01 PM No comments: More Family Bible Records at the DAR Library One June 8, 2015 I wrote a post about Bible records at the DAR. They keep adding to them. I checked them this morning and found one for a branch of my family that didn't come up when I searched a year ago. So I did some searches today for Bonnell and name variations. Each "record" found may have several generations or even expanded families. My Meeker one did. You can click on each record to see the list of names it contains, and order copies directly from the DAR. Here's what I found: Bonnell–18 records Bunnell–15 records Bunnel–6 records Bonnel–3 records Try it out for yourself. You just might find a treasure, like I did. DAR Bible Record Search Bonnell DNA Surname Project BNL_DNA Surname Project .. 10 Years and 37 Y-DNA Members: . . Some questions have been answered, with a Few surprises along the way !! https://www.familytreedna.com/public/BNL_dna Update on the Woodbridge New Jersey Town Records Our readers know how bad the images were on the microfilmed Woodbridge Town Records. Genealogical serendipity made the Samuel Bunnell Jr. birth record jump out. George Farris has worked through the nearly 200 images but found no other references to Samuel Bonnell. There was one record in 1690 that looked sort of like Sam Bonnel but on closer examination I think it was actually Sam Dennes, an earlier Woodbridge settler. 1690 seemed rather early for Samuel Bonnel to be in Woodbridge records anyway. John Bunnell is also taking a look at that page to be sure. About 100 pages of the images were for records in the 1600s. I did not find the records that we were looking for for Samuel Bonnel in 1710 and 1715. It's clear that the record in 1707 that you pointed out is definitely a birth record for Samuel, Jr. There were no Burrells in that area at that time so this record has to be for the Samuel Bunnell family. Helpful Maps at the Princeton University's Nova Cæsarea: A Cartographic Record of the Garden State, 1666-1888 This came from George Farris: There are a couple of maps that are helpful in determining the locations of the FitzRandolph lands in these transactions at Maps at Princeton University Library One of these shows the owners of the land along the Post Road from Amboy to Trenton as of 1766. There are no FitzRandolphs listed at that time, but there are several properties listed for Thomas Leonard who was a major landholder around Prince Town. Another set of maps on the same page documents the Middlesex/Somerset County line. From this it's clear that Prince Town was split between the two counties so that land west of the main road was part of Somerset. So the two tracts were not very far apart and the larger one was partially bounded by Stony Brook and would now be part of Princeton University. This would seem to indicate that at least one of the Samuel Bonnells was in the Prince Town area by 1731 and is consistent with the later references to the Bonnells being near Penns Neck - just across Stony Brook from Princeton.. The FitzRandolphs seem to have spread from Woodbridge throughout the region. There were some around Brunswick and Perth Amboy as well as further south along all of the major roads. Note that the references to the Kings Road in the 1734 FitzRandolph deeds refer to the post road from Brunswick to Princeton while the previous reference involving the bridge over the South River at what is now Old Bridge, NJ refers to the Amboy-Burlington Road. These were different branches of the Kings Road through NJ. Members of the FitzRandolph clan owned land along both of these roads. Since there were references to Samuel Bonnell involving both of these roads I've wondered whether Samuel, Jr. and Samuel,Sr. might have migrated at different times along different routes. Samuel Burrell, Son of Samuell Burrell and Susanna his wife was born May ye 26 1707 in Woodbridge Town Records Followers of this blog know of the efforts to sort out Samuel Bunnell records. I haven't been active in this, only posting the work of others. It became clear the original records need to be consulted, or rather the microfilmed version. I was therefore thrilled to find via the FamilySearch catalog that my local family history library (in Orange, California) had a copy of microfilm 16,596, Early Vital Statistics of Woodbridge Township Liber A, filmed by Bibliofilm, Corp. in 1938. No one had to go to Salt Lake City! George Farris told me exactly what to look for so this morning I made the effort. I’ve looked at a lot of New England town records and naively expected them to be similar. Boy was I wrong. I completely understand why there’s disagreement about their contents because they are a mess. The images on film are dark and often illegible because of blotches that may be stains on the pages or merely shadows. Can’t tell. The lighting wasn’t right when they were filmed 80 years ago. Scraps of paper were put on top of pages when they were scanned, concealing part of the page underneath. Sometimes the light beneath a page was so bright the writing on the back bled through into the image. The records themselves are a mess. Loose pages. Indecipherable handwriting. Torn edges. Blotches and stains. Worse yet, they aren’t in any kind of order that I could find. One set of pages has marriages in alphabetical order, but anything after R is illegible, and it only covers a narrow period of time. Another set of vital records seems to be organized by family. Bless the LDS volunteers because they helped me figure out how their one scanner-microfilm reader hookup worked. I captured 190 images as best I could. I took images of every page that seemed to have a marriage or other vital record. Some of them didn’t come out very well as the black around every page influenced the scanner adjustments. If I could have cropped the image before scanning it, the scans would have turned out better. I couldn’t. I felt lucky to be able to scan them at all. The volunteers suggested I take a photo of the image on the microfilm reader, but I don’t have a smartphone (I know, I'm a Luddite) and wasn’t smart enough to bring a camera or my iPad. Plus the images on the microfilm reader were awful. I wrote all this up in an e-mail to the Samuel Bunnell team and attached an image as a sample, the one page that had records for last names starting with B. The attachment came on my screen really big, and one of those serendipitous things happened. Right in the middle, huge and clear where I couldn't possibly miss it, was one of the items they were looking for. “Samuel Burrell, Son of Samuell Burrell and Susanna his wife was born May ye 26 1707.” Unbelievable! This image confirms the accuracy of Rev. Joseph W. Dally's transcription in Appendix E, "The Story of a New Jersey Township" (available free at this link: The Story of a New Jersey Township I just hope we can find everything else they're looking for in the images I made. Increment 20: Will of John Severns and Land Sale to Nathaniel Fitz Randolph From John Bunnell: Here is the last increment of documents procured from my quick, wave-top-level search of the New Jersey State Archives. They are two secondary source documents. The first is the will of John Severns of Trenton, New Jersey. It mentions Samuel Bunnel as an individual to which the estate was indebted. It looks like Severns was indebted to just about everyone in the county. That is, however, except for Jacob Wright and Peter Rossell, who are not listed on the following pages. The second document captures a land sale to Nathaniel Fitz Randolph from his father. The witness is listed as “Samll Bumill (?).” I am convinced that this was one of the Samuel Bonnells. First, the spelling with an “i” and the contraction that looks like “Sam’ll” is what we have seen on almost all of the other signatures. Second, Samuel Bonnell and Nathaniel Fitz Randolph were co-jurors in the 1764 inquisition. Third, Samuel Bonnell provided evidence for the King in the road and bridge maintenance case along the King’s Road that eventually resulted in the writ against two other Fitz Randolphs, Richard and Eseek. The fact that this document also alludes to the Randolph property being along the King’s Road reinforces the fact that all of these are related. The two entries for the Randolphs, which appear to address the same property several years apart, provide quite a few clues as to the location. The position adjacent to “Prince Town” aligns nicely with our knowledge that the Bonnells were living near Penn’s Neck in the 1750s. The other property that straddles the Middlesex-Somerset line along the King’s Road may indicate that both families lived very close to the line and provides a clue as to why the Randolphs were responsible for the maintenance of a section of this road. If both families were relatively close to the county line, this may provide some insight as to why the debt document in which Samuel Bonnell, Jr. was the codefendant during this same timeframe (1730-1732) was prosecuted in Somerset County. I think this will be all from the Middlesex chapter until one of us can get back to New Jersey for a closer look. We have made tremendous progress and I am fairly certain we have properly reconnected the Kentucky Bunnells (an amazing achievement, although we will still need to look for more confirmatory evidence). Nonetheless, there are still many unclear questions from the New Jersey chapter. In particular, we have not untangled Samuel Bonnell Sr. from Samuel Bonnell, Jr. on many of the documents in the 1740s, 1750s, and 1760s. After this, it still seems that there are not enough Samuels to account for the length of activity around the Windsor / Trenton area, particularly the appearances that extend well into the 1800s (maybe there was a Samuel III, brother to William?). Also, we still need to sort out the Isaac Bonnell from Perth Amboy who was the Sheriff of Middlesex County during the 1760s and 1770s. Finally, we are all waiting expectantly to see what Margaret has to report from the Woodbridge document regarding Samuel and Sasanna from 1707. I imagine all of this is discoverable, as the harvest from my hurried and undoubtedly incomplete search illustrates that Middlesex, Somerset, and Hunterdon Counties have not been thoroughly researched. Until such time as we get new information from New Jersey, I’ll start working back through the William Bunnell story from end to beginning in an effort to clean up loose ends and ensure the documents are available for wider collaboration via Ancestry.com. From George Farris: Regarding the John Severns will, while the wording is not definitive, I think this is a list of debts owed to him rather than the other way around. Severns was a fairly wealthy merchant in Trenton and also apparently a money lender according to descendants of other people on this long list of accounts. The list extends for another 1-1/2 pages. Pages 426 and 427 are attached. It's interesting in that many of the people are listed by their occupations, locations or other descriptors such as "the lame man", "Jasper's son", "widow's son", "great", "small", "old", "baker's son", etc. Continuation of the Bunnell/Bonnell Family Newsletter This Blog replaces The Bunnell/Bonnell Newsletter that was in continuous publication from January 1987 until November 2014 - 28 continuous years. Mr. William Austin of Lacyville, PA started the Newsletter in order to share some of the material he had collected during 25 years of research and correspondence. After 10 years, Carole Bonnell and her sister-in-law Teri Bonnell assumed the editorship. In January 2003 Charlie and Pat Bunnell took over, and published the newsletter until November 2014. At that time this blog was created to carry on the newsletter in a different way. Please send contributions to margaretrutledge@earthlink.net. SUBSCRIBE TO THE BLOG HERE!!! Just type in your e-mail address. Bunnell/Bonnell Family Links Bunnell-Bonnell Family Website Claude Bonnell's Database The Bonnell DNA Project The Goose Nest Bonnell Facebook Page Resources Available at Rutgers University, the Sta... More on Hightstown and the Bonnells Who Lived Ther... Samuel Bonnell (1), Samuel Bonnell (2) and Edward ... Help from the Hightstown-East Windsor Historical S... William Bonnell of Mercer County, Kentucky Had a B... Sorting Out the Samuel Bunnells of Middlesex Count... Bunnells in the Christopher Hoogeland of Windsor, ... Virginia Revolutionary War record for a William Bo... Helpful Maps at the Princeton University's Nova Cæ... Samuel Burrell, Son of Samuell Burrell and Susanna... Increment 20: Will of John Severns and Land Sale t...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2033
__label__wiki	0.941021	0.941021	East Sparta Village History: East Sparta is a village in Stark County, in the Canton-Massillon metro area. The community is in the Eastern Standard time zone. The latitude of East Sparta is 40.667N. The longitude is -81.355W. Town <strong>Documents</strong> 79th annual homecoming (256 kB) Annual Homecoming events list (18 kB) History East Sparta (2 MB) As of the census[3] of 2010, there were 819 people, 328 households, and 229 families residing in the village. The population density was 487.5 inhabitants per square mile (188.2/km2). There were 349 housing units at an average density of 207.7 per square mile (80.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 99.3% White, 0.2% African American, and 0.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.9% of the population. There were 328 households of which 29.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.5% were married couples living together, 9.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.2% had a male householder with no wife present, and 30.2% were non-families. 24.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.50 and the average family size was 2.95. The median age in the village was 42.3 years. 24.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 7% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.4% were from 25 to 44; 28.7% were from 45 to 64; and 17.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 49.7% male and 50.3% female. As of the census[5] of 2000, there were 806 people, 315 households, and 242 families residing in the village. The population density was 1,344.6 people per square mile (518.7/km²). There were 341 housing units at an average density of 568.9 per square mile (219.4/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.64% White, 0.25% African American, 0.37% Native American, and 0.74% from two or more races. In the village the population was spread out with 24.6% under the age of 18, 6.5% from 18 to 24, 29.0% from 25 to 44, 22.1% from 45 to 64, and 17.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 39 years. For every 100 females there were 95.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.0 males. The median income for a household in the village was $40,208, and the median income for a family was $41,964. Males had a median income of $29,267 versus $21,354 for females. The per capita income for the village was $18,017. About 4.7% of families and 5.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 4.0% of those under age 18 and 5.7% of those age 65 or over. East Sparta was originally called Sparta, and under the latter name was laid out in 1815, and named after the ancient city of Sparta, in Greece.[6] On June 3, 2015 East Sparta’s 70-year-old water tower was dismantled	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2037
__label__wiki	0.6827	0.6827	Pelosi Should Send Only One Article of Impeachment to Senate, George Conway and Neal Katyal Suggest William Vaillancourt With House Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s (D-CA) announcement Friday that the House would consider a resolution to transmit articles of impeachment to the Senate next week, there has been speculation as to whether or not this would in fact happen given the standoff between Pelosi and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R-KY), and if so, whether Pelosi would send both articles of impeachment. In a Washington Post op-ed, George Conway, husband of presidential counselor Kellyanne Conway and an advisor to the Lincoln Project, an anti-Trump super PAC, and former acting solicitor general Neal Katyal, argue that Pelosi should hold the article of impeachment alleging abuse of power. As far as the president’s obstruction of Congress, no relevant new evidence will be obtained, and so that article should be transmitted. They write: Separating the two articles — our preferred approach — would make perfect sense. When it comes to the second article, all the evidence about Trump’s obstruction is a matter of public record. There’s nothing more to add, so the second article is ripe for trial. But as to the first, although there is plenty of evidence demonstrating Trump’s guilt, his obstruction has prevented all of the evidence from coming to light. New evidence since the House adopted the articles of impeachment, they note, include emails showing that the military aid to Ukraine was ordered withheld mere minutes after Trump’s July 25 phone call with his Ukrainian counterpart. Also, former national security advisor John Bolton has signaled he is willing to testify if subpoenaed by the Senate; his lawyer says he has new information. Conway and Katyal reason that only transmitting this one article would keep McConnell in check as far as reluctance to agree to a fair trial with witnesses: Holding the first article back and letting the second go forward would be a powerful and precise response to McConnell’s unprecedented attempts to avoid committing to a real trial. It makes practical sense but also highlights what’s at stake here. Trump would be forced to undergo two impeachment trials instead of one — but that’s a fair price for him to pay for his attempts to hide evidence from the American people. McConnell said Friday he would not commit to a time frame when asked if he hoped to wrap up the trial before Trump’s State of the Union on February 4. George ConwayImpeachmentneal katyalUkraine William Vaillancourt is a writer and editor from New Hampshire whose work has appeared in The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, The Progressive, Slate and Areo Magazine, among other places. He holds a BA in Political Science and History from Boston University. Hillary Clinton Won’t Commit to Endorsing Bernie Sanders: ‘Nobody Likes Him’ Lawyer Shares Video of Lev Parnas and Mike Pence to Prove VP ‘Knew the Guy’ McConnell’s Impeachment Schedule Could See Key Events Happen After Midnight GOP Senator on Trump Asking for Foreign Help: ‘He’s Human’ and Will ‘Make Mistakes’ GOP Senator Says Democrats Are Trying to Undo the 2020 Election Rod Rosenstein Authorized Release of Texts Between FBI’s Strzok and Page	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2043
__label__cc	0.724143	0.275857	Space Needle: A Midcentury Vacation in Seattle January 7, 2018 by Giuseppe Macchiaverna As the 21st century ends its teenage years, enthusiasm for Midcentury style and design has never been more intense. A steady public appetite continues to grow for the strong lines, natural shapes, vibrant color, and elegant simplicity of midcentury furniture, clothing, and architecture. Even now dear reader, you may be wearing a retro swing dress and enjoying this blog while sitting in a black Stratham chair. If this is the situation you find yourself in, you may also be wondering, “How can I plan a midcentury vacation?” Have no fear my inquisitive wanderer, the DIY Travelers have planned out the ultimate midcentury travel itinerary. First stop: The Seattle Space Needle. Living in the Space Age While the Space Needle is a towering landmark of classic midcentury architecture, the real story lies in the motivation behind its construction. This colossal steel spear designed to pierce the heavens was created as the cornerstone monument of the 1962 Seattle World’s Fair. Officially named the Century 21 Exposition, this fair was one of the last great celebrations of 1950’s American optimism. It imagined a futuristic 21st century transformed by unlimited progress and technological advancement. The United States could accomplish any scientific feat, including winning the Space Race against the Soviet Union. Everything could be built bigger, better, and more amazing. The Space Needle is the physical manifestation of this unbridled enthusiasm, reaching ever upwards toward the stars. This Town Needs a Monorail The only authentic midcentury method of visiting the Space Needle is by taking a ride on the Seattle Center Monorail. In the 1950’s and 60’s, no form of transportation could lay claim to being more futuristic than the monorail. It seemed to glide on air, powered by fantastic space age technology. It should be no surprise then that the Seattle World’s Fair included one. This monorail transported 8 million people to the ‘World of Tomorrow’ during the six months of the fair. Even the King himself, Elvis Presley, rode it during his visit. Today you can ride the very same trains used during the World’s Fair. The Red and Blue trains of the monorail have been in service for nearly 55 years. In downtown Seattle, board the monorail on the 3rd floor of the Westlake Center Mall. Enjoy the city views as the train whisks you at 45 mph towards the Seattle Center and the Space Needle. As you go, imagine the excitement felt by millions of visitors experiencing this technology for the first time in 1962. Riding on a silent cushion of air as they approached the fair grounds, they must have really felt they were traveling into the future. Panoramic Dreams at the Space Needle You’ll see the Space Needle towering above its surroundings long before you reach it. The sleek concrete and steel design propelling upwards invokes the midcentury aesthetic of efficiency and industry. The aerodynamic lines of the observation level give it the appearance of a flying saucer straight out of a 1950’s science fiction movie. The Space Needle so perfectly reflects space age design that artist Iwao Takamoto used it as the inspiration for the futuristic buildings on The Jetsons cartoon show. There are many great places near the base of the Space Needle to shoot vertigo inducing photographs straight up. The real prize though is taking panoramic images from the observation deck. The are many taller structures in the world, but few are surrounded by such an amazing and diverse landscape. Capture the cityscape of downtown Seattle, photograph the open water and islands off the coast, or shot the surrounding cloud covered mountains. Take full advantage of 360° of stunning views to photograph. Of course going to the top isn’t the only thing to do at the Space Needle. There’s the SkyCity rotating restaurant where you can enjoy regional cuisine and spectacular views at 500 feet. There is also a gift shop in the base of the needle if you want to take home a souvenir. The Space Needle is just one of the attractions offered at the Seattle Center. The former world’s fair grounds are also home to the EMP Museum, The Chihuly Garden and Glass Museum, The Pacific Science Center, The International Fountain and many other attractions. We’ll cover everything you can do at the Seattle Center in future articles here at DIY Travelers. In the meantime, hang on to your fedoras as we climb into the Thunderbird for the next destination in our midcentury vacation. Here are some useful links to help you plan your visit to the Space Needle: Seattle Monorail Westlake Center Mall Hungry after taking in the spectacular views atop the Space Needle? Head over to our partner food blog, Cooking School Dropouts, and plan your lunch. They’ve just chowed down on fried clams at Ivar’s Fish Bar. Discover how a local folk singer named Ivar Haglund used outrageous marketing stunts and crazy commercials to build an iconic Seattle restaurant chain. Keep Clam and visit Ivar’s Acres of Clams at CookingSchoolDropouts.com. Filed Under: Front Page Feature, United States, Washington Tagged With: 1962, 1962 SEATTLE WORLD'S FAIR, ALWEG MONORAIL, CENTURY 21 EXPOSITION, DOWNTOWN SEATTLE, FLYING SAUCER, MID-CENTURY, MIDCENTURY, MONORAIL, OBSERVATION DECK, OBSERVATION TOWER, RETURN TO THE WORLD'S FAIR, SEATTLE, SEATTLE CENTER, SEATTLE CENTER MONORAIL, SEATTLE WORLD'S FAIR, SKYCITY, SPACE NEEDLE, WESTLAKE CENTER MALL	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2049
__label__wiki	0.602327	0.602327	Reviews and Commentary Links & Websites FathomEvents.com You are here: Home / Human Interest / Science / Technology / DAVID DONESON TO LEAD AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR THE WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE DAVID DONESON TO LEAD AMERICAN COMMITTEE FOR THE WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE October 21, 2018 Comment Off 12 Views NEW YORK, N.Y.—August 1, 2018—The Board of Directors of the American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science has unanimously elected David Doneson to be the organization’s next CEO, effective September 4, 2018. Mr. Doneson will succeed Marshall S. Levin, who has served as CEO since 2008. In making the announcement, Ellen Merlo, National Chair of the American Committee, said, “Dave Doneson is a dynamic leader with a notable record of accomplishments in the field of financial resource development, specifically for academic and research institutions. He is passionate about the Weizmann Institute’s mission of science for the benefit of humanity. His outstanding professional talents and collaborative approach to management make him uniquely suited and the ideal choice to lead the American Committee.” The American Committee develops philanthropic support in the U.S. for the Weizmann Institute of Science, one of the world’s leading research institutions and graduate schools, based in Rehovot, Israel. The Committee’s headquarters are in New York City, with offices located in major regions across the U.S. Marshall S. Levin has served as CEO for the past decade and has overseen the organization’s increasingly successful fundraising strategies; he will retire at the end of 2018. Mr. Doneson, a senior fundraising professional, was most recently Chief Development Officer of the American Technion Society (ATS). Prior to joining ATS, he served as Director of Development for the University of Michigan Health System, where he managed teams dedicated to major gifts fundraising. Mr. Doneson served in many roles during his six years at the University of Michigan, including directing alumni relations and major gifts. Mr. Doneson holds a Bachelor of Business Administration with Distinction from the University of Michigan Ross School of Business. He attended Yale University, during which time he took a leave of absence to live in Israel, and previously attended the Phillips Academy. Mr. Doneson served as a lone soldier in the Israel Defense Forces as a Sergeant, Armor Corps. “I am excited, grateful, and deeply honored to be joining the American Committee as CEO at this eventful time in the organization’s history, as next year marks 75 years since its founding,” said Mr. Doneson. “The Weizmann Institute exemplifies the highest standards of excellence in science research and education, and the American Committee exemplifies the same in philanthropy. I also feel especially privileged to represent one of Israel’s greatest treasures, and to be part of a humanitarian enterprise that benefits the world in so many ways through its research.” David Doneson was selected following an extensive nationwide search process led by a diverse committee composed of nine members of the Board of Directors, chaired by Ellen Merlo, and assisted by DRG Search, a distinguished executive recruiting firm. David Teplow, President of the American Committee, said, “I am delighted to welcome Dave to the Weizmann Institute family. I look forward to working closely with him on building upon our historic accomplishments as we strive to increase funding for the Institute, and strengthening bonds between our supporters and scientists.” Since its founding in 1944, the American Committee has provided more than $2.5 billion in support of the Weizmann Institute of Science. The Committee is currently engaged in Transforming Tomorrow: Accelerate the Next 75 Years of Scientific Breakthroughs, a three-year special fundraising campaign marking the organization’s 75th anniversary. The Weizmann Institute of Science in Rehovot, Israel, is one of the world’s top-ranking multidisciplinary research institutions. The Institute’s 3,800-strong scientific community engages in research addressing crucial problems in medicine and health, energy, technology, agriculture, and the environment. Outstanding young scientists from around the world pursue advanced degrees at the Weizmann Institute’s Feinberg Graduate School. The discoveries and theories of Weizmann Institute scientists have had a major impact on the wider scientific community, as well as on the quality of life of millions of people worldwide. The American Committee for the Weizmann Institute of Science is a community of dedicated people who share a common vision in support of the Institute. The generous assistance the Institute receives from individuals, foundations, and corporations is vital for its future. Committee members show their devotion to the advancement of the Institute’s goals by becoming partners in the search for answers to the most difficult challenges facing humanity. In : Human Interest, Science / Technology Previous article Drone Tech is Helping Solar Companies Scale Even Faster Next article THE WEIZMANN INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE IS NINTH IN THE WORLD IN RESEARCH QUALITY Editor of Don411.com Media website. 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KOCH THEATER LINCOLN CENTER STEDMAN GRAHAM’S BOOK ‘IDENTITY LEADERSHIP’ RELEASES MAY 7 ARTISTS DEN TO KICK-OFF SEASON 13 OFLIVE FROM THE ARTISTS DEN WITH JAMES BAY; First Installment of 2019 Spring Series will Tape at Secret Venue in New York on Sunday, May 12 for a Future Broadcast on PBS Monsieur Job Drop Alluring New Music Video for Single “Busqué Mal” FOUR World Premieres FEATURED IN THE JOFFREY ACADEMY’s Winning Works WEEKEND OF PERFORMANCES March 9-10, 2019 at the MCA’s Edlis Neeson Theater THE ROLLING STONES – BRIDGES TO BREMEN CONCERT FILM RELEASED JUNE 21ST 2019 DAVID GLEN EISLEY AND BOB KULICK ENJOY A “SWEET VICTORY” +Most Comment USF Sarasota-Manatee to host HospitaBull at Ritz-Carlton on March 26 USF Sarasota-Manatee faculty member finishes Fulbright specialist assignment to Turkey ABC RADIO ANNOUNCES MEMORIAL DAY WEEKEND PROGRAMMING CAHOOTS THEATRE ANNOUNCES 2019-2020 SEASON DEAD & COMPANY ADDS FALL CONCERTS ‘The Oyster Bar’ Commemorates 20 Years this September BILLY JOEL JOINS DON HENLEY AT EVENT HONORING ED BEGLEY JR. AND RACHELLE CARSON-BEGLEY BILLY JOEL RETURNS TO TAMPA AMALIE ARENA ON FEBRUARY 7, 2020 ALESSI BOXING RETURNS TO THE IDENTITY TAMPA BAY; Saturday Night Brawl III to be broadcast live and on-demand on The Identity Tampa Bay Ultra Music Festival will return home to Bayfront Park March 20 – 22, 2020 for its 22nd edition Copyright © 2014 Don411.com. All Rights Reserved.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2051
__label__cc	0.569107	0.430893	Best time of year to hire a campervan for a holiday in Australia Australia is such a big country that, no matter when you visit, you are likely to find weather that suits you. In the middle of the year, roughly May to August, Tasmania and southern parts of Australia will be cold and wet, and there will be snow falls in parts of Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales. But this time of year is the "mildest" in the Northern Territory and northern regions. The centre of the continent will be dry, warm through the day but can be very cold at night. You will need to book caravan parks in advance in central and northern areas at this time. At the start and end of the year, roughly October to March, northern tropical areas will be in their wet season, with thunderstorms, lots of rain, high temperature and high humidity, and occasional cyclones. This area is prone to flooding and some areas will be inaccessible at times. Southern areas at this time will be dry and warm to hot. Central areas will be dry and can get very hot. You will need to book caravan parks in advance in southern areas at this time. The "in-between times" -- March to May and August to October -- are generally suitable for visiting any part of the country. Australia can be split roughly into three areas for weather: Temperate southern areas: All of Tasmania. Most of Victoria. South eastern New South Wales. South eastern South Australia. South western tip of Western Australia. Best time to visit: September through to April. Dry central areas: Most of central and southern Western Australia. Majority of South Australia. Southern parts of the Northern Territory. Western parts of Queensland. Western parts of New South Wales. North western Victoria. Best time to visit: April through to September. Tropical north: Northern parts of Western Australia. Northern parts of the Northern Territory. Northern parts of Queensland. Have a look at this map for more detail. Cheap Travel Insurance - Click Here	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2053
__label__wiki	0.614739	0.614739	Sentient Horror- A Morbid Afterglow Saturday, 21st December 2019 By Matt Coe Shifting from a power/progressive/thrash act like Dark Empire into a death metal outlet like Sentient Horror may seem odd to some, but if you know the affinity guitarist/vocalist Matt Moliti has for both styles it makes total sense. It’s not often that you’ll hear a US band embrace the spirit and quality of European death metal, especially the early upstarts like Entombed, Grave, Dismember, and Unleashed – but the deeper you take in the music of this band, you’ll know that they also love other US/European artists that are not Swedish in their heaviness and musical quality. Their second full-length Morbid Realms contains another ten tracks of sheer brutality amidst down tuned aesthetics and shifts of tempos/hooks that will catch listeners by surprise. We reached out to Matt by phone and he was happy to bring us up to speed on the new record, the horror/fictional inspiration to many of the lyrics, his day job work as a guitar instructor and what he gets out of it, as well as deeper thoughts on his favorite bands/musicians in death metal and what the future holds for Sentient Horror. Dead Rhetoric: What’s the status of filling the drum position for the band at this point – as you had session drummer Sean Meyers for the record? Matt Moliti: Um- actually Sean didn’t actually play on the record. The drums are programmed. And he’s credited because he’s going to be our current fill-in drummer and he also helped program the drum parts so that they would be what he would actually play in a live situation. He wrote the parts, but he didn’t actually play them – so we didn’t know quite how to credit it, so we credited it to him being the drummer. It’s just like Ungodly Forms – we had to part ways with Evan in the middle of recording, and it just would have cost way too much money to rebook studio time. We figured that no one really complained that we used a drum machine on the first record, so we wound up going with that again just to keep everything on track. To keep production costs also within our budget. Dead Rhetoric: Is it a challenge to find the right permanent drummer given the style of death metal you play in New Jersey? Moliti: I think it’s probably the combination of that… in general it’s hard to find a drummer in general, and a good drummer especially. Especially for the kind of music we are doing, it’s also hard to find a drummer that would be willing to commit to a band. A lot of guys, especially if they are really good, they tend to stay in the more session realm, because they know they are good and they can get more gigs because of that. Of course, I would prefer to have a full-time member that could rehearse regularly and when the time comes I can bounce ideas off of them when I’m writing the riffs. We are still actively looking for a permanent drummer- but for the time being Sean is great. He’s got his own project called Gates to the Morning – which is a post-black metal progressive project. This is a different element for him, but he’s doing a fantastic job so far. He’s going to be helping us for gigs for the foreseeable future until we find a replacement. Dead Rhetoric: Morbid Realms is the band’s second full-length – what did you want to accomplish with this set of material that makes things unique or special compared to your previous album and EP’s? Moliti: One thing that I did try to focus on this time around- I went back and I listened to some of my favorite old-school death metal records. Namely the big records that were an inspiration for this one were, Entombed and relistening to Left Hand Path a lot, as well as Dark Recollections from Carnage. Even some non-Swedish influences like Scream Bloody Gore by Death, and Necroticism- Descanting the Insalubrious by Carcass. Those records in particular, I tried to sort of tap into this vibe that a lot of those records had. The songs themselves, a lot happened in each individual song. It wasn’t like one tempo the whole way through, it wasn’t one atmosphere the whole way through, you have these peaks and valleys, new sections and new twists and turns come out of left field within one song. And a variety of tempos all within one song. That was one element I really want to bring that focus back. Even with a lot of bands that do the old school sound, that’s an element I don’t hear getting replicated a lot, which I really like. I wanted all the songs to have twists and turns and go through the changes. Dead Rhetoric: When it comes to those changes, what songs on the new album do you think went through that big transformation from initial writing and demo stage to the final product? Moliti: That would have to be… I would say for the most part, the songs as I wrote them, they came about as they would wind up becoming. When the song is finalized on the demo, really nothing got changed when it came to recording it for the full-length in the final production. Within the songwriting, a lot of different things will happen. I remember at one point the bridge for the title track was the intro for what would become “Black Wings of Delirium”. You get weird stuff like that happening where you listen to what you wrote and something’s not working. Even if you love a part that you wrote, you have to take a step back and take a look at the big picture. Even if that individual part is really cool, is it serving the song in the greater context – and if it’s not, you have to cut it. But luckily, in this instance, it had this really creepy, dissonant harmony thing – and I wasn’t using it as an intro anymore. I came to this middle part and I had a place for this. Little things like that will happen. The riffs for “Loss of Existence”, I’ve had those riffs back when I wrote the EP. At the time, I didn’t have a place for them. That happens a lot, even if it’s a cool riff if it’s not serving the greater context, you file it away for later. As you work on something new, a light bulb might go off and it’s a perfect spot for me to use that idea that I had. Dead Rhetoric: Revered musician/producer Dan Swanö handled the mixing/mastering – how would you describe your relationship with him and what he brings to the table to give Sentient Horror that final, powerful punch? Moliti: Dan, one thing I really like about Dan is that I can tell from the mix that he sent back, he’s been listening and grew up with this kind of music. There were little details that he added to the final product, the reverse reverb on the snare hits in the slow bridge part for “Bound to Madness” – details like that, you can tell that he was listening to Obituary when they first came out. Those little old school details that he brought to the final mix that I thought was really cool. My working relationship with Dan, it’s pretty cool. We both have a mutual respect for one another artistically. The guy has been a huge musical inspiration for me. Both for his songwriting and vocally – he’s one of my biggest vocal influences. To have developed that type of relationship with him is pretty cool. I know there has been talks that maybe at some point I may be able to contribute to something he may be working on – that’s talking right now, and it would be cool to collaborate with him. We have a lot of similarities in our musical backgrounds – not only do we love death metal, but we are both really progressive rock fans. I actually met up with him recently, he came over with his wife to New York City. It was cool, as we could go from talking about death metal to Kansas and UFO. We have very similar creative backgrounds. Dead Rhetoric: Where did you come across lyrically on this record – is it similar themes as the previous work? Moliti: Similar. I wanted to make a little bit of a departure from the slasher movie, zombie type lyrics. There is still a little bit of that with tunes like “Cemetery Slaughter” and “Loss of Existence” – but I wanted to incorporate more of other-worldly horror. In my mind that falls into the category of H.P. Lovecraft, Clive Barker, stuff like that. I got some inspiration from a lot of Clive Barker – books like Hellraiser and the Books of Blood, and different Lovecraft stories. For example, “Call of Ancient Gods” was loosely based on Call of Ktulu, and “Reanimated” was based on Reanimator. “Down to Madness” is written from the viewpoint of somebody turning into a cenobite from Hellraiser, the way I wrote those lyrics. It’s very much still in the fiction/horror realm, but I tried to incorporate some different elements so it wouldn’t be just like writing the same old topics over and over again. Dead Rhetoric: Juanjo Castellano Rosado once again designed the cover art for you – describe the process you go through when it comes to developing the cover, and how important do you believe cover art has been for the death metal genre in general? Moliti: Oh huge, super important. That’s part of what aids in the music, you have the fantastic works of art for the different album covers. When I think of Scream Bloody Gore, I immediately think of the album cover. Or Left Hand Path, any of those records, Cause of Death – it’s immediately the art work comes up and it puts you in the mindset for listening to the record. What I like to do is I like to have the album artwork reflect the album title – and it’s for what I do. It doesn’t have to reflect what the title track necessarily ends up being about, but if you see the album title and look at the cover, it should make sense. That was what I worked with Juanjo on – I sent him the lyrics for the title track and I sent him a basic description. I wanted to combine a Lovecraft-ian, alien world with hell, pretty much. What would that combination look like? It was great what he came up with, this hybrid Lovecraft monster/devil for the centerpiece of the artwork. I thought it was brilliant, I remember when he sent me the sketch and something with tentacles in the center, and then when I saw it with a devil with claws and the tentacle things coming out, it was awesome. Dead Rhetoric: What are the difficulties for a band of your stature to deal with in order to get to the next level of respect, admiration, and more solid footing within the international scene? Moliti: That’s a really good question. I think really what it comes down to for me personally is as long as the content, the musical content is still good. If you are putting out good records, and the songwriting is top-notch, I think that’s what will ultimately make someone’s career, and continue to move forward. Playing live more and as each release comes out the promotion is better, but if the quality of your product is good and keeps getting better, that’s only going to serve everything else even more. Someone in my position, I don’t have the ability to be a road dog- we will never be a band that goes out on the road for weeks and weeks at a time. I have a salaried, well paying job in the music industry that I love, a guitar teacher professionally. I get two weeks paid vacation, just like everyone else like that – if I wanted to go on tour, I have to use that vacation time. I would think that as more and more releases get put out, as long as the quality is staying the same or getting better, that would ultimately help us continue to grow. Dead Rhetoric: We know that the biggest base of influence for your sound comes from that early to mid-1990’s Swedish death scene when the HM-2 pedal was all the rage. What would be some of the more underrated bands or albums that you cherish during that time period – be it Swedish/European or otherwise? Moliti: Well I think the most underrated band that I am a fan of from the early European death scene is Gorefest. I don’t see a lot of people in America – maybe in Europe it’s different – I don’t see a lot of people mentioning Gorefest and they are one of my absolute favorites from that early 90’s European scene. They have similarities to the Swedish sound even though they are Dutch, they are halfway between the British sound and the Swedish sound. And again, I am a huge fan of the British bands too – I would say that Carcass is my favorite death metal band, even though most of our associations are with the Swedish scene. I love Bolt Thrower, that whole British sound is similar to the Swedish sound in that they are both down tuned, both of those scenes dabbled in a little bit of what you would call the death n’ roll thing at one point. Carcass doing Heartwork and Swansong and then Entombed with Wolverine Blues. There is a similar kind of tone between those scenes. As far as the Swedish scene goes, I think the number one most underrated band is Nirvana 2002. They only ever put out demos, and I’m not sure why they never put out a full-length. To me, they are the best Swedish band I’ve heard that never got to the point of putting a full-length out. Sentient Horror – Morbid Realms (Redefining Darkness Records) Sentient Horror – Ungodly Death Resurgence Sentient Horror – The Crypts Below (Redefining Darkness Records) October 2016 Rapid Fires	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2058
__label__cc	0.731817	0.268183	Arundinella pumila (A. Rich.) Steud. Species Name (as per The Plant List) : Arundinella pumila (Hochst.) Steud. Habitat : Grasslands and open areas Comments / notes : Often in plains and on slopes Flower, Fruit : July-December Andhra Pradesh : Kurnool district Karnataka : Chikkamagaluru district, Dakshina Kannada district, Davanagare district, Hassan district, Kodagu (Coorg) district, Mysuru district, Shivamogga district, Tumakuru district, Udupi district, Uttara Kannada district Kerala : Kasaragod district, Kannur district, Wayanad district, Malappuram district, Palakkad district, Idukki district Maharashtra : All districts of Maharashtra Odisha : Kalhandi district, Bargarh district, Bolangir district, Ganjam district, Dhenkanal district Tamil Nadu : Common World Distribution : Tropical Africa, Sri Lanka, India, Nepal, Myanmar, Southeast Asia Literature : J.L.Ellis, 1990- Flora of Nallamalais Vol. 2; H.O. Saxena & M. Brahmam, 1996- Flora of Orissa Vol. 4; B. D. Sharma, S. Karthikeyan & N. P. Singh 1996 - Flora of Maharashtra state - Monocotyledons; Matthew, K.M., The Flora of Tamil Nadu Carnatic, Vol.3 (2). Diocesan Press, Madras. 1983; Sasidharan, N. 2011. Flowering plants of Kerala. DVD, V 2, KFRI; Saldanha & Nicolson, 1976 – Flora of Hassan District; Gowda, 2004 – Flora of Sringeri; Rao & Razi, 1981 - A Synoptic Flora of Mysore District; Keshava Murthy & Yoganarasimhan, 1990 – Flora of Coorg; Gopalakrishna Bhat, 2003 – Flora of Udupi district; Manjunath et al., 2003 – Flora of Davanagere; Gopalakrishna Bhat, 2014 - Flora of South Kanara Citation : Sankara Rao, K., Raja K Swamy, Deepak Kumar, Arun Singh R. and K. Gopalakrishna Bhat (2019). Flora of Peninsular India. http://peninsula.ces.iisc.ac.in/plants.php?name=Arundinella pumila. Downloaded on 21 January 2020.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2061
__label__wiki	0.731572	0.731572	More info on Alex Groesbeck Alex Groesbeck: Facts List of Governors of Michigan facts Dearborn, Michigan facts Detroit facts Grosse Pointe facts Monroe County, Michigan facts Pontiac, Michigan facts Southfield, Michigan facts Wayne County, Michigan facts Warren, Michigan facts Michigan highway M-97 was simultaneously named both Reid Highway and Groesbeck Highway by different levels of government from 1927 until 1949, the year it was dedicated to Alex Groesbeck? Facts on topics related to Alex Groesbeck Ford Road in Dearborn, Michigan, was named for William Ford, father of Henry? Confederate spy Thomas Hines (pictured, left) had to escape Detroit by ferryboat due to being confused with assassin John Wilkes Booth (pictured, right)? ribbon farms established near Detroit were only 150 feet (46 m) wide, but up to 3 miles (4.8 km) long? The Village of Rochester Hills is the first retail lifestyle center in the Detroit area of the United States? Congregation Shaarey Zedek constructed five new synagogue buildings in fewer than 100 years as it followed its congregants toward the Detroit suburbs? since the 1920s, the Whittier Hotel in Detroit, Michigan, has hosted Horace Dodge, Eleanor Roosevelt, Mae West, Frank Sinatra, and The Beatles? the equestrian statue of Tadeusz Kościuszko (pictured), Polish American hero of independence, which was erected around 1920 at the Wawel Castle in Kraków, Poland, has a duplicate in Detroit, Michigan? the Romanesque St. Charles Borromeo Church (pictured) in Detroit, Michigan, serves a parish that was established to minister to Belgian immigrants to the city? the smoking room of the D&C steamer City of Detroit III (pictured) was put on display at a museum on Belle Isle in Detroit, Michigan, after the ship was dismantled? the Eastside Historic Cemetery District (pictured) in Detroit, Michigan, contains the graves of 29 Detroit mayors, at least 6 governors, 11 senators, and a dozen cabinet members? the Isaac Agree Downtown Synagogue is the only functioning synagogue building in the city of Detroit, Michigan? the Grosse Pointe Presbyterian church was renamed the Grosse Pointe Memorial Church in 1925 after John and Truman Newberry paid for a new sanctuary in honor of their parents?	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2063
__label__wiki	0.53709	0.53709	Downtown Fairfield (Dunaway photo) Hope indeed springs eternal, and the few houses from the valley of the East Fork that were moved would be classic proof. If you can't live where you want, take your memories and go somewhere else. Most who lived in the old town, however, were either not inclined to move their houses or didn't have the means. They certainly had time. The flood control project, which got off to a rousing start, soon found itself stuck in the mud. The buyout in the valley stretched out over several years, which meant the core of the population, family by family, simply moved on. They were in no rush to leave and in no hurry to stick around listening to vague conversations about how a brand new Fairfield could exist at the top of a hill. With no road. Town Under the Lake does a remarkable job covering the moving of houses, landmarks and historical structures, some of them as far as Knox County. A number of ancient buildings were moved to Dunlapsville to form the Treaty Line Museum, a worthwhile idea that eventually died on the vine. One entry in the book, written by "Anonymous," reveals the general feeling of the time: Properties were purchased over a long period of time, so we all heard rumors and truth about the fair and unfair practices of the buyer. It was well into this buying phase before a New Fairfield was actually available. Then we find out there is not one but two New Fairfields to consider. At this point in time, however, most people had, or were in the process of finding new homes. Our community was disintegrating. People were moving everywhere. Our friends were scattering, most beyond reach within a few years. Shortly after this buying phase began, a new plague entered the picture. Vandals! Soon it became an all too common sight to find that some homes had been entered and looted. People would stop at a home they found appealing and helped themselves to whatever they wanted. Remember, I am speaking of homes still owned and occupied by the residents. The worst was arson! The Dunlapsville bridge and many empty homes were lost this way. It became too common to lose an empty home or two on a weekend while families still lived in the valley. I am not aware of anyone who lost a home that was still occupied, but there may have been some. Well, not lately Houses looted, utility lines cut and stripped for scrap ... for the final few who waited until the end, it was scary. Meanwhile, as 1969 dragged along, so did the project. The government was slow appropriating money to actually build the dam. The target date for completion was completely off kilter. On Oct. 3, 1969, the Palladium-Item reported “Reservoir Projects Funds Halted ... Following a hearing with the Federal Bureau of Budgets in Washington, D.C., Wednesday, it appears the near-future construction of the Brookville Reservoir is dead.” Franklin County had taken an economic hit because not only was it perhaps not getting its dam, more than 200 houses had been razed, burned or moved, and an entire valley of property taxpayers were living somewhere else. By the end of 1969, the project, already two years behind schedule, appeared doomed. By 1970, the Nixon administration finally set the funds free and work began on the $8 million earthen dam. A date for completion was 1974. In 1970, work began on a poorly designed causeway that would link relocated S.R. 101 with Blooming Grove. Then on July 27, 1975: “With a handful of speeches and a simple unveiling, state and federal officials Saturday formally dedicated the Brookville Lake, the second largest water recreation facility in Indiana. The ceremony barely lasted 60 minutes for the 5,260-acre reservoir, which took $43 million and nine years to complete.” The point: “The major water project in the basin is the multipurpose Brookville Lake on the East Fork of the Whitewater River in Franklin and Union Counties. It controls runoff from a drainage area of 379 square miles, reduces flood stages at agricultural lands below the dam, at the towns of Brookville, Cedar Grove, and West Harrison, and contributes to a reduction of flood damages along the Ohio River." As former residents gather at the museum site every June to recall the past and contemplate the future, it's worth noting that it takes more than a $43 million federal reservoir project to kill a community. It was our town. It is not our lake. Photo of the one at the top before it became that. Posted by John C. Updike at 2:35 PM	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2064
__label__wiki	0.8538	0.8538	Course and Name Eric B Kaszynski Jr. Eric B Kaszynski Jr. is the current director of the Family History Center of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints at 3000 Old North Rd. in Denton. Born in Dallas TX in 1950, he grew up in Dallas and Lewisville. Work took him away from the metroplex for a number of years to Oklahoma, South Texas, Mexico and Kansas. Eric returned to Denton in 1998, infected with the Genealogy bug. Working initially in Personal Ancestral File and then with new.familysearch and for the past several years with FamilySearch Family Tree. He served an 18 month mission for the Church doing telephone support for FamilySearch products in 2014-2015 and has worked as a local volunteer since then. For Eric, Family Tree’s collaborative approach makes Family History a family affair. Jane Sanzone Daughters of the American Revolution Jane Sanzone joined the Daughters of the American Revolution in 2015. She currently serves as registrar of the Benjamin Lyon Chapter NSDAR in Denton, Texas. Since taking this position in 2017, she and the chapter’s lineage research chair have overseen the submission and subsequent approval of over 25 new member applications and she is eager to share her tips for building a successful application! Walta Evans Genealogy Aids on Line: Tree Seek, Ling Shot, Birthdate Calculators, Photo Editing tools, Research sites Paid and Free, Blogs and wikis, Forums, Societies, and Newsletters, Collaborations Bio for Walta Edwina Lefler Evans Walta Edwina Lefler Evans is a retired elementary teacher/school librarian with 49 years of service. She holds B.S, M.Ed. and MLS degrees from the University of North Texas. She was with the Van Zandt County Library in Canton, Texas, as the part-time professional librarian in charge of children’s programming and genealogy. She was a school librarian in Texas and in Arizona on both the Navajo and Salt River Pima-Maricopa Indian Reservations and taught for Navajo Community College (now Dine College). Her interest in family history and genealogy began early with stories from family members from Jersey, Channel Islands, and continued in her teens when she went to her first paternal family reunion in Michigan. She has traveled to many locations: libraries, courthouses, Archives of Ontario in Canada, and cemeteries, doing the leg work to gather her family history and that of her husband and friends. She has acquired skills in research and technology which have helped her in both genealogical pursuits and in contacting distant relatives in the United States, Canada, England, Australia and France. She is currently working in the Archives of France online. She has presented at the Denton County Genealogical Society and at Family History Day activities in Denton. She is an active member of DCGS, The Virtual Genealogical Society, Jersey Heritage, several social media sites, Ancestry, My Heritage, Geneanet and Family Search/Family Tree. Walta Evans Syllabus for Memories Presentation MEMORIES: RECOLLECTIONS FROM THE PAST for the FUTURE What is a Memory? What to preserve? Where and How to Gather Who gathers Types of Memories Their Preservation Their Worth Donna Spears Donna Spears got serious about genealogy in 2009 after she retired from her 20-year career as a technical writer. In 2013 Donna and her husband, Joe, visited a small, abandoned family graveyard in South Dallas where they found the 1866 gravestone of Donna’s 3x great grandfather. The journey that followed included an uncooperative surrounding land owner, the Texas Historical Commission, an attorney, a lawsuit, a retracement surveyor and more as they successfully fought to keep a parking lot from being built on the ancestors’ cemetery. When the Court asked Donna to prove she was a descendant of the family interred in the cemetery, she did just that. A graduate of Denton High School and TWU, Donna serves as Chair of the Lineage Research Committee of the Benjamin Lyon Chapter, National Society Daughters of the American Revolution. Gordon K. Wright & Lynette A. Wright Gordon K. Wright and his wife, Lynette A. Wright, currently serve as Area Temple and Family History consultants, Bro. Wright currently serves as a sealer in the Dallas Texas Temple. He is a former stake president of the Allen Texas Stake and of the McKinney Texas Stake. Bro. and Sis. Wright have held many callings in the Church and are grateful for the privilege of serving. They are the parents of six children, all of whom are married, and the grandparents of 15 wonderful grandchildren. Brother Wright has spent his career as a trial lawyer. Brother and Sister Wright have recently been called to serve in the Arizona Gilbert Mission where Brother Wright will begin his service as mission president on July 1 of this year (2019).	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2065
__label__cc	0.687749	0.312251	But while cryptocurrencies are more used for payment, its use as a means of speculation and a store of value dwarfs the payment aspects. Cryptocurrencies gave birth to an incredibly dynamic, fast-growing market for investors and speculators. Exchanges like Okcoin, Poloniex or shapeshift enables the trade of hundreds of cryptocurrencies. Their daily trade volume exceeds that of major European stock exchanges. Mining is a record-keeping service done through the use of computer processing power.[f] Miners keep the blockchain consistent, complete, and unalterable by repeatedly grouping newly broadcast transactions into a block, which is then broadcast to the network and verified by recipient nodes.[79] Each block contains a SHA-256 cryptographic hash of the previous block,[79] thus linking it to the previous block and giving the blockchain its name.[7]:ch. 7[79] Bitcoin is pseudonymous rather than anonymous in that the cryptocurrency within a wallet is not tied to people, but rather to one or more specific keys (or "addresses").[41] Thereby, bitcoin owners are not identifiable, but all transactions are publicly available in the blockchain. Still, cryptocurrency exchanges are often required by law to collect the personal information of their users.[citation needed] There is ongoing research on how to use formal verification to express and prove non-trivial properties. A Microsoft Research report noted that writing solid smart contracts can be extremely difficult in practice, using The DAO hack to illustrate this problem. The report discussed tools that Microsoft had developed for verifying contracts, and noted that a large-scale analysis of published contracts is likely to uncover widespread vulnerabilities. The report also stated that it is possible to verify the equivalence of a Solidity program and the EVM code.[41] The proof-of-stake is a method of securing a cryptocurrency network and achieving distributed consensus through requesting users to show ownership of a certain amount of currency. It is different from proof-of-work systems that run difficult hashing algorithms to validate electronic transactions. The scheme is largely dependent on the coin, and there's currently no standard form of it. Some cryptocurrencies use a combined proof-of-work/proof-of-stake scheme.[16] Markets are dirty. But this doesn‘t change the fact that cryptocurrencies are here to stay – and here to change the world. This is already happening. People all over the world buy Bitcoin to protect themselves against the devaluation of their national currency. Mostly in Asia, a vivid market for Bitcoin remittance has emerged, and the Bitcoin using darknets of cybercrime are flourishing. More and more companies discover the power of Smart Contracts or token on Ethereum, the first real-world application of blockchain technologies emerge. Here’s why. Ethereum is based on blockchain technology where all transactions are meant to be irreversible and unchangeable. By executing a hard fork and rewriting the rules by which the blockchain executes, Ethereum set a dangerous precedent that goes against the very essence of blockchain. If the blockchain is changed every time a large enough amount of money is involved, or enough people get negatively impacted, the blockchain will lose its main value proposition – secure, anonymous, tamper proof & unchangeable. If you happen to own a business and if you’re looking for potential new customers, accepting cryptocurrencies as a form of payment may be a solution for you. The interest in cryptocurrencies has never been higher and it’s only going to increase. Along with the growing interest, also grows the number of crypto-ATMs located around the world. Coin ATM Radar currently lists almost 1,800 ATMs in 58 countries. ^ "Bitcoin: The Cryptoanarchists' Answer to Cash". IEEE Spectrum. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Around the same time, Nick Szabo, a computer scientist who now blogs about law and the history of money, was one of the first to imagine a new digital currency from the ground up. Although many consider his scheme, which he calls "bit gold", to be a precursor to Bitcoin After much debate, the Ethereum community voted and decided to retrieve the stolen funds by executing what’s known as a hard fork or a change in code. The hard fork moved the stolen funds to a new smart contract designed to let the original owners withdraw their tokens. But this is where things get complicated. The implications of this decision are controversial and the topic of intense debate. Once you bought your cryptocurrency, you need a way to store it. All major exchanges offer wallet services. But, while it might seem convenient, it’s best if you store your assets in an offline wallet on your hard drive, or even invest in a hardware wallet. This is the most secure way of storing your coins and it gives you full control over your assets. These decentralized applications (or “dapps”) gain the benefits of cryptocurrency and blockchain technology. They can be trustworthy, meaning that once they are “uploaded” to Ethereum, they will always run as programmed. They can control digital assets in order to create new kinds of financial applications. They can be decentralized, meaning that no single entity or person controls them. Many uses have been proposed for Ethereum platform, including ones that are impossible or unfeasible.[46][33] Use case proposals have included finance, the internet-of-things, farm-to-table produce, electricity sourcing and pricing, and sports betting. Ethereum is (as of 2017) the leading blockchain platform for initial coin offering projects, with over 50% market share. On 25 March 2014, the United States Internal Revenue Service (IRS) ruled that bitcoin will be treated as property for tax purposes. This means bitcoin will be subject to capital gains tax.[62] In a paper published by researchers from Oxford and Warwick, it was shown that bitcoin has some characteristics more like the precious metals market than traditional currencies, hence in agreement with the IRS decision even if based on different reasons.[63] “If the trend continues, the average person will not be able to afford to purchase one whole bitcoin in 2 years. As global economies inflate and markets exhibit signs of recession, the world will turn to Bitcoin as a hedge against fiat turmoil and an escape against capital controls. Bitcoin is the way out, and cryptocurrency as a whole is never going away, it’s going to grow in use and acceptance as it matures.” Cryptocurrencies' blockchains are secure, but other aspects of a cryptocurrency ecosystem are not immune to the threat of hacking. In Bitcoin's 10-year history, several online exchanges have been the subject of hacking and theft, sometimes with millions of dollars worth of 'coins' stolen. Still, many observers look at cryptocurrencies as hope that a currency can exist that preserves value, facilitates exchange, is more transportable than hard metals, and is outside the influence of central banks and governments. Despite bringing a number of benefits, decentralized applications aren’t faultless. Because smart contract code is written by humans, smart contracts are only as good as the people who write them. Code bugs or oversights can lead to unintended adverse actions being taken. If a mistake in the code gets exploited, there is no efficient way in which an attack or exploitation can be stopped other than obtaining a network consensus and rewriting the underlying code. This goes against the essence of the blockchain which is meant to be immutable. Also, any action taken by a central party raises serious questions about the decentralized nature of an application. • Ethereum’s chart is displaying a textbook case of Gann’s cycles of an inner year. • These cycles can help determine trend direction months ahead of time. The Cycles of the Inner Year Some of the most important lessons that Gann taught were related to time. Gann said that time was the factor that dictated the direction of a trend. Gann focused heavily on time... Basically, cryptocurrencies are entries about token in decentralized consensus-databases. They are called CRYPTOcurrencies because the consensus-keeping process is secured by strong cryptography. Cryptocurrencies are built on cryptography. They are not secured by people or by trust, but by math. It is more probable that an asteroid falls on your house than that a bitcoin address is compromised. Physical wallets store the credentials necessary to spend bitcoins offline and can be as simple as a paper printout of the private key:[7]:ch. 10 a paper wallet. A paper wallet is created with a keypair generated on a computer with no internet connection; the private key is written or printed onto the paper[h] and then erased from the computer. The paper wallet can then be stored in a safe physical location for later retrieval. Bitcoins stored using a paper wallet are said to be in cold storage.[104]:39 In a 2014 interview, QuadrigaCX founder Gerald Cotten explained that the company stored customer funds on paper wallets in safe deposit boxes: "So we just send money to them, we don’t need to go back to the bank every time we want to put money into it. We just send money from our Bitcoin app directly to those paper wallets, and keep it safe that way."[105] An increase in cryptocurrency mining increased the demand of graphics cards (GPU) in 2017.[37] Popular favorites of cryptocurrency miners such as Nvidia's GTX 1060 and GTX 1070 graphics cards, as well as AMD's RX 570 and RX 580 GPUs, doubled or tripled in price – or were out of stock.[38] A GTX 1070 Ti which was released at a price of $450 sold for as much as $1100. Another popular card GTX 1060's 6 GB model was released at an MSRP of $250, sold for almost $500. RX 570 and RX 580 cards from AMD were out of stock for almost a year. Miners regularly buy up the entire stock of new GPU's as soon as they are available.[39] Miners are the single most important part of any cryptocurrency network, and much like trading, mining is an investment. Essentially, miners are providing a bookkeeping service for their respective communities. They contribute their computing power to solving complicated cryptographic puzzles, which is necessary to confirm a transaction and record it in a distributed public ledger called the Blockchain. NEM — Unlike most other cryptocurrencies that utilize a Proof of Work algorithm, it uses Proof of Importance, which requires users to already possess certain amounts of coins in order to be able to get new ones. It encourages users to spend their funds and tracks the transactions to determine how important a particular user is to the overall NEM network. According to The New York Times, libertarians and anarchists were attracted to the idea. Early bitcoin supporter Roger Ver said: "At first, almost everyone who got involved did so for philosophical reasons. We saw bitcoin as a great idea, as a way to separate money from the state."[131] The Economist describes bitcoin as "a techno-anarchist project to create an online version of cash, a way for people to transact without the possibility of interference from malicious governments or banks".[134] Economist Paul Krugman argues that cryptocurrencies like bitcoin are "something of a cult" based in "paranoid fantasies" of government power.[135] Mostly due to its revolutionary properties cryptocurrencies have become a success their inventor, Satoshi Nakamoto, didn‘t dare to dream of it. While every other attempt to create a digital cash system didn‘t attract a critical mass of users, Bitcoin had something that provoked enthusiasm and fascination. Sometimes it feels more like religion than technology. As of February 2018, the Chinese Government halted trading of virtual currency, banned initial coin offerings and shut down mining. Some Chinese miners have since relocated to Canada.[32] One company is operating data centers for mining operations at Canadian oil and gas field sites, due to low gas prices.[33] In June 2018, Hydro Quebec proposed to the provincial government to allocate 500 MW to crypto companies for mining.[34] According to a February 2018 report from Fortune,[35] Iceland has become a haven for cryptocurrency miners in part because of its cheap electricity. Prices are contained because nearly all of the country's energy comes from renewable sources, prompting more mining companies to consider opening operations in Iceland.[citation needed] Blockchains are secure by design and are an example of a distributed computing system with high Byzantine fault tolerance. Decentralized consensus has therefore been achieved with a blockchain.[29] Blockchains solve the double-spending problem without the need of a trusted authority or central server, assuming no 51% attack (that has worked against several cryptocurrencies). Until relatively recently, building blockchain applications has required a complex background in coding, cryptography, mathematics as well as significant resources. But times have changed. Previously unimagined applications, from electronic voting & digitally recorded property assets to regulatory compliance & trading are now actively being developed and deployed faster than ever before. By providing developers with the tools to build decentralized applications, Ethereum is making all of this possible. A lot of people have made fortunes by mining Bitcoins. Back in the days, you could make substantial profits from mining using just your computer, or even a powerful enough laptop. These days, Bitcoin mining can only become profitable if you’re willing to invest in an industrial-grade mining hardware. This, of course, incurs huge electricity bills on top of the price of all the necessary equipment. The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is the runtime environment for smart contracts in Ethereum. It is a 256-bit register stack, designed to run the same code exactly as intended. It is the fundamental consensus mechanism for Ethereum. The formal definition of the EVM is specified in the Ethereum Yellow Paper.[34][37] On February 1, 2018, there were 27,500 nodes in the main Ethereum network.[38] Ethereum Virtual Machines have been implemented in C++, C#, Go, Haskell, Java, JavaScript, Python, Ruby, Rust, Elixir, Erlang, and soon, WebAssembly (currently under development). Ethereum was officially with an unusually long list of founders. Anthony Di Iorio wrote "Ethereum was founded by Vitalik Buterin, Myself, Charles Hoskinson, Mihai Alisie, & Amir Chetrit (the initial 5) in December 2013. Joseph Lubin, Gavin Wood, & Jeffrey Wilke were added in early 2014 as founders." Formal development of the Ethereum software project began in early 2014 through a Swiss company, Ethereum Switzerland GmbH (EthSuisse).[13][14] The basic idea of putting executable smart contracts in the blockchain needed to be specified before the software could be implemented; this work was done by Gavin Wood, then chief technology officer, in the Ethereum Yellow Paper that specified the Ethereum Virtual Machine.[15] Subsequently, a Swiss non-profit foundation, the Ethereum Foundation (Stiftung Ethereum), was created as well. Development was funded by an online public crowdsale during July–August 2014, with the participants buying the Ethereum value token (ether) with another digital currency, bitcoin. To be accepted by the rest of the network, a new block must contain a proof-of-work (PoW).[79] The system used is based on Adam Back's 1997 anti-spam scheme, Hashcash.[90][failed verification][4] The PoW requires miners to find a number called a nonce, such that when the block content is hashed along with the nonce, the result is numerically smaller than the network's difficulty target.[7]:ch. 8 This proof is easy for any node in the network to verify, but extremely time-consuming to generate, as for a secure cryptographic hash, miners must try many different nonce values (usually the sequence of tested values is the ascending natural numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, ...[7]:ch. 8) before meeting the difficulty target. Contact us at webmaster@ecoiner.org \| Sitemap xml \| Sitemap txt \| Sitemap	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2066
__label__cc	0.578197	0.421803	Online Commons American National Election Studies Forum Return to the ANES homepage Guidelines: How to Prepare, Submit and Revise a Proposal Proposal Evaluation Criteria Calendar and Deadlines Proposal for the 2016 Pilot Study: Dehumanization and the Role of Biological Racism in Politics Research on racial attitudes is rife with disagreement. Scholars debate the very nature of contemporary racial attitudes, the way in which they are measured, and the extent to which they are implicit or explicit. At the same time, however, as Hutchings (2015) writes, there is a “near consensus among scholars that more modern forms of prejudice have generally displaced ‘old-fashioned’ forms of racial bias.” We propose a two-question battery, which measures a concept that challenges this conventional wisdom: items that capture white dehumanization of blacks. Specifically, these questions measure an individual level propensity among whites to view blacks as less than fully human – a phenomenon that we argue is widespread and has significant implications for our broader understanding of racial conflict in the U.S. In support of this proposal, we present analyses from a pilot study of a convenience sample of white Americans. These analyses show that (1) substantial proportions of whites rate blacks as less evolved than they rate whites; (2) that dehumanized attitudes are correlated with traditional factors in ways we should expect, suggesting that this measure has high construct validity); and, (3) even after controlling for standard measures of prejudice against blacks, dehumanization of blacks is powerfully associated with a wide range of white political preferences, including approval of Obama’s performance as president, support for punitive criminal justice policies, and opposition to policies intended to aid blacks. The dehumanization measure proposed here therefore promises to inform not only the study of core topics in political science, such as candidate evaluation and public opinion, but also research across the social sciences examining the nature and consequences of racial attitudes in the contemporary United States. Read the full proposal This entry was posted in All Proposals on September 14, 2015 by American National Election Studies. Proposal for the 2016 Time Series Study: How Anticipated Emotion Drives Voter Turnout Proposal for the 2016 Pilot Study: The New Identity Frontier: Explaining Public Opinion toward Transgender People & Rights → One thought on “ L.J Zigerell September 21, 2015 at 3:24 am [Disclosure: I am the author of the “Measuring Resentment of Black Americans” proposal.] 1. The proposed dehumanization scale has five figures, and it is not clear that the fourth figure is non-human. The proposal describes the fourth figure as “a Neanderthal-type figure holding a spear,” but there is no reason that respondents cannot interpret the fourth figure as a human holding a spear. (For what it’s worth, my understanding is that the spear-holding penultimate figure in the famous March of Progress image is a Cro-Magnon, which is classified as human.) In any event, the dehumanization scale would be more convincing if the penultimate figure were clearly not human, so that responses can be interpreted more cleanly to reflect perceptions of groups being more highly evolved and not perceptions of groups being more civilized or industrialized. For that matter, it might be better to replace “whites” and “blacks” in the prompt with “white Americans” and “black Americans,” to avoid respondents conceptualizing whites and blacks in terms that include Europeans and Africans. 2. The proposal interchanges the concepts of evolved and human, but it is not clear that dehumanization is the same thing as perceiving a person to be less highly evolved. In canine terms, some dogs are more wolf-like than other dogs, but that does not mean that the more wolf-like dogs are not dogs; similarly, the fact that some persons might seem less highly evolved does not mean that these persons are not human. 3. The proposal states: “Whites are also more likely to attribute superhuman qualities to blacks, yet another way of denying their humanity.” But superhumans would presumably be located to the right of humans on the dehumanization scale. The argument of the proposal thus appears to be that respondents can dehumanize blacks by placing blacks lower or higher than humans on the dehumanization scale; this suggests that human and evolved are different concepts, given that rating blacks as more highly or less highly evolved than humans are both considered dehumanization. All Proposals ANES 2016 Pilot Study ANES 2016 Time Series Determinants of Attitudes Toward Immigration February 14, 2016 Proposal for the 2016 Time Series: Self-Monitoring February 14, 2016 Proposal for the 2016 Time Series: Measuring Contempt toward Candidates in the 2016 Presidential Election February 14, 2016 Proposal for the 2016 Time Series: Attitudes towards Services in Spanish February 14, 2016 Proposal for the 2016 Time Series: Conspiratorial Thinking in American Politics February 13, 2016 Proposal for the 2016 Time Series: Quantitative Predictions of State and National Election Outcomes February 2, 2016 Proposal for the 2016 Time Series: Issue Salience, Ownership, and Cross-Pressures in the American Electorate September 15, 2015 Proposal for the 2016 Time Series: Differentiating Discrete Emotions: Contempt and Anger September 15, 2015 Proposal for the 2016 Pilot Study: Measuring Race/Ethnicity in a “Post-Obama” Era September 15, 2015 Proposal for the 2016 Pilot Study: Proposal for the ANES 2016 Pilot Study: Citizens’ evaluations of the fulfillment of election pledges September 14, 2015 Mark Franklin on Proposal for the 2016 Time Series: Propensity-To-Vote (PTV) items L.J Zigerell on Jason Gainous on Proposal for the 2016 Pilot Study: Social Media Questions Yannis Theocharis on	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2069
__label__cc	0.743749	0.256251	Index / News / Day of events on international markets: Egypt Day of events on international markets: Egypt Madrid’s Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Services has organized this meeting on Wednesday, October 23. Registration has now begun. The day of events will take place at the headquarters of the Chamber of Commerce (address: Plaza de la Independencia, 1) from 9:00 a.m. to 12:30 p.m. Attendance is free of charge, but spaces are limited, so you must register in advance by following this link. Egypt, with a population of over 100 million inhabitants and steady economic growth of more than 5%, offers trade opportunities and potential demand in practically every sector of the economy. Of its population, 20% have a medium or high level of purchasing power. It has a highly diversified economy, and in terms of GDP it has taken a stronger hold as the third largest in the region, behind Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. The North African country recorded estimated economic growth of 5.6% in the third quarter of the fiscal year of 2018-2019. The Egyptian government is developing its Vision 2030 Plan, a comprehensive plan created with the the goal of promoting an increase in GDP and employment, as well as greater private participation in the country’s economy. According to the official data available, the 1.646 billion euros in exports in 2018 amounted to an increase of 34% compared with the figure of 1.227 billion euros reached in 2017. 9:00 a.m. Registration for those attending 9:30 a.m. Welcome speech given by the Madrid Chamber’s representative Mr. Omar Ahmed Abdel Wahab Selim The Ambassador of Egypt (speech given in English) 9:40 a.m. The Business Climate in Egypt: Trade and investment opportunities Mr. Tarek Elkeden Economics and Trade Advisor for Egypt in Spain (speech given in English) 10:00 a.m. Why Egypt? Why Now? Ms. Maria L. Rubert A partner at United Advocates 10:30 a.m. Legal and Fiscal Requirements to Access the Egyptian Market Mr. Walid Juma/Mr. Eduardo Higón Managing Partner at United Advocates/Lawyer for Rubert & Partners 11:00 a.m. Firm Steps Towards Development: A country of opportunities Mr. Luis Aspe Sagarna Director of the CaixaBank branch in Egypt 11:20 a.m. Enjoy the Sky to Egypt Mr. Ashraf Rateb Director of Egyptair Spain and Portugal Ms. Paloma Sanz Sales and Marketing, Egyptair Spain and Portugal 11:30 a.m. Spanish Business Experience in Egypt Mr. Karim M. El Hassanein Director of Sales, Galaxia Tours 11:55 a.m. Questions and answers 12:00 p.m. Coffee break for networking, courtesy of United Advocates 12:30-1:30 p.m. Individual meetings with the representatives of United Advocates, CaixaBank and Galaxia Tours (upon request by following this link).	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2070
__label__wiki	0.640083	0.640083	This article is about the country. For other uses, see Germany (disambiguation) and Deutschland (disambiguation). "Federal Republic of Germany" redirects here. For the country from 1949 to 1990, see West Germany. Country in Central Europe Coordinates: 51°N 9°E / 51°N 9°E / 51; 9 Bundesrepublik Deutschland (German) "Einigkeit und Recht und Freiheit" (de facto) (English: "Unity and Justice and Freedom") Anthem: "Deutschlandlied"[a] (English: "Song of Germany") Show globe Show map of Europe Location of Germany (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green) and largest city Berlin[b] and national language German[c] (2017)[2][3] 76.4% Germans 3.4% Turks 2.6% Poles 1.7% Russians 15.9% Other (2018)[4][5][6] 56% Christianity 38% No affiliation[d] 5% Islam 1% Other Demonym(s) Federal parliamentary republic • President • Chancellor • President of the Bundestag • President of the Bundesrat • President of the Federal Constitutional Andreas Voßkuhle • Upper house • Lower house • Holy Roman Empire 2 February 962 • German Empire • Weimar Republic • West and East Germany[e] • Basic Law adopted • Reunification 357,386 km2 (137,988 sq mi)[7] (62nd) • 2018 estimate 83,019,200[8] (17th) 232/km2 (600.9/sq mi) (58th) 2019 estimate $4.444 trillion[9] (5th) • Per capita $53,566[9] (18th) GDP (nominal) Gini (2018) 31.1[10] HDI (2018) 0.939[11] very high · 4th Euro (€) (EUR) Driving side Calling code ISO 3166 code Internet TLD .de and .eu Germany (German: Deutschland, German pronunciation: [ˈdɔʏtʃlant]), officially the Federal Republic of Germany (German: Bundesrepublik Deutschland, listen (help·info)),[f] is a country in Central and Western Europe, lying between the Baltic and North Seas to the north and the Alps, Lake Constance, and the High Rhine to the south. It borders Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria and Switzerland to the south, France to the southwest, and Luxembourg, Belgium, and the Netherlands to the west. Germany includes 16 constituent states, covers an area of 357,386 square kilometres (137,988 sq mi),[7] and has a largely temperate seasonal climate. With 83 million inhabitants, it is the second most populous state of Europe after Russia, the most populous state lying entirely in Europe, as well as the most populous member state of the European Union. Germany is a very decentralised country. Its capital and largest metropolis is Berlin, while Frankfurt serves as its financial capital and has the country's busiest airport. Various Germanic tribes have inhabited the northern parts of modern Germany since classical antiquity. A region named Germania was documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire.[13] During the 16th century, northern German regions became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. After the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, the German Confederation was formed in 1815. The German revolutions of 1848–49 resulted in the Frankfurt Parliament establishing major democratic rights. In 1871, Germany became a nation state when most of the German states unified into the Prussian-dominated German Empire. After World War I and the revolution of 1918–19, the Empire was replaced by the parliamentary Weimar Republic. The Nazi seizure of power in 1933 led to the establishment of a dictatorship, the annexation of Austria, World War II, and the Holocaust. After the end of World War II in Europe and a period of Allied occupation, Austria was re-established as an independent country and two new German states were founded: West Germany and East Germany. Following the Revolutions of 1989 that ended communist rule in Central and Eastern Europe, the country was reunified on 3 October 1990.[14] Today, the sovereign state of Germany is a federal parliamentary republic led by a chancellor. It is a great power with a strong economy; it has the world's fourth-largest economy by nominal GDP, and the fifth-largest by PPP. As a global leader in several industrial and technological sectors, it is both the world's third-largest exporter and importer of goods. As a highly developed country with a very high standard of living, it offers social security and a universal health care system, environmental protections, and a tuition-free university education. The Federal Republic of Germany was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1957 and the European Union in 1993. It is part of the Schengen Area and became a co-founder of the Eurozone in 1999. Germany is also a member of the United Nations, NATO, the G7, the G20, and the OECD. Known for its long and rich cultural history, Germany has continuously been the home of influential people in the arts, sciences and humanities. Germany has many World Heritage sites and is among the top tourism destinations in the world. 2.1 Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire 2.2 East Francia and Holy Roman Empire 2.3 German Confederation and Empire 2.4 Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany 2.5 East and West Germany 2.6 Reunified Germany and the European Union 3.2 Biodiversity 3.3 Urbanisation 4.1 Law 4.2 Constituent states 4.3 Foreign relations 5.2 Energy and infrastructure 5.3 Science and technology 5.4 Tourism 6.1 Religion 6.4 Health 7.1 Music 7.2 Art and design 7.3 Literature and philosophy 7.4 Media 7.5 Cuisine Further information: Names of Germany, Germani, and Germania The English word Germany derives from the Latin Germania, which came into use after Julius Caesar adopted it for the peoples east of the Rhine.[15] It is possibly of Celtic origin (cf. Old Irish gair = "neighbour").[16] The German term Deutschland, originally diutisciu land ("the German lands") is derived from deutsch (compare Dutch), descended from Old High German diutisc "of the people" (from diot or diota "people"), originally used to distinguish the language of the common people from Latin and its Romance descendants. This in turn descends from Proto-Germanic þiudiskaz "of the people" (see also the Latinised form Theodiscus), derived from þeudō, descended from Proto-Indo-European *tewtéh₂- "people", from which the word Teutons also originates.[17] Main article: History of Germany The Nebra sky disk, c. 1700 BC The discovery of the Mauer 1 mandible shows that ancient humans were present in Germany at least 600,000 years ago.[18] The oldest complete hunting weapons found anywhere in the world were discovered in a coal mine in Schöningen between 1994 and 1998 where eight 380,000-year-old wooden javelins of 1.82 to 2.25 m (5.97 to 7.38 ft) length were unearthed.[19] The Neander Valley was the location where the first ever non-modern human fossil was discovered; the new species of human was called the Neanderthal. The Neanderthal 1 fossils are known to be 40,000 years old. Evidence of modern humans, similarly dated, has been found in caves in the Swabian Jura near Ulm. The finds included 42,000-year-old bird bone and mammoth ivory flutes which are the oldest musical instruments ever found,[20] the 40,000-year-old Ice Age Lion Man which is the oldest uncontested figurative art ever discovered,[21] and the 35,000-year-old Venus of Hohle Fels which is the oldest uncontested human figurative art ever discovered.[22] The Nebra sky disk is a bronze artefact created during the European Bronze Age attributed to a site near Nebra, Saxony-Anhalt. It is part of UNESCO's Memory of the World Programme.[23] Germanic tribes and Frankish Empire Main articles: Germania, Migration Period, and Frankish Realm Migrations in Europe (100–500 AD) The Germanic tribes are thought to date from the Nordic Bronze Age or the Pre-Roman Iron Age. From southern Scandinavia and north Germany, they expanded south, east and west from the 1st century BC, coming into contact with the Celtic tribes of Gaul as well as Iranian, Baltic, and Slavic tribes in Central and Eastern Europe.[24] Under Augustus, Rome began to invade Germania. In 9 AD, three Roman legions led by Varus were defeated by the Cheruscan leader Arminius. By 100 AD, when Tacitus wrote Germania, Germanic tribes had settled along the Rhine and the Danube (the Limes Germanicus), occupying most of the area of modern Germany. However, Baden Württemberg, southern Bavaria, southern Hessen and the western Rhineland had been conquered and incorporated into Roman provinces: Raetia, Germania Superior, and Germania Inferior.[25][26][27] The Frankish Realm and its expansion. As it was partitioned in 843, West Francia (blue) and East Francia (red) became predecessors of France and Germany, respectively. In the 3rd century a number of large West Germanic tribes emerged: Alemanni, Franks, Chatti, Saxons, Frisii, Sicambri, and Thuringii. Around 260, the Germanic peoples broke into Roman-controlled lands.[28] After the invasion of the Huns in 375, and with the decline of Rome from 395, Germanic tribes moved farther southwest. Simultaneously several large tribes formed in what is now Germany and displaced or absorbed smaller Germanic tribes. Large areas known since the Merovingian period as Austrasia, Neustria, and Aquitaine were conquered by the Franks who established the Frankish Kingdom, and pushed farther east to subjugate Saxony and Bavaria. Areas of what is today the eastern part of Germany were inhabited by Western Slavic tribes of Sorbs, Veleti and the Obotritic confederation.[25] East Francia and Holy Roman Empire Main articles: East Francia and Holy Roman Empire In 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne was crowned emperor and founded the Carolingian Empire, which was later divided in 843 among his heirs.[29] Following the break up of the Frankish Realm, for 900 years, the history of Germany was intertwined with the history of the Holy Roman Empire,[30] which subsequently emerged from the eastern portion of Charlemagne's original empire. The territory initially known as East Francia stretched from the Rhine in the west to the Elbe River in the east and from the North Sea to the Alps.[29] The Ottonian rulers (919–1024) consolidated several major duchies and the German king Otto I was crowned Holy Roman Emperor of these regions in 962. In 996 Gregory V became the first German Pope, appointed by his cousin Otto III, whom he shortly after crowned Holy Roman Emperor. The Holy Roman Empire absorbed northern Italy and Burgundy under the reign of the Salian emperors (1024–1125), although the emperors lost power through the Investiture controversy.[31] Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1400–1468), inventor of the movable-type printing press In the 12th century, under the Hohenstaufen emperors (1138–1254), German princes increased their influence further south and east into territories inhabited by Slavs; they encouraged German settlement in these areas, called the eastern settlement movement (Ostsiedlung). Members of the Hanseatic League, which included mostly north German cities and towns, prospered in the expansion of trade.[32] In the south, the Greater Ravensburg Trade Corporation (Große Ravensburger Handelsgesellschaft) served a similar function. The edict of the Golden Bull issued in 1356 by Emperor Charles IV provided the basic constitutional structure of the Empire and codified the election of the emperor by seven prince-electors who ruled some of the most powerful principalities and archbishoprics.[33] Martin Luther (1483–1546), Protestant Reformer Population declined in the first half of the 14th century, starting with the Great Famine in 1315, followed by the Black Death of 1348–50.[34] Despite the decline, however, German artists, engineers, and scientists developed a wide array of techniques similar to those used by the Italian artists and designers of the time who flourished in such merchant city-states as Venice, Florence and Genoa. Artistic and cultural centres throughout the German states produced such artists as the Augsburg painters Hans Holbein and his son, and Albrecht Dürer. Johannes Gutenberg introduced moveable-type printing to Europe, a development that laid the basis for the spread of learning to the masses.[35] In 1517, the Wittenberg priest Martin Luther nailed the Ninety-five Theses to the church door, challenging the practice of selling of indulgences. He was subsequently excommunicated in 1520, and his followers were condemned in the 1521 Diet of Worms, which divided Western Christianity. In 1555, the Peace of Augsburg tolerated the "Evangelical" faith (now called Lutheranism) as an acceptable alternative to Catholicism, but also decreed that the faith of the prince was to be the faith of his subjects, a principle called cuius regio, eius religio. The agreement at Augsburg failed to address other religious creeds: for example, the Reformed faith was still considered a heresy and the principle did not address the possible conversion of an ecclesiastic ruler, such as happened in Electorate of Cologne in 1583. However, in practice Calvinists were given protection under the Augsburg Confession Variata modified upon request by Philip Melanchthon. The Holy Roman Empire in 1648, after the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War From the Cologne War until the end of the Thirty Years' Wars (1618–1648), religious conflict devastated German lands.[36] The latter reduced the overall population of the German states by about 30 per cent, and in some places, up to 80 per cent.[37] The Peace of Westphalia ended religious warfare among the Imperial Estates of the Holy Roman Empire.[36] Their mostly German-speaking rulers were able to choose either Roman Catholicism, Lutheranism, or the Reformed faith as their official religion after 1648.[38] In the 18th century, the Holy Roman Empire consisted of approximately 1,800 territories.[39] The elaborate legal system initiated by a series of Imperial Reforms (approximately 1450–1555) created the Imperial Estates and provided for considerable local autonomy among ecclesiastical, secular, and hereditary states, reflected in the Imperial Diet. The House of Habsburg held the imperial crown from 1438 until the death of Charles VI in 1740. Having no male heirs, he had convinced the Electors to retain Habsburg hegemony in the office of the emperor by agreeing to the Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. This was finally settled through the War of Austrian Succession; in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, Charles VI's daughter Maria Theresa ruled the Empire as Empress Consort when her husband, Francis I, became Holy Roman Emperor. From 1740, the dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated the German history. In 1772, then again in 1793 and 1795, the two dominant German states of Prussia and Austria, along with the Russian Empire, agreed to the Partitions of Poland; dividing among themselves the lands of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. As a result of the partitions, millions of Polish speaking inhabitants fell under the rule of the two German monarchies. However, the annexed territories though incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Realm, were not legally considered as a part of the Holy Roman Empire.[40][41] During the period of the French Revolutionary Wars, along with the arrival of the Napoleonic era and the subsequent final meeting of the Imperial Diet, most of the secular Free Imperial Cities were annexed by dynastic territories; the ecclesiastical territories were secularised and annexed. In 1806 the Imperium was dissolved; many German states, particularly the Rhineland states, fell under the influence of France. Until 1815, France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs (Austria) competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars.[42] German Confederation and Empire Main articles: German Confederation, German Empire, and German Colonial Empire Map of the German Confederation (1815–1836) with its 39 member states Following the fall of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna (convened in 1814) founded the German Confederation (Deutscher Bund), a loose league of 39 sovereign states. The appointment of the Emperor of Austria as the permanent president of the Confederation reflected the Congress's failure to accept Prussia's rising influence among the German states, and acerbated the long-standing competition between the Hohenzollern and Habsburg interests. Disagreement within restoration politics partly led to the rise of liberal movements, followed by new measures of repression by Austrian statesman Metternich. The Zollverein, a tariff union, furthered economic unity in the German states.[43] National and liberal ideals of the French Revolution gained increasing support among many, especially young, Germans. The Hambach Festival in May 1832 was a main event in support of German unity, freedom and democracy. In the light of a series of revolutionary movements in Europe, which established a republic in France, intellectuals and commoners started the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. King Frederick William IV of Prussia was offered the title of Emperor, but with a loss of power; he rejected the crown and the proposed constitution, leading to a temporary setback for the movement.[44] Foundation of the German Empire in Versailles, 1871. Bismarck is at the centre in a white uniform. King William I appointed Otto von Bismarck as the new Minister President of Prussia in 1862. Bismarck successfully concluded war on Denmark in 1864, which promoted German over Danish interests in the Jutland peninsula. The subsequent (and decisive) Prussian victory in the Austro-Prussian War of 1866 enabled him to create the North German Confederation (Norddeutscher Bund) which excluded Austria from the federation's affairs. After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, the German princes proclaimed the founding of the German Empire in 1871 at Versailles, uniting all the scattered parts of Germany except Austria and the German-speaking parts of Switzerland. Prussia was the dominant constituent state of the new empire; the Hohenzollern King of Prussia ruled as its concurrent Emperor, and Berlin became its capital.[44] In the Gründerzeit period following the unification of Germany, Bismarck's foreign policy as Chancellor of Germany under Emperor William I secured Germany's position as a great nation by forging alliances, isolating France by diplomatic means, and avoiding war. Under Wilhelm II, Germany, like other European powers, took an imperialistic course, leading to friction with neighbouring countries. Most alliances in which Germany had previously been involved were not renewed. This resulted in the creation of a dual alliance with the multinational realm of Austria-Hungary, promoting at least benevolent neutrality if not outright military support. Subsequently, the Triple Alliance of 1882 included Italy, completing a Central European geographic alliance that illustrated German, Austrian and Italian fears of incursions against them by France and/or Russia. Similarly, Britain, France and Russia also concluded alliances that would protect them against Habsburg interference with Russian interests in the Balkans or German interference against France.[45] The German Empire (1871–1918), with the Kingdom of Prussia in blue At the Berlin Conference in 1884, Germany claimed several colonies including German East Africa, German South West Africa, Togoland, and Kamerun.[46] Later, Germany further expanded its colonial empire to include German New Guinea, German Micronesia and German Samoa in the Pacific, and Kiautschou Bay in China. In what became known as the "First Genocide of the Twentieth-Century", between 1904 and 1907, the German colonial government in South West Africa (present-day Namibia) ordered the annihilation of the local Herero and Namaqua peoples, as a punitive measure for an uprising against German colonial rule. In total, around 100,000 people—80% of the Herero and 50% of the Namaqua—perished from imprisonment in concentration camps, where the majority died of disease, abuse, and exhaustion, or from dehydration and starvation in the countryside after being deprived of food and water.[47][48] The assassination of Austria's crown prince on 28 June 1914 provided the pretext for the Austrian Empire to attack Serbia and trigger World War I. After four years of warfare, in which approximately two million German soldiers were killed,[49] a general armistice ended the fighting on 11 November, and German troops returned home. In the German Revolution (November 1918), Emperor Wilhelm II and all German ruling princes abdicated their positions and responsibilities. Germany's new political leadership signed the Treaty of Versailles in 1919. In this treaty, Germany, as part of the Central Powers, accepted defeat by the Allies in one of the bloodiest conflicts of all time. Germans perceived the treaty as humiliating and unjust and it was later seen by historians as influential in the rise of Adolf Hitler.[50][51][52] After the defeat in the First World War, Germany lost around 13% of its European territory (areas predominantly inhabited by ethnic Polish, French and Danish populations, which were lost following the Greater Poland Uprising, the return of Alsace-Lorraine and the Schleswig plebiscites), and all of its colonial possessions in Africa and the South Sea.[53] Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany Main articles: Weimar Republic and Nazi Germany Philipp Scheidemann proclaims the German Republic from the Reichskanzlei window, on 9 November 1918 Germany was declared a federal republic at the beginning of the German Revolution in November 1918, with 18 federated states in 1925. On 11 August 1919 President Friedrich Ebert signed the democratic Weimar Constitution.[54] In the subsequent struggle for power, the radical-left Communists seized power in Bavaria, but conservative elements in other parts of Germany attempted to overthrow the Republic in the Kapp Putsch. It was supported by parts of the Reichswehr (military) and other conservative, nationalistic and monarchist factions. After a tumultuous period of bloody street fighting in the major industrial centres, the occupation of the Ruhr by Belgian and French troops and the rise of inflation culminating in the hyperinflation of 1922–23, a debt restructuring plan and the creation of a new currency in 1924 ushered in the Golden Twenties, an era of increasing artistic innovation and liberal cultural life. Historians describe the period between 1924 and 1929 as one of "partial stabilisation."[55] The worldwide Great Depression hit Germany in 1929. After the federal election of 1930, Chancellor Heinrich Brüning's government was enabled by President Paul von Hindenburg to act without parliamentary approval. Brüning's government pursued a policy of fiscal austerity and deflation which caused high unemployment of nearly 30% by 1932.[56] The Nazi Party led by Adolf Hitler won the special federal election of 1932. After a series of unsuccessful cabinets, Hindenburg appointed Hitler as Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933.[57] After the Reichstag fire, a decree abrogated basic civil rights and within weeks the first Nazi concentration camp at Dachau opened.[58][59] The Enabling Act of 1933 gave Hitler unrestricted legislative power; subsequently, his government established a centralised totalitarian state, withdrew from the League of Nations following a national referendum, and dramatically increased the country's military rearmament.[60] Adolf Hitler, leader of Nazi Germany (1933–1945) Using deficit spending, a government-sponsored programme for economic renewal focused on public works projects. In 1934 alone 1.7 million Germans (apx. 2% of the total population) were employed on public works projects.[61] The most famous of the projects was the high speed roadway, the Reichsautobahn, known as the German autobahns.[62] Other capital construction projects included hydroelectric facilities such as the Rur Dam, water supplies such as Zillierbach Dam, and transportation hubs such as Zwickau Hauptbahnhof.[63] In 1935, the regime withdrew from the Treaty of Versailles and introduced the Nuremberg Laws which targeted Jews and other minorities. Germany also reacquired control of the Saar in 1935,[64] remilitarised the Rhineland in 1936, annexed Austria in 1938, annexed the Sudetenland in 1938 with the Munich Agreement and in direct violation of the agreement occupied Czechoslovakia with the proclamation of the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia in March 1939. Kristallnacht, or the "Night of Broken Glass", saw the burning of hundreds of synagogues, the destruction of thousands of Jewish businesses, and the arrest of around 30,000 Jewish men by Nazi forces inside Germany. Many Jewish women were arrested and placed in jails and a curfew was placed on the Jewish people in Germany.[65] In August 1939, Hitler's government negotiated and signed the Molotov–Ribbentrop pact that divided Eastern Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence. Following the agreement, on 1 September 1939, Germany invaded Poland, marking the beginning of World War II in Europe.[66][67] WWII, German-occupied Europe in 1942 In response to Hitler's actions, two days later, on 3 September, after a British ultimatum to Germany to cease military operations was ignored, Britain and France declared war on Germany.[68] In the spring of 1940, Germany conquered Denmark and Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, and France forcing the French government to sign an armistice after German troops occupied most of the country. The British repelled German air attacks in the Battle of Britain in the same year. In 1941, German troops invaded Yugoslavia, Greece and the Soviet Union. By 1942, Germany and other Axis powers controlled most of continental Europe and North Africa, but following the Soviet Union's victory at the Battle of Stalingrad, the allies' reconquest of North Africa and invasion of Italy in 1943, German forces suffered repeated military defeats.[66] In June 1944, the Western allies landed in France and the Soviets pushed into Eastern Europe. By late 1944, the Western allies had entered Germany despite one final German counter offensive in the Ardennes Forest. Following Hitler's suicide during the Battle of Berlin, German armed forces surrendered on 8 May 1945, ending World War II in Europe.[69] After World War II, high-ranking officials of the Nazi regime were tried for war crimes at the Nuremberg trials.[70][71] Bodies of Jewish children in the Warsaw Ghetto, 1941 or 1942 In what later became known as The Holocaust, the German government persecuted minorities and used a network of concentration and death camps across Europe to conduct a genocide of what they considered to be inferior peoples. In total 17 million were systematically murdered, including 6 million Jews, between 220,000 and 1,500,000 Romani, 275,000 persons with disabilities, thousands of Jehovah's Witnesses, thousands of homosexuals, and hundreds of thousands of members of the political and religious opposition from Germany and occupied countries (Nacht und Nebel).[72] Nazi policies in German occupied countries resulted in the deaths of 2.7 million Poles,[73] 1.3 million Ukrainians, 1 million Belarusians[74] and an estimated 3.5 million Soviet war prisoners.[74][70] In addition, the Nazi regime abducted approximately 12 million people from across the German occupied Europe for use as slave labour in German industry.[75] German military war casualties have been estimated at 5.3 million,[76] and around 900,000 German civilians died; 400,000 from Allied bombing, and 500,000 in the course of the Soviet invasion from the east.[77] The German armed forces suffered 80% of its military deaths in the Eastern Front.[78] Around 12 million ethnic Germans were expelled from across Eastern Europe. Germany lost roughly one-quarter of its pre-war territory.[14] Strategic bombing and land warfare destroyed many cities and cultural heritage sites. East and West Germany Main article: History of Germany (1945–1990) American, Soviet, British, and French occupation zones in Germany and the French controlled Saar Protectorate, 1947. Territories east of the Oder-Neisse line were transferred to Poland and the Soviet Union under the terms of the Potsdam Conference. After Nazi Germany surrendered, the Allies partitioned Berlin and Germany's remaining territory into four military occupation zones. The western sectors, controlled by France, the United Kingdom, and the United States, were merged on 23 May 1949 to form the Federal Republic of Germany (Bundesrepublik Deutschland (BRD)); on 7 October 1949, the Soviet Zone became the German Democratic Republic (Deutsche Demokratische Republik (DDR)). They were informally known as West Germany and East Germany. East Germany selected East Berlin as its capital, while West Germany chose Bonn as a provisional capital, to emphasise its stance that the two-state solution was an artificial and temporary status quo.[79] West Germany was established as a federal parliamentary republic with a "social market economy". Starting in 1948 West Germany became a major recipient of reconstruction aid under the Marshall Plan and used this to rebuild its industry.[80] Konrad Adenauer was elected the first Federal Chancellor (Bundeskanzler) of Germany in 1949 and remained in office until 1963. Under his and Ludwig Erhard's leadership, the country enjoyed prolonged economic growth beginning in the early 1950s, that became known as an "economic miracle" (Wirtschaftswunder).[81] The Federal Republic of Germany joined NATO in 1955 and was a founding member of the European Economic Community in 1957. The Berlin Wall during its fall in 1989, with the Brandenburg Gate in the background East Germany was an Eastern Bloc state under political and military control by the USSR via occupation forces and the Warsaw Pact. Although East Germany claimed to be a democracy, political power was exercised solely by leading members (Politbüro) of the communist-controlled Socialist Unity Party of Germany, supported by the Stasi, an immense secret service controlling many aspects of the society.[82] A Soviet-style command economy was set up and the GDR later became a Comecon state.[83] While East German propaganda was based on the benefits of the GDR's social programmes and the alleged constant threat of a West German invasion, many of its citizens looked to the West for freedom and prosperity.[84] The Berlin Wall, rapidly built on 13 August 1961 prevented East German citizens from escaping to West Germany, eventually becoming a symbol of the Cold War.[44][85] Ronald Reagan's "Tear down this wall!" speech at the Wall on 12 June 1987 echoed John F. Kennedy's Ich bin ein Berliner speech of 26 June 1963. The fall of the Wall in 1989 became a symbol of the Fall of Communism, the Dissolution of the Soviet Union, German Reunification and Die Wende.[86] Tensions between East and West Germany were reduced in the early 1970s by Chancellor Willy Brandt's Ostpolitik. In the summer of 1989, Hungary decided to dismantle the Iron Curtain and open its border with Austria, causing the emigration of thousands of East Germans to West Germany via Hungary and Austria. This had devastating effects on the GDR, where regular mass demonstrations received increasing support. The East German authorities eased the border restrictions, allowing East German citizens to travel to the West; originally intended to help retain East Germany as a state, the opening of the border actually led to an acceleration of the Wende reform process. This culminated in the Two Plus Four Treaty a year later on 12 September 1990, under which the four occupying powers renounced their rights under the Instrument of Surrender, and Germany regained full sovereignty. This permitted German reunification on 3 October 1990, with the accession of the five re-established states of the former GDR.[44] Reunified Germany and the European Union Main articles: German reunification and History of Germany since 1990 German unity was established on 3 October 1990.[87] Since 1999, the Reichstag building in Berlin has been the meeting place of the Bundestag, the German parliament. The united Germany is considered to be the enlarged continuation of West Germany and not a successor state. As such, it retained all of West Germany's memberships in international organisations.[88] Based on the Berlin/Bonn Act, adopted in 1994, Berlin once again became the capital of the reunified Germany, while Bonn obtained the unique status of a Bundesstadt (federal city) retaining some federal ministries.[89] The relocation of the government was completed in 1999.[90] Following the 1998 elections, SPD politician Gerhard Schröder became the first Chancellor of a red–green coalition with the Alliance '90/The Greens party. Among the major projects of the two Schröder legislatures was the Agenda 2010 to reform the labour market to become more flexible and reduce unemployment. The modernisation and integration of the eastern German economy is a long-term process scheduled to last until the year 2019, with annual transfers from west to east amounting to roughly $80 billion.[91] Germany became a co-founder of the European Union (1993), introduced the Euro currency (2002), and signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007 (pictured). Since reunification, Germany has taken a more active role in the European Union. Together with its European partners Germany signed the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, established the Eurozone in 1999, and signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007.[92] Germany sent a peacekeeping force to secure stability in the Balkans and sent a force of German troops to Afghanistan as part of a NATO effort to provide security in that country after the ousting of the Taliban.[93] These deployments were controversial since Germany is bound by domestic law only to deploy troops for defence roles.[94] In the 2005 elections, Angela Merkel became the first female chancellor of Germany as the leader of a grand coalition.[44] In 2009 the German government approved a €50 billion economic stimulus plan to protect several sectors from a downturn.[95] In 2009, a liberal-conservative coalition under Merkel assumed leadership of the country. In 2013, a grand coalition was established in a Third Merkel cabinet. Among the major German political projects of the early 21st century are the advancement of European integration, the energy transition (Energiewende) for a sustainable energy supply, the "Debt Brake" for balanced budgets, measures to increase the fertility rate significantly (pronatalism), and high-tech strategies for the future transition of the German economy, summarised as Industry 4.0.[96] Germany was affected by the European migrant crisis in 2015 as it became the final destination of choice for many asylum seekers from Africa and the Middle East entering the EU. The country took in over a million refugees and migrants and developed a quota system which redistributed migrants around its federal states based on their tax income and existing population density.[97] Main article: Geography of Germany Physical map of Germany Germany is in Western and Central Europe, bordering Denmark to the north, Poland and the Czech Republic to the east, Austria to the southeast, and Switzerland to the south-southwest. France, Luxembourg and Belgium are situated to the west, with the Netherlands to the northwest. It lies mostly between latitudes 47° and 55° N and longitudes 5° and 16° E. Germany is also bordered by the North Sea and, at the north-northeast, by the Baltic Sea. With Switzerland and Austria, Germany also shares a border on the fresh-water Lake Constance, the third largest lake in Central Europe.[98] German territory covers 357,021 km2 (137,847 sq mi), consisting of 349,223 km2 (134,836 sq mi) of land and 7,798 km2 (3,011 sq mi) of water. It is the seventh largest country by area in Europe and the 64th largest in the world.[99] Elevation ranges from the mountains of the Alps (highest point: the Zugspitze at 2,962 metres or 9,718 feet) in the south to the shores of the North Sea (Nordsee) in the northwest and the Baltic Sea (Ostsee) in the northeast. The forested uplands of central Germany and the lowlands of northern Germany (lowest point: Wilstermarsch at 3.54 metres or 11.6 feet below sea level) are traversed by such major rivers as the Rhine, Danube and Elbe. Germany's alpine glaciers are experiencing deglaciation. Significant natural resources include iron ore, coal, potash, timber, lignite, uranium, copper, natural gas, salt, nickel, arable land and water.[99] Köppen-Geiger climate classification map for Germany[100] Rhine valley in summer at Lorelei Most of Germany has a temperate seasonal climate dominated by humid westerly winds. The country is situated in between the oceanic Western European and the continental Eastern European climate. The climate is moderated by the North Atlantic Drift, the northern extension of the Gulf Stream. This warmer water affects the areas bordering the North Sea; consequently in the northwest and the north the climate is oceanic. Germany gets an average of 789 mm (31 in) of precipitation per year; there is no consistent dry season. Winters are cool and summers tend to be warm: temperatures can exceed 30 °C (86 °F).[101] The east has a more continental climate: winters can be very cold and summers very warm, and longer dry periods can occur. Central and southern Germany are transition regions which vary from moderately oceanic to continental. In addition to the maritime and continental climates are predominant in most of the country, the alpine regions in the extreme south and, to a lesser degree, some areas of the Central German Uplands have a mountain climate, with lower temperatures and more precipitation.[101] Berchtesgaden National Park was designated a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in 1990. The territory of Germany can be divided into two ecoregions: European-Mediterranean montane mixed forests and Northeast-Atlantic shelf marine.[102] As of 2008[update] the majority of Germany is covered by either arable land (34%) or forest and woodland (30.1%), while 13.4% consists of permanent pastures, and 11.8% is covered by settlements and streets.[103] Plants and animals include those generally common to Central Europe. Beeches, oaks, and other deciduous trees constitute one-third of the forests; conifers are increasing as a result of reforestation. Spruce and fir trees predominate in the upper mountains, while pine and larch are found in sandy soil. There are many species of ferns, flowers, fungi, and mosses. Wild animals include roe deer, wild boar, mouflon (a subspecies of wild sheep), fox, badger, hare, and small numbers of the Eurasian beaver.[104] The blue cornflower was once a German national symbol.[105] The 16 national parks in Germany include the Jasmund National Park, the Vorpommern Lagoon Area National Park, the Müritz National Park, the Wadden Sea National Parks, the Harz National Park, the Hainich National Park, the Black Forest National Park, the Saxon Switzerland National Park, the Bavarian Forest National Park and the Berchtesgaden National Park. In addition, there are 15 Biosphere Reserves and 98 nature parks. More than 400 zoos and animal parks operate in Germany.[106] The Berlin Zoo, which opened in 1844, is the oldest in Germany, and claims the most comprehensive collection of species in the world.[107] See also: List of cities and towns in Germany and List of cities in Germany by population Germany has a number of large cities. There are 11 officially recognised metropolitan regions in Germany. The largest conurbation is the Rhine-Ruhr region (11.7 million in 2008[update]), which includes Düsseldorf (the capital of North Rhine-Westphalia), Cologne, Bonn, Dortmund, Essen, Duisburg, and Bochum.[108] Largest cities or towns in Germany Statistical offices in Germany (31 December 2018) Hamburg 1 Berlin Berlin 3,644,826 11 Bremen Bremen (state) 569,352 2 Hamburg Hamburg 1,841,179 12 Dresden Saxony 554,649 3 Munich Bavaria 1,471,508 13 Hannover Lower Saxony 538,068 4 Cologne North Rhine-Westphalia 1,085,664 14 Nuremberg Bavaria 518,365 5 Frankfurt Hesse 753,056 15 Duisburg North Rhine-Westphalia 498,590 6 Stuttgart Baden-Württemberg 634,830 16 Bochum North Rhine-Westphalia 364,628 7 Düsseldorf North Rhine-Westphalia 619,294 17 Wuppertal North Rhine-Westphalia 354,382 8 Leipzig Saxony 587,857 18 Bielefeld North Rhine-Westphalia 333,786 9 Dortmund North Rhine-Westphalia 587,010 19 Bonn North Rhine-Westphalia 327,258 10 Essen North Rhine-Westphalia 583,109 20 Münster North Rhine-Westphalia 314,319 Main articles: Politics of Germany, Taxation in Germany, and Federal budget of Germany President since 2017 Angela Merkel Chancellor since 2005 Germany is a federal, parliamentary, representative democratic republic. The German political system operates under a framework laid out in the 1949 constitution known as the Grundgesetz (Basic Law). Amendments generally require a two-thirds majority of both the Bundestag and the Bundesrat; the fundamental principles of the constitution, as expressed in the articles guaranteeing human dignity, the separation of powers, the federal structure, and the rule of law are valid in perpetuity.[109] The president, Frank-Walter Steinmeier (19 March 2017–present), is the head of state and invested primarily with representative responsibilities and powers. He is elected by the Bundesversammlung (federal convention), an institution consisting of the members of the Bundestag and an equal number of state delegates. The second-highest official in the German order of precedence is the Bundestagspräsident (president of the Bundestag), who is elected by the Bundestag and responsible for overseeing the daily sessions of the body. The third-highest official and the head of government is the chancellor, who is appointed by the Bundespräsident after being elected by the Bundestag.[44] Political system of Germany The chancellor, Angela Merkel (22 November 2005–present), is the head of government and exercises executive power through their Cabinet, similar to the role of a prime minister in other parliamentary democracies. Federal legislative power is vested in the parliament consisting of the Bundestag (Federal Diet) and Bundesrat (Federal Council), which together form the legislative body. The Bundestag is elected through direct elections, by proportional representation (mixed-member).[99] The members of the Bundesrat represent the governments of the sixteen federated states and are members of the state cabinets.[44] Since 1949, the party system has been dominated by the Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party of Germany. So far every chancellor has been a member of one of these parties. However, the smaller liberal Free Democratic Party (in parliament from 1949 to 2013 and again since 2017) and the Alliance '90/The Greens (in parliament since 1983) have also played important roles.[110] Since 2005, the left-wing populist party The Left, formed through the merger of two former parties, has been a staple in the German Bundestag though they have never been part of the federal government. In the 2017 German federal election, the right-wing populist Alternative for Germany gained enough votes to attain representation in the parliament for the first time. The debt-to-GDP ratio of Germany had its peak in 2010 when it stood at 80.3% and decreased since then.[111] According to Eurostat, the government gross debt of Germany amounted to €2,152.0 billion or 71.9% of its GDP in 2015.[112] By 2019, public debt had fallen further to under 60% of GDP.[113] The federal government achieved a budget surplus of €12.1 billion ($13.1 billion) in 2015[114] and continued to produce budget surpluses in 2016, 2017 and 2018.[115] Germany's credit rating by credit rating agencies Standard & Poor's, Moody's and Fitch Ratings stands at the highest possible rating AAA with a stable outlook in 2016.[116] The Deutsche Bundesbank reported 2069 Billion Euro for the year 2018 as government debt for the Federal Republic of Germany. In the year 2005 the government debt was at 1541 Billion Euro.[117] Main articles: Law of Germany, Judiciary of Germany, and Law enforcement in Germany Judges of the Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) in Karlsruhe in 1989 Germany has a civil law system based on Roman law with some references to Germanic law. The Bundesverfassungsgericht (Federal Constitutional Court) is the German Supreme Court responsible for constitutional matters, with power of judicial review.[44][118] Germany's supreme court system, called Oberste Gerichtshöfe des Bundes, is specialised: for civil and criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the inquisitorial Federal Court of Justice, and for other affairs the courts are the Federal Labour Court, the Federal Social Court, the Federal Finance Court and the Federal Administrative Court. Criminal and private laws are codified on the national level in the Strafgesetzbuch and the Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch respectively. The German penal system seeks the rehabilitation of the criminal and the protection of the public.[119] Except for petty crimes, which are tried before a single professional judge, and serious political crimes, all charges are tried before mixed tribunals on which lay judges (Schöffen) sit side by side with professional judges.[120][121] Many of the fundamental matters of administrative law remain in the jurisdiction of the states. Germany has a low murder rate with 0.9 murders per 100,000 in 2014.[122] In 2018, the overall crime rate fell to its lowest since 1992.[123] Constituent states Main article: States of Germany Germany comprises sixteen federal states which are collectively referred to as Bundesländer.[124] Each state has its own state constitution,[125] and is largely autonomous in regard to its internal organisation. Two of the states are city-states consisting of just one city: the national capital of Berlin, and Hamburg. The state of Bremen consists of two cities that are separated from each other by the state of Lower Saxony: Bremen and Bremerhaven. Because of the differences in size and population, the subdivisions of the states vary. For regional administrative purposes four states, namely Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Hesse and North Rhine-Westphalia, consist of a total of 19 Government Districts (Regierungsbezirke). As of 2017[update] Germany is divided into 401 districts (Kreise) at a municipal level; these consist of 294 rural districts and 107 urban districts.[126] Saxony- North Rhine- Baden- (km2)[7] Population (2015)[127] Nominal GDP billions EUR (2015)[128] Nominal GDP per capita EUR (2015)[128] Baden-Württemberg Stuttgart 35,751 10,879,618 461 42,800 Bavaria Munich 70,550 12,843,514 550 43,100 Berlin Berlin 892 3,520,031 125 35,700 Brandenburg Potsdam 29,654 2,484,826 66 26,500 Bremen Bremen 420 671,489 32 47,600 Hamburg Hamburg 755 1,787,408 110 61,800 Hesse Wiesbaden 21,115 6,176,172 264 43,100 Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Schwerin 23,214 1,612,362 40 25,000 Lower Saxony Hanover 47,593 7,926,599 259 32,900 North Rhine-Westphalia Düsseldorf 34,113 17,865,516 646 36,500 Rhineland-Palatinate Mainz 19,854 4,052,803 132 32,800 Saarland Saarbrücken 2,569 995,597 35 35,400 Saxony Dresden 18,416 4,084,851 113 27,800 Saxony-Anhalt Magdeburg 20,452 2,245,470 57 25,200 Schleswig-Holstein Kiel 15,802 2,858,714 86 31,200 Thuringia Erfurt 16,202 2,170,714 57 26,400 Germany Berlin 357,386 82,175,684 3025 37,100 Main article: Foreign relations of Germany Germany hosted the G20 summit in Hamburg, 7–8 July 2017. Germany has a network of 227 diplomatic missions abroad[129] and maintains relations with more than 190 countries.[130] As of 2011[update], Germany is the largest contributor to the budget of the European Union (providing 20%)[131] and the third largest contributor to the UN (providing 8%).[132] Germany is a member of NATO, the OECD, the G8, the G20, the World Bank and the IMF. It has played an influential role in the European Union since its inception and has maintained a strong alliance with France and all neighbouring countries since 1990. Germany promotes the creation of a more unified European political, economic and security apparatus.[133][134] The development policy of Germany is an independent area of foreign policy. It is formulated by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development and carried out by the implementing organisations. The German government sees development policy as a joint responsibility of the international community.[135] It was the world's third biggest aid donor in 2009 after the United States and France.[136][137] In 1999, Chancellor Gerhard Schröder's government defined a new basis for German foreign policy by taking part in the NATO decisions surrounding the Kosovo War and by sending German troops into combat for the first time since 1945.[138] The governments of Germany and the United States are close political allies.[44] Cultural ties and economic interests have crafted a bond between the two countries resulting in Atlanticism.[139] Main article: Bundeswehr The Eurofighter Typhoon is part of the Luftwaffe fleet. Germany's military, the Bundeswehr, is organised into Heer (Army and special forces KSK), Marine (Navy), Luftwaffe (Air Force), Bundeswehr Joint Medical Service and Streitkräftebasis (Joint Support Service) branches. In absolute terms, German military expenditure is the 8th highest in the world.[140] In 2018, military spending was at $49.5 billion, about 1.2% of the country's GDP, well below the NATO target of 2%.[141] As of 2017[update] the Bundeswehr employed roughly 178,000 service members, including about 9,000 volunteers.[142] Reservists are available to the Armed Forces and participate in defence exercises and deployments abroad.[143] Since 2001 women may serve in all functions of service without restriction.[144] About 19,000 female soldiers are on active duty. According to SIPRI, Germany was the fourth largest exporter of major arms in the world from 2014 to 2018.[145] A German Navy Brandenburg-class frigate (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) In peacetime, the Bundeswehr is commanded by the Minister of Defence. In state of defence, the Chancellor would become commander-in-chief of the Bundeswehr.[146] The role of the Bundeswehr is described in the Constitution of Germany as defensive only. But after a ruling of the Federal Constitutional Court in 1994 the term "defence" has been defined to not only include protection of the borders of Germany, but also crisis reaction and conflict prevention, or more broadly as guarding the security of Germany anywhere in the world. As of 2017[update], the German military has about 3,600 troops stationed in foreign countries as part of international peacekeeping forces, including about 1,200 supporting operations against Daesh, 980 in the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission in Afghanistan, and 800 in Kosovo.[147] Until 2011, military service was compulsory for men at age 18, and conscripts served six-month tours of duty; conscientious objectors could instead opt for an equal length of Zivildienst (civilian service), or a six-year commitment to (voluntary) emergency services like a fire department or the Red Cross. In 2011 conscription was officially suspended and replaced with a voluntary service.[148][149] Main article: Economy of Germany Frankfurt is a leading business centre in Europe and the seat of the ECB. Germany has a social market economy with a highly skilled labour force, a large capital stock, a low level of corruption,[150] and a high level of innovation.[151] It is the world's third largest exporter of goods,[152] and has the largest national economy in Europe which is also the world's fourth largest by nominal GDP[153] and the fifth one by PPP.[154] Mercedes-AMG GT roadster. Germany maintains a large automotive industry, and is the world's third largest exporter of goods.[152] The service sector contributes approximately 71% of the total GDP (including information technology), industry 28%, and agriculture 1%.[99] The unemployment rate published by Eurostat amounts to 4.7% in January 2015, which is the lowest rate of all 28 EU member states.[155] With 7.1% Germany also has the lowest youth unemployment rate of all EU member states.[155] According to the OECD Germany has one of the highest labour productivity levels in the world.[156] Germany is part of the European single market which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union (EU) members and by EU legislation. Germany introduced the common European currency, the Euro in 2002.[157][158] It is a member of the Eurozone which represents around 340 million citizens. Its monetary policy is set by the European Central Bank, which is headquartered in Frankfurt, the financial centre of continental Europe. Being home to the modern car, the automotive industry in Germany is regarded as one of the most competitive and innovative in the world,[159] and is the fourth largest by production.[160] The top 10 exports of Germany are vehicles, machinery, chemical goods, electronic products, electrical equipments, pharmaceuticals, transport equipments, basic metals, food products, and rubber and plastics.[161] Of the world's 500 largest stock-market-listed companies measured by revenue in 2014, the Fortune Global 500, 28 are headquartered in Germany. 30 major Germany-based companies are included in the DAX, the prime German stock market index which is operated by Frankfurt Stock Exchange of Deutsche Börse. Well-known international brands include Mercedes-Benz, BMW, SAP, Volkswagen, Audi, Siemens, Allianz, Adidas, Porsche, Deutsche Bahn, Deutsche Bank, Bosch and Babelsberg.[162] Germany is recognised for its large portion of specialised small and medium enterprises, known as the Mittelstand model. More than 1,000 of these companies are global market leaders in their segment and are labelled Hidden Champions.[163] Berlin developed a thriving, cosmopolitan hub for startup companies and became the leading location for venture capital funded firms in the European Union.[164] The list includes the largest German companies by revenue in 2015:[165] Germany is part of a monetary union, the eurozone (dark blue), and of the EU single market. (bil. €) (World) 01. Volkswagen Wolfsburg 237 −1.5 610,000 02. Daimler Stuttgart 166 9.3 284,000 03. E.ON Essen 129 −7.8 56,500 04. Allianz Munich 123 7.3 142,500 05. BMW Munich 102 7.0 122,000 06. Siemens Berlin, Munich 88 8.3 348,000 07. Robert Bosch Stuttgart 78 3.5 375,000 08. BASF Ludwigshafen 78 4.4 108,000 09. Deutsche Telekom Bonn 77 3.6 226,000 010. Metro Düsseldorf 71 0.8 204,000 Main articles: Transport in Germany and Rail transport in Germany The ICE 3 in Cologne railway station With its central position in Europe, Germany is a transport hub for the continent.[166] Like its neighbours in Western Europe, Germany's road network is among the densest in the world.[167] The motorway (Autobahn) network ranks as the third-largest worldwide in length and is known for its lack of a general speed limit.[168] [169] Germany has established a polycentric network of high-speed trains. The InterCityExpress or ICE network of the Deutsche Bahn serves major German cities as well as destinations in neighbouring countries with speeds up to 300 km/h (190 mph).[170] The German railways are subsidised by the government, receiving €17.0 billion in 2014.[171] The largest German airports are Frankfurt Airport and Munich Airport, both hubs of Lufthansa. Other major airports include Berlin Tegel, Düsseldorf, Berlin Schönefeld, Hamburg, Cologne/Bonn and Leipzig/Halle.[172] The Port of Hamburg is one of the top twenty largest container ports in the world.[173] Main articles: Energy in Germany, Telecommunications in Germany, and Water supply and sanitation in Germany Electricity production in Germany from 1980 to 2012 In 2008[update], Germany was the world's sixth-largest consumer of energy,[174] and 60% of its primary energy was imported.[175] In 2014, energy sources were: oil (35.0%); coal, including lignite (24.6%); natural gas (20.5%); nuclear (8.1%); hydro-electric and renewable sources (11.1%).[176] The government and the nuclear power industry agreed to phase out all nuclear power plants by 2021.[177] It also enforces energy conservation, green technologies, emission reduction activities,[178] and aims to meet the country's electricity demands using 40% renewable sources by 2020. Germany is committed to the Paris Agreement and several other treaties promoting biodiversity, low emission standards, water management, and the renewable energy commercialisation.[179] The country's household recycling rate is among the highest in the world—at around 65%.[180] Nevertheless, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions were the highest in the EU in 2010[update].[181] The German energy transition (Energiewende) is the recognised move to a sustainable economy by means of energy efficiency and renewable energy.[182] Main article: Science and technology in Germany See also: List of German inventors and discoverers and List of German inventions and discoveries Albert Einstein, physicist. The Nobel Prize has been awarded to 108 German laureates. Germany is a global leader in science and technology as its achievements in the fields of science and technology have been significant. Research and development efforts form an integral part of the economy.[183] The Nobel Prize has been awarded to 108 German laureates.[184] It produces the second highest number of graduates in science and engineering (31%) after South Korea.[185] In the beginning of the 20th century, German laureates had more awards than those of any other nation, especially in the sciences (physics, chemistry, and physiology or medicine).[186][187] Notable German physicists before the 20th century include Hermann von Helmholtz, Joseph von Fraunhofer and Gabriel Daniel Fahrenheit, among others. Albert Einstein introduced the special relativity and general relativity theories for light and gravity in 1905 and 1915 respectively. Along with Max Planck, he was instrumental in the introduction of quantum mechanics, in which Werner Heisenberg and Max Born later made major contributions.[188] Wilhelm Röntgen discovered X-rays.[189] Otto Hahn was a pioneer in the fields of radiochemistry and discovered nuclear fission, while Ferdinand Cohn and Robert Koch were founders of microbiology. Numerous mathematicians were born in Germany, including Carl Friedrich Gauss, David Hilbert, Bernhard Riemann, Gottfried Leibniz, Karl Weierstrass, Hermann Weyl, Felix Klein and Emmy Noether. European Space Operations Centre (ESOC) in Darmstadt Germany has been the home of many famous inventors and engineers, including Hans Geiger, the creator of the Geiger counter; and Konrad Zuse, who built the first fully automatic digital computer.[190] Such German inventors, engineers and industrialists as Count Ferdinand von Zeppelin,[191] Otto Lilienthal, Gottlieb Daimler, Rudolf Diesel, Hugo Junkers and Karl Benz helped shape modern automotive and air transportation technology. German institutions like the German Aerospace Center (DLR) are the largest contributor to ESA. Aerospace engineer Wernher von Braun developed the first space rocket at Peenemünde and later on was a prominent member of NASA and developed the Saturn V Moon rocket. Heinrich Rudolf Hertz's work in the domain of electromagnetic radiation was pivotal to the development of modern telecommunication.[192] Research institutions in Germany include the Max Planck Society, the Helmholtz Association, the Fraunhofer Society and the Leibniz Association. The Wendelstein 7-X in Greifswald hosts a facility in the research of fusion power for instance.[193] The Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize is granted to ten scientists and academics every year. With a maximum of €2.5 million per award it is one of the highest endowed research prizes in the world.[194] Main article: Tourism in Germany Neuschwanstein Castle in Bavaria Germany is the seventh most visited country in the world,[195] with a total of 407 million overnights during 2012.[196] This number includes 68.83 million nights by foreign visitors. In 2012, over 30.4 million international tourists arrived in Germany. Berlin has become the third most visited city destination in Europe.[197] Additionally, more than 30% of Germans spend their holiday in their own country, with the biggest share going to Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Domestic and international travel and tourism combined directly contribute over EUR43.2 billion to German GDP. Including indirect and induced impacts, the industry contributes 4.5% of German GDP and supports 2 million jobs (4.8% of total employment).[198] Germany is well known for its diverse tourist routes, such as the Romantic Road, the Wine Route, the Castle Road, and the Avenue Road. The German Timber-Frame Road (Deutsche Fachwerkstraße) connects towns with examples of these structures.[199][200] Germany's most visited and popular landmarks include Neuschwanstein Castle, Cologne Cathedral, the Brandenburg Gate, the Reichstag, Hofbräuhaus Munich, Heidelberg Castle, Dresden Zwinger, Fernsehturm Berlin, the Walhalla memorial, and Aachen Cathedral. The Europa-Park near Freiburg is Europe's second most popular theme park resort.[201] Main articles: Demographics of Germany and Germans German population development from 1800 to 2010[202] Germany's population pyramid in 2017 With a population of 80.2 million according to the 2011 census,[203] rising to 83 million as of 2018[update],[8] Germany is the most populous country in the European Union, the second most populous country in Europe after Russia, and the 18th most populous country in the world. Its population density stands at 227 inhabitants per square kilometre (588 per square mile). The overall life expectancy in Germany at birth is 80.19 years (77.93 years for males and 82.58 years for females).[99] The fertility rate of 1.41 children born per woman (2011 estimates), below the replacement rate of 2.1, it remains considerably below the high of 5.28 children born per woman in 1884,[204] or 8.33 births per 1000 inhabitants, is one of the lowest fertility rates in the world.[99] Since the 1970s, Germany's death rate has exceeded its birth rate.[205] However, Germany is witnessing increased birth rates and migration rates since the beginning of the 2010s,[206] particularly a rise in the number of well-educated migrants.[207][208] Germany has the 3rd oldest population in the world, with the average age of 47.4 years.[209] Four sizeable groups of people are referred to as "national minorities" because their ancestors have lived in their respective regions for centuries:[210] There is a Danish minority (about 50,000) in the northernmost state of Schleswig-Holstein;[210] the Sorbs, a Slavic population of about 60,000, are in the Lusatia region of Saxony and Brandenburg.; the Roma and Sinti live throughout the country; and the Frisians are concentrated in Schleswig-Holstein's western coast and in the north-western part of Lower Saxony.[210] Germany is home to the second-highest number of international migrants.[211] After the United States, Germany is the second most popular immigration destination in the world.[212][213] As of 2016[update], about ten million residents (12%) did not have German citizenship.[214] The majority of migrants live in western Germany, in particular in urban areas.[215][216] Of the country's residents, 18.6 million people (22.5%) were of immigrant or partially immigrant descent in 2016 (including persons descending or partially descending from ethnic German repatriates).[217] In 2015, the Population Division of the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs listed Germany as host to the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, about 5% or 12 million of all 244 million migrants.[218] Germany ranks 7th amongst EU countries and 37th globally in terms of the percentage of migrants who made up part of the country's population. As of 2014[update], the largest national group was from Turkey (2,859,000), followed by Poland (1,617,000), Russia (1,188,000), and Italy (764,000).[219] 740,000 people have African origins, an increase of 46% since 2011.[217] Since 1987, around 3 million ethnic Germans, mostly from the former Eastern Bloc countries, have exercised their right of return and emigrated to Germany.[220] Approximately 5 million Germans live abroad (Auslandsdeutsche).[221] Main article: Religion in Germany Upon its establishment in 1871, Germany was about two-thirds Protestant[g] and one-third Roman Catholic, with a notable Jewish minority. Germany lost nearly all of its Jewish minority during the Holocaust. After World War II, West Germany became more religiously diversified through immigration and East Germany became overwhelmingly irreligious through state policies. Germany continued to diversify after the German reunification in 1990, with a substantial decline in religiosity throughout Germany but an increase in evangelical Protestants and Muslims.[222] Baroque Dresden Frauenkirche (Evangelical) Gothic Cologne Cathedral (Roman Catholic) Protestantism is concentrated in the northern, central and eastern parts of the country.[h] These are mostly members of the Evangelical Church in Germany (EKD), which encompasses Lutheran, Reformed and administrative or confessional unions of both traditions dating back to the Prussian Union of 1817.[i] Roman Catholicism is concentrated in the south and west. The 2011 German Census showed Christianity as the largest religion in Germany, with 66.8% identified themselves as Christian, with 3.8% of those not being church members.[223] 31.7% declared themselves as Protestants, including members of the Evangelical Church in Germany (30.8%) and the free churches (German: Evangelische Freikirchen) (0.9%), 31.2% declared themselves as Roman Catholics, Orthodox believers constituted 1.3%. According to data from 2016, the Catholic Church and the Evangelical Church claimed 28.5% and 27.5%, respectively, of the population.[224][225] Both large churches have lost significant numbers of adherents in recent years. Islam is the second largest religion in the country.[226] In the 2011 census, 1.9% of the census population (1.52 million people) gave their religion as Islam, but this figure is deemed unreliable because a disproportionate number of adherents of this religion (and other religions, such as Judaism) are likely to have made use of their right not to answer the question.[227] Figures from Religionswissenschaftlicher Medien- und Informationsdienst suggest a figure of 4.4 to 4.7 million (around 5.5% of the population) in 2015.[5] A study conducted by the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees found that between 2011 and 2015 the Muslim population rose by 1.2 million people, mostly due to immigration.[228] Most of the Muslims are Sunnis and Alevites from Turkey, but there are a small number of Shi'ites, Ahmadiyyas and other denominations.[229] A study in 2018 estimated that 38% of the population are not members of any religious organization or denomination,[4] though up to a third may still consider themselves religious.[230] Irreligion in Germany is strongest in the former East Germany, which used to be predominantly Protestant before state atheism, and in major metropolitan areas.[231][232] Other religions comprising less than one per cent of Germany's population[226] include Buddhism with 270,000 adherents, Judaism with 200,000 adherents, and Hinduism with some 100,000 adherents. All other religious communities in Germany have fewer than 50,000 adherents each.[233] Main articles: German language and Languages of Germany The Goethe Institut, a German language academy, in São Paulo, Brazil German is the official and predominant spoken language in Germany.[234] Standard German is a West Germanic language and is closely related to and classified alongside Low German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Frisian and English. To a lesser extent, it is also related to the North Germanic languages, and the extinct East Germanic languages, to an even lesser extent. Most German vocabulary is derived from the Germanic branch of the Indo-European language family.[235] Significant minorities of words are derived from Latin and Greek, with a smaller amount from French and most recently English (known as Denglisch). German is written using the Latin alphabet. German dialects, traditional local varieties traced back to the Germanic tribes, are distinguished from varieties of standard German by their lexicon, phonology, and syntax.[236] It is one of 24 official and working languages of the European Union,[237] and one of the three working languages of the European Commission. German is the most widely spoken first language in the European Union, with around 100 million native speakers.[238] Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romany, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, the Balkan languages and Russian. Germans are typically multilingual: 67% of German citizens claim to be able to communicate in at least one foreign language and 27% in at least two.[234] Main article: Education in Germany Heidelberg University is Germany's oldest institution of higher learning and generally counted among its most prestigious. Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual federal states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years.[239] Secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the Gymnasium enrols the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the Realschule for intermediate students lasts six years and the Hauptschule prepares pupils for vocational education.[240] The Gesamtschule unifies all secondary education. A system of apprenticeship called Duale Ausbildung leads to a skilled qualification which is almost comparable to an academic degree. It allows students in vocational training to learn in a company as well as in a state-run trade school.[239] This model is well regarded and reproduced all around the world.[241] Most of the German universities are public institutions, and students traditionally study without fee payment.[242] The general requirement for university is the Abitur. However, there are a number of exceptions, depending on the state, the college and the subject. Tuition free academic education is open to international students and is increasingly common.[243][244] According to an OECD report in 2014, Germany is the world's third leading destination for international study.[245] Germany has a long tradition of higher education. The established universities in Germany include some of the oldest in the world, with Heidelberg University (established in 1386) being the oldest.[246] It is followed by the Leipzig University (1409), the Rostock University (1419) and the Greifswald University (1456).[247] The University of Berlin, founded in 1810 by the liberal educational reformer Wilhelm von Humboldt, became the academic model for many European and Western universities. In the contemporary era Germany has developed eleven Universities of Excellence.[248] Main article: Healthcare in Germany The Hospital of the Holy Spirit in Lübeck, established in 1286, is a precursor to modern hospitals.[249] Germany's system of hospitals, called Krankenhaus, dates from medieval times, and today, Germany has the world's oldest universal health care system, dating from Bismarck's social legislation of the 1880s,[250] Since the 1880s, reforms and provisions have ensured a balanced health care system. Currently the population is covered by a health insurance plan provided by statute, with criteria allowing some groups to opt for a private health insurance contract. According to the World Health Organization, Germany's health care system was 77% government-funded and 23% privately funded as of 2013[update].[251] In 2014, Germany spent 11.3% of its GDP on health care.[252] Germany ranked 20th in the world in life expectancy with 77 years for men and 82 years for women, and it had a very low infant mortality rate (4 per 1,000 live births).[251] In 2010[update], the principal cause of death was cardiovascular disease, at 41%, followed by malignant tumours, at 26%.[253] In 2008[update], about 82,000 Germans had been infected with HIV/AIDS and 26,000 had died from the disease (cumulatively, since 1982).[254] According to a 2005 survey, 27% of German adults are smokers.[254] Obesity in Germany has been increasingly cited as a major health issue. A 2007 study shows Germany has the highest number of overweight people in Europe.[255][256] Main article: Culture of Germany A typical German Weihnachtsmarkt (Christmas market) in Jena Culture in German states has been shaped by major intellectual and popular currents in Europe, both religious and secular. Historically, Germany has been called Das Land der Dichter und Denker ("the land of poets and thinkers"),[257] because of the major role its writers and philosophers have played in the development of Western thought.[258] Germany is well known for such folk festival traditions as Oktoberfest and Christmas customs, which include Advent wreaths, Christmas pageants, Christmas trees, Stollen cakes, and other practices.[259][260] As of 2016[update] UNESCO inscribed 41 properties in Germany on the World Heritage List.[261] There are a number of public holidays in Germany determined by each state; 3 October has been a national day of Germany since 1990, celebrated as the Tag der Deutschen Einheit (German Unity Day).[262] Prior to reunification, the day was celebrated on 17 June, in honour of the Uprising of 1953 in East Germany which was brutally suppressed on that date.[263] In the 21st century Berlin has emerged as a major international creative centre.[264] According to the Anholt–GfK Nation Brands Index, in 2014 Germany was the world's most respected nation among 50 countries (ahead of US, UK, and France).[265][266][267] A global opinion poll for the BBC revealed that Germany is recognised for having the most positive influence in the world in 2013 and 2014.[268][269] Main article: Music of Germany Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827), composer German classical music includes works by some of the world's most well-known composers. Dieterich Buxtehude composed oratorios for organ, which influenced the later work of Johann Sebastian Bach and Georg Friedrich Händel; these men were influential composers of the Baroque period. During his tenure as violinist and teacher at the Salzburg cathedral, Augsburg-born composer Leopold Mozart mentored one of the most noted musicians of all time: Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Ludwig van Beethoven was a crucial figure in the transition between the Classical and Romantic eras. Carl Maria von Weber and Felix Mendelssohn were important in the early Romantic period. Robert Schumann and Johannes Brahms composed in the Romantic idiom. Richard Wagner was known for his operas. Richard Strauss was a leading composer of the late Romantic and early modern eras. Karlheinz Stockhausen and Hans Zimmer are important composers of the 20th and early 21st centuries.[270] Germany is the second largest music market in Europe, and fourth largest in the world.[271] German popular music of the 20th and 21st centuries includes the movements of Neue Deutsche Welle, pop, Ostrock, heavy metal/rock, punk, pop rock, indie and schlager pop. German electronic music gained global influence, with Kraftwerk and Tangerine Dream pioneering in this genre.[272] DJs and artists of the techno and house music scenes of Germany have become well known (e.g. Paul van Dyk, Paul Kalkbrenner, and Scooter).[273] Main articles: German art, Architecture of Germany, and German fashion C.D. Friedrich, Wanderer above the Sea of Fog (1818) Franz Marc, Roe Deer in the Forest (1914) German painters have influenced western art. Albrecht Dürer, Hans Holbein the Younger, Matthias Grünewald and Lucas Cranach the Elder were important German artists of the Renaissance, Peter Paul Rubens and Johann Baptist Zimmermann of the Baroque, Caspar David Friedrich and Carl Spitzweg of Romanticism, Max Liebermann of Impressionism and Max Ernst of Surrealism.[274] Notable German sculptors include Otto Schmidt-Hofer, Franz Iffland, and Julius Schmidt-Felling.[275][276] Several German art groups formed in the 20th century; Die Brücke (The Bridge) and Der Blaue Reiter (The Blue Rider) influenced the development of expressionism in Munich and Berlin. The New Objectivity arose in response to expressionism during the Weimar Republic. After World War II, broad trends in German art include neo-expressionism, performance art and conceptual art. Notable neo-expressionists include Georg Baselitz, Anselm Kiefer, Jörg Immendorff, A. R. Penck, Markus Lüpertz, Peter Robert Keil and Rainer Fetting. Other notable artists who work with traditional media or figurative imagery include Martin Kippenberger, Gerhard Richter, Sigmar Polke, and Neo Rauch. Leading German conceptual artists include Bernd and Hilla Becher, Hanne Darboven, Hans-Peter Feldmann, Hans Haacke, Joseph Beuys, HA Schult, Aris Kalaizis, Neo Rauch and Andreas Gursky. Major art exhibitions and festivals in Germany are the documenta, the Berlin Biennale, transmediale and Art Cologne.[274] Resort architecture on Rügen Architectural contributions from Germany include the Carolingian and Ottonian styles, which were precursors of Romanesque. Brick Gothic is a distinctive medieval style that evolved in Germany. Also in Renaissance and Baroque art, regional and typically German elements evolved (e.g. Weser Renaissance and Dresden Baroque). Among many renowned Baroque masters were Pöppelmann, Balthasar Neumann, Knobelsdorff and the Asam brothers. The Wessobrunner School exerted a decisive influence on, and at times even dominated, the art of stucco in southern Germany in the 18th century. The Upper Swabian Baroque Route offers a baroque-themed tourist route that highlights the contributions of such artists and craftsmen as the sculptor and plasterer Johann Michael Feuchtmayer, one of the foremost members of the Feuchtmayer family and the brothers Johann Baptist Zimmermann and Dominikus Zimmermann.[277] Vernacular architecture in Germany is often identified by its timber framing (Fachwerk) traditions and varies across regions, and among carpentry styles.[278][279] Hohenzollern Castle in Swabia When industrialisation spread across Europe, Classicism and a distinctive style of historism developed in Germany, sometimes referred to as Gründerzeit style, due to the economical boom years at the end of the 19th century. Regional historicist styles include the Hanover School, Nuremberg Style and Dresden's Semper-Nicolai School. Among the most famous of German buildings, the Schloss Neuschwanstein represents Romanesque Revival. Notable sub-styles that evolved since the 18th century are the German spa and seaside resort architecture. German artists, writers and gallerists like Siegfried Bing, Georg Hirth and Bruno Möhring also contributed to the development of Art Nouveau at the turn of the 20th century, known as Jugendstil in German.[280] Expressionist architecture developed in the 1910s in Germany and influenced Art Deco and other modern styles, with e.g. Fritz Höger, Erich Mendelsohn, Dominikus Böhm, and Fritz Schumacher being influential architects. Germany was particularly important in the early modernist movement: it is the home of Werkbund initiated by Hermann Muthesius (New Objectivity), and of the Bauhaus movement founded by Walter Gropius. Consequently, Germany is often considered the cradle of modern architecture and design. Ludwig Mies van der Rohe became one of the world's most renowned architects in the second half of the 20th century. He conceived of the glass façade skyscraper.[281] Renowned contemporary architects and offices include Hans Kollhoff, Sergei Tchoban, KK Architekten, Helmut Jahn, Behnisch, GMP, Ole Scheeren, J. Mayer H., OM Ungers, Gottfried Böhm and Frei Otto (the last two being Pritzker Prize winners).[282] German designers became early leaders of modern product design, with the Bauhaus designers like Mies van der Rohe, and Dieter Rams of Braun being essential pioneers.[283] The Berlin Fashion Week and the fashion trade fair Bread & Butter are held twice a year.[284] Munich, Hamburg, Cologne and Düsseldorf are also important design, production and trade hubs of the domestic fashion industry, among smaller towns.[285] Renowned fashion designers from Germany include Karl Lagerfeld, Jil Sander, Wolfgang Joop, Philipp Plein and Michael Michalsky. Important brands include Hugo Boss, Escada, Adidas, Puma, Esprit and Triumph. The German supermodels Claudia Schiffer, Heidi Klum, Tatjana Patitz, Nadja Auermann and Toni Garrn, among others, have come to international fame.[286] Main articles: German literature and German philosophy The Brothers Grimm collected and published popular German folk tales. German literature can be traced back to the Middle Ages and the works of writers such as Walther von der Vogelweide and Wolfram von Eschenbach. Well-known German authors include Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Gotthold Ephraim Lessing and Theodor Fontane. The collections of folk tales published by the Brothers Grimm popularised German folklore on an international level.[287] The Grimms also gathered and codified regional variants of the German language, grounding their work in historical principles; their Deutsches Wörterbuch, or German Dictionary, sometimes called the Grimm dictionary, was begun in 1838 and the first volumes published in 1854.[288] Influential authors of the 20th century include Gerhart Hauptmann, Thomas Mann, Hermann Hesse, Heinrich Böll and Günter Grass.[289] The German book market is the third largest in the world, after the United States and China.[290] The Frankfurt Book Fair is the most important in the world for international deals and trading, with a tradition spanning over 500 years.[291] The Leipzig Book Fair also retains a major position in Europe.[292] Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher whose comprehensive and systematic work in epistemology (the theory of knowledge), ethics, and aesthetics greatly influenced all subsequent philosophy, especially the various schools of Kantianism and idealism. German philosophy is historically significant: Gottfried Leibniz's contributions to rationalism; the enlightenment philosophy by Immanuel Kant; the establishment of classical German idealism by Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling; Arthur Schopenhauer's composition of metaphysical pessimism; the formulation of communist theory by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels; Friedrich Nietzsche's development of perspectivism; Gottlob Frege's contributions to the dawn of analytic philosophy; Martin Heidegger's works on Being; Oswald Spengler's historical philosophy; the development of the Frankfurt School by Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse and Jürgen Habermas have been particularly influential.[293] Main articles: Media of Germany and Cinema of Germany Deutsche Welle headquarters in Bonn (centre) The largest internationally operating media companies in Germany are the Bertelsmann enterprise, Axel Springer SE and ProSiebenSat.1 Media. The German Press Agency DPA is also significant. Germany's television market is the largest in Europe, with some 38 million TV households.[294] Around 90% of German households have cable or satellite TV, with a variety of free-to-view public and commercial channels.[295] There are more than 500 public and private radio stations in Germany, with the public Deutsche Welle being the main German radio and television broadcaster in foreign languages.[296] Germany's national radio network is the Deutschlandradio while ARD stations are covering local services. Many of Europe's best-selling newspapers and magazines are produced in Germany. The papers (and internet portals) with the highest circulation are Bild (a tabloid), Die Zeit, Süddeutsche Zeitung, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung and Die Welt. The largest magazines include Der Spiegel, Stern and Focus.[297] The German video gaming market is one of the largest in the world.[298] German cinema has made major technical and artistic contributions to film. The first works of the Skladanowsky Brothers were shown to an audience in 1895. The renowned Babelsberg Studio in Potsdam was established in 1912, thus being the first large-scale film studio in the world (today it is Europe's largest studio).[299][300] Other early and still active studios include UFA and Bavaria Film. Early German cinema was particularly influential with German expressionists such as Robert Wiene and Friedrich Wilhelm Murnau. Director Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) is referred to as the first major science-fiction film.[301] In 1930 Josef von Sternberg directed The Blue Angel, the first major German sound film, with Marlene Dietrich.[302] Films of Leni Riefenstahl set new artistic standards, in particular Triumph of the Will.[303] Babelsberg Studio near Berlin, the world's first large-scale film studio After 1945, many of the films of the immediate post-war period can be characterised as Trümmerfilm (rubble film). Such films included Wolfgang Staudte's Die Mörder sind unter uns (The Murderers are among us, 1946) and Irgendwo in Berlin (Somewhere in Berlin, 1946) by Werner Krien. The state-owned East German film studio DEFA produced notable films including Ehe im Schatten (Marriage in the Shadows) by Kurt Maetzig (1947), Der Untertan (1951); Die Geschichte vom kleinen Muck (The Story of Little Muck, 1953), Konrad Wolf's Der geteilte Himmel (Divided Heaven) (1964) and Frank Beyer's Jacob the Liar (1975). The defining film genre in West Germany of the 1950s was arguably the Heimatfilm ("homeland film"); these films depicted the beauty of the land and the moral integrity of the people living in it.[304] During the 1970s and 1980s, New German Cinema directors such as Volker Schlöndorff, Werner Herzog, Wim Wenders, and Rainer Werner Fassbinder brought West German auteur cinema to critical acclaim. The Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film ("Oscar") went to the German production Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum) in 1979, to Nirgendwo in Afrika (Nowhere in Africa) in 2002, and to Das Leben der Anderen (The Lives of Others) in 2007. Various Germans won an Oscar for their performances in other films.[305] The annual European Film Awards ceremony is held every other year in Berlin, home of the European Film Academy. The Berlin International Film Festival, known as "Berlinale", awarding the "Golden Bear" and held annually since 1951, is one of the world's leading film festivals.[306] The "Lolas" are annually awarded in Berlin, at the German Film Awards, that have been presented since 1951.[307] Main article: German cuisine Black Forest Gâteau, a German dessert German cuisine varies from region to region and often neighbouring regions share some culinary similarities (e.g. the southern regions of Bavaria and Swabia share some traditions with Switzerland and Austria). International varieties such as pizza, sushi, Chinese food, Greek food, Indian cuisine and doner kebab are also popular. Bratwurst, one of the most popular foods in Germany Bread is a significant part of German cuisine and German bakeries produce about 600 main types of bread and 1,200 different types of pastries and rolls (Brötchen). German cheeses account for about a third of all cheese produced in Europe.[308] In 2012 over 99% of all meat produced in Germany was either pork, chicken or beef. Germans produce their ubiquitous sausages in almost 1,500 varieties, including Bratwursts and Weisswursts.[309] In 2012, organic foods accounted for 3.9% of total food sales.[310] Although wine is becoming more popular in many parts of Germany, especially close to German wine regions,[311] the national alcoholic drink is beer. German beer consumption per person stands at 110 litres (24 imp gal; 29 US gal) in 2013 and remains among the highest in the world.[312] German beer purity regulations date back to the 16th century.[313] The 2015 Michelin Guide awarded eleven restaurants in Germany three stars, the highest designation, while 38 more received two stars and 233 one star.[314] German restaurants have become the world's second-most decorated after France.[315][316] Main article: Sport in Germany The German national football team after winning the FIFA World Cup for the fourth time in 2014. Football is the most popular sport in Germany. Twenty-seven million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue sports individually.[317] Association football is the most popular sport. With more than 6.3 million official members, the German Football Association (Deutscher Fußball-Bund) is the largest sports organisation of its kind worldwide, and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world.[317] The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014, the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996, and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017. Germany hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1974 and 2006 and the UEFA European Championship in 1988. The country will host the UEFA European Championship in 2024. Other popular spectator sports include winter sports, boxing, basketball, handball, volleyball, ice hockey, tennis, horse riding and golf. Water sports like sailing, rowing, and swimming are popular in Germany as well.[317] Germany is one of the leading motor sports countries in the world. Constructors like BMW and Mercedes are prominent manufacturers in motor sport. Porsche has won the 24 Hours of Le Mans race 19 times, and Audi 13 times (as of 2017[update]). The driver Michael Schumacher has set many motor sport records during his career, having won seven Formula One World Drivers' Championships, more than any other. He is one of the highest paid sportsmen in history.[318] Sebastian Vettel is also among the top five most successful Formula One drivers of all time.[319] Also Nico Rosberg won the Formula One World Championship. Historically, German athletes have been successful contenders in the Olympic Games, ranking third in an all-time Olympic Games medal count (when combining East and West German medals). Germany was the last country to host both the summer and winter games in the same year, in 1936 the Berlin Summer Games and the Winter Games in Garmisch-Partenkirchen.[320] Munich hosted the Summer Games of 1972.[321] Germany portal Index of Germany-related articles Outline of Germany ^ From 1952 to 1990, the entire "Deutschlandlied" was the national anthem, but only the third verse was sung on official occasions. Since 1991, the third verse alone has been the national anthem.[1] ^ Berlin is the sole constitutional capital and de jure seat of government, but the former provisional capital of the Federal Republic of Germany, Bonn, has the special title of "federal city" (Bundesstadt) and is the primary seat of six ministries; all government ministries have offices in both cities. ^ Danish, Low German, Sorbian, Romany, and Frisian are recognised by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ^ The figure includes people with no religious beliefs such as atheists, secular humanists, or those who consider themselves only culturally part of a religious tradition. It also includes Christians who are not registered church members, and others who consider themselves religious but are not part of an organized religious group or denomination.[4] ^ The Federal Republic of Germany was proclaimed on the British, American and French occupation zones on 23 May 1949 while the German Democratic Republic was formed from the Soviet occupation zone on 7 October 1949. ^ IPA transcription of "Bundesrepublik Deutschland": German pronunciation: [ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant][12] ^ German Protestantism has been overwhelmingly a mixture of Lutheran, Reformed (i.e. Calvinist), and United (Lutheran & Reformed/Calvinist) churches, with Baptists, Pentecostals, Methodists, and various other Protestants being only a recent development. ^ Lutheranism is found mostly throughout northern Germany, Württemberg and parts of Franconia; Calvinism in the extreme northwest and Lippe, while the United churches throughout the remainder of Germany. ^ Although the first such union between Lutheran and Calvinist Protestants happened in August 1817 in the Duchy of Nassau (a confessional union, see Unionskirche, Idstein); that is before the Prussian Union of September 1817. 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Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ "Annual Report" (PDF). International Publishers Association. October 2014. p. 13. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2016. ^ Weidhaas, Peter; Gossage, Carolyn; Wright, Wendy A. (2007). A History of the Frankfurt Book Fair. Dundurn Press Ltd. pp. 11 ff. ISBN 978-1-55002-744-0. ^ Chase, Jefferson (13 March 2015). "Leipzig Book Fair: Cultural sideshow with a serious side". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 25 April 2015. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ Searle, John (1987). "Introduction". The Blackwell Companion to Philosophy. Wiley-Blackwell. ^ "Distribution of TV in Germany (German)". Astra Sat. 19 February 2013. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 10 December 2014. ^ "Country profile: Germany". BBC News. Archived from the original on 1 April 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ "Organization 1950–1954". Deutsche Welle. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 15 May 2015. ^ "ZDB OPAC – start/text". d-nb.de. Archived from the original on 14 July 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2015. ^ Purchese, Robert (17 August 2009). "Germany's video game market". Eurogamer.net. Archived from the original on 20 January 2013. Retrieved 4 March 2012. ^ SemiColonWeb. "Studios". www.cinecitta.com. ^ Studio Babelsberg – Mit der Erschließung des direkt in der Nachbarschaft befindlichen Filmgeländes mit den Studios Neue Film 1 und Neue Film 2 konnte Studio Babelsberg seine Studiokapazitäten verdoppeln und verfügt so über Europas größten zusammenhängenden Studiokomplex., retrieved 3 December 2013 (German) ^ "SciFi Film History – Metropolis (1927)". Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 28 September 2014. ^ Bordwell, David; Thompson, Kristin (2003) [1994]. "The Introduction of Sound". Film History: An Introduction (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-07-115141-2. ^ Rother, Rainer (1 July 2003). Leni Riefenstahl: The Seduction of Genius. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4411-5901-4. ^ Stephen Brockmann, A Critical History of German Film, Camden House, 2010, p. 286. ISBN 1571134689 ^ "Awards:Das Leben der Anderen". IMDb. Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ "2006 FIAPF accredited Festivals Directory" (PDF). International Federation of Film Producers Associations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 January 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ Die Beauftragte der BUndesregierung fuer Kultur und Medien, Deutscher-flimpreis. Archived 16 January 2014 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 21 May 2015. ^ The Complete Idiot's Guide to Cheeses of the World – Steve Ehlers, Jeanette Hurt Archived 11 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine. pp. 113–115. ^ "Guide to German Hams and Sausages". German Foods North America. Archived from the original on 22 March 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2015. ^ "Numbers, data, facts about the organic food sector" (in German). Foodwatch. Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2015. Bio-Produkte machen lediglich 3,9 Prozent des gesamten Lebensmittelumsatzes in Deutschland aus (2012). ^ "German Wine Statistics". Wines of Germany, Deutsches Weininstitut. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014. ^ Samantha Payne (20 November 2014). "Top 10 Heaviest Beer-drinking Countries: Czech Republic and Germany Sink Most Pints". Archived from the original on 13 May 2015. Retrieved 6 May 2015. ^ "492 Years of Good Beer: Germans Toast the Anniversary of Their Beer Purity Law". Spiegel Online. 23 April 2008. Archived from the original on 6 May 2008. ^ "Michelin Guide restaurants for Germany". Archived from the original on 20 December 2014. Retrieved 26 January 2015. ^ "German cuisine beats Italy, Spain in gourmet stars". Reuters. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 1 May 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2011. ^ "Schnitzel Outcooks Spaghetti in Michelin Guide". Deutsche Welle. 15 November 2007. Retrieved 6 April 2012. ^ a b c "Germany Info: Culture & Life: Sports". Germany Embassy in Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 30 April 2011. Retrieved 28 March 2011. ^ Ornstein, David (23 October 2006). "What we will miss about Michael Schumacher". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 19 March 2011. ^ "Vettel makes Formula One history with eighth successive victory". Irish Independent. 17 November 2013. ^ Large, David Clay, Nazi Games: The Olympics of 1936. W. W. Norton & Company, 2007, ISBN 9780393058840 p. 136. ^ Large, p. 337. Listen to this article (2 parts) · (info) Part 1 · Part 2 This audio file was created from a revision of the article "Germany" dated 2008-06-24, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. (Audio help) Germanyat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Texts from Wikisource Travel guide from Wikivoyage Resources from Wikiversity Official site of the Federal Government Official Germany Tourism website Germany from the BBC News "Germany". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Germany at Curlie Germany from the OECD Germany at the EU Wikimedia Atlas of Germany Geographic data related to Germany at OpenStreetMap Key Development Forecasts for Germany from International Futures Germany articles Germanic peoples Frankish Empire Ostsiedlung (East Colonisation) Confederation of the Rhine German Confederation Frankfurt Constitution North German Confederation Unification of Germany Weimar Republic Divided Germany Flight and expulsions Reunified Germany Bundeswehr (military) Chemical Triangle German model German states by GDP Mittelstand companies Cultural icons Prussian virtues Articles related to Germany States of the Federal Republic of Germany Baden-Württemberg (since 1952) Bavaria (since 1949) Brandenburg (since 1990) Hesse (since 1949) Lower Saxony (since 1949) Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (since 1990) North Rhine-Westphalia (since 1949) Rhineland-Palatinate (since 1949) Saarland (since 1957) Saxony (since 1990) Saxony-Anhalt (since 1990) Schleswig-Holstein (since 1949) Thuringia (since 1990) Berlin (since 1990) Bremen (since 1949) Hamburg (since 1949) Former states South Baden (1949–1952) Württemberg-Baden (1949–1952) Württemberg-Hohenzollern (1949–1952) Geographic locale Sovereign states and dependencies of Europe Armenia2 Artsakh2 Donetsk People's Republic Luhansk People's Republic Northern Cyprus2 Faroe Islands1 autonomous country of the Kingdom of Denmark Akrotiri and Dhekelia2 Sovereign Base Areas British Overseas Territory Special areas of internal sovereignty autonomous region subject to the Åland Convention of 1921 unincorporated area subject to the Svalbard Treaty country of the United Kingdom subject to the British-Irish Agreement 1 Oceanic islands within the vicinity of Europe are usually grouped with the continent even though they are not situated on its continental shelf. 2 Some countries completely outside the conventional geographical boundaries of Europe are commonly associated with the continent due to ethnological links. Countries bordering the Baltic Sea West Pomeranian Voivodeship Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship Member states of the European Union Member state until 31 January 2020 Future enlargement of the European Union Members of the European Economic Area (EEA) EFTA member states Iceland (EU relations) Liechtenstein (EU relations) Norway (EU relations) Croatia (provisional member) United Kingdom (membership) North Atlantic Treaty Organization North Atlantic Treaty Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe Air Command Land Command Maritime Command JFC Brunssum JFC Naples STRIKFORNATO JFCNF Allied Command Transformation Standardization Agreement Chairman of the Military Committee Supreme Allied Commander Europe Supreme Allied Commander Transformation Multilateral relations Atlantic Treaty Association Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council Mediterranean Dialogue Istanbul Cooperation Initiative Partnership for Peace Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development OECD Anti-Bribery Convention Testing of Chemicals Group of Eight (G8) and Group of Eight + Five (G8+5) G8 members Russia (suspended) G8+5 Group of Six G20 major economies Accession and membership Appellate Body Dispute Settlement Body International Trade Centre Chronology of key events Doha Development Round Singapore issues Quota Elimination Peace Clause Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures Trade Related Investment Measures Marrakech Agreement Doha Declaration Bali Package 1st (1996) 2nd (1998) 3rd (1999) 4th (2001) 10th (2015) Roberto Azevêdo (Director-General) Pascal Lamy Alejandro Jara Rufus Yerxa Macau1 Taiwan2 Special administrative regions of the People's Republic of China, participates as "Hong Kong, China" and "Macao China". Officially the Republic of China, participates as "Separate Customs Territory of Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen and Matsu", and "Chinese Taipei" in short. Court of Human Rights Commission for the Efficiency of Justice Commission against Racism and Intolerance Sovereign Military Order of Malta Czechoslovakia (1991–1992) Saar (assoc. 1950–1956) Serbia and Montenegro (2003–2006) Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) Partners for Bodies and posts Commissioner on National Minorities BNF: cb12205186t (data) MusicBrainz: 85752fda-13c4-31a3-bee5-0e5cb1f51dad Retrieved from "http://en.turkcewiki.org/w/index.php?title=Germany&oldid=936789986" Central European countries Countries in Europe Federal republics G7 nations Group of Eight nations G20 nations German-speaking countries and territories Member states of NATO Member states of the Council of Europe Member states of the Union for the Mediterranean Member states of the United Nations States and territories established in 1871 Western European countries Articles containing Old High German-language text CS1: long volume value Articles with German-language sources (de) Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use British English from August 2013 Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text Articles containing Middle High German-language text Articles containing Proto-Germanic-language text Spoken articles Wikipedia articles with HDS identifiers Wikipedia articles with RERO identifiers Articles containing video clips	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2073
__label__wiki	0.558398	0.558398	Match Racing Association elects Billings President Match Racing Association elects Billings President Log-In to Post/Reply Hamilton, Bermuda: September 10, 2012 - The Match Racing Association (MRA) held its 2012 Annual General Meeting (AGM) at the Manhasset Bay Yacht Club on August 31, 2012, during the Knickerbocker Cup (a match racing event for 25 years and now part of the new 4-event Grand Slam Match Racing Series being held on the Great Lakes and East Coast of the USA). The MRA AGM was very productive. The new Board was elected, and in its first order of business, elected Brian W. Billings, Past Commodore of the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club and Chairman of the Argo Group Gold Cup, as president. The AGM was attended by members of the MRA by their presence, by conference call and or by proxy. Potential new members hosting new Match Racing events on the East coast were also in attendance. The MRA, founded in 1986, is still strong and growing in its support of Match Racing events around the world. The next MRA member event is the Argo Group Gold Cup, stage 7 of the Alpari World Match Racing Tour held at the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club October 2-7. The Match Racing Association is a Bermuda-based corporation with membership comprised of the leading match race sailing events in the world and organized to promote the sport of sailing to the public through match racing at all levels of the sport and to support and advance the events and the sailors who compete in them. Anyone requiring information concerning the MRA, please contact Brian W. Billing at billings@ibl.bm. NOTE: The Match Racing Association (formerly known as the World Match Racing Association) developed the World Match Racing Conference and is now a stakeholder in the World Match Racing Tour. The MRA is international in focus, scope and membership.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2074
__label__wiki	0.881491	0.881491	Sharp Spike in Civilian Deaths from Air Strikes in Afghanistan House Democrats Will Allow Votes to Expand Oil Drilling the U.S. Native American Leaders Denounce Militarization of U.S.-Mexico Border Growing Food Crunch in Kenya Street Beat: NYC’s Operation Sentinel Bush Announces Small Troop Withdrawal from Iraq in the Coming Months President Bush has announced plans for a slight reduction in troop levels in Iraq, saying that his “surge” policy has been a success. President Bush, speaking today at the National Defense University in Washington DC, said that the reduction will amount to 8000 troops home by February. “And if the progress in Iraq continues to hold, General Petraeus and our military leaders believe additional reductions will be possible in the first half of 2009.” Bush also announced new deployments to Afghanistan where he said “huge challenges” remain. The decision to follow through on the promises Bush made today will largely fall to his successor. Three Sucessive Hurricanes Leave 1 Million Haitians Homeless Hurricane Ike is on its way to Havana after cutting a path of destruction through Haiti. Haitian President René Préval says the country urgently needs helicopters to distribute humanitarian aid to the provinces. Coming on the heels of Hurricanes Gustav and Hanna, Ike destroyed bridges and made roads connecting the capital with the hardest-hit towns impassable. An estimated 1 million people have been left homeless while the unconfirmed death toll from the 3 hurricanes has reportedly reached into the hundreds. Oxfam Urges Rich Countries to Take Responsibility for Their Emissions An Oxfam International report released today calls on rich countries to stop using economic excuses to wriggle out of their responsibilities to curb their emissions of climate changing greenhouse gases. Naomi Fowler has more from London. Today’s report “Climate Wrongs and Human Rights” reminds the world’s wealthiest countries that their disproportionate levels of carbon emissions violate the rights of millions of the world’s poorest people to life, security, food, health and shelter…and that, as parties to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, they may become liable to legal actions from those poorer countries affected. Campaigner Ursula Rakova describes the devastation her community faces in the Carteret Islands in the South Pacific because of climate change: [Rakova] “Basically the sea is seeping in through the land and we cannot grow any food any more and in terms of food security we have lost our food system. The islands will be completely submerged under the water in the next 10 to 15 years. For us, that is our life.” The Kyoto Agreement expires in 2012: all final proposals for its replacement are to be brought to the table by 2009. This is Naomi Fowler in London for Free Speech Radio News. Thai PM Forced to Resign Over Cooking Show Appearances Thailand’s constitutional court today disqualified Samak Sundaravej as Prime Minister and dissolved his People’s Power Party cabinet. The court ruled that Samak’s paid appearances on televised cooking shows violated a constitutional rule regarding payment for private work while holding public office. The Thai Constitution, however, does not prevent Samak’s party from naming him to stand for re-election, meaning that the deposed prime minister could be back at the helm of government after snap elections. Thailand has been experiencing widespread unrest for the past few weeks. The Prime Minister recently declared emergency rule in an attempt to contain opposition-led protests demanding his resignation. Asif Zardari Sworn In as Pakistani President Pakistan has sworn in Asif Zardari as its new president. Zardari is the widower of assainated former prime minister, Benazir Bhutto. Together with Afghan president Hamid Karzai, Zardari vowed to institute a “comprehensive plan” to fight growing Taliban militancy in the tribal belt that straddles the border of the two countries. This comes as the US has taken a more active role in launching attacks on Pakistani villages thought to be sheltering suspected insurgents. Pakistani officials say the attacks have killed dozens of civilians since last Wednesday. Protest Groups File Lawsuits Against City of Denver Two protest groups are filing a series of civil lawsuits against the City of Denver over alleged “mass violations of Civil Liberties” during the Democratic National Convention. Blake Wesley has more from Denver. Recreate 68 and Unconventional Denver are filing four different civil lawsuits against the City of Denver alleging police illegally arrested and detained protesters, bulldozed their picket signs on private property, and used excessive force. Recreate 68 co-founder, Glenn Spagnuolo, says most of the convention-related arrests were unjustified. [Spagnuolo1] “We feel there were over 100 arrests that were made without probable cause.” Spagnuolo says nearly 200 protesters were also detained without charge, and two protesters, Carlos Garcia and Code Pink’s Alicia Forest, were caught on camera being assaulted by the police. [Spagnuolo2] “Carlo had sustained injuries; Alicia was actually knocked unconscious by the police officer’s baton for asking where Carlos was being taken when he was being arrested.” Denver mayor John Hickenlooper says, overall, law enforcement during the convention went smoothly and praised the police for stopping a large-scale confrontation. Denver’s Office of the Independent Monitor says they are also conducting an internal investigation of the Denver police department for excessive use of force. Reporting for Free Speech Radio News, I’m Blake Wesley in Denver. The number of civilian deaths from the US-led war in Afghanistan has almost tripled from 2006 to 2007: 116 civilians were killed in air strikes in 2006; 321 in 2007; and as many as 209 so far this year alone. That’s according to a new report issued by Human Rights Watch. The US and NATO’s use of rapid response air-strikes, over ground troops who can better access civilian populations, is one cause of the spike in civilian casualties; another is the Taliban’s use of human shields, in violation of international law. The group is calling for the US to end their deadly mistakes; FSRN spoke with Mark Garlasco, who authored the Afghanistan report. Democrats in Congress have altered their stance on energy policy. They will allow votes that expand oil drilling in the US. Washington Editor Leigh Ann Caldwell reports that election year politics could be the catalyst to the Democrat’s change of tune. In Texas, two state representatives traveled to communities on the US-Mexico border today to talk to people affected by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s border fence. Dallas Representative Roberto Alonzo told the Brownsville Herald the barrier is a “misguided” response to immigration. Alonzo and another lawmaker from Fort Worth planned to talk to environmental groups and people whose land was condemned by DHS in order to build the fence. American Indian tribes along the border are also speaking about the barrier, which could further divide land and families. As Africa Jones reports, activists say that the Bush Administration’s border initiative is leaving indigenous peoples increasingly subject to human and civil rights violations. Kenya’s income disparity is one of the highest in the world. 80 per cent of the national income is earned by 20 per cent of the population. A large number of the other 80 per cent of Kenyans earn less than 3 dollars a day. The post-election violence which followed last December’s presidential vote left half a million people internally displaced and more than a thousand dead. As a direct result, tourism, one of the country’s economic lifelines, came to a halt, leaving many people without any income for eight months. Meanwhile, the costs of basic food commodities and fuel have steadily increased over the months, making life more and more difficult for most Kenyans. Arusha Topazzini has more from Nairobi. Civil Liberties advocates want to know more about New York’s new surveillance program – Operation Sentinel. The ACLU filed a lawsuit Monday after the NYPD refused to release information on the controversial program – in which the department would photograph the license plates of all vehicles entering New York City, store them in a database and screen them against potential threats. The vehicles would also be scanned for radiation and other menaces, and although the cost of Operation Sentinel has not yet been estimated, it would accompany another security initiative focusing on Lower Manhattan, estimated to cost $90 million. The latter program would include the installation of 3,000 cameras in the area around Ground Zero. To see how New York City drivers are responding to this proposal, we sent FSRN reporter Zoe Sullivan to the lower East Side of Manhattan. Next story September 10, 2008 Previous story September 8, 2008	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2077
__label__wiki	0.919215	0.919215	The Last Full Measure (R) Release Date: January 24th, 2020 Director: Todd Robinson Genres: Drama, War Starring: Samuel L. Jackson, Alison Sudol, Sebastian Stan, Ed Harris THE LAST FULL MEASURE tells the true story of Vietnam War hero William H. Pitsenbarger (Jeremy Irvine), a U.S. Air Force Pararescuemen (also known as a PJ) medic who personally saved over sixty men. During a rescue mission on April 11, 1966, he was offered the chance to escape on the last helicopter out of a combat zone heavily under fire, but he stayed behind to save and defend the lives of his fellow soldiers of the U.S. Army's 1st Infantry Division, before making the ultimate sacrifice in the bloodiest battle of the war. Thirty-two years later, respected Pentagon staffer Scott Huffman (Sebastien Stan) on a career fast-track is tasked with investigating a Congressional Medal of Honor request for Pitsenbarger made by his best friend and PJ partner on the mission (William Hurt) and his parents (Christopher Plummer & Diane Ladd). Huffman seeks out the testimony of Army veterans who witnessed Pitsenbarger's extraordinary valor, including Takoda (Samuel L. Jackson), Burr (Peter Fonda) and Mott (Ed Harris). But as Huffman learns more about Pitsenbarger's courageous acts, he uncovers a high-level conspiracy behind the decades-long denial of the medal, prompting him to put his own career on the line to seek justice for the fallen airman.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2084
__label__wiki	0.897323	0.897323	Why we can’t get enough of the Joker Joe Gross, Austin American-Statesman He’s back (as if he ever left). On Oct. 4, “Joker,” starring Joaquin Phoenix as the titular lunatic, comes to theaters. Directed by Todd “The Hangover” Phillips, the movie has already stirred up all sorts of noise. Yes, it won best film at the Venice Film Festival, but a U.S. Army office also already received information about a “credible potential mass shooting” tied to the release. Yes, Phoenix’s performance is supposed to be extremely extreme, but reviews out of Venice have led to the creation of at least one meme putting the word “8Chan” on the poster where “Joker” should be. (An online message board, 8Chan notoriously has served as a platform for extremists and hate speech.) We can, perhaps, agree on one thing: This weird fictional fellow has occupied our imaginations forever, a green, white and purple symbol of our id at its worst. Let’s take a quick look about where the Joker’s been, where he’s going and why he just keeps hanging around. The Joker first showed up in the comic book Batman No. 1, back in 1940. He was created by some combination of writer Bill Finger and artists Jerry Robinson and Bob Kane — nobody has ever agreed. It seems oddly fitting that a character whose true backstory has never been revealed in the comics should have his real-life beginnings be the subject of so much bickering, credit-theft claims and fuzzy memories. We do know, famously, that the Joker’s hideous grin was based on actor Conrad Veidt from the 1928 horror flick “The Man Who Laughs.” It’s a world-historical character design; comic book creators have been trying to live up to that nightmarish visage ever since. Related: Wilco, ‘Joker,’ and a Jack Reacher novel: A guide to pop culture in October At first, the Joker was a straight-up murderous psychopath who seemed to kill as a first rather than last resort. He was fond of elaborate assassinations of the rich and secure (not out of some sense of justice, mind you, but because that’s where the money was). While the Batman wants to strike fear into the hearts of criminals, the Joker just wants to strike fear. In the mid-1940s and into the 1950s, the Joker became more cartoonish, and his schemes became more elaborate. He even got an origin in 1951′s Detective Comics No. 168, in which it was revealed he was low-level hood in, well, a red hood who called himself (wait for it) the Red Hood. After being chased by Batman, he fell into a vat of chemicals which turned his skin white and hair green. Mind you, we still didn’t really know anything deeper about him, which made him all the scarier. This essentially is what happened in the 1989 “Batman” movie starring Jack Nicholson as the Joker, with the added and unfortunate implication that a younger, pre-chemical Joker killed Batman’s parents. Talk about missing the point of Batman having his origin in a random crime — in that flick, it plays like destiny. In the 1960s, both Batman and the Clown Prince of Crime made huge comebacks thanks to the “Batman” TV show. Cesar Romero and his white greasepaint-covered mustache played Joker as a cackling fan of death traps. But here is the thing: He seemed no more nuts or dangerous than any other Batman baddie on the program. And anyone who dislikes this series but sits down every week for “The Flash” or especially “Legends of Tomorrow” on the CW today is simply kidding themselves. As Batman’s books became darker again in the 1970s, so did the Joker, who pivoted back to weird murders (just google the phrase “Laughing Fish” and see what come up) and dressing like a stereotypical ’70s pimp. Which is to say, you can see why the Joker has stuck around. Writers can project all sorts of stories onto him. Even the Batman himself is not quite as flexible. The Joker can be silly, he can be a lone wolf, he can have henchmen, he can be brilliant, he can be goofy, he can be downright genocidal — it all works. He was practically the last thing I just mentioned in Frank Miller’s “The Dark Knight Returns,” aka the 1986 four-issue miniseries where Batman comes out of retirement in a dystopian society. The series ended up one of the most influential (for good and mostly bad) superhero stories of the decade. The Joker has never been more sexually ambiguous than in that tale (which has not aged well), more dangerous or more murderous, taking out hundreds of victims before ending his own life in a manner than frames Batman for his murder. Joker also was the subject of the still-controversial Alan Moore and Brian Bolland story “The Killing Joke,” a gorgeously rendered one-shot. It offers a possible origin story for the guy as a struggling comic with a family. “The Killing Joke” also covers Joker’s attempt to drive Commissioner Gordon nuts by shooting his daughter, Barbara (aka Batgirl), paralyzing her and possibly sexually assaulting her in the process — it’s left ambiguous in the story in an ill-guided attempt to be edgy. The story is still considered in some corners to be a classic of grim-and-gritty ’80s comics; Moore since has wandered as far as possible from the thing. Bolland’s art is still masterful, but the story has aged poorly. Audiences of the non-comic variety were treated to Nicholson as the Joker in 1989′s “Batman.” At the time, it seemed like brilliant casting (though, even back in ’89, there was a contingent of “This really should have been Tim Curry” types). Nicholson’s performance holds up in a “Yeah sure, this is one take on him” kind of way. But Prince’s soundtrack to the movie is far, far stranger than even grinning Nicholson could embody. This iteration of the Joker was an almost joyful artist of chaos. Heath Ledger, on the other hand, de-emphasized the artist in favor of the chaos in 2008′s “The Dark Knight,” playing the Joker as a scarred, slightly hunched lunatic, quick with a knife and fond of blowing up hospitals. He was the kind of fellow who, as Batman’s butler Alfred puts it, “Just wants to watch the world burn.” It is impossible to watch anyone but Ledger when he’s on-screen in that movie; no wonder he picked up a posthumous Oscar for it. Between Nicholson’s and Ledger’s turns as the Joker, “Star Wars” actor Mark Hamill began a long stint voicing the clown in 1992′s “Batman: The Animated Series.” His performance defined the Joker for a generation of Saturday morning cartoon viewers. And then the less we say about Jared Leto’s tattooed, overly obvious turn as Joker in the genuinely terrible 2016 movie “Suicide Squad,” the better. Now, we get Joker as sad-sack, incel-ish comedian, an origin based loosely on “The Killing Joke.” I have not seen the new film, but the previews seem to break cardinal rules of both the Joker and how our brains work in general. The more you know about a thing, the less scary it is. This is something comic book writers have always understood: The less of a sympathetic man there is under the clown face, the scarier and less human he is. Besides sporting a design that makes people want to write stories about him, the Joker’s flexibility is part and parcel of his seemingly endless appeal as an ultimate baddie. Here is what fear, all kinds of fear, looks like.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2085
__label__cc	0.64464	0.35536	Religion and Reality - G. M. Syed - All Rights Reserved to G. M. Syed Institute of Social Sciences Sindh© By nature, I am a man of strong, feelings. That is probably why I have been deeply inclined towards religion. There was a time when I was a strict observer of prayers and fasts. My chief practices were night vigils, prayers, rigors of self-confinement, visits to the shrines of saints, association with dervishes, seeking guidance from sublimated spiritual men, making offerings, persuading people to offer prayers, constructing mosque, preaching religion, etc. All the time, conventional religious beliefs and prejudices clouded my mind. I believed that my own salvation and that of the whole mankind lay in being deeply religious. Those who did not agree with my viewpoint, I considered them accursed and doomed. However, I began to shed my prejudices when I was exposed to the followers of other religions, held discussions with them studied their scriptures and pondered over reality in its broader context. Thus, the veil of hatred and narrow-mindedness, which had obstructed my vision, was lifted. Finally, there appeared big cracks in the isolated fastness of my Puritanism. An account of this change and its cause has been given in my book entitled My Story in My Words. (Apni Kahani Apni Zibani) Suffice it is to say that, in addition to Sir Syed Ahmed Khan’s religious approach and his belief, the scientific, stud of materialism, history and philosophy, broadened my vision. At last, the experience of temporal love changed the course of my feelings. Thirty-five years ago, I related this experience in the closing pages of my essay entitled "Worldly Stages" (Majaazi Marhalay) in the following words: Love had played its magic on me. Diversity was lost in Unity, yet an inner voice told me that it was not my final goal. Gradually, the evanescence of life dawned upon me and I perceived that ‘I do not love the temporary’. It was the stage when the sordidness of sensual desires became clear to me, and finally, craving for lust subsided. Feelings too, lost their intensity. I reverently said good-bye to wordy love. Then I started looking for a higher object for devotion. That was indeed a painful task. Before that, I had seen Reality in its worldly shape and it was somewhat comforting. Now all was blank and the invisible was the higher object. Nothing appealed to the eyes as an acceptable substitute. Restless was the heart. At last, I became an ascetic. I renounced the world. Free of all temporal bonds, I began to devote my time to the contemplation of God. During the days of my renunciation and devotion to God, I perceived a new image of worldly love. My heart began to throb. I had been long in pursuit for that object. This time it appeared in the form of an ideology rather than an individual. It led me from unity to diversity. "Formerly, Marvi was pining for her beloved, Khet. However, afterwards, in place of Khet, she began to remember her relatives and countrymen. Marvi was a native of Thar. Her love had centered round her people. My country is Sindh; my love revolves round my countrymen. This was a development of worldly love. In other words, the feeling of love remained the same, but the beloved changed; intoxication was the same, but the pleasure was different; the wine was the same, the cup-bearer was different." After that, the change that occurred in me can be measured from my addresses to various societies of the Sufis in Sindh. On the occasion of the conference held at the village called Dhuthro, I declared: "Man's material and spiritual development is not possible without creating a spirit of universal peace and tolerance. For this, the land of Sindh has an exemplary message: a truly generous respect for mankind. Our venerable ancestors and great saints regarded it as real worship and, for centuries, our people have been a living, proof of the truth and success of this message." "It is a fact that the Valley of Sindh has always been an island of tolerance for conflicting faiths and cultures. I dwelt at length on this aspect in my address as President of the Reception Committee of the All India Muslim League's session held at Karachi in 1943. Some passages from it are being reproduced here. Friends’ Glorious has been the past of this land. I hope its future will also be the same. Due to a variety of reasons, the history of this region has been glittering indeed. This land is the birthplace of several ancient civilizations; the archaeological remains at Mohen-jo-daro are a witness to this fact. Several ancient races intermingled here. The relics of Dravidians, Aryans, Semites and Mongols are easily to be found here. Like the mingling of different races, am amalgam of different religions and philosophies took place here, this is not to be found elsewhere. Buddhism was born in India, but it flourished here. When Islam appeared in Sindh, Buddhism was still extant. The people of this place had not yet forgotten Gautam’s teachings on Nirvana. Islam added a positive element to the teachings of Buddha. "The philosophies of Vedanta and the Unity of God (Wahdat-ul-Wajud) first interacted on each other in this land. The principle of Unity influenced the thinking of the Hindus, reducing their interest in idolatry. Similarly, being influenced by the spiritual and common popularity of the bhajan and kirtan the Muslim dervishes made music part of their discipline. Thus, the Hindus and the Muslims came nearer to each other and were tolerant of each other. The teachings of Bhagat Kabir and Guru Nanak are a shining proof of this tolerance. Shah Abdul Latif of Bhit has a distinguished place as a teacher of the unity of human brotherhood and religions. It is due to this that the inhabitants of the Valley of Sindh, professing different religions and beliefs, are living together with love and amity. Religious or sectarian prejudices, caste differences and the impulse for violence are absent in this land as perhaps nowhere else." I spoke of the greatness of this land to my distinguished guests not to refresh their memory: my Object was to propose some ways for making the future of this land bright. "Gentleman! It is not unknown to you that the collective life of humanity, passing through various stages of evolution, is advancing towards its final goal, and this goal is the unity of thought and action. It is my firm conviction that religious, ethical and philosophical ideas, politico-economic forces and movements, have served as so many means of achieving this important objective. History is a witness to this evolutionary struggle through which scattered and small families developed into clans and a combination of various clans in their turn became nations. " In different periods, groups of human beings have used different methods, of achieving units among themselves. As a fundamental and common value, the unity of language, culture, belief and other interests have played an important part in creating such unity. "Popular ideas in the modern age have led to conflicts instead of promoting peace. Instead of laying stress upon the foundations of unity, they, give importance to peripheral matters. Beyond doubt, these relative values have unified large groups in the past; but at last, history rejected them as counterfeit coins." "Unless some lasting solution is found for rooting out political, economic and religious prejudices, there can neither be lasting peace nor unity in the world. To reach this goal, it is necessary to have mental discipline and ability, which is cultivated in a particular environment and with a specific historical tradition. The people of Sindh are most suited for it, because they have set a living, example of tolerance and fellow feeling. Therefore, their example deserves to be followed." "This is not only in the present day world that the people of this place, despite their religious, sectarian and political differences, have a sincere and whole-hearted respect for humanity. This is a Centuries-old tradition here. History bears testimony to the fact that all the races and cultures which come to this land, got integrated. All the beliefs and ideas which had converged here, lost their exclusivism and finally they blended into each other with love and amity." "I hope that this tradition will not only continue but will grow from strength to strength. The land of Sindh has to play a significant role in the achievement of a last peace in the world." I expressed these ideas, my faith in Sindh’s message of love has grown only firmer. What are the ideological moorings of this message? How have our saints made us grasp them? I spent the greater part of my life trying to find an answer to these questions. Therefore, this book represents the essence of my long pursuit of truth. My findings may be regarded as personal conclusions of a truth-seeker. People have the right to agree or disagree with me, in the light of their own knowledge and experience. I do not claim a monopoly on truth. To err is human; and I am a human being. However, whatever I have written in this book, I have done with the utmost honesty. The ocean of truth ‘is a collection of unlimited drops. The vast garden of ideas has borrowed its beauty from flowers of a million hues. This effort may be regarded as one such effort at garnering truth. I have a feeling that the orthodox will not like my ideas. It is possible that they may brand me either a renegade or a communist. Similarly, perhaps those young men may not be able to digest my ideas, which were exploited and misled in the name of conventional beliefs. Thus, they are disgusted with religion and are now inclined towards materialism. There is every likelihood that some may call me a conservative or a ‘Sufi mullah’. In this connection, I deem it necessary to state that, by getting this book published, I do not mean to woo people to my ideology, nor do I intend to irritate any one. My sole objective has been to call a spade a spade and to state facts in its barest form as I happened to observe them. Therefore, the title of the book is suggestive. As the poet says: [I cry even if my wails go unheard]. I hope that believes in the Qur'anic tenet: "For me my faith, and for you yours" and the progressive men reposing their belief in the freedom of expression will read these words with an open mind. I understand that all religious, philosophies, ideas and branches of learning are parts of that Omniscient Being called God. If a person gets a drop out of this Unbounded Sea, he can justifiably be proud of his good fortune. However, if one has his fill, even then he cannot claim perfection. The possession of Absolute Knowledge is not for any single individual to claim. [Whichever way I went, I saw wonders without end and the path (to truth) is limitless]. Wisdom is acquired through continuous contemplation, knowledge, experience sublimation of self and action. According to my ability, I too have endeavored to garner some pearls. Jewelers may evaluate them as precious ones or mere shells. However, without much fear of the censure of critics, I am presenting to my readers the results of the efforts of a lifetime. According to the theory of evolution, each age has brought about new revelations. In future, too, this process is likely to continue. Hence, to regard any religious or worldly law as final or any faith or doctrine as lasting is against the fundamental principle of the laws of evolution. I see the light of truth in every religion. I consider all religious beliefs as part of Nature. The fundamental aim of all religions is to promote peace, progress and prosperity of mankind. In my view, a Sufi should not necessarily be the follower of any particular theology. He can make use of every religion, philosophy, learning and experience. However, a Sufi is essentially non-committed. His love transcends every law and limit. He believes in: [Every country is mine, since it belongs to my God]. To me, Sufism is like a lovely bouquet radiating love and truth: a bouquet in which flowers of various hues and fragrance are beautifully assorted. The Sufi culls from all religious beliefs, philosophies and branches of learning the underlying unity of the scheme of things. He cannot imprison himself in a narrow cell. He sincerely follows the saying of the Prophet: Accept the good wherever you get it from and reject all that which bad. The Sufi perceives a purpose and a plan in the creation of the universe. He considers knowledge and vision to be the essence of all religions. He deems all that as unnatural, which leads to hatred, enmity, disturbances, violence, chaos and confusion. To raise the voice of truth against all such things is the very aim of a Sufi. As an ordinary traveler on the path of Sufism, I am presenting this book with this objective in view. Religion and Reality- Main Page Previous Chapter Next Chapter Acknowledgments	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2086
__label__wiki	0.52103	0.52103	Download 299 Kb. Size 299 Kb. Antoine de Saint-Exupery, who was a french author, journalist and pilot wrote The Little Prince in 1943, one year before his death. The Little Prince appears to be a simple childrens tale, some would say that it is actually a profound and deeply moving tale, written in riddles and laced with philosopy and poetic metaphor. Once when I was six years old I saw a magnificent picture in a book, called True Stories from Nature, about the primeval forest. It was a picture of a boa constrictor in the act of swallowing an animal. Here is a copy of the drawing. In the book it said: "Boa constrictors swallow their prey whole, without chewing it. After that they are not able to move, and they sleep through the six months that they need for digestion." I pondered deeply, then, over the adventures of the jungle. And after some work with a colored pencil I succeeded in making my first drawing. My Drawing Number One. It looked like this: I showed my masterpiece to the grown-ups, and asked them whether the drawing frightened them. But they answered: "Frighten? Why should any one be frightened by a hat?" My drawing was not a picture of a hat. It was a picture of a boa constrictor digesting an elephant. But since the grown-ups were not able to understand it, I made another drawing: I drew the inside of the boa constrictor, so that the grown-ups could see it clearly. They always need to have things explained. My Drawing Number Two looked like this: The grown-ups' response, this time, was to advise me to lay aside my drawings of boa constrictors, whether from the inside or the outside, and devote myself instead to geography, history, arithmetic and grammar. That is why, at the age of six, I gave up what might have been a magnificent career as a painter. I had been disheartened by the failure of my Drawing Number One and my Drawing Number Two. Grown-ups never understand anything by themselves, and it is tiresome for children to be always and forever explaining things to them. So then I chose another profession, and learned to pilot airplanes. I have flown a little over all parts of the world; and it is true that geography has been very useful to me. At a glance I can distinguish China from Arizona. If one gets lost in the night, such knowledge is valuable. In the course of this life I have had a great many encounters with a great many people who have been concerned with matters of consequence. I have lived a great deal among grown-ups. I have seen them intimately, close at hand. And that hasn't much improved my opinion of them. Whenever I met one of them who seemed to me at all clear-sighted, I tried the experiment of showing him my Drawing Number One, which I have always kept. I would try to find out, so, if this was a person of true understanding. But, whoever it was, he, or she, would always say: "That is a hat." Then I would never talk to that person about boa constrictors, or primeval forests, or stars. I would bring myself down to his level. I would talk to him about bridge, and golf, and politics, and neckties. And the grown-up would be greatly pleased to have met such a sensible man. So I lived my life alone, without anyone that I could really talk to, until I had an accident with my plane in the Desert of Sahara, six years ago. Something was broken in my engine. And as I had with me neither a mechanic nor any passengers, I set myself to attempt the difficult repairs all alone. It was a question of life or death for me: I had scarcely enough drinking water to last a week. The first night, then, I went to sleep on the sand, a thousand miles from any human habitation. I was more isolated than a shipwrecked sailor on a raft in the middle of the ocean. Thus you can imagine my amazement, at sunrise, when I was awakened by an odd little voice. It said: "If you please, draw me a sheep!" "What!" "Draw me a sheep!" I jumped to my feet, completely thunderstruck. I blinked my eyes hard. I looked carefully all around me. And I saw a most extraordinary small person, who stood there examining me with great seriousness. Here you may see the best potrait that, later, I was able to make of him. But my drawing is certainly very much less charming than its model. That, however, is not my fault. The grown-ups discouraged me in my painter's career when I was six years old, and I never learned to draw anything, except boas from the outside and boas from the inside. Now I stared at this sudden apparition with my eyes fairly starting out of my head in astonishment. Remember, I had crashed in the desert a thousand miles from any inhabited region. And yet my little man seemed neither to be straying uncertainly among the sands, nor to be fainting from fatigue or hunger or thirst or fear. Nothing about him gave any suggestion of a child lost in the middle of the desert, a thousand miles from any human habitation. When at last I was able to speak, I said to him: "But, what are you doing here?" And in answer he repeated, very slowly, as if he were speaking of a matter of great consequence: "If you please, draw me a sheep..." When a mystery is too overpowering, one dare not disobey. Absurd as it might seem to me, a thousand miles from any human habitation and in danger of death, I took out of my pocket a sheet of paper and my fountain-pen. But then I remembered how my studies had been concentrated on geography, history, arithmetic, and grammar, and I told the little chap (a little crossly, too) that I did not know how to draw. He answered me: "That doesn't matter. Draw me a sheep..." But I had never drawn a sheep. So I drew for him one of the two pictures I had drawn so often. It was that of the boa constrictor from the outside. And I was astounded to hear the little fellow greet it with, "No, no, no! I do not want an elephant inside a boa constrictor. A boa constrictor is a very dangerous creature, and an elephant is very cumbersome. Where I live, everything is very small. What I need is a sheep. Draw me a sheep. So then I made a drawing. He looked at it carefully, then he said: "No. This sheep is already very sickly. Make me another." So I made another drawing. My friend smiled gently and indulgenty. "You see yourself," he said, "that this is not a sheep. This is a ram. It has horns. So then I did my drawing over once more. But it was rejected too, just like the others. "This one is too old. I want a sheep that will live a long time. By this time my patience was exhausted, because I was in a hurry to start taking my engine apart. So I tossed off this drawing. And I threw out an explanation with it. "This is only his box. The sheep you asked for is inside." I was very surprised to see a light break over the face of my young judge: "That is exactly the way I wanted it! Do you think that this sheep will have to have a great deal of grass?" "Because where I live everything is very small..." "There will surely be enough grass for him," I said. "It is a very small sheep that I have given you." He bent his head over the drawing: "Not so small that, Look! He has gone to sleep..." And that is how I made the acquaintance of the little prince. It took me a long time to learn where he came from. The little prince, who asked me so many questions, never seemed to hear the ones I asked him. It was from words dropped by chance that, little by little, everything was revealed to me. The first time he saw my airplane, for instance (I shall not draw my airplane; that would be much too complicated for me), he asked me: "What is that object?" "That is not an object. It flies. It is an airplane. It is my airplane." And I was proud to have him learn that I could fly. He cried out, then: "What! You dropped down from the sky?" "Yes," I answered, modestly. "Oh! That is funny!" And the little prince broke into a lovely peal of laughter, which irritated me very much. I like my misfortunes to be taken seriously. Then he added: "So you, too, come from the sky! Which is your planet?" At that moment I caught a gleam of light in the impenetrable mystery of his presence; and I demanded, abruptly: "Do you come from another planet?" But he did not reply. He tossed his head gently, without taking his eyes from my plane: "It is true that on that you can't have come from very far away..." And he sank into a reverie, which lasted a long time. Then, taking my sheep out of his pocket, he buried himself in the contemplation of his treasure. You can imagine how my curiosity was aroused by this half-confidence about the "other planets." I made a great effort, therefore, to find out more on this subject. "My little man, where do you come from? What is this 'where I live,' of which you speak? Where do you want to take your sheep?" After a reflective silence he answered: "The thing that is so good about the box you have given me is that at night he can use it as his house." "That is so. And if you are good I will give you a string, too, so that you can tie him during the day, and a post to tie him to." But the little prince seemed shocked by this offer: "Tie him! What a queer idea!" "But if you don't tie him," I said, "he will wander off somewhere, and get lost." My friend broke into another peal of laughter: "But where do you think he would go?" "Anywhere. Straight ahead of him." Then the little prince said, earnestly: "That doesn't matter. Where I live, everything is so small!" And, with perhaps a hint of sadness, he added: "Straight ahead of him, nobody can go very far..." I had thus learned a second fact of great importance: this was that the planet the little prince came from was scarcely any larger than a house! But that did not really surprise me much. I knew very well that in addition to the great planets, such as the Earth, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, to which we have given names, there are also hundreds of others, some of which are so small that one has a hard time seeing them through the telescope. When an astronomer discovers one of these he does not give it a name, but only a number. He might call it, for example, "Asteroid 325." I have serious reason to believe that the planet from which the little prince came is the asteroid known as B-612. This asteroid has only once been seen through the telescope. That was by a Turkish astronomer, in 1909. On making his discovery, the astronomer had presented it to the International Astronomical Congress, in a great demonstration. But he was in Turkish costume, and so nobody would believe what he said. Grown-ups are like that... Fortunately, however, for the reputation of Asteroid B-612, a Turkish dictator made a law that his subjects, under pain of death, should change to European costume. So in 1920 the astronomer gave his demonstration all over again, dressed with impressive style and elegance. And this time everybody accepted his report. If I have told you these details about the asteroid, and made a note of its number for you, it is on account of the grown-ups and their ways. When you tell them that you have made a new friend, they never ask you any questions about essential matters. They never say to you, "What does his voice sound like? What games does he love best? Does he collect butterflies?" Instead, they demand: "How old is he? How many brothers has he? How much does he weigh? How much money does his father make?" Only from these figures do they think they have learned anything about him. If you were to say to the grown-ups: "I saw a beautiful house made of rosy brick, with geraniums in the windows and doves on the roof," they would not be able to get any idea of that house at all. You would have to say to them: "I saw a house that cost $ 20,000." Then they would exclaim: "Oh, what a pretty house that is!" Just so, you might say to them: "The proof that the little prince existed is that he was charming, that he laughed, and that he was looking for a sheep. If anybody wants a sheep, that is a proof that he exists." And what good would it do to tell them that? They would shrug their shoulders, and treat you like a child. But if you said to them: "The planet he came from is Asteroid B-612," then they would be convinced, and leave you in peace from their questions. They are like that. One must not hold it against them. Children should always show great forbearance toward grown-up people. But certainly, for us who understand life, figures are a matter of indifference. I should have liked to begin this story in the fashion of the fairy-tales. I should have like to say: "Once upon a time there was a little prince who lived on a planet that was scarcely any bigger than himself, and who had need of a sheep..." To those who understand life, that would have given a much greater air of truth to my story. For I do not want any one to read my book carelessly. I have suffered too much grief in setting down these memories. Six years have already passed since my friend went away from me, with his sheep. If I try to describe him here, it is to make sure that I shall not forget him. To forget a friend is sad. Not every one has had a friend. And if I forget him, I may become like the grown-ups who are no longer interested in anything but figures... It is for that purpose, again, that I have bought a box of paints and some pencils. It is hard to take up drawing again at my age, when I have never made any pictures except those of the boa constrictor from the outside and the boa constrictor from the inside, since I was six. I shall certainly try to make my portraits as true to life as possible. But I am not at all sure of success. One drawing goes along all right, and another has no resemblance to its subject. I make some errors, too, in the little prince's height: in one place he is too tall and in another too short. And I feel some doubts about the color of his costume. So I fumble along as best I can, now good, now bad, and I hope generally fair-to-middling. In certain more important details I shall make mistakes, also. But that is something that will not be my fault. My friend never explained anything to me. He thought, perhaps, that I was like himself. But I, alas, do not know how to see sheep through the walls of boxes. Perhaps I am a little like the grown-ups. I have had to grow old. As each day passed I would learn, in our talk, something about the little prince's planet, his departure from it, his journey. The information would come very slowly, as it might chance to fall from his thoughts. It was in this way that I heard, on the third day, about the catastrophe of the baobabs. This time, once more, I had the sheep to thank for it. For the little prince asked me abruptly, as if seized by a grave doubt, "It is true, isn't it, that sheep eat little bushes?" "Yes, that is true." "Ah! I am glad!" I did not understand why it was so important that sheep should eat little bushes. But the little prince added: "Then it follows that they also eat baobabs?" I pointed out to the little prince that baobabs were not little bushes, but, on the contrary, trees as big as castles; and that even if he took a whole herd of elephants away with him, the herd would not eat up one single baobab. The idea of the herd of elephants made the little prince laugh. "We would have to put them one on top of the other," he said. But he made a wise comment: "Before they grow so big, the baobabs start out by being little." "That is strictly correct," I said. "But why do you want the sheep to eat the little baobabs?" He answered me at once, "Oh, come, come!", as if he were speaking of something that was self-evident. And I was obliged to make a great mental effort to solve this problem, without any assistance. Indeed, as I learned, there were on the planet where the little prince lived, as on all planets, good plants and bad plants. In consequence, there were good seeds from good plants, and bad seeds from bad plants. But seeds are invisible. They sleep deep in the heart of the earth's darkness, until some one among them is seized with the desire to awaken. Then this little seed will stretch itself and begin, timidly at first, to push a charming little sprig inoffensively upward toward the sun. If it is only a sprout of radish or the sprig of a rose-bush, one would let it grow wherever it might wish. But when it is a bad plant, one must destroy it as soon as possible, the very first instant that one recognizes it. Now there were some terrible seeds on the planet that was the home of the little prince; and these were the seeds of the baobab. The soil of that planet was infested with them. A baobab is something you will never, never be able to get rid of if you attend to it too late. It spreads over the entire planet. It bores clear through it with its roots. And if the planet is too small, and the baobabs are too many, they split it in pieces... "It is a question of discipline," the little prince said to me later on. "When you've finished your own toilet in the morning, then it is time to attend to the toilet of your planet, just so, with the greatest care. You must see to it that you pull up regularly all the baobabs, at the very first moment when they can be distinguished from the rosebushes which they resemble so closely in their earliest youth. It is very tedious work," the little prince added, "but very easy." And one day he said to me: "You ought to make a beautiful drawing, so that the children where you live can see exactly how all this is. That would be very useful to them if they were to travel some day. Sometimes," he added, "there is no harm in putting off a piece of work until another day. But when it is a matter of baobabs, that always means a catastrophe. I knew a planet that was inhabited by a lazy man. He neglected three little bushes... So, as the little prince described it to me, I have made a drawing of that planet. I do not much like to take the tone of a moralist. But the danger of the baobabs is so little understood, and such considerable risks would be run by anyone who might get lost on an asteroid, that for once I am breaking through my reserve. "Children," I say plainly, "watch out for the baobabs!" My friends, like myself, have been skirting this danger for a long time, without ever knowing it; and so it is for them that I have worked so hard over this drawing. The lesson which I pass on by this means is worth all the trouble it has cost me. Perhaps you will ask me, "Why are there no other drawing in this book as magnificent and impressive as this drawing of the baobabs?" The reply is simple. I have tried. But with the others I have not been successful. When I made the drawing of the baobabs I was carried beyond myself by the inspiring force of urgent necessity. Oh, little prince! Bit by bit I came to understand the secrets of your sad little life... For a long time you had found your only entertainment in the quiet pleasure of looking at the sunset. I learned that new detail on the morning of the fourth day, when you said to me: "I am very fond of sunsets. Come, let us go look at a sunset now." "But we must wait," I said. "Wait? For what?" "For the sunset. We must wait until it is time." At first you seemed to be very much surprised. And then you laughed to yourself. You said to me: "I am always thinking that I am at home!" Just so. Everybody knows that when it is noon in the United States the sun is setting over France. If you could fly to France in one minute, you could go straight into the sunset, right from noon. Unfortunately, France is too far away for that. But on your tiny planet, my little prince, all you need do is move your chair a few steps. You can see the day end and the twilight falling whenever you like... "One day," you said to me, "I saw the sunset forty-four times!" And a little later you added: "You know, one loves the sunset, when one is so sad..." "Were you so sad, then?" I asked, "on the day of the forty-four sunsets?" But the little prince made no reply. On the fifth day, again, as always, it was thanks to the sheep, the secret of the little prince's life was revealed to me. Abruptly, without anything to lead up to it, and as if the question had been born of long and silent meditation on his problem, he demanded: "A sheep; if it eats little bushes, does it eat flowers, too?" "A sheep," I answered, "eats anything it finds in its reach." "Even flowers that have thorns?" "Yes, even flowers that have thorns." "Then the thorns, what use are they?" I did not know. At that moment I was very busy trying to unscrew a bolt that had got stuck in my engine. I was very much worried, for it was becoming clear to me that the breakdown of my plane was extremely serious. And I had so little drinking-water left that I had to fear for the worst. "The thorns, what use are they?" The little prince never let go of a question, once he had asked it. As for me, I was upset over that bolt. And I answered with the first thing that came into my head: "The thorns are of no use at all. Flowers have thorns just for spite!" "Oh!" There was a moment of complete silence. Then the little prince flashed back at me, with a kind of resentfulness: "I don't believe you! Flowers are weak creatures. They are naďve. They reassure themselves as best they can. They believe that their thorns are terrible weapons..." I did not answer. At that instant I was saying to myself: "If this bolt still won't turn, I am going to knock it out with the hammer." Again the little prince disturbed my thoughts. "And you actually believe that the flowers..." "Oh, no!" I cried. "No, no no! I don't believe anything. I answered you with the first thing that came into my head. Don't you see, I am very busy with matters of consequence!" He stared at me, thunderstruck. "Matters of consequence!" He looked at me there, with my hammer in my hand, my fingers black with engine grease, bending down over an object which seemed to him extremely ugly... "You talk just like the grown-ups!" That made me a little ashamed. But he went on, relentlessly: "You mix everything up together... You confuse everything..." He was really very angry. He tossed his golden curls in the breeze. "I know a planet where there is a certain red-faced gentleman. He has never smelled a flower. He has never looked at a star. He has never loved any one. He has never done anything in his life but add up figures. And all day he says over and over, just like you: 'I am busy with matters of consequence!' And that makes him swell up with pride. "But he is not a man, he is a mushroom!" "A what?" "A mushroom!" The little prince was now white with rage. "The flowers have been growing thorns for millions of years. For millions of years the sheep have been eating them just the same. And is it not a matter of consequence to try to understand why the flowers go to so much trouble to grow thorns which are never of any use to them? Is the warfare between the sheep and the flowers not important? Is this not of more consequence than a fat red-faced gentleman's sums? And if I know, I, myself, one flower which is unique in the world, which grows nowhere but on my planet, but which one little sheep can destroy in a single bite some morning, without even noticing what he is doing, Oh! You think that is not important!" His face turned from white to red as he continued: "If some one loves a flower, of which just one single blossom grows in all the millions and millions of stars, it is enough to make him happy just to look at the stars. He can say to himself, 'Somewhere, my flower is there...' But if the sheep eats the flower, in one moment all his stars will be darkened... And you think that is not important!" He could not say anything more. His words were choked by sobbing. The night had fallen. I had let my tools drop from my hands. Of what moment now was my hammer, my bolt, or thirst, or death? On one star, one planet, my planet, the Earth, there was a little prince to be comforted. I took him in my arms, and rocked him. I said to him: "The flower that you love is not in danger. I will draw you a muzzle for your sheep. I will draw you a railing to put around your flower. I will..." I did not know what to say to him. I felt awkward and blundering. I did not know how I could reach him, where I could overtake him and go on hand in hand with him once more. It is such a secret place, the land of tears. I soon learned to know this flower better. On the little prince's planet the flowers had always been very simple. They had only one ring of petals; they took up no room at all; they were a trouble to nobody. One morning they would appear in the grass, and by night they would have faded peacefully away. But one day, from a seed blown from no one knew where, a new flower had come up; and the little prince had watched very closely over this small sprout which was not like any other small sprouts on his planet. It might, you see, have been a new kind of baobab. The shrub soon stopped growing, and began to get ready to produce a flower. The little prince, who was present at the first appearance of a huge bud, felt at once that some sort of miraculous apparition must emerge from it. But the flower was not satisfied to complete the preparations for her beauty in the shelter of her green chamber. She chose her colours with the greatest care. She adjusted her petals one by one. She did not wish to go out into the world all rumpled, like the field poppies. It was only in the full radiance of her beauty that she wished to appear. Oh, yes! She was a coquettish creature! And her mysterious adornment lasted for days and days. Then one morning, exactly at sunrise, she suddenly showed herself. And, after working with all this painstaking precision, she yawned and said: "Ah! I am scarcely awake. I beg that you will excuse me. My petals are still all disarranged..." But the little prince could not restrain his admiration: "Oh! How beautiful you are!" "Am I not?" the flower responded, sweetly. "And I was born at the same moment as the sun..." The little prince could guess easily enough that she was not any too modest, but how moving, and exciting she was! "I think it is time for breakfast," she added an instant later. "If you would have the kindness to think of my needs" And the little prince, completely abashed, went to look for a sprinkling can of fresh water. So, he tended the flower. So, too, she began very quickly to torment him with her vanity, which was, if the truth be known, a little difficult to deal with. One day, for instance, when she was speaking of her four thorns, she said to the little prince: "Let the tigers come with their claws!" "There are no tigers on my planet," the little prince objected. "And, anyway, tigers do not eat weeds." "I am not a weed," the flower replied, sweetly. "Please excuse me..." "I am not at all afraid of tigers," she went on, "but I have a horror of drafts. I suppose you wouldn't have a screen for me?" "A horror of drafts, that is bad luck, for a plant," remarked the little prince, and added to himself, "This flower is a very complex creature..." "At night I want you to put me under a glass globe. It is very cold where you live. In the place I came from..." But she interrupted herself at that point. She had come in the form of a seed. She could not have known anything of any other worlds. Embarassed over having let herself be caught on the verge of such an untruth, she coughed two or three times, in order to put the little prince in the wrong. "The screen?" "I was just going to look for it when you spoke to me..." Then she forced her cough a little more so that he should suffer from remorse just the same. So the little prince, in spite of all the good will that was inseparable from his love, had soon come to doubt her. He had taken seriously words which were without importance, and it made him very unhappy. "I ought not to have listened to her," he confided to me one day. "One never ought to listen to the flowers. One should simply look at them and breathe their fragrance. Mine perfumed all my planet. But I did not know how to take pleasure in all her grace. This tale of claws, which disturbed me so much, should only have filled my heart with tenderness and pity." And he continued his confidences: "The fact is that I did not know how to understand anything! I ought to have judged by deeds and not by words. She cast her fragrance and her radiance over me. I ought never to have run away from her... I ought to have guessed all the affection that lay behind her poor little strategems. Flowers are so inconsistent! But I was too young to know how to love her..." I believe that for his escape he took advantage of the migration of a flock of wild birds. On the morning of his departure he put his planet in perfect order. He carefully cleaned out his active volcanoes. He possessed two active volcanoes; and they were very convenient for heating his breakfast in the morning. He also had one volcano that was extinct. But, as he said, "One never knows!" So he cleaned out the extinct volcano, too. If they are well cleaned out, volcanoes burn slowly and steadily, without any eruptions. Volcanic eruptions are like fires in a chimney. On our earth we are obviously much too small to clean out our volcanoes. That is why they bring no end of trouble upon us. The little prince also pulled up, with a certain sense of dejection, the last little shoots of the baobabs. He believed that he would never want to return. But on this last morning all these familiar tasks seemed very precious to him. And when he watered the flower for the last time, and prepared to place her under the shelter of her glass globe, he realised that he was very close to tears. "Goodbye," he said to the flower. But she made no answer. "Goodbye," he said again. The flower coughed. But it was not because she had a cold. "I have been silly," she said to him, at last. "I ask your forgiveness. Try to be happy..." He was surprised by this absence of reproaches. He stood there all bewildered, the glass globe held arrested in mid-air. He did not understand this quiet sweetness. "Of course I love you," the flower said to him. "It is my fault that you have not known it all the while. That is of no importance. But you, you have been just as foolish as I. Try to be happy... let the glass globe be. I don't want it any more." "But the wind..." "My cold is not so bad as all that... the cool night air will do me good. I am a flower." "But the animals..." "Well, I must endure the presence of two or three caterpillars if I wish to become acquainted with the butterflies. It seems that they are very beautiful. And if not the butterflies and the caterpillars who will call upon me? You will be far away... as for the large animals, I am not at all afraid of any of them. I have my claws." And, naively, she showed her four thorns. Then she added: "Don't linger like this. You have decided to go away. Now go!" For she did not want him to see her crying. She was such a proud flower... He found himself in the neighborhood of the asteroids 325, 326, 327, 328, 329, and 330. He began, therefore, by visiting them, in order to add to his knowledge. The first of them was inhabited by a king. Clad in royal purple and ermine, he was seated upon a throne which was at the same time both simple and majestic. "Ah! Here is a subject," exclaimed the king, when he saw the little prince coming. And the little prince asked himself: "How could he recognize me when he had never seen me before?" He did not know how the world is simplified for kings. To them, all men are subjects. "Approach, so that I may see you better," said the king, who felt consumingly proud of being at last a king over somebody. The little prince looked everywhere to find a place to sit down; but the entire planet was crammed and obstructed by the king's magnificent ermine robe. So he remained standing upright, and, since he was tired, he yawned. "It is contrary to etiquette to yawn in the presence of a king," the monarch said to him. "I forbid you to do so." "I can't help it. I can't stop myself," replied the little prince, thoroughly embarrassed. "I have come on a long journey, and I have had no sleep..." "Ah, then," the king said. "I order you to yawn. It is years since I have seen anyone yawning. Yawns, to me, are objects of curiosity. Come, now! Yawn again! It is an order." "That frightens me... I cannot, any more..." murmured the little prince, now completely abashed. "Hum! Hum!" replied the king. "Then I... I order you sometimes to yawn and sometimes to" He sputtered a little, and seemed vexed. For what the king fundamentally insisted upon was that his authority should be respected. He tolerated no disobedience. He was an absolute monarch. But, because he was a very good man, he made his orders reasonable. "If I ordered a general," he would say, by way of example, "if I ordered a general to change himself into a sea bird, and if the general did not obey me, that would not be the fault of the general. It would be my fault." "May I sit down?" came now a timid inquiry from the little prince. "I order you to do so," the king answered him, and majestically gathered in a fold of his ermine mantle. But the little prince was wondering... The planet was tiny. Over what could this king really rule? "Sire," he said to him, "I beg that you will excuse my asking you a question" "I order you to ask me a question," the king hastened to assure him. "Sire, over what do you rule?" "Over everything," said the king, with magnificent simplicity. "Over everything?" The king made a gesture, which took in his planet, the other planets, and all the stars. "Over all that?" asked the little prince. "Over all that," the king answered. For his rule was not only absolute: it was also universal. "And the stars obey you?" "Certainly they do," the king said. "They obey instantly. I do not permit insubordination." Such power was a thing for the little prince to marvel at. If he had been master of such complete authority, he would have been able to watch the sunset, not forty-four times in one day, but seventy-two, or even a hundred, or even two hundred times, with out ever having to move his chair. And because he felt a bit sad as he remembered his little planet which he had forsaken, he plucked up his courage to ask the king a favor: "I should like to see a sunset... do me that kindness... Order the sun to set..." "If I ordered a general to fly from one flower to another like a butterfly, or to write a tragic drama, or to change himself into a sea bird, and if the general did not carry out the order that he had received, which one of us would be in the wrong?" the king demanded. "The general, or myself?" "You," said the little prince firmly. "Exactly. One much require from each one the duty which each one can perform," the king went on. "Accepted authority rests first of all on reason. If you ordered your people to go and throw themselves into the sea, they would rise up in revolution. I have the right to require obedience because my orders are reasonable." "Then my sunset?" the little prince reminded him: for he never forgot a question once he had asked it. "You shall have your sunset. I shall command it. But, according to my science of government, I shall wait until conditions are favorable." "When will that be?" inquired the little prince. "Hum! Hum!" replied the king; and before saying anything else he consulted a bulky almanac. "Hum! Hum! That will be about... about... that will be this evening about twenty minutes to eight. And you will see how well I am obeyed." The little prince yawned. He was regretting his lost sunset. And then, too, he was already beginning to be a little bored. "I have nothing more to do here," he said to the king. "So I shall set out on my way again." "Do not go," said the king, who was very proud of having a subject. "Do not go. I will make you a Minister!" "Minister of what?" "Minster of...of Justice!" "But there is nobody here to judge!" "We do not know that," the king said to him. "I have not yet made a complete tour of my kingdom. I am very old. There is no room here for a carriage. And it tires me to walk." "Oh, but I have looked already!" said the little prince, turning around to give one more glance to the other side of the planet. On that side, as on this, there was nobody at all... "Then you shall judge yourself," the king answered. "that is the most difficult thing of all. It is much more difficult to judge oneself than to judge others. If you succeed in judging yourself rightly, then you are indeed a man of true wisdom." "Yes," said the little prince, "but I can judge myself anywhere. I do not need to live on this planet. "Hum! Hum!" said the king. "I have good reason to believe that somewhere on my planet there is an old rat. I hear him at night. You can judge this old rat. From time to time you will condemn him to death. Thus his life will depend on your justice. But you will pardon him on each occasion; for he must be treated thriftily. He is the only one we have." "I," replied the little prince, "do not like to condemn anyone to death. And now I think I will go on my way." "No," said the king. But the little prince, having now completed his preparations for departure, had no wish to grieve the old monarch. "If Your Majesty wishes to be promptly obeyed," he said, "he should be able to give me a reasonable order. He should be able, for example, to order me to be gone by the end of one minute. It seems to me that conditions are favorable..." As the king made no answer, the little prince hesitated a moment. Then, with a sigh, he took his leave. "I made you my Ambassador," the king called out, hastily. He had a magnificent air of authority. "The grown-ups are very strange," the little prince said to himself, as he continued on his journey. The second planet was inhabited by a conceited man. "Ah! Ah! I am about to receive a visit from an admirer!" he exclaimed from afar, when he first saw the little prince coming. For, to conceited men, all other men are admirers. "Good morning," said the little prince. "That is a queer hat you are wearing." "It is a hat for salutes," the conceited man replied. "It is to raise in salute when people acclaim me. Unfortunately, nobody at all ever passes this way." "Yes?" said the little prince, who did not understand what the conceited man was talking about. "Clap your hands, one against the other," the conceited man now directed him. The little prince clapped his hands. The conceited man raised his hat in a modest salute. "This is more entertaining than the visit to the king," the little prince said to himself. And he began again to clap his hands, one against the other. The conceited man against raised his hat in salute. After five minutes of this exercise the little prince grew tired of the game's monotony. "And what should one do to make the hat come down?" he asked. But the conceited man did not hear him. Conceited people never hear anything but praise. "Do you really admire me very much?" he demanded of the little prince. "What does that mean, 'admire'?" "To admire means that you regard me as the handsomest, the best-dressed, the richest, and the most intelligent man on this planet." "But you are the only man on your planet!" "Do me this kindness. Admire me just the same." "I admire you," said the little prince, shrugging his shoulders slightly, "but what is there in that to interest you so much?" And the little prince went away. "The grown-ups are certainly very odd," he said to himself, as he continued on his journey. The next planet was inhabited by a tippler. This was a very short visit, but it plunged the little prince into deep dejection. "What are you doing there?" he said to the tippler, whom he found settled down in silence before a collection of empty bottles and also a collection of full bottles. "I am drinking," replied the tippler, with a lugubrious air. "Why are you drinking?" demanded the little prince. "So that I may forget," replied the tippler. "Forget what?" inquired the little prince, who already was sorry for him. "Forget that I am ashamed," the tippler confessed, hanging his head. "Ashamed of what?" insisted the little prince, who wanted to help him. "Ashamed of drinking!" The tippler brought his speech to an end, and shut himself up in an impregnable silence. And the little prince went away, puzzled. "The grown-ups are certainly very, very odd," he said to himself, as he continued on his journey. The fourth planet belonged to a businessman. This man was so much occupied that he did not even raise his head at the little prince's arrival. "Good morning," the little prince said to him. "Your cigarette has gone out." "Three and two make five. Five and seven make twelve. Twelve and three make fifteen. Good morning. Fifteen and seven make twenty-two. Twenty-two and six make twenty-eight. I haven't time to light it again. Twenty-six and five make thirty-one. Phew ! Then that makes five-hundred-and-one-million, six-hundred-twenty-two-thousand, seven-hundred-thirty-one." "Five hundred million what?" asked the little prince. "Eh? Are you still there? Five-hundred-and-one million, I can't stop... I have so much to do! I am concerned with matters of consequence. I don't amuse myself with balderdash. Two and five make seven..." "Five-hundred-and-one million what?" repeated the little prince, who never in his life had let go of a question once he had asked it. The businessman raised his head. "During the fifty-four years that I have inhabited this planet, I have been disturbed only three times. The first time was twenty-two years ago, when some giddy goose fell from goodness knows where. He made the most frightful noise that resounded all over the place, and I made four mistakes in my addition. The second time, eleven years ago, I was disturbed by an attack of rheumatism. I don't get enough exercise. I have no time for loafing. The third time, well, this is it! I was saying, then, five -hundred-and-one millions" "Millions of what?" The businessman suddenly realized that there was no hope of being left in peace until he answered this question. "Millions of those little objects," he said, "which one sometimes sees in the sky." "Flies?" "Oh, no. Little glittering objects." "Bees?" "Oh, no. Little golden objects that set lazy men to idle dreaming. As for me, I am concerned with matters of consequence. There is no time for idle dreaming in my life." "Ah! You mean the stars?" "Yes, that's it. The stars." "And what do you do with five-hundred millions of stars?" "Five-hundred-and-one million, six-hundred-twenty-two thousand, seven-hundred-thirty-one. I am concerned with matters of consequence: I am accurate." "And what do you do with these stars?" "What do I do with them?" "Yes." "Nothing. I own them." "You own the stars?" "Yes." "But I have already seen a king who..." "Kings do not own, they reign over. It is a very different matter." "And what good does it do you to own the stars?" "It does me the good of making me rich." "And what good does it do you to be rich?" "It makes it possible for me to buy more stars, if any are ever discovered." "This man," the little prince said to himself, "reasons a little like my poor tippler..." Nevertheless, he still had some more questions. "How is it possible for one to own the stars?" "To whom do they belong?" the businessman retorted, peevishly. "I don't know. To nobody." "Then they belong to me, because I was the first person to think of it." "Is that all that is necessary?" "Certainly. When you find a diamond that belongs to nobody, it is yours. When you discover an island that belongs to nobody, it is yours. When you get an idea before any one else, you take out a patent on it: it is yours. So with me: I own the stars, because nobody else before me ever thought of owning them." "Yes, that is true," said the little prince. "And what do you do with them?" "I administer them," replied the businessman. "I count them and recount them. It is difficult. But I am a man who is naturally interested in matters of consequence." The little prince was still not satisfied. "If I owned a silk scarf," he said, "I could put it around my neck and take it away with me. If I owned a flower, I could pluck that flower and take it away with me. But you cannot pluck the stars from heaven..." "No. But I can put them in the bank." "Whatever does that mean?" "That means that I write the number of my stars on a little paper. And then I put this paper in a drawer and lock it with a key." "And that is all?" "That is enough," said the businessman. "It is entertaining," thought the little prince. "It is rather poetic. But it is of no great consequence." On matters of consequence, the little prince had ideas which were very different from those of the grown-ups. "I myself own a flower," he continued his conversation with the businessman, "which I water every day. I own three volcanoes, which I clean out every week (for I also clean out the one that is extinct; one never knows). It is of some use to my volcanoes, and it is of some use to my flower, that I own them. But you are of no use to the stars..." The businessman opened his mouth, but he found nothing to say in answer. And the little prince went away. "The grown-ups are certainly altogether extraordinary," he said simply, talking to himself as he continued on his journey. The fifth planet was very strange. It was the smallest of all. There was just enough room on it for a street lamp and a lamplighter. The little prince was not able to reach any explanation of the use of a street lamp and a lamplighter, somewhere in the heavens, on a planet which had no people, and not one house. But he said to himself, nevertheless: "It may well be that this man is absurd. But he is not so absurd as the king, the conceited man, the businessman, and the tippler. For at least his work has some meaning. When he lights his street lamp, it is as if he brought one more star to life, or one flower. When he puts out his lamp, he sends the flower, or the star, to sleep. That is a beautiful occupation. And since it is beautiful, it is truly useful." When he arrived on the planet he respectfully saluted the lamplighter. "Good morning. Why have you just put out your lamp?" "Those are the orders," replied the lamplighter. "Good morning." "What are the orders?" "The orders are that I put out my lamp. Good evening." And he lighted his lamp again. "But why have you just lighted it again?" "Those are the orders," replied the lamplighter. "I do not understand," said the little prince. "There is nothing to understand," said the lamplighter. "Orders are orders. Good morning." And he put out his lamp. Then he mopped his forehead with a handkerchief decorated with red squares. "I follow a terrible profession. In the old days it was reasonable. I put the lamp out in the morning, and in the evening I lighted it again. I had the rest of the day for relaxation and the rest of the night for sleep." "And the orders have been changed since that time?" "The orders have not been changed," said the lamplighter. "That is the tragedy! From year to year the planet has turned more rapidly and the orders have not been changed!" "Then what?" asked the little prince. "Then the planet now makes a complete turn every minute, and I no longer have a single second for repose. Once every minute I have to light my lamp and put it out!" "That is very funny! A day lasts only one minute, here where you live!" "It is not funny at all!" said the lamplighter. "While we have been talking together a month has gone by." "A month?" "Yes, a month. Thirty minutes. Thirty days. Good evening." And he lighted his lamp again. As the little prince watched him, he felt that he loved this lamplighter who was so faithful to his orders. He remembered the sunsets which he himself had gone to seek, in other days, merely by pulling up his chair; and he wanted to help his friend. "You know," he said, "I can tell you a way you can rest whenever you want to..." "I always want to rest," said the lamplighter. For it is possible for a man to be faithful and lazy at the same time. The little prince went on with his explanation: "Your planet is so small that three strides will take you all the way around it. To be always in the sunshine, you need only walk along rather slowly. When you want to rest, you will walk and the day will last as long as you like." "That doesn't do me much good," said the lamplighter. "The one thing I love in life is to sleep." "Then you're unlucky," said the little prince. "I am unlucky," said the lamplighter. "Good morning." And he put out his lamp. "That man," said the little prince to himself, as he continued farther on his journey, "that man would be scorned by all the others: by the king, by the conceited man, by the tippler, by the businessman. Nevertheless he is the only one of them all who does not seem to me ridiculous. Perhaps that is because he is thinking of something else besides himself." He breathed a sigh of regret, and said to himself, again: "That man is the only one of them all whom I could have made my friend. But his planet is indeed too small. There is no room on it for two people..." What the little prince did not dare confess was that he was sorry most of all to leave this planet, because it was blest every day with 1440 sunsets! The sixth planet was ten times larger than the last one. It was inhabited by an old gentleman who wrote voluminous books. "Oh, look! Here is an explorer!" he exclaimed to himself when he saw the little prince coming. The little prince sat down on the table and panted a little. He had already traveled so much and so far! "Where do you come from?" the old gentleman said to him. "What is that big book?" said the little prince. "What are you doing?" "I am a geographer," the old gentleman said to him. "What is a geographer?" asked the little prince. "A geographer is a scholar who knows the location of all the seas, rivers, towns, mountains, and deserts." "That is very interesting," said the little prince. "Here at last is a man who has a real profession!" And he cast a look around him at the planet of the geographer. It was the most magnificent and stately planet that he had ever seen. "Your planet is very beautiful," he said. "Has it any oceans?" "I couldn't tell you," said the geographer. "Ah!" The little prince was disappointed. "Has it any mountains?" "And towns, and rivers, and deserts?" "I couldn't tell you that, either." "But you are a geographer!" "Exactly," the geographer said. "But I am not an explorer. I haven't a single explorer on my planet. It is not the geographer who goes out to count the towns, the rivers, the mountains, the seas, the oceans, and the deserts. The geographer is much too important to go loafing about. He does not leave his desk. But he receives the explorers in his study. He asks them questions, and he notes down what they recall of their travels. And if the recollections of any one among them seem interesting to him, the geographer orders an inquiry into that explorer's moral character." "Why is that?" "Because an explorer who told lies would bring disaster on the books of the geographer. So would an explorer who drank too much." "Why is that?" asked the little prince. "Because intoxicated men see double. Then the geographer would note down two mountains in a place where there was only one." "I know some one," said the little prince, "who would make a bad explorer." "That is possible. Then, when the moral character of the explorer is shown to be good, an inquiry is ordered into his discovery." "One goes to see it?" "No. That would be too complicated. But one requires the explorer to furnish proofs. For example, if the discovery in question is that of a large mountain, one requires that large stones be brought back from it." The geographer was suddenly stirred to excitement. "But you you come from far away! You are an explorer! You shall describe your planet to me!" And, having opened his big register, the geographer sharpened his pencil. The recitals of explorers are put down first in pencil. One waits until the explorer has furnished proofs, before putting them down in ink. "Well?" said the geographer expectantly. "Oh, where I live," said the little prince, "it is not very interesting. It is all so small. I have three volcanoes. Two volcanoes are active and the other is extinct. But one never knows." "One never knows," said the geographer. "I have also a flower." "We do not record flowers," said the geographer. "Why is that? The flower is the most beautiful thing on my planet!" "We do not record them," said the geographer, "because they are ephemeral." "What does that mean 'ephemeral'?" "Geographies," said the geographer, "are the books which, of all books, are most concerned with matters of consequence. They never become old-fashioned. It is very rarely that a mountain changes its position. It is very rarely that an ocean empties itself of its waters. We write of eternal things." "But extinct volcanoes may come to life again," the little prince interrupted. "Whether volcanoes are extinct or alive, it comes to the same thing for us," said the geographer. "The thing that matters to us is the mountain. It does not change." "But what does that mean 'ephemeral'?" repeated the little prince, who never in his life had let go of a question, once he had asked it. "It means, 'which is in danger of speedy disappearance.' " "Is my flower in danger of speedy disappearance?" "Certainly it is." "My flower is ephemeral," the little prince said to himself, "and she has only four thorns to defend herself against the world. And I have left her on my planet, all alone!" That was his first moment of regret. But he took courage once more. "What place would you advise me to visit now?" he asked. "The planet Earth," replied the geographer. "It has a good reputation." And the little prince went away, thinking of his flower. So then the seventh planet was the Earth. The Earth is not just an ordinary planet! One can count, there 111 kings (not forgetting, to be sure, the Negro kings among them), 7000 geographers, 900,000 businessmen, 7,500,000 tipplers, 311,000,000 conceited men, that is to say, about 2,000,000,000 grown-ups. To give you an idea of the size of the Earth, I will tell you that before the invention of electricity it was necessary to maintain, over the whole of the six continents, a veritable army of 462,511 lamplighters for the street lamps. Seen from a slight distance, that would make a splendid spectacle. The movements of this army would be regulated like those of the ballet in the opera. First would come the turn of the lamplighters of New Zealand and Australia. Having set their lamps alight, these would go off to sleep. Next, the lamplighters of China and Siberia would enter for their steps in the dance, and then they too would be waved back into the wings. After that would come the turn of the lamplighters of Russia and the Indies; then those of Africa and Europe, then those of South America; then those of North America. And never would they make a mistake in the order of their entry upon the stage. It would be magnificent. Only the man who was in charge of the single lamp at the North Pole, and his colleague who was responsible for the single lamp at the South Pole, only these two would live free from toil and care: they would be busy twice a year. When one wishes to play the wit, he sometimes wanders a little from the truth. I have not been altogether honest in what I have told you about the lamplighters. And I realize that I run the risk of giving a false idea of our planet to those who do not know it. Men occupy a very small place upon the Earth. If the two billion inhabitants who people its surface were all to stand upright and somewhat crowded together, as they do for some big public assembly, they could easily be put into one public square twenty miles long and twenty miles wide. All humanity could be piled up on a small Pacific islet. The grown-ups, to be sure, will not believe you when you tell them that. They imagine that they fill a great deal of space. They fancy themselves as important as the baobabs. You should advise them, then, to make their own calculations. They adore figures, and that will please them. But do not waste your time on this extra task. It is unnecessary. You have, I know, confidence in me. When the little prince arrived on the Earth, he was very much surprised not to see any people. He was beginning to be afraid he had come to the wrong planet, when a coil of gold, the color of the moonlight, flashed across the sand. "Good evening," said the little prince courteously. "Good evening," said the snake. "What planet is this on which I have come down?" asked the little prince. "This is the Earth; this is Africa," the snake answered. "Ah! Then there are no people on the Earth?" "This is the desert. There are no people in the desert. The Earth is large," said the snake. The little prince sat down on a stone, and raised his eyes toward the sky. "I wonder," he said, "whether the stars are set alight in heaven so that one day each one of us may find his own again... Look at my planet. It is right there above us. But how far away it is!" "It is beautiful," the snake said. "What has brought you here?" "I have been having some trouble with a flower," said the little prince. "Ah!" said the snake. And they were both silent. "Where are the men?" the little prince at last took up the conversation again. "It is a little lonely in the desert..." "It is also lonely among men," the snake said. The little prince gazed at him for a long time. "You are a funny animal," he said at last. "You are no thicker than a finger..." "But I am more powerful than the finger of a king," said the snake. The little prince smiled. "You are not very powerful. You haven't even any feet. You cannot even travel..." "I can carry you farther than any ship could take you," said the snake. He twined himself around the little prince's ankle, like a golden bracelet. "Whomever I touch, I send back to the earth from whence he came," the snake spoke again. "But you are innocent and true, and you come from a star..." The little prince made no reply. "You move me to pity, you are so weak on this Earth made of granite," the snake said. "I can help you, some day, if you grow too homesick for your own planet. I can..." "Oh! I understand you very well," said the little prince. "But why do you always speak in riddles?" "I solve them all," said the snake. And they were both silent. The little prince crossed the desert and met with only one flower. It was a flower with three petals, a flower of no account at all. "Good morning," said the little prince. "Good morning," said the flower. "Where are the men?" the little prince asked, politely. The flower had once seen a caravan passing. "Men?" she echoed. "I think there are six or seven of them in existence. I saw them, several years ago. But one never knows where to find them. The wind blows them away. They have no roots, and that makes their life very difficult." "Goodbye," said the little prince. "Goodbye," said the flower. After that, the little prince climbed a high mountain. The only mountains he had ever known were the three volcanoes, which came up to his knees. And he used the extinct volcano as a footstool. "From a mountain as high as this one," he said to himself, "I shall be able to see the whole planet at one glance, and all the people..." But he saw nothing, save peaks of rock that were sharpened like needles. "Good morning," he said courteously. "Good morning...Good morning...Good morning," answered the echo. "Who are you?" said the little prince. "Who are you...Who are you...Who are you?" answered the echo. "Be my friends. I am all alone," he said. "I am all alone...all alone...all alone," answered the echo. "What a queer planet!" he thought. "It is altogether dry, and altogether pointed, and altogether harsh and forbidding. And the people have no imagination. They repeat whatever one says to them... On my planet I had a flower; she always was the first to speak..." But it happened that after walking for a long time through sand, and rocks, and snow, the little prince at last came upon a road. And all roads lead to the abodes of men. "Good morning," he said. He was standing before a garden, all a-bloom with roses. "Good morning," said the roses. The little prince gazed at them. They all looked like his flower. "Who are you?" he demanded, thunderstruck. "We are roses," the roses said. And he was overcome with sadness. His flower had told him that she was the only one of her kind in all the universe. And here were five thousand of them, all alike, in one single garden! "She would be very much annoyed," he said to himself, "if she should see that... she would cough most dreadfully, and she would pretend that she was dying, to avoid being laughed at. And I should be obliged to pretend that I was nursing her back to life, for if I did not do that, to humble myself also, she would really allow herself to die..." Then he went on with his reflections: "I thought that I was rich, with a flower that was unique in all the world; and all I had was a common rose. A common rose, and three volcanoes that come up to my knees-- and one of them perhaps extinct forever... that doesn't make me a very great prince..." And he lay down in the grass and cried. It was then that the fox appeared. "Good morning," said the fox. "Good morning," the little prince responded politely, although when he turned around he saw nothing. "I am right here," the voice said, "under the apple tree." " Who are you?" asked the little prince, and added, "You are very pretty to look at." "I am a fox," said the fox. "Come and play with me," proposed the little prince. "I am so unhappy." "I cannot play with you," the fox said. "I am not tamed." "Ah! Please excuse me," said the little prince. But, after some thought, he added: "What does that mean, 'tame'?" "You do not live here," said the fox. "What is it that you are looking for?" "I am looking for men," said the little prince. "What does that mean, 'tame'?" "Men," said the fox. "They have guns, and they hunt. It is very disturbing. They also raise chickens. These are their only interests. Are you looking for chickens?" "No," said the little prince. "I am looking for friends. What does that mean, 'tame'?" "It is an act too often neglected," said the fox. It means to establish ties." "'To establish ties'?" "Just that," said the fox. "To me, you are still nothing more than a little boy who is just like a hundred thousand other little boys. And I have no need of you. And you, on your part, have no need of me. To you, I am nothing more than a fox like a hundred thousand other foxes. But if you tame me, then we shall need each other. To me, you will be unique in all the world. To you, I shall be unique in all the world..." "I am beginning to understand," said the little prince. "There is a flower... I think that she has tamed me..." "It is possible," said the fox. "On the Earth one sees all sorts of things." "Oh, but this is not on the Earth!" said the little prince. The fox seemed perplexed, and very curious. "On another planet?" "Are there hunters on this planet?" "Ah, that is interesting! Are there chickens?" "Nothing is perfect," sighed the fox. But he came back to his idea. "My life is very monotonous," the fox said. "I hunt chickens; men hunt me. All the chickens are just alike, and all the men are just alike. And, in consequence, I am a little bored. But if you tame me, it will be as if the sun came to shine on my life . I shall know the sound of a step that will be different from all the others. Other steps send me hurrying back underneath the ground. Yours will call me, like music, out of my burrow. And then look: you see the grain-fields down yonder? I do not eat bread. Wheat is of no use to me. The wheat fields have nothing to say to me. And that is sad. But you have hair that is the colour of gold. Think how wonderful that will be when you have tamed me! The grain, which is also golden, will bring me back the thought of you. And I shall love to listen to the wind in the wheat..." The fox gazed at the little prince, for a long time. "Please, tame me!" he said. "I want to, very much," the little prince replied. "But I have not much time. I have friends to discover, and a great many things to understand." "One only understands the things that one tames," said the fox. "Men have no more time to understand anything. They buy things all ready made at the shops. But there is no shop anywhere where one can buy friendship, and so men have no friends any more. If you want a friend, tame me..." "What must I do, to tame you?" asked the little prince. "You must be very patient," replied the fox. "First you will sit down at a little distance from me, like that, in the grass. I shall look at you out of the corner of my eye, and you will say nothing. Words are the source of misunderstandings. But you will sit a little closer to me, every day..." The next day the little prince came back. "It would have been better to come back at the same hour," said the fox. "If, for example, you come at four o'clock in the afternoon, then at three o'clock I shall begin to be happy. I shall feel happier and happier as the hour advances. At four o'clock, I shall already be worrying and jumping about. I shall show you how happy I am! But if you come at just any time, I shall never know at what hour my heart is to be ready to greet you... One must observe the proper rites..." "What is a rite?" asked the little prince. "Those also are actions too often neglected," said the fox. "They are what make one day different from other days, one hour from other hours. There is a rite, for example, among my hunters. Every Thursday they dance with the village girls. So Thursday is a wonderful day for me! I can take a walk as far as the vineyards. But if the hunters danced at just any time, every day would be like every other day, and I should never have any vacation at all." So the little prince tamed the fox. And when the hour of his departure drew near... "Ah," said the fox, "I shall cry." "It is your own fault," said the little prince. "I never wished you any sort of harm; but you wanted me to tame you..." "Yes, that is so," said the fox. "But now you are going to cry!" said the little prince. "Then it has done you no good at all!" "It has done me good," said the fox, "because of the color of the wheat fields." And then he added: "Go and look again at the roses. You will understand now that yours is unique in all the world. Then come back to say goodbye to me, and I will make you a present of a secret." The little prince went away, to look again at the roses. "You are not at all like my rose," he said. "As yet you are nothing. No one has tamed you, and you have tamed no one. You are like my fox when I first knew him. He was only a fox like a hundred thousand other foxes. But I have made him my friend, and now he is unique in all the world." And the roses were very much embarrassed. "You are beautiful, but you are empty," he went on. "One could not die for you. To be sure, an ordinary passerby would think that my rose looked just like you, the rose that belongs to me. But in herself alone she is more important than all the hundreds of you other roses: because it is she that I have watered; because it is she that I have put under the glass globe; because it is she that I have sheltered behind the screen; because it is for her that I have killed the caterpillars (except the two or three that we saved to become butterflies); because it is she that I have listened to, when she grumbled, or boasted, or even sometimes when she said nothing. Because she is my rose. And he went back to meet the fox. "Goodbye," he said. "Goodbye," said the fox. "And now here is my secret, a very simple secret: It is only with the heart that one can see rightly; what is essential is invisible to the eye." "What is essential is invisible to the eye," the little prince repeated, so that he would be sure to remember. "It is the time you have wasted for your rose that makes your rose so important." "It is the time I have wasted for my rose..." said the little prince, so that he would be sure to remember. "Men have forgotten this truth," said the fox. "But you must not forget it. You become responsible, forever, for what you have tamed. You are responsible for your rose..." "I am responsible for my rose," the little prince repeated, so that he would be sure to remember. "Good morning," said the railway switchman. "What do you do here?" the little prince asked. "I sort out travelers, in bundles of a thousand," said the switchman. "I send off the trains that carry them; now to the right, now to the left." And a brilliantly lighted express train shook the switchman's cabin as it rushed by with a roar like thunder. "They are in a great hurry," said the little prince. "What are they looking for?" "Not even the locomotive engineer knows that," said the switchman. And a second brilliantly lighted express thundered by, in the opposite direction. "Are they coming back already?" demanded the little prince. "These are not the same ones," said the switchman. "It is an exchange." "Were they not satisfied where they were?" asked the little prince. "No one is ever satisfied where he is," said the switchman. And they heard the roaring thunder of a third brilliantly lighted express. "Are they pursuing the first travelers?" demanded the little prince. "They are pursuing nothing at all," said the switchman. "They are asleep in there, or if they are not asleep they are yawning. Only the children are flattening their noses against the windowpanes." "Only the children know what they are looking for," said the little prince. "They waste their time over a rag doll and it becomes very important to them; and if anybody takes it away from them, they cry..." "They are lucky," the switchman said. Good morning," said the little prince. "Good morning," said the merchant. This was a merchant who sold pills that had been invented to quench thirst. You need only swallow one pill a week, and you would feel no need of anything to drink. "Why are you selling those?" asked the little prince. "Because they save a tremendous amount of time," said the merchant. "Computations have been made by experts. With these pills, you save fifty-three minutes in every week." "And what do I do with those fifty-three minutes?" "Anything you like..." "As for me," said the little prince to himself, "if I had fifty-three minutes to spend as I liked, I should walk at my leisure toward a spring of fresh water." It was now the eighth day since I had had my accident in the desert, and I had listened to the story of the merchant as I was drinking the last drop of my water supply. "Ah," I said to the little prince, "these memories of yours are very charming; but I have not yet succeeded in repairing my plane; I have nothing more to drink; and I, too, should be very happy if I could walk at my leisure toward a spring of fresh water!" "My friend the fox..." the little prince said to me. "My dear little man, this is no longer a matter that has anything to do with the fox!" "Why not?" "Because I am about to die of thirst..." He did not follow my reasoning, and he answered me: "It is a good thing to have had a friend, even if one is about to die. I, for instance, am very glad to have had a fox as a friend..." "He has no way of guessing the danger," I said to myself. "He has never been either hungry or thirsty. A little sunshine is all he needs..." But he looked at me steadily, and replied to my thought: "I am thirsty, too. Let us look for a well..." I made a gesture of weariness. It is absurd to look for a well, at random, in the immensity of the desert. But nevertheless we started walking. When we had trudged along for several hours, in silence, the darkness fell, and the stars began to come out. Thirst had made me a little feverish, and I looked at them as if I were in a dream. The little prince's last words came reeling back into my memory: "Then you are thirsty, too?" I demanded. But he did not reply to my question. He merely said to me: "Water may also be good for the heart..." I did not understand this answer, but I said nothing. I knew very well that it was impossible to cross-examine him. He was tired. He sat down. I sat down beside him. And, after a little silence, he spoke again: "The stars are beautiful, because of a flower that cannot be seen." I replied, "Yes, that is so." And, without saying anything more, I looked across the ridges of sand that were stretched out before us in the moonlight. "The desert is beautiful," the little prince added. And that was true. I have always loved the desert. One sits down on a desert sand dune, sees nothing, hears nothing. Yet through the silence something throbs, and gleams... "What makes the desert beautiful," said the little prince, "is that somewhere it hides a well..." I was astonished by a sudden understanding of that mysterious radiation of the sands. When I was a little boy I lived in an old house, and legend told us that a treasure was buried there. To be sure, no one had ever known how to find it; perhaps no one had ever even looked for it. But it cast an enchantment over that house. My home was hiding a secret in the depths of its heart... "Yes," I said to the little prince. "The house, the stars, the desert-- what gives them their beauty is something that is invisible!" "I am glad," he said, "that you agree with my fox." As the little prince dropped off to sleep, I took him in my arms and set out walking once more. I felt deeply moved, and stirred. It seemed to me that I was carrying a very fragile treasure. It seemed to me, even, that there was nothing more fragile on all Earth. In the moonlight I looked at his pale forehead, his closed eyes, his locks of hair that trembled in the wind, and I said to myself: "What I see here is nothing but a shell. What is most important is invisible..." As his lips opened slightly with the suspicious of a half-smile, I said to myself, again: "What moves me so deeply, about this little prince who is sleeping here, is his loyalty to a flower-- the image of a rose that shines through his whole being like the flame of a lamp, even when he is asleep..." And I felt him to be more fragile still. I felt the need of protecting him, as if he himself were a flame that might be extinguished by a little puff of wind... And, as I walked on so, I found the well, at daybreak. "Men," said the little prince, "set out on their way in express trains, but they do not know what they are looking for. Then they rush about, and get excited, and turn round and round..." And he added: "It is not worth the trouble..." The well that we had come to was not like the wells of the Sahara. The wells of the Sahara are mere holes dug in the sand. This one was like a well in a village. But there was no village here, and I thought I must be dreaming... "It is strange," I said to the little prince. "Everything is ready for use: the pulley, the bucket, the rope..." He laughed, touched the rope, and set the pulley to working. And the pulley moaned, like an old weathervane which the wind has long since forgotten. "Do you hear?" said the little prince. "We have wakened the well, and it is singing..." I did not want him to tire himself with the rope. "Leave it to me," I said. "It is too heavy for you." I hoisted the bucket slowly to the edge of the well and set it there, happy, tired as I was, over my achievement. The song of the pulley was still in my ears, and I could see the sunlight shimmer in the still trembling water. "I am thirsty for this water," said the little prince. "Give me some of it to drink..." And I understood what he had been looking for. I raised the bucket to his lips. He drank, his eyes closed. It was as sweet as some special festival treat. This water was indeed a different thing from ordinary nourishment. Its sweetness was born of the walk under the stars, the song of the pulley, the effort of my arms. It was good for the heart, like a present. When I was a little boy, the lights of the Christmas tree, the music of the Midnight Mass, the tenderness of smiling faces, used to make up, so, the radiance of the gifts I received. "The men where you live," said the little prince, "raise five thousand roses in the same garden and they do not find in it what they are looking for." "They do not find it," I replied. "And yet what they are looking for could be found in one single rose, or in a little water." "Yes, that is true," I said. And the little prince added: "But the eyes are blind. One must look with the heart..." I had drunk the water. I breathed easily. At sunrise the sand is the color of honey. And that honey color was making me happy, too. What brought me, then, this sense of grief? "You must keep your promise," said the little prince, softly, as he sat down beside me once more. "What promise?" "You know, a muzzle for my sheep... I am responsible for this flower..." I took my rough drafts of drawings out of my pocket. The little prince looked them over, and laughed as he said: "Your baobabs, they look a little like cabbages." "Oh!" I had been so proud of my baobabs! "Your fox, his ears look a little like horns; and they are too long." And he laughed again. "You are not fair, little prince," I said. "I don't know how to draw anything except boa constrictors from the outside and boa constrictors from the inside." "Oh, that will be all right," he said, "children understand." So then I made a pencil sketch of a muzzle. And as I gave it to him my heart was torn. "You have plans that I do not know about," I said. But he did not answer me. He said to me, instead: "You know, my descent to the earth... Tomorrow will be its anniversary." Then, after a silence, he went on: "I came down very near here." And he flushed. And once again, without understanding why, I had a queer sense of sorrow. One question, however, occurred to me: "Then it was not by chance that on the morning when I first met you-- a week ago-- you were strolling along like that, all alone, a thousand miles from any inhabited region? You were on the your way back to the place where you landed?" The little prince flushed again. And I added, with some hesitancy: "Perhaps it was because of the anniversary?" The little prince flushed once more. He never answered questions, but when one flushes does that not mean "Yes"? "Ah," I said to him, "I am a little frightened..." But he interrupted me. "Now you must work. You must return to your engine. I will be waiting for you here. Come back tomorrow evening..." But I was not reassured. I remembered the fox. One runs the risk of weeping a little, if one lets himself be tamed... Beside the well there was the ruin of an old stone wall. When I came back from my work, the next evening, I saw from some distance away my little prince sitting on top of a wall, with his feet dangling. And I heard him say: "Then you don't remember. This is not the exact spot." Another voice must have answered him, for he replied to it: "Yes, yes! It is the right day, but this is not the place." I continued my walk toward the wall. At no time did I see or hear anyone. The little prince, however, replied once again: "...Exactly. You will see where my track begins, in the sand. You have nothing to do but wait for me there. I shall be there tonight." I was only twenty metres from the wall, and I still saw nothing. After a silence the little prince spoke again: "You have good poison? You are sure that it will not make me suffer too long?" I stopped in my tracks, my heart torn asunder; but still I did not understand. "Now go away," said the little prince. "I want to get down from the wall." I dropped my eyes, then, to the foot of the wall... and I leaped into the air. There before me, facing the little prince, was one of those yellow snakes that take just thirty seconds to bring your life to an end. Even as I was digging into my pocked to get out my revolver I made a running step back. But, at the noise I made, the snake let himself flow easily across the sand like the dying spray of a fountain, and, in no apparent hurry, disappeared, with a light metallic sound, among the stones. I reached the wall just in time to catch my little man in my arms; his face was white as snow. "What does this mean?" I demanded. "Why are you talking with snakes?" I had loosened the golden muffler that he always wore. I had moistened his temples, and had given him some water to drink. And now I did not dare ask him any more questions. He looked at me very gravely, and put his arms around my neck. I felt his heart beating like the heart of a dying bird, shot with someone's rifle... "I am glad that you have found what was the matter with your engine," he said. "Now you can go back home" "How do you know about that?" I was just coming to tell him that my work had been successful, beyond anything that I had dared to hope. He made no answer to my question, but he added: "I, too, am going back home today..." Then, sadly, "It is much farther... it is much more difficult..." I realised clearly that something extraordinary was happening. I was holding him close in my arms as if he were a little child; and yet it seemed to me that he was rushing headlong toward an abyss from which I could do nothing to restrain him... His look was very serious, like some one lost far away. "I have your sheep. And I have the sheep's box. And I have the muzzle..." And he gave me a sad smile. I waited a long time. I could see that he was reviving little by little. "Dear little man," I said to him, "you are afraid..." He was afraid, there was no doubt about that. But he laughed lightly. "I shall be much more afraid this evening..." Once again I felt myself frozen by the sense of something irreparable. And I knew that I could not bear the thought of never hearing that laughter any more. For me, it was like a spring of fresh water in the desert. "Little man," I said, "I want to hear you laugh again." But he said to me: "Tonight, it will be a year... my star, then, can be found right above the place where I came to the Earth, a year ago..." "Little man," I said, "tell me that it is only a bad dream, this affair of the snake, and the meeting-place, and the star..." But he did not answer my plea. He said to me, instead: "The thing that is important is the thing that is not seen..." "Yes, I know..." "It is just as it is with the flower. If you love a flower that lives on a star, it is sweet to look at the sky at night. All the stars are a-bloom with flowers..." "Yes, I know..." "It is just as it is with the water. Because of the pulley, and the rope, what you gave me to drink was like music. You remember, how good it was." "And at night you will look up at the stars. Where I live everything is so small that I cannot show you where my star is to be found. It is better, like that. My star will just be one of the stars, for you. And so you will love to watch all the stars in the heavens... they will all be your friends. And, besides, I am going to make you a present..." He laughed again. "Ah, little prince, dear little prince! I love to hear that laughter!" "That is my present. Just that. It will be as it was when we drank the water..." "What are you trying to say?" "All men have the stars," he answered, "but they are not the same things for different people. For some, who are travelers, the stars are guides. For others they are no more than little lights in the sky. For others, who are scholars, they are problems. For my businessman they were wealth. But all these stars are silent. You, you alone, will have the stars as no one else has them" "In one of the stars I shall be living. In one of them I shall be laughing. And so it will be as if all the stars were laughing, when you look at the sky at night... you, only you, will have stars that can laugh!" And he laughed again. "And when your sorrow is comforted (time soothes all sorrows) you will be content that you have known me. You will always be my friend. You will want to laugh with me. And you will sometimes open your window, so, for that pleasure... and your friends will be properly astonished to see you laughing as you look up at the sky! Then you will say to them, 'Yes, the stars always make me laugh!' And they will think you are crazy. It will be a very shabby trick that I shall have played on you..." And he laughed again. "It will be as if, in place of the stars, I had given you a great number of little bells that knew how to laugh..." And he laughed again. Then he quickly became serious: "Tonight, you know... do not come," said the little prince. "I shall not leave you," I said. "I shall look as if I were suffering. I shall look a little as if I were dying. It is like that. Do not come to see that. It is not worth the trouble..." "I shall not leave you." But he was worried. "I tell you, it is also because of the snake. He must not bite you. Snakes, they are malicious creatures. This one might bite you just for fun..." But a thought came to reassure him: "It is true that they have no more poison for a second bite." That night I did not see him set out on his way. He got away from me without making a sound. When I succeeded in catching up with him he was walking along with a quick and resolute step. He said to me merely: "Ah! You are there..." And he took me by the hand. But he was still worrying. "It was wrong of you to come. You will suffer. I shall look as if I were dead; and that will not be true..." I said nothing. "You understand... it is too far. I cannot carry this body with me. It is too heavy." "But it will be like an old abandoned shell. There is nothing sad about old shells..." I said nothing. He was a little discouraged. But he made one more effort: "You know, it will be very nice. I, too, shall look at the stars. All the stars will be wells with a rusty pulley. All the stars will pour out fresh water for me to drink..." "That will be so amusing! You will have five hundred million little bells, and I shall have five hundred million springs of fresh water..." And he too said nothing more, becuase he was crying... "Here it is. Let me go on by myself." And he sat down, because he was afraid. Then he said, again: "You know, my flower... I am responsible for her. And she is so weak! She has four thorns, of no use at all, to protect herself against all the world..." I too sat down, because I was not able to stand up any longer. "There now, that is all..." He still hesitated a little; then he got up. He took one step. I could not move. There was nothing but a flash of yellow close to his ankle. He remained motionless for an instant. He did not cry out. He fell as gently as a tree falls. There was not even any sound, because of the sand. And now six years have already gone by... I have never yet told this story. The companions who met me on my return were well content to see me alive. I was sad, but I told them: "I am tired." Now my sorrow is comforted a little. That is to say, not entirely. But I know that he did go back to his planet, because I did not find his body at daybreak. It was not such a heavy body... and at night I love to listen to the stars. It is like five hundred million little bells... But there is one extraordinary thing... when I drew the muzzle for the little prince, I forgot to add the leather strap to it. He will never have been able to fasten it on his sheep. So now I keep wondering: what is happening on his planet? Perhaps the sheep has eaten the flower... At one time I say to myself: "Surely not! The little prince shuts his flower under her glass globe every night, and he watches over his sheep very carefully..." Then I am happy. And there is sweetness in the laughter of all the stars. But at another time I say to myself: "At some moment or other one is absent-minded, and that is enough! On some one evening he forgot the glass globe, or the sheep got out, without making any noise, in the night..." And then the little bells are changed to tears... Here, then, is a great mystery. For you who also love the little prince, and for me, nothing in the universe can be the same if somewhere, we do not know where, a sheep that we never saw has eaten a rose... Look up at the sky. Ask yourselves: is it yes or no? Has the sheep eaten the flower? And you will see how everything changes... And no grown-up will ever understand that this is a matter of so much importance! This is, to me, the loveliest and saddest landscape in the world. It is the same as that on the preceding page, but I have drawn it again to impress it on your memory. It is here that the little prince appeared on Earth, and disappeared. Look at it carefully so that you will be sure to recognise it in case you travel some day to the African desert. And, if you should come upon this spot, please do not hurry on. Wait for a time, exactly under the star. Then, if a little man appears who laughs, who has golden hair and who refuses to answer questions, you will know who he is. If this should happen, please comfort me. Send me word that he has come back. The database is protected by copyright ©hestories.info 2019 king said entire planet most magnificent last drop most difficult thing heart that one whole planet	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2088
__label__wiki	0.553371	0.553371	Nationstar Mortgage LLC v. Kanahele Supreme Court of Hawaiâi NATIONSTAR MORTGAGE LLC, Respondent/Plaintiff-Appellee, DANIEL KALEOALOHA KANAHELE and THE ESTATE OF MARCUS C. KANAHELE et al., Petitioner/Defendant-Appellant. CERTIORARI TO THE INTERMEDIATE COURT OF APPEALS (CAAP-16-0000319; CIV. NO. 14-1-0584(2)) Lance D. Collins (Bianca K. Isaki with him on the briefs) for petitioner. David A. Nakashima for respondent. RECKTENWALD, C.J., NAKAYAMA, McKENNA, POLLACK, AND WILSON, JJ. RECKTENWALD, C.J. In 2006, Daniel Kaleoaloha Kanahele (Daniel) and his brother, Marcus C. Kanahele (Marcus), co-signed a mortgage on their property in order to obtain a $625, 000 loan. While both brothers executed the mortgage, Daniel was the promissory note's (Note) sole signatory. Daniel defaulted on the loan in 2008, and in 2014, Nationstar Mortgage, LLC (Nationstar) initiated this foreclosure action. After seventeen months of proceedings involving Daniel, Marcus's Estate, and Nationstar, the Circuit Court of the Second Circuit granted Nationstar's motion for summary judgment, and issued final judgment in favor of Nationstar.[1] On appeal, the Intermediate Court of Appeals (ICA) vacated the judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings. Although the ICA ruled in Daniel's favor by vacating the judgment, Daniel asks this court to review the following additional issues, which he contends were either incorrectly resolved or left unresolved by the ICA:[2] (1) Whether summary judgment is precluded where contradictory declarations by [the] representatives of [a] foreclosing party undercut the trustworthiness of [its] offered business records; and (2) Whether a foreclosing plaintiff[, ] who is not a holder in due course[, ] is subject to [a defendant's] affirmative defenses[.] We hold that the ICA erred with respect to both of those issues, and that Daniel would be prejudiced on remand absent this court's further review. Although the ICA correctly held that Nationstar had not demonstrated standing to enforce Daniel's Note under Bank of America, N.A. v. Reyes-Toledo, 139 Hawai'i 361, 390 P.3d 1248 (2017), and vacated the circuit court's judgment on this basis, we conclude that the ICA erred in holding that Nationstar's business records were trustworthy under the business records exception to hearsay. See Hawai'i Rules of Evidence (HRE) Rule 803(b)(6) (2002). In light of Nationstar's failure to adequately explain material discrepancies in its business records and its presentation of contradictory declarations regarding which of several versions of the Note was the "wet-ink" original, the ICA should have vacated the circuit court's order on this ground, as well. We also conclude that Daniel's affirmative defenses should have been addressed by the circuit court, given that Nationstar, which neither pled nor proved its status as the Note's "holder in due course," was simply the Note's "holder." The ICA did not clarify this, despite the circuit court's inaccurate conclusion that "holders" were not subject to obligors' affirmative defenses. See Hawai'i Revised Statutes (HRS) § 490:3-305 (2008). We therefore affirm the ICA's Judgment on Appeal, but correct its reasoning as set forth below, and remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. A. Factual Background[3] In 2002, Daniel and his younger brother, Marcus, inherited their family home in Kīhei, Maui ("Kanahele home" or "the property"). Daniel resided in the home, while Marcus lived in Florida. Daniel agreed to provide Marcus with financial assistance in 2006. Accordingly, the brothers contacted Linda Austin (Austin), a mortgage broker with Maui Mortgage Professionals, to assist them in obtaining a loan and in using their home as collateral. According to Daniel, the primary purpose of the loan was to provide financial assistance to Marcus in his business pursuits. Austin allegedly knew that Daniel, who had worked most of his life as an unskilled worker, was unemployed at the time he and his brother sought the loan. Despite this, Austin represented to Daniel and his brother that because Daniel was the owner-occupant of the property, he would qualify for the loan if he provided his credit score, "without having to provide any documentation regarding assets or income[.]" Daniel executed a Note to Lehman Brothers Bank, FSB (Lehman Brothers) for $625, 000 on December 4, 2006, and was told that the documents would be sent to Marcus in Florida. The Note was secured by a mortgage, executed by the two brothers as mortgagors, in favor of Mortgage Electronic Registration Systems, Inc. (MERS) for Lehman Brothers. The mortgage, which encumbered the Kanahele home, was recorded in the Bureau of Conveyances. The loan went into default in 2008. The mortgage was assigned from MERS to Aurora Loan Services (Aurora) in 2009, and in June of that year, Aurora mailed the brothers notices of default. On August 14, 2012, Daniel sent Nationstar, the loan's servicer at the time, a Fair Debt Collection Practices Act request. By letter dated August 27, 2012, Nationstar's customer care specialist, Joyce Lawrence (Lawrence), responded that Wells Fargo Bank owned the Note. She also sent Daniel a copy of the Note, which had two indorsements. The Note was first indorsed from Lehman Brothers to Lehman Brothers Holding, and second, indorsed from Lehman Brothers Holding to Aurora.[4] The mortgage was subsequently assigned from Aurora to Nationstar for unspecified "good and valuable consideration" on September 20, 2012. On an unspecified date, the Note was indorsed from Aurora to blank, by Nationstar as Aurora's attorney-in-fact. Marcus died in 2013, having never signed the Note. Daniel thus explained the unique circumstances of the loan and mortgage as follows: It was only when the litigation began in this case [that] I learn[ed] that I was the only borrower - that my brother [had] never signed the [N]ote. As the mortgage stated us as "co-borrowers" on the signature lines of the mortgage, I had no idea that my brother was not a co-borrower. I was totally surprised and shocked to learn this. Suffice it to say, it had always been our practice to be co-borrowers when our family house was used as collateral, and it was our stated intention with Ms. Austin and the bank that we were going to be co-borrowers. I would never have agreed to the loan had I known that I was the sole borrower and that I would have been responsible for any "deficiency judgment[, ]" the benefits of which went to my brother and his business and did not involve me. In other words, Daniel "would never have agreed" to obtain the loan had he known he would be the Note's sole borrower, because the purpose of the loan was to benefit Marcus. B. Procedural Background[5] 1. Circuit Court Proceedings a. The Complaint Nationstar filed a Complaint to Foreclose against Daniel, and Marcus's Estate, on October 7, 2014, with the following attachments: (1) a copy of the Note; (2) a verification attesting that the Note was the original; and (3) an attorney affirmation attesting the same. Like the Note Nationstar had provided to Daniel in 2012, this Note also had two indorsements. While the first indorsement was identical to that of the Note that Daniel received in 2012 - from Lehman Brothers to Lehman Brothers Holding - the second was executed by Lehman Brothers Holding to in-blank, rather than to Aurora.[6] The verification, executed by Jesslyn Williams (Williams), Nationstar's assistant secretary, stated that: (1) Williams had personally reviewed the documents and records in Nationstar's possession related to the case for accuracy; (2) the records and files she had reviewed were kept by Nationstar in its ordinary course of business and were made at or near the time of such acts; and (3) Nationstar possessed the original Note, indorsed-in-blank. Lloyd T. Workman (Workman), Nationstar's counsel at that time, also attested that the documents Nationstar had submitted to the circuit court were accurate and that they "contained no false statements of fact or law."[7] b. Nationstar's First Motion for Summary Judgment and Related Proceedings Nationstar filed its first Motion for Summary Judgment on March 30, 2015, alleging that it had adequately established its ability to foreclose on the Kanahele home. Nationstar attached the same Note to its Motion as it attached to its Complaint, as well as a declaration by Demetrice Person (Person), one of Nationstar's document execution specialists. Just like Williams had done in her verification, Person attested that: (1) she had personally reviewed the documents and records in Nationstar's possession related to Daniel's case for accuracy; (2) the records and files she had reviewed were kept by Nationstar in its ordinary course of business and were made at or near the time of such acts; and (3) Nationstar possessed the original Note, which had two indorsements, one of which was indorsed-in-blank. In his opposition memorandum, Daniel argued that summary judgment would be inappropriate because: (1) genuine issues of material fact existed as to who owned the Note, in light of Nationstar's presentation of two different versions of the Note; and (2) Nationstar, which had neither pled nor proven its status as a "holder in due course," had not yet addressed Daniel's affirmative defenses. c. Nationstar's Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment and Related Proceedings Nationstar withdrew its first Motion for Summary Judgment to "address [the] issues raised by Daniel," and filed its Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment on December 15, 2015. Attached to Nationstar's new motion was a Note with three indorsements, rather than two, as well as two more declarations affirming that this Note accurately reflected the original. Like the Note presented to Daniel in 2012, the Note's first indorsement was from Lehman Brothers to Lehman Brothers Holding and the second indorsement was from Lehman Brothers Holding to Aurora. The Note's third indorsement, however, had been indorsed in-blank from Aurora, by Nationstar as Aurora's attorney-in-fact.[8] To support this version of the Note, Nationstar submitted a declaration executed by Toni Vincent (Vincent), a document execution specialist, which stated that: (1) Vincent had personally reviewed the documents and records in Nationstar's possession related to Daniel's case including a "current copy of the original Note," which was indorsed-in-blank and attached to Nationstar's new motion; (2) the records and files were incorporated and kept by Nationstar in its ordinary course of business and verified for their accuracy; and (3) the Note was in the possession of and ha[d] been maintained by Nationstar since before the commencement of th[e] case." Vincent further declared that she had reviewed Person's declaration submitted with Nationstar's first Motion for Summary Judgment, had conferred with Person, and could confirm that Person's declaration was inaccurate because Person had not followed Nationstar's policies and procedures, had not personally reviewed the "original 'wet-ink' Note," and had attached an outdated copy of the Note to the first motion that "did not contain all of the indorsements currently set forth on the original Note."[9] David Rosen, Nationstar's counsel at the time, also attested via declaration that this Note, with its three indorsements, was the "original 'wet-ink' Note." Daniel then filed his own Motion for Summary Judgment, raising similar arguments to those raised before. Specifically, Daniel contended that Nationstar had not "produced admissible evidence establishing [the] elements of a remedy of foreclosure[, ]" and further, that it had not addressed Daniel's affirmative defenses. On March 14, 2016, the circuit court issued findings of fact and conclusions of law, entered an order granting Nationstar's Renewed Motion for Summary Judgment, and entered final judgment in Nationstar's favor. The circuit court concluded that Nationstar, as "holder" of Daniel's Note, had adequately proven its ability to foreclose on the mortgage. 2. ICA Proceedings On appeal, Daniel argued that summary judgment was improper in light of the untrustworthiness of Nationstar's business records and Nationstar's failure to address Daniel's affirmative defenses when it was "holder" of the Note. Nationstar, on the other hand, despite conceding its status as "holder," rather than "holder in due course," denied that its business records were untrustworthy, and further claimed that Daniel's affirmative defenses lacked merit.[10] As such, Nationstar argued that summary judgment was proper.          The ICA's memorandum opinion vacated the circuit court's final judgment and remanded the case for further proceedings. Despite rejecting Daniel's argument that the Note with three indorsements lacked indicia of trustworthiness for admissibility under HRE Rule 803(b)(6), the ICA concluded that Nationstar had not ...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2089
__label__wiki	0.857093	0.857093	Home » A Brief History of the United States FIRST ACTS OF CONGRESS. - During Washington's first term of office as President (1789-93), the time of Congress was largely taken up with the passage of laws necessary to put the new government in operation, and to carry out the plan of the Constitution. Departments of State, Treasury, and War were established; a Supreme Court was organized with a Chief Justice [1] and five associates; three Circuits (one for each of the three groups of states, Eastern, Middle, and Southern) and thirteen District Courts (one for each state) were created, and provision was made for all the machinery of justice; and twelve amendments to the Constitution were sent out to the states, of which ten were ratified by the requisite number of states and became a part of the Constitution. [2] At the second session of Congress provision was made, in the Funding Measure, for the assumption of the Continental and state debts incurred during the war for independence. [3] The District of Columbia as the permanent seat of government was located on the banks of the Potomac, [4] and the temporary seat of government was moved from New York to Philadelphia, there to remain for ten years. NEW STATES. - The states of North Carolina and Rhode Island, having at last ratified the Constitution, sent representatives and senators to share in the work of Congress during this session. The quarrel between New York and Vermont having been settled, Vermont was admitted in 1791; and Virginia having given her consent, the people of Kentucky were authorized to form a state constitution, and Kentucky entered the Union in 1792. [5] THE NATIONAL BANK AND THE CURRENCY. - The funding of the debt (proposed by Hamilton) was the first great financial measure adopted by Congress. [6] The second (1791) was the charter of the Bank of the United States with power to establish branches in the states and to issue bank notes to be used as money. The third (1792) was the law providing for a national coinage and authorizing the establishment of a United States mint for making the coin. [7] It was ordered that whoever would bring gold or silver to the mint should receive for it the same weight of coins. This was free coinage of gold and silver, and made our standard of money bimetallic, or of two metals; for a debtor could choose which kind of money he would pay. THE REVENUE LAWS. - Other financial measures of Washington's first term were the tariff law, which levied duties on imported goods, wares, and merchandise, the excise or whisky tax, and the law fixing rates of postage on letters. [8] THE RISE OF PARTIES. - As to the justice and wisdom of the acts of Congress the people were divided in their opinions. Those who approved and supported the administration were called Federalists, and had for leaders Washington, John Adams, Hamilton, Robert Morris, John Jay, and Rufus King; those who opposed the administration were the Anti-Federalists, or Republicans, whose great leaders were Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, Gerry, Gallatin, and Randolph. The Republicans had opposed the funding and assumption measures, the national bank, and the excise. They complained that the national debt was too large, that the salaries of the President, Congressmen, and officials were too high, and that the taxes were too heavy; and they accused the Federalists of a fondness for monarchy and aristocracy. Washington opened each session of Congress with a speech just as the king opened Parliament, and each branch of Congress presented an answer just as the Lords and Commons did to the king. Nobody could go to the President's reception without a card of invitation. The judges of the Supreme Court wore gowns as did English judges. The Senate held its daily sessions in secret, and shut out reporters and the people. All this the Anti- Federalists held to be unrepublican. THE ELECTION OF 1792. - When the time came, in 1792, to elect a successor to Washington, there were thus two political parties. Both parties supported Washington for President; but the Republicans tried hard, though in vain, to defeat Adams for Vice President. OPPOSITION TO THE GOVERNMENT by no means ended with the formation of parties and votes at the polls. The Assembly of Virginia condemned the assumption of the state debts. North Carolina denounced assumption and the excise law. In Maryland a resolution declaring assumption dangerous to the rights of the states was lost by the casting vote of the Speaker. The right of Congress to tax pleasure carriages was tested in the Supreme Court, which declared the tax constitutional. When that court decided (1793) that a citizen of one state might sue another state, Virginia, Connecticut, and Massachusetts called for a constitutional amendment to prevent this, and the Eleventh Amendment was proposed by Congress (1794) and declared in force in 1798. The tax on whisky caused an insurrection in Pennsylvania. THE WHISKY INSURRECTION. - The farmers around Pittsburg were largely engaged in distilling whisky, refused to pay the tax, and drove off the collectors. Congress thereupon (1794) enacted a law to enforce the collection, but when the marshal arrested some of the offenders, the people rose, drove him away, and by force of arms prevented the execution of the law. Washington then called for troops from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Maryland, and Virginia, and these marching across the state by a mere show of force brought the people to obedience. Leaders of the insurrection were arrested, tried, and convicted of treason, but were pardoned by Washington. [9] THE INDIAN WAR. - Still farther west, meantime, a great battle had been fought with the Indians. The succession of boats loaded with emigrants floating down the Ohio, and the arrivals of settlers north of the river at Marietta, Gallipolis, and Cincinnati, had greatly excited the Indians. The coming of the whites meant the destruction of game and of fur-bearing animals, and the pushing westward of the Indians. This the red men determined to resist, and did so by attacking boats and killing emigrants, and in January, 1790, they marched down on the settlement called Big Bottom (northwest of Marietta) and swept it from the face of the earth. Washington sent fifteen hundred troops from Kentucky and Pennsylvania against the Indians in the autumn of 1790. Led by Colonel Harmar, the troops burned some Indian supplies and villages, but accomplished nothing save to enrage the Indians yet more. Washington thereupon put General St. Clair in command, and in the autumn of 1791 St. Clair set off to build a chain of forts from Cincinnati to Lake Michigan; but the Indians surprised him and cut his army to pieces. Anthony Wayne was next placed in command, and two years were spent in careful preparation before he began his march across what is now the state of Ohio. At the Falls of the Maumee (August, 1794) he met and beat the Indians so soundly that a year later, by the treaty of Greenville, a lasting peace was made with the ten great nations of the Northwest. NEUTRALITY. - Washington's second term of office was a stormy time in foreign as well as in domestic affairs. In February, 1793, the French Republic declared war on Great Britain, and so brought up the question, Which side shall the United States take? Washington said neither side, and issued a proclamation of neutrality, warning the people not to commit hostile acts in favor of either Great Britain or France. The Republicans (and many who were Federalists) grew angry at this and roundly abused the President. France, they said, is an old friend; Great Britain, our old enemy. France helped win independence and loaned us money and sent us troops and ships; Great Britain attempted to enslave us. We were bound to France by a treaty of alliance and a treaty of commerce; we were bound to Great Britain by no treaty of any kind. To be neutral, then, was to be ungrateful to France. [10] As a result the Federalists were called the British party, and they, in turn, called the Republicans the French party or Democrats. GREAT BRITAIN SEIZES OUR SHIPS. - To preserve neutrality under such conditions would have been hard enough, but Great Britain made it harder still by seizing American merchant ships that were carrying lumber, fish, flour, and provisions to the French West Indies. [11] Our merchants at once appealed to Congress for aid, and the Republicans attempted to retaliate on Great Britain in a way that might have brought on war. In this they failed, but Congress laid an embargo for a short time, preventing all our vessels from sailing to foreign ports; and money was voted to build fortifications at the seaports from Maine to Georgia, and for building arsenals at Springfield (Mass.) and Carlisle (Pa.), and for constructing six frigates. [12] Washington did not wish war, and with the approval of the Senate sent Chief-Justice John Jay to London to make a treaty of friendship and commerce with Great Britain. JAY'S TREATY, when ratified (1795), was far from what was desired. But it provided for the delivery of the posts on our northern frontier, its other provisions were the best that could be had, and it insured peace. For this reason among others the treaty gave great offense to the Republicans, who wanted the United States to quarrel with Great Britain and take sides with France. They denounced it from one end of the country to the other, burned copies of it at mass meetings, and hanged Jay in effigy. For the same reason, also, France took deep offense. TREATY WITH SPAIN. - Our treaty with Great Britain was followed by one with Spain, by which the vexed question of the Mississippi was put at rest. Spain agreed to withdraw her troops from all her posts north of the parallel of 31 degrees. She also agreed that New Orleans should be a port of deposit. This was of great advantage to the growing West, for the farmers, thereafter, could float their bacon, flour, lumber, etc. down the Ohio and the Mississippi to New Orleans and there sell it for export to the West Indies or Europe. THE ELECTION OF 1796. - Washington, who had twice been elected President, now declined to serve a third time, and in September, 1796, announced his determination by publishing in a newspaper what is called his Farewell Address. [13] There was no such thing as a national party convention in those days, or for many years to come. The Federalists, however, by common consent, selected John Adams as their candidate for President, and most of them supported Thomas Pinckney for Vice President. The Republicans put forward Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr and others. The French minister to our country used his influence to help the Republican candidates; [14] but when the election was over, it turned out that Adams [15] was chosen President and Jefferson Vice President. Pinckney, the Federalist candidate for Vice President, was defeated because he failed to receive the votes of all the Federalist electors. [16] THE X. Y. Z. AFFAIR. - The French Directory, a body of five men that governed the French Republic, now refused to receive a minister whom Washington had just sent to that country (Charles G. Pinckney). This deliberate affront to the United States was denounced by Adams in his first message to Congress; but he sent to Paris a special commission composed of two Federalists and one Republican, [17] in an earnest effort to keep the peace. These commissioners were visited by three agents of the Directory, who told them that before a new treaty could be made they must give a present of $50,000 to each Director, apologize for Adams's denunciation of France, and loan a large sum (practically pay tribute money) to France. In reporting this affair to Congress the Secretary of State concealed the names of the French agents and called them Mr. X, Mr. Y, and Mr. Z. This gave the affair the name of the X. Y. Z. Mission. PREPARATION FOR WAR WITH FRANCE (1798). - The reading of the dispatches in Congress caused a great change in feeling. The country had been insulted, and Congress, forgetting politics, made preparations for war. An army was raised and Washington made lieutenant general. The Navy Department was created and the first Secretary of the Navy appointed. Ships were built, purchased, and given to the government; and with the cry, "Millions for defense, not a cent for tribute," the people offered their services to the President, and labored without pay in the erection of forts along the seaboard. Then was written by Joseph Hopkinson, of Philadelphia, and sung for the first time, our national song Hail, Columbia! [18] THE ALIEN AND SEDITION ACTS. - In preparing for war, Congress had acted wisely. But the Federalists, whom the trouble with France had placed in control of Congress, also passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, which aroused bitter opposition. The Alien Acts were (1) a law requiring aliens, or foreigners, to live in our country fourteen years before they could be naturalized and become citizens; (2) a law giving the President power, for the next two years, to send out of the country any alien he thought to be dangerous to the peace of the United States; and (3) the Alien Enemies Act for the expulsion, in time of war, of the subjects of the hostile government. The Sedition Act provided for the punishment of persons who acted, spoke, or wrote in a seditious manner, that is, opposed the execution of any law of the United States, or wrote, printed, or uttered anything with intent to defame the government of the United States or any of its officials. Adams did not use the power given him by the second Alien Act; but the Sedition Act was rigorously enforced with fines and imprisonment. Such interference with the liberty of the press cost Adams much of his popularity. THE VIRGINIA AND KENTUCKY RESOLUTIONS. - The Republicans were greatly excited by the Alien and Sedition Acts, and at the suggestion of Jefferson resolutions condemning them as unconstitutional [19] and hence "utterly void and of no force" were passed by the legislatures of Kentucky and Virginia. Seven states answered with resolutions declaring the acts constitutional. Whereupon, in the following year (1799), Kentucky declared that when a state thought a law of Congress unconstitutional, that state might veto or nullify it, that is, forbid its citizens to obey it. This doctrine of nullification, as we shall see, was later of serious importance. THE NAVAL WAR WITH FRANCE. - Meantime, the little navy which had been so hastily prepared was sent to scour the seas around the French West Indies, and in a few months won many victories. [20] The publication of the X. Y. Z. letters created almost as much indignation in France as in our country, and forced the Directory to send word that if other commissioners came, they would be received. Adams thereupon appointed three; but when they reached France the Directory had fallen from power, Napoleon was ruling, and with him a new treaty was concluded in 1800. THE ELECTION OF 1800. - The cost of this war made new taxes necessary, and these, coupled with the Alien and Sedition Acts, did much to bring about the defeat of the Federalists. Their candidates for the presidency and vice presidency were John Adams and Charles C. Pinckney. The Republicans nominated Jefferson [21] and Aaron Burr, and won. Unfortunately Jefferson and Burr each received the same number of votes, so it became the duty of the House of Representatives to determine which should be President. When the House elects a President, each state, no matter how many representatives it may have, casts one vote. There were then sixteen states [22] in the Union. The votes of nine, therefore, were necessary to elect. But the Federalists held the votes of six, and as the representatives of two more were equally divided, the Federalists thought they could say who should be President, and tried hard to elect Burr. Finally some of them yielded and allowed the Republicans to make Jefferson President, thus leaving Burr to be Vice President. PRESIDENT JEFFERSON. - The inauguration took place on March 4, 1801, at Washington, to which city the government was removed from Philadelphia in the summer of 1800. [23] Everywhere the day was celebrated with bell ringing, cannonading, dinners, and parades. The people had triumphed; "the Man of the People" was President. Monarchy, aristocracy, and Federalism, it was said, had received a deathblow. 1. The first Congress under the Constitution passed laws establishing the executive departments and the United States courts, and other laws necessary to put the new government in operation. 2. The debts incurred during the Revolution were assumed and funded, and the permanent seat of government (after 1800) was located on the Potomac. 3. Import and excise duties were laid, a national bank was chartered, and a mint was established for coining United States money. 4. In Washington's second term as President (1793-97) there was war between Great Britain and France, and it was with difficulty that our government succeeded in remaining neutral. 5. Treaties were made with Great Britain and Spain, whereby these powers withdrew from the posts they held in our country, the right of deposit at New Orleans was secured, and peace was preserved. 6. A five years' Indian war in the Northwest Territory was ended by Wayne's victory (1794) and the treaty of Greenville (1795). 7. The people of western Pennsylvania resisted the excise tax on whisky, but their insurrection was easily suppressed by a force of militia. 8. Differences on questions of domestic and foreign policy had resulted in the growth of the Federalist and Republican parties, but party organization was imperfect. In 1796 Adams (Federalist) was elected President, and Jefferson (Republican) Vice President. 9. The British treaty and the election of Adams gave offense to the French government, which made insulting demands upon our commissioners sent to that country. A brief naval war in the French West Indies was ended by a treaty made by a new French government in 1800. 10. The passage of the Alien and Sedition Acts brought out protests against them in what are called the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions of 1798-99, one of which claimed the right of a state to nullify an act of Congress which it deemed unconstitutional. 11. In the next presidential election (1800) the Republicans were successful; but as Jefferson and Burr had each the same number of votes, the House of Representatives had to decide which should be President and which Vice President. After a long contest Jefferson was given the higher office, as the Republicans had wished. [1] Washington appointed John Jay the first Chief Justice, and gave the newly created secretaryships of State, Treasury, and War to Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton, and Henry Knox respectively. These men were intended to be heads of departments; but Washington soon began to consult them and the Attorney General on matters of state and thus made them also a body of advisers known as "the Cabinet." All the Secretaries and the Postmaster General and the Attorney General are now members of the Cabinet. [2] These ten amendments form a sort of "bill of rights," and were intended to remove objections to the Constitution by those who feared that the national government might encroach on the liberties of the people. [3] For the different kinds of debt, see p. 211. The Continental money was funded at $1 in government stock for $100 in the paper money; but the other forms of debt were assumed by the government at their face value. All told, - state debts, foreign debt, loan-office certificates, etc., - these obligations amounted to about $75,000,000. To pay so large a sum in cash was impossible, so Congress ordered interest-bearing stock to be given in exchange for evidence of debt. [4] As first laid out, the District of Columbia was a square ten miles on a side, and was partly in Virginia and partly in Maryland. But the piece in Virginia many years later (1846) was given back to that state. [5] After these two states were admitted each was given a star and a stripe on the national flag. Until 1818 our flag thus had fifteen stars and fifteen stripes, no further change being made as new states were admitted. In 1818 two stripes were taken off, the number of stars was made the same as the number of states, and since then each new state has been represented by a new star. [6] Alexander Hamilton was born in 1757 on the island of Nevis, one of the British West Indies. He was sent to New York to be educated, and entered King's College (now Columbia University). There he became an ardent patriot, wrote pamphlets in defense of the first Congress, and addressed a public meeting when but seventeen. He was captain of an artillery company in 1776, one of Washington's aids in 1777-81, distinguished himself at Yorktown, and (in 1782) went to Congress. He was a man of energy, enthusiasm, and high ideals, was possessed of a singular genius for finance, and believed in a vigorous national government. As Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton proposed not only the funding and assumption plans, but the national bank and the mint. [7] The coins were to be the eagle or ten-dollar piece, half eagle, and quarter eagle of gold; the dollar, half, quarter, dime, and half dime of silver; and the cent and half cent of copper. The mint was established at once at Philadelphia, and the first copper coin was struck in 1793. But coinage was a slow process, and many years passed before foreign coins ceased to circulate. The accounts of Congress were always kept in dollars and cents. But the states and the people used pounds, shillings, pence, and Spanish dollars, and it was several years before the states, by law, required their officers to levy taxes and keep accounts in dollars and cents (Virginia in 1792, Rhode Island and Massachusetts in 1795, New York and Vermont in 1797, New Jersey in 1799). [8] A single letter in those days was one written on a single sheet of paper, large or small, and the postage on it was 6 cents for any distance under 30 miles, 8 cents from 30 to 60, 10 cents from 60 to 100, and so on to 450 miles, above which the rate was 25 cents. In all our country there were but 75 post offices, and the revenue derived from them was about $100,000 a year. [9] Read McMaster's History of the People of the U. S., Vol. II, pp. 189-204. [10] Good feeling toward France led the Republicans to some funny extremes. To address a person as Sir, Mr., Mrs., or Miss was unrepublican. You should say, as in France, Citizen Jones, or Citizeness Smith. Tall poles with a red liberty cap on top were erected in every town where there were Republicans; civic feasts were held; and July 14 (the anniversary of the day the Bastile of Paris fell in 1789) was duly celebrated. [11] When Great Britain drove French ships from the sea, France threw open the trade with the French West Indies to other ships. But Great Britain had laid down a rule that no neutral could have in time of war a trade with her enemy it did not have in time of peace. Our merchants fell under the ban of Great Britain for this reason. [12] These frigates were not built. They were really intended for use against the Barbary powers (Morocco, Tunis, Algiers, Tripoli) that were plundering our Mediterranean commerce. These nations of northern Africa had long been accustomed to prey upon European ships and sell the crews into slavery. To obtain protection against such treatment the nations of southern Europe paid these pirates an annual tribute. Some of our ships and sailors were captured, and as we had no navy with which to protect our commerce, a treaty was made with Algiers (1795) which bound us to pay a yearly tribute of "twelve thousand Algerine sequins in maritime stores." We shall see what came of this a few years later. [13] In the Farewell Address, besides giving notice of his retirement, Washington argued at length against sectional jealousy and party spirit, and urged the promotion of institutions "for the general diffusion of knowledge." He disapproved of large standing armies ("overgrown military establishments"), and earnestly declared that our true policy is "to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world," especially European nations. Washington died at Mount Vernon, December 14, 1799. [14] He called on all French citizens living in the United States to wear on their hats the French tricolor (blue, white, and red) cockade, and of course all the Republican friends of France did the same and made it their party badge. He next published in the newspapers a long letter in which he said, in substance, that unless the United States changed its policy toward France it might expect trouble. This meant that unless a Republican President (Jefferson) was elected, there might be war between the two countries. [15] John Adams was born in Quincy, Massachusetts, in 1735. He graduated from Harvard College, studied law, and in 1770 was one of the lawyers who defended the soldiers that were tried for murder in connection with the famous "Boston Massacre." He was sent to the First and Second Continental Congresses, and was a member of the committee appointed to frame the Declaration of Independence, and of the committee to arrange treaties with foreign powers. He was for a time associated with Franklin in the ministry to France; in 1780 went as minister to Holland; and in 1783 was one of the signers of the treaty of peace with Great Britain. In 1785 he was appointed the first United States minister to Great Britain; and in 1789- 97 was Vice President. [16] Adams received 71 votes, Jefferson 68, Pinckney 59, Burr 30, and nine other men also received votes. Under the original Constitution the electors did not vote separately for President and Vice President. Each cast one ballot with two names on it; the man receiving the most votes (if a majority of the number of electors) was elected President, and the man receiving the next highest number was elected Vice President. Thus it happened that while the Federalists elected the President, the Republicans elected the Vice President. [17] The Federalists were John Marshall and Charles C. Pinckney. Elbridge Gerry was the Republican member. [18] Read the account of the popular excitement in McMaster's History of the People of the U. S., Vol. II, pp. 376-387. [19] That is, condemning them on the ground that the Constitution did not give Congress power to make such laws. The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions are printed in full in MacDonald's Select Documents, 1776- 1861, pp. 149-160. [20] One squadron that captured a number of vessels was under the command of Captain John Barry. Another squadron under Captain Truxtun captured sixty French privateers. The Constellation took the French frigate Insurgente and beat the Vengeance, which escaped; the Enterprise captured eight privateers and recaptured four American merchantmen; and the Boston captured the Berceau. During the war eighty-four armed French vessels were taken by our navy. [21] Thomas Jefferson was born on a Virginia plantation April 13, 1743, attended William and Mary College, studied law, and in 1769 became a member of the Virginia House of Burgesses. He rose into notice as a defender of colonial rights, was sent to the Second Continental Congress, and in 1776 wrote the Declaration of Independence. Between 1776 and 1789 he was a member of the Virginia legislature, governor of Virginia, member of Congress (1783-1784), and minister to France (1784-1789). He was a strict constructionist of the Constitution; he wrote the original draft of the Kentucky Resolutions of 1798, had great faith in the ability of the people to govern themselves, and dreaded the growth of great cities and the extension of the powers of the Supreme Court. He and John Adams died the same day, July 4, 1826, the fiftieth anniversary of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence. [22] Tennessee, the sixteenth, was admitted in 1796. [23] A story is current that on inauguration day Jefferson rode unattended to the Capitol and tied his horse to the fence before entering the Senate Chamber and taking the oath of office. The story was invented by an English traveler and is pure fiction. The President walked to the Capitol attended by militia and the crowd of supporters who came to witness the end of the contested election, and was saluted by the guns of a company of artillery as he entered the Senate Chamber and again as he came out. ‹ CHAPTER XVII. OUR COUNTRY IN 1789 up CHAPTER XIX. GROWTH OF THE COUNTRY, 1789-1805 ›	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2090
__label__cc	0.570006	0.429994	A blog about Electronic Music, Art & Media Nesa Azadikhah: Deep House Tehran Iran might not strike you as a hotbed for electronic music exploration – think again Nesa Azadikhah was born in 1984 in the Iranian capital Tehran – whilst this might not first strike you as a centre of electronic music exploration, you might need to think again. Having founded the blog and music collective Deep House Tehran in 2014, the site has become the leading focus for Iranian underground house and electronic music. Covering young artists and homegrown talent worldwide, the site gives coverage to up and coming artists who release music and actively work with record labels across the globe: the likes of Sharooz, Sam Farsio, Bardia F and Namito already making their mark. With the site’s audio amassing more than 3 million plays in the form of podcasts and streaming, there’s no denying the role it’s playing in bringing wider attention to fresh creative output. Nesa holds a diploma in Physics and Mathematics and stepped into the music world when she was 7 years old by starting to learn playing traditional Persian musical instruments and has always enjoyed listening to different genres of music from an early age. Having followed her trajectory for quite some time, we reached out to dig a little deeper into her back story and find out more: What first got you hooked into electronic music? “Well, I started by making my own music selections on cassettes. I also enjoyed playing music at parties and that led me to being attracted to DJing. After that, I got drawn more and more into electronic music.” Who were the first artists you discovered? “When I was a kid, music was’t easily accessible in my country and I mostly had to listen to my father’s 70s-80s archive on cassettes; and I loved listening to Disco music. Music shops were banned in Tehran and what little options found on the black market had to suffice. My first bootleg cassette I bought was a trance selection suggested by the seller from an artist named Paul Oakenfold. I also loved watching Bjork’s music videos on the satellite-TV channels so my next music cassette I ordered was from her.” Was there an underground party scene to speak of when you were younger? “Underground parties have always been running in the city and today we have them a lot too. Although they’ve been prohibited by the government, I honestly I don’t really remember when was the first one that I went to was.” Who has been your biggest influence so far? “I’d have to say two of my closest childhood friends influenced me a lot actually, I’ve always got a lot of news and information about music from them, they’ve always commented on my efforts and gave all the information they could. They were also the ones that got me my first DJ mixer!” What made you decide to start your blog? “There were a lot of reasons for me starting Deep House Tehran, from introducing Iranian artists and their works to the world (the difficulty that I was struggling with all the time because of the lack of connections), to collecting and translating news and articles about Electronic music into Farsi language and publishing them. My own English is a bit poor so I’ve always needed this myself. In fact, all the problems and obstacles that I’ve always struggled with were the exact reasons for me creating a space for Iranian artists to perform and show their art to the outside world in audio and also video form.” There’s been a real explosion of electronic music in Iran, what’s been the driving force? “The easy access to the internet more than anything nowadays, that and watching educational videos, the accessibility of a lot of music software has brought about a lot of home studio set ups. I don’t think it’s happened exclusively in Iran. We’ve seen this kind of explosion in other countries too. The number of musicians and DJs in electronic music has been increasing a lot in all over the world.” From your perspective, which Iranian labels and artists should we be checking out? “I’d like to talk about an Iranian label named “Zabte Sote” by Iranian artist Ata Ebtekar (Sote) that’s has focused more on experimental styles of music and from my point of view, its among the best ones that are being run in Iran.” “Another Iranian music label that I want to mention is Shahr-e-Farang that is being run by one of my favorite artists named Ahu (Sohrab). Although this Iranian label is based in Germany.” When did you start making music yourself? “I started DJing at the age of sixteen and two years later I started production with some music software as well.” What do you think makes a good dj? “In my opinion, a good DJ is one with great character and good energy and taste who can catch and control the attention of the audience by understanding the space and the crowd.” And vice-versa, what do you think makes a good producer? “A good producer is one who is always learning and never thinks or says that they are the best. This humbleness will reflect on the work of the artist surely.” You’ve been building a strong reputation for yourself, what’s been your most exciting moment so far? “This comment puts a smile on my face. Actually I think I have had to go through a very difficult path and put a lot more effort into my work to gain the credit and reputation that you’re talking about. Many things have happened to me at every stage of my career. But one of the most exciting things that happened to me is a short video that was produced to introduce me and DeepHouseTehran. This video was published by 4:3 Boiler room and Wetransfer. Also, I have always wished to record a podcast for NTS Radio and I finally got this amazing offer from them for the international women’s day.” What projects are you working at the moment? “Currently, I’m working on a live music performance that I hope would be possible to be performed in Iran, Otherwise I’m going to plan to perform it outside the country. I’ve also made an EP/album recently that is going to be released soon on the Verdant Recordings label.” How do you see the future developing for you? “First of all, I am hoping to promote Deep House Tehran a lot further. This group’s fame and success would not have been possible without an extensive team work and collaboration with my good friends and artists Farhang Heydari and Parsa Parhizkar. In addition I’m hoping to be able to perform my personal projects in different stages.” Ly Sander’s flea market finds Under the Northern Lights: Annie Errez Sounds from Sweden \| Johanna Knutsson Alan Oldham: 20 Years of Pure Sonik Filed under All, Interviews, Music, News, Side Bar Previous PostCartoon corner Next PostInnate Playlist 008: DJ Guy rolls with his favourite Jungle & Hardcore sounds Follow Innate 3 decades of shaping sound – Cisco Ferreira Hot off the press: Daisy Moon Innate Playlist 009: Eli Verveine shines a light on the sounds of Switzerland A Sagittariun – A Fistful Of Bitcoins – Elastic Dreams © 2019 Innate media. All Rights Reserved	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2103
__label__wiki	0.920636	0.920636	How high US tax rates are causing companies to flee the country There is a growing trend of US companies buying foreign companies and reincorporating overseas so a to reduce their tax burden. The recent merger of California chip maker Applied Materials and Japanese company Tokyo Electron saved a lot of money by reincorporating in the Netherlands. From the New York Times: . . . The merged company will save millions of dollars a year by moving — not to one side of the Pacific or the other, but by reincorporating in the Netherlands. When Applied Materials announced its deal for Tokyo Electron, it said that its effective tax rate would drop to 17 percent from 22 percent as a result. For a company that had nearly $2 billion in profit in 2011, that amounts to savings of about $100 million a year. Last year, the Eaton Corporation, a power management company from Cleveland, acquired Cooper Industries, based in Ireland, for $13 billion, and reincorporated there. The company expects to save $160 million a year as a result of the move. In July, Omnicom, the large New York advertising group, agreed to merge with Publicis Groupe, its French rival, in a $35 billion deal. The new company will be based in the Netherlands, resulting in savings of about $80 million a year. Also in July, Perrigo, a pharmaceutical company from Allegan, Mich., said it would acquire Elan, an Irish drug company, for $6.7 billion. Perrigo will also reincorporate in Ireland, bringing its effective tax rate to 17 percent from 30 percent, and saving the company an estimated $150 million a year, much of it in taxes. Ireland’s 12.5 percent corporate tax rate is a big draw for some companies. Earlier in the year, Actavis, based in Parsippany, N.J., bought Warner Chilcott, a drug maker with headquarters in Dublin, and said it would reincorporate in Ireland, leading to an estimated $150 million in savings over two years. “These companies are doing the math and seeing they can save a couple hundred million dollars by doing this,” said Martin A. Sullivan, chief economist at Tax Analysts, a nonprofit group that publishes analysis about global taxes. But the small fortunes saved by inverted companies amounts to billions in revenue not collected by Washington. . . . The article has other examples: Tyco went to Bermuda in 1997 to lower its tax bill. A year later, Fruit of the Loom moved to the Cayman Islands. And in 2001, Ingersoll-Rand reincorporated in Bermuda. . . . Map: Six Decades of the Most Popular Names for Gir...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2107
__label__cc	0.644573	0.355427	U.K. authorities had refused to give child medical treatment he needs, parents take child out of country, UK seek extradition to force family back to country Socialized medical system in the UK can't give a young boy suffering a brain tumor the specialized medical treatment he needs. So the family, trying to save the boy's life, takes the boy out of the country. In response, the government puts out a criminal warrant for the family. From the Associated Press: The grandmother of a 5-year-old British boy with a severe brain tumor accused U.K. authorities on Monday of cruelty for seeking an arrest warrant and pursuing the family abroad after his parents removed him from a British hospital against medical advice. Hours later, a Spanish judge ordered the parents' detention for 72 hours while a court in Madrid considers whether to grant Britain an extradition request. Grandmother Patricia King told the BBC it was an "absolute disgrace" that her son and daughter-in-law were accused of child neglect after they took Ashya from Southampton General Hospital last week. The family says U.K. authorities had refused to give Ashya the kind of treatment he needed. The family has criticized Britain's health care system, saying he needs an advanced treatment option called proton beam therapy and that it wasn't being made available to him. King's parents were arrested Sunday in southeastern Spain after a European arrest warrant was issued by Interpol at the request of British police. Their son is receiving medical treatment for a brain tumor. After his parents' arrest, he was admitted to a Spanish hospital. . . . Labels: healthcare, socialism, UK Confusingly Clear said... Not the least surprised that it happened in the U.K., given that the system here has gone even further. Justina Pelletier was made a ward of Massachusetts Department of Children and Families, her parents were at first allowed only weekly supervised visitation, and her original doctors were not allowed to see her, all because some new doctors at Boston Children's Hospital (who had never seen her previously) decided to disagree with the diagnosis and treatment she was receiving from her doctors at Tufts Medical Center. It took 16 months for her family to get her back, during which time her medical condition deteriorated significantly. Obama's judicial nominees being pushed through the... Another broken promise by Obama: immigration The problem with US corporate income taxes isn't j... Why Google's self-driving car is not ready for pri... Your tax dollars at work: US Forest Service spends... Obama ready to go it alone on UN climate change tr... Update on state waiting periods. Judicial decisio... Pennsylvania school districts keeping substitute t... Scary: Harvard Prof. Charles Ogletee just makes th... Soros, Bloomberg, Steyer, and other billionaires m...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2108
__label__wiki	0.849262	0.849262	28 Sep 2011: Mr Jack Williams "Hungerford Fire Brigade" Over a hundred people gathered for the first Hungerford Historical Association talk of the new season given by local historian and ex-mayor Jack Williams. Jack and his family have had a long involvement with the fire service in Hungerford and he was able to recount fascinating stories from the past ranging from catching the horses before being able to take the horse drawn fire appliance out; to attending road accident on the M4. Jack was the first fireman at the scene when James Flour Mill caught fire in June 1960. This was the largest ever fire in Hungerford's history and took fifteen days to damp down. Jack also bought along photos; fireman's helmets; boots and other memorabilia from both Hungerford and Hungerford's twin town of Ligeuil in France. The next talk will be given by Dr Hugh Pihlens "The Pihlens family – from Latvia to Hungerford" on Wednesday, October 26th at 7.30pm in the Corn Exchange, Hungerford. Shelagh Parry 26 Oct 2011: Dr Hugh Pihlens – "From Latvia to Hungerford" Over a hundred members of the Hungerford Historical Association were treated to an excellent talk by Dr Hugh Pihlens last Wednesday night. Dr Pihlens was a very popular and highly respected GP in Hungerford for all his professional life but his talk focused on his family links with Latvia. His grandfather had been a Latvian nationalist revolutionary in the early 20th century and had to escape in the hold of a German cargo ship from the Russian police and their bayonets. Eventually as a non-English speaking Protestant refugee he arrived in England and was befriended by a Church of England vicar and given employment and sanctuary by the vicar's family. He met and married an English girl and they settled down in the West Country where Dr Pihlens was born. A wonderful story much appreciated by the audience, a lot of whom resolved to research their own family history. The next talk will be given by The Countess of Carnarvon "Lady Almina and the Real Downton Abbey" on Wednesday, November 23rd at 7.30pm in the Corn Exchange, Hungerford (Shelagh Parry) 23 Nov 2011: The Countess of Carnarvon – "Lady Almina and the Real Downton Abbey". Over a hundred and fifty members and guests of the Hungerford Historical Association were treated to an excellent talk by the Countess of Carnarvon last Wednesday night on her latest book which tells the story of Lady Almina, who was married to the 5th Earl of Carnarvon. Lady Almina established a hospital for wounded officers at Highclere during the First World War. She nursed the officers herself and "treated them like the best people in the world". During her research Lady Carnarvon found a number of personal letters from servicemen and their families in the Castle's archives. One read "thank you for all you did for my son – my husband got to his bedside before he died" The 5th Earl was a keen photographer and took a great many photos during his 14 years excavating in Egypt with Howard Carter. The tomb of Tutankhamun was found in 1922 just before the Earl's money ran out. A number of artefacts from the tomb are housed in the museum of Cairo, but there is also a collection if items at Highclere. Her talk was full of very humorous anecdotes dealing with larger than life characters. A really excellent evening enjoyed by the audience. The next talk will be given by Canon Alan Deboo "The Railways and Society in Victorian England" on Wednesday, January 25th 2012 at 7.30pm in the Corn Exchange, Hungerford. 25 Jan 2012: The Revd Alan Deboo - "The Railways and Society in Victorian England". The Hungerford Historical Association was treated to fascinating talk by Canon Alan Deboo, who is a Canon of Salisbury Cathedral, on the effects of the railways on English society in the 19th century. He said that initially the Railways during the Victorian era were not built with safety in mind, but with the aim of making as much money as possible. There was very little regulation and accidents were so common that only major disasters were reported on. In cities the railways were deliberately built in working class areas because the land was cheap to buy and as most of the housing was rented the railway companies did not have to pay any compensation to tenants. It was estimated that between 41,000 to 55,000 people were displaced by railway construction leading to homelessness and depravation. However on the positive side new occupations, new towns and better distribution of fresh food all improved the majority of people's lives. It also enabled ordinary people to travel. In 1851 as many as 6 million people visited the Great Exhibition during the five months it was held at Crystal Palace the majority of whom arrived by train. As many as 5% of the population worked on the railways in the 19th century. These jobs were secure and for some jobs e.g. booking clerks there was a waiting list. The working conditions of railway workers were improved when they combined together in Friendly Societies which later became Trade Unions. The railways also led to a rapid rise in certain spectator sports, e.g. football, cricket and racing and enabled mass pleasure travel and sea-side holidays. The railways transformed the economy of Victorian society and transformed the landscape of the countryside and was the most remarkable development of the Victorian age. The next talk will be given by John Parry on "Oliver Cromwell –God's Englishman" on Wednesday, February 22nd 2012 at 7.30pm in the Corn Exchange, Hungerford 22 Feb 2012: Mr John Parry - "Oliver Cromwell –God's Englishman" King or Parliament in 1642? Would you have been one of the six out of ten Members of Parliament for Berkshire who declared for Parliament in 1642 at the beginning of the Civil War? This was the question posed to over 100 members of the Hungerford Historical Association by the speaker, John Parry, during his entertaining and instructive talk on Oliver Cromwell. The well received talk was illustrated with reference to a 1592 copy of the Geneva Bible and three silver shillings from the reign of Charles I, the Commonwealth of England, and Oliver Cromwell's Lord Protectorship. Mr Parry also mounted a very spirited defence of the decision to execute Charles I and Cromwell's role in Ireland. He concluded his talk by arguing that the strength of Cromwell's army lay in the fact that they were committed to what became known as the "Good Old Cause", the wish for a religiously tolerant and liberal England. The next talk will be given by Colonel Robin Buchanan–Dunlop CBE –"The village of Ham in the Middle Ages" on Wednesday, March 28th 2012 at 7.30pm in the Corn Exchange, Hungerford 28 March 2012: Col Robin Buchanan–Dunlop, CBE –"The village of Ham in the Middle Ages" Over a 100 members of the Hungerford Historical Association listened to an excellent, scholarly talk by Robin Buchanan–Dunlop on the history of his village, Ham, in the middle ages. He cleverly linked the narrative of the English nation with the history of this beautiful Wiltshire village and reminded his audience that the Wansdyke, which passes through the parish, was once a major defensive position, although its actual origins are lost in the mists of time. Several others of the 10th and 11th century's boundary markers as mentioned in the original charter and the Domesday Book can still be found today. It was a well received presentation which added to members' historical knowledge of Ham. The next talk will be given by Mr William Shand M.D "A man that looks on glass…" on Wednesday, April 25th 2012 at 7.30pm in the Corn Exchange, Hungerford. 25 Apr 2012: Mr William Shand, MD - "A Man that looks on Glass" Hungerford Historical Association was given an excellent talk on the history of stained glass by William Shand, a retired Consultant Surgeon from St Barts Hospital, took the title of his talk from a George Herbert poem "The Elixir". Mr Shand suggested that the only way to view stained glass properly is by looking through binoculars so that all the details of the windows can be appreciated. In addition to the magnificent windows in Canterbury and York Cathedrals he highlighted several churches that should be visited:- Fairford, Gloucestershire which is the only church in England with it's original glass; All Saints Church, Tudeley, Kent which is the only church in the world to have all it's twelve windows by Marc Chagall; The Chapel of St Anthony at Oundle School, built as a memorial to the fallen of WW1 with the windows designed by John Piper and made by Patrick Reyntiens; St Andrew's Church in Kimbolton, Cambridgeshire which has the only window in England designed by Tiffany. The next talk will be given by Roger Day – "Savernake at War" on Wednesday, 25th May 2012 at 7.30pm 23 May 2012: Mr Roger Day - "Savernake at War" Local Hungerford resident and historian, Roger Day, gave an excellent presentation to the Hungerford Historical Association on Savernake at War at their meeting on Wednesday 23 May. From the founding of the largest British Army ammunition depot in 1940 to its de-commissioning after the War the large audience were entertained with stories of poison gas bombs, American and British soldiers, new railway sidings, but the most impressive of all, the great explosion of 2 November 1946 at North Savernake sidings where 8 soldiers died. Superb acts of bravery were performed with 18 awards for gallantry given to soldiers, firemen and railway staff. These awards included 2 George Crosses and 4 George Medals. They are the highest awards for bravery awarded outside war zones given by the King at that time. The next meeting of the Hungerford Historical Association will be the AGM on Wednesday 27 June at 7.30pm, when Mr Ron Rowland will give a presentation on 35 years of CHAIN.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2112
__label__cc	0.568592	0.431408	pheromone store - Romance or Sex on a first date: Yes or No? Romance or Sex on a first date: Yes or No? Sex on the first date? Oh, here is a nice taboo topic that I know everyone talks about, with their friends and a few choice people. But few people talk about it out in the open. So the big question is really, yes or no, do we have sex on the first date or not? Well to tell you the truth, it's all a personal opinion. What if the sexual attraction is there between you and the other person? We know that sometimes when we meet someone for the first time, we get this feeling of wanting sex or romance. There is nothing wrong with it; we need to remember, it is still a feeling and apart of our everyday lives. One of the oldest uses of perfumes comes from the burning of incense and aromatic herbs used in religious services. This very often comes from the aromatic gums, frankincense and myrrh, gathered from trees. The ancient people often soaked the fragrant woods and resins in water and oil, and rubbed their bodies with the liquid. They also embalmed the dead with these perfumes. The word "perfume" comes from the Latin word per fume "through smoke". The first form of perfume was incense, and it was first discovered by the Mesopotamians about 4,000 years ago. However, the Egyptians were the first to incorporate perfume into their culture followed by the ancient Chinese, Hindus, Israelites, Carthaginians, Arabs, Greeks, and Romans. Several studies have shown promising results. Dr. Winifred Cutler, a biologist and behavioral endocrinologist, found pheromones present in underarm secretions. She also found that women who had regular sex with men had more regular menstrual cycles. Pheromones which had been identified in the under arms of men contributed significantly to this outcome. Perfume is made from about 78% to 95% of specially denatured ethyl alcohol and a remainder of essential oils. With the advances in science, human euphoria perfumes and colognes soon came into the market. These are scientifically engineered pheromone concentrate that has proven effects on attracting the opposite sex. Just as animals use scents to attract others, humans possess the same senses which are potent for sexual attraction! Another notable study was conducted by Martha Mclintock in the 1970's when she observed that the menstrual cycles of groups of women who lived together tended to become synchronized. Further study revealed the startling fact that it was exposure to pheromones from other women which caused the changes in cycle. Test subjects were exposed to sweat samples collected from other women. Their menstrual cycles slowed down or sped up depending on the time of month when the samples had been collected. The implications of this discovery for treatment of infertility or even contraception are obviously extremely exciting and it has been suggested that pheromones could also be used to alter mood and alleviate depression and stress. Why is it more difficult for agreeable, beautiful features to stand out from a mass of ugly characteristics? Why is it so easy for ugly features to cast a veiling shadow over beautiful characteristics and to make us forget everything about beauty? Truth be told, it all depends on how we are educated and on the environment we spend most of our time. In time, we tend to acquire the same standards of labeling as those shared by those around us. If most of the people in the company of whom we live think that a fat woman is an ugly woman, then so do we, even if somewhere else there are people (both men and women) who are not disturbed by a bit of fat. On the contrary, they even find it appealing. However, perfume smell is not the only thing that attracts the opposite sex. Studies show that men associate the scents of cinnamon and vanilla with love. Cinnamon was believed to be an aphrodisiac. And thus, to attract your man, try baking cinnamon rolls before a date, or simply wear a cinnamon-vanilla scented perfume. But do pheromones work in the world of mammals as well? Studies done on hamsters and rats certainly seem to suggest they do. These studies also suggested that pheromones do not act directly on the normal olfactory senses. They do involve smells but they seem to act through a very specific channel. That's all very well but do these same mechanisms of attraction and behavior modification apply to the most complex of mammals – man himself? This has long been debated. Sense of smell is perhaps one of human beings least used senses and given the world we live in we perhaps need to rely on it less for survival than other primitive mammals. We see, hear and smell other people; we do this on a daily basis, sometimes without even being aware of it. Sometimes unwillingly, other times deliberately, we tag other people on account of what our senses tell us about them. If their physical appearance reveals anything that we could label as unpleasant, we tend to immediately dismiss any association between beauty and the individual we are examining. However, which are the characteristics that make us differentiate between ugly women/ugly men and their beautiful counterparts? Speaking from experience, I never did have sex on the first date or even the third date. Sometimes I am happy with it, and the other times I wish I did. Some people view sex like it is love making, not entirely true, well really it all depends on who you talk to. Some people will say that the sexual pleasure you give and receive should be from somebody special. The sexual attraction that is felt for someone is a thing that can not be held back but the actions can be. I guess the question should read, "Do we act on or feelings of sexual desires on someone we just met when the sexual attraction is there?" Researchers believe that the vomeronasal organs are instrumental in picking up these specialized signals. The vomeronasal organs or VNO's are tiny cigar-shaped organs found in the nostrils which appear to communicate directly with the parts of the brain that control reproduction and parenting behavior. In creating Human Euphoria Pheromones, pure pheromones are added to essential oils that produce a scent designed to immediately attract the opposite sex. Some companies use 99.99% pure reagent-grade product and contain a combination of both Androstenone and Androstenol pheromones designed to create an incredibly powerful sexual attraction. On the other hand a multi-billion dollar worldwide perfume industry is ample proof of the importance that most of us place on odors and perhaps the lengths to which we go to mask what we consider to be undesirable smells. But do humans have naturally occurring pheromones which impact on the lives of others in the species? First of all, an adequate, uniform body stance, lacking visible, major physical imperfections, is likely to determine us to label such as presence as an agreeable one. On the contrary, if there is something that ruins this uniformity, we tend to instantly detect something that reminds us of ugliness. For instance, there are many women who are tall and well-built; they have the perfect complexion, the perfect legs and breasts, and the perfect lips and eyes, and yet they are labeled as ugly women simply because their faces are "decorated", in some of the most incredible manners, by literally misshaped noses, too big or too crooked, making them look like evil sorceresses or strangely nosed animals. The feelings we get from sexual pleasure is a feeling like we get from being happy or sad. Nevertheless, it's still a feeling and that's it, a simple emotion. Do we deny ourselves the chance to be happy or sad? No we don't! So what is the big deal about sex on the first date? It is all perceived how we view it in our minds and what we where taught when we where younger by the people who raised us. Old fashion people will say it is bad, the not so old fashion generation will say it is good. On the other hand, women are attracted to a black licorice scent. So men, go eat your licorice! In this little adventure in perfume scent - science secret smell revealed, we have covered a short history of perfume and the science behind it. However, the most widely known purpose and the one which has always attracted the most attention is the use of pheromones as a means of sexual attraction. Pheromones as a sexual attractant were identified as far back as 1956 when scientists extracted a compound from certain glands on the abdomen of the silkworm moth. This pheromone which they named bombykol was found to have an amazing effect on male silkworm moths. When exposed to it they immediately went into a frenzied "flutter dance". Pheromones are chemicals that send signals to other members of the same species. These signals could serve many purposes such as marking out territory (As dogs and cats do) or to mark a food trail (How ants all seem to converge on the same food source) or to send alarm signals warning other members of the species of impending danger. Pheromones are also likely to be the scientific basis of the romantic concept of "chemistry" between individuals – that feeling of an instant attraction and connection with certain people. There is also evidence that we seek out mates whose immune systems complement ours. In other words we are instinctively attracted to people whose immune systems are most different from our own. This ensures the production of the strongest and healthiest offspring. Our instinctive actions are based on the pheromonal signals we pick up. Grasse in Provence, France became a centre for flower and herb growing for the perfume industry. In the same area, men who treated leathers found themselves smelling so badly that they perfumed themselves and the leathers. Thus, they became knowledgeable about making botanical essences and they subsequently became the early perfume noses. But it was only in the 20th century that scents and designer perfumes were really mass produced. Way before that, the few trade names that existed were Coty and Yardley who made fairly light scents with familiar smells. Here's an adventure in perfume scent - science secret smell revealed! You'll discover why. So, let's begin at the beginning... The science of perfume is thousands of years old. The same happens with some of the ugly men we meet. The point is that a single detail is enough to destroy what could otherwise be called a pleasant posture. However, even a single detail turns into something uninviting that cannot be ignored if it is visible. On the other hand, there are ugly people in the posture of whom we cannot identify but rarely some minor details that could be said to be beautiful. It is amazing how one uncomely detail can contribute to a general categorization into ugly women or ugly men and, on the contrary, how one beautiful detail is not sufficient to "redeem" individuals from their identification as ugly people. People feel sexually attracted to other people on account of a number of physical traits that could be identified, at the level of each individual, as pleasant and seductive. This means that physical appearance has the greatest influence on determining the type of partner we want, at least in the beginning of an intimate, erotic relationship. As a result, we are prompted into categorizing people into ugly men and ugly women. However, this identification only depends on individual preferences. Now the flip side of the coin, only because not everything is one sided. Sex and romance are two things that should be taken very serious. So, sex on the first date maybe out of the question, maybe a bit to taboo for some people, but it is out there none the less. Having sexual pleasure from someone you don't really know has its own set of risks. Embarking on an adventure of sex that involves two people that are at the first stages of something that can be grand is a scary thought and should be thought about wisely. What ever your choice is, it is the right choice for you. Sexual attraction happens if we want it to or not. Everybody has their own opinion in this topic, just as I do and you do. If you decide to wait for that right person to come along and share nights of sex and romance with, so be it! If you are one for sex on the first date, the only advice I can offer is be careful, have fun and may your experience be as every bit of exciting as you hope! With the advances in organic chemistry, synthetic perfume products were first produced in the late 19th century. And, many new scents soon came into the market. In the end, the whole point is that sexual attraction is practically absent where one of the two potential partners identifies something as ugly in the appearance of the other. However, there are many people who don't mind a nose a lot bigger than the usual standards as long as the face and the body that carry such a nose are otherwise unblemished. Truth be told, no one is searching for perfection. They are only looking for someone whose body should display as little or as few imperfections as possible. Even ugly women and ugly men could back up such a statement; if they are ugly, it doesn't necessarily mean they are attracted to ugliness. Contact Us \| About Us \| Privacy Policy \| RSS Feed \| pheromone store	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2114
__label__cc	0.587327	0.412673	Kidding Herself A child's guide to going out Herself on social media Kidding Herself is a child's guide to going out in and around Moscow, Russia and London, England. Herself on Twitter Herself on Instagram Happy New Year! С новым годом! . . . . Merry Christmas! . . . . . #christmasdecorations # Live in Moscow and you will become quite the house Herself on Facebook This is what the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy has to say… Herself via Email Tag: Russian poetry Raised eyebrows at the Yesenin Museum in Moscow Within the first ten minutes of the tour of the Sergei Yesenin Museum we were standing in a circle round a tree reciting a poem. Yesenin is what the Internet describes as ‘one of the greatest Russian poets of the 20th century’ and Mama describes as ‘who?’ So before we went to his museum she looked him up. And given what she found out she was really looking forward to discovering how his life would be conveyed to a mixed group of 5 to 12-year-olds. The Internet calls Yesenin a lyric poet. This means that he was extremely enthusiastic about just how damn beautiful existence, the world, and Russian nature was. Which doesn’t necessarily mean happy, of course. Painfully beautiful is also a thing. Here is the poem we all learn off by heart the minute we set foot in school in Russia, the one we kicked off with at the beginning of the tour, the one that Mama really should have a vague memory of, having launched children into the Russian education system twice now. It’s about a tree: The white birch tree/ Beneath my window/ Has covered herself with snow,/ Like silver. The fluffy branches/ Trimmed with snow/ Have grown themselves bristles,/ A white fringe. And the birch stands/ In sleepy silence./ And the snowflakes burn,/ Golden fire. Dawn, lazily,/ Walking around,/ Sprinkles the branches/ With new silver. It rhymes in Russian. Mama also thinks there is a more poetic way to say both ‘fluffy branches’ and ‘bristles’ but cannot think of it off the top of her head. Have at it if you want to improve on her translation efforts. Mama stood out on the tour of the Yesenin Museum, as aside from the tree-worshipping opening, the guides had the habit of every now and again throwing out a the first few lines of a stanza, and everybody in the room reflexively finished them off. Except Mama. Hey ho. Mama suspects that Sergei Yesenin wrote his poetry the way he lived his life. Because Yesenin seems to have flung himself into it with blind passion and a total disregard for what people might think, any sense of self preservation, or what he probably should have been doing. He ended up with a childhood spent in a village being used as a gun dog by his uncles and flung into lakes to teach him how to swim; a book of poetry completed before he left school (unpublished); some time as an editor in Moscow; a military career (short-lived); sudden and enduring FAME very shortly after he started publishing poetry (in a children’s magazine); a book of religious poetry; the habit of dressing theatrically as a peasant in St Petersburg’s literary salons; arrests for refusing to publish pro-monarchist verses, for participating in revolutionary activities and later for continually pissing of the Soviet authorities with criticism that this was not at all what he had meant (sometimes in verse); eight wives/ girlfriends (depending on how you count it), who included the American dancer Isadora Duncan, with whom he did not share a common language, a famous actress and Lev Tolstoy’s granddaughter, as well as a number of same-sex flings and relationships; four kids; his own publishing house and literary movement, heavy on metaphor, Imaginism; a drinking problem complete with drunken rampages in private and public and a large number of low drinking dives where everybody knew his name; a drug habit; at least one nervous breakdown; and an affinity for the stray or abused animals he took as pets. All before he was thirty. Which was when he died. He killed himself. There are those who say that he was killed by the Soviet security forces. But there is also a farewell poem. Written in his own blood. Because he had run out of ink. Apparently. Which he sent to his final lover a few days before his death. Papa describes Sergei Yesenin as a rock star. Some feat, given that he died in 1925, but I daresay you can see what he means. And why Mama’s eyebrows were well in her hairline contemplating our visit. Not helped when a friend said that when she was at school, the tidbit of retained information a classmate actually wrote in an essay about the poet was ‘Yesenin usually felt the urge to drink with hobos or illuminate [sic] some prostitutes’. Mama thinks the child may have been exposed to some of Yesenin’s later poetry. Here is one from that era. Mama has been wondering around after Papa all day going, so when he says this, does he mean that or this other thing? Why doesn’t Google translate recognise this word at all? And then they argued about whether some image would be better translated as ‘I’m depressed’, or whether they should leave it alone, even if it is a bit awkward in an English version. This poem also rhymes in Russian. That is beyond Mama’s poetic capacity entirely so you will just have to imagine that part. Yes. It’s decided. There’s no going back./ I’ve left my roots behind./ The rustling poplar leaves/ Will sound without me. Without me the small house is falling into ruin,/The old dog is long dead./ On Moscow’s winding streets/ I’ll die, I know, God promised me. I love this old town/ Be it ever so run down and ever so decrepit./ Drowsy golden Asia/ is slumbering on cupolas. But when the moonlight is shining,/ When it shines – the devil knows how!/ I go, head down,/ Down the alley to a local bar. The noise and chatter of the den is unsettling,/ But all night long, until dawn,/I read poems to prostitutes/ And knock back shots with gangsters. My heart is beating faster and faster/ And I find myself suddenly saying,/ “I’m just like you, lost,/ There’s no going back. Without me the small house is falling into ruin,/ The old dog is long dead./ On Moscow’s winding streets/I’ll die, I know, God promised me.” In fact, so rock star is Yesenin, that actual rock stars have borrowed his lyrics for songs. Here is the one Mama has been labouring over performed by Zemfira, who was very big in the 90s in an angsty riot grrrrl kind of way. Mama, in fact, knew the song, but did not know it was co-authored by Yesenin. ‘He led a very full life’ was how all this was covered on the tour of the Yesenin Museum. A very full life. So full, they said, that although he died young, Yesenin crammed what everyone else might be reasonably expected to manage in three years into one. Which instantly made everyone feel OK about them opening the tour with the early death (by unspecified means). (Mama looks forward to seeing if the death scene is how every tour of a House Museum in Russia begins, what with the one of Tchaikovsky’s house being much the same. Watch this space). The Yesenin Museum turned out to one small room and a corridor in a much bigger wooden building. Yesenin was only actually here at the very beginning of his time in the metropolis – it’s actually the room his father rented while he worked as a bookkeeper in a butchers. He tried to get Yesenin to join him in this, but Yesenin didn’t fancy it much. This room doesn’t actually take much time to tour, especially of you are providing a, ahem, heavily edited version of Yesenin’s life. We ended up focusing mostly on Sergei Yesenin’s love for nature, for his motherland, for village life, and for animals. This meant that we disappeared off to a different room and participated in all sorts of dressing up opportunities, animal themed charades, folk dancing, rustic games involving things like winding and unwinding wool and such like, and a memorable moment where my Star Struck Big Bro thought that he was actually going to get to remove a live frog from a pitcher of milk (don’t ask). His disgust when it turned out to be a toy was a sight to behold, but luckily the next activity was a competition of guessing the name of birds from their song, which he won. Comfortably. Inevitably, my Star Struck Big Bro’s two favourite stories about Yesenin post-tour are about animals. Firstly there is the time he took his bread ration and fed it to the sparrows, which outraged some people watching, who felt that if he didn’t want it himself, there were plenty of hungry people about who did. Yesenin was unrepentant, and declared that birds had just as much right to eat as humans. The second story is about a dog, which Yesenin acquired from a man who declared that its unusually shaped ears meant it was an unusual breed of dog. When he got it home, Yesenin discovered that it was an ordinary mutt, whose ears had been stitched up. Yesenin unstitched them, and kept the dog anyway. It may not surprise you, then, that the Yesenin Museum is committed to supporting the work of animal shelters in Moscow. Anyway. The Yesenin Museum, or rather the tour of the Yesenin Museum, works very hard to keep you interested in the poet, without actually boring you with all the details of his humdrum existence. They seem to be English enabled as well. If you have got a taste for blistering pastoral metaphor, and fancy contributing to the welfare of Moscow’s cats and dog population to boot, this is one for your list. The Yesenin Museum’s website (in English – ignore the fact they don’t seem to be keeping the news up to date in this version). This is what the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy has to say about Kurt Cobain. Address: 24 Strochenovsky Pereulok, Building 2, Moscow, 115054 Admission: Adults, 300 roubles and kids, 150 roubles. There is an audio guide for 350 roubles, but Mama really recommends investing in the face to face tour, assuming it is much the same in English as ours was in Russian. You also have to pay 150 roubles if you want to take photos. Opening: Wednesday through Sunday 10am – 6pm, although it opens at 1pm – 9pm on Thursdays. Closed Monday and Tuesday. Getting there: It’s between either the Brown/ Grey line stations of Dobryninskaya/ Serpukhovskaya and the Brown/ Green line station, Paveletskaya, a short walk away from either. Pin for later? Posted on 10th November 2019 7th December 2019 Author HerselfCategories Moscow, MuseumsTags Moscow, Russia, Russian Poet, Russian poetry, Sergei Yesenin1 Comment on Raised eyebrows at the Yesenin Museum in Moscow The State Museum of A S Pushkin is not the one with all the paintings. Pursuing the loud classical music wafting from the back of the museum, Mama galloped my Untiring Big Brother and Papa through the foyer and out to the very pleasant, airy atrium at the back, where a full-blown orchestra was entertaining visitors of the State Museum of A S Pushkin, the Pushkin literary museum in Moscow, to Mussorgsky. Mama likes Mussorgsky. Initially Mama was quite irritated to have her view spoiled a bit by a woman standing up right at the front of the audience. Then she realised this was the sand painting artist. Mama does not believe that classical music really needs embellishment, but we children are much more receptive to this sort of duel entertainment. It definitely helped to hold my Untiring Big Brother’s interest in the proceedings until the concert finished. Which took about ten minutes. The family should not have stopped for refreshment on their journey from the Moscow Modern Art Museum on their Moscow Museum Night marathon visit to no less than five cultural attractions in one evening. Still, they hadn’t actually come for the music, that was just a happy accident. They had really come for the insight into the life and times of Russia’s most celebrated literary genius, Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin. You know, the Shakespeare of the Russian speaking world. Pushkin. Ummmmm. Yes, well. His magnum opus was a novel-length poem. The rest of his work was either transcendental love songs, powerful verses on the beauty of nature and the tragedy of the human condition, anti-censorship political odes, and whimsical rhyming fairy tales. I see the difficulty here. It’s quite hard to translate Russian at the best of times, let alone Russian which is the distilled essence of language, the perfectly chosen wording of poetry. Especially poetry which is especially renowned for its complex simplicity. It’s not surprising he is less well-known in the non-Russian speaking world. Of course, Pushkin has a great back story. One of his great grandfathers was a slave from Ethiopia, or Cameroon, or possibly Eritrea (who wound up a general in the service of Peter the Great). He married the most beautiful woman in Russia, after a youth spent energetically playing the field (and immortalising his infatuations in poetry). He was a bit of a dissident, and was exiled to the countryside a couple of times (but brought back, because the Tsar wanted the beautiful wife at court). He single-handedly dragged literary Russian out of its stilted outdated phrasing and tortuous syntax into a modern vernacular (which still resonates with present day Russians). He also wrote dirty limericks on the side (as well as lampooning people who annoyed him in pithy verse). He illustrated all his poems with little sketches of the characters (and landscape) he was describing. At the age of 37 he was killed in a duel (over the beautiful wife after some seriously long-term trolling by his French brother-in-law). He out-Byroned Byron, in fact (and was probably less of a shit. Says Mama). Oh, that Pushkin. Yes. The classic Yevgeny Onegin has been turned into an opera, a ballet, a play and several films. Stephen Fry himself has voiced the audiobook translation. That Pushkin. So there are at least three museums which have Alexander Pushkin’s name on them in Moscow alone, and he’s not even that associated with the city (St Petersburg was the capital back in his day. The museum of his life is there. There’s also his country estate somewhere thataway). There’s an apartment museum from his brief time here, a world-class fine arts museum, and one which is more about his life and times. That’s the one that Mama and the gang were in. You are going to ask when Pushkin lived, aren’t you? First half of the 19th century. What would be called the Regency period in the UK. Fabulous dresses. Great china. Lovely furniture. Balls. Chandeliers and champagne. Plus the aftermath of the Napoleonic invasion of Russia (who made it all the way to Moscow before being crushed by the terrible winter on his way out). Lots of tension between liberal modernising movements and… less progressive elements. Serfdom was still a thing. There was even a revolution attempt, called the Decemberist revolt (which Pushkin missed because he had already been banished). Further authoritarian crackdowns followed, and thousands were sent off to Siberia. The State Museum of A S Pushkin focuses more on the aristocratic social whirl than the inevitable march towards the 1917 revolution though. Fitting as the mansion the museum is housed in was one in which many upper class visitors of Pushkin’s time would have enjoyed hospitality from the owner’s round of parties. What Mama found most interesting, though, was the basement dedicated to exploring Pushkin’s lingering impact on modern Russia. A varied and eclectic collection of literary souvenirs, artistic responses in all sorts of mediums, and films on a loop, retellings of his stories. Even more child friendly, there are also a number of rooms dedicated to the fairy stories, folk art and a computer based quest around a Russian fantasy world. My Untiring Big Brother, despite the fact that it was now about 11.30pm, dived straight into the digital distraction. Mama and Papa sat in a chair and stared, somewhat pie-eyed into the middle distance. Didn’t stop them going over the road to one of the Tolstoy museums to finish off though. Big band music was the order of the day here, because why not? That and a lot of photos of the great man and his family. Probably worth a closer look, although the house is just representative of the sort of place Tolstoy might have occupied; it wasn’t his actual home. Anyway. The State Museum of A S Pushkin is not, perhaps, one for the casual visitor to Moscow, but if you are going to spend any length of time in Russia, you will be getting very (very very VERY) familiar with Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin, so you might as well get a head start at this literary museum. There is even an English language audio guide to help you orientate yourself in the period more confidently. Just make sure that you don’t get confused and end up in the much more famous fine art museum round the corner (no connection apart from it bearing Pushkin’s name). Or leave your review for that one on the Trip Advisor page for this one, like half the other people who have written it up there. The museum’s page (in Russian). This is what the Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy has to say about the evolution of the Russian language. Address: Prechistenka St, 12/2, Moscow 119034 Opening: 10am to 6pm everyday except Thursday, when it’s 12 noon to 9pm. Admission: Adults are 200 roubles, kids of 7 and above are 100 roubles, kids under seven are free. Getting there: The nearest metro is Kropotkinskaya (red line). Turn RIGHT, away from the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts. The State Museum of A S Pushkin is about a five-minute walk away. Posted on 4th July 2017 19th November 2017 Author HerselfCategories Moscow, MuseumsTags 19th century, A S Pushkin, duel, linguistics, literature, poems, poetry, pushkin literary museum moscow, Russia, Russian language, Russian literature, Russian poetry, Yevgeny Onegin25 Comments on The State Museum of A S Pushkin is not the one with all the paintings.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2115
__label__wiki	0.866452	0.866452	Tag Archives: car making pioneers Car Stylists, History of Car Making October 9, 2014 Kanter Leave a comment One of America’s foremost industrialists, Henry Ford revolutionized assembly-line modes of production for the automobile. Henry Ford. (2014). The Biography.com website. Retrieved 11:59, Jul 02, 2014, from http://www.biography.com/people/henry-ford-9298747. Born on July 30, 1863, near Dearborn, Michigan, Henry Ford created the Ford Model T car in 1908 and went on to develop the assembly line mode of production, which revolutionized the industry. As a result, Ford sold millions of cars and became a world-famous company head. The company lost its market dominance but had a lasting impact on other technological development and U.S. infrastructure. Famed automobile manufacturer Henry Ford was born on July 30, 1863, on his family’s farm in Wayne County, near Dearborn, Michigan. When Ford was 13 years old, his father gifted him a pocket watch, which the young boy promptly took apart and reassembled. Friends and neighbors were impressed, and requested that he fix their timepieces too. Unsatisfied with farm work, Ford left home the following year, at the age of 16, to take an apprenticeship as a machinist in Detroit. In the years that followed, he would learn to skillfully operate and service steam engines, and would also study bookkeeping. In 1888, Ford married Clara Ala Bryant and briefly returned to farming to support his wife and son, Edsel. But three years later, he was hired as an engineer for the Edison Illuminating Company. In 1893, his natural talents earned him a promotion to chief engineer. All the while, Ford developed his plans for a horseless carriage, and in 1896, he constructed his first model, the Ford Quadricycle. Within the same year, he attended a meeting with Edison executives and found himself presenting his automobile plans to Thomas Edison. The lighting genius encouraged Ford to build a second, better model. After a few trials building cars and companies, in 1903, Henry Ford established the Ford Motor Company. Ford introduced the Model T in October of 1908, and for several years, the company posted 100 percent gains. However, more than for his profits, Ford became renowned for his revolutionary vision: the manufacture of an inexpensive automobile made by skilled workers who earn steady wages. In 1914, he sponsored the development of the moving assembly line technique of mass production. Simultaneously, he introduced the $5-per-day wage ($110 in 2011) as a method of keeping the best workers loyal to his company. Simple to drive and cheap to repair, half of all cars in America in 1918 were Model T’s. Philosophy, Philanthropy From a social perspective, Henry Ford’s was marked by seemingly contradictory viewpoints. In business, Ford offered profit sharing to select employees who stayed with the company for six months and, most important, who conducted their lives in a respectable manner. Unfortunately Ford was also known for his public anti-Semitic views which rightfully have tarnished his reputation. The company’s “Social Department” looked into an employee’s drinking, gambling and otherwise uncouth activities to determine eligibility for participation. Ford was also an ardent pacifist and opposed World War I, even funding a peace ship to Europe. Later, in 1936, Ford and his family established the Ford Foundation to provide ongoing grants for research, education and development. Henry Ford died of a cerebral hemorrhage on April 7, 1947, at the age of 83, near his Dearborn estate, Fair Lane. Ford, considered one of America’s leading businessmen, is credited today for helping to build America’s economy during the nation’s vulnerable early years. His legacy will live on for decades to come. My Life & Work – An Autobiography of Henry Ford Paperback This book is the original autobiographical work by Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company. In this book, Ford details how he got into business, the strategies that he used to become a wealthy and successful businessman, and what others can do by learning from the examples he has outlined. This book should be read by small business owners, business students and those interested in the history of the automobile. Henry Ford will take you through a journey of history, business and lessons to be learned from which he used to develop his financial empire. Henry Ford Inventor of Automobile Assembly Line History of the Model T Ford Walter Chrysler Resource: Wikipedia Chrysler was born in Wamego, Kansas, the son of Anna Maria (née Breymann) and Henry Chrysler. He grew up in Ellis, Kansas. His father was born in Chatham, Ontario in 1850 and immigrated to the United States after 1858. A Freemason, Chrysler began his career as a machinist and railroad mechanic. He took correspondence courses from International Correspondence Schools in Scranton, Pennsylvania, earning a mechanical degree from the correspondence program. Walter Chrysler’s father, Henry (Hank) Chrysler, was a Canadian-American of German and Dutch ancestry. He was an American Civil War veteran who was a locomotive engineer for the Kansas Pacific Railway and its successor, the Union Pacific Railroad. Walter’s mother was born in Rocheport, Missouri, and was also of German ancestry. Walter Chrysler was not especially interested in his remote ancestors; his collaborative author Boyden Sparkes says that one genealogical researcher reported “that he had a sea-going Dutchman among his forebears; one Captain Jan Gerritsen Van Dalsen”, but that “as to that, Walter Chrysler made it plain to me he was in accord with Jimmy Durante: ‘Ancestors? I got millions of ’em!’.” However, he thought enough of genealogy to include in his autobiography that his father, Hank Chrysler, “Canadian born, had been brought from Chatham, Ontario, to Kansas City when he was only five or six. His forebears had founded Chatham; the family stock was German; eight generations back of me there had come to America one who spelled his name Greisler, a German Palatine. He was one of a group of Protestants who had left their German homeland in the Rhine Valley, gone to the Netherlands, thence to England and embarked, finally, from Plymouth for New York.” Other researchers have since traced his ancestors in more detail. Karin Holl’s monograph on the subject traces the family tree to a Johann Philipp Kreissler, born in 1672, who left Germany for America in 1709. Chrysler’s ancestors came from the Rhineland-Palatinate town of Guntersblum. Railroad career Chrysler apprenticed in the railroad shops at Ellis as a machinist and railroad mechanic. He then spent a period of years roaming the west, working for various railroads as a roundhouse mechanic with a reputation of being good at valve-setting jobs. Some of his moves were due to restlessness and a too-quick temper, but his roaming was also a way to become more well-rounded in his railroad knowledge. He worked his way up through positions such as foreman, superintendent, division master mechanic, and general master mechanic. From 1905-1906, Chrysler worked for the Fort Worth and Denver Railway in Childress in West Texas. He later lived and worked in Oelwein, Iowa, at the main shops of the Chicago Great Western where there is a small park dedicated to him. The pinnacle of his railroading career came at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, where he became works manager of the Allegheny locomotive erecting shops of the American Locomotive Company (ALCO). While working in Pittsburgh, Chrysler lived in the town of Bellevue, the first town outside of Pittsburgh on the north side of the Ohio River. Automotive career Chrysler’s automotive career began in 1911 when he received a summons to meet with James J. Storrow, a banker who was a director of ALCO and also an executive at General Motors. Storrow asked him if he had given any thought to automobile manufacture. Chrysler had been an auto enthusiast for over 5 years by then, and was very interested. Storrow arranged a meeting with Charles W. Nash, then president of the Buick Motor Company, who was looking for a smart production chief. Chrysler, who had resigned from many railroading jobs over the years, made his final resignation from railroading to become works manager (in charge of production) at Buick in Flint, Michigan.[10] He found many ways to reduce the costs of production, such as putting an end to finishing automobile undercarriages with the same luxurious quality of finish that the body warranted. In 1916, William C. Durant, who founded General Motors in 1908, had retaken GM from bankers who had taken over the company. Chrysler, who was closely tied to the bankers, submitted his resignation to Durant, then based in New York City. Durant took the first train to Flint to make an attempt to keep Chrysler at the helm of Buick. Durant made the then-unheard of salary offer of US$10,000 (US$165,000 in today’s dollars) a month for 3 years, with a US$500,000 bonus at the end of each year, or US$500,000 in stock. Additionally, Chrysler would report directly to Durant, and would have full run of Buick without interference from anyone. Apparently in shock, Chrysler asked Durant to repeat the offer, which he did. Chrysler immediately accepted. Chrysler ran Buick successfully for several more years. Not long after his three year contract was up, he resigned from his job as president of Buick in 1919. He did not agree with Durant’s vision for the future of General Motors. Durant paid Chrysler US$10 million for his GM stock. Chrysler had started at Buick in 1911 for US$6,000 a year, and left one of the richest men in America. Chrysler was then hired to attempt a turnaround by bankers who foresaw the loss of their investment in Willys-Overland Motor Company in Toledo, Ohio. He demanded, and got, a salary of US$1 million a year for 2 years, an astonishing amount at that time. When Chrysler left Willys in 1921 after an unsuccessful attempt to wrest control from John Willys, he acquired a controlling interest in the ailing Maxwell Motor Company. Chrysler phased out Maxwell and absorbed it into his new firm, the Chrysler Corporation, in Detroit, Michigan, in 1925. In addition to his namesake car company, Plymouth and DeSoto marques were created, and in 1928 Chrysler purchased Dodge. The same year he financed the construction of the Chrysler Building in New York City, which was completed in 1930. Chrysler was named Time Magazine’s Man of the Year for 1928. In 1923, Chrysler purchased a twelve-acre waterfront estate at Kings Point on Long Island, New York from Henri Willis Bendel and renamed it “Forker House.” In December 1941, the property was sold to the U.S. government’s War Shipping Department and became known as Wiley Hall as part of the United States Merchant Marine Academy.[13] He also built a country estate in Warrenton, Virginia, in what is referred to as the Virginia horse country and home to the Warrenton Hunt. In 1934, he purchased and undertook a major restoration of the famous Fauquier White Sulphur Springs Company resort and spa in Warrenton. Sold in 1953, the property was developed as a country club, which it remains today. On the estate he inherited, Walter P. Chrysler, Jr. established North Wales Stud for the purpose of breeding Thoroughbred horses. Chrysler, Jr. was part of a syndicate that included friend Alfred G. Vanderbilt II who in 1940 acquired the 1935 English Triple Crown winner Bahram from the Aga Khan III. Bahram stood at stud at Vanderbilt’s Sagamore Farm in Maryland then was brought to Chrysler’s North Wales Stud. Chrysler turned 61 in the spring of 1936 and decided to step down from an active role in the day-to-day business of the company. Two years later, Della died at the age of 58 and Walter, devastated at the loss of his childhood sweetheart, suffered a stroke. His previously robust health never recovered from this, and he succumbed to a cerebral hemorrhage in August 1940 at Forker House. He was buried at Sleepy Hollow Cemetery in Sleepy Hollow, New York. Resource copyright information: The above text and any photo images are from Wikipedia®. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of theWikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization. Chrysler: The Life and Times of an Automotive Genius (Automotive History and Personalities) Paperback by Vincent Curcio (Author) Walter P. Chrysler was a man who loved machines, an accomplished mechanic who also had highly developed managerial skills derived from half a lifetime on the railroads, and whose success came from his deep understanding of engineering and his total commitment to the quality of his vehicles. Here, Vincent Curcio presents a richly detailed account of one of the most important men in American automotive history, based on full access to both Chrysler Corporation and Chrysler family historical records. Curcio traces Chrysler’s rise from a locomotive wiper in a Kansas roundhouse to his rescue of the Maxwell-Chalmers car company, which led to the successful development of the 1924 Chrysler–the world’s first modern car–and the formation of Chrysler Corporation in 1925. Chrysler was quite different from the other auto giants–a colorful and expansive man deeply involved in the design of his cars, he established his headquarters in New York City and built the world’s most famous art deco structure, the fabled Chrysler Building. Because of his emphasis on quality at popular prices, the company weathered the Great Depression with flying colors and remained profitable right up to Chrysler’s death in 1940. The definitive portrait, Chrysler is a must read for all car enthusiasts and for everyone interested in the story of a giant of industry. Louis Chevrolet Resource: Wikipedia* Louis-Joseph Chevrolet (December 25, 1878 – June 6, 1941) was a Swiss-born American race car driver of French descent, founder of the Chevrolet Motor Car Company in 1911, and a founder in 1916 of the Frontenac Motor Corporation, which made racing parts for Ford’s Model T. The second child of Joseph-Félicien and Marie-Anne Angéline, née Mahon, Louis Chevrolet was born in La Chaux-de-Fonds, Canton of Neuchâtel, a center of watchmaking in northwestern Switzerland. In 1886, Chevrolet’s family left Switzerland to live in Beaune, in the Côte-d’Or département of France. There, as a young man, Louis developed his mechanical skills and interest in bicycle racing. Louis Chevrolet in a Buick he designed, circa 1900. Chevrolet worked for the Roblin mechanics shop from 1895 to 1899. He then went to Paris, where he worked for a short time before emigrating to Montreal, Quebec, Canada in 1900 to work as a mechanic. The following year, he moved to New York City, where he worked briefly for a fellow Swiss immigrant’s engineering company, then moved to the Brooklyn operations of the French car manufacturer de Dion-Bouton. In 1905 he married Suzanne Treyvoux; the couple had two sons. In the same year, he was hired by FIAT as a racing car driver and a year later became employed by a Philadelphia, Pennsylvania company developing a revolutionary front-wheel-drive racing car. His racing career continued as he drove for Buick, becoming a friend and associate of Buick owner William C. Durant, founder of General Motors. He raced at the Giants Despair Hillclimb in 1909. With little in the way of formal education, Chevrolet learned car design while working for Buick and started designing his own engine for a new car in 1909. He built an overhead valve six-cylinder engine in his own machine shop on Grand River Boulevard in Detroit, Michigan. Chevrolet Car Company On November 3, 1911, Chevrolet co-founded the Chevrolet Motor Car Company with Durant and investment partners William Little (maker of the Little automobile) and Dr. Edwin R. Campbell, son-in-law of Durant and friend of Samuel McLaughlin of the McLaughlin Car Company of Canada Ltd. The company was established in Detroit. One story tells the choosing of the company’s logo as a modified Swiss cross, to honor Chevrolet’s homeland. Another story tells of the Chevrolet logo as a design taken from the wallpaper of a Paris hotel room that Louis once stayed in. Chevrolet had differences with Durant over the car’s design, and in 1915 sold Durant his share in the company and started McLaughlin’s Company in Canada building Chevrolets. By 1916 the trading of Chevrolet stock for GM Holding stock enabled Durant to repurchase a controlling stake in General Motors, and by 1917 the Chevrolet company that Louis had co-founded was merged as a company into General Motors after the outstanding Chevrolet stocks were purchased from McLaughlin in 1918. The McLaughlin Car Company then merged with his Chevrolet Motor Company of Canada Ltd. to become General Motors of Canada Ltd. in 1918, prior to the incorporation of the General Motors Corporation in the U.S. when General Motors Company of New Jersey dissolved. Frontenac and American car companies In 1916, Louis Chevrolet and his brothers founded the Frontenac Motor Corporation to make racing parts for Ford Model Ts. Also in 1916, an American Motors Corporation (apparently unrelated to the more famous later corporation of the same name) was formed in Newark, New Jersey, with Louis Chevrolet as vice president and chief engineer. By 1918 it was producing cars in a plant at Plainfield, New Jersey. In 1923 it merged with the Bessemer Motor Truck Company of Pennsylvania into Bessemer-American Motors Corporation, which lasted less than a year before merging with the Winther and Northway companies into Amalgamated Motors. The latter company apparently ceased soon after. By the mid-1910s, Louis Chevrolet had shifted into the racing car industry, partnering with Howard E. Blood of Allegan, Michigan, to create the Cornelian racing car, which he used to place 20th in the 1915 Indianapolis 500 automobile race. In 1916, he and younger brothers Gaston and Arthur Chevrolet started Frontenac Motor Corporation, designing and producing a line of racing cars. They became well known for, among other things, their Fronty-Ford racers. Louis drove in the Indianapolis 500 four times, with a best finish of 7th in 1919. Arthur competed twice, and Gaston won the race in 1920 in one of their Frontenacs, going on to win the 1920 AAA National Championship. *Resource copyright information: William C. Durant: GM’s Genius [Kindle Edition] Daniel Alef (Author) Biographical profile of William Crapo Durant, legendary automobile pioneer who founded General Motors. GM’s current financial crisis is nothing new for America’s largest automobile company. It happened twice in its early years while GM was under Durant’s leadership. Durant was one of the largest manufacturers of wagons and carriages when he decided to acquire a failing automobile manufacturer, the Buick Motor Company. A deft salesman with the Midas touch, Durant soon had Buick sales soaring. In 1908 he placed Buick, Oldsmobile, Oakland Car Company and Cadillac into his newly formed General Motors, but he amassed so much debt the company’s bankers rebelled and forced him out. Undaunted, Durant formed another car company, Chevrolet, and in a case of the minnow swallowing the whale, arranged for Chevrolet to acquire GM. Back at the helm Durant pressed for rapid growth and again found himself mired in too much debt. The story of this master salesman and automotive visionary involves triumphs and failures, but all accomplished with panache and verve. Award-winning author and syndicated columnist Daniel Alef, who has written more than 300 biographical profiles of America’s greatest tycoons, brings out the story of Durant’s remarkable life of ups, downs and achievements. [2,594-word Titans of Fortune article] Charles Nash: From Buick to Rambler and Ambassador [Kindle Edition] Biographical profile of Charles W. Nash, a dirt-poor farm boy who overcame abandonment by his parents, indentured servitude for a farmer and became one of America’s most successful and accomplished automobile pioneers. Although he died in the tony city of Beverly Hills after amassing a fortune, he never ventured far from his roots, describing himself as “the most common cuss that lived,” and noting that he was proud of belonging to the “common people.” One thing is certain, Nash was not a common person; he ascended to the presidency of General Motors because of his unique vision, perseverance, creativity, courage and innate understanding of human nature. B.C. Forbes described Nash as “a very practical authority on what makes for success.” Award-winning author Daniel Alef tells the Nash story and his rise to the pinnacle of the automobile industry. [2,904-word Titans of Fortune article] Zora Arkus-Duntov -The Legend Behind Corvette (Chevrolet) [Hardcover] Jerry Burton Zora Arkus-Duntov: The Legend Behind Corvette tells the story of how a gifted engineer brought up by Russian Revolutionary parents became the guiding force behind the legendary American sports car, and in the process attained the elite status of American legend himself. Author Jerry Burton, founding editor and current editorial director of Corvette Quarterly, has worked with many of Zora’s friends and colleagues, as well as his widow Elfi, to write the first major biography of Zora Arkus-Duntov. Burton has illustrated his book with hundreds of unpublished photos, blueprints, and archival documents. This book puts Duntov in the perspective needed to understand his achievements as a Russian-Jewish immigrant fighting to make his mark at General Motors. automotive geniusesBuickcar making pioneersChryslerDearbornFordFord Motor CompanyGeneral MotorsHenry ChryslerHenry FordMichigan	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2118
__label__wiki	0.631267	0.631267	To Boldly Go: What Made 400 People Volunteer for a One-Way Mission to Mars? An interplanetary trip to Mars could take as little as 10 months, but returning would be virtually impossible — making the voyage a form of self-imposed exile from Earth unlike anything else in human history. What would inspire someone to volunteer? We’ve just found out. A special edition of the Journal of Cosmology details exactly how a privately-funded, one-way mission to Mars could depart as soon as 20 years from now — and it prompted more than 400 readers to volunteer as colonists. “I’ve had a deep desire to explore the universe ever since I was a child and understood what a rocket was,” Peter Greaves told FoxNews.com. Greaves is the father of three, and a jack-of-all-trades who started his own motorcycle dispatch company and fixes computers and engines on the side. “I envision life on Mars to be stunning, frightening, lonely, quite cramped and busy,” he told FoxNews.com. “Unlike Earth I wouldn’t be able to sit by a stream or take in the view of nature’s wonder, or hug a friend, or breath deeply the sweet smell of fresh air — but my experience would be so different from all 6 to 7 billion human beings … that in itself would make up for the things I left behind.”	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2127
__label__wiki	0.836121	0.836121	United States v. McCurry United States of America, Respondent-Plaintiff, Paul McCurry a/k/a Paul Wesley McCurry a/k/a Paul McCurry, Jr., Petitioner-Defendant. James S. Becker, Assistant Federal Defender, Federal Defender's Office, counsel for Petitioner-Defendant. Amber M. Brennan, Assistant United States Attorney, United States Attorney's Office, counsel for the Government. MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER DONOVAN W. FRANK UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE This matter is before the Court upon Paul McCurry's (“Petitioner-Defendant”) Third Motion to Stay his § 2255 motion pending the outcome of Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals cases applying the legal principles articulated in the United States Supreme Court's decision in Stokeling v. United States, 138 S.Ct. 544 (2019) to relevant Minnesota statutes. (Doc. No. [90]). The Government opposes the motion (Doc. No. [92]). For the reasons set forth below, the Court denies Defendant's motion for an extension of the stay of his § 2255 motion. The general factual background and procedural history in this matter are more fully set forth in the Court's previous Order granting Petitioner-Defendant's second motion to extend the stay of proceedings (Doc. No. 89) and incorporated herein by reference. Briefly summarized: This Court sentenced Petitioner-Defendant to 180 months' imprisonment on October 23, 2015 pursuant to his plea of guilty to possessing a firearm as a convicted felon. (Doc. No. 62.) As he concedes, Petitioner-Defendant's sentence was enhanced pursuant to the Armed Career Criminal Act (“ACCA”) pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 924(e) after the Court determined that he had three prior convictions for qualifying violent felonies. Following Petitioner-Defendant's unsuccessful appeal of his sentence and the Supreme Court's denial of certiorari (see United States v. McCurry, 832 F.3d 842 (8thCir. 2016); Doc. No. 77), Petitioner-Defendant timely filed a motion under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to vacate and correct his sentence. (Doc. No. 79.) As the parties acknowledge, this is the Petitioner-Defendant's third motion to stay the proceedings in this court. Petitioner-Defendant initially requested a stay because several cases addressing whether Minnesota's robbery statute met the ACCA's definition of a violent felony were pending before the Eighth Circuit and a controlling decision in one of those cases could have favorably affected his. (Doc. No. 80.) At that time, the Government did not object to the motion, which the Court granted. (Doc. No. 83.) The Eighth Circuit then decided several pending cases in a manner that can be properly characterized as consistent with the Government's interpretation of a violent felony with respect to the Minnesota robbery statute. See United States v. Libby, 880 F.3d 1011 (8th Cir. 2018); United States v. Pettis, 888 F.3d 962 (8th Cir. 2018). Petitioner-Defendant filed his second motion to stay pending the Supreme Court's decision in Stokeling. (Doc. No. 85.) The Government opposed the motion, citing the Eight Circuit's decisions in Libby and Pettis. (Doc. No. 87.) The Court granted the second motion to stay because the parties agreed that the language of the statute in question in Stokeling was substantially similar to the language in the Minnesota robbery statute, and therefore there was more than a slight likelihood that the Supreme Court's decision would potentially affect and influence the Court's analysis of the Minnesota robbery statute under the ACCA. The Supreme Court has since released its opinion in Stokeling, which can be categorized as consistent with the Government's interpretation of the relevant statutory language, and Petitioner-Defendant has filed this third motion to stay in anticipation of the Eighth Circuit's response to that decision. (Doc. No. 90.) The Government contends in their opposition to this motion that there is no further justification for delay as the caselaw has been settled by the Eighth Circuit's decisions in Libby and Pettis as well as the Supreme Court's decision in Stokeling. (Doc. No. 92.) Since the Supreme Court released their opinion in Stokeling, Petitioner-Defendant has continued to argue that the caselaw on the issue of whether the Minnesota robbery statute qualifies as a predicate offense for purposes of the ACCA has still not been settled in the Eighth Circuit. Petitioner-Defendant claims that Stokeling stands for the proposition that “any state robbery statute that permits a conviction for a ‘sudden snatch' does not fit under the ACCA force clause.” (Doc. No. 90 at 7.) Petitioner-Defendant relies upon State v. Burrell, 506 N.W.2d 34 (Minn.App. 1993) to support his claim that Minnesota law allows for robbery convictions in this “sudden snatch” scenario, meaning that a conviction under the statute in question does not meet the force requirement of a predicate offense under the ACCA. (Doc. No. 90 at 7.)          Eighth Circuit decisions issued since the previous motion for an extension of the stay of proceedings make clear that the Minnesota robbery statute in question requires as an element a level of force that meets the definition of a violent felony under the ACCA. See, e.g. Taylor v. United States, 926 F.3d 939 (8th Cir. 2019), United States v. Pettis, 139 S.Ct. 1258 (2019) (denying certiorari of case below)); see also United States v. Pittman, 2019 WL 3451696, at *1 (8th Cir. July 31, 2019), United States v. Williams, 926 F.3d 966 (8th Cir. 2019), United States v. Robinson, 925 F.3d 997 (8th Cir. ...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2128
__label__wiki	0.689306	0.689306	and safely record the full distance of the track. That way, various sensor data from optical camera sensors, IR LED and sensors under the chassis, possibly eCompass data or even accelerometer output could be correlated to the vehicle’s travelled distance on the track. “If you look carefully, some of the cars have their rear wheels marked like encoders, this could be used not only for Few of the race robots made it to the finish. speed control, but also as a tachometer”, observed Roberto Oboe, Associate Professor in the Department of Management and Engineering at the University of Padova, and supporting the “Crash Team” from Padova. If the data acquisition is done right, the second run can be performed much faster, taking some shortcuts in the signal processing. “In fact, a lot has to be done in signal processing to filter vibration noise or simply to choose which sensors should be taken into consideration during particular sections of the track”, continued Oboe. “Sometimes, you may want to stop relying on a particular sensor whose data is no longer meaningful. Say when climbing over a hilly section, an inclinometer could tell the car to discard the camera signal because it can no longer see the centre line, and switch to other data, say IR sensors closer to the centre line for example.” Oboe explained to me that the varying levels of brightness in the hall (due to passing clouds but also because parts of the track where slightly greyish instead of white, and this altered reflectance), also needed to be compensated for, either by varying the output of the front headlights, or by performing additional signal filtering operations. Relatively few robot cars made it to the finish. Some just came short of power, stalling in front of a bump, or simply went off-road, accelerating frantically into white space. The “FEI-Minetors” team of the Slovak Technical University of Bratislava, Slovakia, won the competition, finishing just ahead of team “Wheel eXtreme” from Wroclaw University of Technology from Poland, and team “Crash Team” from Universita di Padova from Italy. Enrollments for the 2013- 14 season will start in May and the 2014 EMEA Freescale Cup final is scheduled for April 1-2, 2014, to be hosted by the Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits IIS in Erlangen, Germany. The “FEI-Minetors” team’s robot during its winning run (top), and a close-up of the winner. www.electronics-eetimes.com Electronic Engineering Times Europe April 2013 39	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2132
__label__cc	0.615413	0.384587	Antennas for light + ionics at the nanoscale A (revised) particularly excellent review article was posted on the arxiv the other day, about metal nanostructures as antennas for light. This seems to be an extremely complete and at the same time reasonably pedagogical treatment of the subject. While in some sense there are no shocking surprises (the basic physics underlying all of this is, after all, Maxwell's equations with complicated boundary conditions and dielectric functions for the metal), there are some great ideas and motifs: the importance of the optical "near field"; the emergence of plasmons, the collective modes of the electrons, which are relevant at the nanoscale but not in macroscopic antennas for, e.g., radio frequencies; the use of such antennas in real quantum optics applications. Great stuff. I also feel the need for a little bit of shameless self-promotion. My colleague http://physics.ucsd.edu/~diventra/ and I have an article appearing in this month's MRS Bulletin, talking about the importance of ion motion and electrochemistry in nanoscale structures. (Sorry about not having a version on the arxiv at this time. Email me if you'd like a copy.) This article was prompted in part by a growing realization among a number of researchers that the consequences of the motion of ions (often neglected at first glance!) are apparent in a number of nanoscale systems. Working at the nanoscale, it's possible to establish very large electric fields and concentration/chemical potential gradients that can drive diffusion. At the same time, there are large accessible surface areas, and inherently small system dimensions mean that diffusion over physically relevant distances is easier than in macroscale materials. While ionic motion can be an annoyance or an unintended complication, there are likely situations where it can be embraced and engineered for useful applications. Nano"machines" and dissipation There's an article (subscription only, unfortunately) out that has gotten some attention, discussing whether artificial molecular machines will "deliver on their promise". The groups that wrote the article have an extensive track record in synthesizing and characterizing molecules that can undergo directed "mechanical" motion (e.g., translation of a rod-like portion through a ring) under chemical stimuli (e.g., changes in temperature, pH, redox reactions, optical excitation). There is no question that this is some pretty cool stuff, and the chemistry here (both synthetic organic, and physical) is quite sophisticated. Two points strike me, though. First, the "promise" mentioned in the title is connected, particularly in the press writeup, with Drexlerian nanoassembler visions. Synthetic molecules that can move are impressive, but they are far, far away from the idea of actually constructing arbitrary designer materials one atom at a time (a goal that is likely impossible, in my opinion, for reasons stated convincingly here, among others). They are, however, a possible step on the road to designer, synthetic enzymes, a neat idea. Second, the writeup particularly mentions how "efficient" the mechanical motions of these molecules are. That is, there is comparatively little dissipation relative to macroscopic machines. This is actually not very surprising, if you think about the microscopic picture of what we think of as macroscopic irreversibility. "Loss" of mechanical energy takes place because energy is transferred from macroscopic degrees of freedom (the motion of a piston) to microscopic degrees of freedom (the near-continuum of vibrational and electronic modes in the metal in the piston and cylinder walls). When the whole system of interest is microscopic, there just aren't many places for the energy to go. This is an example of the finite-phase-space aspect that shows up all the time in truly nanoscale systems. Superluminal neutrinos - follow-up The OPERA collaboration, or at least a large subset of it, has a revised preprint out (and apparently submitted somewhere), with more data on their time-of-flight studies of neutrinos produced at CERN. Tomasso has a nice write-up here. Their previous preprint created quite a stir, since it purported to show evidence of neutrino motion faster than c, the speed of light in vacuum. The general reaction among physicists was, that's really weird, and it's exceedingly likely that something is wrong somewhere in the analysis. One complaint that came up repeatedly was that the pulses used by the group were about 10000 nanoseconds long, and the group was arguing about timing at the 60 ns level. You could readily imagine some issues with their statistics or the functioning of the detector that could be a problem here, since the pulses were so long compared to the effect being reported. To deal with this, the group has now been running for a while with much shorter pulses (a few ns in duration). While they don't have nearly as much data so far (in only a few weeks of running), they do have enough to do some analysis, and so far the results are completely consistent with their earlier report. Funky. Clearly pulse duration systematics or statistics aren't the source of the apparent superluminality, then. So, either neutrinos really are superluminal (still bloody unlikely for a host of reasons), or there is still some weird systematic error in the detector somewhere. (For what it's worth, I'm sure they've looked a million ways at the clock synchronization, etc. now, so that's not likely to be the problem either.) Update: Matt Strassler has an excellent summary of the situation. So you want to compete w/ fossil fuels (or silicon) Yesterday I went to an interesting talk here by Eric Toone, deputy director of ARPA-E, what is supposed to be the blue-sky high-risk/high-reward development portion of the US Department of Energy. He summarized some basic messages about energy globally and in the US, gave quite a number of examples of projects funded by ARPA-E, and had a series of take-home messages. He also gave the most concise (single-graph) explanation for the failure of Solyndra: they bet on a technology based on CIGS solar cells, and then the price of silicon (an essential component of the main competing technology) fell by 80% over a few months. It was made very clear that ARPA-E aims at a particular stage in the tech transfer process, when the basic science is known, and a technology is right at the edge of development. The general energy picture was its usual fairly depressing self. There are plenty of fossil fuels (particularly natural gas and coal), but if you think that CO2 is a concern, then using those blindly is risky. Capital costs make nuclear comparatively uncompetitive (to say nothing of political difficulties following Fukushima). Solar is too expensive to compete w/ fossil fuels. Other renewables are also too expensive and/or not scalable. Biomass is too expensive. Batteries don't come remotely close to competing with, e.g., gasoline in terms of energy density and effective refueling times. The one thing that really struck me was the similarity of the replacing-fossil-fuels challenge and the replacing-silicon-electronics challenge. Fossil fuels have problems, but they're sooooooo cheap. Likewise, there is a great desire to prolong Moore's law by eventually replacing Si, but Si devices are sooooooo cheap that there's an incredible economic barrier to surmount. When you're competing against a transistor that costs less than a millionth of a cent and has a one-per-billion failure rate over ten years, your non-Si gizmo better be really darn special if you want anyone to take it seriously.... Bad Astronomy day at Rice Today we hosted Phil Plait for our annual Rorschach Lecture (see here), a series in honor of Bud Rorschach dedicated to public outreach and science policy. He kept us fully entertained with his Death from the Skies! talk, with a particularly amusing litany of (a small subset of) the scientific flaws in "Armageddon". There was a full house in our big lecture hall - there's no question that astro has very broad popular appeal (though it did bring out the "Obama should be impeached immediately because he's not protecting us from possible asteroid impacts!" crowd). Teaching - Coleman vs. Feynman As pointed out by Peter Woit, Steve Hsu recently posted a link to an interview with (the late) Sidney Coleman, generally viewed as one of the premier theoretical physicists of his generation. Ironically, for someone known as an excellent lecturer, Coleman apparently hated teaching, likening it to "washing dishes" or "waxing floors" - two activities he could do well, from which he derived a small amount of "job well done" satisfaction, but which he would never choose to do voluntarily. It's fun to contrast this with the view of Richard Feynman, as he put it in Surely You Must Be Joking, Mr. Feynman: I don't believe I can really do without teaching. The reason is, I have to have something so that when I don't have any ideas and I'm not getting anywhere I can say to myself, "At least I'm living; at least I'm doing something; I am making some contribution" -- it's just psychological.... The questions of the students are often the source of new research. They often ask profound questions that I've thought about at times and then given up on, so to speak, for a while. It wouldn't do me any harm to think about them again and see if I can go any further now. The students may not be able to see the thing I want to answer, or the subtleties I want to think about, but they remind me of a problem by asking questions in the neighborhood of that problem. It's not so easy to remind yourself of these things. So I find that teaching and the students keep life going, and I would never accept any position in which somebody has invented a happy situation for me where I don't have to teach. Never. I definitely lean toward the Feynman attitude. Teaching - explaining science to others - is fun, important, and helpful to my own work. Perhaps Coleman was simply so powerful in terms of creativity in research that teaching always seemed like an annoying distraction. In these days when there are so many expectations on faculty members beyond teaching, I hope we're not culturally rewarding a drift toward the Coleman position. Science - what is it up to? Hat tip to Phil Plait, the Bad Astronomer, for linking to this video from The Daily Show. My apologies to non-US readers who won't be able to watch this. It's a special report from Asif Mandvi, complete with remarks from a Republican "strategist" / Fox News talking head, who explains how science is inherently corrupt, because only scientists are really qualified to review the work of scientists. Seriously, she really makes that argument, and more. Update: I've decided to ditch the embedded video. Here's a link to the video on the Daily Show's site, and here's a link that works internationally. So you want to compete w/ fossil fuels (or silicon...	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2136
__label__cc	0.701984	0.298016	Pathways to Prosperity: Canada an alliance of university, community, and government partners dedicated to fostering welcoming communities and promoting the integration of immigrants and minorities across Canada Co-investigators and Collaborators P2P Announcements P2P in the News Pan-Canadian Research Themes P2P Reports & Publications Co-Investigator Led Projects Projects Funded Through 2018 National Call for Proposals Master’s Theses and Dissertations – In Progress and Completed Media Roundup P2P Conferences & Workshops P2P research, reports, publications, multi-media presentations, and conference material Sharing Settlement and Integration Practices that Work Videos and briefs presenting promising practices in selected areas and key ingredients that support their effectiveness Collection of P2P conference and workshop presentations and background material. Promising Practices Corner Multi-media repository of studies, tools and resources focusing on promising practices Search for P2P experts by skills, experience, and knowledge LIPs and RIFs Pan-Canadian directory of community initiatives and key documents Pathways to Prosperity 2018 Conference: Keynote Speaker – Sharon Bala, Author of The Boat People More Video & Audio Projects Funded Through P2P National Call for Proposals Theme: Economic Integration of Immigrants in Canada Alberta Immigrant Nominee Program Environmental Scan Project Research team: Caroline Hemstock, Milton Ortega, and Deniz Erkmen, Alberta Association of Immigrant Serving Agencies This project will examine the impact of federal policy changes on Alberta’s provincial nominee program (AINP) and the flow of nominees to the Alberta labour market and communities. To analyze the effects of the changes on Alberta’s AINP, interviews will be conducted with representatives from Alberta’s Ministry of Jobs, Skills, Training and Labour; settlement stakeholders; and CIC regional and local managers across Alberta. Literature and document analyses will also be undertaken to determine whether Alberta’s AINP objectives – including improved economic and social outcomes, regional development, and stakeholder engagement – align with the overarching federal objectives driving newcomer selection and integration. Click here for the report. Engaging Diasporas as International Entrepreneurs: An Empirical Study Research team: Jean-Marie Nkongolo-Bakenda, University of Regina; and Elie Virgile Chrysostome, University of New York at Plattsburg This project will employ an on-line survey and case studies to examine the motivations and behaviours of diaspora international entrepreneurs from different regions. Diaspora entrepreneurs serve as potential business investors and trade bridges between home and host countries. Factors that may be critical to the development of diaspora entrepreneurship include, in addition to traditional drivers of international entrepreneurship, altruistic motivations, the need for social recognition from the home country, the identification of entrepreneurial opportunities in the home and host countries, the friendliness of the home country’s socio-economic environment, the receptivity of the home country’s government, the integration of immigrants in the host society, and diaspora support programs in the host country. The project will examine the impact of these factors on the success of diaspora entrepreneurs, differentiating between socio-cultural-economic factors and personal attributes. The Transformation of the Quebec Model: A First Portrait of the Impact Research team: Mireille Paquet, Concordia University; and Chedly Belkhodja, Concordia University This project has two objectives: (1) to analyze Quebec’s new approach to immigration and integration; and (2) to evaluate the impact of the new directions on stakeholders, especially service provider organizations and public institutions. The research will be conducted in two phases. First, a review will be undertaken of official Quebec documents, including policy statements, consultation reports, and calls for proposals. This may extend to information requests to the Department of Immigration, Diversity and Inclusion (MIDI). Second, semi-structured interviews will be conducted with key stakeholders in order to take stock of their experience with Quebec’s new approach. The interviews with field workers and Quebec ministry officials will take place in three regions: metropolitan Montreal; the Quebec City region; and the Eastern Townships. Theme: Social and Cultural Integration of Immigrants in Canada Spaces of Encounter: French-speaking Immigrants’ and Refugees’ Experiences of Social and Cultural Integration in Francophone Minority Communities Research team: Suzanne Huot, University of Western Ontario; and Luisa Veronis, University of Ottawa This research will investigate the daily experiences of French-speaking immigrants and refugees within community spaces such as schools, community centres, cultural associations, and sports clubs located in Francophone minority communities in Ottawa and London. The main objectives of the research are to critically examine: (1) French-speaking migrants’ access to and use of community spaces for social and cultural integration and engagement in Francophone minority communities; (2) Experiences of inclusion or exclusion within these spaces, taking into account factors such as language, race and ethnicity, gender, and migrant status; and (3) How the experiences of French-speaking migrants vary in relation to the unique socio-historic and geographic context of Francophone minority communities. The research will employ a case study methodology. The Contradictory Geographies of Newcomer Volunteering in Canada: New Research Directions to Understand Economic Integration, Social Participation and Civic Engagement Research team: Luisa Veronis, University of Ottawa; and two graduate students This study has two goals: (1) To better understand the role of volunteering as a mechanism for integration, participation and civic engagement by examining newcomer motivation, expectations of volunteering, and innovation, as well as the role of migrant status, class, gender, ethnicity, race, and language skills in shaping newcomer practices, experiences and outcomes of volunteering; and (2) To develop a policy tool to help settlement agencies and newcomers find volunteering opportunities that match newcomer qualifications, skills, motivations and expectations. The study will employ a qualitative approach that is well suited to investigate issues such as who volunteers, why, how, where and when; and to analyze how differences in legal status, class, gender, ethnicity/race and institutional context shape newcomers’ opportunities and challenges. The study will be conducted in Ottawa-Gatineau. Theme: At-Risk Populations of Immigrants in Canada Meanings Attributed to Family Councils and Related Concepts by Immigrant Residents of Long-Term Care and their Family Carers Research team: Sharon Koehn, Simon Fraser University; Jennifer Baumbusch, University of British Columbia; and Colin Reid, University of British Columbia-Okanagan This research will investigate the utility of a Family Council model for improving residential long-term care (RLTC) for vulnerable immigrant seniors. Family Councils – groups of family members who work to protect and improve the quality of life of seniors in residential long-term care (RLTC) – are included in the provincial long-term care regulations of British Columbia, Ontario, and Newfoundland & Labrador. There is currently little research on Family Councils in relation to immigrant seniors and their families. In-depth interviews will be conducted with immigrant seniors and family members recruited from residential care homes in Vancouver. The interviews will explore: (a) experiences of ageism, sexism, and racism; and (b) potential outcomes resulting from Family Councils, including greater family inclusion, better care and improved quality of life. The research will lead to recommendations for improving and potentially extending the Family Council model. Theme: Temporary Resident Streams in Canada Assessing the Changes to Canada’s Live-in Caregiver Program: Improving Security or Deepening Precariousness? Research team: Rupa Banerjee, Ryerson University; Philip Kelly, York University; Ethel Tungohan, University of Alberta; and community collaborators GABRIELA-Ontario, Migrante-Canada and Community Alliance for Social Justice (CASJ). This study will examine the recent changes to the Live-in Caregiver Program (LCP) and investigate how these changes are affecting current caregivers in the program, as well as those who have recently completed the program and received open work permits or permanent resident status. Of particular interest is whether the program changes have affected labour market and social integration, as well as family reunification. The aim is to develop policy and practice recommendations pertaining to the program, as well as suggestions on how best to facilitate a successful transition by caregivers into the labour market and society. The tenets of Participatory Action Research will inform the work. The LCP community will be involved in survey and focus group design, participant recruitment, data analysis, and the formulation of policy implications. © 2020 Pathways to Prosperity	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2140
__label__cc	0.586935	0.413065	Museum of the Rockies Photo Archive Online Side Bar Menu MOR Photo Archive Photo Archive Information Photo Archive Database Info Photo Services Price Schedule Publication/Reproduction Use Photo Archive Print Sales Image Database Searches by Surname by Photographer by Text/Catalog No./Accession No. Foreman Collection -- (info) Haberstroh Collection -- (info) Lamme Collection -- (info) McGill Collection -- (info) Rice Collection -- (info) Schlechten Collection -- (info) Sorboe Collection -- (info) Whitham Collection -- (info) Other Photo Archive Collections Photo Archive Resources Nixon Railroad Photo Collection T.E. Sorboe Portrait Collection Native American Photo Collections Other Collection Resources MOR Fine Art - McAuslan Collection MOR Fine Art - Jessie Wilber Collection MOR Fine Art - Russell Chatham Collection Museum of the Rockies Home Database Management Log In Authorized Access Required Browse - Museum of the Rockies Photo Archive Results 341 - 350 of 1191 Page 35 of 120 back 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 next Title: Quiteria P. and Ida Tinsley, Willow Creek, Montana Date: ca 1892 Location: Willow Creek, Montana Photographer: Unknown Photographer Description: Quiteria "Teria" P. (1870-1958) and Ida (1873-1893) Tinsley portrait, daughters of William Bailey and Lucy Nave Tinsley. The William Bailey Tinsley family home is now the Living History Farm at MOR. Vintage 4x5 in. print, 4x5 in. copy negative. Source: Museum of the Rockies Photo Archive Rights: Copyright restrictions available from the Museum of the Rockies Photo Archive Catalog Number: 87.20.4 Title: Studio Portrait of Harry, Maggie, and Clarence Holt, Willow Creek, Montana Photographer: Berkin, Boulder, Montana Description: Harry Howard (1891-1907), Maggie May (1890-1894), and Clarence Charles Holt (1892-1967), Willow Creek, Montana. They were the children of Lillian Tinsley Holt and Joseph Holt. Vintage 4x5 in. print, 4x5 in. copy negative. Catalog Number: 87.36.22 Title: Loren W. Orvis, Salesville, Montana Location: Salesville, Montana Description: Loren W. Orvis (1853-1920), owned general store and first telephone and post office in Salesville, Montana. Salesville is now Gallatin Gateway, on the road to Big Sky and Yellowstone National Park. Vintage 4x6.5 in. cardstock print. Catalog Number: x85.3.605 Title: Mary E. Orvis, Salesville, Montana Photographer: Grant and Tippet Description: Mary E. Orvis (1861-1915), wife of Loren Orvis. Together they ran the first telephone and post office, along with the general store, in Salesville (Gallatin Gateway), Montana. Vintage 4x6.5 in. cardstock print. Title: Emil Ketterer and Family Portrait, Bozeman, Montana Location: Bozeman, Montana Description: Portrait of Emil Ketterer (1852-1945) and family. Emil Ketterer was a Bozeman fireman and blacksmith, starting his shop in 1878. Emma Louisa Accola Ketterer (1856-1924). August E. (1881-1955), John (1883-1974), Laura (1889-1968), Bert (1892-1980), Sue (?-?). John became mayor of Bozeman for a year, from 1936-1937. Vintage 9x7.5 in. print. 4x5 in. copy neg. Title: Family Portrait of Caroline McGill with her Brothers and Sisters, Lebanon, Missouri Location: Lebanon, Missouri Photographer: Lyons Studio Description: Caroline McGill (1879-1959) with her sisters and brothers, Helen, Mary, Samuel and Barnet McGill. Caroline was 15 yrs old and is the 2nd from the left. They lived in Lebanon, Missouri. 5x7 in. copy print; 4x5 in. copy negative Title: The Lambing Camp, Eastern Montana Location: Unknown, Montana Photographer: Huffman, Layton A. Description: The Lambing Camp, Eastern Montana. 8x12 in. collotype Catalog Number: x80.15.19 Title: Mary Dull Knife, Cheyenne Indian Reservation, South Dakota Location: Unknown, South Dakota Description: Mary Dull Knife (1874 -?), wife of George Dull Knife, Cheyenne Indian Reservation, South Dakota. She has a blanket wrapped around her and is eating beaded neck band and strings of bands. Vintage 4x7 in. print, 4x5 in. copy negative. Title: Edwin Jay Tinsley and Horse, Willow Creek, Montana Description: Edwin Jay Tinsley (1878-1968) with horse. Vintage print 5x4 in., 4x5 in. copy negative. Title: Portrait of Julia A. Bembrick, Willow Creek, Montana Territory Location: Willow Creek, Montana Territory Description: Portrait of Julia A. Bembrick (1880-1971), Willow Creek, Montana Territory. She was the great-niece of Lucy Ann Nave Tinsley. 4x5 in. copy negative. back 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 next Museum of the Rockies, Montana State University - Bozeman Copyright © 2018 - Museum of the Rockies Photo Archive	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2145
__label__wiki	0.562956	0.562956	Circuit of the Americas completes 2019 IndyCar schedule As expected, today INDYCAR released its 17-race slate for which the series will compete at in 2019. New additions to the schedule include the previously-announced WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca as the season finale on September 22, as well as today’s confirmation that Circuit of the Americas will join the schedule as a March addition. Teams will travel to the Austin, Texas racetrack the weekend of March 22-24, 2019 for the first time in the series’ history. COTA, as it is known, was opened in the fall of 2012 and plays host to prestigious events such as the Formula One United States Grand Prix and the MotoGP Grand Prix of the Americas. “COTA is one of the finest motorsports facilities in the world and Austin is a happening city. This a natural fit for the IndyCar Series,” said Mark Miles, president and CEO of Hulman & Co., which owns INDYCAR and Indianapolis Motor Speedway. “Indy car racing has a large and passionate fan base in Texas with a hunger to attend more races. This added date will allow us to deliver both oval and road course events to the state in a single season.” The Circuit of the Americas addition comes only after INDYCAR negotiated a new deal with Texas Motor Speedway, eliminating an exclusivity act in Texas that the 1.5-mile oval used to keep the IndyCar Series from road racing in Texas. A big get for COTA, track founder and chairman Bobby Epstein is excited to have INDYCAR join the open-wheel fray in Austin. “It’s going to be spectacular,” Epstein said. “Our entire team at COTA is excited to welcome the teams, drivers and visitors to our great city, and we know Austin will give them a warm welcome.” Back on track for 2019 A hallmark of the 2019 IndyCar Series schedule is its continuity with previous years, helping facilities build relationships with certain event dates which – in theory – helps bring fans back to their favorite events each year. Only a couple of races have significant adjustments in place for 2019. Barber Motorsports Park will host the Honda Indy Grand Prix of Alabama on Sunday, April 7 next year, two weeks sooner than the event was held in 2018. The Birmingham, Alabama race was held on the first Sunday in April for the first four years of its current nine-year IndyCar lifespan. In a move that will be widely applauded by the IndyCar faithful, Iowa Speedway has its night race back in 2019. The race date will be Saturday, July 20, and that is a key date as it has been moved back two weeks to avoid clashing with the NASCAR night races at Daytona and Kentucky. Once again it will be the Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg kicking off the season when the series races from the Florida streets on Sunday, March 10. This will be the ninth consecutive year IndyCar has opened the year at St. Pete. Other notables in the schedule include the Grand Prix of Long Beach returning for its 36th year – the longest consecutive stretch of appearances for any INDYCAR race outside of the Indianapolis 500 – and another post-Indianapolis doubleheader from Detroit on June 1st and 2nd. “INDYCAR has worked to deliver a consistency and cadence to the schedule and that is reflected again in 2019,” Miles said. “We’ve added races at a pair of tracks that know how to put on fantastic events, while returning to tracks where INDYCAR has longstanding relationships on familiar race dates. “The diversity of next year’s schedule will continue to make what we believe is the most challenging and competitive championship in motorsports.” In the new 2019 television deal with NBC Sports Group, nearly half of all races next season will be shown live on NBC. Eight events, including the 103rd Indianapolis 500 on May 26, will be shown on NBC while nine races will be televised on NBCSN. Here is the 2019 IndyCar Schedule: Date \| Track March 10 \| Streets of St. Petersburg, Florida March 24 \| Circuit of the Americas, Austin, Texas April 7 \| Barber Motorsports Park, Birmingham, Alabama April 14 \| Streets of Long Beach, California May 11 \| INDYCAR Grand Prix, Indianapolis Motor Speedway road course May 26 \| 103rd Indianapolis 500, Indianapolis Motor Speedway oval June 1 \| Streets of Detroit, Race 1, Detroit, Michigan June 8 \| Texas Motor Speedway, Fort Worth, Texas* June 23 \| Road America, Elkhart Lake, Wisconsin July 14 \| Streets of Toronto, Canada July 20 \| Iowa Speedway, Newton, Iowa* July 28 \| Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course, Lexington, Ohio Aug. 18 \| Pocono Raceway, Long Pond, Pennsylvania Aug. 24 \| Gateway Motorsports Park, Madison, Illinois* Sept. 1 \| Portland International Raceway, Portland, Oregon Sept. 22 \| WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca, Salinas, California * indicates night race \| Schedule subject to change. Share our story! Tanner Watkins View all posts by Tanner Watkins Categories IndyCar, Tanner WatkinsTags 2019 schedule, circuit of the americas, COTA, indianapolis 500, indycar, mark miles, st pete, texas motor speedwayLeave a comment Join the conversation! Cancel reply Previous Previous post: Takuma Sato comes out on top in IndyCar return to Portland Next Next post: Robert Wickens Named Rookie of the Year	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2146
__label__wiki	0.947343	0.947343	Year in Review: These Are the Rough Diamonds That Rocked Our World in 2019 Welcome to our year-end review of the rough diamonds that rocked our world in 2019. Each is unique in its own way and has a fascinating story to tell... Diamond in a Diamond. Revealed to the world via a social media post, Alrosa's “diamond in a diamond” is a head-scratching, natural phenomenon that rates #1 in our survey. Alrosa had surprised its Instagram followers in September with a video that seemed to show a tiny rough diamond moving freely in the cavity of a larger one. The caption read, “A diamond in a diamond? We couldn’t help but share this very special find with you.” After its scientists confirmed that both the host and smaller crystal were diamonds, Alrosa named the double-diamond “Matryoshka” because its strange configuration was reminiscent of the popular Russian nesting dolls. In November, the Russian mining company added the 0.62-carat specimen to its collection of rare finds and declared that it was not for sale. World's Second-Largest Rough Diamond. In April, Lucara recovered a massive 1,758-carat grey-black diamond from its Karowe mine in Botswana and, in July, the world's second-largest rough diamond was named “Sewelô,” which means “rare find” in the native Setswana language. Sewelô is the size of a tennis ball and weighs about 12.4 ounces. Measuring 83mm x 62mm x 46mm, the rough diamond was characterized by Lucara as “near” gem quality with “domains of high-quality white gem.” The unbroken 1,758-carat stone was recovered through Lucara’s XRT circuit in April 2019. By employing XRT scanners, diamonds can be separated from other material based on their chemical composition. Since commissioning the XRT circuit in 2015, a total of 12 diamonds in excess of 300 carats have been recovered at Karowe, including two greater than 1,000 carats. Pulled From the Scrapheap. Imagine finding treasure in your trash. That’s exactly what happened when Lucara salvaged a 375-carat gem-quality diamond from a pile of old tailings at its Karowe mine. Tailings are the residue of the diamond-bearing ore that was processed during an original mining operation. The company revisited the tailings because they were generated prior to the 2015 implementation of its advanced XRT diamond scanners (mentioned in the Sewelô review), which were designed to identify and preserve high-value diamonds of 100 carats or larger. The 375-carat rough diamond was just one of nine 100-plus-carat diamonds recovered from the re-processing of old material. Lucara’s Karowe Mine has yielded many of the world’s largest diamonds, including the 1,109-carat Lesedi La Rona, the 813-carat Constellation and the 1,758-carat Sewelô. A Legacy Continues. Also famous for producing many of the world's largest rough diamonds — including the 3,106-carat Cullinan — the Cullinan mine in South Africa is still going strong after 117 years. In March, Petra Diamonds reported that it had unearthed a D-color, Type IIa rough diamond weighing 425 carats. Type IIa gems are the purest of all diamonds because they are composed solely of carbon with virtually no trace elements in the crystal lattice. Two months later, the mining company sold the rough gem for just under $15 million to Dubai-based Stargems Group and Belgium-based Choron, and named the impressive stone “Legacy of the Cullinan Diamond Mine” to honor its connection to the legendary diamond source. Originally known as the Premier Mine, the Cullinan mine has delivered seven of the world’s largest 50 rough diamonds, based on carat weight. These include the Cullinan Heritage (507 carats), Centenary (599 carats), The Golden Jubilee (755 carats) and the biggest gem-quality rough diamond of all time — the Cullinan. Once-in-a-Lifetime Find. The largest blue diamond ever discovered in Botswana was revealed to the world by the state-run Okavango Diamond Company in April. The 20.46-carat faceted gem was cut from a 41.11-carat rough diamond sourced at the Orapa mine. The gem was named “The Okavango Blue” to honor the World Heritage Site known as the Okavango Delta. The lush delta is the home to hippos, elephants, crocodiles, lions, leopards, giraffes and rhinos. “It is incredibly unusual for a stone of this color and nature to have come from Botswana. [It’s] a once-in-a-lifetime find,” said Okavango’s managing director Marcus ter Haar. While the company did not reveal what The Okavango Blue might be worth, a similar diamond sold at a Christie’s auction in 2016 may hold the answer. The Cullinan Dream, a 24.18-carat intense blue diamond with a VS2 clarity rating, sold for $25.4 million at Christie’s New York in June of 2016. Based on that performance, one might presume The Okavango Blue has the potential to yield about $1 million per carat. Credits: Diamond in a diamond image courtesy of Alrosa; Sewelô image courtesy of Lucara; 375-carat diamond image courtesy of Lucara; Legacy of the Cullinan Diamond Mine image courtesy of Petra Diamonds. Okavango Blue diamond images courtesy of Okavango Diamond Company.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2155
__label__wiki	0.859623	0.859623	NTFC Supporters Trust Ltd. Representing the interests of Northampton Town Football Club's supporters at all levels. NTFC Supporters Trust serves to represent supporter needs and interests, be democratic, open, inclusive and accountable to the membership. To support and promote NTFC, a guardian of professional football in Northampton. To contribute to and learn from the wider supporters’ movement. The Trust would like to take this opportunity to thank everyone who has donated to the crowdfunding appeal (https://crowdfunding.justgiving.com/ntfctrust) as well as making donations directly to the Trust. We are pleased to see too that the club has honoured its commitment to the Coppafeel charity today. More disappointing is that a takeover deal still seems some way off; with staff not being paid and without a deal this underlines the importance of continuing to raise funds as the club faces a very uncertain and bleak future. On Wednesday 11th November, the crowdfunding appeal reached the £36,600 mark in donations including many from fans of other clubs. Every penny counts and we now need to push on towards £50,000 and have a growing band of fan actively promoting the appeal in every way possible. We had a bucket collection at the Ricoh Stadium ahead of the FA Cup tie on 7th November and this raised a further £4000. Trust raffle results East stand update after next Trust board meeting Cobblers Ladies to draw Trust raffle on Saturday Trust news update: January 2020 PLAY A PART IN NTFC’S FUTURE Northampton Town Supporters' Trust was formed in January 1992, as a result of a large public meeting attended by over 600 fans. This meeting was called by a group of ordinary supporters, including Rob Marshall, editor of the fanzine What a Load of Cobblers, and myself, in response to a financial crisis at the club and a series of misleading statements issued by the then chairman.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2157
__label__wiki	0.746571	0.746571	rikers Nov. 18, 2014 Rikers Opens New Housing for Transgender Women By Katie Zavadski Photo: Emmanuel Dunand/AFP/Getty Images Transgender women incarcerated at Rikers Island are getting their own housing unit starting Tuesday, because, despite what Orange Is the New Black would have you believe, most of them don’t simply run hair salons at women’s prisons. A 30-bed unit will provide a safe space apart from the other inmates, say advocates who insist that in prison transgender women are especially at risk. Most imprisoned trans women are kept with the male general population. Just like in the outside world, they are often targets of violence, and frequently seek out solitary confinement for their own safety. Women who do so spend 23 hours a day alone and are allowed out for just one hour each day. “Just the inherent nature of being a trans-identified woman and being placed in a male facility, it puts you in an extreme position of vulnerability,” Kim Forte, an attorney with Legal Aid, told WNYC. In contrast, the new unit should be able to house nearly all the trans women in custody at Rikers at any given time in a more typical setup. This isn’t the city’s first attempt at a unit for queer prisoners, either. The old one was abolished in 2005 because, city corrections commissioner Martin Horn told the New York Times at the time, the unit itself had ceased being a safe space. “It was the only area of the department where inmates could choose where they wanted to live,” irrespective of what kind of offenses they had committed, he said. “What we ended up with was this housing unit where people were predatory and people were vulnerable. The very units that should be the most safe, in fact, had become the least safe.”	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2159
__label__cc	0.58927	0.41073	David Bowie – Post Glam Soul & The Berlin Trilogy January 8, 2012 ERTorre 3 Comments Today being David Bowie’s 65th Birthday, might as well continue with my own personal list of “best of” songs from each of his albums. I’ve pointed out my favorite songs from his early years and the justifiably famous Glam Rock era. Now, the Soul & Berlin Trilogy… Following the release of Diamond Dogs, David Bowie was clearly a man in transition. He announced the end of Ziggy Stardust in a concert (his announcement being so complete people could be forgiven for wondering if he was retiring from music altogether!), he jettisoned his band, and, in 1975, moved toward…soul. The result was Young Americans, another very successful release. My two favorite works on the album are probably the two “safest” picks I could make: The spectacular Young Americans and the John Lennon co-written Fame. Things were going well for David Bowie. His music was successful and he took the lead role in critically well received The Man Who Fell To Earth, perhaps his single best movie. However, during this time Mr. Bowie was also becoming more and more dependent on drugs. His 1976 album Station To Station, considered one of his stronger overall efforts, nonetheless is an album that allegedly Mr. Bowie hardly remembers recording, so heavily was his drug use at the time. Nonetheless, the album is spectacular. The title track is one of my favorites… Once again, I find it hard to consider what my second favorite track on the album is. The album featured only 6 songs. Being forced to choose, I’ll go with Golden Years, the song that Mr. Bowie supposedly wrote intending to offer to…Elvis Presley! Following Station to Station, David Bowie moved back to Europe and began the painful process of kicking his cocaine addiction. While there, he worked on and released a set of three albums, beginning with 1977’s Low, which were done in collaboration with Brian Eno. These three albums became known as Mr. Bowie’s Berlin Trilogy, and there are those that consider them the three best albums Mr. Bowie ever created. My favorite track on Low is Sound and Vision. Next favorite is Be My Wife. The second album in the Berlin Trilogy is 1977’s Heroes. And I absolutely love the album’s title track, which Mr. Bowie used so movingly at the Concert For New York following the horrific events of 9/11. Runner up favorite is V2 Schneider. The final of the Berlin Trilogy albums is 1979’s Lodger. Another of those albums it’s very tough to single out two tracks as your favorite. At this moment and at this time, I’d have to pick Look Back In Anger as my favorite. The next favorite track would be (again, very difficult choice!)…Red Sails. Next up: New Wave David Bowie…and the lean years. Previous PostSHADOWS AT DAWN free eBook offer is over…Next PostDavid Bowie – New Wave (Pop) Success and Failure 3 thoughts on “David Bowie – Post Glam Soul & The Berlin Trilogy” EnzymnalmommA says: Hello! Just want to say thank you for this interesting article! =) Peace, Joy. ERTorre says: If you’re as interested as I am in David Bowie, you may want to check out the current issue of Rolling Stone magazine. It offers an interesting history of David Bowie’s rise and eventual success in the music field. Most of what I read there wasn’t terribly new and/or unknown, but for those who are curious as to where he came from and what may have inspired him it is a good article. The sad part, however, comes in a side note where the authors wonder if maybe Mr. Bowie has decided to retire. A little while back there was word that he was working on a new album, but that seems like it was speculation only. Perhaps Mr. Bowie has finally retired. I still hope there’s at least one or two (or more!) albums he’ll release, but if he’s done, I really can’t complain. He leaves behind a terrific body of work. A peferct reply! Thanks for taking the trouble.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2167
__label__wiki	0.7826	0.7826	The Social Network \| Movie Reviews \| Nerdy Nothings By Noah Nickels 3387 days ago On the surface, The Social Network seems like a very difficult movie to pitch. A two-hour movie consisting entirely of dialogue and populated by rich assholes and web-geeks from Harvard and a handful of lawyers (who turn out to be the friendliest of the bunch). Sorry, I can’t see studios beating each other up over the rights to make this film. But that’s missing the point entirely. What Hollywood studios want more than anything these days is a built-in audience. And it doesn’t come more built-in than 500 million Facebook users. Everyone you know either loves, hates, uses or abuses Facebook. Its impact on daily life is almost as inescapable as the internet itself. I guess what surprises me most is not the interest the film generated, but its staying power. Two weeks as number 1 at the box office (although, surely it will be crushed by Jackass 3D this week) and universally praised by critics and the public alike, The Social Network — despite being a dialogue-driven, part legal drama, part riches to more riches story — has entranced America. Maybe I don’t give American audiences enough credit, but they always let me down by making sure Katherine Heigl’s latest non-com is top 3 at the B.O. It probably all boils down to this: Facebook or not, tech-talk driven or not, David Fincher has made a fantastic movie. The Social Network is a hyperbolic and enhanced version of the Facebook origin story. How much or how little of the story is true is not really all that important. It’s not a biopic. It’s a story about jealousy, revenge and greed. The true story of Facebook, while I’m sure is packed with juicy bits, probably falls well short of the condensed onscreen version here, which is backstab after backstab. The producers and marketers wrap the film in a veil of truth, hoping to win over an America obsessed with reality. We’ll believe anything — who cares as long as it’s entertaining. I mean, what is reality TV anyway, but backstabbing, revenge and greed? It’s all dialogue, one argument following another, storylines built in the editing room. That’s pretty much what we have in The Social Network, except deftly crafted and defined by Fincher and Sorkin (screenplay). The photography by Jeff Cronenweth (Fight Club) has the signature green tint and underexposed look that Fincher requires from his DPs. The camera work of the rowing race is worth a mention. Beautiful tilt-shifted shots combined with close-ups of the rowers created an intensity which I imagine can only be rivaled by actually participating in crew. The dialogue is knife-like, cutting through scenes like molten battery acid. The editing of Sorkin’s screenplay comes off Mamet-like — characters talk over, interrupt and slice one another up in quick, sardonic bursts of false indifference. The movie works in many ways, but mostly in the casting. Jesse Eisenberg is proving over and over he has the versatility to tackle any role. The normally very likable Eisenberg amps the snark up to 11 and turns in a layered portrait of the programming genius Mark Zuckerburg. I can’t remember disliking a character this much in a long time. The Social Network holds our attention. Maybe it’s part jealousy — the idea of Facebook is so simple, I bet you think you could have easily dreamed up the same thing or better. I do. But it’s so maddeningly clever and complex, we’d never have done it as good. Hopefully it will inspire someone to come up with a better Facebook, a new, brilliant, yet conceived idea. We’ll watch a movie about him/her and think the same thing — what an asshole. tags: aaron sorkin, david fincher, jesse eisenberg Trailer: Social Network Teaser: The Social Network	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2168
__label__cc	0.560115	0.439885	Obsoletes: 4148 Updates: 4737, 5560, 5644, 6049 A. Morton AT&T Labs RFC 4148 and the IP Performance Metrics (IPPM) Registry of Metrics Are Obsolete This memo reclassifies RFC 4148, "IP Performance Metrics (IPPM) Metrics Registry", as Obsolete, and withdraws the IANA IPPM Metrics Registry itself from use because it is obsolete. The current registry structure has been found to be insufficiently detailed to uniquely identify IPPM metrics. Despite apparent efforts to find current or even future users, no one responded to the call for interest in the RFC 4148 registry during the second half of 2010. 2. Action to Reclassify RFC 4148 and the Corresponding IANA Registry as Obsolete ............................................3 3. Security Considerations .........................................4 4. IANA Considerations .............................................4 5. Acknowledgements ................................................4 6. References ......................................................5 6.1. Normative References .......................................5 6.2. Informative References .....................................5 The IP Performance Metrics (IPPM) framework [RFC2330] describes several ways to record options and metric parameter settings, in order to account for sources of measurement variability. For example, Section 13 of [RFC2330] describes the notion of "Type P" so that metrics can be specified in general, but the specifics (such as payload length in octets and protocol type) can replace P to disambiguate the results. When the IPPM Metrics Registry [RFC4148] was designed, the variability of the "Type P" notion, and the variability possible with the many metric parameters (see Section 4.2 of [RFC2679]), were not fully appreciated. Further, some of the early metric definitions only indicate Poisson streams [RFC2330] (see the metrics in [RFC2679], [RFC2680], and [RFC3393]), but later work standardized the methods for Periodic Stream measurements [RFC3432], adding to the variability possible when characterizing a metric exactly. It is not believed to be feasible or even useful to register every possible combination of Type P, metric parameters, and Stream parameters using the current structure of the IPPM Metrics Registry. The IPPM Metrics Registry is believed to have very few users, if any. Evidence of this was provided by the fact that one registry entry was syntactically incorrect for months after [RFC5644] was published. The text ":=" was used for the metrics in that document instead of "::=". It took eight months before someone offered that a parser found the error. Even the original registry author agrees that the current registry is not efficient, and has submitted a proposal to effectively create a new registry. Despite apparent efforts to find current or even future users, no one responded to the call for interest in the RFC 4148 registry during the second half of 2010. Therefore, the IETF now declares the registry Obsolete without any further reservations. When a registry is designated Obsolete, it simply prevents the IANA from registering new objects, in this case new metrics. So, even if a registry user was eventually found, they could continue to use the current registry, and its contents will continue to be available. The most recently published memo that added metrics to the registry is [RFC6049]. This memo updates all previous memos that registered new metrics, including [RFC4737] and [RFC5560], so that the registry's Obsolete status will be evident. 2. Action to Reclassify RFC 4148 and the Corresponding IANA Registry as Due to the ambiguities between the current metrics registrations and the metrics used, and the apparent minimal adoption of the registry in practice, it is required that: the IETF reclassify [RFC4148] as Obsolete. the IANA withdraw the current IPPM Metrics Registry from further updates and note that it too is Obsolete. It is assumed that parties who wish to establish a replacement registry function will work to specify such a registry. This memo and its recommendations have no known impact on the security of the Internet (especially if there is a zombie apocalypse on the day it is published; humans will have many more security issues to worry about stemming from the rise of the un-dead). Metrics defined in the IETF have been typically registered in the IANA IPPM Metrics Registry as described in the initial version of the registry [RFC4148]. However, areas for improvement of this registry have been identified, and the registry structure has to be revisited when there is working group consensus to do so. The current consensus is to designate the IPPM Metrics Registry, originally described in [RFC4148], as Obsolete. The DESCRIPTION of the registry MIB has been modified as follows, and the first two sentences should be included on any IANA-maintained web page describing this registry or its contents: "With the approval and publication of RFC 6248, this module is designated Obsolete. The registry will no longer be updated, and the current contents will be maintained as-is on the day that RFC 6248 was published. The original Description text follows below: This module defines a registry for IP Performance Metrics. ... " Henk Uijterwaal suggested additional rationale for the recommendation in this memo. [RFC4148] Stephan, E., "IP Performance Metrics (IPPM) Metrics Registry", BCP 108, RFC 4148, August 2005. [RFC2330] Paxson, V., Almes, G., Mahdavi, J., and M. Mathis, "Framework for IP Performance Metrics", RFC 2330, [RFC2679] Almes, G., Kalidindi, S., and M. Zekauskas, "A One-way Delay Metric for IPPM", RFC 2679, September 1999. Packet Loss Metric for IPPM", RFC 2680, September 1999. [RFC3393] Demichelis, C. and P. Chimento, "IP Packet Delay Variation Metric for IP Performance Metrics (IPPM)", RFC 3393, [RFC3432] Raisanen, V., Grotefeld, G., and A. Morton, "Network performance measurement with periodic streams", RFC 3432, [RFC4737] Morton, A., Ciavattone, L., Ramachandran, G., Shalunov, S., and J. Perser, "Packet Reordering Metrics", RFC 4737, [RFC5560] Uijterwaal, H., "A One-Way Packet Duplication Metric", [RFC5644] Stephan, E., Liang, L., and A. Morton, "IP Performance Metrics (IPPM): Spatial and Multicast", RFC 5644, [RFC6049] Morton, A. and E. Stephan, "Spatial Composition of Metrics", RFC 6049, January 2011. Al Morton 200 Laurel Avenue South Middletown, NJ 07748 Fax: +1 732 368 1192 EMail: acmorton@att.com URI: http://home.comcast.net/~acmacm/	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2175
__label__cc	0.61968	0.38032	As a solo artist, John has released five of his own CDs. The NEW CD, John Carey, "Oh So Funky"(2012, Planet Bass, NYC), consists of the music from The Meters, an American funk band based in New Orleans, Louisiana that made their records in the late 60s and 70s. The CD features Andy Narell– steelpans (Chucho Valdes, Bela Fleck, Marcus Miller, Spyro Gyra, Aretha Franklin, The Kronos String Quartet...), Anton Fig– drums (Late Show w/David Letterman, Joe Bonamassa, Booker T. & The MG’s, Bob Dylan, Cyndi Lauper...), Oz Noy– guitar (Chris Botti, Gavin DeGraw, Harry Belafonte, Gov’t Mule, Allen Toussaint...), Will Lee– featured vocalist (Late Show w/David Letterman, George Benson, Hiram Bullock, Brecker Brothers...) and John Carey– bass, vocals, percussion & producer. The recording is filled with super groovy tunes that adhere to the tradition of The Meters, yet utilize the lively and tropical sounds of the steelpans in place of the organ. BUY OH SO FUNKY AT: CDBaby or at iTunes! His first release, John Carey, "undefined psycho-chromatic G.R.I.D." (2005, Planet Bass, NYC) explores the avant-garde: the completely live and improvisational album captures the stream of conscious thought processes between some of today's most talented, unique & interesting musicians. The CD spans multiple genres of music & provides for a multimedia and multi-sensory experience . . . A truly fascinating record with an all-star lineup. BUY G.R.I.D. AT: CDBaby or at iTunes! John Carey, "CL" (2007, Planet Bass, NYC), includes his original singer-songwriter/pop songs. In addition to playing bass, you’ll hear John singing & playing acoustic guitar throughout the CD. His music is reminiscent of Sheryl Crow and The Steve Miller Band. BUY CL AT: CDBaby or at iTunes! John Carey, "Son of the House" (2010, Planet Bass, NYC), examines the dualistic nature of Gnostic thought: light/dark, Cosmos/Earth, illuminated/unaware, divine/carnal, strange/familiar . . . Heavily influenced by the music of Miles Davis, Frank Zappa, Lou Reed & Larry Graham, Carey visits the sounds of punk, funk & the avant-garde, taking the listener from the streets of the East Village, New York City, to that of the Cosmos. BUY SON OF THE HOUSE AT: CDBaby or at iTunes! John Carey, “Revelry Now" (2011, Planet Bass, NYC), revisits songs originally performed by The Beatles, Elvis Presley, Roy Orbison, Bill Withers, Carole King & more, all with a unique approach placing the Fender Jazz bass front & center. BUY REVELRY NOW AT: CDBaby or at iTunes!	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2176
__label__wiki	0.814886	0.814886	Chemical Financial Corporation and TCF Financial Corporation Announce Executive Leadership Appointments for New TCF Upon Close of Merger of Equals Company Release - 3/1/2019 4:20 PM ET DETROIT & WAYZATA, Minn.--(BUSINESS WIRE)-- Chemical Financial Corporation (“Chemical”) (NASDAQ: CHFC) and TCF Financial Corporation (“TCF”) (NYSE: TCF) today announced executive leadership appointments for the combined company (“new TCF”). The appointments will become effective upon the closing of the merger of equals, which is anticipated to occur in the late third or early fourth quarter of 2019, subject to satisfaction of customary closing conditions, including receipt of customary regulatory approvals and approval by the shareholders of each company. Each of the individuals named will continue to serve in their current capacity for their respective company until that time. As previously disclosed, Craig Dahl, the current chairman and chief executive officer of TCF, will become chief executive officer and president of new TCF and chief executive officer of the combined bank (“new TCF Bank”). David Provost, the current chief executive officer and president of Chemical, will become chairman of new TCF bank. The following executives will report to Dahl: Tom Shafer will become president and chief operating officer of new TCF Bank. He will have management oversight of the wholesale banking and consumer banking businesses and the IT organization. Shafer is currently chief executive officer and president of Chemical Bank. Dennis Klaeser will become chief financial officer. He will be responsible for all areas of the finance function, including financial reporting, financial planning and analysis, tax and treasury management. Klaeser currently serves as chief financial officer of Chemical and Chemical Bank. As previously announced, Brian Maass, the current chief financial officer of TCF, will become deputy chief financial officer and treasurer of new TCF, reporting to Klaeser. Jim Costa will become chief risk & credit officer. He will be responsible for the risk management and credit functions. He will also have a dotted line reporting relationship to the Risk Committee of new TCF’s board of directors. Costa currently serves as chief risk and credit officer of TCF. Patty Jones will become chief administrative officer. She will oversee the legal department as well as the corporate affairs, communications and community affairs functions. Jones currently serves as chief administrative officer of TCF. Joe Green will become executive vice president, general counsel and corporate secretary, reporting to Jones. Green currently serves as executive vice president, general counsel and corporate secretary of TCF. Sandy Kuohn will become chief human capital officer. She will oversee human capital strategies, including talent acquisition, retention, organizational and talent development, total rewards and human capital services. Kuohn currently serves as chief human resources officer of Chemical Bank. Andy Jackson will become chief audit executive. He will be responsible for the internal audit function. He will also have a dotted line reporting relationship to the Audit Committee of new TCF’s board of directors. Jackson currently serves as chief audit executive of TCF. The following executives will report to Shafer: Bill Henak will become executive vice president, wholesale banking. He will manage the national lending businesses focused on equipment and inventory finance, commercial banking (to be divided geographically) and national commercial real estate. Mr. Henak currently serves as executive vice president, wholesale banking of TCF. Mike Jones will become executive vice president, consumer and business banking. He will manage all areas of retail banking, consumer lending, small business banking, commercial banking (to be divided geographically), wealth management, mortgages and home lending. Jones currently serves as executive vice president, consumer banking of TCF. Tom Butterfield will become chief information officer. He will lead the information technology team, focused on providing the solutions necessary to best serve the new organization’s customers and business clients in a 21st century banking environment. Butterfield currently serves as chief information officer of TCF. “We have assembled a strong leadership team that represents the deep expertise and industry experience of both companies,” said Craig Dahl, TCF’s chairman and chief executive officer. “Our primary objective in this merger of equals is to combine the best of both companies to create the premier Midwest bank that offers opportunities for all of our stakeholders. We are confident that this team will provide the strong leadership necessary to enable us to operate as one company immediately following the closing of the merger and to fully execute our long-term strategy and vision for new TCF.” Chemical’s chief executive officer David Provost added: “Today marks another important milestone in our journey to create new TCF. We are fortunate to be able to draw upon the leadership expertise of two exceptional companies and create a truly balanced executive team with equal representation from Chemical and TCF. We look forward to starting the integration planning process and working to deliver the expected growth, cost and revenue synergies and operational efficiencies as soon as possible following the closing of the merger.” Integration Management Leadership Appointments The two companies also announced today that Jim Costa and Brennan Ryan, who currently serves as Chemical’s chief operating officer, will co-lead an Integration Management office. They will be responsible for overseeing the process of seamlessly integrating the two companies and ensuring new TCF is prepared to go to market as one company immediately following the closing of the merger. The board of directors for new TCF and other leadership roles are expected to be announced before the closing of the merger. As previously announced, new TCF’s board of directors will have sixteen directors, consisting of eight directors from Chemical and eight directors from TCF. About Chemical Financial Corporation Chemical Financial Corporation is the largest banking company headquartered and operating branch offices in Michigan. Chemical operates through its subsidiary bank, Chemical Bank, with 212 banking offices located primarily in Michigan, northeast Ohio and northern Indiana. As of December 31, 2018, Chemical had total consolidated assets of $21.5 billion. Chemical Financial Corporation's common stock trades on The NASDAQ Stock Market under the symbol CHFC and is one of the issuers comprising The NASDAQ Global Select Market and the S&P MidCap 400 Index. More information about Chemical Financial Corporation is available by visiting the "Investor Information" section of its website at www.chemicalbank.com. About TCF Financial Corporation TCF is a Wayzata, Minnesota-based national bank holding company. As of December 31, 2018, TCF had $23.7 billion in total assets and 314 bank branches in Illinois, Minnesota, Michigan, Colorado, Wisconsin, Arizona and South Dakota providing retail and commercial banking services. TCF, through its subsidiaries, also conducts commercial leasing and equipment finance business in all 50 states and commercial inventory finance business in all 50 states and Canada. For more information about TCF, please visit http://ir.tcfbank.com. Statements included in this press release which are not historical in nature are intended to be, and hereby are identified as, forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the outlook and expectations of Chemical and TCF with respect to their planned merger, including statements about the new leadership team and its ability to execute on the combined company’s long-term strategy and vision, statements regarding the leadership team’s ability to deliver expected growth, cost and revenue synergies and operational efficiencies after the merger closes, and statements regarding the timing of the closing of the merger. Words such as “may,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “estimate,” “expect,” “project,” “assume,” “approximately,” “continue,” “should,” “could,” “will,” “poised,” and variations of such words and similar expressions are intended to identify such forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict with regard to timing, extent, likelihood and degree of occurrence, which could cause actual results to differ materially from anticipated results. Such risks, uncertainties and assumptions, include, among others, the following: the failure to obtain necessary regulatory approvals when expected or at all (and the risk that such approvals may result in the imposition of conditions that could adversely affect the combined company or the expected benefits of the transaction); the failure of either Chemical or TCF to obtain shareholder approval, or to satisfy any of the other closing conditions to the transaction on a timely basis or at all; if the combined company is unable to retain its employees, particularly key management, the combined company could face disruptions with respect to integration, operations and customer retention. the occurrence of any event, change or other circumstances that could give rise to the right of one or both of the parties to terminate the merger agreement; the possibility that the anticipated benefits of the transaction, including anticipated cost savings and strategic gains, are not realized when expected or at all, including as a result of the impact of, or problems arising from, the integration of the two companies or as a result of the strength of the economy, competitive factors in the areas where Chemical and TCF do business, or as a result of other unexpected factors or events; the impact of purchase accounting with respect to the transaction, or any change in the assumptions used regarding the assets purchased and liabilities assumed to determine their fair value; diversion of management’s attention from ongoing business operations and opportunities; potential adverse reactions or changes to business or employee relationships, including those resulting from the announcement or completion of the transaction; the ability of either company to effectuate share repurchases and the prices at which such repurchases may be effectuated; the outcome of any legal proceedings that may be instituted against Chemical or TCF; the integration of the businesses and operations of Chemical and TCF, which may take longer than anticipated or be more costly than anticipated or have unanticipated adverse results relating to Chemical’s or TCF’s existing businesses; business disruptions following the merger; and other factors that may affect future results of Chemical and TCF including changes in asset quality and credit risk; the inability to sustain revenue and earnings growth; changes in interest rates and capital markets; inflation; customer borrowing, repayment, investment and deposit practices; the impact, extent and timing of technological changes; capital management activities; and other actions of the Federal Reserve Board and legislative and regulatory actions and reforms. Additional factors that could cause results to differ materially from those described above can be found in the risk factors described in Item 1A of each of Chemical’s and TCF’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed with the SEC for the year ended December 31, 2018. Annualized, pro forma, projected and estimated numbers are used for illustrative purpose only, are not forecasts and may not reflect actual results. Chemical and TCF disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements contained in this press release, which speak only as of the date hereof, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as required by law. Important Additional Information and Where to Find It This communication is being made in respect of the proposed merger transaction between Chemical and TCF. In connection with the proposed merger, Chemical will file with the SEC a Registration Statement on Form S-4 that will include the Joint Proxy Statement of Chemical and TCF and a Prospectus of Chemical, as well as other relevant documents regarding the proposed transaction. A definitive Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus will also be sent to Chemical and TCF shareholders. INVESTORS ARE URGED TO READ THE REGISTRATION STATEMENT AND THE JOINT PROXY STATEMENT/PROSPECTUS REGARDING THE MERGER WHEN IT BECOMES AVAILABLE AND ANY OTHER RELEVANT DOCUMENTS FILED WITH THE SEC, AS WELL AS ANY AMENDMENTS OR SUPPLEMENTS TO THOSE DOCUMENTS, BECAUSE THEY WILL CONTAIN IMPORTANT INFORMATION. This communication does not constitute an offer to sell or the solicitation of an offer to buy any securities or a solicitation of any vote or approval, nor shall there be any sale of securities in any jurisdiction in which such offer, solicitation or sale would be unlawful prior to registration or qualification under the securities laws of such jurisdiction. A free copy of the Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus, once available, as well as other filings containing information about Chemical and TCF, may be obtained at the SEC’s Internet site (http://www.sec.gov). You will also be able to obtain these documents, free of charge, from Chemical by accessing Chemical’s website at http://www.chemicalbank.com (which website is not incorporated herein by reference) or from TCF by accessing TCF’s website at http://www.tcfbank.com (which website is not incorporated herein by reference). Copies of the Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus once available can also be obtained, free of charge, by directing a request to Chemical Investor Relations at Investor Relations, Chemical Financial Corporation, 333 W. Fort Street, Suite 1800, Detroit, MI 48226, by calling (800) 867-9757 or by sending an e-mail to [email protected], or to TCF Investor Relations at Investor Relations, TCF Financial Corporation, 200 Lake Street East, EXO-02C, Wayzata, MN 55391 by calling (952) 745-2760 or by sending an e-mail to [email protected]. Participants in Solicitation Chemical and TCF and certain of their respective directors and executive officers may be deemed to be participants in the solicitation of proxies from Chemical and TCF shareholders in respect of the transaction described in the Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus. Information regarding Chemical’s directors and executive officers is contained in Chemical’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, its Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, dated March 16, 2018, and certain of its Current Reports on Form 8-K, which are filed with the SEC. Information regarding TCF’s directors and executive officers is contained in TCF’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2018, its Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A, dated March 14, 2018, and certain of its Current Reports on Form 8-K, which are filed with the SEC. Additional information regarding the interests of those participants and other persons who may be deemed participants in the transaction may be obtained by reading the Joint Proxy Statement/Prospectus regarding the proposed merger when it becomes available. Free copies of this document may be obtained as described in the preceding paragraph. Click here to subscribe to news release email alerts for TCF Financial Corporation. Dennis Klaeser, (248) 498-2848 Tom Wennerberg, (248) 498-2872 TCF Financial Corporation Tim Sedabres, (952) 745-2766 Mark Goldman, (952) 475-7050 Source: TCF Financial Corporation The information that is on or available through this site speaks only as of the particular date or dates of that information. We do not guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information on or available through this site, and we are not responsible for inaccuracies or omissions in that information or for actions taken in reliance on that information. TCF Financial Corporation does not undertake an obligation, and disclaims any duty, to update any of the information on or available through this site. As-Reported Financials Stock Purchase Program IRS Forms 8937 IR Site Map © 1999-2020 TCF Financial Corporation. All Rights Reserved.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2177
__label__wiki	0.943081	0.943081	US official visits American college student detained in Zhengzhou for scuffle with cabbie On Thursday, a US diplomat visited Guthrie McLean, the American college student being held in a detention center in Zhengzhou following an altercation with a local cab driver, reporting that he is doing well considering the circumstances. Guthrie, a 25-year-old University of Montana student, was formally arrested on July 17th, more than a month after his tussle with the taxi driver, according to Tom Mitchell, the Financial Times Beijing bureau chief and family friend. Mitchell says that Guthrie was merely trying to protect his mother, Jennifer McLean, a deaf woman who has been teaching English and sign language in China for than a decade, from the cabbie who was trying to rough her up outside her apartment in Zhengzhou following a fare dispute. Mitchell says that Guthrie pulled the driver off of his mom and shoved him to the ground before going back to the apartment, thinking that that was the end of the dispute. “Guthrie was only defending his mother,” Michell told the SCMP. “He’s a very gentle, quiet kid. He’s not the type of kid who goes around picking fights with anyone.” However, five weeks later, police arrived at the apartment and took Guthrie away to the station where they demanded that he pay 100,000 RMB in compensation to the taxi driver who claimed to have suffered serious injuries in the altercation. That sum later came down to 60,000 RMB, according to Mitchell. Unable to pay, Guthrie was locked up, but not formally charged. Since then, he has been living in a detention center in Zhengzhou. His mother has been unable to visit him. But, on Thursday, a US consulate official visited Guthrie, according to a spokesman for Montana Senator Jon Tester. The official said that Guthrie had “no physical or mental health concerns” in the detention center and had been given access to legal resources, without providing further details. Meanwhile, Guthrie’s mother has rejected reports that her son is doing just dandy in Chinese detention. “Fine is a bit of an overstatement. He is enduring,” she told the Associated Press, earlier this week she called the detention center “one of the worst in China.” Jennifer has been raising hell about her son’s arrest, calling on US government officials to secure his freedom and speaking to various media outlets. She has described the arrest as nothing more than a “shakedown” by Chinese police who want “ransom” money to release her son. So far, her efforts have been successful at spurring officials to action. Montana Senator Steve Daines paid a visit to Cui Tiankai, the Chinese ambassador to the US, yesterday to urge that Guthrie’s case be quickly resolved. “This was a young man who stepped in to protect his mother who is deaf and is in China to help teach sign language to hearing impaired Chinese children,” Daines said in a statement. Guthrie McLean essentially grew up in China. After earning an advanced diploma from The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Guthrie went on to a university in Dalian where he then transferred over to the University of Montana. In late May, Guthrie flew back to China on a US passport, planning to visit his mother in Zhengzhou while also traveling around to see the sights and volunteering at the giant panda research base in Chengdu. Back in Montana, Guthrie’s friends have launched a crowdfunding campaign to pay for his bail, so far they have raised $515 out of their goal of $7,500. Follow Shanghaiist on WeChat	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2183
__label__wiki	0.747573	0.747573	« New Technology Promises Faster Drug Candidate Testing Antibody-Based Biosensor Aids Environmental Cleanups » One Nation, Under Geeks By Alan, on May 5th, 2011 (Hodder & Stoughton) Review: Geek Nation by Angela Saini. Hodder & Stoughton (3 Mar 2011). Science writer Angela Saini describes the rise of science and engineering in India in her new book Geek Nation. But if you’re looking for a triumphant Indian victory march you may be disappointed. The book instead offers a sophisticated and nuanced analysis of the factors promoting and inhibiting India’s geeky culture, telling as much about India as the science and engineering the country produces. Science and engineering have a privileged status in India, reaching back to the country’s founding in 1947. Then, India’s first prime minister, Jawaharlal Nehru — who Saini calls the country’s first geek — made science a top priority for the country’s development, even naming himself the president of India’s Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Saini weaves this history into a series of stories that describe her travels around India, with entertaining and descriptive details about the places she visits and the people she meets. The student who scored highest on India’s competitive engineering school entrance exams, for example, turns out to be a tall, skinny, painfully shy young man, who likes playing multi-player video games. An executive with Tata Consultancy, one of India’s giant IT services companies, has a voice that reminds Saini of Kermit the Frog. The heat, the wind, the aromas, and even Saini’s food cravings are recorded and presented. Spoken Web and tuberculosis In the book, Saini uses these stories to describe Indian science and engineering in the context of India’s urgent needs and larger culture. While the cliche she notes may tag India as a land of contrasts, Saini shows how these contrasts are more like two sides of the same coin (my cliche). IBM in India, for example, has embarked on a project to develop the “spoken Web,” an initiative to enable voice commands for Web browsing, using mobile phones. In India, 300 million people do not have bank accounts, and most of these people are illiterate and without a recognized postal address. For this mass of the population, getting on the Internet through a traditional ISP is out of the question. A voice-based Internet using ubiquitous mobile phones has a better chance of succeeding than the text-based Internet found elsewhere in the world. Another example in the book is the Open Source Drug Discovery (OSDD) project, patterned after open source software projects like Linux or Mozilla. OSDD aims to share research results to help find treatments for tuberculosis, a particular scourge in India. Much of the drug manufacturers’ pipelines today have drug candidates for cardiovascular disorders and cancer — illnesses of concern to the West’s aging populations — rather than infectious diseases like TB, malaria, and dengue afflicting the developing world. While OSDD’s immediate goal is TB treatments, it is equally interested in establishing a process that breaks Western practices of protecting research for future lucrative patents. OSDD, populated mainly by Indian researchers and technicians, seeks to take advantage of their vastly larger number of researchers to develop high-quality drugs at lower costs. Driving GM out of India Science and engineering do not have a blank check in India, however. Saini discusses factors holding back science in India, despite its exalted status when the country was founded. She tells, for example, how Monsanto’s attempts to introduce genetically modified cotton was first seen as an attempt to improve yields of farmers and help address shrinking rural populations. Instead GM cotton, and later GM eggplant, ignited harsh negative reactions, caused in part by the high prices charged by Monsanto. But underlying the controversy were India’s anti-colonial traditions that helped Indians view Monsanto’s products with suspicion. Compounding the issue, says Saini, was the Ghandian tradition of self-sufficiency, which helped stoke fears of unknown adverse consequences from GM crops. So far, notes Saini, seven Indian states growing 70 percent of India’s eggplant crop, have rejected Monsanto’s product. In a particularly fascinating discussion, Saini describes how Indians reconcile science with their religious traditions, in contrast to the West where conflicts seem to be increasing. Hinduism, India’s main religion, makes relatively few demands on worshipers beyond simple prayer. This, says Saini, helps religious scholars fit ancient teachings with modern discoveries into the same cognitive framework. And they fit so well that some Hindu religious scholars even claim modern scientific achievements — e.g. flying machines, space travel, and solar energy — as their own and cite references to these developments in their ancient texts. Likewise some scientists follow pseudosciences, such as astrology, somehow justifying advice from celestial signs in their private lives with the scientific method at work (a process probably no more unusual than a statistician anywhere buying a lottery ticket). An American perspective Saini, a British citizen born of Indian parents, focuses almost entirely on her experiences in India, but to an American reading Geek Nation, Saini seems to slide past important issues — one negative, one positive — that color the views of many Americans about India’s growing science and engineering capacity. She discusses early in the book how the Y2K concerns of computer system failures in the late 1990s opened up opportunities for outsourcing American information technology work to India. As a result, however, thousands of American IT jobs disappeared in the process, generating a bitter reaction from American engineers and programmers that lasted well past Y2K and continues to this day. Related to and compounding the issue of outsourcing, are temporary work visas, known by their official designation: H-1B. These visas, created to bring in highly skilled labor for short-term assignments, have been capped at 65,000 per year, but have been abused by Indian companies — including Wipro, Tata, and Infosys — leading in some cases to criminal prosecutions and convictions. The other issue coloring American perceptions of India involves Indian entrepreneurs. While outsourcing may destroy U.S. jobs, new businesses have traditionally been the first to hire, and Indian entrepreneurs in the U.S. have left their positive mark on the national economy. In fact, the first Indians many Americans meet are often found behind the counter at their neighborhood 7-11 store or Subway franchise. Geek Nation does not ignore entrepreneurs. Saini tells about a small and successful company company in Bengaluru — the city formerly known as Bangalore — called TringMe, developing voice programming systems that build on IBM’s spoken Web initiative. But nearly all of the other people profiled in Geek Nation are with large companies, universities, institutes, or government agencies. Like scientists in India, entrepreneurs hold a high status in the U.S. The Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation that encourages and studies entrepreneurship in the U.S. has noted that immigrants play an outsized role as entrepreneurs, with the proportion of immigrants as entrepreneurs growing from 13 percent in 1996 to nearly 30 percent in 2010. The proportion of Asian-American entrepreneurs (including Indian-Americans) likewise grew by half, from 4 to 6 percent, in that period. More Indian/American interaction The trends point to more interchanges between Indian and American geeks, not less. For Indian students, particularly those seeking advanced study in science and engineering, the U.S. is the place to get your degree. In the 2000-2001 academic year, less than 55,000 students from India studied at U.S. institutions. By the 2009-2010 year, that number almost doubled to nearly 105,000. In that 2009-10 academic year, India ranked second only to China as the country providing the largest number of students to American institutions. Nearly 7 in 10 (69%) of the 2009-10 students from India enrolled in engineering, physical sciences, life sciences, computer science, or mathematics. And nearly two-thirds (65%) of the students that year were graduate students. Plus, the U.S. wants more entrepreneurs from overseas, including from India. A proposal in Congress seeks to make it easier for immigrants to the U.S. who want to start businesses here to get American citizenship. Under the proposed legislation — called the Startup Visa Act — a startup company founder or entrepreneur who receives a minimum equity investment of $250,000 could qualify for an “investor” visa. At least $100,000 would have to come from a sponsoring US investor, such as an angel investor or venture capital company. The new companies would be required to create at least five new jobs every two years. This potential increase in contacts between Indians and Americans can benefit both India and the United States. The emergence of India as a scientific collaborator rather than a competitor may be the most desirable outcome for both countries. Business conditions, Hiring/layoffs, Intellectual property, Regulations agriculture, biomedical, computer science, economics, engineering, India, life sciences, pharmaceuticals, physical sciences, university 2 comments to One Nation, Under Geeks Open Laboratory 2011 – submissions so far \| A Blog Around The Clock […] Science Business: HSBC Takes Climate Change Research to the Bank Science Business: One Nation, Under Geeks […] Low-Cost Tablet Gets Hands-On Tests in Indian Schools \| Science Business […] Read more: One Nation, Under Geeks […]	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2187
__label__wiki	0.922393	0.922393	The Highland Clearances Scottish Origins... up to William Wallace The Battle of Stirling Bridge Battle of Falkirk & Execution of Wallace Tragedy at Glencoe SUMMARY INDEX Recommend... Scottish History Forum info@scottish-history.com Scottish Origins...to William Wallace Chapter Five (Conclusion) - The Lion to Wallace Scottish Arms. After David I's death, his grandson Malcolm IV succeeded him to the throne of Scotland in 1153. It was a turbulent and precarious reign. There were rebellions in Moray and Galloway. Malcolm IV was surrounded by Norman advisors and this, in itself, caused many uprisings. It took several attempts before Malcolm could quell the revolts -- with Norman help. But the bad feelings continued. In 1157, English King Henry II Plantagenet succeeded in getting lands back in Northumbria by threat of force. Malcolm IV aquiesced and gave back the land with no opposition. When he died in 1165, his brother, known as William the Lion (for his red rampant lion on a yellow field) was king of Scotland. These colors and the red rampant lion were to become Scotland's heraldic colors (flag). Royal Shield of Scotland. William the Lion of Scotland began an alliance with France that would eventually lead to the "Auld Alliance." Lowland Scotland and England had been having a series of battles over possession of Northumbria in North England. William the Lion wanted it back, (as his predecessor Malcolm IV had returned it to England under threat of invasion), and started the alliance with France leading to a conflict with Anglo-Norman England. He launched a grand invasion of England in 1174 to reclaim Northumbria. Henry II was now King of England and involved in France, so William the Lion invaded. But the enterprise misfired, due to their own rashness and to an east coast mist, attributed by both sides to be divine intervention. The Scots were heavily defeated at Alnwick and William the Lion himself, taken prisoner and sent to Normandy. There he was forced to sign the Treaty of Falaise. By this humiliating document, Scotland was placed under feudal subjection to England, the Scottish church put under the jurisdiction of the English Primate, Northumbria confirmed as English territory and the castles of Southern Scotland garrisoned by English troops. Fifteen years would pass before William the Lion was able to redress the balance. In 1189, Richard Coeur de Lion (Richard the Lionhearted), needing money for a Crusade, agreed to give back the castles and renounce his feudal superiority over Scotland in return for 10,000 marks. This sum was a huge sum of money for Scotland to pay and it took them many years and much taxation before they were able to repurchase their own castles and land. Three years later, Pope Celestine III released the Scottish church from English supremacy and declared that thenceforth, it should be under direct jurisdiction of Rome. It was the beginning of nearly 100 years of relative peace between England and Scotland. Scots kings had other problems to worry about though, Celtic Chieftains of the west (who still enjoyed a great measure of independence) were in a more or less state of insurrection against the central monarchy. Fergus, Prince of Galloway had rebelled no less than three times against Malcolm IV, and now in the reign of William the Lion, Fergus's sons rose again, massacring with particular gusto, the Anglo-Norman garrisons which had been stationed in southeast Scotland under the Treaty of Falaise. It was to be a long time before this last Celtic stronghold in the southwest Lowlands was to be pacified. Further north and west were the dominions of the Lords of the Isles and the Lords of Lorne. They regarded themselves as independent rulers of their own kingdoms. These are the Norse-Scots, with no particular loyalty or obligations to the Royal House of Scotland. Their allegiance (loosely) being to the Kings of Norway. Remember that in the reign of Malcolm IV, William the Lion's predecessor, the Norse-Scot blooded Somerled (progenotor of the great Clan Donald), King of Morvern, Lochaber, Argyll and the southern Hebrides and Uncle by marriage to the Norwegian King of the Isles, had shown his contempt for Scottish Kings by sailing up the River Clyde in his ships and sacking Glasgow. They were eventually overcome by Malcolm's High Steward, Walter FitzAlan, and Somerled himself was laid low by an unlucky spear thrust. But to the Norse-Scots hearty warriors, that was just a setback and Somerled's descendants, the MacDougall Lords of Lorne or Lorn, and the MacDonald's Lord of the Isles; as well as the MacLeods (pronounced Mac-louds) and the MacLeans (pronounced Mac-lane) were, in their turn, to carry out the tradition of independence. William the Lion died in 1214 and was succeeded by his son Alexander II, a capable ruler who put to good use the administrative machinery created by David I. The down side of his reign is the inherited domestic Clan problems. There were insurrections in Galloway (again), Argyll, Moray and Caithness in the far north. He died in 1249 while on his way to attempt conquest of the Western Isles whose Lords still chose to give their allegiance to the kings of Norway. (If any was given to anyone). So, next comes Alexander III who took up his father's cause and launched raids at the Hebrides (part of the Western Isles). It wasn't long before old King Hakon of Norway decided to retaliate. In the summer of 1263, King Hakon assembled a great fleet with which he sailed to Scotland. Alexander III, a shrewd man, managed to open negotiations with the Norwegians and Islanders and delayed it until October. This was the season of autumn gales, and as he'd hoped, played havoc with Hakon's fleet as it lay in the Firth of Clyde. The Norwegians fought their way ashore at Largs in Ayrshire, where they were defeated on land and at sea by the Scots and had to withdraw in disorder. King Hakon of Norway died from injuries from battle at Kirkwall on his way home. His successor, Magnus, signed a peace under which the Hebrides became officially part of Scotland , though remaining in practise, an independent kingdom under the Lords of the Isles, who for their part paid no more heed to their Scottish rulers than they had to their Norwegian overlords. Orkney and the Shetland Islands were left, for the time being, in Norwegian hands. The remainder of Alexander III's reign was peaceful and prosperous. His marriage to Margaret, daughter of English King Henry III, secured peace with England, while their daughter Margaret married to the King of Norway in 1283, set the seal on the peace treaty of 20 years before, between Norway and Scotland, and established after four centuries of war and strife, a friendly relationship between the two countries which has lasted ever since. The home trade improved, revenue increased, law and order were fairly well maintained, education within limits prospered. Building was up, both domestic and ecclesiastical, and for the most part life became less dangerous than it had been. However, fate intervened when the King of Scotland Alexander III, was riding his horse home one rainy night. He'd been thrown from his horse over a cliff, and now, Scotland was leaderless. With Alexander III's death, went the dream of the relative peace Scotland was enjoying. Alexander III only had one heir left alive -- Margaret, the infant princess of Norway. She was called the 'Maid of Norway'. The current English King, Edward I 'Longshanks' was a ruthless, formidable man who wanted to rule Scotland as he now ruled Wales. His forces had defeated the Welsh forces and now was under complete dominance of England. He wanted to do the same to Scotland. But instead, he arranged for a marriage of his son to Alexander III's granddaughter, the infant Margaret "Maid of Norway". However, fate dealt another difficult hand to Scotland -- the little princess had taken ill on her way to England and died in the Orkney Islands. Scotland was left with no heir to their throne, and a Norman Bishop of Scotland (Bishop Fraser of Norman descent) wrote to Edward I urging him to come to Scotland and choose the next king. He added in his letter that John Balliol was most likely the more amenable choice. Balliol and Robert the Bruce were the two claimants to the throne that had the best claims. Edward I was familiar with both the Balliol and Bruce families, and had misgivings about Robert the Bruce's loyalty to England. So he chose John Balliol. Immediately, Edward I had Balliol swear fealty to him and made an agreement that Scotland would supply men and money and arms to England for its upcoming war with France. Balliol was humiliated, he went about trying to convince Scottish Nobles that he didn't sell out to the English, but few believed him. He was given the name "Toom Tabard" meaning empty coat. Many believe this refers to the humiliating ritual Edward I put Balliol through, but most likely it was a term similar to "lame duck" as applied to American Presidents. In any event, Balliol was now desperate to show to his fellow Scots that he wasn't weak willed, so he signed a treaty with France "The Auld Alliance" of Scotland and France that would last until 1746. Edward I now decided to use force to take Scotland and he rode north to crush the Scots. He attacked Berwick, a prosperous city then, killing Scots women and children as well as the Scots army. When Edward was done campaigning , he left Scotland a devastated mess. Edward I "Hammer of the Scots", put the Earl of Surrey (John de Warrenne) and Hugh de Cressingham (High Justicar), in charge of Scotand and returned home to England. His remarks to one of his aides as they rode south to England was this rude comment of Scotland ....."It does a man good, to rid himself of such shit". He was, of course, referring to Scotland and it's people. Edward I rode home confident that Scotland was now subdued. He was very wrong. The atrocities he and his army committed in Berwick would fuel the fires of rebellion in Scotland. And when a little known man, named William Wallace, came to the forefront of Scottish patriotism -- he made history. William Wallace is THE greatest Scottish patriot Scotland has ever had, and he came when the Scots needed him most. * At this point, the movie "Braveheart" picks up the story. Although factually incorrect at times, the movie was an excellent work and deserves to be recognized as the single most important film ever made about Scottish history. * Also at this point, the two part essay on "The Battle of Stirling Bridge" picks up the story. Scotweb's Scottish History Magazine is edited by Robert M. Gunn Please email comments and suggestions to All original material © Robert M. Gunn 1997-2003 unless stated No parts to be reproduced without prior written consent Scottish History site provided courtesy of This site is hosted by Scotweb - see our range of kilts and tartans	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2188
__label__cc	0.675234	0.324766	Seeing Through Blindness Leaves of Prophecy Screen Play Adaption of Seeing Through Blindness From the Age of Rock to the Rock of Ages, by Matt Harris Jerry Zengler's band, The Lemon Lime, opened for Led Zeppelin in 1969. Back in the 1960s and 1970s, Jerry Zengler was the lead singer in a popular Maryland rock band called The Lemon Lime. During that time, Jerry’s band was climbing the staircase of Maryland’s rock scene two steps at a time, hearing much applause while playing at such venues as The Hulabaloo and The Jaguar Club. After Jerry won the best lead singer award at a battle of the bands’ contest, featuring over one hundred bands, the pinnacle of his rock career culminated on February 16, 1969. On that Sunday evening, he and The Lemon Lime shared the stage with Led Zeppelin in the old Baltimore Civic Center. Led Zeppelin’s “Stairway to Heaven” is arguably one of the best rock songs ever written. Some of its lyrics even wax existential, with such lines as these: “Yes, there are two paths you can go by / But in the long run / There's still time to change the road you're on.” At the same time, however, I doubt if Robert Plant, Zeppelin’s lead singer, intended to express the idea of repentance when he penned those words. But as for Jerry, after having lived the rock ‘n’ roll lifestyle for several years, he felt a void that gnawed at his soul like a bull dog chewing on a bone, and realized it was time to change the road he was on. Jerry’s detour from that path occurred when a gentleman from a local church knocked on his door one afternoon. Always looking for an opportunity to amuse himself, Jerry opened the door and invited the man inside. When the fellow started to tell Jerry about Jesus, and about how God loved him so much that He sent His Son to die on the cross for his sins, Jerry lit up a Marlboro and blew smoke in the man’s face. Undaunted by Jerry’s smokescreen, the man continued, “But Jesus didn’t stay dead because God, His Father, raised Him from the grave. This is the gospel,” the man declared. Jerry opened the refrigerator door and reached for a can of Miller Beer, then hesitated and closed the refigerator and sat down at his kitchen table and took a drag from his Marlboro that burned in the ashtray. Only this time, he did not blow smoke in the man’s face. But instead, he listened, as the man quoted these words of Jesus, “Enter through the narrow gate. For wide is the gate and broad is the road that leads to destruction, and many enter through it. But small is the gate and narrow the road that leads to life, and only a few find it” (Matthew 7:13-14). “You better leave now, mister” Jerry told the man. “I got better things to do than sitting here all day listening to you.” “Thank you for your time,” the man said. “Here’s another verse I would like for you to ponder, ‘There is a way that seems right to a man, But its end is the way of death'” (Proverbs 14:12). Within minutes after the man left, Jerry butted his Marlboro and realized that he needed Jesus. He dashed outside to try and find the man. Spotting the gentleman as he was about to knock on his next door neighbor’s front door, Jerry said, “Hey, mister, I need to get saved.” The man walked over to Jerry, looked him in the eye, and quoted this verse, “'For the wages of sin is death; but the gift of God is eternal life through Jesus Christ our Lord' (Romans 6:23). Do you believe that you are a sinner, young man?” “Yes sir, that’s a fact,” Jerry said. “We all are sinners, son,” the man said. “And furthermore it is our sin that separates us from God and ultimately will put us in hell. But Jesus took care of that separation for us on the cross. All we have to do is receive His gift by repenting from our sins, which means to turn away from them, and by believing the gospel, that Jesus died on the cross to forgive us for our sins and that God, His Father, raised Him from the dead. There’s nothing we can do to save ourselves. Our only hope is in the finished work of Jesus Christ. Scripture says that ‘Whoever calls on the name of the LORD shall be saved' (Romans 10:13). Are you ready, Jerry, to call on His name, the only name under heaven by which a man can be saved?” “Yes, sir, I want to get saved right now.” “Then pray with me, Jerry,” the man said, “and ask the Lord to come into your life. Dear Jesus, I know I’m a sinner and would be lost in hell without You. I turn from my sin and ask You to come into my life and forgive me. I believe You died on the cross to save me from my sins and that God Your Father raised You from the dead. Thank You, Jesus, for giving me Your free gift of eternal life. Amen.” Jerry may have once opened for Led Zeppelin; but for the past 40 years, he has been opening for Jesus Christ. Shortly after Jerry surrendered his life to Jesus, he became a preacher. But not your typical every-Sunday-pulpit-preach-to-the-choir kind of preacher. No. Jerry first preached Jesus in the trenches of prisons throughout Maryland with a jail ministry that he started. For 20 years, he preached a simple message of repentance and Jesus crucified and raised from the dead. Hundreds of inmates responded to that message and surrendered their lives to Jesus, who gave them true freedom and His free gift of eternal life. Jerry never took a nickel for preaching. He supported his family as an iron worker in Baltimore, right down the street from where he once shared the stage with Zeppelin. He believes that since Jesus freely gave the gospel that he also should freely give it. For the past 20 years, he has preached that same message to thousands of truckers at God’s Trucking Ministry in Jessup, Maryland. Jerry likes to kid around with the truckers and say, “I know many of you have been pulled over by the police and given a ticket. Well, today God has pulled you over and given you a ticket: a ticket to heaven through His Son, Jesus Christ.” Jerry Zengler may have once opened for Led Zeppelin. But for the past 40 years, he's been opening for Jesus Christ. I have known Jerry Zengler for over 30 years. I, too, once lived the rock ‘n’ roll lifestyle, even though I never played in a band. When I was a young man, shortly after I surrendered my life to Jesus, I met Jerry at a church one Sunday morning. I was long-haired and visually impaired, an outcast, having recently been diagnosed with Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP), an incurable eye disease that leads to blindness. But those things didn’t seem to bother Jerry. We became friends, and he soon discovered that I, too, had the gift of evangelism. He took me under his wing and taught me how to articulate the gospel of Jesus and to share His love with the world. And for that, I am eternally grateful. "And if you listen very hard the tune will come to you at last...." Posted by Matt Harris at 6:31 AM No comments: Posted by Matt Harris at 6:31 AM 2 comments: Seeing Through Blindness Links Seeing Through Blindness Website From the Age of Rock to the Rock of Ages, by Matt ... Matt Harris is a writer and poet from Pasadena, MD. And he is the author of “Seeing Through Blindness” and “Leaves of Prophecy.” Click the image to learn more.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2190
__label__wiki	0.773119	0.773119	Hamlin not afraid to steer into controversy Comments Off on Hamlin not afraid to steer into controversy By RICK MINTER / Cox Newspapers Along with his successes on Sprint Cup race tracks this year, Denny Hamlin also stands out because he has become one of the few drivers who doesn’t mind speaking his mind. And even though his outspokenness over NASCAR’s alleged use of “debris” cautions to liven up races has cost him a $50,000 fine from series officials, he weighed in heavily about Clint Bowyer’s penalty for an illegal car at New Hampshire Motor Speedway, something most other top drivers declined to do in detail. During his weekly media session at Dover International Speedway last Friday, Hamlin offered his insight on the situation that led to Bowyer being docked 150 points, which dropped him from second in the standings to 12th. And his comments likely weren’t what NASCAR officials wanted to hear. They also didn’t go over well with Bowyer’s teammate Kevin Harvick, who bumped into Hamlin in practice then had a heated exchange with him afterward. Hamlin started it off by saying there was a good reason his second-place car at New Hampshire passed the post-race technical inspection while Bowyer’s winning car did not. “Our car came back and it was correct, but it wasn’t built incorrectly and … [Bowyer’s] car was built incorrectly,” Hamlin said, adding that the fact that the difference between a passing height and a failing height on Bowyer’s car was just 60 thousandths of an inch doesn’t mean it didn’t create a big advantage on the track. “You can talk about how small the thing was off and you can really try to say that 60-thousandths didn’t help him perform any better … that is a crock,” Hamlin said. “Let me tell you something, that helps a lot. “I know when we gain five points of downforce, our car runs a ton better … “NASCAR has been very, very lenient, I feel like, on this car, and they’ve given those guys chances. … I think that [Bowyer’s team] should just be happy that they’re in the Chase at this point. They were warned and they were warned before Richmond. Everyone in the garage knows that. They’re the ones who wanted to press the issue and get all they could to make sure they got in the Chase.” And Hamlin said the Bowyer car has been wrong for a lot longer than it might appear. “In the garage, everyone has known it for months,” he said. “They’ve been warned for a long time, way before Richmond. … They wanted to get everything they could. What did they have to lose really? You almost can’t fault them for that.” NASCAR apparently didn’t say anything to Hamlin about his comments, but an ESPN report indicates his team president, J.D. Gibbs, did tell Hamlin to tone it down. For their parts, Bowyer and team owner Richard Childress continued to say their car was legal when it arrived at New Hampshire, and they say the reason it failed to pass inspection was that the car was damaged either during the race or when it was pushed to Victory Lane by a tow truck. They’ll make their case in an appeal scheduled for Wednesday. And Bowyer didn’t hold back when airing his thoughts on the issue, saying among other things that the NASCAR rumor mill forced series officials into issuing such a hefty penalty, one that he’ll find difficult to overcome. He said that it makes no sense for a team that knows it’s under scrutiny to try to slip something past the inspectors. “Who in their right mind, knowing that [inspectors] are going to take that car, wouldn’t have made triple sure that thing was right before it went to the race track?” he said, while also raising questions about the inspection process that officials used to check the car once it was taken back to Concord, N.C.. “They take the car apart, completely apart to measure this thing, and in my opinion that’s not the way the car was raced on the race track,” he said. “I think that’s something to be said.”	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2192
__label__cc	0.61717	0.38283	Island Residence: Every traveler has a "Penghu Bay" in his heart. When the wind is cool, I begin to miss the past summer. At one or two o'clock in the afternoon, the noise of cicadas was ringing. The breeze followed the vapor in the garden and blew up the stairs into the room. In summer, listen to birds singing, smell the smell of plants, feel the fog rising from under your feet in the warm sunny days. Like bees and flowers, green meadows and moist winds, islands and houses standing on them, they make up all the images of summer. Some people want to climb up to the top, others want to ride the wind and waves to find the end. The existence of explorers gives ordinary people the same opportunity to see the height, breadth and breadth of the world. Perhaps it comes from the spirit of adventure hidden in primitive genes. People's curiosity about oceans and islands has already been sown. As soon as waves and winds blow, they begin to take root and germinate, and then continue to grow in their hearts. Island by island, sea by sea, has become a milestone on the road to conquer the world. The creator separated a piece of land from the mainland and crushed it irregularly. More than 1300 islands formed the Zhoushan Islands today, echoing the stars in the sky and scattering over the ocean. To settle on the "stars", we need to sail into the sea to see the sea turn from turbid to clear and draw a wider and wider surface with the land. The waves break apart tamely and make way for the boat to move forward, causing people to rise up a little swell that has been controlled by the ocean. Only by staggering on the side of the boat, listening to the waves beating fiercely and rushing onto the deck, can they wake up with concern. The wild nature never fades away, which is never conquered, but cautious. Peaceful coexistence. Not the most mysterious island of the East Pole, nor the most well-known island of flowers and birds, the destination of this trip is the little-known island of Baisha. The advantage of low-key is simplicity, retaining salty water, rough reefs, and fishermen's sweat. The dormitory, named Moyi Youshe, is the most special existence of the whole Baisha Island. Occupy a side of the hill, very close to the sea, far from the ship, you can see that it is a beacon standing on the cape, but also the sail blown by the sea breeze. Green grassland and white wall, shining in the summer sun, with the new clusters which are incompatible with the small island, like a pair of huge hands, push this unknown island to people. Compared with hotels, the dormitory is not too strong sense of distance, more like a new soul growing out of the destination. However, the current residential quarters are different from the beginning of their birth. Simply and roughly stacking all the local things into the space, as if offering treasures to the general heart, has become the past. The arrival of the era of new residential accommodation is more like a tacit little interest between residential accommodation and residents. The elements of territoriality are dismantled one by one, and carefully hidden in the space of houses, like the pearls of light in the clam, expecting to be found with a trace of ecstasy. Some people say that modern travel is a new kind of "colonization", but now, this kind of "colonization" is not the original one-way indoctrination, but interaction. The appearance of the residential quarters in Baisha Island, which are more modern and younger, hardly retains the original style of the old buildings. The "marine culture" of Baisha Island is still the soul and foundation of the residential quarters, and the fashionable shell is still enclosed with the spiritual core consistent with the territory. In the dormitory, the typical symbols of "marine culture" such as rudder and fishrope have never appeared, but from the details, stranger Youshe confides restrainedly and affectionately that those who are integrated into the space of the dormitory have become accustomed to, on the contrary, it needs to be carefully touched to find the amorous feelings. Through the huge landing windows everywhere, the azure blue enters our eyes. The summer sea calmly reflects the sparkling light, the reefs are carved out by the waves, and the fishing boats float and sink in the sea. They spend thousands of years with the sea, and they understand their accumulated strength in the dark. The wind in the courtyard is salty and astringent. It is also wet and sticky in summer. It smells bad and uncomfortable, but it really penetrates into the brain from the nose to form the exclusive memory of the sea in summer. Cooking fish, shrimp and crab just salvaged in the most modest way by the seaside people, a little onion and ginger, a few drops of cooking wine, can stimulate the sweet, even leaving the island, will become a long-term miss. And when the night closes, the lodging is like a boat drifting on the sea alone in the dark, the white wall grass fades its color, and the land becomes the home of the caterpillar insects. In addition to the long and short cries of animals, the waves beat the shore, there are only silent stars and moons. At this time, I understand the drifting and loneliness of the people on the sea. It is not a straightforward statement to the ocean, but a guide to the visitors, one by one to stimulate five senses, the heart and the sea, to a certain extent, are tied together. The manager of Mo Jie Youshe told me that the idea of brand is "unlikeness is everything". Indeed, strangers are not like ordinary island dwellings, but they contain all the ocean phenomena. Prev： Congestion and Intelligent Service Upgrading in Famous Tourist Cities Next： How to choose the right hotel for traveling?	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2202
__label__cc	0.728477	0.271523	High-Tech Gruenderfonds and Business Angel Robert Kabs invest in booking solution “bookingkit” Berlin-based startup bookingkit successfully completed its first round of financing with investments by the High-Tech Gruenderfonds (HTGF) and Business Angel Robert Kabs, thereby strengthening sustainable growth in sales and product development. Altogether, both new partners invested a mid six-figure sum in the emerging Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) company. bookingkit has set out to digitalize the entire industry of leisure businesses and to provide them with a ready-to-use, web-based software solution to sell, merchandise and administrate their services. A big win for all small and medium-sized leisure businesses: The booking solution bookingkit has ensured continued rapid growth of its customer base, expansion of its partnerships and ongoing product development with new capital from its first round of financing, allowing it to provide innovative software solutions to leisure businesses, such as cooking schools, city tours, outdoor activities and yoga studios. As of now, less than 40% of all leisure activities can be booked online – often only through portals and marketplaces. The 8.4 billion EUR market in Germany is almost entirely analogue and most businesses are hardly prepared for digitalization. As a fully web-based and immediately implementable solution for businesses to use with their own website or associated leisure portals, bookingkit digitalizes the industry of leisure businesses and gives also small businesses the opportunity to make bookings compliant with the Federal Financial Supervisory Authority (BaFin). bookingkit does this by offering easy-to-use, user-friendly software that meets businesses’ requirements instead of very complex “management software” – a concept that has convinced investors. “With this innovative software solution, bookingkit is an absolute added value for all leisure businesses on the market. Our seed investment will help advance sales of this SaaS solution in the target market,” claimed Dr. Tanja Emmerling, Investment Manager at HTGF. bookingkit GmbH has been active on the market since the summer of 2014 and has already gained numerous customers. “The new capital from the latest round of financing will in the long term secure scaling of a business model that has already proven itself,” declared CEO and founder Christoph Kruse. “We, therefore, now plan to considerably expand especially with regards to sales and the product, in order to convince more customers of the digital possibilities of their business.” In addition to our original B2B sales, in the future bookingkit plans on increasingly more marketplaces switching to bookingkit. Germany’s largest portal for cooking schools – kochschule.de – is the first portal to successfully start implementing bookingkit technology. “We have proven competence in technological solutions for the booking market and aim to evolve into an attractive partner for marketplaces and booking portals. We offer efficient online booking, real-time availability checks, as well as automatic receipt generation and commission management,” says Lukas C. C. Hempel, second CEO at bookingkit GmbH. “The advantages for marketplaces: By switching to our technology, partners go from a previously self-programmed, labor and investment-intensive system to a start-of-the-art booking solution without investment costs.” About bookingkit bookingkit GmbH offers a smart booking solution for leisure businesses, which helps them to sell, merchandise and administrate their services. It is fully web-based, can be implemented immediately and used in combination with a business’ own websites or associated leisure portals. More sales, less effort – due to its central user interface including real-time availability check. Moreover, it is platform-neutral across many channels. bookingkit’s mission statement: To digitalize the entire industry of leisure businesses. Furthermore, the software works as a middleware between providers and booking systems in order to match availabilities across various channels and to optimize sales. The startup was founded in Berlin in early 2014 by Christoph Kruse and Lukas C. C. Hempel and is supported by a three-member board. bookingkit is a member of the German Startups Association. For high-resolution press photos and more information: http://bookingkit.de/presse/ Christoph Kruse presse@bookingkit.de http://bookingkit.de/presse/ About High-Tech Gruenderfonds High-Tech Gruenderfonds invests in young, high potential high-tech start-ups. The seed financing provided is designed to enable start-ups to take an idea through prototyping and to market launch. Typically, High-Tech Gruenderfonds invests EUR 500,000 in the seed stage, with the potential for up to a total of EUR 2 million per portfolio company in follow-on financing. Investors in this public/private partnership include the Federal Ministry of Economics and Energy, the KfW Banking Group, as well as strategic corporate investors including ALTANA, BASF, Bayer, B. Braun, Robert Bosch, CEWE, Daimler, Deutsche Post DHL, Deutsche Telekom, Evonik, Lanxess, media + more venture Beteiligungs GmbH & Co. KG, METRO, Qiagen, RWE Innogy, SAP, Tengelmann and Carl Zeiss. High-Tech Gruenderfonds has about EUR 576 million under management in two funds (EUR 272 million HTGF I, EUR 304 million HTGF II). High-Tech Gruenderfonds Management GmbH Dr. Tanja Emmerling Schlegelstraße 2 t.emmerling@htgf.de High-Tech Gründerfonds Management Company profile of High-Tech Gründerfonds Management Past press releases of High-Tech Gründerfonds Management.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2203
__label__wiki	0.630247	0.630247	Fighting inequality and poverty requires a more humane view of economics January 30, 2017 9.37am EST Richard Dodgson, Newcastle University Richard Dodgson Lecturer in International Politics, Newcastle University Richard Dodgson does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organization that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. Newcastle University provides funding as a member of The Conversation UK. World view from Davos. EPA/LAURENT GILLIERON When influential charity Oxfam published its report, “An Economy for the 1%”, it was well timed to coincide with 2017’s January meeting of the world’s rich and powerful at the Swiss ski resort of Davos. Oxfam’s findings were widely discussed, including in a weekly news magazine aimed at eight to 14-year-olds. Much of this discussion focused on the report’s headline statistics, which told us most strikingly that “since 2015, the richest 1% has owned more wealth than the rest of the planet”. Or that the eight richest men in the world own as much wealth as 3.6 billion people – about half of the world’s population. It also pointed out that the incomes of the poorest 10% increased by less than US$3 a year between 1988 and 2011, while the incomes of the richest 1% increased 182 times as much. These figures are certainly startling. But in response, the Adam Smith Institute questioned Oxfam’s interpretation of the existing data and its focus on the wealth of the rich rather than the welfare of the poor. Growth in the income of those at the bottom, the related reduction in global poverty and improvements in life expectancy, were the key issues for the economic think tank. Eight rich men. EPA The Adam Smith Institute is quite right to highlight the progress that has been made in reducing global inequality and poverty. The gap between the global rich and the global poor is indeed closing when all these factors are taken into account. As the expert on global inequality Branko Milanovic notes, since 2000, and for the first time in modern history, global inequality has been on the wane. The overall level of global inequality, however, remains alarmingly high, as does income inequality within nations. Income inequality in the member states of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) for example, “remains at record high levels despite improving employment rates. The picture outside of the OECD is similar”. Economic growth in countries such as India, China and Brazil, has been rapid, but not inclusive. Yet according to the World Bank, the economic development of India and China, together with Indonesia, has contributed significantly to a reduction in the number of people living globally in extreme poverty. That number is now below 800m, or 10.7% of the world’s population. Since 2008, income inequality within countries has declined in more countries than it has increased. However, the position of those people that have been lifted out of extreme poverty is precarious. The most disadvantaged people globally, specifically women and children, have benefited little from recent progress. They remain trapped in extreme poverty. The threat posed by inequality to the goal of ending extreme poverty by 2030 has been well highlighted. So too, has the relationship between inequality, poverty and the “global public bads” of climate change, pandemics and conflict. The threat posed by inequality to the future of capitalism and the fabric of democratic society has also been recognised. So, while there has been significant progress in reducing both global inequality and global poverty, the future is uncertain and there is still work to do. A ‘human economy’ The World Bank suggests six strategies for reducing global inequality and poverty. These include: universal health coverage, access to quality education, cash transfers to poor families and progressive taxation. Oxfam posits that a fundamental rethink of the relationship between government and market, and a move away from neoliberal capitalism, with its emphasis on open markets, low taxes and capital mobility, is needed. In its place, they propose a “human economy”, at the heart of which is society and a strong accountable government that works for all, not just the 1%. The proposals of the World Bank and Oxfam are not incompatible. A strong and accountable government, rather than markets, is needed to ensure that education, health and hi-tech infrastructure are available to all. Progressive taxation is also a central feature of a human economy as a means of bringing about an end to extreme inequalities in wealth and income. Oxfam’s sketch of a human economy reminds us that there are more inclusive models of capitalism and alternatives to neoliberalism. Given that economics is often discussed in an abstract manner, any effort to get people (including the young) to think about the nature of the economy and how the economy impacts upon society is welcome. If we are to tackle the issue of inequality and related problems, we need more public discussion of these issues. Brexit and the election of President Trump have been described as turning points – an opportunity to make deals. We need to take these opportunities. Creating a “new deal”, could ensure that our eight to 14-year-olds get the chance to live in a society that is more fair, just and sustainable than what we have now.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2207
__label__cc	0.673221	0.326779	Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Human Rights of Migrants on his Mission to Nepal PDF File Size: 374 KB \| Download During the mission of Felipe González Morales to Nepal from 29 January to 5 February 2018, the Special Rapporteur met with representatives of the Government, the National Human Rights Commission, the diplomatic community, members of the United Nations country team, migrants and their families, and representatives of civil society organizations, trade unions, recruitment agencies, associations of training centres for domestic workers, associations of pre-departure orientation, associations of medical centres and skills training providers. The main focus of the visit was on labour migration from Nepal, recruitment practices, the assistance provided to Nepalese migrants in destination countries and the return and reintegration of labour migrants. Nepal has made progress in ensuring that the rights of its citizens who migrate for foreign employment are protected. However, important gaps in protection continue to exist in the law and challenges remain in enforcement, implementation and monitoring. #Mission #VisitInNepal #FelipeGonzálezMorales #Migration #Refugee UN , (2018 ) Type / Script: Publication in English HUMAN RIGHTS, HUMAN RIGHTS ADVANCEMENT, HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION, HUMAN RIGHTS INDECATORS, HUMAN RIGHTS POLICIES, RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT, WOMEN MIGRANT WORKERS, WOMEN MIGRANTS, FORCED MIGRATION, INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION, MIGRATION, MIGRATION POLICY, RETURN MIGRATION, RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION, INTERNAL MIGRATION, SOCIAL SECURITY, BHUTANESE REFUGEE, REFUGEE LAW, REFUGEE PROTECTION UNHCR : Refugees and Migration 13.01.00 - Protection Of And Assistance To Refugees And Displaced Persons Feeder: SANJIYA SHRESTHA , Editor: , Auditor: Special Rapporteur On The Human Rights Of Migrants And Chairman Of The Committee On The Protection Of The Rights Of All Migrant Workers And Members Of Their Families Issue Joint Statement To Mark International Migrants Day Foreign Labor Migration and Trafficking in Persons in Nepal: A Situational Analysis Special Rapporteur On Indigenous People Visiting Nepal NHRC eBulletin, Volume 6, Issue 6, December 2010 Project Document - Strengthening the Capacity of National Human Rights Commission in Nepal HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Report 2000 Human Rights e-Newsletter, Volume 7, Issue 6, December, 2011 National Human Rights Commission-Nepal NDC, NWC, and OHCHR urge the government to ensure access to justice to victims of caste based discrimination and gender based violence Human Rights e-Newsletter, Volume 7, Issue 8, November, 2012 NHRC e-bulletin, Volume 5, Number 7, OCT/NOV 2007, Labour Inspection: Women Migrant Workers In ASEAN Trafficking in Persons Especially on Women And Children in Nepal NHRC e-Bulletin, Volume 6, Issue 1, july 2010 50th Anniversary of Family Planning as a Human Right [Youtube] United Nations Office Of The High Commissioner For Human Rights In Nepal Press Release – 10 July 2008 Report To The Regional National Human Rights Institutions Project on Inclusion, The Right to Health And Sexual Orientation And Gender Identity Human Rights in Nepal A Status Report 2003 Working with the United Nations Human Rights Programme - A Handbook for Civil Society UNDP-OHCHR Toolkit for collaboration with National Human Rights Institutions Social Protection: Women Migrant Workers In ASEAN Promoting and Protecting the Human Rights of Women and Girls UN High Commissioner For Human Rights Appoints Chief For Nepal Monitoring Operations Promoting Gender Equality in the Humanitarian Response OHCHR-Nepal Chief Briefs Media On Human Rights Priorities Indicators for Monitoring Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in Nepal - A User’s Guide (English/Nepali) UN Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Ms. Kyung-wha Kang to visit Nepal, 18-20 April Human Rights in the Constitution- Nepal Participatory Constitution Building Booklet Series No. 3 Building Capacity of National Human Rights Institutions: The Case of Nepal Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (Nineteenth session, Agenda item 2) Implementation Of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 of 15 March 2006 Entitled “Human Rights Council” (Fourth session, Item 2 of the provisional agenda) Promoting Women’s Human Rights Compliant Justice Delivery Statement attributable to the Spokesman for the Secretary-General on Nepal New York, 23 December 2004 Federation of Nepalese Journalist mr.Bishnu Nisthuri UN Office UN Newsletter - Vol. 54 (Jan - Mar 2014) Transitional Justice Mechanism Cannot Provide Amnesty For Serious Human Right Violations And War Crimes OHCHR and Human Rights Organisations of Kapilvastu Organise Human Rights Week Hamro Chinari (An Introduction to OHCHR) General Assembly : Implementation of General Assembly Resolution 60/251 OF 15 March 2006 Entitled “HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL” Statement By The UN High Commissioner For Human Rights Navi Pillay on Human Rights Day UNDP Nepal - Outcome Evaluation of UNDP Nepal Access to Justice and Human Rights (2001-2010) Statement by UN Resident Coordinator a.i. Ziad Sheikh At the NHRC Human Rights Day 9 December 2014 OHCHR Nepal Lena Sundh Representative in Nepal of the High Commissioner for Human Rights On the occasion of the 58th International Human Rights Day 10 December 2006 Press Statement 23 January 2007 Louise Arbour United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Sindhupalchowk, Nepal STRENGTHENING THE CAPACITY OF THE NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMUNICATION The Report of the NHRI of Nepal on the UPR Processes July 5, 2010 Office of the High Commissioner, for Human Rights in Nepal Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Situation of Human Rights and the Activities of her Office, Including Technical Cooperation, in Nepal OHCHR-Nepal Hands Over Human Rights Pocketbook to Nepal Police Inside: Prison and the Rights of Detainees - A Photo Exhibition on Prison conditions in Nepal Nepal’s Human Rights Situation Reviewed by the UN Human Rights Council in Geneva General Assembly-A/HRC/16/23: Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Human Rights Situation and the Activities of her Office, Including Technical Cooperation, in Nepal Strengthening the Capacity of the National Human Rights Commission Project (SCNHRC) OHCHR Press Release High Commissioner for Human Rights Set to Monitor Situation in Nepal Statement By UN RC Mr. Ziad Sheikh On The Occassion Of International Human Rights Day Kyung-wha Kang United Nations Deputy High Commissioner for Human Rights Statement to the Press 3 February 2008, Kathmandu Address by Ian Martin, Special Representative of the United Nations Secretary-General in Nepal, at the Inaugural Amparo Award for Human Rights Hosted by the Women’s Rehabilitation Centre (WOREC) National Human Rights Commission Annual Report 2000 - 2001 Facts And Figures: Women Migrant Workers In ASEAN A Human Rights-Based Approach To Health OHCHR-Nepal Welcomes Jyoti Sanghera as Deputy Representative NHRC and OHCHR Recommended the Prompt Adoption of NHRC Bill, in Full Conformity with Paris Principles Fourth Anniversary of The CPA: Non-Implementation of Human Rights Commitments Jeopardizes Peace Process: NHRC, OHCHR New Report Shows Cultural Sensitivity Critical to Successful Development Strategies, Women's Equality UN Newsletter - Vol. 5 (November 2008) Statement by Annette Lyth Human Rights Officer Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal Delivered at a mass gathering on Sustainable Peace and Realization of Human Rights for All Public Youth School, Siraha High Commissioner’s Strategic Management Plan 2010-2011 Address by Ian Martin Representative of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal on Sexual Orientation/Gender Identity and Constituent Assembly in Nepal On the Occasion of International Day Against Homophobia OHCHR welcomes Human Rights Commitment in Geneva and Encourages Continued Efforts by Government towards Implementation of Recommendations General Assembly - A/HRC/12/34/Add.3 - Promotion and Protection of all Human Rights, Civil Political, Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Including the Right to development - REPORT ON THE SITUATION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN NEPAL. (20th July, 2009) General Assembly A/HRC/13/73 Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Human Rights Situation and the Activities of her Office, Including Technical Cooperation, in Nepal NHRC e-Bulletin, Volume 6, Issue 9, March 2011 Summary Report of NHRC Recommendations upon Complaints in a Decade South Asia’s first guide on indicators for monitoring human rights released in Kathmandu 20 September, 2011 UNITED NATIONS OFFICE OF THE RESIDENT COORDINATOR IN NEPAL Press Release – 11 December 2017 HUMAN TRAFFICKING, HUMAN RIGHTS AND MIGRATION NHRC/ONRT and OHCHR Training in Dhulikel , Nepal December 20-23, 2006 Presentation by Lena Sundh Talking points for Richard Bennett Representative of the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal Delivered at the Release of OHCHR’s Handbook for Civil Society UN Concerned About Reports Of Threats And Intimidation Of Journalists General Assembly A/61/374 - Report of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the Human Rights Situation and the Activities of her Office, Including Technical Cooperation, in Nepal UN Expert Releases Report on Nepal’s Indigenous Peoples Internally Displacement Information Booklet Statement of the Speech on the Occasion of World Population Day 2005 Ms. Junko Sazaki, Representative, UNFPA Nepal Closing Statement at Nepalgunj Human Rights Community Interaction on Discrimination and Social Exclusion Louise Arbour United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Special Rapporteur on Torture to Visit Nepal Message by Chairperson Justice Anup Raj Sharma of National Human Rights Commission-Nepal on The Occasion of The 66 th International Human Rights Day Further Progress Essential for Durable Peace, says High Commissioner’s Annual Report to Human Rights Council Remedies And Rights Revoked: Impunity Through Case Withdrawals (23rd June) Statement by Ai Kihara-Hunt Acting Chief, Far Western Regional Office, OHCHR-Nepal Delivered at the NHRC Exhibition Day, Dhangadhi, 22 April 2007 Remarks by Anthony Cardon, Officer-in-Charge, OHCHR-Nepal At the opening ceremony of Human Rights National Magna Meet 2010 Address by Mr. Ian Martin Representative of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal delivered to Amnesty International-Nepal 27 January 2006 Trafficking in Persons (Especially on Women and Children )in Nepal OHCHR-Nepal Offers Assistance to Strengthen Respect for Human Rights in Public Security Institutions Following February’s Terai Protests. Live Radio Broadcast Highlights the Work and Challenges of Women Journalists and Human Rights Defenders in the Central Terai Human Rights Day Organised by The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC), 10 December 2009 The Code of Conduct for Ceasefire Agreed Between the Government of Nepal and the CPN (Maoist) on 25 May 2006 at Gokarna Statement by Richard Bennett Representative of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights in Nepal Delivered at the Felicitation Ceremony for Newly Appointed Officials of NHRC Kathmandu, 2 November 2007	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2210
__label__wiki	0.630045	0.630045	San Francisco trip planner Trip Planner : USA / California / San Francisco Islands Bridges Piers & Boardwalks City by the Bay San Francisco is a top holiday destination featuring scenic beauty and great ethnic and cultural diversity. Spanish colonists established the city in 1776, but 80 percent of it was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake and the fires that followed. Despite its outsize reputation, the city is physically quite compact, located on a relatively small square of land at the tip of a peninsula between the San Francisco Bay and the Pacific coast. This allows you to take sightseeing tours of most of the city's neighborhoods, each with its own distinct character and microclimate, on foot or by bicycle. To get around town on public transportation, buy a visitor's pass, available for one, three, or seven days, for unlimited rides on Muni buses, trains, streetcars, and cable cars. San Francisco also contains more restaurants than any other city in the country per capita, providing dining options to suit every traveler's tastes. San Francisco is in California. Add San Francisco and other destinations in United States to your travel plans using our United States trip itinerary site . Golden Gate Bridge © Alcatraz Island © Fisherman's Wharf © Golden Gate Park © Exploratorium © Plan your trip to San Francisco Top San Francisco tours Muir Woods and Sausalito Half Day Tour (Optional Sausalito Ferry Ticket) BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $73 San Francisco Super Saver: Muir Woods & Wine Country w/ optional Gourmet Lunch BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $144 Duration: 10 to 11 hours Napa and Sonoma Wine Country - Full Day Tour from San Francisco BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $119 Combo Tour: Alcatraz Island and San Francisco Grand City Tour BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $120 Yosemite National Park and Giant Sequoias Day Trip from San Francisco BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $181 Alcatraz Tour plus Muir Woods and Sausalito Day Trip BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $138 Early Access to Alcatraz and Cable Car Sightseeing Tour BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $200 Straight to the Gate Access: San Francisco Bay Twilight or Sunset Cruise BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $80 Jail and Sail: Alcatraz Tour and Sunset or Twilight Bay Cruise BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $140 Monterey, Carmel and 17-Mile Drive - Full Day Tour from San Francisco BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $75 Vine to Wine Napa and Sonoma Day Trip with Tastings and Organic Winery Tour BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $189 Small Group Redwoods, California Coast & Sausalito Day Trip from San Francisco BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $109 Private Tour: Yosemite by Helicopter or Small Plane and SUV from San Francisco BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $4,600 Duration: 7 to 9 hours Bike the Golden Gate Bridge and Shuttle to Muir Woods BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $85 Napa and Sonoma Wine Education Tour with Lunch BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $189 24-Hour Bike Rental in San Francisco BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $21 Duration: 1 to 24 hours Private Full-Day Napa Valley Wine Tour From San Francisco BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $699 2-Day Napa-Sonoma Wine Tour With Alcatraz Night Tour and Aquarium of The Bay BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $289 Private Tour in Monterey, Carmel and 17-Mile Day Tour from San Francisco BOOK WITH VIATOR FROM $699 View all tours on Viator » Popular things to do in San Francisco Hidden gems in San Francisco Parks in San Francisco Crissy Field Marina Green Kid-friendly things to do in San Francisco Cable Car Museum The Gregangelo Museum Shopping in San Francisco Ferry Building Marketplace Ferry Plaza Farmers Market Ghirardelli Square Vital Tea Leaf Historic Sites in San Francisco SS Jeremiah O'Brien City Lights Booksellers Filbert Street Stairs Grace Cathedral American Bookbinders Museum Places to visit with San Francisco Yosemite National Park BEST FOR: Geologic Formation, Hiking Trail, Waterfall Los Angeles BEST FOR: Theme Park, Specialty Museum, Historic Walking Area San Diego BEST FOR: Specialty Museum, Zoo, Beach Anaheim BEST FOR: Disney Park / Activity, Ride / Activity, Room Escape Game Santa Monica BEST FOR: Pier / Boardwalk, Beach, Shopping Healdsburg BEST FOR: Winery / Vineyard, Landmark, Water Body St. Helena BEST FOR: Winery / Vineyard, Gift & Specialty Shop, Nightlife Napa BEST FOR: Winery / Vineyard, Gift & Specialty Shop, Art Museum Death Valley National Park BEST FOR: Geologic Formation, Water Body, Lookout Sonoma BEST FOR: Winery / Vineyard, Park, Valley Truckee BEST FOR: Ski Area, State Park, River Rafting / Tubing Santa Barbara BEST FOR: Observation Deck, Pier / Boardwalk, Historic Site Tahoe City BEST FOR: Zipline, Scenic Drive, Hiking Trail South Lake Tahoe BEST FOR: Castle, Beach, Historic Site Calistoga BEST FOR: Winery / Vineyard, Castle, Hot Spring Malibu BEST FOR: Beach, Specialty Museum, Pier / Boardwalk Santa Rosa BEST FOR: Wildlife Area, Specialty Museum, Winery / Vineyard Monterey BEST FOR: Aquarium, Scenic Drive, Dolphin / Whale Watching Glen Ellen BEST FOR: Winery / Vineyard, State Park, Art Gallery Rutherford BEST FOR: Winery / Vineyard, Art Gallery, Garden Laguna Beach BEST FOR: Beach, Park, Theater Carmel BEST FOR: Beach, Spa, Religious Site Paso Robles BEST FOR: Winery / Vineyard, Gift & Specialty Shop, Art Museum Recently planned trips to San Francisco 32 days in United States BY A USER FROM AUSTRALIA April, popular sights PREFERENCES: April ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 15 days in United States BY A USER FROM QATAR April, popular sights PREFERENCES: April ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 60 days in California BY A USER FROM INDIA March, popular sights PREFERENCES: March ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 31 days in United States BY A USER FROM AUSTRALIA April, popular sights PREFERENCES: April ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Medium 32 days in United States BY A USER FROM CANADA September, culture, outdoors, historic sites, museums, wildlife, fast-paced, popular sights PREFERENCES: September, culture, outdoors, historic sites, museums, wildlife ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular sights PACE: Fast-paced 19 days in United States BY A USER FROM INDIA May, kids, popular & hidden gems PREFERENCES: May, kids ATTRACTION STYLE: Popular & hidden gems PACE: Medium San Francisco Holiday Planning Guide San Francisco features scenic beauty paired with ethnic and cultural diversity. Spanish colonists established the city in 1776, but 80 percent of it was destroyed in the 1906 earthquake and the fires that followed. Despite its reputation as a sprawling urban center, the city is physically quite compact, located on a relatively small section of land at the tip of a peninsula between the San Francisco Bay and the Pacific Ocean. This makes sightseeing tours of most of the city's neighborhoods easy to do on foot or by bicycle, and each district offers its own distinct character and microclimate. To get around town on public transportation, buy a visitor's pass, available for one, three, or seven days, for unlimited rides on MUNI buses, trains, streetcars, and cable cars. This top holiday destination contains more restaurants than any other city in the country per capita, providing dining options to suit every traveler's tastes. Best Neighborhoods to Visit in San Francisco Fisherman's Wharf: Jutting out from the city's northern waterfront, Fisherman's Wharf and its litany of restaurants, galleries, and shops represents one of the city's biggest tourist draws; keep an eye out for Alcatraz Island, the Boudin Bakery, and nearby Pier 39, which is home to a plethora of noisy sea lions. Twin Peaks: Windy Twin Peaks stands as one of the best places to visit in San Francisco for sweeping views of the city; at a height of 281 m (922 ft), you can absorb panoramic sights of downtown and the surrounding Bay Area from this vantage point. Chinatown: Established in the mid-1800s as Chinese railroad workers flocked to the region, Chinatown is a bustling community of densely packed apartments, oriental shops, and restaurants with a Chinese heritage; plus, the area is home to the largest Chinese community outside of Asia. Union Square: Although situated within the bustling commercial heart of the city, Union Square provides an escape thanks to its open-air cafes, boutique shops and galleries, and numerous hotels, all centered around a tall monument. Haight-Ashbury: Record shops and tie-dye gear abound in Haight-Ashbury, one of the epicenters of San Francisco's 1960s hippie movement, which features Victorian houses and trendy cafes that maintain its counterculture spirit. The Castro: Much of the city's party scene lies in The Castro, a historic neighborhood full of shops, hip cafes, and raucous clubs that in the 1960s and 1970s became the heart and soul of the country's LGBT movement. Mission District: One of the oldest neighborhoods in the city, the Mission District has its origins in the Spanish colonial period of the late 1700s, so this historic area features a strong Latin influence visible in its churches, culture, and abundant Mexican food. Things to Do in San Francisco Popular San Francisco Tourist Attractions Alcatraz Island: Once a penitentiary home to infamous criminals like Al Capone and Mickey Cohen, Alcatraz is perhaps the world's best-known maximum-security prison, and today the jail-turned-national park offers tours of its imposing island facilities. Golden Gate Bridge: The quintessential San Francisco attraction, and a real feat of engineering, the Golden Gate Bridge and its instantly recognizable red suspension towers connect the city peninsula with neighboring Marin County. Cable Cars: A handy form of city transportation in and of themselves, the open-air cable car system also acts as a local icon--these 19th-century trolleys can carry you along scenic paths through San Francisco's most famous neighborhoods. Golden Gate Park: At 412 hectares (1,017 acres), Golden Gate Park sits among the nation's most impressive urban green spaces, and you'll find that strolling past lakes, visiting museums, exploring botanical gardens, and making use of the picnic facilities in the shadow of the famous suspension bridge are all great options for your San Francisco trip. Ferry Building Marketplace: Housed within an attractive retired transport terminal, the Ferry Building Marketplace draws countless visitors to its gourmet food stands, upscale restaurants, and local farmers markets, which featuring everything from crab cocktail to sourdough bread. AT&T Park: Home to Major League Baseball's San Francisco Giants, AT&T Park sits at the edge of the water, making for a great addition to your San Francisco itinerary, as you can tour the stadium, catch a game, and, if you're lucky, see a home run fly out of the park into nearby McCovey Cove. San Francisco Bay: The defining feature of the entire region, San Francisco Bay abuts the city's peninsula and connects to the Pacific Ocean via the narrow Golden Gate Strait; its shoreline hosts public beaches, hiking trails, and boarding spots for boat tours of the region. California Academy of Sciences: One of the biggest natural history museums in the world, the California Academy of Sciences features several different sections, including the world's largest planetarium dome, a rainforest biosphere, an aquarium, and museum exhibits. Lombard Street: San Francisco's many hills define Lombard Street, and this winding cutback road, one of the most popular in town for tourists, takes you past stately homes and planters bursting with flowers, plus an unmatched city view. Planning a San Francisco Vacation with Kids Things to do in San Francisco with Kids As one of America's most popular destinations, San Francisco is kid-friendly and welcoming for families. No matter what the kids' interests, you'll likely find plenty to fill your San Francisco itinerary. The city is home to an array of top-notch educational institutions the kids can enjoy, including the Aquarium of the Bay, the San Francisco Zoo, the California Academy of Sciences, and the Children's Creativity Museum. History-lovers can indulge in touring the USS Pampanito, a World War II-era submarine, or the famous Fort Point, now a park. Taking the whole family to San Francisco does not mean breaking the bank, as the city is packed full of free attractions to keep the kids entertained. One can't-miss activity is heading down to Pier 39 by Fisherman's Wharf to get a glimpse of the noisy mass of sea lions on the dock. While the city’s iconic cable cars make for a handy means of transportation, they also help to educate the little ones on the mechanics, history, and development of the system at the Cable Car Museum, which offers free entry. Alternatively, try The Exploratorium, which focuses on art and sensory perception and boasts a number of hands-on, interactive science exhibits. Of course, if you are simply searching for a place where the kids can stretch their legs while you kick back and relax, there are plenty of places to visit in San Francisco that fit the bill. Fantastic city green spaces abound, and the Yerba Buena Gardens, Golden Gate Park, and Mission Dolores Park are just a few favorite (and free) examples. San Francisco's many hills also mean that the public concrete slides scattered around town are a real blast, so keep an eye out. Tips for a Family Vacation in San Francisco San Francisco is a crowded, extremely busy big city, and while it's very family-friendly, keep in mind that there is plenty of activity at all times, particularly downtown. If you are traveling with very young children, be sure to use caution around busy streets and on San Francisco's many steep hills. Entry costs for attractions in San Francisco and public transportation can add up very quickly while traveling with your family, so be sure to inquire about family passes and group tickets when planning to visit museums, galleries, and historic paid-entry sites. These special rates can often net you huge savings compared to buying individual tickets. Dining and Shopping on Holiday in San Francisco Cuisine of San Francisco Thanks to its seaside location, San Francisco cuisine embraces seafood. Whether it's grabbing some fish and chips or fresh shrimp down on Fisherman's Wharf or indulging in some "cioppino," a dish created by Italian immigrants that combines a variety of seafood in a delicious wine-based sauce, San Francisco will not disappoint. The city's cultural diversity brings with it a plethora of ethnic restaurants and cuisines to choose from, and Chinatown offers some of the best oriental shops, restaurants, and cafes anywhere in America. Of course, it’s hard to leave town without trying some of the native Ghirardelli chocolate from the The Original Ghirardelli Chocolate Manufactory, or visiting the Bistro Boudin to sample some iconic San Francisco sourdough bread. Originating in the Mission District, the mission burrito (sometimes known as a San Francisco-style burrito) is a can't-miss culinary treat on your San Francisco trip. These hefty wrapped delights come willed with rice, beans, and tons of Latin ingredients that make it a local specialty. You'll find the Mission District and other areas of San Francisco packed full of Latin eateries, from tiny taquerias to big-name fine-dining establishments. San Francisco sets the trends for top-notch culinary innovations, as many of the nation's top chefs run restaurants in town. However, gourmet food isn't limited to sit-down places; upscale markets like the Ferry Building, a repurposed terminal now home to an array of gourmet food stands and shops, makes fine dining more accessible. A huge selection of stores, shops, and markets have made their mark on San Francisco; you'll have no trouble shopping until you drop during you visit if you so choose. While moving around town, you'll find plenty of well-known brands and chains, along with a number of smaller, independent companies hawking a variety of interesting products. Antique stores, book shops, ceramics dealings, and Asian imports all have a place in San Francisco, and spending a day wandering the streets and popping into hole-in-the-wall places is one of the city's great pleasures. Though you can find souvenirs all over the city, Fisherman's Wharf and the Mission District often have some of the widest selections for picking up a memento of your trip to San Francisco. Of course, big-time shopping malls are also common, and the massive Westfield San Francisco Centre and Stonestown Galleria are some of the best-known. Know Before You Go on a Trip to San Francisco History of San Francisco Established as a part of a Spanish colonial mission in 1776, San Francisco immediately became an important center of regional trade, frequented by explorers and traders from Russia, England, and elsewhere in Europe during its first few decades of existence. You can see the original site of the city by adding the Presidio, a part of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area, or the Mission Dolores Academy, to your San Francisco itinerary. When Mexico won its independence from the Spanish Empire in 1821, San Francisco became a part of the new nation. As the Spanish system of missions was dissolved, private landowners and settlers flocked into the region, setting up homesteads and gradually building up city infrastructure. After its capture by American troops in 1846, modern-day San Francisco was ceded from Mexico to the United States at the end of the Mexican-American War in 1848. Shortly thereafter, gold was discovered in central California, leading thousands upon thousands of fortune-seekers to exponentially increase San Francisco's population. The Gold Rush era of the mid-1800s brought widespread development, as entrepreneurs set up new ventures to make the most of the wealth and materials pouring into the city. During this time, now-famous names like Ghirardelli, Levi Strauss, and Wells Fargo were born, and the city swelled with an influx of Chinese immigrant workers tasked with helping to construct the region's railroad lines. By the turn of the 20th century, San Francisco had risen to become one of the United States' wealthiest and most important cities. Visit Wells Fargo History Museum to learn more about the company's origins. On the early morning of April 18, 1906, San Francisco was struck by a magnitude 7.8 earthquake, which damaged more than 80 percent of the city. More than half of the approximately 400,000 people at the time were made homeless, and ruptured gas lines caused a fiery blaze that would consume much of what was left of San Francisco in the following days. By the time the fires were under control, more than 3,000 people had died, and San Francisco was rendered a wasteland. The city recovered and rebuilt relatively quickly, spawning historic homes and neighborhoods, including the Mission District and Nob Hill. Post-quake reconstruction brought urban planning and rebirth on a massive scale, and saw the development of the Pacific Heights neighborhood. Keep an eye out for the City Hall, an example of a structure rebuilt in a new style after the earthquake. The rest of the 20th century brought great change to San Francisco. Weathering the Great Depression relatively well, San Francisco saw the construction of many of its famous landmarks in the 1930s, including the Golden Gate Bridge and San Francisco Bay Bridge. Alcatraz was also initiated as a maximum-security prison during this period. After serving as a major base of naval operations during World War II, San Francisco in the 1950s grew into a bastion of the American counterculture movements, when famed Beat Generation writers like Allen Ginsberg and Jack Kerouac made their homes in the city. 1967's "Summer of Love" was a defining moment in the hippie movement, drawing more than 100,000 people to concerts and gatherings in the Haight-Ashbury neighborhood. The 1970s witnessed the rise of the gay rights movement, as well as the tragic assassination of both Harvey Milk, the first openly gay person elected to public office in California, and the Mayor of San Francisco in 1978. Another large earthquake, the Loma Prieta, struck the Bay Area in 1989, severely damaging many areas of the city, one of which was reborn as The Embarcadero, which you can see during your trip to San Francisco. With the advent of computers and the tech industry, San Francisco became the epicenter of a new venture: the dot-com industry. Hundreds of start-up companies, including modern titans of the industry like Google, got started in the Bay Area during the 1990s, and the social media revolution of the early 2000s has since contributed to even more development. Holidays & Festivals in San Francisco San Francisco's massive Chinese New Year celebrations in February and March include numerous raucous street activities, gatherings, and performances, culminating in a number of huge parades featuring colorful Chinese dragons, floats, decorations, and food. On the last weekend in May, the Carnaval San Francisco, a huge, Mardi Gras-like celebration, features a street parade with energetic performers and fun outdoor activities. June marks the coming of one of the city's most famous happenings: the two-day Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBT) Parade. The largest gay pride event on the planet, it's a wild affair of live entertainment centered around the Civic Center that draws more than half a million people each year. The city also hosts countless other large street fairs and gatherings too numerous to name throughout the warmer months, each with their own theme and dedicated following, so keep an eye out during your stay for flyers and information regarding local events. Though hard to pinpoint by a specific date, the gradual return of migratory sea lions to Pier 39 in January can also be a fun event to watch if your San Francisco vacation overlaps with the season. Major American, Christian, and Western holidays like New Year’s, Independence Day, Halloween, Thanksgiving, and Christmas met with plenty of fanfare in San Francisco. San Francisco Travel Tips Climate of San Francisco Weather in San Francisco can be deceptive and surprising for first-time visitors. While the region features a Mediterranean climate, the Pacific Ocean has a huge impact on temperature patterns. Keep in mind while on your San Francisco trip that for the months of June, July, and August, average temperatures are the lowest of any major American city, hovering around 13 C (55 F), so pack accordingly. Summer months are generally damp, bring plenty of foggy days, and feature cool evenings and nights. However, in September and October things dry out, making these some of the prime months for sightseeing in San Francisco. On the flip side, temperatures in winter and spring do not generally approach freezing, staying within a few degrees of the summer averages throughout much of the year. Transportation in San Francisco You'll find during your vacation in San Francisco that the city's transportation network is extensive and quite efficient. Using a combination of city buses, and the famed San Francisco Cable Cars, you can easily get just about anywhere in town. The "MUNI" (Municipal Railway) comprises these different methods of city transit, and you can take your pick of different lengths and obtain unlimited travel passes. To get to other cities around the Bay Area, hop aboard one of the many inter-city busses, take the water taxi across the Bay, or use the BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit) to cross to Berkeley and Oakland. Of course, as is the case nearly everywhere in the United States, cars are still king. Renting one for the duration of your trip is the surest way to allow for the ultimate flexibility in sightseeing. This way, you aren't bound by public transportation schedules and can pack quite a few San Francisco attractions into each day. However, keep in mind that Interstate-80, the main freeway servicing the Bay Area, is among America's busiest highways, and driving and parking in the center of the city can be a nightmare during the week. Best things to do in San Francisco The Best Cultural Activities in San Francisco The Most Interesting Historical Places in San Francisco The Best Tours in San Francisco The Best Outdoor Activities in San Francisco Places in San Francisco	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2214
__label__cc	0.713889	0.286111	Above Suspicion The chilling true story of a newly married FBI poster boy assigned to an Appalachian mountain town in Kentucky. There he is drawn into an illicit affair with an impoverished local woman who becomes his star informant. She sees in him her means of escape; instead, it’s a ticket to disaster for both of them. This scandal shook the foundations of the nation’s top law enforcement agency, ending in the first ever conviction of an FBI agent for murder. Based on real-life events, this is a bombshell of a movie which centers around a young, success-driven fresh-out-of-the academy FBI agent who is sent to Pikeville, a beleaguered mining town in rural Kentucky; where he is sent to as his first assignment to investigate a local chop-shop ring and various other illegal activities. Once ensconced in his work, Putnam gets way too involved with a local down-on-her-luck local woman who becomes his star informant. The events that transpire will ultimately shake the small mining community, and ultimately alter the lives of all involved for untold years to come. Emilia Clarke, Jack Huston	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2216
__label__wiki	0.924684	0.924684	Davis in 1972 Samuel George Davis Jr. (1925-12-08)December 8, 1925 Harlem, New York, U.S. May 16, 1990(1990-05-16) (aged 64) Beverly Hills, California, U.S. Forest Lawn Memorial Park, Glendale, California, U.S. Loray White (m. 1958; div. 1959) Altovise Davis (m. 1970) Parent(s) Sammy Davis Sr. Elvera Sanchez Musical career Traditional pop Ray Vasquez www.sammydavis-jr.com Samuel George Davis Jr. (December 8, 1925 – May 16, 1990) was an American singer, musician, dancer, actor, vaudevillian, comedian and activist known for his impressions of actors, musicians and other celebrities. At age three, Davis Jr. began his career in vaudeville with his father Sammy Davis Sr. and the Will Mastin Trio, which toured nationally. After military service, Davis Jr. returned to the trio and became an overnight sensation following a nightclub performance at Ciro's (in West Hollywood) after the 1951 Academy Awards. With the trio, he became a recording artist. In 1954, at the age of 29, he lost his left eye in a car accident. Several years later, he converted to Judaism, finding commonalities between the oppression experienced by African-American and Jewish communities.[2] After a starring role on Broadway in Mr Wonderful (1956), he returned to the stage in 1964's Golden Boy. Davis Jr.'s film career began as a child in 1933. In 1960, he appeared in the Rat Pack film Ocean's 11. In 1966, he had his own TV variety show, titled The Sammy Davis Jr. Show. While Davis' career slowed in the late 1960s, his biggest hit, "The Candy Man", reached the top of the Billboard Hot 100 in June 1972, and he became a star in Las Vegas, earning him the nickname "Mister Show Business".[3][4] Davis had a complex relationship with the black community and drew criticism after publicly supporting President Richard Nixon in 1972. One day on a golf course with Jack Benny, he was asked what his handicap was. "Handicap?" he asked. "Talk about handicap. I'm a one-eyed Negro who's Jewish."[5][6] This was to become a signature comment, recounted in his autobiography and in many articles.[7] After reuniting with Frank Sinatra and Dean Martin in 1987, Davis toured with them and Liza Minnelli internationally, before his death in 1990. He died in debt to the Internal Revenue Service,[8] and his estate was the subject of legal battles.[9] Davis Jr. was awarded the Spingarn Medal by the NAACP and was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award for his television performances. He was the recipient of the Kennedy Center Honors in 1987, and in 2001, he was posthumously awarded the Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award. 1.1 Military service 2.1 Vietnam performances 3.1 Accident and conversion 3.2 Marriages 4 Political beliefs 5 Illness and death 6 Legacy 6.1 Portrayals 8 Honors and awards 8.1 Grammy Awards 8.2 Emmy Awards 8.3 Other honors 10 Stage 11 Television 14.1 Autobiographies 14.2 Biographies 14.3 Other Davis was born on December 8, 1925, in the Harlem section of Manhattan in New York City, the son of African-American entertainer and stage performer Sammy Davis Sr. (1900–1988) and Cuban American tap dancer and stage performer Elvera Sanchez (1905–2000).[10] In the 2003 biography In Black and White, author Wil Haygood wrote that Davis' mother was born in New York City to Afro-Cuban parents.[11][12] Davis' parents were vaudeville dancers. As an infant, he was reared by his paternal grandmother. When he was three years old, his parents separated. His father, not wanting to lose custody of his son, took him on tour. Davis learned to dance from his father and his "uncle" Will Mastin. Davis joined the act as a child and they became the Will Mastin Trio. Throughout his career, Davis included the Will Mastin Trio in his billing. Mastin and his father shielded him from racism, such as by explaining race-based snubs as jealousy. However, when Davis served in the United States Army during World War II, he was confronted by strong prejudice. He later said: "Overnight the world looked different. It wasn't one color any more. I could see the protection I'd gotten all my life from my father and Will. I appreciated their loving hope that I'd never need to know about prejudice and hate, but they were wrong. It was as if I'd walked through a swinging door for 18 years, a door which they had always secretly held open."[13] At age seven, Davis played the title role in the film Rufus Jones for President, in which he sang and danced with Ethel Waters.[14] He lived for several years in Boston's South End, and reminisced years later about "hoofing and singing" at Izzy Ort's Bar & Grille.[15] During World War II, Davis was drafted into the U.S. Army in 1943 aged 18.[16] He was frequently abused by white soldiers from the South and later recounted that "I must have had a knockdown, drag-out fight every two days.” His nose was broken numerous times and permanently flattened. At one point he was offered a beer laced with urine.[17] He was reassigned to the Army's Special Services branch, which put on performances for troops.[18] At one show he found himself performing in front of soldiers who had previously racially abused him.[16] Davis, who earned the American Campaign Medal and World War II Victory Medal, was discharged in 1945 with the rank of private.[16] He later said, "My talent was the weapon, the power, the way for me to fight. It was the one way I might hope to affect a man's thinking."[19] Sammy Davis Jr. during the 1963 March on Washington After his discharge, Davis rejoined the family dance act, which played at clubs around Portland, Oregon. He also recorded blues songs for Capitol Records in 1949, under the pseudonyms Shorty Muggins and Charlie Green.[20] On March 23, 1951, the Will Mastin Trio appeared at Ciro's as the opening act for headliner Janis Paige. They were to perform for only 20 minutes but the reaction from the celebrity-filled crowd was so enthusiastic, especially when Davis launched into his impressions, that they performed for nearly an hour, and Paige insisted the order of the show be flipped.[17] Davis began to achieve success on his own and was singled out for praise by critics, releasing several albums.[21] In 1953, Davis was offered to his own television show on ABC, Three for the Road — with the Will Mastin Trio.[22][23][24] The network spent $20,000 filming the pilot which presented African Americans as struggling musicians, not slapstick comedy or the stereotypical mammy roles of the time. The cast included Frances Davis who was the first black ballerina to perform for the Paris Opera, actresses Ruth Attaway and Jane White, and Federick O'Neal who founded the American Negro Theater. The network couldn't get a sponsor, so the show was dropped.[24] In 1954, Davis was hired to sing the title song for the Universal Pictures film Six Bridges to Cross.[25][26] In 1956, he starred in the Broadway musical Mr. Wonderful. In 1958, Davis was hired to crown the winner of the Miss Cavalcade of Jazz beauty contest for the famed fourteenth Cavalcade of Jazz concert produced by Leon Hefflin Sr. held at the Shrine Auditorium on August 3. The other headliners were Little Willie John, Sam Cooke, Ernie Freeman, and Bo Rhambo. The event featured the top four prominent disc jockey of Los Angeles.[27][28] In 1959, Davis became a member of the Rat Pack, led by his friend Frank Sinatra, which included fellow performers Dean Martin, Joey Bishop, and Peter Lawford, a brother-in-law of John F. Kennedy. Initially, Sinatra called the gathering "the Clan", but Davis voiced his opposition, saying that it reminded people of the Ku Klux Klan. Sinatra renamed the group "the Summit". One long night of poker that went on into the early morning saw the men drunken and disheveled. As Angie Dickinson approached the group, she said, "You all look like a pack of rats." The nickname caught on, and they were called the Rat Pack, the name of its earlier incarnation led by Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall, who originally made the remark of the "pack of rats" about the group around her husband Bogart. The group around Sinatra made several movies together, including Ocean's 11 (1960), Sergeants 3 (1962), and Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964), and they performed onstage together in Las Vegas. Davis was a headliner at The Frontier Casino in Las Vegas, but, due to Jim Crow practices in Las Vegas, he was required (as were all black performers in the 1950s) to lodge in a rooming house on the west side of the city, instead of in the hotels as his white colleagues did. No dressing rooms were provided for black performers, and they had to wait outside by the swimming pool between acts. Davis and other black artists could entertain but could not stay at the hotels where they performed, gamble in the casinos, or dine or drink in the hotel restaurants and bars. Davis later refused to work at places which practiced racial segregation.[29] Canada provided opportunities for performers like Davis unable to break the color barrier in U.S. broadcast television, and in 1959, he starred in his own TV special Sammy's Parade on the Canadian network CBC[30] It was a breakthrough event for the performer, as in the United States in the 1950s, corporate sponsors largely controlled the screen: "Black people not portrayed very well on television, if at all," according to Jason King of the Clive Davis Institute of Recorded Music.[31] Sammy Davis Jr. (left) with Walter Reuther (center) and Roy Wilkins (right) at the 1963 March on Washington In 1964, Davis was starring in Golden Boy at night and shooting his own New York-based afternoon talk show during the day. When he could get a day off from the theater, he recorded songs in the studio, performed at charity events in Chicago, Miami, or Las Vegas, or appeared on television variety specials in Los Angeles. Davis felt he was cheating his family of his company, but he said he was incapable of standing still. Although he was still popular in Las Vegas, he saw his musical career decline by the late 1960s. He had a No. 11 hit (No. 1 on the Easy Listening singles chart) with "I've Gotta Be Me" in 1969. He signed with Motown to update his sound and appeal to young people.[32] His deal to have his own label with the company fell through. He had an unexpected No. 1 hit with "The Candy Man" with MGM Records in 1972. He did not particularly care for the song and was chagrined that he had become known for it, but Davis made the most of his opportunity and revitalized his career. Although he enjoyed no more Top 40 hits, he did enjoy popularity with his 1976 performance of the theme song from the Baretta television series, "Baretta's Theme (Keep Your Eye on the Sparrow)" (1975–1978), which was released as a single (20th Century Records). He appeared on the television shows The Rifleman, I Dream of Jeannie, All in the Family (during which he famously kisses Archie Bunker (Carroll O'Connor) on the cheek), and Charlie's Angels (with his wife, Altovise Davis). He appeared in Japanese commercials for Suntory whisky in the 1970s. Davis performing in 1966. On December 11, 1967, NBC broadcast a musical-variety special featuring Nancy Sinatra, daughter of Frank Sinatra, titled Movin' with Nancy. In addition to the Emmy Award-winning musical performances, the show is notable for Nancy Sinatra and Davis greeting each other with a kiss, one of the first black-white kisses in US television.[33] Davis had a friendship with Elvis Presley in the late 1960s, as they both were top-draw acts in Vegas at the same time. Davis was in many ways just as reclusive during his hotel gigs as Elvis was, holding parties mainly in his penthouse suite which Elvis occasionally attended. Davis sang a version of Presley's song "In the Ghetto" and made a cameo appearance in Presley's concert film Elvis: That's the Way It Is. One year later, he made a cameo appearance in the James Bond film Diamonds Are Forever, but the scene was cut. In Japan, Davis appeared in television commercials for coffee, and in the United States he joined Sinatra and Martin in a radio commercial for a Chicago car dealership. On May 27–28, 1973, Davis hosted (with Monty Hall) the first annual, 20-hour Highway Safety Foundation telethon. Guests included Muhammad Ali, Paul Anka, Jack Barry, Dr. Joyce Brothers, Ray Charles, Dick Clark, Roy Clark, Howard Cosell, Ossie Davis, Ruby Dee, Joe Franklin, Cliff Gorman, Richie Havens, Danny Kaye,[34] Jerry Lewis, Hal Linden, Rich Little, Butterfly McQueen, Minnie Pearl, Boots Randolph, Tex Ritter, Phil Rizzuto, The Rockettes, Nipsey Russell, Sally Struthers, Mel Tillis, Ben Vereen, and Lawrence Welk. It was a financial disaster. The total amount of pledges was $1.2 million. Actual pledges received were $525,000.[35] Davis was a huge fan of daytime television, particularly the soap operas produced by the American Broadcasting Company. He made a cameo appearance on General Hospital and had a recurring role as Chip Warren on One Life to Live, for which he received a 1980 Daytime Emmy Award nomination. He was also a game show fan, appearing on Family Feud in 1979 and Tattletales with his wife Altovise in the 1970s. Davis was an avid photographer who enjoyed shooting pictures of family and acquaintances. His body of work was detailed in a 2007 book by Burt Boyar titled Photo by Sammy Davis, Jr.[36] "Jerry [Lewis] gave me my first important camera, my first 35 millimeter, during the Ciro's period, early '50s," Boyar quotes Davis. "And he hooked me." Davis used a medium format camera later on to capture images. Boyar reports that Davis had said, "Nobody interrupts a man taking a picture to ask ... 'What's that nigger doin' here?'" His catalog includes rare photos of his father dancing onstage as part of the Will Mastin Trio and intimate snapshots of close friends Jerry Lewis, Dean Martin, Frank Sinatra, James Dean, Nat "King" Cole, and Marilyn Monroe. His political affiliations also were represented, in his images of Robert Kennedy, Jackie Kennedy, and Martin Luther King Jr. His most revealing work comes in photographs of wife May Britt and their three children, Tracey, Jeff and Mark. Davis was an enthusiastic shooter and gun owner. He participated in fast-draw competitions. Johnny Cash recalled that Davis was said to be capable of drawing and firing a Colt Single Action Army revolver in less than a quarter of a second.[37] Davis was skilled at fast and fancy gunspinning and appeared on television variety shows showing off this skill. He also demonstrated gunspinning to Mark on The Rifleman in "Two Ounces of Tin." He appeared in Western films and as a guest star on several television Westerns. Vietnam performances In February 1972, during the later stages of the Vietnam War, Davis went to Vietnam to observe military drug abuse rehabilitation programs and talk to and entertain the troops. He did this as a representative from President Nixon’s Special Action Office For Drug Abuse Prevention.[38] He performed shows for up to 15,000 troops; after one two-hour performance he reportedly said "I've never been so tired and felt so good in my life."[39] The U.S. Army made a documentary about Davis' time in Vietnam performing for troops on behalf of Nixon's drug treatment program.[40] Accident and conversion Davis nearly died in an automobile accident on November 19, 1954, in San Bernardino, California, as he was making a return trip from Las Vegas to Los Angeles.[41] During the previous year, he had started a friendship with comedian and host Eddie Cantor, who had given him a mezuzah. Instead of putting it by his door as a traditional blessing, Davis wore it around his neck for good luck. The only time he forgot it was the night of the accident.[42] The accident occurred at a fork in U.S. Route 66 at Cajon Boulevard and Kendall Drive.[43] Davis lost his left eye to the bullet-shaped horn button (a standard feature in 1954 and 1955 Cadillacs) as a result. His friend, actor Jeff Chandler, said he would give one of his own eyes if it would keep Davis from total blindness.[44] Davis wore an eye patch for at least six months following the accident.[45][46] He was featured with the patch on the cover of his debut album and appeared on What's My Line? wearing the patch.[47] Later, he was fitted for a glass eye, which he wore for the rest of his life. Eddie Cantor talked to Davis in the hospital about the similarities between the Jewish and black cultures. Davis, who was born to a Catholic mother and Baptist father, began studying the history of Jews. He converted to Judaism several years later in 1961.[5][48] One passage from his readings (from the book A History of the Jews by Abram L. Sachar), describing the endurance of the Jewish people, interested him in particular: "The Jews would not die. Three millennia of prophetic teaching had given them an unwavering spirit of resignation and had created in them a will to live which no disaster could crush."[49] The accident marked a turning point in Davis' career, taking him from a well-known entertainer to a national celebrity.[50] In 1957, Davis was involved with actress Kim Novak, who was under contract with Columbia Pictures. Because Novak was white, Harry Cohn, the president of Columbia, gave in to his worries that racist backlash against the relationship could hurt the studio. There are several accounts of what happened, but they agree that Davis was threatened by organized crime figures close to Cohn.[51] According to one account, Cohn called racketeer John Roselli, who was told to inform Davis that he must stop seeing Novak. To try to scare Davis, Roselli had him kidnapped for a few hours.[52] Another account relates that the threat was conveyed to Davis' father by mobster Mickey Cohen.[51] Davis was threatened with the loss of his other eye or a broken leg if he did not marry a black woman within two days. Davis sought the protection of Chicago mobster Sam Giancana, who said that he could protect him in Chicago and Las Vegas but not California.[17] [51][53] Davis briefly married black dancer Loray White in 1958 to protect himself from mob violence[51]; Davis had previously dated White, who was 23, twice divorced and had a six-year-old child.[17] He paid her a lump sum, $10,000 or $25,000, to engage in a marriage on the condition that it would be dissolved before the end of the year.[17][51] Davis became inebriated at the wedding and attempted to strangle White en route to their wedding suite. Checking on him later, Silber found Davis with a gun to his head. Davis despairingly said to Silber, "Why won’t they let me live my life?" The couple never lived together,[17] and commenced divorce proceedings in September 1958.[51][54] The divorce was granted in April 1959.[55] In 1960, there was another racially charged public controversy when Davis married white, Swedish-born actress May Britt in a ceremony officiated by Rabbi William M. Kramer at Temple Israel of Hollywood. While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, anti-miscegenation laws in the United States still stood in 23 states, and a 1958 opinion poll had found that only 4 percent of Americans supported marriage between black and white spouses.[56] Davis received racist hate mail while starring in the Broadway adaptation of Golden Boy during 1964–1966, in which his character is in a relationship with a white woman, paralleling his own interracial relationship. At the time Davis appeared in the musical, although New York had no laws against it, debate about interracial marriage was still ongoing in America as Loving v. Virginia was being fought. It was only in 1967, after the musical had closed, that anti-miscegenation laws in all states were ruled unconstitutional by the Supreme Court of the United States.[57] Davis' daughter Tracey Davis also revealed in a 2014 book that this marriage also resulted in President Kennedy refusing to allow Davis to perform at his Inauguration.[58] The snub was confirmed by director Sam Pollard, who revealed in a 2017 American Masters documentary that Davis' invitation to perform at his inauguration was abruptly canceled on the night of his inaugural party.[59] Davis and Britt had one daughter, Tracey, and adopted two sons.[2] Davis performed almost continuously and spent little time with his wife. They divorced in 1968, after Davis admitted to having had an affair with singer Lola Falana. That year, Davis started dating Altovise Gore, a dancer in Golden Boy. They were married on May 11, 1970, by the Reverend Jesse Jackson. Kathy McKee replaced Gore in Davis' nightclub act. They adopted a son, Manny, in 1989. Davis and Gore remained married until his death in 1990. Political beliefs In the Yellow Oval Room of the White House with President Richard Nixon, March 4, 1973 Davis was a registered Democrat and supported John F. Kennedy's 1960 election campaign as well as Robert F. Kennedy's 1968 campaign.[60] John F. Kennedy would later refuse to allow Davis to perform at his inauguration on account of his marriage with the white actress May Britt.[58][61] Nancy Sinatra revealed in her 1986 book Frank Sinatra: My Father how Kennedy had planned to snub Davis as plans for his wedding to Britt were unfolding.[61] He went on to become a close friend of President Richard Nixon and publicly endorsed him at the 1972 Republican National Convention.[60] Davis also made a USO tour to South Vietnam at Nixon's request. Nixon invited Davis and his wife, Altovise, to sleep in the White House in 1973, the first time African-Americans were invited to do so. The Davises spent the night in the Lincoln Bedroom.[62] Davis later said he regretted supporting Nixon, accusing Nixon of making promises on civil rights that he did not keep.[63] Davis was a long-time donor to the Reverend Jesse Jackson's Operation PUSH organization.[64] Grave of Sammy Davis Jr. in the Garden of Honor, Forest Lawn Glendale In August 1989, Davis began to develop symptoms—a tickle in his throat and an inability to taste food.[65] Doctors found a cancerous tumor in Davis' throat.[66] He had often smoked four packs of cigarettes a day as an adult.[66] When told that surgery (laryngectomy) offered him the best chance of survival, Davis replied he would rather keep his voice than have a part of his throat removed; he was initially treated with a combination of chemotherapy and radiation.[65] His larynx was later removed when his cancer recurred.[12][67] He was released from the hospital on March 13, 1990.[68] Davis died of complications from throat cancer two months later at his home in Beverly Hills, California, on May 16, 1990, aged 64.[68] He was interred in the Forest Lawn Memorial Park. On May 18, 1990, two days after his death, the neon lights of the Las Vegas Strip were darkened for ten minutes as a tribute.[69] Davis Jr. left the bulk of his estate to his wife, Altovise Davis.[70][71] After her death in 2009, their son Manny was named executor of the estate and majority rights holder of his intellectual property.[72] Davis was inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2017 in Detroit, Michigan. On June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine listed Sammy Davis Jr. among hundreds of artists whose material was reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire.[73] Portrayals In an episode of Charlie's Angels Sammy Davis Jr. had a dual role, playing both himself and as a Sammy Davis Jr. impersonator who is kidnapped by mistake. (In a comic relief scene the impersonator beats up a candy machine which does not give him his candy, a spoof of Sammy Davis Jr.'s song "The Candy Man".) Comedian Jim Carrey has portrayed Davis on stage, in the 1983 film Copper Mountain, and in a stand-up routine. On Saturday Night Live, Davis has been portrayed by Garrett Morris, Eddie Murphy, Billy Crystal and Tim Meadows. Davis was portrayed on the popular sketch comedy show In Living Color by Tommy Davidson, notably a parody of the film Ghost, in which the ghost of Davis enlists the help of Whoopi Goldberg to communicate with his wife. David Raynr portrayed Davis in the 1992 miniseries Sinatra, a television film about the life of Frank Sinatra. In the comedy film Wayne's World 2 (1993), Tim Meadows portrays Davis in the dream sequence with Michael A. Nickles as Jim Morrison. In the comedy television show Malcolm & Eddie (1996), Eddie Sherman played by comedian Eddie Griffin portrays Davis in the episode "Sh-Boing-Boing" to help his partner Malcolm McGee played by Malcolm-Jamal Warner reconcile his grandparents relationship. Davis was portrayed by Don Cheadle in the HBO film The Rat Pack, a 1998 television film about the group of entertainers. Cheadle won a Golden Globe Award for his performance. He was portrayed by Paul Sharma in the 2003 West End production Rat Pack Confidential.[74] Davis was portrayed in 2008 by Keith Powell in an episode of 30 Rock entitled "Subway Hero". In September 2009, the musical Sammy: Once in a Lifetime premiered at the Old Globe Theatre in San Diego with book, music and lyrics by Leslie Bricusse, and additional songs by Bricusse and Anthony Newley. The title role was played by Broadway Tony Award nominee Obba Babatundé. Comedian Billy Crystal has portrayed Sammy Davis Jr. in his stand-up routine and at the 2012 Oscars, where he performed in blackface. Actor Phaldut Sharma created the comedy web-series I Gotta Be Me (2015), following a frustrated soap star as he performs as Sammy in a Rat Pack tribute show.[75] In January 2017, Davis' estate joined the producing team led by Lionel Richie, Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Mike Menchel to make a movie based on Davis' life and show-biz career.[76] Main article: Sammy Davis Jr. discography 2002 Grammy Hall of Fame Award "What Kind of Fool Am I?" Inducted Recorded in 1962 2001 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Winner Posthumously 1972 Pop Male Vocalist "Candy Man" Nominee 1962 Record of the Year "What Kind of Fool Am I?" Nominee 1962 Male Solo Vocal Performance "What Kind of Fool Am I?" Nominee 1990 Outstanding Variety, Music or Comedy Sammy Davis Jr.'s 60th Anniversary Celebration Winner[77] 1989 Outstanding Guest Actor in a Comedy Series The Cosby Show Nominee 1980 Outstanding Cameo Appearance in a Daytime Drama Series One Life to Live Nominee 1966 Outstanding Variety Special The Swinging World of Sammy Davis Jr. Nominee 1956 Best Specialty Act — Single or Group Sammy Davis Jr. Nominee Other honors 2008 International Civil Rights Walk of Fame Martin Luther King Jr. National Historic Site Inducted 2006 Las Vegas Walk of Stars[78] front of Riviera Hotel Inducted 1989 NAACP Image Award NAACP Winner 1987 Kennedy Center Honors John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Honoree 1985 Worst Supporting Actor Golden Raspberry Awards Cannonball Run II (1984) Nominee 1977 Best TV Actor — Musical/Comedy Golden Globe Sammy and Company (1975) Nominee 1974 Special Citation Award National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences Winner 1968 NAACP Spingarn Medal Award NAACP Winner 1965 Best Actor — Musical Tony Award Golden Boy Nominee 1960 Hollywood Walk of Fame Star at 6254 Hollywood Blvd. Rufus Jones for President (1933) - Rufus Jones Seasoned Greetings (1933) - Henry Johnson - Store Customer Sweet and Low (1947) - Member, Will Maston Trio Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956) - Sammy Davis Jr. (voice, uncredited) Anna Lucasta (1958) - Danny Johnson Porgy and Bess (1959) - Sportin' Life Ocean's 11 (1960) - Josh Howard Pepe (1960) - Sammy Davis Jr. Sergeants 3 (1962) - Jonah Williams Convicts 4 (1962) - Wino The Threepenny Opera [de] (1963) - Ballad Singer Johnny Cool (1963) - Educated Robin and the 7 Hoods (1964) - Will Nightmare in the Sun (1965) - Truck driver The Second Best Secret Agent in the Whole Wide World (1965, title song) - Singer behind opening credits (uncredited) A Man Called Adam (1966) - Adam Johnson Alice in Wonderland (or What's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This?) (1966) Salt and Pepper (1968) - Charles Salt The Fall (1969) Sweet Charity (1969) - Big Daddy One More Time (1970) - Charles Salt Elvis: That's the Way It Is (1970) The Trackers (1971) -TV Movie with Ernest Borgnine Diamonds Are Forever (1971) - Casino Punter (deleted scene) Save the Children (1973) Poor Devil (1973; unsold pilot of a TV series) Gone with the West, also known outside the U.S. as Little Moon and Jud McGraw (1975) - Kid Dandy Madeleine (1977) - Spud The Scarecrow (singing voice) Sammy Stops the World (1978) - Littlechap The Cannonball Run (1981) - Morris Fenderbaum Heidi's Song (1982) - Head Ratte (voice) Cracking Up (1983) Broadway Danny Rose (1984) - Thanksgiving Parade's Grand Marshall (uncredited) Cannonball Run II (1984) - Morris Fenderbaum Alice in Wonderland (1985) - The Caterpillar / Father William That's Dancing! (1985) Knights of the City (1986) The Perils of P.K. (1986) Moon over Parador (1988) Tap (1989) - Little Mo The Kid Who Loved Christmas (1990) - Sideman (final film role) Mr. Wonderful (1957), musical Golden Boy (1964), musical – Tony Nomination for Best Actor in a Musical Sammy (1974), special performance featuring Davis with the Nicholas Brothers Stop the World – I Want to Get Off (1978) musical revival General Electric Theater – "The Patsy" (1960) Season 8 Episode 21 Lawman – episode Blue Boss and Willie Shay" (1961) The Dick Powell Show – episode "The Legend" (1962) Hennesey – episode "Tight Quarters" (1962) The Rifleman – 2 episodes "Two Ounces of Tin (#4.21)" (February 19, 1962) and "The Most Amazing Man (#5.9)" (November 27, 1962) 77 Sunset Strip – episode "The Gang's All Here" (1962) Ben Casey – episode "Allie" (1963) The Patty Duke Show – episode "Will the Real Sammy Davis Please Hang Up?" (1965) The Sammy Davis Jr. Show – Host (January 7, 1966) Alice In Wonderland or What's a Nice Kid Like You Doing in a Place Like This? (March 30, 1966) The Wild Wild West – episode "The Night of the Returning Dead" (October 14, 1966) Batman – "The Clock King's Crazy Crimes" (1966) I Dream of Jeannie – episode "The Greatest Entertainer in the World" (1967) Rowan & Martin's Laugh-In – Here Comes The Judge skit (1968–70, 1971, 1973) The Mod Squad – three episodes: "Keep the Faith Baby" (1969), "Survival House" (1970), and "The Song of Willie" (1970) The Beverly Hillbillies – episode Manhattan Hillbilies (1969) The Name of the Game – episode "I Love You, Billy Baker" (1970) Here's Lucy (1970) All in the Family – episode "Sammy's Visit" (1972) Chico and the Man – episode "Sammy Stops In" (1975) The Carol Burnett Show (1975) Sammy and Company – host/performer (1975) Charlie's Angels – episode "Sammy Davis, Jr. Kidnap Caper" (1977) Sanford (TV series) – episodes "Dinner and George's" (cameo) and "The Benefit" (1980) Archie Bunker's Place – episode "The Return of Sammy" (1980) General Hospital – episode Benefit for Sports Center (1982) Channel Seven Perth's Telethon (1983) The Jeffersons – episode "What Makes Sammy Run?" (1984) Fantasy Island – episode "Mr. Bojangles and the Dancer/Deuces are Wild" (1984)[79] Gimme a Break! – episode "The Lookalike" (1985) Alice in Wonderland (1985 film) Hunter – episode "Ring of Honor" (1989) The Cosby Show – episode "No Way, Baby" (1989) Sammy Davis, Jr. 60th Anniversary Celebration (1990) – 2½ hour all star TV special[80] History of the Jews in the African diaspora List of Hispanic and Latino Americans ^ Edward J. Boyer (May 17, 1990). "From the Archives: Consummate Entertainer Sammy Davis Jr. Dies at 64". Retrieved October 8, 2019. ^ a b Sammy Davis Jr. Biography. Biography.com. Retrieved June 6, 2013. ^ Casey Kasem's American Top 40 – The 70's from April 29 & May 6, 1972 ^ Sammy Davis Jr.: Mr. Show Business. Legacy.com. Retrieved February 2, 2013. ^ a b Religion: Jewish Negro Time February 1, 1960 ^ Sammy Davis Jr. "Is My Mixed Marriage Mixing Up My Kids", Ebony, October 1966, p. 124. ^ Rebecca Dube, "Menorah Illuminates Davis Jr.'s Judaism", The Jewish Daily Forward, May 29, 2009. ^ Sammy Davis, Jr.'s 'Music, Money, Madness' - NPR ^ GlobeNewswire (May 6, 2010). "LegalZoom Will Upheld In Sammy Davis, Jr. Estate Battle". ^ "Obituary: Elvera Davis, 95, Tap Dancer And Mother of Sammy Davis Jr". The New York Times. September 8, 2000. Archived from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved September 18, 2009. ^ "What Made Sammy Dance?". Time. October 23, 2003. Retrieved May 14, 2008. ^ a b Haygood, Wil (2003). In Black and White: The Life of Sammy Davis Junior. New York: A. A. Knopf (Random House). p. 516. ISBN 0-375-40354-X. Retrieved April 29, 2006. ^ Davis, Sammy; Boyar, Jane; Boyar, Burt (2000). Sammy: An Autobiography: with Material Newly Revised from Yes I Can and Why Me?. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 46–. ISBN 978-0-374-29355-0. Retrieved August 17, 2017. ^ "Rufus Jones for President", British Film Institute, (1933) ^ Santosuosso, Ernie (May 17, 1990). "Sammy Davis Jr., Entertainer for Six Decades, Dies at 64". The Boston Globe. ^ a b c "Davis, Samuel G., Jr., Pvt". www.army.togetherweserved.com. Retrieved June 5, 2019. ^ a b c d e f Kashner, Sam (September 2013). "The Color of Love". Vanity Fair. Retrieved October 6, 2019. ^ Monod, David (2005). Settling scores: German Music, Denazification, & the Americans, 1945–1953. UNC Press. p. 57. ^ "Sammy Davis Jr". Oral Cancer Foundation. February 6, 2008. Archived from the original on February 9, 2008. Retrieved May 14, 2008. ^ Eagle, Bob L.; Leblanc, Eric (2013). Blues: A Regional Experience. ABC-CLIO. p. 261. ISBN 9780313344244. Retrieved January 15, 2016. ^ E.g. Billboard, July 25, 1953, p. 11. ^ "Report Sammy Davis Signs $100,000 TV Pact". Jet. Vol. 3, No. 22: 59. April 9, 1953. ^ "Forecast: Sammy Davis In 3-D". Jet. Vol. 4, No. 12: 11. July 30, 1953. ^ a b Haygood, Wil (2003). In Black and White: The Life of Sammy Davis, Jr. New York : A.A. Knopf : Distributed by Random House. pp. 148-149. ISBN 9780375403545. ^ Haygood, Wil (October 7, 2003). In Black and White: The Life of Sammy Davis, Jr. A. A. Knopf. p. 156. Retrieved January 14, 2011. ^ Fishgall, Gary (September 30, 2003). Gonna Do Great Things: The Life of Sammy Davis Jr. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-7432-2741-4. Retrieved January 14, 2011. ^ Guralnick, Peter. (2005). Dream boogie : the triumph of Sam Cooke (1st ed.). New York: Little, Brown. ISBN 0316377945. OCLC 57393650. ^ “Sammy Davis Jr will crown…” Photo caption Mirror News July 31, 1958 ^ Sammy Davis Jr., Burt Boyar, and Jane Boyar, Sammy: The Autobiography of Sammy Davis Jr. (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2000). ^ Parris, Amanda (April 25, 1986), CBC's digging up its music archives, and it couldn't have happened at a better time, CBC ^ Sammy Davis Jr. on Parade, CBC, November 15, 2018 ^ Chadbourne, Eugene. "Sammy Davis Jr. Now". AllMusic. Retrieved May 14, 2008. ^ Nancy Sinatra (June 17, 2000). "Nancy Sinatra Reminisces; Alan Dershowitz Talks About Justice; Hamilton Jordan Discusses Cancer; Lou Cannon Puts Reagan in Perspective" (transcript). Larry King Live. CNN. ^ Davis Jr., Sammy (June 22, 1973). "Advertisement thanking the participants". Daily News (New York). New York. p. 55. ^ Staff Writer (1973). "The Highway Safety Foundation: A Chronology". Documenting reality. Retrieved March 5, 2014. ^ Boyar, Burt (2007). Photo by Sammy Davis, Jr. New York: Regan Books. p. 338. ISBN 9780061146053. ^ Hurst, Jack (August 26, 1994). "Johnny Cash's War Within". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved April 20, 2012. ^ "Sammy Davis Jr's 1972 Presidential Mission to Vietnam". www.recoveryteam.tv. July 8, 2016. ^ "Sammy Davis Jr. in Vietnam, 1972". Stars and Stripes. September 29, 2013. ^ Sammy Davis Jr. in Vietnam, 1972 Documentary on YouTube ^ Cannon, Bob (November 20, 1992). "The Unflappable Sammy Davis Jr". EW.com. Retrieved August 18, 2017. ^ "Why JFK Refused to Let Sammy Davis Jr. Perform at White House". ABC News. April 18, 2014. Retrieved August 23, 2014. ^ Price, Mark J. (November 25, 2012). "Local History: Akron Legend About Sammy Davis Jr. Turns Out to Be True". Akron Beacon Journal. Retrieved November 26, 2012. ^ Davis, Jr., Sammy; Boyar, Jane & Burt (1990). Yes I Can: The Story of Sammy Davis, Jr. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 0-374-52268-5. ^ "Nice Fellow". Time. April 18, 1955. Retrieved September 18, 2009. ^ "Pamphlet from Birdland Jazz Club". 1955. Archived from the original on October 3, 2009. Retrieved September 18, 2009. ^ What's My Line? - Sammy Davis, Jr (Mar 13, 1955) on YouTube ^ Green, David B. (May 16, 2013). "This Day in Jewish History 1990: Sammy Davis Jr., Famous Convert to Judaism, Dies". Haaretz. Retrieved June 14, 2013. ^ Weiss, Beth (March 19, 2003). "Sammy Davis, Jr". The Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved May 14, 2008. ^ Sammy Davis Jr. Turns Near Tragedy into Triumph, San Bernardino Sun, September 28, 2008 Archived December 9, 2012, at Archive.today ^ a b c d e f Lanzendorfer, Joy (August 9, 2017). "Hollywood Loved Sammy Davis Jr. Until He Dated a White Movie Star". Smithsonian. Retrieved October 6, 2019. ^ Reid, Ed; Demaris, Ovid (1963). The Green Felt Jungle. Cutchogue, New York: Buccaneer Books. LCCN 63022217. ^ December 2014 BBC documentary, Sammy Davis, Jr. The Kid in the Middle. ^ Lanzendorfer, Joy (August 9, 2017) "Hollywood Loved Sammy Davis Jr. Until He Dated a White Movie Star", Smithsonian Retrieved March 15, 2018. ^ "Loray White Davis Granted Divorce". Daily Press. Newport News, VA. Associated Press. April 24, 1959. Retrieved October 6, 2019 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Newport, Frank "In U.S., 87% Approve of Black-White Marriage, vs. 4% in 1958", Gallup News, July 25, 2013 ^ Loving v. Virginia. ^ a b Dagan, Carmel; Dagan, Carmel (December 8, 2015). "Sammy Davis Jr. Kept His Cool in a Less-Tolerant Era". Variety. Retrieved July 11, 2019. ^ "'Sammy Davis, Jr.: I've Gotta Be Me': Film Review \| TIFF 2017". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 11, 2019. ^ a b "Sammy Davis Jr. Succumbs To Cancer". Philadelphia Inquirer. May 17, 1990. Retrieved October 11, 2015. ^ a b Sinatra, N. (1986). Frank Sinatra: My Father. New York: Pocket Books. ^ Early, G. L. (2001). The Sammy Davis Jr. reader. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ^ "Sammy Davis Jr. Dies at 64; Top Showman Broke Barriers". www.nytimes.com. ^ "Davis supports Jackson", Minden Press-Herald, February 6, 1984, p. 1 ^ a b Rochman, Sue (2007). "The Cancer That Silenced Mr. Wonderful's Song". CR. 2 (3). Retrieved November 19, 2015. ^ a b Simmonds, Yussuf (July 30, 2009). "Sammy Davis Jr". Los Angeles Sentinel. Retrieved March 30, 2018. ^ Folz, B J; Ferlito, A; Weir, N; Pratt, L W; Werner, J A (June 1, 2007). "A historical review of head and neck cancer in celebrities". The Journal of Laryngology & Otology. 121 (6): 511–20. doi:10.1017/S0022215106004208. ISSN 1748-5460. PMID 17078899. Retrieved April 17, 2019. ^ a b Flint, Peter B. (May 17, 1990). "Sammy Davis Jr. Dies at 64. Top Showman Broke Barriers". The New York Times. Retrieved December 11, 2014. Sammy Davis Jr., a versatile and dynamic singer, dancer and actor who overcame extraordinary obstacles to become a leading American countentertainer, died of throat cancer yesterday at his home in Los Angeles. He was 64 years old and had been in deteriorating health since his release from Cedar-Sinai Medical Center on March 13. ^ Clarke, Norm (May 17, 2015). "Anniversary of Sammy Davis Jr.'s death comes and goes in Las Vegas". Las Vegas Review Journal. Retrieved March 30, 2018. Many consider Davis the greatest all-around entertainer. After he died on May 16, 1990, he received the ultimate Las Vegas tribute — the lights went dark on the Strip to honor the song-and-dance icon. ^ "Sammy Leaves Estate to Wife; Prized Gun to Clint Eastwood". Los Angeles Times. August 8, 1990. Retrieved March 30, 2018. ^ Tayman, John (October 7, 1991). "Sammy's Troubled Legacy". PEOPLE.com. Retrieved August 3, 2018. ^ Yoder, C. (June 2010). "Sammy Davis, Jr.'s Son Tests LegalZoom Last Will in Court". LegalZoom. Retrieved March 30, 2018. ^ Rosen, Jody (June 25, 2019). "Here Are Hundreds More Artists Whose Tapes Were Destroyed in the UMG Fire". The New York Times. Retrieved June 28, 2019. ^ Rival Rat Pack Reopens West End Whitehall, 18 Sep – News Archived June 15, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Whatsonstage.com. Retrieved 2013-02-10. ^ "HOME". I GOTTA BE ME. ^ Hipes, Patrick. "Sammy Davis Jr Biopic Aligns With Estate, Moves Foward [sic] With Producers Lionel Richie & Lorenzo Di Bonaventura". Deadline. Retrieved January 18, 2017. ^ The Envelope. "Awards Database: Sammy Davis Jr". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 14, 2008. ^ "Las Vegas Walk of Stars" (PDF). Lasvegaswalkofstars.com. Retrieved February 10, 2013. ^ "Fantasy Island – Season 7, Episode 21: Bojangles and the Dancer / Deuces Are Wild". www.tv.com. Retrieved November 21, 2015. ^ "You Were There", a song by Michael Jackson and Buz Kohan, was performed by Michael Jackson during this show Yes, I Can (with Burt and Jane Boyar) (1965), ISBN 0-374-52268-5 Why Me? (with Burt and Jane Boyar) (1989), ISBN 0-446-36025-2 Sammy (with Burt and Jane Boyar) (2000), ISBN 0-374-29355-4; consolidates the two previous books and includes additional material Hollywood in a Suitcase (1980), ISBN 0-425-05091-2 Haygood, Wil (2003). In Black and White: The Life of Sammy Davis, Jr. New York: A. A. Knopf (Random House). ISBN 0-375-40354-X. Birkbeck, Matt (2008), Deconstructing Sammy. Amistad. ISBN 978-0-06-145066-2 Silber Jr., Arthur (2003), "Sammy Davis Jr: Me and My Shadow, Samart Enterprises, ISBN 0-9655675-5-9 Photo by Sammy Davis, Jr. (Burt Boyar) (2007) ISBN 0-06-114605-6 Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sammy Davis, Jr.. Sammy Davis Jr. on IMDb Sammy Davis Jr. at the Internet Broadway Database Sammy Davis Jr. at AllMovie FBI Records: The Vault – Sammy Davis Jr. at fbi.gov Discography of Sammy Davis Jr.'s Recording Career "Sammy Davis Jr. Dies at 64; Top Showman Broke Barriers", The New York Times, May 17, 1990. Sammy Davis Jr. talks to draft dodgers in Canada, CBC Archives Archival Television Audio on Sammy Davis Jr. BBC Radio 4 programme on Sammy Davis Jr. "William Morris Agency Billing Contract for the Will Mastin Trio & Sammy Davis Jr". University of Nevada Las Vegas. Retrieved March 30, 2018.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2222
__label__cc	0.734781	0.265219	"Flag for the Free Men of Color?" Topic Back to the War of 1812 Message Board Best Sherlock Holmes (Round 1) robert piepenbrink 11 Jan 2020 4:16 p.m. PST Looking at adding the New Orleans Free Men of Color to my 25/28mm horse & musket forces, and these days, when I build a non-skirmisher infantry unit, it DOES have a flag. I know it's going to be speculative, but anyone have a happy thought about what I can get away with? The state "pelican" flag is said to predate official adoption, but could it go back that far? Is there an obvious alternative? ochoin 11 Jan 2020 4:27 p.m. PST ColCampbell 11 Jan 2020 4:44 p.m. PST I would think that suggestion would be even more speculative than a "Pelican" flag. Looks like a modern creation. StoneMtnMinis 11 Jan 2020 6:58 p.m. PST I would think that maybe looking at other militia/associations of the same period could serve as a guide for what was considered appropriate for that time period. After all, who is going to know different? Another thought, an email to the appropriate historical society, either state or local, might give you more information. RudyNelson 11 Jan 2020 8:36 p.m. PST Some of my respected friends have commented on this. So I will only post my opinion based on my research of the War of 1812 in Alabama for the Osprey style book Alabama in Flames. In my opinion several factors need to be considered. The battalions Colonel or wife would have made the flag. A banner of red with the name of the unit written on it in white or yellow would be an option if you cannot verify a design. The battalion contained a significant number of Choctaws from Forces they deployed with the Chickasaw in Alabama in 1813. They did not fight under a flag though one conjecture is that one would had a clan symbol. The black and mixed troops were based on the militia company format deployed by the Spanish. They used companies of black and mixed blood paradox troops to hunt down escaped slaves.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2226
__label__wiki	0.519118	0.519118	Authenticity, continued: Holding existential uncanniness at bay Warhol's "Flowers" Synchronicity strikes! I was so busy writing my earlier post about the lure of ersatz authenticity (see "Authenticity and the 'pumpkins' next door") that I failed to notice the New York Times had run an interesting article on exactly that subject in its Home & Design section the day before. The ostensible thrust of the Times piece was that people are getting tired of the "authentic" or "vintage" look. Apparently it's no fun being authentic if everybody's doing it. The article devoted at least as much attention, however, to the efforts of home design conglomerates to cash in on authenticity. Pottery Barn, a division of Williams and Sonoma, has a division called "Found," for example, while CB2, a division of Crate and Barrel, has a sub-brand it calls "One of a Finds" and another called "Hand-Touched." The suggestion that a line of products could be considered authentic because they've actually been touched by human hands is an indication of how far we've come. The Times article generated quite a few interesting comments from readers, but only one or two mentioned what to me is the most salient point about the authenticity craze, and that's how alienated so many people feel – consciously and subconsciously – by the technological society. It's not surprising that when almost everything we touch or encounter is mass-produced, a deep longing exists to find something real – something "organic" – to hold onto. At the same time many of us have become so distanced from the real and so conditioned by the artificial that we're willing to accept ersatz authenticity as a substitute for authentic authenticity. One laughable comment in the Times article came from an interior designer who said our hunger for authenticity was triggered by the trauma of 9/11 and exacerbated by the recession that followed. In truth our longing for authenticity goes back a lot further than 9/11. Nostalgia for earlier, more settled times has always been with us, I suspect, but it emerged as a significant social phenomenon during the Industrial Revolution, when the upending of the familiar became an increasingly disruptive and increasingly consistent fact of life. A Victorian retreat from the Industrial Revolution No accident that during the Gilded Age those who could afford it indulged in what Lewis Mumford called "a cult of antiquarianism," celebrating medieval chivalry and piety while lounging in Victorian drawing rooms that excluded, as Mumford put it, “every hint of the machine.” The Arts and Crafts movement spearheaded by William Morris and John Ruskin reflected a conviction that there was value in authenticity and that it was being crushed by mechanization. “Apart from the desire to produce beautiful things," Morris said, "the leading passion of my life has been and is hatred of modern civilization.” Our efforts to counteract the loss of authenticity with made-to-order authenticity constitute one of the great ironies of the technological era. Henry Ford spent millions of dollars and years of his life creating Greenfield Village, a life-sized facsimile of the small town he remembered from his youth, the kind of place his automobiles had done so much to destroy. The biographer Robert Lacey quotes Ford's personal public relations man as explaining that his boss's goal with Greenfield Village was to recall "the real world of folks…that honest time when America was in the making." The implication being that "the real world of folks" had already passed us by, and would now exist only as a tourist attraction. Several readers who commented on the Times article noted that they take pains to surround themselves with objects that don't just look authentic but actually are authentic. It's clear that what accounts for the distinction is accrued meaning – personal meaning – through investment of experience and association over time. "I have been collecting Christmas tree ornaments since my childhood," wrote Pamela from Los Gatos, California. "My family's Christmas tree is unique because I only buy the items that tell a story – represent my travels, life events or speaks to me." This resonates with a point I spend some time on in my book: To a greater degree than we're usually aware of, we are in relation to the objects around us, and for that reason they effect us, profoundly. Their influence is so pervasive that we tend to take it for granted, and so overlook it, as we make our way in the world – a world that is now overwhelmingly technological. Family heirlooms In their book, The Meaning of Things, Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi and Eugene Rocheberg-Halton explore the sorts of relationships people develop with objects in their homes. An exchange of "psychic energy" occurs, they say, between individuals and the things they possess. That exchange can either be uplifting, if the feedback we get is affirming in some way, or enervating, if the feedback is unpleasant. I think it's fair to say that objects we describe as "authentic" are objects that reassure us. They help us feel anchored in a tumultuous world. The point I make in my book, and that comes across loud and clear in the Times article, is that we feel the need to build a wall of authenticity or pseudo-authenticity around us at home to fend off the inauthenticity that assaults us outside the home. Hopper's "Nighthawks" The theologian Paul Tillich wrote powerfully on this theme. Technology, he said, is a means by which we can hold off the "uncanniness" of the human condition by constructing a world that is safe and predictable, a world we think we can control. Like so many palliatives, however, the technological barrier against existential uncanniness turns out to be false, because technology produces its own sense of uncanniness – one that cannot be relieved by more technology. “The stronger and more complicated the technical structures are,” Tillich said, the more they take on a life of their own, independent of human beings, the more difficult it becomes to control them, the more threatening they become…As the technical structures develop an independent existence, a new element of uncanniness emerges in the midst of what is most well known. And this uncanny shadow of technology will grow to the same extent that the whole earth becomes the “technical city” and the technical house. Who can still control it? The answer to that, of course, is that we can control it, simply by choosing appropriately authentic home accessories, available from scores of friendly retailers, online or at the mall! ©Doug Hill, 2012 Posted by Doug Hill at 2:04 PM No comments: Links to this post Labels: authenticity, Csikszentmihalyi, Home and Garden, home design, John Ruskin, Tillich, William Morris Steve Jobs, the Unabomber and America's Love-Hate Relationship With Technology As the extraordinary tide of tributes to the life and work of Steve Jobs poured in these past few weeks, I couldn't help wondering how Ted Kaczynski was taking the news. Kaczynski, aka the Unabomber, is serving a life sentence in a Colorado prison for conducting a murderous terror campaign he'd hoped would overthrow the kingdom of technology. There can be no more dramatic testimony to the failure of that campaign than the orgy of eulogies accorded Jobs. Still, beneath their obvious differences, there's a connection between Kaczynski and Jobs, not between them personally but between the archetypes they've come to represent. The emotional reactions to Jobs' passing made it abundantly clear that for many of us he'd come to symbolize the hopeful, life-affirming potential of the technical arts, in the process buttressing our faith in technology as a vehicle of human progress. Kaczynski, by contrast, seemed a creature who'd emerged from the depths of our subconscious, a malignant manifestation of our fears that technology is not our friend but our enemy, and that our enemy is gaining the upper hand. Several commentators argued that Kaczynski disturbed us in part because we share a measure of his fear, and of his anger. Robert Wright wrote in Time magazine that "there's a little bit of the Unabomber in all of us." Daniel J. Kevles made essentially the same point in the The New Yorker; his essay appeared under the headline, "E Pluribus Unabomber." Alton Chase, in his biography of Kaczynski, suggested that the Unabomber Manifesto articulated in hyperbolic terms the same sort of earth-friendly sentiments that embrace organic food, camping, and the Prius. Minus the violence, Chase said, the Manifesto represented "nothing less than the American creed.” That's a vast overstatement, I think, but it does speak to the incongruity I'm driving at here. Jobs and Kaczynski represent the extreme polls of a deep-seated ambivalence in our attitudes toward technology. That ambivalence has been part of American history, and part of the American psyche, from the beginning. Thomas Jefferson set the pattern. Jefferson argued passionately for a national economy based on the wholesome integrity of the family farm – dependence on manufactures, he wrote, "begets subservience and venality, suffocates the germ of virtue, and prepares fit tools for the designs of ambition" – but he also installed a host of inventions at Monticello and marveled at the wonders of industrial power in England. He loved nature but found it impossible to resist the fruits of abundance and power technology offered. Jefferson's oscillations on technology, said the historian Leo Marx, represent “decisive contradictions in our culture and in ourselves.” The same contradictions flavored the nation's pursuit of Manifest Destiny. The dominant theme was that technology was the spearhead of civilization, the essential tool for taming the savage frontier. At the same time a less confident undercurrent whispered that the possibilities of human freedom were vanishing even as the glories of nature were being despoiled. Contemporary accounts quoted by Henry Nash Smith demonstrate how both perspectives were projected onto the personality of Daniel Boone, who was alternately portrayed as “the angelic Spirit of Enterprise,” paving the way for decency and prosperity, or as a paragon of lonely rectitude, moving ever westward ahead of the madding crowd. “I had not been two years at the licks [in Missouri],” Boone was said to have complained, “before a d—d Yankee came, and settled down within a hundred miles of me!!” This discordant medley of enthusiasm and regret would subsequently be echoed in the frontier novels of James Fenimore Cooper and the Westerns of John Ford. In both a self-reliant frontiersman typically served as a bridge between wild nature and community, often demonstrating that for all the gains civilization brought, something noble and pure was being lost. Still later the same sorts of tensions would appear in the public images of Thomas Edison and Henry Ford, who were revered not only for their achievements in technology but also for having managed to turn the trick of becoming rich and famous while retaining the homespun virtues of small town boys. Steve Jobs and Ted Kaczynski – I'm talking about the individuals now, not the archetypes – were both products of the 1960s counterculture, and the spectacular divergence of their subsequent careers testifies to the depth of the counterculture's bifurcated views on technology. Yes, the 60s were a time of getting real and getting back to the land, but they were also an era of changing consciousness with the help of high-powered sound systems and LSD. Whether Kaczynski ever dropped acid I don't know, but he certainly dropped out. And although his Manifesto showed that he was filled with hatred for much of what the 60s stood for, it's also true that his views on technology were shaped by some of the counterculture's favorite intellectuals, Jacques Ellul and Hebert Marcuse among them. Jobs regularly cited as seminal influences in his youth LSD and the Whole Earth Catalog. Certainly Stewart Brand's counterculture bible captured the era's eclecticism in regard to machines: readers regularly found woodstoves and potter's wheels featured alongside books on cybernetics and space stations. In that context it makes perfect sense that, as Walter Isaacson's biography reveals, Jobs tried for nine months to treat his pancreatic cancer with fruit juices and herbal remedies before seeking out the most technologically advanced medical treatments he could find. If Steve Jobs and Thomas Jefferson can be ambivalent about technology, I guess any of us can. That's where Ted Kaczynski took a more radical path, a path of madness. You can't separate good technologies from bad technologies, he said. Buying into the Internet and artificial intelligence means also buying into nuclear meltdowns, eugenics, and global warming. Technology aims inexorably in one direction only: totalitarianism, the eradication of nature and the subjugation of human beings. Kaczynski's madness came not so much in the logic of that philosophy – similar views have been endorsed by plenty of respectable people, including Ellul and Marcuse – as it did in his insistence on trying to force everyone else to adhere to it. His contempt for compromise was deep. When it comes to technology, he scornfully said, people want to have their cake and eat it, too. To which generations of Americans have replied, "Who wouldn't?" By that I mean that we lust for the gifts technology bestows while overlooking, as best we can, its degradations. We love the mobility our cars provide, but keeping them filled with gas has gotten us into all sorts of trouble, and suburban sprawl is a nightmare. I wouldn't want to give up my iPad, my Android, my X-Box, or my plasma TV, but the people who make them in China seem to be getting a pretty bad deal, and don't ask me where they end up when I throw them away. Our Jobsian side smiles confidently and says, relax! Technology will provide us with solutions to all those problems – give it time. To which our Kaczynski side scowls and snarls that technology doesn't solve problems, it creates them. Trying to extricate ourselves with more machinery only serves to dig the hole we're in that much deeper. Technological schizophrenia: An American tradition. Note: This essay is based on Chapter Two of my book, Not So Fast: Thinking Twice About Technology. That chapter cites other historical figures who embody the tradition of American ambivalence toward technology, among them Henry Ford, Thomas Edison, and Charles Lindbergh. The chapter can be read on Amazon's site for the book, here. ©Doug Hill, October 28, 2011, revised November 6, 2011. Labels: Steve Jobs, Technological Enthusiasm, Ted Kaczynski, Unabomber Authenticity and the "pumpkins" next door Our next door neighbor has pulled out her annual fall/Halloween yard decorations, which include several fake pumpkins that she scatters about in the ivy. We gave up on pumpkins a couple of years ago because the squirrels made a mess of them; our neighbor will not have that problem. What's interesting about these fake pumpkins is that they are meant to convey an atmosphere of organic authenticity, that is, to evoke a homier, simpler time when we all lived in the country and were surrounded by a variety of living things that came and went with the seasons, with or without our attention. Our neighbor has other authenticity-affirming artifacts on display as well, among them a weathered old Ryder wagon that she fills with mums, and a folksy "Welcome" sign. (She is not, in my experience at least, a welcoming person at all.) In her wonderful book "How We Became Posthuman," N. Katherine Hayles mentions the idea of a "skeuomorph," which she describes as "a design feature that is no longer functional in itself but that refers back to a feature that was functional at an earlier time." She gives the example of the vinyl dashboard of her Toyota Camry, which is molded to look as if it is actually stitched fabric. In "The Technological Society" Jacques Ellul notes earlier examples of the same phenomenon, among them the cast-iron flowers decorating the stands of nineteenth-century sewing machines. Ellul predicted that such flourishes would soon disappear for the sake of efficiency, but he underestimated the power of nostalgia. In an era when the authentic has all but disappeared, ersatz authenticity generates sales, and that's the sort of efficiency that matters most. To my neighbor and lots of other people, the ability to evoke the memory of authenticity without having to bother with the mess that authenticity so often entails is an effect worth paying for. As U2 put it, it's the real thing, baby -- even better than the real thing! Ellul, however, was certainly correct in identifying the more fundamental dynamic: technique's inherent, implacable opposition to nature. "The world that is being created by the accumulation of technical means is an artificial world and hence radically different from the natural world," he wrote. "It destroys, eliminates, or subordinates the natural world, and does not allow this world to restore itself or even to enter into a symbiotic relation with it.” By the way, for a lovely meditation on our longing for the real thing, or a serviceable facsimile thereof, I highly recommend Richard Todd's "The Thing Itself: On the Search for Authenticity." ©Doug Hill, October 27, 2011 Photo credit: Set of 3 Orange and White Decorative Foam Pumpkins, QVC Labels: authenticity, Jacques Ellul, N. Katherine Hayles Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs, and the Aspen Institute Unless I missed something, there's an interesting sidelight that's been overlooked amidst the avalanche of publicity accorded Walter Isaacson's biography of Steve Jobs. Many people, including Isaacson, have attributed Jobs' "genius" to his ability to combine technological achievement with an artistic sensibility. Science and technology are often said to be natural enemies of the arts and humanities. Jobs was one of those very rare individuals capable of bridging the gap between them. (For more on this, see my previously published commentary "The Boffins and the Luvvies.") I haven't seen Isaacson's book, but I wonder if it mentions that the Aspen Institute, of which he is President and CEO, was born directly out of the war between science and the humanities. Two of the key figures in the founding of the Institute were Robert Hutchins and Mortimer Adler of the University of Chicago, who insisted that science and technology, in their narrow-minded focus on results, were ignoring and eclipsing the foundational wisdom of Western culture, wisdom accrued over the centuries from its classic works of literature and philosophy. This was the rationale behind their creation of the famous "Great Books" program, and it was the guiding philosophy of the Aspen Institute at its formation. The founding of the Institute is the subject of a fascinating chapter in James Sloan Allen's "The Romance of Commerce and Culture." In it he quotes Mortimer Adler's declaration of principles as stated in the Institute's first press release. Human beings in the twentieth century live, Adler wrote, "in a world which almost worships science and technology," so much so that they have lost sight of the "moral and spiritual truths" that would enable them to control the machinery they've unleashed. "Science does not and cannot appoint the goals men should seek," Adler argued; "science does not and cannot direct us in the good life or to a good society; science does not and cannot determine which among competing values are true and false." It is the humanities, he concluded, that must direct us toward "the fundamental truths which can give human life direction and which can create a society to be served by science rather than ruled by it." I think Steve Jobs would definitely have agreed with those sentiments. Whether his achievements in technology will ultimately work for or against a readjustment of the imbalance Adler deplored is another question. ©Doug Hill, October, 2011 (Photo credit: Nathan Bilow, USA Today) Labels: Aspen Institute, Great Books, Mortimer Adler, Robert Maynard Hutchins, Steve Jobs, the decline of the humanities, Walter Isaacson The boffins and the luvvies O'Reilly Radar, the "insight and analysis" blog of O'Reilly Media, picked up The Boffins and the Luvvies, my commentary on Eric Schmidt's plea for a more equitable balance between science and the humanities in education. Schmidt believes the sciences aren't getting the attention they deserve, but his off-the-cuff remarks on Steve Jobs left a somewhat different impression. Labels: Boffins, Eric Schmidt, Google, Luvvies, O'Reilly Media, Steve Jobs Authenticity, continued: Holding existential uncan... Steve Jobs, the Unabomber and America's Love-Hate ... Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs, and the Aspen Institu... Doug Hill I'm a journalist and independent scholar who has studied the history and philosophy of technology for more than twenty five years. My book, "Not So Fast: Thinking Twice About Technology," was published in October 2016 by the University of Georgia Press. On my blog "The Question Concerning Technology" I post essays on issues concerning technology as they arise in current events or in my ongoing studies. Follow me on Twitter at @DougHill25 and on Facebook at NotSoFastBook. Picture Window theme. Theme images by johnwoodcock. Powered by Blogger.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2228
__label__wiki	0.633732	0.633732	The Rationale for a Low Energy Alternative EDITED Written by Ken Newcombe THE RATIONALE FOR A LOW ENERGY ALTERNATIVE Ken Newcombe One of the great drives which led people to participate in the Aquarius Festival at Nimbin, which subsequently added some sizeable communes to those already in the area, was expressed as the need to escape from the bondage of the city. It was not only the pervasive environmental degradation in the cities, but the powerlessness to effect the changes which seemed so essential in one's own life, and absolutely, obviously imperative amongst the cities' dispossessed minorities. To participate in contemporary city life one has inevitably to become a consumer, to be subservient to its materialism, and to simultaneously jettison personal principles of conservation and equity in order to survive. Unknowingly, in most cases, the search for an alternative was a search for a low energy society, a mode of existence where the impact of the energy controlled by anonymous institutions and individuals was not of such magnitude that it could severely restrict the options of mobility, recreation and creative work available to each person in his everyday life. ENERGY AND HUMAN SOCIETY One underlying and fundamental variable in contemporary human society is the flow and end use of somatic and extrasomatic energy. Man, by virtue of being part of the earth's ecosystem, is as reliant as are all living things on solar energy as the fire of life. Initially man's mechanical muscle power of up to one horsepower per day was the measure of his impact on his environment, and his ability to do work. This energy, as now, was derived from the metabolic conversion of plant and animal converters at about twenty per cent efficiency. Plants are the prime converters of solar energy and the rate at which they converted energy ultimately determined the carrying capacity for the human species. Solar radiation represents an energy source far, far higher than the demands of industrial man, but his ability to harness its energy has been minimal to date. Total solar radiation entering the earth's atmosphere is about 10000 per year and man's entire demands are currently about 225mQ1 During the nineteenth and twentieth century man has built himself an immensely complex industrial society by exploiting solar energy stored as fossil fuels over geological time. Now the power that can be wielded by one man over his fellows and his environment is no longer measurable by his muscular strength and that of his subordinates, but by the sophistication of the technology he possesses to convert this stored solar energy into work at a given place and point in time. Given the hierarchical nature of industrial and post-industrial institutions, fewer and fewer people control greater and greater amounts of energy. The ultimate example of this is the capacity of the American president to bomb a nation state, Cambodia, for more than eight months before either the American people or their representatives knew about it. The search for a radically different life style should be made quite consciously in terms of a low energy alternative for at least three reasons, given here in order of increasing importance. First, the store of convenient oil-based fuels which now make up sixty-one per cent of the world 's total consumption are limited to perhaps thirty years at current and anticipated consumption levels.2 In that time shortages will probably result from imbalances in production and demand created by international politics and in tapping the known reserves and making them uniformly available in relation to global demand. The technology to use direct solar energy is not well developed. The inevitable establishment of nuclear generators is proceeding slowly because of fears of their long term environmental impact. There is a marked imbalance in the distribution of abundant coal reserves and so too the technology to convert them into liquid and gaseous fuels. Given these situations, the energy crisis we have already experienced may be a common feature of the future. A dependency on a high energy life style is unwise in such circumstances, but even aspirants to a low energy life style are to some extent caught in the network of dependency on centralised energy systems and are therefore equally affected by the brown-outs caused by the demands of those who have chosen to consume regardless of the resource situation. Secondly, the use of energy in particular forms and in particular ways has a proven biological impact on the human species. The combustion of coal, fuel oils and middle weight oils releases sulphur oxides which act as irritants for sensitive membranes in the eyes, throat and lungs often causing severe respiratory problems. The combustion of motor transport fuels gives rise to carbon monoxide, lead oxides and various unburnt hydrocarbons and particulate matter. Dangerous emissions of these by-products of energy use can come especially from major points of high emission such as power stations, public incineration plants and so on. Combined with emissions from motor transport, they give rise to the familiar photo-chemical inversions in Australian cities and the admixture of gases which can form dangerous levels of ozone and complex carcinogens. The urban climate is significantly modified by the generation of artificial heat from human activities.3 In Sydney on a mid-winter's day the heat generated by human activities is often more than half the total incoming solar radiation.4 Somatic energy: That energy which is utilised, through the metabolic processes, within a living organism.' Extrasomatic energy: That energy which flows through or is utilised by a human community and which is not utilised through metabolic processes within a living organism.' 1 Peter L. Auer, 'An Integrated National Energy Research and Development Program', Science, Vol. 184, April 19, 1974, p. 301. 2 J. Darmstadter, et al: Energy in the World Economy, (Baltimore and London, 1974), p. 13. M. King Hubbart, 'The Energy Resources of the Earth' Sci. Am 224, 1971, p. 60–70. 3 H. H. Lansberg, in the study of climatic changes in the new Washington suburb of Volumbia, as cited in Mordy, WA.; 1972, 'Energy and the Hydrosphere' presented to 'Energy, Man and Environment' seminar, February 3rd-5th, 1972, Gottlieb Duttweiler Institute for Economic and Social Studies, Zurich, Switzerland. 4 J. D. Kalma, A. R. Aston and R. J. Millington, 'Energy use in the Sydney Area' in 'City as a life system' Ed. H. A. Nix, Proc. Ecol. Soc. Aust., Vol. 7, Canberra. A full review of the studies relating air pollution to health problems in the United States concluded that twenty to fifty per cent of morbidity and mortality from bronchitis twenty-five per cent from lung cancer, twenty pecent from all other respiratory diseases and twenty per cent from cardiovascular disease could be alleviated by a fifty per cent reduction of air pollution at a public health expenditure saving in 1971 of a minimum of SU.S.2,080,000,000. A useful guide to the environmental degradation of an area is the intensity of energy use per unit area. Certainly the more energy used per unit area, the higher the rate of change in the environment is likely to be. I propose a further index which is perhaps of greater significance to the biology of man and that is the ratio of population density to energy use per unit area. In Hong Kong over an urban area of roughly the same energy intensity as the peak intensity found in Sydney, the ratio of population density to intensity of energy use is over five times higher.1 Thirdly, the social impact of energy use is little understood, and may have the most serious long-term effects. Contemporary industrial societies have developed institutions which have a stifling momentum, are resistant to change from within and are of such great proportions that change from without requires considerable concerted, selfless, effort which makes the task an improbable one to achieve. They have created a social environment which Emery calls the 'turbulent environment.'2 He describes them as environments 'that are likely to follow their own lines of action regardless of the size or shape or direction of the input of the ind vidual organisation'. In regard to the bureaucratic exploitation of inanimate (extrasomatic) energy Emery states 'it has sapped and undermined our ability to resolve the business, to map and determine our own futures'3. Emery's thesis is supported by Mich who says that 'high quanta of energy degrade social relations just as inevitably as they destroy physical milieu'.4 B. L. Lave, and E. P. Seskin; 'Air Pollution and Human Health', Ekistics 185, April 1971, p. 295–303. 1 As yet unpublished research by K. Newcombe on the spatial distribution of artificial heat generation in Hong Kong as part of the Hong Kong Human Ecology Programme of the Urban Biology Group, Australian National University. 2 F. E. Emery, 'An Industrialised Society—Australia', presented to UNESCO Seminar 'Energy and How We Live', May 16, 1973, Adelaide, p. 12. 3 F. E. Emery, An Industrialised Society—Australia', presented to UNESCO Seminar 'Energy and How We Live', May 16, 1973, Adelaide, p. 13. 4 Ivan Illich, Energy and Equity, Ideas in Progress. (Calder and Boyars, 1974), p. 15. High energy societies deny equitable participation and deprive the energy-less members of the population the right to effect changes meaningful in terms of their own life styles. It elevates the traditional edict of consumerism, viz. 'a second car and a colour television will enhance my personal well being', one order of magnitude higher or 'what fuels the production and drives the mechanical genius of the products I believe I need, it is necessary to have now, and to proliferate in perpetuity'. Unthinkingly they are justifying the politicans' quest for more energy despite its unproven worth and disproportionate social costs. The acquisition of one more appliance is the acquisition of one more 'energy slave to do work which to most do people work can already competently handle. The purchase of the energy slave implies a commitment to purchase its energy requirements, which means a vested interest in the continued supply of that energy and an implied dependence for well-being on the continued exploitation of energy resources. As each family gains possession of another energy slave, not only do they become more reliant on its energy requirements, they become potentially subservient to the services it provides. For the danger exists that they will lose the tools and information to undertake the task it performs when it is unable to be employed. It is in this manner that the so-called energy crisis creates the illusion of a real energy crisis and there seems to be only one option to find more energy. The biological significance of the individual use of energy slaves is either unknown or poorly understood. It may be that in the greatly changed environment of some urban areas the use of particular energy slaves may be adaptive for the individual. In Hong Kong a television and a phone facility may maintain the otherwise disrupted family communication and serve to psychologically expand the otherwise extreme physical densities. At the same time the use of a combustion engine for transportation which releases toxic emissions in a densely populated area, creates additional noise, and competes for space with the human beings, may be maladaptive. Even though the impact on the individual of various patterns of energy use is not well known, the historical trends show an ever increasing per capita consumption of energy. Paleolithic man, some 500,000 years ago, repeatedly lost and found and finally secured, the ability to make fire, which raised the per capita energy consumption from no more than 2500 Kcals per day from food energy to 4500 Kcals per day with the combustion of firewood* The neolithic revolution of 6,000 to 8,000 years ago brought about the domestication of plant and animal converters of energy and probably raised the level of per capita consumption to 12,000 or 15,000 Kcals per day. It is suggested that at the height of the low technology industrial era around 1850, the daily per capita consumption was 70,000 Kcals in England, Germany and the United States.1 Now the United States consumption of fossil fuels is 224,000 Kcals per capita per day and Australia's is 109,000 Kcal per capita per day compared with that of the non-industrial states of Burma and Nepal with only 1,300 Kcals per capita per day and 196 Kcals per capita per day respectively.2 The growth rate in energy consumption in Australia is currently greater than two and a half per cent per annum. The efficiency of food production follows the same sort of trends. Hunter-gatherers and early Neolithic peoples obtained a return of up to twenty units for each unit of energy invested in food gathering or swiddenist agriculture.3 Contemporary Western agriculture requires an investment of four to five units of energy to provide one unit of energy available for consumption at the consumer's table.4 It is obvious that an exponential growth in energy consumption is not sustainable in the long term. Nevertheless, the proponents of increased energy consumption consider that the temporary energy crisis we have suffered was simply a delay in fulfilling the ultimate goal of a doubling time in energy consumption of ten to twelve years.5 The long term impact of such exponential growth begins to look foreboding when estimates are made about the amount of energy consumed in proportion to the total flow of energy in the biosphere. If one only considers the current growth rates of United States electricity consumption, assuming that the heat it generates upon utilisation is distributed evenly over the U.S., then in one hundred years the rate of heat release per annum from this source alone will be equal to the incoming solar radiation from the sun in the same period.6 With the dramatic changes in urban climate from artificial heat sources already documented, the release of heat of this magnitude could have far-reaching effects on the global climate. * Kenneth Oakley, 'Fire as Paleolithic Tool and Weapon', The Prehistoric Society, No. 4, 1955, p. 36–48. 1 Earl Cook, 'The Flow of Energy in an Industrial Society', Sci. Am., Vol. 224,(3) 1971, p. 135–144. 2 United Nations, World Energy Supplies 1968–1971, Statistical Papers, series J. 1973, No. 16. 3 See Roy A. Rappoport: Pigs for Ancestors, Yale University Press, 1967 and Carruthers et al; 'Historical Aspects of energy use by Mankind' paper presented to UNESCO 'Energy and How We Live' seminar Adelaide, 16th May, 1973 (available from Urban Biology Unit, Australian National University). 4 See M. J. Perelman, 'Farming with Petroleum', Environment 14, (No. 8), 1972, for U.S. data and R. M. Gifford, and R. J Millington, 'Energetics of Food Production with special emphasis on the Australian situation' presented to UNESCO 'Energy and How We Live' seminar, Adelaide, May 16, 1973 (available at CSIRO, Canberra, ACT). 5 Richard Love, with reference to his statement on the return to a 10–12 year doubling time', N.Y.T.S. in South China Morning Post, 12th November, 1973. He was then Chief Adviser on energy matters to President Nixon. 6 Claude M. Summers, 'The Conversion of Energy', Sci. Am. 224(3), 1971, p. 160. After documenting potential sources of energy and providing an optimistic picture of future energy availability, Hubbart concludes that an exponential growth is impossible, if only because of the limiting factor of places to locate power plants. So at best the quest for more energy from all the potential alternative sources is filled with hazards and contradictions. We must ask, as does Luten 'Is the correlation between increasing energy use and human welfare good enough and is the hypothesis that more energy means a better life plausible enough to warrant any hopeful extrapolation?1 In the Hong Kong Human Ecology Programme we developed an hypothesis early in 1973 which reads 'that above a certain level of per capita energy consumption for a given environment, any additional amount of energy consumed will not be of additional benefit in terms of the health and well being of the individual concerned' or alternatively 'that the additional amount of energy consumed will be of positive disadvantage to the individual and his society'.2 More recently Illich came to a remarkably similar conclusion when he says 'that beyond a certain median per capita energy level, the political system and cultural context of any society must decay. Once the critical quantum of per capita energy is surpassed, education for the abstract goals of a bureaucracy must supplant the legal guarantees of personal and concrete initiative. This quantum is the limit of social order'.3 It is abundantly clear that at some time in the future the per capita consumption of energy must fall or obtain a constant sustainable level in line with the environmental parameters that will restrict a further growth in its consumption. It would seem absurd to blunder on into the middle distance in the hope that we will arrive at such a level by trial and error, for the cost of a higher energy society in physical and social terms is already demonstrably high. What must be done is to assess the real and illusory seeds of an energy subsidy to muscle power in each of the changed environments which man has built and from which he cannot easily retreat, and to base the criterion of energy use around the goal of equity in a genuinely participatory democratic society. The determination of a desirable level of per capita energy consumption for each human environment will not only be difficult to obtain but difficult to implement. This is particularly so given the compulsive urge of the Western populace to follow the seductive wooing of the industrial complex and participate in overt materialism that is neither conservative of matter nor energy. However daunting the task may be, it is necessary to make a start. ENERGY IN RURAL COMMUNES In Australia, many rural communal life styles resulted from a feeling that a shift to the land was essential in order to develop an alternative in an unharried, less intense environment. Although I participated in the Nimbin experience and have visited small communes in the Mullumbimby area, I have not been able to follow up the post-Nimbin festival developments and therefore am unable to discuss actual commune practices. Nevertheless, a general approach to low energy alternatives should still be applicable and viewing the specific example of alternative food production in energy terms may be instructive. The Table is a comparison of intensively-farmed crops using high energy subsidy western agricultural techniques. Data from the production of potatoes in the United Kingdom4 is presented along with data for corn production in the United States.5 The energy subsidies applicable to Australia n agriculture are available from quite detailed research6 but are applicable to the entire agricultural production rather than solely intensive farming methods, hence the U.K. and U.S. data are of more use for this exercise. In both cases the inputs for transportation from the farm gate to the consumer's table have been deleted from the comparison. The examples are compared with the energy subsidies required from a commune farming an acre of ground sown with mixed vegetable crops. The season is taken to, be four months and the inputs and yields are considered for that period. Footnotes explain the entries in the alternative farming column and explain the potential saving for each item of inputs. M. King Hubbart, 'The Energy Resources of the Earth' Sci. Am. 224, 1971, P. 70. 1 Daniel B. Luten, 'The Economic Geography of Energy' Sci. Am. Vol. 224(3), 1971, p. 175. 2 S. V. Boyden, et al; unpublished Concepts and Hypotheses: Hong Kong Human Ecology Programme, May 1973, C/— Urban Biology Group, Australian National University. 3 Mich, Op. cit., p. 18–19. 4 Gerald Leach; 'The energy costs of food production' in Arthur Bourne, ed. The Man-Food Equation, (Academic Press, 1973), Table I. 5 David Pimental, L. E. Hurd, et al; 'Food Production and the Energy Crisis', Science, Vol. 182, 1973, P. 443–449. 6 M. Gifford and R. J. Millington, 'Energy and How We Live' Seminar, Adelaide, 1973. 1.1 Taken as labourers needing 21,770 Kcals per week and working for forty hours. At that rate one hour of work requires a somatic ener gy input of 544.25 Kcals. Assuming that 120 hours of manual work are required for manual preparation of one acre of ground and three hours daily for 120 days to irrigate, weed, protect and otherwise maintain and finally harvest the crop then 480 hours x 544.25 Kcals = 261,240 Kcals. 1.2 Assuming that 120 lbs of metal implements are required to work one acre of land: that they have a life of use or loss of ten years; that they require 9,400 Kcals per pound to manufacture based on () and that maintenance is part of the labour costs, then one crop of four months requires one thirtieth of the energy network inputs, or 9,400 x 120/30 = 37,600 Kcals. 1.3 Assuming no mechanisation involving motor driven equipment no gasoline will be utilised in the agricultural production. 1.4 Assuming that no electricity will be used in agricultural production other than minimal domestic requirements. 1.5 Assuming that composting of organic wastes from the household with added leaf mulch and so on is used to add humus to the soil. Assuming that wherever possible poultry, pig, cow and other animal manure is used as fertilizer and that sensible rotational practices are applied so that nitrogenous legumes are grown at least one crop per year. Also assuming that sewage sludge and compost from Swedish 'Clivus' systems and the like are utilised where possible (1). 1.6 The figure given for corn seed was applied roughly to the seed input to a densely cropped acre of vegetables of mixed variety, from leafy greens to roots and tubers. 1.7 Assumes that in an alternative system water catchment is carefully worked out through damming using keyline systems (2) or that wells, streams and recycled waste water from domestic recycling plans are used for surface and sub-surface irrigation. Also that where trickle irrigation, or the like, is not able to be practised, water is carried manually as in Asian small plot systems. 1.8 There are various methods to be exploited to try and keep pests down without pesticides, e.g. growing plants in particular combinations (3), using non-persistent home-made sprays, such as boiled down cigarette butts for nicotine, and so on. (4) Inevitably, however, insects will take about seven to ten per cent of the crop in accordance with the usual take in a stable ecosystem and with domesticated plants are bound to take more if they are abundant. The maintenance of a monoculture is always at additional energy costs, either in direct food loss or in insecticide production to save the food that would be lost. See the discussion in the text restricted use of pesticides. Herbicides can be replaced by continual weeding and present less of a problem in a highly labour inretensive situation for intensive farming. The swiddenists' approach to non-food plants in the crop area is to let those grow which will ultimately provide part of the regenerating forest. They do not usually sow plants of a particular kind together, rather distributing them randomly about the plot creating a mixture. This technique could also be practised as an alternative to endless weeding, but yields will probably be lower. 1.9 If drying of foods is required, it is assumed that solar energy is used and not artificially heated rooms or kilns. 1.10 Assuming that a mixed vegetable crop in one acre of land over a four-month period can raise about 7,085 Kgms of vegetables, taking average data from Chinese vegetable gardening in Hong Kong, and that twenty per cent of this will be lost to insects or reduced yield because of weed competition. Assuming that mixed vegetables will have an average value of sixty five Kcals per one hundred grams portion (5) and that this gives a total of 3,684,200 Kcals. Leslie White, The Evolution of Culture (New York, 1959). 1 See Al. Hammond_ 'Individual Self-Sufficiency in Energy', Science 184, 1977, p. 278–282, all editions of Whole Earth Catalogue: and for technical data, potential yields and availability and cost from various suppliers see Gerry E. Smith, Economics of Water Collection and Waste Recycling, Autonomies Housing Study, University of Cambridge, Department of Architecture, Technical Research Division, 1 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge CB2 1PX (1973). 2 P. A. Yeomans, Water for Every Farm, (Sydney, 1968). 3 H. Philbrick and R. B. Gregg: Companion Plants (London, 1967). 4 See Lawrence D. Hills, Pest Controls Without Poisons, Henry Doubleday Research Association, 20 Convert Lane, Bocking, Braintree, Essex, England. 5 Thomas and Corden, Tables of Composition of Australian Foods, (Canberra, 1970). It can be seen that a considerably higher labour input is allocated for the alternative form than for the others. This is based on the assumption that a communal farm will engage most members of the commune in agricultural production, making for a labour-, rather than machine-, intensive system. The alternative communal farming has been projected as a 'purist' model in that no artificial chemica ls are added as fertilizer, herbicide or pesticide. In this case the assumption has been made that yield will be reduced by about twenty per cent because of the natural toll on plant matter by insects and possibly a reduced growth rate as a result of their onslaughts, even though it is assumed that the crop will be closely tended. If one did not want to follow a totally 'purist' approach to farming, then considerable savings in insecticide treatment have been found by only treating the ravaged areas, and giving significant reduction in energy subsidy. Portable equipment has also developed which can give highly selective spot treatment.1 If one adopted these methods, the yield should be the same as for high energy subsidy agriculture and the ratio of input to return in energy terms still about the same. The Table shows that by this necessarily crude comparison the energy input to energy return is at least five times as high as that obtained by current agricultural techniques. In general the principle applies that such labour intensive agriculture will not generate the surpluses of food which go to support the materialism of the urbanised populations, but does support the highest population on the land itself. Probably small amounts of food will be surplus after communal consumption and by bartering or by utilising the food cooperative system, trade-offs for other essentials can be made. In that sense the alternative form of production is in tune with the philosophy espoused by the 'alternatives' movement. A commune can make a number of decisions about its modus operandus which will considerably reduce its energy consumption and add to its autonomy. The many architectural innovations which populated the Nimbin fields in May 1973 exemplified the creative potential of the counter culture. Combined with an understanding of self sufficient energy systems, structures which combine a minimum of materials, simplicity of construction and a high standard of convenience and sanitation can evolve. Solar collectors and windmills for power generation have been a special feature of Australian research and related research is now booming in the U.S. and Europe.2 Direct solar energy can provide the reduced requirements of a communal situation with water heating, space heating and even air conditioning. The range of alternatives and examination of their potential is now commonlace.3 Solar energy can assist the operation of water recycling units, utilising algae tanks and digestors for effluent, which in many cases are commercially available and are ideal for the pooled skills of the commune to put into operation. At the same time operative systems have been developed which revive the ancient Chinese practice of using organic wastes from household and sewage to generate methane for cooking.4 Apart from the initial capital cost which varies in proportion to the amount of technical skill available for construction and installation, most autonomous housing plans have minimal recurrent costs. Outside of the use of innovative technology to recycle, conserve and collect useful energy and materials, a personal commitment to consume less energy-expensive transport is a major component of a low energy life style. The private car is the most energy expensive and socially destructive energy slave yet manufactured. In this respect a disappointing aspect of the Nimbin Festival was the reluctance of people to abandon their motorised transport even during the festival itself. The spread of urbanisation, the isolated one-storey structure on a 1000 square metre lot and the vast reticulation of roadways has not only been constructed with the use of a motor car in mind but it makes the motor car virtually the only acceptable form of transport to get to and from place of employment or leisure activity. The more private transport there is, the less efficient public transport becomes, almost to the point of its extinction as a viable alternative. A person who chooses not to own a car is condemned to relative immobility in a society where private cars dominate the roads and the transport system. Equity of energy use with particular reference to transport systems is dealt with lucidly by lllich.5 J. S. and C. E. Steinhart, 'Energy use in the U.S. Food System', Science, Vol. 184, April 19, 1974, p. 307–316. 1 Personal communication with R. Coffee, Electrical Engineering Department, University of Hong Kong, regarding his development of hand held electrostatic sprays which give highly localised spot treatment saving probably more than fifty percent of energy inputs in this category. 2 Australian company is Beasely Solapak for solar water heaters. See also Annual Reports of Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Mechanical Engineering Division, Highett, Victoria, regarding development of solar energy technology (1970–73). 3 See an excellent discussion in Allen L. Hammond, Science, 184, 1974, p. 278–282. For mechanical details names and types and operational features of solar energy devices, see Gerry E. Smith, Economics of Solar Collectors, Heat Pumps and Wind Generators, Autonomous Housing Study, University of Cambridge, Department of Architecture, Technical Research Division, 1 Scroope Terrace, Cambridge, 1973. 4 See note B p. 229. 5 Ivan Illich, Energy and Equity. Ideas in Progress. (Calder and Boyars, 1974), p. 18–19. It has been estimated that the family car in the United States demands 278 million Kcals per year in direct cost. In Australia I calculate that the direct costs would be 445 million Kcals; including the capital costs and maintenance of the vehicle about 450 million Kcals per year. This gives a per capita cost of about 112 million Kcals per year for a four member family, not including the cost to society of maintaining the network of road systems, engineering projects to facilitate traffic flow, the space allocated to garages and sales departments, production plants and public and private car parks, to mention just a few of the obvious overheads.1 The alternative for a commune is either to go without motorised transport or to obtain a heavy duty utilitarian vehicle which is used for the business of the commune, rather than for pleasure jaunts, and to provide backup transport for individuals with pushbikes and a lot of walking and hitchhiking. Preferably the commune members should be able to maintain the vehicle themselves. In this manner, by making certain assumptions about its use, the per capita energy costs should be reduced to about 3 million Kcals per year.2 The transport options of pushbikes or very low powered motorised vehicles and much walking are worthy changes to implement in the city environment as well. ENERGY AND THE CITY ENVIRONMENT Finally we must face the stark reality that the real thrust for alternative low energy life styles must come in the city environment. As much as it may seem desirable to come back to 'our roots' and till the land, this can never be more than a fading vision for the majority of people in a heavily urbanised post-industrial age with the prospect of population growth well into the twenty-first century. It is easy to be convinced that the only alternative is the rural commune based largely on human energy, and to agree with White who says 'the type of social system developed during the human energy era was unquestionably the most satisfying kind of social environment that man has ever lived in that the institutions of primitive society were the most congenial to his return and temperament'.3 But there can be no universal return to the human energy era and though the rural commune movement can be a rewarding experience for increasing numbers of people, it would be dangerous to offer the illusion that this was 'where it could be' for everyone. Rather, the rural commune can be a vital testing ground for alternatives that must find root in the city environment. They must recognise this obligation and not become distant outposts for down-trodden escapists. The contemporary city environment is dominated by high energy coercive institutions making universally enforcable decisions which have far-reaching behaviour modifying effects, e.g. housing authorities, transport authorities and state planning authorities. The tendency is to limit the spectrum of alternatives largely by cutting out the low-energy options and instilling confidence in hierarchies of power, where unaccountable high energy employment is a matter of status rather than blatant manipulation, e.g. schools, training colleges and corrective institutions. It is generally recognised that a degree of social re-organisation will be necessary to cope with the multi-dimensional impacts of energy use. This re-organisation must be extended to cope with the social impact of energy use and to contain it within a framework of participatory democracy. Already the individual's power to effect change is pitifully small in comparison to those high in a political or industrial heirarchy, whose power is being enhanced and exaggerated out of all proportion to accepted public confidence and accountability by the long-lasting impact of the energy use they have at their disposal. Since energy is fundamental to the operation of all living systems, and since man has comparatively recently learnt to harness large energy subsidies to do his work, the relationships between energy use and contemporary institutions have come under close scrutiny.4 Energy use therefore presents a valuable entry point to an examination of the contemporary social structure and to the ongoing search for alternatives. S. Fred Singer, 'Human Energy Production as a Process in the Biosphere' Sci. Am. September 1970, (p. 109 of The Biosphere', a Sci. Am. book produced from that issue). 1 Assumes 15,000 miles per year, a vehicle life of ten years, fuel consumption of 20 mpg. Consumption of 750 gallons/year at 7.3 lbs. per gallon and 81,349 Kcals/gall = 445 x 106 Kcals. Capital costs calculated from Stephen R. Berry and Margaret F. Fels, 'The Energy Cost of Automobiles', Science and Public Affairs, December 1973, pp. 11–18; 58–60. Gives 31,968,000 Kcals for construction of automobile of 3,400 lbs. Take ten per cent additional energy for maintenance and divide by ten for life of vehicle in years. The estimate of 3 million Kcals was made assuming a mileage of 7,000 per year in a heavy duty vehicle of fifteen years life for a twenty member commune. Other assumptions remaining the same. 2 See note f above. 3 Lesl i e White, The Evolution of Culture (New York, 1959). 4 H. T. Odum, Environment, Power and Society (New York, 1971), discusses such aspects as power and politics of religion apart from basic ecology of energy. An excellent introduction to the study of energy and institutions.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2230
__label__wiki	0.935032	0.935032	Inside PennSound Anthologies/Collections/Groups PennSound Daily archive Close Listening PennSound Cinema PennSound Radio Medialinks Featured resources archive PennSound on Facebook PennSound on Twitter PennSound on YouTube Al Filreis page LINEbreak LIVE at the Writers House PoemTalk Writers House webcasts PEPC Library Live at the Ear About PennSound Praise for PennSound PennSound in the news Search PennSound Myung Mi Kim Photo © 2007 Charles Bernstein/PennSound Appearing on Close Listening with Charles Bernstein and Penn students, March 15, 2007 Program One: Reading From Under Flag (7:14): MP3 From The Bounty (4:52): MP3 From Dura (2:41): MP3 From Commons (4:19): MP3 River Antes (5:27): MP3 Complete program (26:14): MP3 Program Two: Conversation Complete conversation (56:22): MP3 Transcript of conversation at Jacket2. Student participants: Pauline Baniqued, Damien Bright, Julie Charbonnier, Heather Gorn, Johnathan Liebembuk, Nicholas Mayer, Adam Tabor, and Sarah Yeung. Close Listening produced by Charles Bernstein for WPS1 (Clocktower Radio). © 2007 Myung Mi Kim and Charles Bernstein Belladonna* Reading Series, December 4, 2017: And/With Litmus Series at the Abrons Arts Center, New York Complete reading (25:01): MP3 Segue Series reading at the Zinc Bar, New York, February 20, 2016 Introduction by Sophie Seita (2:17): MP3 The Oceans Held Up a Snarling Dog (1:31): MP3 Definitions (6:30): MP3 Excerpts from her upcoming book, Civil Bound (11:49): MP3 Excerpt 1 (1:28): MP3 EPC@20 Celebration, September 12, 2014 Reading (Introduced by Loss Pequeño Glazier) Audio recording (29:38): MP3 Segue Series Reading at the Zinc Bar, NYC, October 6, 2012 Introduction (3:38): MP3 "Main trough..." (0:14): MP3 "Wicked..." (0:29): MP3 "Bent..." (0:11): MP3 "Spar..." (0:30): MP3 Talking about her book "Penury" (1:37): MP3 "As by one's ear..." (2:00): MP3 "Sleep..." (1:25): MP3 "Cherry..." (1:33): MP3 Talking about broken sentences (2:09): MP3 "Autophony" (2:30): MP3 From "Civil Bound" (0:44): MP3 "Leaning rustle..." (1:58): MP3 Warbler (0:07): MP3 "Charmed gunpowder, iron maverick..." (0:47): MP3 "Corruption balked..." (0:35): MP3 "it is conceded..." (0:19): MP3 "Beasts" (0:26): MP3 "Torsos circled red..." (0:46): MP3 "Volubly" (1:06): MP3 "Speech minus sound" (0:14): MP3 "The idea of forgetting..." (0:39): MP3 "Persons to appear" (0:08): MP3 "Great Lake stations" (0:50): MP3 "To whom I am returned..." (0:43): MP3 Complete recording (28:54): MP3 Reading for the MFA Reading Series, Boise State University, Boise, September 28, 2012 "The oceans held up a snarling dog" and prefatory comments (2:08): MP3 from Cosmography (6:22): MP3 from Pollen Fossil Memory (5:16): MP3 from Lamenta (8:31): MP3 from Works (6:20): MP3 from Penury (10:45): MP3 MLA Offsite Reading, Town Hall Downstairs, Seattle, January 7, 2012 Complete reading (2:53): MP3 Reading as part of the Whenever We Feel Like It series, Kelly Writers House, March 1 2010 Introduction by Michelle Taransky (4:02): MP3 Reading at The Drawing Studio, Tucson, AZ, November 21, 2009 - on POG Sound On Cross Cultural Poetics #180, hosted by Leonard Schwartz, December 22, 2008 Program section with Myung Mi Kim (27:08): MP3 From Wave Books' PoetryPolitic Blog, 2008 Reading at the Kelly Writers House, March 14, 2007 Introduction by Josephine Park (2:37): MP3 From Commons (13:48): MP3 Conversation Following the Reading (30:04): MP3 Complete recording (1:06:27): MP3 Reading from Under Flag, recorded by Ross Craig, Berkeley, March 7, 2007 These Fishing (2:21): MP3 Comments 1 (2:55): MP3 Demarcation (2:10): MP3 And Sing We (2:54): MP3 Food, Shelter, Clothing (3:44): MP3 Segue Series Reading New York, January 27, 2007 At the Bowery Poetry Club (34:48): MP3 "Every hook..." (0:42): MP3 Kim talks about how she will structure the reading (1:41): MP3 "Mother confused with earth" (0:36): MP3 "In measure" (0:26): MP3 "Want and oneness" ((0:18): MP3 "Rinsing clear" (0:20): MP3 Excerpt from "DURA" (3:30): MP3 Talking about how she performs her poetry differently for each reading (0:58): MP3 "A small wait..." (2:25): MP3 "Why are so many buildings necessary..." (0:37): MP3 "Helicopters hover" (0:56): MP3 "Severed it..." (0:44): MP3 "The rest buried him..." (0:26): MP3 "My strength" (0:57): MP3 Talking about the theme of displacement in her poetry (1:17): MP3 Poems from "Penury" (10:33): MP3 From Charles Bernstein's Portraits Series: Myung & the heaviness of the snow, December 12, 2006 The great snowstorn of 2006 had done serious damage to Buffalo. Myung moved to the city about a year before I moved to Penn. So our plan to work together got scuttled. (mp4, 39 seconds, 6.3 mb) Reading as part of the Belladonna* Series, NYC, March 14, 2006 Excerpt from Dura (1:04): MP3 Kim discusses Penury (1:57): MP3 Penury, part 1 (5:48): MP3 Reading as part of The Line Reading Series, October 1, 2002 Thirty and five books (4:33): MP3 Kim discusses "Lamenta" (2:36): MP3 Lamenta (2:30): MP3 Work (11:50): MP3 At the Kelly Writers House, University of Pennsylvania, October 5, 2000 Discussion of Procedure (1:07:12): MP3 Reading at the University at Buffalo, November 14, 1998 Introduction by Susan Howe (3:55): MP3 Introductory remarks and discussion of Dura (4:24): MP3 From Dura: Cosmography (6:26): MP3 Thirty and Five Books (19:15): MP3 Discussion of Commons (3:41): MP3 From Commons: Exordium (5:22): MP3 229 (1:14): MP3 Recitative (Viselius, 1543) (0:59): MP3 Recitative (da Vinci, The Notebooks) (0:24): MP3 Recitative (August 6, 1945) (0:31): MP3 Reading at San Francisco State University, 1996 1443 (5:08): MP3 Excerpts from "Metonic Cycles" (9:56): MP3 Complete reading (26:31): MP3, RealAudio Reading at the New Coast Festival, Buffalo, April 3, 1993 Myung Mi Kim PennSound Daily April 2, 2010: "Myung Mi Kim: Whenever We Feel Like It Reading, 2010" These sound recordings are being made available for noncommercial and educational use only. All rights to this recorded material belong to the author. © 2000-2017 by Myung Mi Kim. Used with permission of Myung Mi Kim. Distributed by PennSound.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2237
__label__cc	0.566923	0.433077	At 49, Elaine Brumley hopes to become an LAPD officer Posted on October 21, 2016 Author Debra Varnado, Contributing Writer 1397 Views LOS ANGELES — Instructors for the Los Angeles Police Department’s Candidate Assistance Program lay on the ground, head-to-head, palms down, feet together, shoulders up — with no slumping in the middle. They were demonstrating the way recruits do push-ups at the LAPD’s Training Academy. Minutes later, one of them shouted, ‘Stop. On your feet. ‘Ten-Hut.’ Most of the 64 Academy hopefuls jumped to attention ramrod straight and began practicing squad formation and pivoting like Marines. One of the participants, Elaine Brumley, said her dream to become a police officer is rooted in childhood “when I took up for my younger brother who wasn’t strong enough to defend himself.” Last year, the Long Beach resident, single mother and empty nester, left her position caring for veterans at a West L.A. rehabilitation and treatment center. Now, her full-time occupation is looking after her father, a South L.A. resident, and becoming a police officer — ranked the 15th most dangerous job in the country in 2014 by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Elaine Brumley has quit her job at a West Los Angeles veterans rehabilitation center to chase her dream of becoming a Los Angeles police officer. (Photo courtesy of Fifth Avenue Times) Brumley is aware that police around the country have been attacked and killed. In Southern California, a sheriff’s deputy and two Palm Springs Police Department officers were slain this month alone. She also realizes that community-police relations are strained by a string of questionable shootings of African Americans and Latinos, that police face charges of biased policing and community and civil rights leaders constantly advocate reform. Meanwhile, overall crime in Los Angeles increased for the second year in a row; violent crime surged 15.9 percent from July 2015 to July 2016. At 49, Brumley appears troubled less by the conditions of policing than by the physical hurdles she must cross. “My spiritual side says, ‘I can do all things through Christ who strengthens me. I am always looking to improve myself,’” she said. “But the flesh part of me asks, ‘can I really do this?’ My biggest fear is not living up to expectations.” Twice weekly, after traveling two hours by train, bus and on foot, Brumley joins a diverse group of candidates at LAPD’s Westchester facility. Otherwise, she trains independently. “I need to stay focused and lose 100 pounds— and I’m not a dieter,” Brumley said. “Something you’ve been doing for 50 years is sometimes difficult to change. … I don’t want to fail.” Earlier this month, she narrowly failed her Physical Abilities Test [PAT part one], step four of LAPD’s seven-step hiring process. “I am turning up my exercise routines a notch,” she said. “Academy recruits have to be on their game, have a clear mind, whether it’s weight or issues at home,” CAP instructor Sgt. Cassandra Britt-Nickerson said. “They have to get their affairs in order because this will dominate six months of their lives at the Academy.” The native Angeleno and 26-year veteran officer said, “the oldest candidate I know who made the Academy was 56 years old. He’s in the field now.” “There’s no [upper] age limit or mandatory retirement age. If you can do the physical part and get used to ‘20-somethings’ telling you what to do, you’ll be OK.” LAPD Recruitment and Education Division Capt. Alan Hamilton said, “For hiring purposes, the city sets a body-fat standard for women and men.” “Currently, sworn officers are 46 percent male and female Hispanic,” he added. “Blacks make up 10.4 percent. We are sincerely trying to hire from the African-American community.” Brumley has completed LAPD’s preliminary background application and questionnaire; prepared essays; and passed a polygraph test. Her panel interview is in November. “After that, I’ll be eligible for the background investigation; and medical-psychological evaluations and PAT Part two,” Brumley said. CAP’s four-month regimen challenges participants to improve their fitness, performing 75-to-90 push-ups and running a nine-to-10 minute mile, for example. Participation is voluntary and free to candidates in the hiring process. Instructors teach at three locations. “CAP is a way to cheat on the physical test legally. We give you the answers,” Hamilton said. “If you don’t have them before starting the Academy, you are that much farther behind. We teach you form and technique.” “For every 100 applicants to LAPD, three have a chance of making it to the Academy.” “Of 100 recruits who start the Academy — on average — only 60 will become a police officers after graduation and one year of probation,” he added. Britt-Nickerson’s advice is: “Get here [to CAP]. I’ve got to see if you’re progressing. You won’t get to the Academy if you can’t meet standards.” Certification and appointment to the Academy are the final steps. Brumley, a high school graduate with a few college units, hopes to be appointed in 2017 after completing all seven steps. Dependent upon overall qualifications, recruits receive benefits and $59,717 annually. After graduation, a probationary Police Officer I earns $62,974. Brumley, who turns 50 in December, recently updated her status. “I try to walk at least three miles a day and have gotten up to 10 in one day.” She sat in a Crenshaw District coffee shop wearing sweatpants, a hat with the letters ‘CAP,’ and a ‘Bebe’ T-shirt. She took care to avoid breaking her colorful, jeweled-encrusted, acrylic fingernails. “Policing is a hard job,” she added, as if talking to herself. “A lot of people don’t respect LAPD. It’s unfriendly, officers automatically put up their guard. I believe I can transform the way officers interact with the public — how the public perceives them.” She grabbed her gym bag, trashed a roasted-seaweed container, and left for her father’s house to prepare his meals and to work out in a park nearby. Chasing her dream is a day-to-day process. Tagged Candidate Assistance Program, Capt. Alan Hamilton, Elaine Brumley, LAPD Training Academy, Los Angeles Police Department, Physical Abilities Test, Sgt. Cassandra Britt-Nickerson Black workers coalition plans rally in Exposition Park Posted on September 8, 2017 Author Colin Washington, Contributing Writer LOS ANGELES — The Black Workers United Coalition will hold a march and rally from 8 a.m. to noon at Exposition Park Sept. 8 to protest unfair employment practices and worker discrimination of people of color here and throughout the state. The event is focused around Senate Bill 491 backed by state Sen. Steven Bradford, Read More… Culver City Edition East Edition Herald American Local News Lynwood Press National & World Northeast Edition Politics The Press West Edition Voters expect Trump reelection, according to poll Posted on August 30, 2019 August 30, 2019 Author Pluria LOS ANGELES — Voters are predicting a reelection victory in 2020 for President Donald Trump, but less than a third would be happy about it, according to a national poll released Aug. 22. The latest USC Dornsife/Los Angeles Times poll also reveals that Republicans favor a populist direction over traditional conservatism by nearly two to Read More… Homeless crisis dominates year’s top stories Posted on January 2, 2020 January 2, 2020 Author Pluria 2019 YEAR IN REVIEW LOS ANGELES — Elected officials at the local, county and state levels struggled to deal with homelessness and rent control during 2019, while also trying to figure out how to cope with the state’s legalization of recreational use of marijuana and an increase in the use of e-cigarettes, which was creating Read More… SIMPLY JESSICA: Issa Rae discusses her HBO show ‘Insecure’ County conducts annual earthquake safety drill	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2239
__label__wiki	0.723233	0.723233	Jim Norrod James Norrod is the President and CEO of Tellabs. He previously joined Zhone Technologies (DZSI) as President and CEO July 2014 and sold the company to DASAN Networks September 2016 forming a $240M public company. He was Executive Chairman of GreenBytes which he sold to Oracle June 2014 and was CEO of Infinite Power Solutions 2011 through 2013 which was acquired by Apple. He was Chairman, President & CEO of Segway Inc. until the company was acquired in 2010. Previously he was Executive Chairman of Cignal Global, a pioneer in integrated voice/data communications technology which was acquired by United Pan-European Communications (NASDAQ: UCOMA). He was Chairman of ITK International, a next generation voice-over-IP company, which was acquired in 1998 by Digi International. Norrod also served as Chairman, President and CEO at Telebit Corporation, a public networking company, from 1993 until it was acquired by Cisco Systems, Inc. in 1997. He is a former executive of IBM Corporation, where he managed the General Motors Account for IBM. Jim holds a BS in Economics, cum laude from Oakland University, and an MBA from the University of Detroit with a concentration in Marketing. Rich Schroder Mr. Schroder is Chief Operating Officer at Tellabs Access. In this role, he is responsible for all business operations at Tellabs including PLM, R&D, IT, Customer Service, Manufacturing and Supply Chain Operations for Tellabs products worldwide. Rich is a telecommunications veteran with over 30 years of telecom industry experience and 20 years specific to access deep fiber technologies. He has previously held the position of VP engineering and VP/GM at Tellabs serving all major US telecommunication customers including AT&T, Verizon and CenturyLink. Prior to his engagement at Tellabs, Rich held the position of Vice President of engineering at AFC, Vice President Access Business Unit at Marconi along with other executive leadership roles at RELTEC, DSC, and Siemens. Rich has a broad technical background developing and successfully deploying products into the telecom market including FTTC, FTTP, NGDLC, cross connects, switches, and he was key to the initial launch of the Tellabs OLAN business. He has years of experience building and running global multisite organizations in India, China, Europe, and across the USA. He has also successfully merged multiple acquisitions into a single cohesive business while keeping a keen focus on optimizing business operations for profitability. Norm Burke Karen leos Director, Global Technical Services Karen Leos is a native Texan.? She grew up in a small 24X7 family business leading her to pursue a Bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from Texas A&M – Commerce.? Following graduation, Karen joined a telecom start-up in Richardson, TX which sparked her interest in Technology and formed Engineering relationships that eventually brought her to Tellabs 16 years ago. During her time at Tellabs, Karen has led departments focusing on areas that improve the tools, processes, metrics, training and incident management initiatives utilized to enable success for Tellabs customers.? Karen has leveraged her love of technology, customer service experience and drive for continual improvement to care for Tellabs customers in her role as Director of Global Technical Services.? In this role, she is responsible for the services portfolio through every phase in the lifecycle from scoping and understanding customer needs through implementation, maintenance support, optimization and refresh. Tom Dobozy Director, Engineering Tom Dobozy is the Director of Engineering at Tellabs. In this role Tom is responsible for all Engineering aspects of the Optical LAN product development, including Software, Hardware, and Testing. Tom has extensive experience in telecommunications with over 25 years of knowledge in R&D of enterprise and broadband network products. Tom’s background is in Software Engineering with a Master of Software Engineering degree from Carnegie Mellon University. Tom is an innovative leader with patents in Optical LAN technology.? Over his career at Tellabs, Tom has led numerous engineering teams throughout the world including Finland, the UK, and China. Tom is a proponent of testing automation, Design Thinking, and has led the adoption of software processes and methodologies such as OOA & OOD, CMMI, and Agile.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2241
__label__wiki	0.563019	0.563019	Say what you will about Land Rover’s entry vehicle, the Discovery Sport, but know this: No other Land Rover has sold as quickly as this model. Since its introduction a little over three years ago (late 2014 in some markets, spring 2015 in North America), Land Rover has sold more than 350,000 examples, outpacing even… Read More The $295,000 Range Rover SV Coupe is Pure Luxury We announced last month that Land Rover would bring back a limited edition two-door Range Rover. Today at the Geneva Motor Show, the full plan was revealed to the public and it is a gorgeous work of modern luxury. Based on the current full-size Range Rover, the SV Coupe gets an almost entirely bespoke body… Read More Land Rover to Build 999 Range Rover SV Coupes As part of the celebration of the company’s 70th anniversary, Land Rover Special Vehicle Operations will build a limited run of hand-built Range Rover coupes. The 2-door coupe will make its debut at the Geneva Motor Show later this year. Officially, only the interior concept has been revealed, but we’ve rendered a possible exterior concept… Read More New Defender? Yes! And No… As you probably know by now, this year is the 70th anniversary of Land Rover. And as you probably also know by now, an all-new Defender will make its first appearance later this year. So why not capitalize on these two events by reintroducing the last-generation Defender as a special edition for the 70th anniversary?… Read More Land Rover Unearths One of the Original Series One Show Vehicles, Slated for Factory Restoration As Land Rover’s 70th anniversary year kicks off, the company has revealed a special project. The company has found and acquired one of the three original Series One pre-production models that was shown on the Rover display at the 1948 Amsterdam Motor Show. Land Rover Classic Works, the company’s in-house restoration division, plans to fully… Read More Land Rover Sales Hit New US High in 2017 Like many other economic indicators, the continued growth of sales at Land Rover suggests 2017 was a pretty good year. Land Rover’s US operations delivered a total of 74,739 vehicles during the past year, surpassing the previous record set in 2016 by 898 units. As in past years, the Range Rover Sport accounted for the… Read More Range Rover Sport Revised for 2018, Adds Plug-in Hybrid for 2019 Already five years since its introduction, the current Range Rover Sport will receive a host of updates for the 2018 model year. A pack of technical features first seen in the new Discovery, such as Advanced Tow Assist and Touch pro Duo entertainment system, will make their debut on the 2018 Sport beginning in early 2018…. Read More Land Rover Experience Centers Add Heritage Program Using Defenders If you love the classic Defender but worry you’ll never own one yourself, you can now experience one off-road without having to buy one. Land Rover announced today a new Heritage Program offering at its three American Land Rover Experience driving schools. The new program puts participants behind the wheel of North American-spec Defenders in… Read More	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2243
__label__wiki	0.646978	0.646978	Académie de Réflexologie du Québec CLINIQUE DE MASSOTHÉRAPIE DU QUÉBEC A.R.Q. From Antarctic research facilities and the Canadian High Arctic Oh, my God, that made me laugh. But I was not very likable, that’s for sure. But I had a really, really fun time doing it. 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It won the 1947 Pulitzer Prize and was twice made into a film in 1949 and 2006, the former winning the Academy Award for best motion picture.[37] This was echoed in Carl Bernstein and Bob Woodward’s book All the President’s Men, about the Watergate scandal, referring to the failure of the President’s staff to repair the damage once the scandal had leaked out. It was filmed as All the President’s Men in 1976, starring Robert Redford and Dustin Hoffman.[38] Similarly, Humpty Dumpty is referred to in Paul Auster’s 1985 novel City of Glass, when two characters discuss him as “the purest embodiment of the human condition” and quote extensively from Through the Looking Glass.[39] Luis d’Antin van Rooten’s 1967 book Mots d’Heures, a collection of homophonically translated poetry, includes a version of the rhyme in nonsensical French text, beginning “Un petit d’un petit, S’tonne aux Halles.”.. canada goose jackets canada goose outlet Founded in a small warehouse in Toronto, Canada in 1957, Canada Goose has grown into one of the world’s leading makers of performance luxury apparel. Every collection is informed by the rugged demands of the Arctic and inspired by relentless innovation and uncompromised craftsmanship. 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In effect, the Branch had adopted a four subclassification structure. canada goose outlet canada goose outlet It saw a democratization of the language with a less formal written form that approached the spoken one. The growth of a public school system also led to the evolution of so called boksvenska (literally, “book Swedish”), especially among the working classes, where spelling to some extent influenced pronunciation, particularly in official contexts. The orthography finally stabilized and became almost completely uniform, with some minor deviations, by the time of the spelling reform of 1906.[19] With the exception of plural forms of verbs and a slightly different syntax, particularly in the written language, the language was the same as the Swedish of today. canada goose outlet cheap canada goose As you can see, DNS resolves correctly (we created all of the required DNS records on Friday and they’ve had several days to propagate) but Microsoft’s servers aren’t talking to each other. The really wierd part is that sometimes this test succeeds withSince we’re running local DNS on premises, I’ve created matching records on the local DNS server for our public DNS hosted by Godaddy. I’ve been driving myself crazy all day trying to figure out why outlook refuses to work cheap canada goose. Écris dans Uncategorized \| Prochaine Page » Vous êtes présentement en train de rechercher dans les archives de la catégorie: Uncategorized L’École Académie © Académie de réflexologie du Québec. Tous droits réservés.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2248
__label__cc	0.727034	0.272966	Search and rescue underway north of Port Moresby The Australian Maritime Safety Authority has coordinated the rescue of 11 people near Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea following a distress broadcast early this morning. Tug boat Go Rigel has recovered all crew members from a life raft 80 nautical miles north-west of Port Moresby. AMSA received a shipping distress call and an emergency beacon activation at 3.30 am on Thursday morning. Two planes and helicopter assisted in the rescue. The cause of the incident is not known. AMSA is working with Maritime Rescue Coordination Centre in Port Moresby to gather more information.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2253
__label__cc	0.581684	0.418316	59 Old Highway 22 Clinton, NJ 08809 info@anthonylocascio.com Meet the Man Behind the Desk Top Questions from Clients Printed from: www.anthonylocascio.com Two Trade Agreements Offer Optimism, But Uncertainty Remains On December 13, 2019, the United States and China announced a “phase one” trade agreement just before new tariffs were scheduled to go into effect.1 Six days later, the House of Representatives passed the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) in an overwhelming bipartisan vote, virtually assuring enactment of the long-awaited replacement to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).2 Both of these deals were expected to be enacted in early 2020, though details of the China pact remained unclear as of late December. The two agreements are important steps toward resolving conflicts with our three largest trading partners that had cast a pall over a generally strong U.S. economy. While the USMCA had been on the table for more than a year, the China agreement is a wild card and more critical to addressing economic damage to U.S. manufacturing and agriculture. Leaders in both industries were cautiously optimistic, pending further details and proof that China would carry out its end of the deal.3 U.S. and global stocks soared to record highs on December 12 when President Trump tweeted that a deal was “very close,” but the reaction was mixed when the agreement was officially announced the following day. After an early surge, U.S. stocks lost their gains and closed flat for the day as investors reacted to the lack of details and limited scope of the deal.4–5 The U.S. market closed at another record high on December 16, suggesting a more optimistic view for long-term economic growth.6 Skinny China Deal The so-called “skinny” trade pact with China marks a truce in the U.S.–China trade war and could be a stepping stone to a broader agreement. Here are the key provisions. The United States dropped plans to impose new tariffs on $156 billion of Chinese goods, including smartphones, consumer electronics, and toys, that were scheduled to go into effect on December 15. (China indicated it would drop plans for retaliatory tariffs.) It’s estimated that these tariffs would have cost U.S. households an average of $150 annually on top of the $400 annual costs of previous tariffs, so the pullback is good news for consumers. The United States also agreed to cut tariffs on $120 billion of Chinese goods from 15% to 7.5%. However, 25% tariffs on $250 billion of Chinese goods will remain in effect, providing leverage for future negotiations.7–8 In return for the tariff relief, China has agreed to purchase an additional $200 billion in U.S. goods and services over the next two years, with pre-tariff 2017 levels as a baseline.9 This would include an additional $32 billion in agricultural goods over the two-year period, bringing total Chinese agricultural purchases to $40 billion annually, with China working to raise it to $50 billion.10 After a difficult year of weather- and tariff-related losses, U.S. farmers welcomed the potential market expansion. Still, there are concerns about how China might reach these levels, which are significantly higher than peak agricultural imports before the tariffs.11 Although no details were released, the deal also addresses intellectual property rights, forced technology transfer, financial services barriers, and unfair currency practices.12 North American Market The U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement regulates more than $1.2 trillion in annual trade among the three countries. The USMCA maintains the NAFTA framework of an open North American market, while adding additional controls aimed primarily at the auto industry, the Mexican labor market, and the Canadian dairy industry.13 To avoid tariffs under the USMCA, a car or truck must have 75% of its components manufactured in the United States, Canada, or Mexico, up from 62.5% under current rules. At least 30% of labor on a vehicle must be performed by workers earning a minimum of $16 per hour, about three times what Mexican workers currently earn, increasing to 40% for cars by 2023. While these rules should help U.S. workers, they may also lead to higher auto prices and drive manufacturing of some small cars to Asia.14 Mexico will be required to make it easier for workers to form unions, which in theory should drive wages upward and make it less profitable for U.S. companies to move operations south of the border. Mexican trucks that cross the border will have to meet more stringent safety regulations. Stronger enforcement procedures on these promises were key to gaining support from U.S. labor unions, which generally have not supported free-trade agreements.15 Although much of Canada’s protective dairy regulations remain in place, U.S. farmers will be able to sell more dairy products in Canada along with additional sales of U.S. eggs and poultry. For its part, Canada was able to retain a dispute process that has allowed it to successfully contest U.S. lumber restrictions.16 The USMCA also includes stronger and more modern protections for intellectual property and data, environmental measures such as protecting marine wildlife from pollution and overfishing, and enhanced provisions against currency manipulation.17 An analysis of an earlier version of the USMCA by the U.S. International Trade Commission projected that it would raise U.S. gross domestic product by a modest 0.35% and create 176,000 U.S. jobs over a six-year period, including 28,000 jobs in the auto industry. The Trump administration projects 76,000 new auto industry jobs.18 These agreements could reduce some of the uncertainty surrounding trade and provide new business opportunities that may help stimulate the U.S. economy. As with any agreement, however, their impact depends on compliance by all parties. The China deal is tenuous, and it remains to be seen whether China will fully comply with the phase-one agreement and — perhaps even more important — whether there will be a phase two that leads to a broader resolution of conflicts between the world’s two largest economies. All investing involves risk, including the possible loss of principal, and there is no guarantee that any investment strategy will be successful. 1, 7) The Wall Street Journal, December 13, 2019 2, 18) CNN, December 19, 2019 3) Fox Business, December 13, 2019 4) The Guardian, December 12, 2019 5–6) CNBC, December 13 and 16, 2019 8) China Briefing, December 16, 2019 9, 12) Office of the U.S. Trade Representative, 2019 10) The Wall Street Journal, December 14, 2019 11) CNN, December 16, 2019 13–17) The Washington Post, December 10, 2019 CFP Board Fiduciary Standard What is a CFP? Anthony LoCascio's Resume Confidential Information Sheet Data & Document Checklist Member Better Business Bureau Anthony is a member of the American Society of Tax Problem Solvers! Certified Financial Planner Board of Standards Inc. owns the certification marks CFP®, CERTIFIED FINANCIAL PLANNER™, CFP® (with plaque design) and CFP® (with flame design) in the U.S., which it awards to individuals who successfully complete CFP Board's initial and ongoing certification requirements. Anthony E. LoCascio is registered with, and securities offered through, Kovack Securities, Inc. Member FINRA/SIPC, 6451 N. Federal Highway, Suite 1201, Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33308. Ph: 954-782-4771. Investment Capital Advisors, LLC (ICA) is a Registered Investment Advisor registered in New Jersey. ICA provides asset management and related services for clients nationally. ICA will file and maintain all applicable licenses as required by the state securities regulators and/or the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"), as applicable. ICA renders individualized responses to persons in a particular state only after complying with the state's regulatory requirements, or pursuant to an applicable state exemption or exclusion.Insurance services also offered by Anthony E. LoCascio. Ed Slott's™ Elite and Master Elite IRA Advisor Group is an exclusive IRA study group of professional financial advisors with extensive IRA experience who have gone to the next level to study directly with Ed Slott on a continuous basis through full day workshops, the Elite forum and other regular communications and trainings. Ed Slott's™ Elite and Master Elite IRA Advisor Group is designed to provide its members ongoing access to the most up-to-date IRA information for their clients. Advisors in the group are dedicated to being IRA distribution experts and have made a commitment to continue building their IRA knowledge base.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2259
__label__wiki	0.589512	0.589512	Welcome, Digital Public Library of America! If there is one good outcome from the wreckage of the Google’s effort to digitize the world’s books, it is the push that it gave to librarians like Robert Darnton to find a better way. Google had wanted to build a search service for an enormous number of books, and it went to the trouble of digitizing more than 30 millions of them into a vast database. The only problem is that the whole enterprise was something of a betrayal of the public domain. The world’s leading university research libraries were providing millions of books for free to Google, which was then planning to sell search subscriptions to these libraries to access the very same books via the Internet. Google also planned to sell the books at whatever prices it wished to set. One can easily imagine a new giant monopoly with a hammerlock on the digitized knowledge of the past century and beyond. A number of parties, including Robert Darnton, the University Librarian at Harvard, opposed the Google Books project for locking up knowledge on terms set by Google, rather than allowing it to flow freely, without restriction, as is customary in scholarly commons. The Google digital library project was essentially scuttled in March 2011 when a federal court struck down a settlement that had been negotiated among authors, publishers, Google and others. The court held that it contained too many unlawful, unacceptable provisions. The good news is that some of the leading research universities in the US have risen to the challenge of creating a better, more accessible knowledge commons. On April 18, the Digital Public Library of America will be launched as a way to make the holdings of US libraries, museums and archives freely accessible to anyone via the Internet. The project represents a grand coalition of collaboration among leading university libraries, foundations and scholars. DPLA describes itself as “an open, distributed network of comprehensive online resources that would draw on the nation’s living heritage from libraries, universities, archives and museums in order to educate, inform and empower everyone in the current and future generations.” Darnton explains the planning, rationale and future of the DPLA in the latest issue of the New York Review of Books. The project started as a group of forty people meeting in 2010 at Harvard – but it has since grown to be a large, networked affair driven by volunteers, crowdsourcing, open discussions and workshops, and plenary meetings open to the public in major cities. The DPLA’s new platform will provide links to participating institutions and rely on metadata describing content and on open APIs (application programming interfaces) that will allow self-organized linkages and apps to be developed. The whole system will grow organically over time as more and more libraries connect to the system, using the DPLA protocols. With giants like Harvard, the New York Public Library, the Smithsonian Institution and the Internet Archive committed to the DPLA – along with dozens of other, smaller institutions, including forty state digital libraries – the DPLA platform is likely to flourish and grow. Even better, the DPLA infrastructure has been designed to be interoperable with Europeana, the digital aggregator created by the European Union that connects to 27 European countries. There are complications in evolving the DPLA forward, namely certain copyright restrictions that are bothersome or unresolved. In this time of austerity, it is also likely that the project could move slowly because of limited budgets for digitizing works and for creating more efficient computer “backends,” better metadata, and so forth. But that should not detract from the significant achievement that the DPLA represents: a shared, technically advanced platform upon which a vast new commons of knowledge can be built and to which thousands upon thousands of institutions can contribute, and receive. A hearty welcome, then, to the arrival of the Digital Public Library of America – and a thank-you to the visionary libraries, scholars, foundations and others who helped make this happen. It is rare these days for such ambitious, open-ended projects to be imagined, let alone organized and launched. The DPLA is a really big idea – a new commons infrastructure – that seems destined to be a wild, brilliant success. Thrilling news! Mon, 04/15/2013 - 12:23pm by Tiffany Clark Esq Hi David,I had not been following the details of Google's attempt to digitize books. For some reason I hadn't realized, "The world’s leading university research libraries were providing millions of books for free to Google, which was then planning to sell search subscriptions to these libraries to access the very same books via the Internet. Google also planned to sell the books at whatever prices it wished to set. One can easily imagine a new giant monopoly with a hammerlock on the digitized knowledge of the past century and beyond." :( So, after that disappointment, it was much needed good news to hear not only that Google's plans fell through, but that they're being supplanted by this thrilling DPLA plan!That said, I'm sad, although not surprised, to hear that there are "complications in evolving the DPLA forward, namely certain copyright restrictions that are bothersome or unresolved." Might you be able and willing and to provide a link that goes into more detail on these? Thanks if so! :)Also sad, but not suprised to hear that, "[i]n this time of austerity, it is also likely that the project could move slowly because of limited budgets for digitizing works and for creating more efficient computer 'backends,' better metadata, and so forth."Yet, I share in your sense that none of these challenges detracts much from "the significant achievement that the DPLA represents: a shared, technically advanced platform upon which a vast new commons of knowledge can be built and to which thousands upon thousands of institutions can contribute, and receive."So exciting! Thanks for sharing!Warmly,Tiffany Clark, Esq.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2263
__label__wiki	0.904463	0.904463	UNA FRONTERA / DOS LADOS A FESTIVAL OF STAGED READINGS As part of our Season of Encounters at the Borderline / Encuentros en la Frontera All readings at ZUZI!s Theater • 738 N. 5th Avenue (corner of 5th Ave and University) UNA FRONTERA/DOS LADOS: A Festival of Staged Readings General and Senior $8, Student and Flex Pass $6 • Festival Pass: Any 4 readings for just $20 TIERRA DEL FUEGO / LAND OF FIRE by Mario Diament directed by Philip Bennett A docudrama based on a dialogue between an Israeli woman and the Palestinian man who attacked a bus she was on 22 years earlier. 7pm October 6, 2013 • Zuzi’s Theater (738 N. 5TH Ave) Mario Diament (playwright), was born in Buenos Aires, Argentina. A journalist and a writer, he is the author of several award-winning plays that have been produced all over the world. He is a three-time winner of the Argentores Award, presented annually by Argentina’s Society of Authors. He won the 2002 Carbonell Award for Smithereens and was a Carbonell nominee for The Book of Ruth and A Report on the Banality of Love. His play Houseguest received the Los Angeles Weekly Award. A Report on the Banality of Love is currently playing in Paris and Montevideo, Uruguay. Tierra del Fuego (Land of Fire) premiered at the Alias Theatern in Stockholm, Sweden. It is currently playing in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where it received the Critics Award as best play. Mr. Diament lives in Miami, where he teaches journalism at Florida International University. He is married to Simone Zarmati Diament, who translates his plays into English. Philip G. Hernandez-Bennett (director), has appeared with Borderlands as Creon in Bruja, Shipkov in Agnes Under the Big Top, and most recently at The Rogue Theatre as Antigonus, The Winter’s Tale. He made his professional New York stage debut as Lopachin in The Cherry Orchard, Cabot in Desire Under the Elms, Bird in Peter Brook’s Royal Shakespeare production of The Birds. Phil founded the San Francisco Theatre Academy in 1976, and is a recipient of the Hollywood DramaLogue Award. Philip is the Artistic Director of The Theatre Lab, Tucson, a professional training program in the Stanislavsky System of Acting. THE CRIMINALIZATION OF KNOWLEDGE by Milta Ortiz directed by Marc David Pinate The untimely demise of the Tucson Unified School District’s Ethnic Studies program as told from various accounts. Ortiz is our playwright in residence this season, thanks to a grant from NNPN. Milta Ortiz (playwright), please see Guest Artists page. Marc David Pinate (director), please see Guest Artists page. THEY CALL ME A HERO by Guillermo Reyes also directed by Guillermo Reyes A new play about Daniel Hernandez, the intern who helped save Gaby Gifford’s life during the 2011 shooting in Tucson. 7:30pm February 22, 2014 • Zuzi’s Theater (738 N. 5TH Ave) Guillermo Reyes (playwright and director), has produced and published a variety of plays including: Men on the Verge of a His-Panic Breakdown and Mother Lolita as off-Broadway productions, Chilean Holiday and Saints at the Rave at the Humana Festival at Actors Theatre of Louisville, the historical drama, Madison, at Premiere Stages, winner of the New Play Award 2008, among other plays. In 2010, he published a memoir with the University of Wisconsin Press, Madre and I: A Memoir of our Immigrant Lives, chronicling his immigration from Chile and growing up in the D.C. area and in Hollywood, CA. He’s a professor at Arizona State University in the School of Theatre and Film. He co-founded Teatro Bravo, a bilingual Latino theatre company and led the company as the artistic director from 2000-2010 where he directed a variety of plays including: Pablo Neruda’s Spanish translation of Romeo and Juliet, and won the AriZoni Award twice for Best Original Play for a couple of his plays such as Men on the Verge 2 and Places to Touch Him in addition to an AriZoni for Best Direction for Men on the Verge of a His-Panic Breakdown. Recently, in 2013, his play, Deporting the Divas was published in a new Cambria Series anthology, Gay Drama Now edited by John Clum, and another play, We Lost it at the Movies, was published by the Bilingual Review Press in the anthology, Vaqueeros, Calacas and Hollywood. He’s a member of the Dramatists Guild. EL AUSENTE / ABSENCE by Victor Hugo Rascón Banda directed by Victor Carpinteiro A dark comedy in Spanish: ¿Cuando Papa se va a los Estados Unidos, que pasa con los que se quedan? 7:30pm February 19, 2014 Modern Language Auditorium U of A Víctor Hugo Rascón Banda (playwright), one of Mexico’s most prolific and widely produced playwrights, in 2003 alone, had four productions playing at the same time in Mexico City where he currently lived. He has received many national and international awards and honors for his plays and films including two Ariel’s (Mexico’s “Oscars)” for the film Dias Dificiles. Víctor was Executive Director of SOGEM, (The Association of Mexican Authors). Borderlands previously produced his bilingual play, El Deseo/Desire (2005/06 and 2007/08), and trilingual play La Mujer Que Cayó del Cielo (2000), Sazón de Mujer (2003),and a bilingual reading and workshop of Hotel Juarez (2004). He was a member of the advisory board of the Mexican Film Instutute, a member of the Consejo Nacional de Artes y Letras, and he taught at the Faculty of Arts and Letters at the National University. Victor Hugo Rascón Banda passed away in the summer of 2009 much to the sorrow of his family, hundreds of artists, colleagues, and all of us here at Borderlands. You are missed… Victor Carpinteiro (Encuentros Project Co-Director and director), has a Bachelor of Arts from Universidad Veracruzana. He has performed in over 20 plays including, Los Cabellos de Absalón, Mascara vs. Cabellera, Ámsterdam Boulevard, Mar Blanco, Tiempo Furiosos, La Malinche, Cada quien su vida, La Mujer Que Cayó del Cielo , The Pleasure of Our Language, William Shakespeare’s Macbeth and others. Some of his cinema credits include: lead in the internationally acclaimed Danzon. Other cinema credits include: Death in the Gulf; Vagabond, Collateral Damage, Once Upon a Time in Mexico, and American Family. In television he has participated in the series productions of The Appointed Time by Carmen Armendáriz; Simply Maria; Te Sigo Amando and Bonds of Love along with other telenovelas. Carpinteiro won the Silver Star for male revelation in Danzón and the José Gálvez Award for co acting male lead in Cada Quien Su Vida. In 2004 with Alberto Estrella, he founded El Círculo Teatral. Authors he has collaborated over the years are: Jesus Gonzalez Davila and Victor Hugo Rascon Banda. ABSENCE / EL AUSENTE translated by Caridad Svich A dark comedy in English: When Papá migrates to the US, what happens to those left behind? 7pm February 23, 2014 • Zuzi’s Theater (738 N. 5TH Ave) Caridad Svich (translation), received the 2013 National Latino Playwriting Award for her play Spark, the 2012 OBIE for Lifetime Achievement, a 2012 Edgerton Foundation New Play Award for Guapa, and the 2011 American Theatre Critics Association Primus Prize for The House of the Spirits, based on the novel by Isabel Allende. This season In the Time of the Butterflies, based on the Julia Alvarez novel, receives its English language premiere at San Diego Repertory Theatre under the direction of Herbert Siguenza and Todd Salovey, and Carthage is work-shopped in Austria and London with Signdance Collective International (UK). She is alumna of New Dramatists, associate artist at the Lark, and founder of NoPassport theatre alliance and press. Other “Encuentros” Project Artists Luisa Huertas (Artist/Actress, Consultant for the Encuentros Project and director of CEUVOZ), is Borderlands’ consultant for identifying theater artists and companies El Norte (la Frontera) for collaboration this season and for seasons to come, (future “Ecuentros).” Huertas graduated from the School of Theatre Arts INBA and the University Center of Theatre, CUT-UNAM, is Director of CEUVOZ (Mexican National Service organization) has exercised the profession of acting for 43 years and is currently a member of the cast of the National Theatre Company of Mexico. She has participated in more than 80 plays, numerous festivals and international tours, more than 40 film productions, dozens of television productions, and several series like Capadocia. Huertas performed with Borderlands Theater (Tucson, AZ), in both of their productions of La Mujer Que Cayo del Cielo/The Woman Who Fell From the Sky by Victor Hugo Rascon Banda and directed by Barclay Goldsmith. She has been teaching for 26 years in the CUT-UNAM, Coordinates the College of Voice in CasAzul, Argos; and is General Director of the Center of Studies for the Use of Voice (CEUVOZ) that has worked nationwide in Mexico. Catherine María Rodríguez (Artist/Dramaturg Encuentros Project), will help curate and moderate meetings, with participants in Tucson and in Mexico, in evaluating transnational work and laying groundwork for future Encuentros. A New Orleans native whose family hails from Nicaragua, Catherine is a professional freelance dramaturg with specific interests and skills in new play development and Latina/o Theater. After having worked on the National New Play Network rolling world premiere of Guapa by Caridad Svich, which debuted at Borderlands in October 2012, she returned as dramaturg for the new play Bruja, by Luis Alfaro. Professional credits include work with Steppenwolf, Sundance Institute, the NOLA Project, and Northwestern University. She is the recipient of LMDA and the Kennedy Center’s 2013 Regional Student Dramaturgy Award. Catherine graduated from Carnegie Mellon University where she earned degrees in Dramaturgy and Hispanic Studies.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2264
__label__wiki	0.571748	0.571748	S. Korea Works on Commercial Production of Bio-hydrogen from Marine Microbes HOME News Science/Tech Bio-hydrogen Commercialization By Choi Mun-hee NAVERPHOLAR The Korean government is planning to set up a large-scale demonstration plant to commercialize the hydrogen production techniques by using marine microbes. The Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries of Korea announced on December 20 that a total of 12 billion won (US$10.8 million) will be invested for three years to come in research on the commercial production of bio-hydrogen based on marine microbes and by-product gas from power plants. The ministry and the Korea Institute of Ocean Science & Technology (KIOST) have worked on bio-hydrogen production by the use of marine microbes since 2009. In 2010, KIOST professors Kang Sung-kyun and Lee Jung-hyun succeeded for the first time worldwide in demonstrating hydrogen production from carbon monoxide, seawater, and the marine microbe of NA1 as a catalyst. Since then, South Korea has succeeded in producing hydrogen by using by-product gas from power plants and improved the NA1 for a higher level of hydrogen productivity. The ministry is planning to set up a large-scale demonstration plant to commercialize the hydrogen production techniques based on the achievements. The new plant, which will be 100 times larger than the existing pilot plant of the ministry, is slated to use the synthetic gas produced by the integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power station of Korea Western Power located in Taean, South Chungcheong Province. Korea Western Power supplies the land for the project as well. The ministry explained that, once the construction of the demonstration plant is completed in 2019, approximately 480 tons of hydrogen can be produced at a cost of about 3,700 won (US$3.3) per kilogram each year. This amount can be used by 4,800 hydrogen vehicles for one year assuming that each of the vehicles covers 10,000 kilometers a year. For reference, the hydrogen currently supplied based on fossil fuels is priced at 2,200 won (US$1.9) to 4,500 won (US$4.0) per kg. At present, South Korea’s annual hydrogen trading volume is about 260,000 tons. Once eight commercial plants are built with an annual hydrogen production capacity of 5,000 tons, around 15% of the trading volume can be supplied by means of marine bio-hydrogen.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2266
__label__wiki	0.803376	0.803376	JOB DATA Crowell & Moring LLP See detailed employment data for Crowell & Moring LLP. On this page, you will find statistics like the average GPA/Rank for students and lawyers who secured jobs with Crowell & Moring LLP, what percentage of offers were given out, what reviews have been given, how many people are interviewing, and more. Rank (PPP) 65 Website http://www.crowell.com/ Description https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowell_%26_Moring GPA and Rank Distribution Revoked Average GPA N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Average Rank N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Company Review Statistics Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld LLP Allen & Overy LLP Alston & Bird LLP Arent Fox LLP Arnold & Porter LLP Baker Botts LLP Baker & Hostetler LLP Baker & McKenzie Bingham McCutchen LLP Blank Rome Boies, Schiller & Flexner LLP Bracewell & Giuliani LLP Bryan Cave LLP Cadwalader, Wickersham & Taft LLP Cahill Gordon & Reindel LLP Chadbourne & Parke LLP Cleary Gottlieb Steen & Hamilton LLP Clifford Chance LLP Cooley LLP Covington & Burling LLP Cravath, Swaine & Moore LLP Crowell & Moring LLP Davis Polk & Wardwell LLP Debevoise & Plimpton LLP Dechert LLP Dentons LLP Dickson Minto DLA Piper Dorsey & Whitney LLP Drinker Biddle & Reath LLP Duane Morris LLP Edwards Wildman Faegre Baker Daniels LLP Fenwick & West LLP Finnegan, Henderson, Farabow, Garrett & Dunner LLP Fish & Richardson P.C. Foley & Lardner LLP Fragomen, Del Rey, Bernsen & Loewy LLP Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson LLP Gibson, Dunn & Crutcher LLP Goodwin Procter LLP Greenberg Traurig, LLP Haynes and Boone LLP Hogan Lovells Holland & Knight LLP Hughes Hubbard & Reed LLP Hunton & Williams LLP Irell & Manella LLP Jackson Lewis P.C. Jenner & Block Jones Day LLP Katten Muchin Rosenman LLP Kaye Scholer Keker & Van Nest LLP Kilpatrick Townsend & Stockton LLP King & Spalding LLP Kirkland & Ellis LLP K&L Gates LLP Kramer Levin Naftalis & Frankel LLP Latham & Watkins LLP Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith LLP Linklaters LLP Locke Lord LLP Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP Mayer Brown McDermott Will & Emery McGuireWoods LLP McKenna Long & Aldridge LLP Milbank, Tweed, Hadley & McCloy LLP Mintz, Levin, Cohn, Ferris, Glovsky and Popeo, P.C. Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP Morrison & Foerster LLP Munger, Tolles & Olson LLP Nixon Peabody LLP NortonRoseFulbright Ogletree Deakins O'Melveny & Myers LLP Orrick, Herrington & Sutcliffe LLP Patterson Belknap Webb & Tyler LLP Paul Hastings LLP Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton & Garrison LLP Pepper Hamilton LLP Perkins Coie LLP Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Pittman Proskauer Rose Quinn Emanuel Urquhart & Sullivan, LLP Reed Smith LLP Ropes & Gray LLP Schulte Roth & Zabel LLP Seyfarth Shaw LLP Shearman & Sterling LLP Sheppard Mullin Shook, Hardy & Bacon LLP Sidley Austin LLP Simpson Thacher & Bartlett LLP Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom LLP Squire Patton Boggs LLP Steptoe & Johnson LLP Sullivan & Cromwell LLP Sutherland Asbill & Brennan LLP Troutman Sanders LLP Venable LLP Vinson & Elkins LLP Wachtell, Lipton, Rosen & Katz Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP White & Case LLP Wilkie Farr & Gallagher LLP Williams & Connolly LLP WilmerHale Wilson Sonsini Goodrich & Rosati Winston & Strawn LLP for Crowell & Moring LLP Job/OCI Statistics These are the types of outcomes for each job application. "Pending" means that the job applicant has not marked the application complete. "Withdrawn" means that the job applicant withdrew his or her application. "Rejected" means that the job applicant's application was rejected by the company. "Offered" means that the company has offered the job applicant a position, but it has not yet been accepted. "Declined" means that the company offered the job applicant a position, but the applicant did not accept. "Revoked" means that the company offered the job applicant a position, but later revoked it. "Accepted" means that the company offered the job applicant a position, and the applicant accepted. Detailed Interview Information This chart shows for each interview type, how many of those interviews transitioned into successful and unsuccessful outcomes. Interview Statistics Total Interviews (#) % pending % successful % unsuccessful Recruiter Call 0 N/A N/A N/A On Campus Interview 0 N/A N/A N/A Phone Screen 0 N/A N/A N/A Callback 0 N/A N/A N/A Other 0 N/A N/A N/A Unsuccessful Outcomes Latest Reviews (0) Latest Job Data (1) Crowell & Moring LLP (Summer 2l) cocobyrum (Berkeley School of Law (Boalt)) 0 Show Hide Applied on Thursday, Aug 06, 2015 PENDING on Rank % GPA Big Law Refuge © 2015	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2269
__label__cc	0.698974	0.301026	Bilbao in the world Bilbao Urban Innovation and Leadership Dialogues Bilbao Art District Bilbao Urban Evolution Star Architects BILBAOPEDIA Frank Owen Gehry (Toronto, Canada, February 29, 1929) is undoubtedly the best known architect of all those who have worked in Bilbao as the author of the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao. The curved and twisted structures of his buildings, usually covered with metal, are well known and recognized worldwide. Read more Sir Norman Foster Norman Foster is the Founder and Chairman of Foster + Partners, responsible for the design and architecture of Metro Bilbao. He was born in Manchester in 1935. After graduating from Manchester University School of Architecture and City Planning in 1961 he won a Henry Fellowship to Yale University, where he gained a Master’s Degree in Architecture. Read more José Rafael Moneo Vallés (born 9 May 1937) is a Spanish architect. He was born in Tudela, Spain, and won the Pritzker Prize for architecture in 1996 and the RIBA Royal Gold Medal in 2003. His work in Bilbao is the new library for the University of Deusto (CRAI) opened in 2009. Read more Álvaro Joaquim de Melo Siza Vieira, GOSE, GCIH, is a Portuguese architect, born 25 June 1933 in Matosinhos a small coastal town by Porto. Álvaro siza is another architect awarded the Pritzker Prize who has participated with a work in Bilbao: the Auditorium for Basque Country University (UPV-EHU). Read more (Español) Zaha Hadid , fundadora de Zaha Hadid Architects, fue galardonada con el Premio de Arquitectura Pritzker en el año 2004 y es conocida internacionalmente por su trabajo tanto teórico y académico. En Bilbao, su estudio se ha encargado de elaborar el máster plan de la futura isla de Zorrotzaurre. Read more Privace and Cookie Policy This website uses cookies to improve your experience. We'll assume you're OK with this. If not, you can always disable them in your browser. Close Find out more	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2271
__label__wiki	0.81504	0.81504	Biography – BAILEY, LORING WOART – Volume XV (1921-1930) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography BAILEY, LORING WOART, educator, geologist, botanist, and author; b. 28 Sept. 1839 in West Point, N.Y., son of Jacob Whitman Bailey and Maria Slaughter; m. 19 Aug. 1863, in Fredericton, Laurestine Marie Marshall d’Avray, only child of Joseph Marshall* de Brett Maréchal, Baron d’Avray, and they had five sons and two daughters; d. 10 Jan. 1925 in Fredericton. Loring Woart Bailey was introduced to scientific circles by his father, first professor of chemistry, mineralogy, and geology at the United States Military Academy in West Point. Eminent American and European scientists visited their home and as a youth he joined his father and brothers in botanical and geological field observations. He was educated at schools in Maryland and Rhode Island before entering Harvard University in Cambridge, Mass., in 1855. There he studied under the geologist Louis Agassiz, the botanist Asa Gray, and the chemist Josiah Parsons Cooke. His ab degree in 1859 was followed by a period of further study in chemistry at Brown University in Providence, R.I. He then returned to Harvard, where he served as assistant to Cooke, who in 1861 recommended him, at the age of 21, for the post of professor of chemistry and natural science at the University of New Brunswick. He would receive his ma from Harvard the following year. Arriving in Fredericton in the summer of 1861, Bailey found his prime duty was to teach, which he did with enthusiasm, skill, and devotion for 46 years. One of his early students, George Robert Parkin, recalled later that “the introduction to Natural Science was like the opening of a new world to me, and it gave me just the intellectual stimulation I needed.” Initially, Bailey was a one-man natural science faculty, covering the broad spectrum of physics, chemistry, zoology, botany, and geology, but in 1900 his sphere was reduced to biology and geology. To illustrate his lectures he collected geological and botanical specimens, and added them to the museum cabinets started by his predecessor, James Robb. He valued museums as educational tools and lamented the attitudes of people who regarded them as “a mere collection of curiosities.” His appeals for financial support from the provincial legislature, however, fell on deaf ears. His enthusiasm for teaching was matched by his dedication to research; in New Brunswick’s complex geology he found a pristine and potentially rich area for investigation. In 1863 Lieutenant Governor Arthur Hamilton Gordon, anxious to promote the development of the province’s resources, paid for him to carry out a mineralogical survey. After consulting the geological map prepared by Robb and partially based on Abraham Gesner’s reports of 1839–43, he selected a wilderness route along the Saint John, Tobique, and Nepisiguit rivers in order to examine metalliferous rocks of the Cambrian series (which then included a portion of the Ordivician); en route he visited the mines in Woodstock and Bathurst. The following year he accompanied George Frederic Matthew and Charles Frederick Hartt on a survey of the southern part of the colony including the complicated geological formations east of Saint John. Their discovery of a band of slates with embedded Cambrian fossils provided a key to the age of similar rocks in New England. Reports of these expeditions presented to the legislature in 1864 and 1865 are classics in New Brunswick’s scientific literature. In 1864 as well, Henry Youle Hind* was employed by the government to survey the northern part of the province. Although Bailey and Matthew received no pay, Hind, under the misapprehension that he was to be appointed provincial geological surveyor, viewed their activities as a threat and attacked them scurrilously in the press. He cited Bailey’s youth, American nationality, and lack of experience as detrimental and suggested that Bailey should attend solely to his university duties. This acrimonious dispute led New Brunswick to abandon sponsorship of further geological surveys. After confederation the director of the Geological Survey of Canada, Sir William Edmond Logan, met with Bailey and Matthew in 1868 to discuss the survey’s expansion to New Brunswick. Once again Bailey was employed in the summers. Accompanied by Matthew or by assistants such as Robert Wheelock Ells, he surveyed the southern half of the province and later the northern counties along the Saint John River, together with adjoining areas of Quebec and Maine, as well as southern Nova Scotia. Bailey’s discovery of Silurian fossils in northern New Brunswick suggested that rocks of that region covered a wider range of geological time than had previously been supposed. His survey results were published in a series of GSC reports over the years 1872–1906. Together with Ells he also reported on the coalfields of central New Brunswick and mapped the area of bituminous shales in Albert and Westmorland counties. His philosophical bent is apparent in overviews of geological problems such as his 1897 paper entitled “The Bay of Fundy trough in American geological history.” He was greatly admired for undertaking arduous field work in spite of having a lame leg, injured in a childhood accident. The challenge of teaching and research and happiness in his marriage kept Bailey at the University of New Brunswick although he had tempting offers from American colleges. His home became a centre for students, visitors, and neighbours interested in science and literature, attracted by his wife’s social gifts and Bailey’s lively conversation. He also promoted science in the community, helping a neighbour, John Babbitt, to experiment with new inventions, including the telephone and electric lighting. He lectured at the Mechanics’ Institute in Saint John and was an honorary member of the Natural History Society of New Brunswick, giving an annual lecture to that body and contributing to its Bulletin. A charter member of the Royal Society of Canada, he was president of his section in 1888–89 and 1918–19. While still a student, he had completed a scientific paper, started by his father, on the diatoms (plankton) of the Pará River in Brazil. In retirement he renewed this interest. Working sometimes in cooperation with the Biological Board of Canada and the Atlantic Biological Station at St Andrews, N.B., he identified diatoms of the Bay of Fundy, the coast of Prince Edward Island, and other parts of the east coast. His expertise became so widely recognized that he received specimens from the Pacific coast and Alberta and Saskatchewan lakes. The results were published in various Canadian and American scientific journals and later brought together in “An annotated catalogue of the diatoms of Canada,” issued a few months before his death. Altogether he was the author of around 100 scientific works, several of which were major publications. Bailey’s place among eminent geologists of the province was recognized in 1899 when fellow naturalist William Francis Ganong* named a northern New Brunswick mountain after him. His pioneering work in provincial geology enriched his teaching and his influence as a teacher is attested by the success of students such as Ganong and William Diller Matthew (G. F. Matthew’s son), whose early training enabled them to undertake graduate work at prestigious universities; later they contributed to the broader world in botany and palaeontology. Honours bestowed on Bailey included a phd from the University of New Brunswick in 1873 and an lld from Dalhousie University in 1896. C. Mary Young Bailey’s writings are listed in the biography by Joseph Whitman Bailey mentioned below, as well as in Science and technology biblio. (Richardson and MacDonald). Among his publications is a tribute to his colleague George Frederic Matthew in RSC, Trans., 3rd ser., 17 (1923): vii–x. His annotated catalogue of diatoms appears in Biological Board of Canada, Contributions to Canadian biology, being studies from the biological stations of Canada (Toronto), 2 (1925), no.2: [31]–67. The main primary source for Loring Woart Bailey and his family is the Bailey family fonds at the Univ. of N.B. Library, Arch. and Special Coll. Dept. (Fredericton), MG H1. There are photographs of Bailey in the archives and in the university’s dept. of biology. His botanical collections are preserved in the department’s Connell Memorial Herbarium, and some of his geological specimens are in the dept. of geology. Daily Evening Globe (Saint John), 25 April 1864. Daily Gleaner (Fredericton), 10 Jan. 1925. J. W. Bailey, Loring Woart Bailey, the story of a man of science (Saint John, 1925). R. A. Jarrell, “Science education at the University of New Brunswick in the nineteenth century,” Acadiensis (Fredericton), 2 (1972–73), no.2: 55–79. Kenneth Johnstone, The aquatic explorers: a history of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada (Toronto, 1977). RSC, Trans., 3rd ser., 19 (1925), proc.: xiv—xv. Morris Zaslow, Reading the rocks: the story of the Geological Survey of Canada, 1842—1972 (Toronto and Ottawa, 1975). North America – United States of America North America – Canada – new brunswick BABBITT, JOHN (Vol. 11)HARTT, CHARLES FREDERICK (Vol. 10)HIND, HENRY YOULE (Vol. 13)MATTHEW, GEORGE FREDERIC (Vol. 15)ROBB, JAMES (Vol. 9)GANONG, GILBERT WHITE (Vol. 14)GESNER, ABRAHAM (Vol. 9)GORDON, ARTHUR HAMILTON, 1st Baron STANMORE (Vol. 14)More LOGAN, Sir WILLIAM EDMOND (Vol. 10)MARSHALL DE BRETT MARÉCHAL, JOSEPH, Baron d’Avray (Vol. 10)PARKIN, Sir GEORGE ROBERT (Vol. 15)COX, PHILIP (Vol. 16)FOSTER, SIR GEORGE EULAS (Vol. 16)FOWLER, JAMES (Vol. 15)JACK, WILLIAM BRYDONE (Vol. 11)MACKAY, ALEXANDER HOWARD (Vol. 15) PARKIN, Sir GEORGE ROBERT GORDON, ARTHUR HAMILTON, 1st Baron STANMORE GESNER, ABRAHAM HARTT, CHARLES FREDERICK HIND, HENRY YOULE LOGAN, Sir WILLIAM EDMOND GANONG, GILBERT WHITE JACK, WILLIAM BRYDONE COX, PHILIP FOSTER, SIR GEORGE EULAS C. Mary Young, “BAILEY, LORING WOART,” in Dictionary of Canadian Biography, vol. 15, University of Toronto/Université Laval, 2003–, accessed January 21, 2020, http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bailey_loring_woart_15E.html. Permalink: http://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/bailey_loring_woart_15E.html Author of Article: C. Mary Young Title of Article: BAILEY, LORING WOART	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2273
__label__cc	0.710972	0.289028	Tag: Murray State University Murray State’s Shoe Tree Ever since I ran across the Perkins Shoe Tree (OK, it’s really a pole, but the pole was once a tree, so I’m going to say it still qualifies as a tree), I’ve been wondering how many other ones there are out there. When I spotted a newspaper clipping about the Murray State University Shoe Tree, I decided to make a detour on my way back home. Located behind Pogue Library I mentioned being a bit unnerved by the clown sign on the edge of town. I left my phone charger in Cape, so I had to stop at a Big Box store to get a new one. Neither did the young cashier nor an older woman at the door had ever heard of the Shoe Tree. Out in the parking lot, I did a little web research and found that the tree was supposed to be near Pogue Library. I put that in my GPS and headed out. Unfortunately, when I got to the university, it seemed like every street I needed to turn down had temporary barricades on it. I went into a building that had all kinds of security monitors behind a desk, but there was nobody around to ask. The door that said I was supposed to show ID before entering was propped open. Trusting folks, those Kentuckians. Skateboarders point the way Out in the parking lot, I flagged down some teenage skateboarders who gave me vague directions. That got me close enough to ask some coeds in another parking lot who said they didn’t know the names of the streets, but I should take a right, another right before the McDonald’s, then curve around until I got to the library. They were right. Even found a parking spot in the shade. More like a snag than a tree The legend is that if two students who met at Murray State University, fall in love and then marry, they will have good luck if each partner nails a shoe to the tree. Some folks have returned to tack a baby shoe to the tree when they’ve started a family. Nobody seems to know when the practice started. This isn’t the original tree. The first one, the story goes, was struck by lightning and burned. This one has had the branches lopped off and appears to be on its last legs (roots). Some accounts say that even this tree has been struck by lightning “due to a high zinc content from the nails.” I tend to discount that theory. There are lots of taller metal objects around that would provide more enticing targets for Thor. Las Vegas? Chicago? Stefanie, the self-proclaimed List Queen, debated going to Las Vegas to celebrate her first wedding anniversary. Her hubby was pushing for an expensive Chicago restaurant. “So what the heck are we doing? We’re going to nail our shoes to a shoe tree in Murray, KY (#185 on my list). What kind of redneck tradition is that, you may ask?” Stefani continues, “I thought there would be a whole process of verifying that we were students and that we actually did indeed meet at Murray. I thought we’d have to be escorted to the tree and someone would take our picture. But when Blake called, they were like, “Yeah, just show up and nail your shoes to the tree.” Awesome.” Southeast Missouri State University has its Gum Tree at the top of Cardiac Hill, so I guess it’s only right that Murray State would have a shoe tree.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2282
__label__cc	0.641349	0.358651	Enabling Visually Impaired Table Accessing Tables remain a persistent problem for visually impaired people using screen readers. Tables are complex structures that are widely used for different purposes such as spatial layout or data summarisation. The multi-dimensional nature of tables challenges the linear interaction styles typically supported by screen readers. To read a table, a user needs to maintain coherency of, and interact with more than one dimension. In this project, we first characterise why tables are useful in print, but difficult to read in the audio. We survey the relationship between table structure, intention and the reading styles employed to use the content of tables. This project proposes an approach that supports non-visual interaction with tables. This approach is designed to support the characteristics of tables that make them such a popular and useful means of conveying information. This approach provides a small table browser called EVITA (Enabling Visually Impaired Table Access), whose aim is to enable non-visual table browsing and reading in an analogous manner to the print medium. [2] Yeliz Yesilada, Robert Stevens, Carole Goble, Shazad Hussein. Rendering Tables in Audio: The Interaction of Structure and Reading Styles. To Appear in The Sixth International ACM SIGCAPH Conference on Assistive Technologies (ASSETS), Atlanta, USA, 2004. [Bibtex entry] [1] Yeliz Yesilada. Browsing Tables when you cannot see them. Master's thesis, The University of Manchester, 2000. [Bibtex entry \| .zip (.doc)] Related Projects and References The following list includes a number of projects that are related to improving accessibility of tables for visually impaired users: Asakawa, C. and Itoh, T., (1998), User Interface of a Home Page Reader, Proceedings of the Assets98 ACM conference on Assistive Technologies, 1998-4. [IBM Home Page Reader] Asakawa, C. and Oogane, T., (1998), An Interactive Method for accessing tables in HTML, Proceedings of the third international ACM conference on Assistive techologies, Marina del Rey, CA USA. [IBM Home Page Reader] Chisholm, W. and Novak, M., (1999), Increasing the Accessibility of the Web through style sheets, scripts and plug-ins, CSUN99: Proceedings of Technology and Persons with disabilities conference, California State university, Northridge. Earl, L. C., Jay, D. L. and Wehberg, K., (1999), A review of IBM Page Reader and pwWebSpeak, AFB: American Foundation for the Blind. Fuller, L., (1999), Evaluation of Table and Document Navigation Tools, The Trace Research & Development Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, State of Wisconsin. Genesereth, R. M. and Patterson, A., (1997), AHA Audio HTML Access, the sixth International World Wide Web Conference, Santa Clara: CA, IW3C, pp. 129-139. Zajicek, M., (2000), Increased accessibility to standard Web browsing software for Visually Impaired users, ICCHP, Karlesruhe. Wright, P. and Fox, K., Presenting Information in Tables, Applied Ergonomics, 1(1):234--242, 1970. (Patricia Wright has a number of great relevant papers, you can refer to her publications). Pontelli, E., Xiong, W., Gupta, G., and Karshmer, A.I., A Domain Specific Language framework for Non-visual Browsing of Complex HTML Structures, Assets '00: Proceedings of the fourth international ACM conference on Assistive technologies, New York, USA, 2000. Marchionini, G., Hert, C., Liddy, L. and Shneiderman, B.Extending Understanding of Federal Statistics in Tables, CUU '00: Proceedings on the 2000 conference on Universal Usability, New York, USA, 2000. Ramloll, R., Brewster, S., Yu, Y., and Riedel, B, Using Non-speech Sounds to Improve Access to 2D Tabular Numerical Information for Visually Impaired Users, Proceedings 15th British HCI Group Annual Conference on Human-Computer Interaction (IHMHCI), September 10-14,2001, Lille, France. Kildal, J. and Brewster, S.A. Explore the matrix: Browsing numerical data tables using sound. In Proceedings of ICAD2005 (Limerick, Ireland), July 2005. ICAD, pp300-303. Kildal, J. and Brewster, S.A. Exploratory Strategies and Procedures to Obtain Non-Visual Overviews Using TableVis. In Proceedings of ICDVRAT (Esbjerg, Denmark), pp 223-230. Kildal, J. and Brewster, S.A. Providing a Size-Independent Overview of Non-Visual Tables. In Proceedings of ICAD 2006 (London, UK) Kildal, J. and Brewster, S.A. Exploratory strategies and procedures to obtain non-visual overviews using TableVis. International Journal of Disability and Human development, 5(3), pp 285-294. Kildal, J. and Brewster, S.A. Non-Visual Overviews of Complex Data Sets. In Vol II Proceedings of CHI 2006 (Montreal, Canada), ACM Press, pp 947-952. Kildal, J. and Brewster, S.A. Interactive Generation of Overview Information Using Speech. In Vol II Proceedings of ACM CHI 2007 (San Jose, CA, USA), ACM Press, pp 2489 - 2494. There are also a number of projects that investigate different ways of making tables accessible on mobile devices which include: Watters, C., Duffy, J., and Duffy, K. Using large tables on small devices. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, Volume 58, Issue 1, 2003. Watters, C., Zhang, R. and Duffy, J. Comparing Table Views for Small Devices. ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, 2005. Wang, C., Xie, X., Wang, W. and Ma, Y. Improving Web Browsing on Small Devices Based on Table Classification. 2004 Pacific-Rim Conference on Multimedia (PCM 2004), Nov. 2004, Tokyo Waterfront City, Japan. For further information, please contact Yeliz Yesilada.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2285
__label__wiki	0.71407	0.71407	Big Brother's Tolkien Fandom, OWS Protester's Alan Moore Fandom (Link Round-Up 11/26/11) [via MetaFilter] Alan Moore on protesters wearing Guy Fawkes masks "I suppose when I was writing V for Vendetta I would in my secret heart of hearts have thought: wouldn't it be great if these ideas actually made an impact? So when you start to see that idle fantasy intrude on the regular world… It's peculiar. It feels like a character I created 30 years ago has somehow escaped the realm of fiction." Reddit users looking to create an alternate, censorship-free internet Mesh networks are designed to allow users to connect to one another directly instead of to a centralized Internet service provider. Universities like John Hopkins and Purdue have experimented with building mesh network technologies, and the State Department and the One Laptop Per Child program have both developed their own versions of mesh networks to either circumvent censorship in foreign regimes or, in OLPC’s case, connect users who don’t have access to Internet service providers. Pakistan closes NATO supply routes after accidental friendly fire "This will have a catastrophic effect on Pakistan-U.S. relations. The public in Pakistan are going to go berserk on this," said Charles Heyman, senior defense analyst at British military website Armedforces.co.uk. Other analysts, including Rustam Shah Mohmand, a former ambassador to Afghanistan, predicted Pakistan would protest and close the supply lines for some time, but that ultimately "things will get back to normal." Banned neuro-toxic nerve gas used in Tahrir Square Rashes, epileptic-type convulsions, temporary blindness and coughing up blood are among the symptoms being reported by Egyptian protesters who have fallen victim to a potentially lethal form of neuro-toxic nerve gas reportedly being deployed by security forces. After almost a week of protests against the ruling military junta left some 41 people dead, several sources claim scores have died from gas asphyxiation, while thousands more have received medical treatment after possibly being exposed to an agent known as CR gas. Bankers arrested after siphoning millions of euros from Latvia, Lithuania Vladimir Antonov, 36, and a Lithuanian partner, Raimondas Baranauskas, 53, were detained Thursday on an arrest warrant issued by investigators probing alleged fraud and money laundering at his banks in the Baltic states, Lithuanian prosecutor Tomas Krusna told reporters. The Bank of Lithuania said late Thursday that his bank there, Snoras Bank, will be liquidated, calling it the best solution for country's financial system and economy, which were jolted after the bank was nationalized and its operations halted. Palantir, the Tolkien-inspired War on Terror search engine for U.S. Intelligence groups An organization like the CIA or FBI can have thousands of different databases, each with its own quirks: financial records, DNA samples, sound samples, video clips, maps, floor plans, human intelligence reports from all over the world. Gluing all that into a coherent whole can take years. Even if that system comes together, it will struggle to handle different types of data—sales records on a spreadsheet, say, plus video surveillance images. What Palantir (pronounced Pal-an-TEER) does, says Avivah Litan, an analyst at Gartner (IT), is “make it really easy to mine these big data sets.” The company’s software pulls off one of the great computer science feats of the era: It combs through all available databases, identifying related pieces of information, and puts everything together in one place. “We were watching the government spend tens of billions on information systems that were just horrible,” Lonsdale says.“Silicon Valley had gotten to be a lot more advanced than government contractors, because the government doesn’t have access to the best engineers.” Labels: alan moore, bank fraud, guy fawkes mask, latvia, link round-up, lithuania, nato, nerve gas, occupy wall street, pakistan, palantir, tahrir square, time magazine covers, tolkien	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2286
__label__wiki	0.877653	0.877653	Annual Archive Model 1903 .32 ACP & 1908 .380 ACP Pocket Hammerless Instruction Sheet PDF (1.3MB) Coltautos.com Gun of the Month - June 2014 Unique Cased Set of Two Colt Pocket Hammerless Models Colt Model 1908 Pocket Hammerless .380 ACP sn 18279 & Colt 1908 Vest Pocket .25 ACP sn 123591 Owned by Charles Michelson and Colonel Carroll E.B. Peeke A very interesting and unusual cased set of two Colt Pocket Hammerless Pistols, one Colt 1908 Pocket Hammerless .380 ACP sn 18279 fitted with recessed medallion ivory stocks and Colt 1908 Vest Pocket .25 ACP serial number 123591 also fitted with recessed medallion ivory stocks. The 1908 Pocket Hammerless .380 ACP was shipped to Von Lengerke & Antoine in Chicago, Illinois on May 22, 1914 in a five gun shipment. 1908 Vest Pocket .25 was was shipped with blued finish and ivory stocks to Iver Johnson Sporting Goods Company in Boston, Massachusetts on January 15, 1915 in a one gun shipment. There are two names that are legible on this case. The first is Charles Michelson and the second is Lt. Col. Carroll E.B. Peeke. It appears that there was something else inscribed inside the long upper flap of the case (below), but whatever was written there is now illegible. Colt Special Order Record - Factory order number 984/1 indicating shipment to "Iver" for Iver Johnson #2449 1/15/15, Model N-25-Blue Ivory. Both Michelson and Peeke were acquaintances and it's likely, given the differences in age and the fact that Peeks name is so legible on the case that this set was either sold or gifted by Charles Michelson to Carroll E.B. Peeke. This article documents their participation in an annual congressional hunting trip in December, 1940: WASHINGTON HUNTERS END VISIT TO ORANGE, Special to the Port Arthur News, ORANGE, Dec 2, 1940. -- The following guests of W.E. Lea, who annually come to Orange for a hunt at this time of the year, departed for Washington Sunday: Charles Michelson, director of publicity for the national democratic committee; Patrick J. Boland, democratic "whip" of the house; James M. Barnes, Illinois congressman, and Carroll Peeke, of the Washington Times. The visitors accompanied by the former mayor spent a week hunting as guests of M.W. Walker of Alexandria, La., who entertained at the Louisiana Coastal club, of E.W. Brown, Jr., at his ranch in Louisiana, and of Judge G.C. Jackson and C.C. Bellar of Anahuac. Both pistols have been cased together for quite some time as is evidenced by the staining of the case lining on the ivory grips. Written on the inside flap of the leather case is "Chas Michelson, Nat'l Press Bldg, Washington, D.C." Charles Michelson (1869 - 1948) MICHELSON, CHARLES (1869–1948), U.S. editor, journalist, and political publicist. Michelson, who was born in Virginia City, Nevada, ran away from home at the age of 13. He worked as a sheepherder, miner, and teamster, before going to work for the Virginia City Chronicle as a reporter. He subsequently worked for San Francisco newspapers, before going to Cuba as a correspondent for Hearst's New York Journal in 1896. Soon after his arrival Michelson was imprisoned briefly in Morro Castle, but was released in time to cover the Spanish-American War. After the war, Michelson worked for several other newspapers. From 1917 to 1929 he was chief of the Washington bureau of the New York World. In 1929 the Democratic National Committee hired Michelson as the first full-time publicity director, the first ever employed by a political party. Within two years of his appointment, Michelson was the ghostwriter of hundreds of press releases attacking the Hoover administration. After Roosevelt's election, Michelson also did publicity work for the Treasury Department and the Civilian Conservation Corps and was public relations director of the National Recovery Administration (NRA). His weekly column, "Dispelling the Fog," was distributed free to newspapers throughout the country. The Republican Party considered Michelson a key factor in the electoral successes of the Democratic Party. Michelson retired in 1942, returning briefly as associate director of publicity in 1944. He wrote his memoirs, The Ghost Talks (1944). [Source: http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0014_0_13835.html] Inside the other flap is written "C.E.B. Peeke, 3604 Morrison St. N.W., Washington, D.C., Lieutenant Colonel, A.U.S." Also written on the bottom of the case is "Carroll E.B. Peeke, O-204846, Lieutenant Colonel, A.U.S." Carroll E.B. Peeke (October 30, 1898 - June 15, 1991) Carroll Earl Beauchamp Peeke (Class of 1917) - A memorial service was held Wednesday for Colonel Carroll Peeke, a World War II veteran and newspaperman who died Saturday in San Francisco at the age of 92. Colonel Peeke was a native of Seattle and a graduate of Oakland High School and the University of California at Berkeley. He joined the San Francisco Call-Bulletin newspaper in 1922, and he later worked as city and diplomatic editor at the Times Herald in Washington, D.C. Carroll E.B. Peeke (fourth from right) of the San Francisco Call-Bulletin in photograph with other members of the press and Charles Lindbergh (fifth from left). This was taken during Charles Lindbergh's visit to Monterey, California. [California Heritage Collection, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley; BANC PIC 1985.054:8--AX] Carroll E.B. Peeke (center) in photograph with other members of the press and Charles Lindbergh (second from left). This was taken during Charles Lindbergh's visit to Monterey, California. [California Heritage Collection, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley] Carroll E.B. Peeke (top tor, far right) in photograph with other members of the press and Charles Lindbergh (second row, center). This was taken during Charles Lindbergh's visit to Monterey, California. [California Heritage Collection, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley] In 1941, he turned from newspaperman man to soldier, entering the military service as managing editor of the War Department Bureau of Public Relations. Later, he served on Army general staff duty in Washington, D.C., and with the U.S. Military Missions and the Fifth Army in Ecuador, Brazil, North Africa and Italy. He earned the Order of the Palms and Croix de Guerre. In 1950, he was elected commander of the San Francisco chapter of the Military Order of World Wars. In the 1970s, he became historian of the Episcopal Diocese of California and wrote extensively about his wife Mary's great grandfather, William Ingraham Kip, the first Episcopal bishop of California. Colonel Peeke is survived by his wife. Carroll Earl Peeke's WWI Draft Registration Card, September 12, 1918.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2290
__label__wiki	0.844342	0.844342	The Countdown Library 'Countdown with Keith Olbermann' for Tuesday, June 16 Video via MSNBC: Oddball, Worst Persons Guest: Richard Engel, Richard Wolffe, Chris Hayes, Jonathan Landay, Margaret Carlson (BEGIN VIDEOTAPE) KEITH OLBERMANN, HOST (voice-over): Which of these stories will you be talking about tomorrow? The Twitter Revolution: Iran in partial rebellion via tweets and Facebook and YouTube. International reporting quarantined, at least seven dead in protests, a partial election recount ordered by the Iranian Guardian Council. This administration is staying hands-off mostly, hoping Iran will topple or reform by itself-though some elected officials here don't get the idea that the less we say, the better. (BEGIN VIDEO CLIP) SEN. JOHN MCCAIN (R), ARIZONA: The president should speak out that this election is flawed. It is wrong. It's a deprivation of the Iranian people of their basic human rights. (END VIDEO CLIP) OLBERMANN: You're wrong. Chief foreign correspondent Richard Engel on what is happening in Iran; Richard Wolffe on what is happening about Iran. Blocking access to the names of visitors to the White House? Seriously. You're wrong, too! More evidence, as if it were need-that torture is wrong, as it produces wrong information. Khalid Shaikh Mohammed to U.S. military officials formally investigating interrogations at Gitmo. They asked him about bin Laden. "Where is he? I don't know. Then, he torture me. Then I said, 'Yes, he is in this area.'" Was the Bush administration's insistence that bin Laden is on the Afghan-Pakistan border, that we knew where he was-was all of that based solely on a lie Khalid Shaikh Mohammed told to stop the pain? Worsts: When you blog at "The Weekly Standard," Mary Katharine Ham, under the sarcastic title, "Smartest President in History Confuses Left and Right," and you write, "Obama experienced too oopsies," you might try spelling out the number two instead of the word T-O-O! And even she had to accept yes for an answer. Sarah Palin, "Of course, it's accepted," after David Letterman apologizes. Then, she gets the Constitution wrong again: "Letterman, certainly, has the right to joke about whatever he wants to, and thankfully we have the right to express our reaction. And this is all thanks to our U.S. military women and men putting their lives on the line for us to secure America's right to free speech." How many times I got to say this: Saying stuff on TV is not covered by the First Amendment! All that and more-now on Countdown. GOV. SARAH PALIN (R), ALASKA: You need a little bit of levity in this job. (END VIDEOTAPE) OLBERMANN: Good evening from New York. What would we now remember of China's Tiananmen Square uprising - 20 years ago this month-if no one had ever seen the iconic image of the one lone protester halting the advance of a column of tanks? Our fifth story on the Countdown: The striking scenes of burgeoning revolution in Iran that the Iranian government does not want you to see. Those images are getting out anyway, because of what might become and it is still the longest of long shots-a Twitter revolution. Another day of protests over the presidential elections in that country, this time amid new media restrictions. Video posted on YouTube of another big rally in Tehran, other reporting done via Facebook and tweets. Supporters here of opposition presidential candidate Mousavi are demonstrating in overwhelming peace, many marching in relative silence. One eyewitness telling the BBC that he believed there were more people in attendance than at yesterday's protests, which was attended by hundreds of thousands, today is taking place a few blocks away from another. This one, the government bussing in thousands to support President Ahmadinejad - - it does not appear to have been on the scale of the opposition demonstration. In a message on his Web site, Mr. Mousavi telling his supporters, he would not be attending today's rally, asking them not to be baited into any violence with the rival demonstration. We now know that seven of Mousavi's supporters were killed in yesterday's violence. Another amateur video surfacing on the Web that purportedly shows a shooter leaning out of a window in Tehran's Azadi or Freedom Square while firing his weapon into the crowd. The protesters had been claiming widespread fraud in Friday's presidential voting. Iran's powerful Guardian Council meeting with representatives of the three opposition candidates, telling them it would improve a limited recount in specific areas contested by the losing candidates. Yet, what good would such a recount do if the same people who seemed to have perpetuated the fraud were to carry out the recount? For example, the opposition claiming that many more ballots were issued than had been counted. Some people in areas loyal to the opposition were not given ballots. Polling stations in other places were closed early, they say. Twitter closing early today at 5:00 p.m. Eastern, for planned but delayed maintenance. The U.S. State Department having actually asked the Internet messaging site not to take its communications offline overnight, our time last time, because of the vital role that Twitter has been playing in getting the word out for the opposition in Iran. It held off its maintenance until Iran's overnight hours. That's the only visible sign of interference by the Obama administration. The president today emphasizing that his government is not meddling in the Iranian dispute. In an interview with John Harwood of our sister network CNBC, the president stopping short of saying the election was stolen. PRES. BARACK OBAMA, UNITED STATES: And when you got 100,000 people who are out on the streets peacefully protesting, and they're having to be scattered through violence and gunshots, what that tells me is the Iranian people are not convinced of the legitimacy of the election. OLBERMANN: The president adding that from a U.S. foreign policy perspective, there might not be a huge difference between the leading candidates in that election. OBAMA: Although there is amazing ferment taking place in Iran, that the difference between Ahmadinejad and Mousavi in terms of their actual policies may not be as great as has been advertised. Either way, we are going to be dealing with an Iranian regime that has historically been hostile to the United States, that has caused some problems in the neighborhood, and is pursuing nuclear weapons. OLBERMANN: The bigger difference, perhaps, to be found in fact between the approach of President Obama and his American opposition. In a "Today Show" interview, his former rival for the White House is calling for more aggressive American approach. MCCAIN: The president should speak out that this election is flawed. It is wrong. It's a deprivation of the Iranian people of their basic human rights. He should speak out that this is a corrupt, flawed, sham of an election. The Iranian people have been deprived of their rights. We support them in their struggle against an oppressive, repressive regime, and they should not be subjected to four more years of Ahmadinejad. OLBERMANN: But other Republicans, like the ranking Republican on the foreign relations committee, praising Obama for his restraint, Senator Lugar of Indiana calling Obama's approach "appropriate" and adding, quote, "We are not going to be judges of it from afar." Richard Wolffe's analysis of domestic politics in a moment. First, it's a pleasure to be joined here by MSNBC and NBC News chief foreign correspondent Richard Engel. Good to see you, sir. RICHARD ENGEL, NBC NEWS CHIEF FOREIGN CORRESPONDENT: It's a pleasure to be here. OLBERMANN: What does the recount offer from the Guardian Council actually amount to? Do we know? ENGEL: It's unclear. It gives the government some time, and I think that is what the purpose is at least in the short term. The government and the Guardian Council want to slow this process down. They want the people off the streets. They don't want to see major clashes. If, however, the recount just maybe finds no irregularities or narrows the margin a bit and there's no real change, then the people could still come out again and then the recount wouldn't have served very much at all. OLBERMANN: We were talking about the newscast started and you suggested that this had been the result, all of it on everybody's part of it, a series of miscalculations as to how fervent the opposition actually was on the ground in Iran. Is this offer of a recount another miscalculation? Could it just make things worse? ENGEL: It could make things worse because it could just convince people that there is really no other option. The government seems to have completely been out of touch with how much dissatisfaction there was, and how much frustration after the last four years of President Ahmadinejad people were feeling in this country. And I was-I was there during the vote, and people were excited. They were dancing in the streets, boys and girls together. And there was a real sense of joy and optimism. And then when they came out to vote, people brought their families. People came dressed in their bridal costumes . OLBERMANN: Wow. ENGEL: . to come out and vote. And it's not impossible what the government is saying that 80 percent of the population took part. And then, after 35 million to 40 million hand ballots were cast, just a few hours later, the announcement came. Not only did their candidate, the opposition candidate, Mousavi not win, but he got crushed even in his hometown-and people felt frustrated, went to the streets, and then this thing has escalated since then. OLBERMANN: What-obviously, a regime in power wants to stay in power. That's an obvious motive if they did in fact alter the results of the actual vote. But were there other components to this? Was this all too western for the ruling power? Was the involvement of the-the youth vote, was that central to the blowback there? ENGEL: It certainly was. And a lot of this focuses on the position of the supreme leader. The supreme leader is not an elected official, and who runs the government, and he manages the affairs day to day through the president. And the supreme leader has found a willing ally in President Ahmadinejad, and wanted him to continue. That is so the analysis goes, and didn't want Mousavi to present a real challenge. The supreme leader knows Mousavi very well. When Mousavi was prime minister in the 1980s, Khamenei, the supreme leader, was his president. So they were very close then. So, the supreme leader wouldn't have had that much authority and that much moral authority, over his old friend, his former colleague if that relationship were to change. However, in Ahmadinejad, he can-he can do whatever he says, basically. OLBERMANN: Ahmadinejad has now left for Russia for this summit. There was some speculation maybe he would not go because the situation was too tense. What do you read from the fact that he decided to go? What does that mean? What does that sort of statement to the Iranian people? ENGEL: The statement to the Iranian people is: everything is normal; the government is pursuing economic interests in pursuit of bettering the daily lives of most Iranian people. And it has completely enraged the demonstrators who feel this is a snub, that he's not even acknowledging their presence on the streets, that he's going and shaking hands with world leaders who are-by the way, China and Russia congratulated him on his landslide election. And if you look to Iranian television tonight, there's barely a mention of these protests. And that is the approach, that the government says, "Oh, this is a minor problem. We're going to get through this and we're pursuing business as normal." OLBERMANN: As you said, you were there for the vote, and you have considerable expertise in this entire region and in that nation. Do you have any idea how this is going to turn out? ENGEL: I have no idea how this is going to turn out. It could be the what could happen-I mean, there are several different options. Each one is more or less probable. But it could just go away-which is what the government is hoping-that this movement will just expire. It doesn't seem like that's going to happen. Today, even with this offer of a recount, people still came out, tens of thousands, perhaps several hundreds of thousands on the streets. So, it doesn't seem to be just fading away. If the supreme leader feels cornered and if there is a recount that reaffirms Ahmadinejad as president, which could happen, like I said, in the next 10 days or so, that's when the recount should take place-and the people are still out on the street, we could have a serious confrontation, where we have a Tiananmen Square-like situation, where the government decides enough is enough. We're using full force. And what happens at that stage is anyone's guess. OLBERMANN: Especially with the new component as we have been seeing of instantaneous Internet communications that are really tough to block. That's an added- ENGEL: They're tough to block. OLBERMANN: That's a wild card here that we haven't seen before. ENGEL: And the government is putting a lot of restrictions on it. OLBERMANN: Yes. ENGEL: You know, very complicated and very difficult to get reception. They've cut the Internet. They've cut cell phones. They blocked satellite transmissions. But there are proxy servers. And it's a-there's a generational gap. ENGEL: The old guard doesn't really know how to use Twitter, doesn't really know how to use a lot of these IP addresses and swapping. They were comfortable with blocking satellite television, blocking SNGs, what we use as journalists to transmit pictures. They knew how to do that. This is-this is new technology that took them by surprise. OLBERMANN: Our chief foreign correspondent Richard Engel-great and cogent analysis. Thank you for coming in and doing so. ENGEL: A pleasure. OLBERMANN: All right. As promised, for more on the political pullout here in the U.S., let's turn to our own political analyst, Richard Wolffe, the author of "Renegade: The Making of a President." Richard, good evening. RICHARD WOLFFE, MSNBC POLITICAL ANALYST: Good evening, Keith. OLBERMANN: All right. The president again today stressed that the U.S. is not meddling but his State Department got Twitter to delay maintenance on its server until most of Iran would be asleep. What would - would this be quiet meddling? WOLFFE: Well, they neither want to be entirely quiet and they obviously don't want to be seemed to be meddling. But they are actually intervening in one way or another. Beyond the sort of marginal stuff about Twitter, and these new technologies, as Richard Engel rightly pointed out, have been incredibly important to the reform movement. But beyond that, the most important weapon tool, if you will, the president has, is what he says. And here, the White House is treading this incredibly difficult and fine line between making a statement of moral authority about, obviously, being pro-democracy and wanting to encourage the people who support the reform movement; and, yet, on the other hand, not wanting to taint the reformists by suggesting or playing into the reactionary crowds' hands of being-of looking like the reformers are a tool of American power. So, this is incredibly difficult. But the real meddling, the stuff that isn't so quiet, is what comes out of the president's mouth. That's where the White House has been focusing its attention. OLBERMANN: All right. To that point, and then a little bit more later on about the question of what we might be doing to facilitate communications there. The caution today from the president that there is not much of a difference from the U.S. foreign policy perspective between Mousavi and Ahmadinejad-what was that about? WOLFFE: Well, that's really about the supreme leader. In the end, the national security analysis here is that the nuclear program-because that's really what we're talking about, as well as, for the terrorist groups, but especially the nuclear program, is in the hands of the supreme leader. And whoever the elected president is, that nuclear program will proceed along its own track. So, yes, there are real differences between the reform movement and the forces behind Ahmadinejad. But in terms of what America really wants out of this, of course, greater trade, greater openness in Iran is important, but first and foremost, the nuclear program. They don't ultimately think the calculation is going to change either way. OLBERMANN: Senator McCain suggested this morning that the Iranian people-as he put it-should not be subjected to four more years of Ahmadinejad. Has there been any-first off, what is the political split on this? Is there really a sizable reaction even in the Republican Party that we should somehow be doing more about Iran? And has anybody suggested what it is we can do about Iran without looking like we were deliberately pushing it one way or the other? WOLFFE: The tough talk feels good. The Republicans have been engaging it for many years. But there was this thing called the Bush administration, and there was this thing called the "axis of evil." They tried it. What was the end result? Iran had thousands of centrifuges enriching uranium; and North Korea, another part of the "axis of evil," now has eight to 12 nuclear weapons. So, you know, they tried that path. And it's great going on TV and talking like that. But what's the end result? If you really care about the end result in Iran, that approach has not left many options either for people in the region or for the policymakers in Washington. OLBERMANN: All right. You just heard Richard Engel say, using his own expertise, he has no idea how this is going to turn out. I'm not going to ask you to offer a prediction, presumably would be rather similar. But what is-what is-going forward, what is this country's role going to be how it turns out? Are we simply, essentially an I.T. department to make sure that the communications stay open from people inside that country? WOLFFE: You know, in any country, some of the most corrosive factors can be American or any outside government trying to interfere with an election. In the end, the election is a means to an end. What matters is building closer relationships with the Iranian people by trade and getting world opinion to counter this nuclear program. Yes, it would be nice to have a favorable president in place, but those policies have to go on anyway. OLBERMANN: Richard Wolffe of MSNBC, author of the new book "Renegade" as always, great thanks, Richard. Have a good night. WOLFFE: Thank you, Keith. OLBERMANN: Fortunately, the kind of information blackout we are seeing tonight from Iran doesn't happen in this country. When I say it doesn't, of course, I mean, it doesn't happen frequently. Well, when I say frequently, I mean, it doesn't happen frequently at the White House-just the current White House. OK, it's happened this year, month, right now. This president is trying to keep secret the names of the visitors to the "People's House" from the people. (COMMERCIAL BREAK) OLBERMANN: Why is the Obama administration fighting to keep the names of the visitors to the White House secret, even though courts have repeatedly ordered that those names become public? Did the idea that this nation had at least some vague notion of where Osama bin Laden was originate entirely from a lie told by Khalid Shaikh Mohammed to get them to stop waterboarding him? And if you're going to criticize the president's intelligence because he made, quote, "too oopsies," maybe you should make sure you did not just misspell the world "two." The Worst Persons of the World-tonight on Countdown. OLBERMANN: In our fourth story on the Countdown: The Obama administration has refused to release a simple list of names of visitors to the White House. Even though a federal judge has twice ruled that visitor logs must be released-which makes President Obama on this point perfectly consistent with President Bush, so-called transparency be damned. This time MSNBC.com made the request for the names of all White House visitors from January 20th to the present, the Secret Service denied the request, just as it denies a request from the watchdog group Citizens for Responsibility and Ethics in Washington, also known as CREW. That inquiry was for visits by executives of coal companies to the Obama White House. CREW has filed a lawsuit against the Department of Homeland Security which oversees the Secret Service. But a nearly identical case has already been decided twice, with a ruling against the administration's position. The Bush administration, in October 1996, CREW sought records from nine religious leaders to the Bush White House, request denied. CREW filed suit, and in December 2007, U.S. district jurist, Judge Royce Lamberth-appointed to the bench by Ronald Reagan-rejected the argument of the Bush White House. Judge Lamberth said that the list of names of White House visitors is not protected by a presidential privilege. But the Department of Homeland Security refused to release the visitor logs, and it made a similar argument about presidential communication. Yet, Judge Lamberth ruled against Homeland Security on January 9th of this year. The Bush administration, one week from expiring, appeal that decision and the Obama administration agreed, making it only the second administration to argue in court that visitors' logs to the "People's House," the White House, should remain private. Let's bring in the Washington editor of "The Nation" magazine, Chris Hayes. Chris, good evening. CHRIS HAYES, THE NATION: Good evening, Keith. OLBERMANN: The Obama White House does not want the public to know who visits the Obama White House or also the Bush White House. Are we left to assign kind of most crass political motive to that? HAYES: I don't even know what motive there is other than this basic raw institutional prerogative of, you know, protecting one's self and accruing the maximum amount of power and latitude. I mean, this is something you see-and as a community organizer, I'm sure Barack Obama was on the other side of it. When you go up against a university or an organized religion or a hospital, a local governor that, you know, power tends to consolidate. It tends to want to defend itself. And that's a really insidious-insidious tendency, and that's, I think, what we're seeing here. OLBERMANN: Are they viewing it the way people view silly copyright infringements when you hear about some major multinational corporation suing somebody for $15 for making a logo that looks like theirs? That's there's really no point but to exercise the authority in fear that somehow you're going to lose it if you don't use it? HAYES: Well, I think one question is the lag time on the transmission of policies. So, the only real charitable explanation here is that this is these kinds of filings are overseen by essentially civil servants. I mean, ultimately, it's political appointees. But that, you know, the new boss in town and the new agenda hasn't yet filtered down to that level. That's the charitable interpretation. I think the uncharitable interpretation is that, you know, they-whatever the symbolism, they don't want people to know who's coming to visit them in the White House. OLBERMANN: Chris, there's another instance of action trumping promise of transparency, at least us far. The Justice Department in this administration last week defended the defense of Marriage Act, which basically denies even to legally married same-sex couples thousands of different benefits that straight couples take for granted. As a candidate, Obama had pledged to repeal the entire act. How is the administration explaining this one in an overall basis? This is not some bureaucrat filling out leftover paperwork from the Bush administration. HAYES: No, and the explanations so far have been pretty insufficient. They're not saying a ton publicly on this. I think they talked about re-examining the legal rationale. But I do know that, you know, that there are reports that are out there and I think if you look at the kind of uprising that's been building among the LBGT community, you have this big news today about several prominent gay donors pulling out of a fundraiser. There's been a letter from the head of the Human Rights Campaign expressing his frustration, even despair, disgust of that particular brief. You have "The New York Times" editorial page. There is a brewing sort of insurgency and revolt among some core aggressive constituencies, particularly in the LBGT community. That's going to be a real political problem for the White House. OLBERMANN: And, of course, there's Bill Maher, who was on here last night and his own show last Friday, my old Cornell friend here, who has only half jokingly claimed that there is now evidence of a trend. That on certain issues, the administration is playing out way too safe, that the pledge of real change has really changed. HAYES: Yes. Yes, this is the big $64,000 central existential question at the heart of this administration, which is-is the disposition towards consensus and incrementalism, is that solitary, or is that ultimately not going to be enough to meet the challenges of the moment? I, you know, continue to hope that they're headed in the right direction. But there's-there's real concern, and I think it's legitimate. OLBERMANN: There is a honeymoon. It has an ending date. We're not sure when that is. Chris Hayes of "The Nation"- many thanks, as always. Talk to you soon. HAYES: Thanks a lot, Keith, let's see. Should I get a Pepsi, Diet Pepsi, Pepsi Retro, a raccoon-flavored Pepsi, two raccoon-flavored Pepsis? And the intellectual giant of the airways goes blue trying to describe the defense of Marriage Act. You may actually feel embarrassed for "Mr. Bouncy Bouncy," after you hear Worst Persons-ahead on Countdown. OLBERMANN: Bests in a moment. He's not missing, he's fishing. First on this date in 1947, the first network newscast premiered on television. "News from Washington," debuting in the old DuMont Network, and it says something of the identity of that-it says something that the identity of the first host of the first newscast has been lost behind the seat cushions of history, and that among the TV innovation that preceded the first newscast for the first variety hour, the first one sponsor weekly series, and the first coin-operated television at a bus station. Let's play Oddball. First, Oddball traffic in Tulsa; and if you were backed up on the southern leg of the inter-dispersal loop this Saturday, this is the drunk guy you need to thank. The unnamed gentleman says he was minding his own business, walking along the bridge, when he suddenly fell onto the platform of a road sign. I don't know, roughly a quarter mile from the 11th street and Houston Avenue exit? That's my guess. With no way down and nowhere to go, it was time for a Winston break. Yes, until the Tulsa Fire Department arrived, our dopey pal rewarded himself with the pleasure of smooth tobacco as half of the metro area was trapped in their cars like raccoons in a Pepsi Machine. Staying in Tulsa, and hey, it's a raccoon stuck in a Pepsi Machine. What were the odds? Also, over the weekend, residents of this Tulsa apartment complex called management complaining that two juvenile raccoons had moved into their soda machines. And they weren't even paying common fees. The super called in the skunk whisperer, who specializes in removing and rescuing skunks. He dabbles in raccoons. The machine was opened, and wearing thick gloves for protection, the whisperer was able to safely remove the raccoons. Unfortunately, he later got his hands stuck trying to grab a free Mountain Dew. Finally, now to the White House, where this afternoon, as you saw earlier, the president sat down for an interview with CNBC's John Harwood and the fly. OBAMA: To increase the transparency and the openness that has been the signature characteristic of our-sorry. Sorry, I'm going to start over. I am going to start with I will contrast. Hey, get out of here. HARWOOD: That's the most persistent fly I've ever seen. OBAMA: (SMACK) HARWOOD: Nice! OBAMA: Now, where were we? Was he on that list of-the fly, on the list of White House guests? Big deal, Mr. Miagi did it with chop sticks. The fly was smooshed, wound up on the floor. After the interview, the president bent over and picked the dead fly up with a napkin. Unexpectedly, it turned out to be Jeff Goldblum. Even more evidence of the pointlessness of torture. From the official US military files, the man who confessed to being al Qaeda's chief of operations, even though he wasn't actually even in al Qaeda. And good for Sarah Palin; she accepted David Letterman's apology, and then got the Constitution wrong. These stories ahead, but first time for Countdown's top three best three persons in the world. Number three, best marital instruction follower, William Peterson of Cornelius, Oregon. Last week, he was reported missing by his misses. He's been located in Bend, Oregon, where he was on a fishing trip. Months ago, he argued with wife Pam. She had told him, if he didn't like it, he could always leave. So last week he did. She's now apologizing to police for making them spend all the money searching for the man who had not gone missing, but instead gone fishing. Number two, best proof that the system works, Tom Federor of Chicago, who has the official license plate Zero. Unfortunately, the Chicago Department of Revenue, that would be the people in Chicago in charge of issuing parking tickets, test their computerized equipment by entering as the place holder license plate Zero. As a result, Mr. Federor has since 1997 received about 170 tickets that he did not deserve, including one for parking a bus on a residential street. He finally got through to the city and the city said they would stop. Number one, best cliche comes to life, an unidentified 37-year-old security guard in Glendale, Arizona. He placed his authorized gun in his holster, as he got in the car to drive to work. That is when the weapon unintentionally discharged and voila, an image of where your cliches actually come from; he suffered non-life-threatening injuries after he shot himself in the ass. OLBERMANN: Newly released, heavily redacted CIA documents show the Bush administration's torture policies caused 9/11 master mind Khalid Shaikh Mohammed to lie about where we could find Osama bin Laden. Our third story on the Countdown, further evidence that not only were Gitmo detainees abused and tortured, but, surprise, if you torture someone, they may lie to make you stop. The documents, obtained by the ACLU, came from the questioning of detainees by the U.S. military about their treatment at Gitmo. Khalid Shaikh Mohammed was water boarded, tortured 183 times. "I make up stories, just location of Osama bin Laden," he spoke, in obviously broken English. "Where is he? I don't know. Then he torture me. Then I said, yes, he's in this area. I said no, they torture me." Contrast with this, President Bush nearly three years ago. GEORGE W. BUSH, FMR. PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES: Once in our custody, KSM was questioned by the CIA using these procedures. And he soon provided information that helped us stop another planned attack on the United States. OLBERMANN: There is more. Details of the questioning and torture of other detainees, including Abu Zubaydah, who was then thought to be al Qaeda's number three man. He talked about months of suffering and torture, from which he says has still not recovered. Then his torturers apologize,, as if that would make it all go away. Telling him, "sorry, we discovered you're not number three, not a partner, not even a fighter." Jonathan Landay is the senior national security and intelligence correspondent for McClatchy Newspapers, and joins us, once again, from Washington. Thank you for your time tonight, sir. JONATHAN LANDAY, "MCCLATCHY NEWSPAPERS": My pleasure. OLBERMANN: Setting aside what would be an increasingly moot debate about the usefulness of torture; for years, the Bush administration got away with leaving this impression that we were at least vaguely aware of where Osama bin Laden probably was. Do we know if that assumption was predicated on Khalid Shaikh Mohammed lying in the way he described, he's in this area? LANDAY: I don't think so. Look, the Bush administration has a gleaming record of using bogus and exaggerated intelligence to make cases about al Qaeda, about Iraq. But I don't think this is the case here. We know that-that OBL, Osama bin Laden, was at Tora Bora, where he had a major base on the border of Pakistan, and that while he left behind a rear guard, he fled across the border into the tribal areas of Pakistan. So I don't think, in this case, that they were relying on KSM's information. OLBERMANN: The information that came out of people like this, and especially the simple descriptions of, you know, what these men would do when faced with torture-given all of the revelations of erroneous information and bad leads from people we tortured, is there a point at which the CIA or the government as a whole might have to issue some sort of conclusion that, indeed, all information that was produced at Guantanamo should be assumed to be useless, unless it has been independently verified? LANDAY: Well, the Obama administration has said publicly that 50 to 100 people who were being held at Guantanamo can neither be put on trial or can be let go. And it's safe to assume, I think, that some of those who can't be put on trial can't be put on trial because the information that was obtained in their cases was obtained by what a lot of people call torture. So I think that this is really one of the reasons why a lot of the people are calling-some people on the Hill, and others, are calling for the convening of some kind of truth commission, some kind of Congressional investigation, official investigation by the Justice Department, special prosecutor, into exactly what was behind the use of these methods and what kind of information they produced. OLBERMANN: Meantime, this story of Abu Zubaydah, this is almost the American version of Kafka. He not only told of plots that he knew nothing about, but he gave up trying to convince the people who were his captors that he was not who they thought he was? He just kept telling them stuff and they just kept-we just kept buying it? LANDAY: Well, the fact is that you don't-you didn't just have President Bush talking about him as being the chief of operations of al Qaeda. You had former Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld talking about if he may not be the number two, he's a very close associate of Osama bin Laden. You had the former head of the CIA, General Michael Hayden, talking about how he had been the source of great amounts of information that the United States had on al Qaeda. And then it turns out that, in fact, it appears that he was what he said he was, A, not a member of al Qaeda, and, B, just a guy who ran some safe houses in Pakistan, from which he would guide people going into training camps in Pakistan-in Afghanistan. He would facilitate their crossing the border. And when they came out, he would facilitate their travel to places like Chechnya and Bosnia. OLBERMANN: Last point, at the end of the week, the CIA's going to release the inspector general's 2004 report which questioned legality and effectiveness of coercive interrogations. Do we have any idea what we're going to find? LANDAY: We do know one thing that the report concluded, and that's, according to these declassified memos from the Justice Department, in which - that refer to a finding in this report that said that, based on everything that the CIA IG had seen, there was no firm evidence of anything that was obtained using these aggressive, abusive interrogation techniques, has produced evidence or information on an imminent plot threatening the United States. That much we know. But I think there will be other revelations, very important revelations, perhaps about the way the CIA IG viewed the entire legal justifications for the use of these abusive/aggressive techniques. OLBERMANN: The mind reels. It's like one of those what's wrong with these pictures, only it's reversed. It's what's right with these pictures? Is there anything we can find in it that still is? Jonathan Landay of McClatchy Newspapers, as always, our great thanks. LANDAY: My pleasure. OLBERMANN: David Letterman apologizes. Good so far. Governor Palin stunningly accepts. Good so far. Then, Oh, you knew something like that would have to happen. Rule one, if you're some dufus with a blog trying to make fun of the president's intelligence, try not to misspell the number two as you do so. And when Rachel joins you at the top of the hour, what's happening in Iran after the crackdown of foreign journalists reporting from there. She'll have that from NBC's bureau chief in Tehran. OLBERMANN: The latest from the Associated Press, the decision by the president to extend health care and other benefits to gay and lesbian partners of federal employees will be announced next Wednesday in the Oval Office. That a bulletin from the Associated Press. We'll have more on it in a moment. Meantime, even when she starts to graciously accept a gracious apology, Governor Palin can't help herself. She again gets the Constitution wrong. That's next, but first time for Countdown's number two story, tonight's worst persons in the world. The bronze to Tom Cox, president of the Arkansas Tea Party Organization. He is to announce that he is seeking the Republican nomination to the U.S. Senate. There is nothing wrong with that, except that it turns out Mr. Cox, tax protester, is also Mr. Cox, employer of illegal immigrants. Last summer, federal authorities raided his boat manufacturing plant and arrested 13 of his employees. Cox said they had showed him work papers, that he had no reason, and he believed he had no legal right to doubt them. Punchline, the 13 guys had been working for Cox for seven years. Runner-up, blogger Mary Katherine Ham of the "Weekly No Standard." The headline of her post, "smartest president in history confuses left and right." Operative phrase, "Obama Experienced too oopsies on the way to and from the Rose Garden podium today." We're thinking it meant T-W-O, as the number, not what she wrote there, which means also or an excessive degree. Typos happen. Good to check them, Ms. Ham, before you publicly humiliate yourself while trying to embarrass somebody who's smarter than you are. But our winner is Boss Limbaugh. This is his insight, at its finest and most refined, about the Defense of Marriage Act. RUSH LIMBAUGH, RADIO TALK SHOW HOST: Obama's legal beavers attacked. They cited Catalano versus Catalano (ph), involving a man who married his niece in Italy, and sought to have the marriage recognized in Connecticut. The courts told him to stuff it. They cited the case of an Indiana marriage of an underage woman that New Jersey courts red lighted. The third cite involved the case of a marriage of first cousins in New Mexico, which got blown out by Arizona courts. The lesbians, gays, bisexuals and the transgenders are fuming that Obama is not dismantling the Defense of Marriage Act, and are livid that his beavers would cite cases involving incest and people marrying children. They're also furious at Obama's limp action on the military's don't ask, don't tell policy. Look, boys and girls and undecideds, right now, Obama's getting busy finishing off the economy, destroying health care. So, for the moment, you have to bend over, grab the ankles, and take a back seat. Don't doubt him. Your turn is coming, so to speak. He's a flaming lib. He's one of you. He's on your side of the aisle. OLBERMANN: There were some complaints from Limbaugh's fascist side of the aisle when we all giggled by the tea party gang use of the word tea bagging when they didn't realize what a startling double entendres it was. I now have two words for those Limbaughians who complained: shut up. Boss - William F. Buckley-Limbaugh, today's worst person-this is conservatism today-in the world. OLBERMANN: More in a moment on tomorrow's announcement scheduled by the White House that will extend health care and other benefits to some at least of the gay and lesbian partners of federal employees. First, after a week of sanctimonious yammering over a throw-away joke, Governor Sarah Palin of Alaska not only managed to exploit her own daughters, but she got another apology out of David Letterman. But, in our number one story, something the governor of Alaska still does not get, the Constitution of the United States of America. The first amendment, according to Sarah, in a moment. But first, last night, Letterman issuing his second apology to the Palin family, admitting the joke he told involving one of the Palin daughters and Yankees' third baseman Alex Rodriguez was coarse and flawed, remarking that if such a joke had to be told about one of the people attending the game with the governor, it should have been about Rudy Giuliani. DAVID LETTERMAN, "THE LATE SHOW": I told a bad joke. I told a joke that was beyond flawed. And my intent is completely meaningless compared to the perception. And since it was a joke I told, I feel that I need to do the right thing here, and apologize for having told that joke. It's not your fault that it was misunderstood. It's my fault that it was misunderstood. Thank you. So I would like to apologize, especially to the two daughters involved, Bristol and Willow, and also to the governor and her family and everybody else who was outraged by the joke. I'm sorry about it. And I'll try to do better in the future. Thank you very much. OLBERMANN: The governor then entered statement-issuing mode, starting well, but not exactly finishing up strong. "Of course it's accepted on behalf of young women like my daughters who hope men who joke about public displays of sexual exploitation of girls will soon evolve. Letterman certainly has the right to joke about whatever he wants to, and, thankfully, we have the right express our reaction. And this is all thanks to our US military women and men putting their lives on the line for us to secure America's right to free speech. In this case, may that right be used to promote equality and respect." Governor, how many times do we have to go through this? The first amendment does not apply to stuff people say on television. Nevertheless, an estimated massive crowd, sometimes approaching 40, gathered outside the Ed Sullivan theater in protest of Letterman late this afternoon. No word yet on who will rally on behalf of Alex Rodriguez. Joining me now, Washington editor of "The Week Magazine," political columnist for "Bloomberg News," Margaret Carlson. Margaret, good evening. MARGARET CARLSON, "BLOOMBERG NEWS": Good evening, Keith. OLBERMANN: The governor tried to use the First Amendment as a defense for Carrie Prejean. What do we have to do to get this point across to her, stuff said on television, whether she likes that stuff or does not like that stuff, is not protected by freedom of speech? The first amendment only applies to keeping government from keeping from you telling a bad joke. CARLSON: Well, if only Governor Palin could see the first amendment from her front porch in Alaska, she might understand it slightly better. The first amendment protects David Letterman from Governor Sarah Palin, not Governor Sarah Palin from David Letterman. And this last apology wasn't a sincere apology, which David Letterman gave the other night. The one I saw was-it was compelling television. This one was the lawyer's apology in reaction to Governor Palin supporters threatening a boycott of CBS. I think she should have settled for the first one. But if you want to keep the story going, this is how you do it. You have a statement every time you're apologized to. OLBERMANN: But now does she have a statement after the-the protests turned out to max out at about 40 people, and the guy who inspired it, as soon as he saw that there was no crowd there, got into a cab and got the hell out of there as quickly as he could? CARLSON: Well, you know, lawyers, unfortunately, respond to one threat of a boycott. It only takes one person. So the 40 were enough to frighten them. So perhaps this is why she dragged the military into it, which has very little to do with it. CARLSON: In fact, when they're done in Iraq, they might come to Alaska to, you know, to protect anybody from governor Sarah Palin trying to diminish their first amendment rights. The military cannot help Governor Sarah Palin in this-in this regard. And I think she just brought them into it to, you know, add a little melodrama to this latest statement. The thing is Petering out. And if Governor Palin actually had, you know, a substantive speech to give, an issue she really cared about, if she wanted to show up at the big fund-raiser last week and give a speech, which she didn't do, she wouldn't have dragged this out this long. And she wouldn't have made, by the way, a public figure out of that second daughter, who someday may ask Governor Sarah Palin for an apology. OLBERMANN: The other topic tonight, we're just hearing from-now Chuck Todd has confirmed it for us at MSNBC. This was apparently in the White House schedule that was released about an hour and a half ago, that tomorrow at quarter to 6:00, the president delivers brief remarks and signs a presidential memorandum regarding federal benefits and non-discrimination. And now sources in the White House are saying that means they're going to extend health care and other benefits to gay and lesbian partners of federal employees. Does that mesh in with what we've seen from this White House, that was supporting don't ask-don't tell and just came out on the wrong side of Defense of Marriage and all the rest of that? CARLSON: Well, President Obama has staked out he's not in favor of protection for-you know, federal marriage rights for gay people. But he's-during his campaign and now, he's for every other kind of protection. I think the don't ask, don't tell modification is down the road. But he's long advocated partner rights, health care rights, hospital rights, inheritance rights for gay partners. And this is just, you know, following up on that and an extension of that to federal-you know, federal protection for having those rights. OLBERMANN: We'll see it in depth at 5:45 Eastern time tomorrow. Margaret Carlson of "Bloomberg News" and "The Week Magazine." As always, great thanks on both topics. CARLSON: Good night, Keith. OLBERMANN: That's Countdown for this the 2,238th day since the previous president declared mission over in Iraq. I'm Keith Olbermann, good night and good luck. THIS IS A RUSH TRANSCRIPT. THIS COPY MAY NOT BE IN ITS FINAL FORM AND MAY BE UPDATED. END All transcripts © Keith Olbermann, and his various employers. Powered by Blogger.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2295
__label__wiki	0.668274	0.668274	Error 404 programme note This is the programme note from Error 404, which is about to open at Polka Theatre Error 404 is a story about a boy whose friend has died, and what he and those around him do to fill the gap. It's also a series of philosophical questions that hopefully you'll go on thinking about long after the show is over. Some of those questions I'll ask during the show, some of them you'll ask yourself. Philosophical questions are big, difficult questions that don't always have clear answers. What does it mean to be a person? What is 'goodness'? Are the mind and the brain the same thing? That sort of thing. Two years ago I was asked to create a new piece of theatre for Polka that would engage with big philosophical questions about the world and our existence. That's not so easy! I spent a year as Philosopher in Residence at Pelham Primary School, visiting once a month, telling stories to the children and asking them philosophical questions like the ones above, directly related to the content of the stories. The stories that provoked the most intense discussions form the backbone to the show you'll see today. I'd like to thank the pupils and staff at Pelham Primary for the warmth and generosity of their engagement with this project - without you it couldn't have happened at all. I'd like to thank the incredible staff at Polka Theatre, who've been so brilliant and supportive as this project has grown more and more complex! And last but not least, I am full of awe and gratitude for the extraordinary creative team who've worked on this project and helped me to make it real. This show is about a boy whose best friend died. It's written by a boy whose best friend died. So finally, I'd like to say: Nick, this one's for you.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2297
__label__wiki	0.861727	0.861727	Writing/Film Books Edited Terry Gross hosts David Kertzer on NPR's Fresh Air on publication day of The Pope Who Would Be King See the interview transcript here. The Pope and Mussolini wins Pulitzer Prize in biography April 20th, 2015: The Pope and Mussolini, "an engrossing dual biography that uses recently opened Vatican archives to shed light on two men who exercised nearly absolute power over their realims," wins the Pulitzer Prize in the biography category. To read more about the prize on Publisher's Weekly and Brown.edu, click here and here. "a fast-paced must-read" —Publishers Weekly “David Kertzer has an eye for a story, an ear for the right word, and an instinct for human tragedy. They all come together in The Pope and Mussolini to document, with meticulous scholarship and novelistic flair, the complicity between Pius XI and the Fascist leader in creating an unholy alliance between the Vatican and a totalitarian government rooted in corruption and brutality. This is a sophisticated blockbuster.” —Joseph Ellis, Winner of the Pulitzer Prize and author of Revolutionary Summer The Pope and Mussolini is a History Book Club Main Selection for March 2014 and Pulitzer Prize winner in biography for 2015. Published by Random House in North America, Rizzoli in Italy, and Oxford University Press in the UK. Upcoming publications in 2016 by Les Arènes in France and Individual Editora in Portugal. Steven Spielberg's upcoming film to be The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara On April 11th Steven Spielberg announced that his upcoming film will be an adaptation of Kertzer's 1997 book The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara. Mark Rylance will star as Pope Pius IX, and Tony Kushner is writing the screenplay. The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara tells a story of Bologna in 1858, when papal authorities seized a Jewish boy after it was claimed that he had been secretly baptized. He was then raised as a Christian, and his case, as well as his parents' struggle to get him back, would come to represent larger conflicts between the Catholic Church and the revolutionary forces for democracy gaining traction in Italy. Read about the film in the Wall Street Journal and on Deadline. For more on how the film transpired, see this article in the Jewish Chronicle. To read about the case and its historical background, read this article in The Forward. picture credit: Wikimedia Commons Book trailer for The Pope and Mussolini Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, the publishing company for the German edition of The Pope and Mussolini, produced a trailer for the book, coinciding with David Kertzer's presentation at the German biennial conference of historians in Hamburg in September. Watch the trailer here (in English with German subtitles). Coming out in April 2018, David Kertzer's new book, The Pope Who Would be King The violence that erupted in Rome in 1848, the hasty flight of a frightened pope into exile, and the proclamation of the end of the Papal States were among the most dramatic and consequential events of the nineteenth century. Yet today they are practically unknown outside scholarly circles. The story told in The Pope Who Would Be King is central to understanding Europe’s rocky path to democracy, and the ending of the papacy’s role as a pillar of reaction. It heralded the death knell of rule by divine right in the west and was a crucial step in the struggle to separate church and state. Modern Europe as we know it could finally emerge. Penguin Random House Book Page RAI 2 broadcasts profile of David Kertzer's Italian research and books RAI 2, one of Italy's major TV networks, broadcast a profile of David Kertzer's Italian research and books on April 3rd, 2016. Watch the segment, part of a program called Sorgente di Vita, here (in Italian). Profile of David Kertzer in Corriere della Serra Corriere della Sera, Italy's preeminent daily newspaper, publishes an extended profile of David Kertzer and the origins of his interest in Italian history on February 16th, 2016. Read the article here. Picture credit: Carlo Lannutti Interview Bellagio Center David Kertzer sits down with Robert Garris of the Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio Center to discuss the subject of his new book, the relationship between Benito Mussolini and Pope Pius XI. National Book Award finalist for nonfiction, 1997 Bologna, 1858: A police squad, acting on the orders of the Inquisitor, invades the home of a Jewish merchant, Momolo Mortara, wrenches his crying six-year-old son from his arms, and rushes him off in a carriage bound for Rome. His mother is so distraught that she collapses and has to be taken to a neighbor's house, but her weeping can be heard across the city. With this terrifying scene--one that would haunt this family forever--David I. Kertzer begins his fascinating investigation of the dramatic kidnapping, and shows how this now obscure saga would eventually contribute to the collapse of the Church's temporal power in Italy. Moritz Oppenheim's "The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara" Moritz Oppenheim's painting, "The Kidnapping of Edgardo Mortara," has triggered international interest. Its sale for over $400,000. at an auction at Sotheby's in New York on December 17 is discussed in this article in The Tablet Magazine. The article includes a lengthy interview with David Kertzer about the Mortara case, the lost painting, and about his new book, The Pope and Mussolini. Kertzer on MSNBC's Morning Joe show On MSNBC's Morning Joe Show, David Kertzer discusses the role of the papacy in politics, both today, as Pope Francis addresses climate change, and, as described in his Pulitzer Prize-winning book, The Pope and Mussolini, in the past, when Pope Pius XI, a religious figure, made a deal with Mussolini, a political one. Watch the video here. David Kertzer discusses 'The Pope and Mussolini' at the Watson Institute for International Studies Book panel for The Pope and Mussolini Featuring National Book Award finalist and Watson Faculty Fellow, David Kertzer. David Kertzer Speaks With Alfred Fox Uhry Pulitzer and Academy Award-winning playwright and screenwriter Alfred Fox Uhry joins Kertzer in conversation about the overwhelming evidence that suggests Mussolini could not have established his dictatorship without Vatican support. C-SPAN2 Book TV David Kertzer appeared on C-SPAN2 Book TV on Sunday, February 9th to discuss his book, The Pope and Mussolini. NPR: Fresh Air Interview David Kertzer appeared on NPR's Fresh Air on January 27. He discussed his book, The Pope and Mussolini, with host Dave Davies.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2302
__label__cc	0.603582	0.396418	November 3, 2010, - 3:13 pm GOP House Won’t Stop Muslim Terrorists @ the Border (VIDEO); John Amnesty Boehner Sadly, don’t look for the GOP-controlled House to stop the immigration and insecure borders problem. In fact, the election of John Boehner–part of the GOP establishment who brought us Obama–is significant in showing us this. As I told you, when Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) agents arrested and deported an illegal alien Muslim woman from his district (she”d been in our midst illegally for years), Boehner pounced on them and pressured them to repatriate her. He is also a big supporter of amnesty for illegal aliens and was mad that the House didn’t pass the Senate amnesty bill when Bush was Prez. John Boehner is the problem, NOT the solution. Alhamdillullah [Praise Allah]: Thanks, Clueless Infidels, for Giving Us John Boehner You’ve seen the videos I previously posted from WSB-TV about Islamic terrorists coming into the U.S. from our weak southern border. It’s not news, nor is WSB’s latest video below. Not news to me or you, anyway. We know about SIAs (Special Interest Aliens–from Muslim countries) and OTMs (Other Than Mexicans). But it’s a reminder–a reminder of an ongoing and growing national security problem, that John Boehner won’t fix. I’m sure my friend, former top INS agent Mike Cutler, a great expert who is in this video, would agree. Note his paraphrase of my fave line from “The Departed” (read my review): “My view of the feds is they’re like mushrooms. Feed ’em sh-t, and keep ’em in the dark.” Note the case of Ahmed Muhammed Dhakane, an Al-Shabaab/Al-Barakat/Al-Ittihad Al-Islami/Al-Qaeda terrrorist from Somalia, who ran a smuggling ring getting more than 200 illegal aliens from East Africa into the U.S., many of them with ties to these Islamic terrorist groups. His indictment was unsealed in March, but read the Superseding Indictment from May. You’ll note that among those he smuggled into the U.S. was an underaged Somalian woman whom he repeatedly raped. Yup, Religion of Peace, baby. A religion that most of the new U.S. House leaders won’t recognize for the threat that it is. Including John Boehner and Jihad Darrell Issa. (More on him, soon.) This goes to show that there are two types of “Republicans” in the RNC: DERPs (Democrat Enshrouded Republican Politicians) and DhERPs (Dhemmi Enshrouded Republican Politicians). To paraphrase the Joker from Tim Burton’s ‘Batman’: “What this party needs is an enema.” Pats on November 3, 2010 at 3:37 pm I’d like to look at the bright side of the GOP victory. I don’t think John Boehner will dash off to Syria in his first month as House Speaker to make kissyface with Bashar al-Assad. (Your readers might have forgotten that Nancy Pelosi made this one of her first points of business as Speaker of the House.) I’d also add that the President has acknowledged what we all pretty well knew today: Cap-and-Trade (i.e. “The House Energy Bill”) is DEAD. There is no piece of legislation that would have killed this country faster or harder than Cap-and-Trade. Thank Gd there were enough Democrats in the Senate who opposed it during the last Congress. Nobody likes immigration (legal or otherwise) during a recession. Who knows! Maybe some Democrats will team up with the Tea Party people and make Boehner’s life miserable enough to keep him from pursuing or endorsing an amnesty program. Lastly, I’m glad that in spite of all the shortcomings of many Republicans in Congress, the American people have put the brakes on the extreme leftist agenda of the O’Bama Administration. I realize I’m making an effort to look at the bright side of all this. I’m wondering if OVERALL, you think America is better for the election results. TINSC: That’s Okay. Darrell Issa will play kissy face in Syria, as he has several times–detailed on this site. Same difference. And John Boehner won’t object. Like I said, same difference. DS There is NO Santa Claus on November 3, 2010 at 4:07 pm Is there anyone who actually thinks Boehner will be good for Republicans? He’s the GOP version of Harry Reid. adam on November 3, 2010 at 4:56 pm You are absolutely right about Boehner. A real opportunist hack. In his minority address Saturday he went out of his way to avoid any discussion about foreign policy in general, which makes it clear that he essentially has no problem with Obama’s foreign policy (or Bush’s foreign policy). Unfortunately there is a consensus among the Republican leadership which is pro-open borders. A party like this cannot solve America’s problems. If we are lucky, there might be a brief delay or slowing down of our country’s decline, in spite of the election of a few new conservatives to the house. Little Al on November 3, 2010 at 5:04 pm Thank you for your comment, Debbie. I’m aware of Jihad Darrell and knew you might mention him. Looking at the OVERALL picture, do you (or any of your readers) think America is better for yesterday’s election results? Having made an effort to look at the bright side, I’ll go first. Summing it up, America has the best government Saudi petro-dollars can buy. This GOP victory changes nothing. We’ll have the same old GOP klutz leaders in charge of House committees. The only difference will be that they have fresh, young horses to pull their wagons. The only good news here is the death of cap-and-trade means that America’s coal reserves remain a viable future energy option. That is BAD for Saudi Arabia et al, but it’s only a delay in their effort which has already made critical forward progress. When they can tax the American people daily at the gas pump without our consent, life is still very good for the Jihad. Moreover, if you hadn’t noticed, the “Tea Party” doesn’t seem to have a problem with this form of taxation without representation. That is one BIG reason, I don’t see anything changing for the better. I said about as much yesterday morning on my own blog. Guys, to be honest with you, I believe Boehner might be a little worst than Pelosi, correct me if I’m wrong, I didn’t remember Pelosi doing any type of muslim pandering (as I’ve said, I’m no fan of Nancy Pelosi). If the conservative talk show host actually believes that John Boehner will be a good speaker, then there going to have a rude-awakening coming for them, when this guy more likely will agree with President Obama on illegal-immigration and soft on radical islam! As one poster said, Boehner is like the GOP’s version of Harry Reid. “A nation is identified by it’s borders, language & culture!” Sean R. on November 3, 2010 at 6:03 pm And also irritating is the tremendous affectation of these people. He is referred to as “Leader Boehner”. Can you imagine? Santa, there is a lot to your summations. I sorta feel the same way. Don’t know if it’s because of cynicism or that I think America is so lost. You know what I am sick of? After two years of that rancid turd Obamarxist at the helm, there are STILL peeps who are smarter than most (on some things…not so much on other things) who one “MAY” think are good Conservatives, but really, are so out of it (or too PC!!) to say that Obama is a Marxist. The latest I heard equivocating is Charles Gasparino. He can go shove it. I will NOT read his book if he is too afraid to state the obvious! Dennis Prager and Michael Medved do it too. It pisses me off. They may be smarter than me, but I know a Marxist when I see one! The do this with Islamic Jihad, too. I don’t have time for this HS anymore! Skunky on November 3, 2010 at 7:39 pm I agree, Skunky. Mike Church was already pointing out this a.m., that Boehner said we must raise the debt limit meet our obligations. They’re all cut from the same cloth, and will never change anything. This is what Thomas Jefferson said about an over reaching national government at his Inaugeration in 1801,”If there be any among us who wish to dissolve the Union or to change its republican form,let them stand undisturbed, as monuments of the safety with which error of opinion may be tolerated where reason is left free to combat it.” Jefferson and James Madison stated in the Virginia Resolutions of 1798, “where powers were assumed by the national government which had not been granted by the states, nullification is the rightful remedy,” and that every state has a right to “nullify of its own authority all assumptions of power by others. . .” If only we had the courage of the founders of this nation. texag57 on November 4, 2010 at 10:01 am Sean R: I’m in wait-and-see mode about Boehner. As I mentioned above, I expect business as usual to prevail. Your claim that he might be “a little worst than Pelosi” is unlikely because one of Pelosi’s first order of business as Speaker of the House was to visit Syria and make kissyface with Bashar al-Assad the dictator of Syria. Since John Boehner made a point to criticize Pelosi’s visit, I doubt he’ll run to make kissyface in public with ANY Muslim terrorist in his first weeks as Speaker of the House. If he were smart, he’d get on a plane to Israel tomorrow and meet with PM Netanyahu. What a pleasant surprise that would be! Don’t hold your breath in expectation. He might not be a fanatical Zionist, but I was at the AIPAC policy conference in 2008 and he gave a pretty good speech. I thought Mitch McConnell gave a better speech even though McConnell’s speech delivery is rather monotone and uninspiring. So Boehner might not be ideal, but I don’t see him screwing up like Pelosi. Other Republicans will surely screw up. There are some seriously anti-Semitic Republicans running around the House of Representatives. By and large, I think there are fewer Republican anti-Semites than Democratic anti-Semites but I really haven’t done a study on the matter. For all the John Dingell and Dennis Kucinic types the Democrats have, there are Ron Paul and Darrell Issa on the Republican side. In the mean time, the domestic agenda tends to dominate House business so I understand and share Debbie’s concern about immigration. Hopefully, some of those “Tea Party” types can erode Boehner’s enthusiasm about ILLEGAL immigration amnesty. One of the better things that will happen here is that Steny Hoyer will likely take the reigns as House Minority Leader. Hoyer has lots of LIB shortcomings, but both times I saw him speak at AIPAC policy conferences, I got the impression that the man is a fanatical Zionist. (I’m waiting for Debbie to burst my bubble on this with something I don’t know about Hoyer, but I’m sharing my observations as I’ve witnessed them.) A lot can change in two years, so sit back and watch the show. We can vote, but we can’t control the rest that happens. The voters shake the tree; the monkeys just end up on different branches. Santa, your right man, I forgot that photo-opt of Pelosi with the dictator of Syria, and your right, I to believe that Mr. Boehner should visit Israel and have a photo-opt with PM Netanyahou, but I’m going to give Boehner a chance and see what exactly he’s going to do and say. And do you folks think that Ms. Pelosi is going to find herself a regular job or start a business for herself or is she going to be minority leader in the house? And prior to yesterday, I was pretty cynical of the election, that it might be rigged, voter fraud and the Democrats will maintain power by stealing the elections, but thank god I was wrong about my thinking. Please call me TINSC. It’s a thing with me. I worked SO HARD to earn that title. Thank you. :+) TINSC (aka There is NO Santa Claus) P.S. I love pullin’ that schtick on people. No hard feelins! I’m not expecting the GOP leadership to do much to address our real problems. Boehner needs to be replaced but won’t be. And then you have Darrell Issa. Some things just won’t change in Washington, no matter who is in charge. NormanF on November 3, 2010 at 10:15 pm NormanF: There is NO Santa Claus on November 3, 2010 at 11:22 pm Hopefully Boehner will finish the fence from Texas to San Diego and the next time Mexican drug gangs kill someone on a border lake, the US Army will find the gangs and kill them, even if they have to enter Mexico to do it. Truth on November 4, 2010 at 9:48 am Remove the first letter “E” from his name: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXTNhlmcRG0 Irving on November 4, 2010 at 9:53 am Great point Debbie. I would prefer either Rand or Ron Paul or the most hard line conservative in the House who would give Israel extremely favorable treatment. Definitely close the borders. Patrick on November 4, 2010 at 10:53 am Toss the bum out. I’m so disgusted with these rinos. Maybe with the spot light on him we can get him tossed from his job as well. The country is waking up and 11-2 was evidence. samurai on November 4, 2010 at 11:47 am We have the best politicians money can buy!! See's it as it is! on November 4, 2010 at 12:41 pm My guess is Issa prefers to play “pick up the soap” instead of “kissy face” based on his attraction to arafat. BTW we need to FLOOD Boehner with emails, faxs, phone calls and probably the threat of “horse whipping” in the public square to convince him to kill amnesty and secure the borders. How come we end up with all these effing RINO’s in leadership positions?? joesixpack31 on November 4, 2010 at 12:52 pm I take that you won’t be satisfied with Representative Lamar Smith of Texas taking up the chairmanship of the Judiciary Committee in January. He was told by Boehner to move up to it. http://radio.woai.com/cc-common/news/sections/newsarticle.html?feed=119078&article=7797170 Bobby'sBrain on November 4, 2010 at 3:06 pm John Boehner is a small businessman who was elected to Congress in 1990. He has in no way grown or changed since that time. Mr. Boehner as House Minority Leader was inarticulate, sluggish, and a poor tactical planner. He had little or nothing to do with the Republican takeover of the House of Representatives this year, and probably knows deep down in his gut that he is in over his head. Mr. Boehner probably wishes he was back in Ohio tending the store, since he would not be faced with dealing with people who are far sharper and capable than he is. This man needs to be put to bed, but I rather doubt that the Republican House Caucus has the guts to do that. Worry01 on November 4, 2010 at 10:46 pm The “news” coverage of this incident is beyond belief. I listened to NPR this morning (“Morning Edition”), and the incident was described as a French police stand-off with a generic “gunman.” He could have been a robber. He was never described as a Muslim or as Islamic — neither term was mentioned in several reports during the show — but as a “French serial killer” (as if he were the “Monsieur Hannibal Lecter”), who had “killed three children” (the fact that this occurred in the course of an attack on a Jewish School and that a rabbi was also killed — not just three JEWISH children — apparently was not important enough to explain). Terrorism was not mentioned, except to say that the generic “guman,” who was an Arab, Islamc, and boasted of his Al-Queda ties and of getting terrorism training in trips to Afghanistan and Pakistan, was reported to have “alleged ties to terrorism.” If we have gotten to the point where we cannot describe the terrorist background of a gunman (who boasts of it), except to reference vague “alleged ties to terrorism” as if the matter remains in doubt, then we are losing the supposed “War on Terrorism,” which should be no surprise to anyone paying attention. I suppose that Islam was also not worth mentioning, even in this case of an Islamic gunman who admitted that he killed for an overtly Muslim motive (to avenge killed Palestinian children). Are we suicidally “politically correct” or have we been intimidated by Islam,”The Relicion of Peace”(TM)? I also wonder on an aspect of the event that the news coverage mentioned, but did not explain. The police were said to have asked his mother to come to the scene and talk to him (obviously, in hopes that she could persuade him to surrender peacefully), Can you imagine ANY mother failing to at least try to talk her son, surrounded by hundred of armed police, into surrendering? But she refused. Why was never explained. Did she refuse because he was a Shahid carrying out a sacred mission and should not be distracted? Did she refuse because she knew that he would be honored as a “martyr” in the Muslim community if he died? Did she refuse because she had a policy of non-cooperation with infidel authorities? Did she refuse because she AGREED with his mission? The “news” media, which is supposed to be in the business of gathering facts, never made an attempt to tell us, only telling us that she refused. How can we withstand Islam’s attacks when we refuse to acknowledge that Islam is attacking us? JOSEPH MCNULTY on March 22, 2012 at 8:36 pm Leave a Reply for adam	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2303
__label__wiki	0.689565	0.689565	Irma Daems was a Belgian girl who fled her home city of Antwerp when it came under bombardment in 1914, at the beginning of the First World War. Irma came to Morecambe and attended Lancaster Girls’ Grammar School (LGGS). She wrote about her experiences in the 1917 edition of the LGGS school magazine, The Chronicle. Thanks go to LGGS for permission to reproduce this article. Our Flight to England by Irma Daems From The Chronicle of the Lancaster Girls’ Grammar School, 1917 Our Flight to England Several weeks after the war had broken out many of the nice places in Belgium were destroyed by the Germans. But Antwerp had been spared until then, and most of the inhabitants of the ruined places came to Antwerp because they thought they would be safe there, for everybody said that it would take the Germans six months to capture the city. Many English soldiers came to Antwerp; we were all so glad to see them, for we had been waiting for the English to come and help us. But two days after the newspaper said that everybody who wanted to go away could go, and those who preferred to stop had to go into the cellars, for they were going to bombard the city between 9 and 10 o’clock. Many people had made their cellars ready before they were told, because of the Zeppelins which came over the city nearly every night. We had ours ready as well, in case anything happened. Two days before we left we were wakened at half-past three in the morning by the firing of guns, but we did not know what it was, so we got up and went outside to see what was happening. We saw crowds of people watching the Zeppelin which had just gone over the top of our house. Many bombs dropped that night, but they all dropped in the fields, so that not much damage was done. That same day, in the afternoon, we could see about ten yards away from our house a fight in the air between German, French, and Belgian aeroplanes. The day on which we read in the paper of the bombardment we made some bundles ready to leave home and go away, but on the way we saw people sitting in the streets on their luggage, for they could not get away; so we thought we had better go back, and see what the next day would bring. We were glad to be at home again, and we hoped to be able to stay there. But alas! at midnight the bombardment began and we had to fly – father, mother and my two brothers, one eight and the other four years old. Just when we were going out there dropped a bomb on the cemetery, not quite five minutes from our house, and everything caught fire. Nearly everybody left their houses; it was pitch black, and you could hardly see to walk. The Belgian soldiers had made a bridge of boats with wood across for the people to cross the river. When we had crossed the bridge we had to walk eight hours before we could get a train. All the way there were people in flight. It was terrible to see how they had to fly with the old and sick people who were not able to walk. All that time we could hear them bombarding the city. When we had walked for about two hours we turned back, and then we could see nothing but flames. We walked as far as St. Nicholas, about eight hours from Antwerp; there we had the luck to get a train, which was packed with people. We were going to turn back and wait for the next train, but they told us that it was the last train going through, so we got in. We had to stand the whole of the journey. We went in the train to Lokeren, about two hours further, and were stopped there for about an hour, for they thought the Germans had done something to the lines, but they found it was nothing, so we went on to Ghent. There we meant to get out and stay for the night, but they told us that the train would go straight on to Ostend, so we thought it would be best to go straight on. We arrived there at about six o’clock; it was getting dark and we could not find a place to sleep in; at last we found a very small room, where stayed for five days with eleven others. We had to sleep on the flood, for they had not one single bed empty. We stopped there so long, for we still thought we should be able to go back. But after waiting those five days we were obliged to come to England. We had to wait for 24 hours in the station, and all that time we had nothing to eat but brown bread that the soldiers gave us, and some water to drink. The place was full of wounded soldiers. There were more people than the boat could contain, and everybody wanted to get on board, so we had great trouble in getting away. There were so many people that some were pushed into the water. We left the coast at seven o’clock. Just when we were setting off there came a German aeroplane and everybody was frightened, for they thought bombs would be dropped. Most of the time we were on the boat we could hear firing; we were about six hours on the boat. We landed at Folkestone at one o’clock. English people were waiting to welcome us, and we all got something to eat and drink, and they gave fruit and chocolates to the children and milk to the babies. We had to wait there about two hours before we could get a train to London, where we arrived at ten o’clock. They took us to the Alexandra Palace, which was full of refugees. We stayed there two days and then we were taken to Manchester, where we arrived at night just to sleep there. In the morning we left then and went to St. Annes, near Blackpool, where we stayed four days. There were eighty-five Belgians there. Then some gentlemen came from Morecambe to fetch some Belgians; they chose sixteen, and we were among them. They then took us to a house in Balmoral Road where we lived with sixteen Belgians together. The English people have always been very kind to us, and I am sure we shall never forget what they have done for us, and remember them always when we get back to our country, when the war is over, which we wish to be very soon. Irma Daems (late of Antwerp), Form VB	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2305
__label__wiki	0.900559	0.900559	DocMartin Science and conservation About DocMartin Secret World of Hong Kong Water Supply Tower X, High Island Reservoir Travelling along the south shore of High Island Reservoir, east of Sai Kung, you might barely notice Tower X. It looks like a concrete cylinder that’s mostly submerged by the water, perhaps as wide as a bus is long, topped by a concrete dome and narrow brim shaped like a hat a Catholic priest might wear. Usually, Tower X - named after its designation on Water Supplies Department maps - is off limits to the public. But I’m visiting with a small team from the department, including Engineer Ir Patrick Fan. We walk along a footbridge, and enter through two steel doors. Inside, we cross the concrete floor to the edge of a rectangular opening, where I lean on a metal railing, and look down through the tower’s waterless interior. “It’s 60 metres to the bottom,” Fan says. Perhaps 60 metres doesn’t sound so high, but picture being 12 stories or more up a building, and looking down an empty lift shaft. There are lights below, yet even leaning - cautiously! - forward, I can’t clearly make out the base of the tower. Steep flights of metal steps lead down by the side of the shaft, reaching a succession of floors where there is little but massive water pipes - four in all, each 1.7 metres in diameter. These are the draw off pipes, taking water from the reservoir to a pipe leading through and around hills to a pumping station near Tai Po Market, and from there to the water network that supplies the thirsty city. Perhaps it’s all too easy to turn on a tap, take a shower, and take the flow of water for granted. Yet Hong Kong’s water supply system has been vital to its development as a “world city”, whilst also impacting government coffers, transforming the landscape, making life easier and enriching outdoor leisure, and ensuring water security for decades to come. I’m visiting High Island Reservoir to learn a little of the system operates. Though I’ve hiked here before, it’s my first time to enter Tower X or any such intake tower. And a surprise awaits, deep within the massive east dam. Water supplies playing catch-up with demand Of course, water supplies have long been important in Hong Kong. But it took some years for them to become organised. Around the time the colony of Hong Kong was established, in 1841, simple bamboo aqueducts helped carry water from hillside streams to villages. Initially, the colonial government seemed blasé about water, digging just four of five planned wells by 1852. It was spurred into action as the population rapidly grew, and in the early 1860s Hong Kong’s first major reservoir was built at Pokfulam. Even when newly completed, it could not meet demand - especially during the dry season in winter, and work soon began on an expansion project, completed in 1877. Again, growth in demand had outpaced supply, and the government continued on what would prove a long game of catch-up in trying to meet needs. A larger reservoir was built at Tai Tam, southeastern Hong Kong. While water from Pokfulam Reservoir was piped around hillsides, relying on gravity, the Tai Tam site required a 2 metre high, 2.2-kilometre tunnel plus a pumping station - and the tunnel proved especially challenging. With physical labour combined with “elementary machinery”, only a fifth of its length was completed in nine months, prompting the government to bring in new machines from England to accelerate progress. Construction of the Tai Tam project, from 1883 to 1888, cost HK$1.25 million - a huge sum compared with revenues for the government, which suffered a budget deficit. While it indeed boosted supply, and helped the city expand eastwards from Central, the water distribution system remained rudimentary - much as described in a report that noted only 1,877 private houses had running water by 1881, and there was so much dependence on carrying water in buckets that physical strength was an important qualification for cooks. After the New Territories were leased to Britain in 1898, the government began building reservoirs in the hills near Kowloon. The economy improved, helping fund more reservoirs on Hong Kong Island - three at Tai Tam and one above Aberdeen, where the government also rebuilt a privately owned reservoir. However, reservoir construction remained expensive, and as the Shing Mun Reservoir was built in the 1920s and 1930s, workers living on site received a HK$6 per month food subsidy in lieu of overtime payments: a meagre reward given accidents with explosives, and health threats including malaria. Cross-harbour water pipes were laid, too - allowing Shing Mun Reservoir to supply a service reservoir in the Botanical and Zoological Gardens, below the present day water fountain. Metered residential supplies became widespread. But with Hong Kong’s annual rainfall fluctuating, water supplies were uneven. A severe drought during 1929 led to extended periods without tap water, and people queuing for water from steel tanks. Some water supplies brought by steamers from Shanghai, Fuzhou and Japan, and by barges from near Zhuhai. Businesses suffered, leading to tens of thousands of people losing their jobs, and more than 70,000 leaving Hong Kong. There was an even worse drought during 1963 and 1964, with tight water restrictions and impacts reverberating though the economy. There were fights between women queuing at standpipes, bucket makers who profited by converting kerosene containers to water containers - so many of which were reportedly made they could have been stacked to a height of 650 miles. Poor hygiene resulted in 115 cases of cholera. By this time, work was underway on building Plover Cove Reservoir - the world’s first reservoir built in a marine cove. The idea for it came to T.O. Morgan, the director of Water Supplies, as he swam in the cove east of Tai Po. The project was completed in 1974, and trebled Hong Kong’s water storage. Work was then underway on the world’s second reservoir in a coastal inlet: High Island Reservoir, which has a volume even greater than Plover Cove. “Ironically, by the time this reservoir became operational in 1978, the government had abandoned its objective of achieving a high degree of self-sufficiency in water supply,” says Dr Frederick Lee, Director of the Water Governance Programme in the University of Hong Kong’s Faculty of Social Sciences. Water was being piped in from China, leading to Hong Kong now sourcing water from the Dongjiang and storing it in Plover Cove Reservoir, occasionally transferring some to High Island. “These reservoirs are a bit like water tanks,” notes Lee. Hiking, biodiversity, and potential for ecological designs But if you’re familiar with Plover Cove, High Island or many of the other reservoirs scattered across Hong Kong, you know they are very different to basic water tanks. They are lakes cradled amidst wooded hillsides, and may be wonderfully tranquil, as if far from the city. Given such settings, reservoirs and their surrounds are popular with hikers. “Catchments and reservoir areas represent about 30% of 1,700 hikes we schedule each year for the group,” S.K. Shum, organiser of Hong Kong Hiking Meetup, says via email. “Many roads and paths by catchwater channels serve as links from one area of a reservoir to the next. This is especially true in Tai Tam, Aberdeen, Kowloon, Shek Nei Pui reservoirs. My hikes are usually involved with bush hiking up and down, and most entrances for my bush hikes are next to catchments as well.” To help moderate water flows and reduce silting, forests were planted and protected in reservoir catchments. While enhancing their appeal for hikers like Shum, it also benefited plants and animals that suffered during centuries of deforestation, and a surge in tree felling during the Japanese occupation. “If you think of biodiversity in general, one of the best things that ever happened was the establishment of water catchments - with set aside land preserved from development,” says David Dudgeon, Chair Professor in Ecology & Biodiversity at the University of Hong Kong. “The landscape could revive from destruction in World War II. In the 1970s, country parks were established – basically because of water catchments, not really for conservation.” Most of the trees planted were not native to Hong Kong, like Taiwan Acacias and Brisbane Box that grew well on almost barren slopes but did not blend with local ecosystems. “The non native species have leaf litter that’s more resistant to decomposition,” says Dudgeon. “If you have native trees around streams, it’s better for the stream life, and with more aquatic insects you get more birds.” There are some moves towards improving the balance, but these seem slow and cautious. In a terse email, Dr Billy Hau of Hong Kong University’s School of Biological Sciences comments, “Reforestation is positive but the lack of long term management in transforming the exotic trees to native forest becomes negative later – i.e. now.” While catchwater channels aid hikers, Dudgeon notes that animals tend to fall into them. “There are quite a lot of records of snakes, frogs and other animals,” he says. “They can’t get out - and drown or starve. The channels could be re-engineered a bit, so less animals fall into them.” Kathy Daxon, Chairperson of Tai O Community Cattle Group, supports measures such as simple fencing along catchments, after incidents involving a cow and at least five barking deer that have become trapped in a catchment on west Lantau, with four of the deer dying or so badly injured they were euthanised. “We must do something to save the animals from this fate,” she says. Dudgeon remarks that most dams are at least 100 metres above sea level, and, “In biodiversity terms, the lowlands are fairly trashed.” Streams are often channelised, prone to pollution, and the reservoir system captures so much water that few streams flow all year. We might think of not capturing all water, allowing ecological flows so there is always some flow downstream, to maintain ecosystems. We’ve done some work on this in my lab, and found it can help, with a bigger effect in the dry season.” Dr Ng Cho-nam agrees. He’s a colleague of Frederick Lee in Hong Kong University’s Faculty of Social Sciences, with research interests including environmental policy, and likewise advocates ecological flow – noting that this practice is adopted in China. “Our river management is like one river, two systems,” he says. “In the system run by the Water Supplies Department, they take water away from rivers. Lower down, the Drainage Services Department drains away water - making channels wider, deeper, straighter. So, rivers may have no water.” There has been some transition to more ecological designs for lowland river channels, but Ng would also like to see the Water Supplies Department adopt a new approach to managing reservoirs, so they are not just single use, like water tanks. “I’m trying to convince them to realise they can serve multiple functions – like landscape, ecology, etc. You go to reservoirs in the UK, and there are ducks and swans, people windsurf. In Hong Kong, they’re empty. Twenty years ago, I helped review a consultants study on multiple uses, but it was shelved. The WSD says: ‘We provide safe drinking water.’” Regional pressures and higher tariffs needed While Ng waxes lyrical about waterfowl and windsurfing, Lee deals more in facts and figures on water, even pondering why Hong Kongers use over twice as much water for flushing toilets as people in Macau. He has a strong focus, too, on the future of Hong Kong water supplies. “In recent years, there have been assessments regarding to what extent we can extend the catchment area, and become less dependent on Dongjiang water,” he says. “Singapore has essentially transformed its entire area into a catchment, but while it is technically possible to turn urbanised areas of Hong Kong into catchments, you need care not to mix sewage pipes and drainage pipes, and the government believes there’s a limit to extending catchment areas.” Lee produces a table showing allocation of Dongjiang water to various cities, with Hong Kong allocated around 115% of the water actually consumed. It helps that consumption has fallen a little since the early 1990s, with manufacturing moving out. “In the future, consumption should level off, along with the population,” he says. Even so, Hong Kong should not take Dongjiang (East River) water for granted. There are rising pressures on water in the region - reflected in plans for a scheme to transfer water from the West River to eastern areas of the Pearl River basin, to serve parts of Guangzhou and nearby cities, perhaps including Shenzhen. “This will be very expensive,” says Lee - who notes that every three years, the price Hong Kong pays for water from the Dongjiang goes up. Hong Kong is now building a desalination plant at Tseung Kwan O, and Lee considers that by 2020, Hong Kong could use desalination as the primary water source, as it should cost less per cubic metre than from the Dongjiang. Yet he still believes we should protect the reservoir system, to maintain as stable a supply mix as possible. Although the Water Supplies Department receives complaints that water is too expensive, Lee has expressed the opposite view. Does he still believe Hong Kong’s water is too expensive? “Oh definitely,” he says. “It’s now about 50% subsidised, sending the wrong signal to consumers. I’ve written of the need to raise tariffs.” Aiming for equipment operating round-the-clock Even as debates swirl about pricing and future sources, Patrick Fan is among staff aiming to ensure the Water Supplies Department achieves its mission of maintaining a reliable and safe water supply. He’s been with the department 24 years, and his responsibilities span a swathe of the eastern New Territories, including service reservoirs, two treatment works and High Island Reservoir, mainly handling any equipment or supply problems. “We aim to keep equipment operating 24 hours a day,” he says. “If we can’t repair something within eight hours - which is the normal supply level in a service reservoir, we would have no choice but to inform the public about the problem. But mostly, we repair within this time.” Such constraints can make the work challenging. Fan is always on call, at times having to head out in bad weather late at night. Sometimes, he and his colleagues have fixed one problem, only for a second to arise, also needing time to diagnose the issue and call in a mechanic or electrical engineer to perform the repair - with a service reservoir level dropping all the time. In such cases, he might have to see if water can be diverted from elsewhere, or ensure a water tanker is ready, so if the reservoir runs dry it can deliver water to a neighbourhood. There are remote facility for controlling water flows via computer monitors. At times, though, there are issues like signal failures during lightning storms. Teams are dispatched to check the problems. “Sometimes, they may stay overnight to manually open and control valves,” says Fan. Into the dam After leaving Tower X, Fan and colleagues take me to the east dam of High Island Reservoir. This is set in one of Hong Kong’s wildest stretches of coastline, and blocks a channel that once separated High Island from the Sai Kung Peninsula. We head down near the shore, to walk on top of the coffer dam that was built first - along with a “sister” dam to the west, so the channel could be emptied, allowing for construction of the two main dams. Beside us, a layer of dolos blocks guards against damage by the sea - especially when mighty waves are driven onshore by typhoons. Each of the dolosse is shaped rather like a capital H, with one side turned so it’s at right angles to the other, and piled together they loosely interlock and can dissipate the power of waves. “They made around 7000 25-tonne dolos blocks,” says Fan. They’re so massive that just one could be carried by a truck. I stand on one, look down through a layer maybe five or six blocks deep. “Every one is numbered,” Fan remarks, pointing to a small label that refers to an item in a ledger. Walking to the main dam, we pass jointed rock that formed in the last great eruption and collapse of a supervolcano, adding to the grandeur of the scene. The 70-metre high dam soars above us. Its steep slope is covered in broken rocks, and Fan tells me even if one falls down it must be weighed and catalogued, to help monitor safety. There’s a door, and we enter a passageway so narrow we walk single file, moving straight ahead, then turning left, in the depths of the dam. Solar powered fluorescent strips light the passage; at intervals there are short water pipes around the width of my arm: measuring equipment can be fitted to these, to check if there is internal leaking. We turn left, to a side room with bare concrete walls, ceiling and floor, and what looks like a squat oil barrel suspended on a metal frame, above a circular hole leading to somewhere below. “This is the most important part of the dam,” says Fan. “It’s an inverted pendulum.” While I think of pendulums as swinging to and fro, as in a grandfather clock or terrorising the protagonist of an Edgar Allan Poe story, this one looks utterly stationary. There’s a wire from the middle of the barrel, down to an anchor point within the hole. And in the barrel, it’s attached to a float suspended on oil. Tap the float, and it moves slightly sideways, then returns to its place in the centre of the barrel. Should the dam become distorted, the float will move off centre, signalling there is a problem. Right now, though, all is well. The dam remains as solid as when first built around 40 years ago, set to long continue playing a key role in supplying each of us with that precious yet under-appreciated resource - clean, fresh water. [First published in the South China Morning Post magazine.] Martin Williams Guidebook by Martin Hong Kong PCCW Now TV Cricket Channel service still dire Drupal developers abandoned small site builders Beidaihe among China coast bird sites suggested for World Heritage Ace spiral visualisation of global warming Major science organisations on climate change Website Copyright Dr Martin Williams 2001 - 2019	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2306
__label__cc	0.724709	0.275291	Iodine Deficiency and its Impact on Pregnancy and Women Authored by Mehvish Hamdare on 5 Feb 2015 - 14:05. Iodine is an essential micronutrient required in very minute quantities for normal human growth and intellectual development. It is also necessary for overall optimal health and proper functioning of the thyroid. A small gland in the neck, known as the thyroid, uses iodine to produce thyroid hormones. These hormones are vital to ensure normal development of the brain and nervous system of the fetus, in babies and young children. It is therefore very important that pregnant and breastfeeding women get enough iodine. The disorders caused due to deficiency of iodine in the food, are called Iodine Deficiency Disorders (IDD). It is estimated that more than 200 million people are at risk of IDD in India, while the number of persons suffering from goitre and other iodine deficiency disorders is above 70 million. The surveys conducted by the Central and State Health Directorates, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) and Medical Institutes have clearly demonstrated that not even a single State/Union territory is free from the problem of IDD. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy, which is rampant among Indian women, adversely affects the child's mental development and hence IDD is the most common cause of preventable brain damage and mental retardation in the world. Most foods are relatively low in iodine content. To ensure that everyone has a sufficient intake of iodine, WHO and UNICEF recommend universal salt iodization as a global strategy Deficiency of iodine may cause following disorders: Foetus: Abortion, still birth, miscarriages, congenital anomalies, prenatal mortality, infant mortality, spasticity, neurological cretinism (mental deficiency, defect in vision, deaf, mutism, squint) Neonate: Neonatal goitre, neo-natal hypothyroidism Child and adolescent: Juvenile hypothyroidism, impaired mental function, growth retardation Adult: Goitre, hypothyroidism, impaired mental function. Pregnancy related problems Pregnant and nursing mothers are advised to take iodine-rich diet to ensure birth of a healthy baby. The foetus cannot produce enough thyroxin and foetal growth is retarded in the absence of iodine. Hypothyroid foetuses often perish in the womb and many infants die within a week of birth. Severe iodine deficiency in the mother has been associated with miscarriages, stillbirth, preterm delivery, and congenital abnormalities in their babies. Children of mothers with severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy can have mental retardation and problems with growth, hearing, and speech. In the most severe form, an underactive thyroid can result in cretinism (a syndrome characterized by permanent brain damage, mental retardation, deaf mutism, spasticity, and short stature). Congenital hypothyroidism due to iodine deficiency is the most common preventable cause of mental retardation. A study of around 1,000 UK mothers and their children, published in The Lancet, has revealed that iodine deficiency in pregnancy may have an adverse effect on children’s mental development. Pregnant women have increased requirement of iodine and hence it is imperative to monitor their IDD status to ensure optimal brain development of the foetu. Daily Iodine Diet Intake as recommended by WHO: 200-220 mcg for pregnant women 250-290 mcg for lactating women 150 mcg for adults and adolescents 90-120 mcg for children aged 1-11 years 50-90 mcg for infants younger than 1 year Iodine deficiency diagnosis: A 24-hour urine collection test or random iodine- to creatinine urine test is one of the best methods to detect iodine deficiency. A thyroid function test is also done to check the TSH levels. A hormone test (T3, T4 & TSH) An antibody test Ultrasonography and thyroid scan Even though Iodine Deficiency Disorders cannot be cured, they can be easily prevented. This is done through the consumption of foods rich in iodine such as: Iodized salt Seafood and seaweed Eggs, meat and dairy products Cereals and green leafy vegetables (depending on the amount of iodine present in the soil they were grown in) Iodine supplements (usually recommended for pregnant women) Certain vegetables like cabbage, cauliflower and radish contain glucosinolates (thiogluosides) which are potential goitrogens. Eating too much of these foods inhibits the availability of iodine to the body from the food and thus leads to the development of goitre. https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/publications/attachments/new45_statement.pdf http://www.thyroid.org/iodine-deficiency/ http://www.nutritionj.com/content/12/1/32	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2310
__label__wiki	0.561161	0.561161	dimensionsix dot net — technology. politics. culture. life. My Country Tis of Thee 3 years ago \| Comment A bit of honest truth. I haven’t been sure how to sum up my feelings from the election. It’s already February 2017. Trump has been in office for about a month and is steamrolling our country towards a cliff it may not be able to avoid tumbling over. My anger towards asshole purists on the left who ate up the same bullshit lies about Hillary Clinton that the right has peddled in for so long has not abated. People who thought they were making some grand political statement voting for a third party candidate or staying home have not stopped pissing me off. Susan Sarandon is still full of shit. I really can’t read a lot of the political drivel that ends up on Medium these days. There’s a lot of places I could go here and we could go off the rails for a long while. Instead, I thought I’d tell a story. I live in a very ethnically diverse blue collar town. My local polling place is at the local elementary school. It’s a consolidation of three voting districts in my town in the school’s gym. In the five years I’ve lived in my town, voting has been a mostly sedate affair (and yes, I vote every year. If only you Bernie Bros had that level of dedication). You’re in and out in only a few minutes. I think the longest I waited was for maybe three voters in line ahead of me in 2012. Voting in the Primary in June of last year was equally sedate. So, naturally, when I showed up to vote on Election Day, I expected the usual in and out speed of voting. Imagine my surprise when, upon entering the gym where the voting happens, the line for my precinct was out the door. Seriously. I always hear those stories of people in big cities who wait for a long time to vote (especially when they’re in heavily Democratic cities in a state with a Republican leadership, because voter suppression and all). I’ve never actually had it happen to me. And who was in line? A whole hell of a lot of minorities who suddenly had a very strong urge to exercise their voting rights. And, can you blame them? The candidate who won the election was advocating a policy of racial and religious purity. Scary words that whose fear has been proven since Trump’s inauguration. In a place where you can usually vote in under 10 minutes, it took over an hour to get the deed done. And this was with a hungry child who did not want to be held or wait this out (and why the one precinct worker who offered us pretzels for said hungry child was the real saint in this affair). At the time, it was a bit annoying to have to wait this long, especially with the hungry kid. But when I think back on this, it matters a lot more. This is where the future of a progressive movement is. While the Bernie Bros want to keep the focus on white folks (and face it, this is the case), there are a lot of people who are just cutting their teeth on this forthcoming political movement. It’s easy to lose focus and backpedal where the Democrats need to go next. Looking at all these people get out and vote makes me hope they don’t lose sight of where life is taking us next. \| 2016 election She’s the One For Me I’ve considered myself a Democrat since I was 11 years old. I have voted in four presidential elections so far in my life, and this year I’ll vote in my fifth. I’ve only voted in one primary (for President Obama in 2008) before, but today, I get to vote in a second, and I’m not afraid to say that #imwithher. Here’s the thing. I wasn’t against Bernie primarying Clinton when he jumped in the race last year. He’s forced her, and the party, more to the left by sticking around and by winning. He’s brought a lot of important issues to the table. Remember the first few debates they had, where they actually debated policy, and we felt like it was the most amazing thing ever, especially compared to the shitshow the Republicans were doing? Remember, too, when Bernie dismissed the email scandal out-of-hand like the non-scandal it really is? Shit, Bernie sounded like quite a visionary for a while. But then Bernie started to win, and the optics changed. Bernie the visionary faded out, and Bernie the candidate faded in, and those are two very different guys. Make no mistake. Bernie may portray himself as an outsider, and may even be one to a degree, but you don’t hold political office for 30 plus years without being a politician, and getting down in the mud. Once we started there, that’s when they lost me. Now, you might refute my statement and say, but Bernie sticks to his guns, but he’s slowly been attacking her more ad desperation sets in. It’s unfortunate. How what really sealed it for me is the rise of the Bernie Bros and the campaign’s reaction to them. This whole movement of entitled white “progressives” has taken the best parts of the campaign and ruined them. They dismiss the heavy minority turnout in the states that Hillary has done well in and said it was irrelevant. They’ve championed the caucus, which is the least democratic way to pick a candidate there is. They’ve adopted some of the worse aspects of the right wing/tea party attacks on Hillary. They put labels on her and call her a sellout and a neo-liberal who hates America. The worst part is that instead of putting this crap in its place, the Bernie campaign has embraced it.Terrible. And given the reports that Bernie himself embraces it all, it makes the choice simple for me. Hillary Clinton is not the most ideal candidate anyone could ask for, but I think she will take the best parts of the past 8 years and keep it going forward. I don’t want a revolution. I want to take what we have and make it better for everyone. So that is why I will vote for her without any reservations. There is only one way to go and that is forward. \| 2016 election hillary clinton ©2020 Michael Romero. Some Rights Reserved. Credits and such. Always remember to tip your server.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2312
__label__cc	0.656621	0.343379	Group (periodic table) In chemistry, a group (also known as a family) is a column of elements in the periodic table of the chemical elements. There are 18 numbered groups in the periodic table, and the f-block columns (between groups 3 and 4) are not numbered. The elements in a group have similar physical or chemical characteristics of the outermost electron shells of their atoms (i.e., the same core charge), as most chemical properties are dominated by the orbital location of the outermost electron. There are three systems of group numbering for the groups, that often assign the same number to different groups. The modern numbering "group 1" to "group 18" has been recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) since about 1990. It replaces two older incompatible naming schemes, used by the Chemical Abstract Service (CAS, more popular in the U. S.), and by IUPAC before 1990 (more popular in Europe). The system of eighteen groups is generally accepted by the chemistry community, but some dissent exists about membership of several elements. Disagreements mostly involve elements number 1 and 2 (hydrogen and helium), as well as inner transition metals. Groups may also be identified by their topmost element or have a specific name. For example, group 16 is variously described as the "oxygen group" and as the "chalcogens". However, iron group usually does not mean "group 8". In chemistry it may mean either iron, cobalt, and nickel, or some other set of elements with similar chemical properties. In astrophysics and nuclear physics, it usually means those three plus chromium and manganese. Two earlier group number systems exist: CAS (Chemical Abstracts Service) and old IUPAC. Both use numerals (Arabic or Roman) and letters A and B. Both systems agree on the numbers. The numbers indicate approximately the highest oxidation number of the elements in that group, and so indicate similar chemistry with other elements with the same numeral. The number proceeds in a linearly increasing fashion for the most part, once on the left of the table, and once on the right (see List of oxidation states of the elements), with some irregularities in the transition metals. However, the two systems use the letters differently. For example, potassium (K) has one valence electron. Therefore, it is located in group 1. Calcium (Ca) is in group 2, for it contains two valence electrons. In the old IUPAC system the letters A and B were designated to the left (A) and right (B) part of the table, while in the CAS system the letters A and B are designated to main group elements (A) and transition elements (B). The old IUPAC system was frequently used in Europe, while the CAS is most common in America. The new IUPAC scheme was developed to replace both systems as they confusingly used the same names to mean different things. The new system simply numbers the groups increasingly from left to right on the standard periodic table. The IUPAC proposal was first circulated in 1985 for public comments, and was later included as part of the 1990 edition of the Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2313
__label__wiki	0.954677	0.954677	Vancouver Sun: X-Files producer can't let go of Vancouver X-Files producer can’t let go of Vancouver Director Chris Carter may be busy giving a new look to his famous TV series in L.A., but he hasn’t forgotten his roots in Vancouver. The X-Files may have fled the rain but Chris Carter, the southern California-raised surfer dude turned pop-culture savant, has quietly donned his hipwaders for more wet nights in the city that gave The X-Files its dark, brooding look for five years. On Sunday, Carter’s most ambitious X-Files yet — an episode called Triangle, a loose amalgam of The Wizard of Oz, Alfred Hitchcock’s Rope and Casablanca revisited on acid — will mystify viewers as few X-Files segments have. Those who have seen the episode — filmed in real time aboard the Queen Mary in Long Beach, Calif. — are describing it as everything from an incoherent, self-indulgent mess to a tour de force that will guarantee writing and directing Emmy nominations for its creator. The X-Files’ new California look has grabbed the U.S. media spotlight in a way few off-camera TV stories do. The larger picture — where Carter goes from here — has eluded attention, but all indications point to a wet and promising future for Vancouver crews and the city’s profile as a production centre. Carter’s recent contract with 20th Century Fox Television — a deal some industry analysts have said could net him $100 million US over its five-year term — puts him in a very select group of TV producers that includes Steven Bochco, David E. Kelley and John Wells. While Carter has been preoccupied with The X-Files in Los Angeles, he has quietly bought a home in Vancouver and has made regular visits to the city — at least one a week — for the past several months, sitting in on story meetings for Millennium, in its third year at Lions Gate Studios, and laying the groundwork for his new series, Harsh Realm, based on the darkly foreboding series of underground comics. Harsh Realm is being considered for the Fox network schedule next fall. Those who have worked with Carter in Vancouver say it is not surprising he has chosen to reaffirm his ties to the city. They describe a producer who has never forgotten his blue-collar roots — Carter, 42, grew up in the working-class neighbourhood of Bellflower, Calif. — and who is soft-spoken and gentle as well as single-minded and uncompromising in his vision. Carter has a reputation as a demanding boss who will not hesitate to remove people he believes are not up to the task (an Internet chat group called “the ex-Files” includes several disgruntled former writers for the show). But many who have worked with Carter in Vancouver paint a very different portrait from the popular conception of the foreign producer as Ugly American. Set decorator Shirley Inget, a five-year X-Files veteran who won back-to-back Emmy Awards for her work on the show and who is now working on the feature film Dudley Do- Right, recalls an incident from The X-Files’ first year which, she says, offers great insight into who Carter is as a person. Carter drove up to the main gate of North Shore Studios, as it was then called, on a Sunday, when nobody was supposed to be working, Inget recalls. The security guard did not believe Carter was who he said he was and refused to let him in. Instead of digging in and throwing a tantrum, as most producers would have done, Inget says Carter parked his car at a nearby mall, hid in the bushes behind the studio and crawled in under the fence when the guard wasn’t looking, sparing the guard the embarrassment of a confrontation. When word of what Carter had done spread through the crew, morale skyrocketed, Inget recalls. Vancouver actor Chris Owens, who has landed an 11-episode gig in Los Angeles as a recurring character in The X-Files, recalls that Carter went out of his way at last September’s Emmy Awards to pick him out of a crowd of celebrants and thank him for his work, even though Owens had only done some bit parts at the time. One former X-Files technician recalls that when Carter had to announce to the crew that the show was leaving, on a rain-soaked night earlier this year at a Kingsway Street motel, he deliberately waited until David Duchovny and Gillian Anderson were off the set before breaking the news. Carter wanted to spare his actors the embarrassment of seeing him break down and cry in front of the crew, the technician recalled. After a late-night shoot on the Burrard Street bridge for the Millennium pilot two years ago, Carter felt he needed an extra night’s filming to get the scene to look the way he wanted. Fox refused to authorize the additional cost; Carter paid $65,000 out of his own pocket to complete the scene. (Shamed, Fox later reimbursed him.) Millennium crew members say it is those kinds of gestures that endear a producer to his crew. For his part, Carter has never withheld praise for his Vancouver workers, who he often refers to as “my Canadian colleagues.” Carter’s hand was forced on The X-Files’ move to Los Angeles, but he now says the new look will breathe new life into a show that, while it benefitted from five strong years in Vancouver, needed a fresh outlook. At the time of the move, Carter reaffirmed Millennium’s place in Vancouver and said he had ideas for several new series, all of which he will consider doing here. Despite the success of last summer’s X-Files feature film — it grossed $85 million US in Canada and the U.S. alone – Carter feels a passion for dramatic series and will divide his time in the foreseeable future between TV and writing novels. Another X-Files film is in the works, probably to coincide with the show’s end — which looks increasingly like the end of next season. For now, though, Carter has no plans to forsake either the medium that made him famous or the city that made it possible. Tags: chris owens, millennium, shirley inget (set decorator), x-files Posted in Interviews: Press \| 1 Comment » Sci-Fi Age Magazine: As The X-Files moves to L.A., the series' stars consider season six Nov-??-1998 Sci-Fi Age Magazine As The X-Files moves to L.A., the series’ stars consider season six Melissa J. Perenson Where does a television show go when it’s coming off a summer that saw the release of a successful feature film, the relocation of production, and a whopping 16 Emmy Award nominations? Well, when you’re the X-Files, you keep on doing what you do best: Throwing curve balls to your audience while striving to reinvent yourself and raise the creative bar even higher. The X-Files is due for a shake up. After all, the series is entering its sixth season, a time in any show’s life span during which lethargy can set in and stories can become stale. But the series’ new Los Angeles home base, coupled with the events of The X-Files movie, which answered some long-standing questions as well as raised a host of new ones, have ensured that The X-Files is in no danger of succumbing to the perils that afflict long-running series. The movie may have focused on the black oil, but the coming season will explore the conflicting alien factions introduced in such episodes as “Patient X,/The Red and The Black.” “We’ll see a lot more of that,” promises series creator and executive producer Chris Carter. “Now that we’ve set it up with the black oil, we can explore that.” Meanwhile expect intrepid FBI Agents Mulder (David Duchovny) and Scully (Gillian Anderson) to come to terms with their experiences in Antarctica, and to convince others of the fantastical events they witnessed there. “It will have to be dealt with as the series goes forward. But that’s the fun of the series. It’s going to be getting people to believe that this is, in fact, going to happen,” Carter offers. “And Mulder and Scully still may have been told some lies. We still don’t know. We’ll play with this and continue on with that conspiracy.” A central component of the mythology thus far, Scully’s abduction back in season two and the consequences of that abduction, will be addressed in the coming year, as will questions surrounding what really happened to Mulder’s sister, Samantha. Originally, the truth about Samantha had been addressed in the movie’s limousine scene with Mulder and Well Manicured Man (John Neville), but it quickly became lost within the context of the film. “We realized that there was a lot of information to digest in that part of the movie, and it ended up coming out of the blue in a way that made the scene less easy to understand,” explains Carter. “So we decided to take out that scene and play with it in season six.” Even though it was Scully’s evidence that convinced the FBI to reopen the X-Files, early word about the coming season is that Mulder and Scully are off the X-Files and have a new boss, although their former superior, Skinner (Mitch Pileggi), will continue to help them off the record. Two characters introduced in the fifth season, Agents Spender (Chris Owens) and Fowley (Mimi Rogers), have been assigned to the X-Files instead. Picking up on the story line from the fifth season’s finale, the first episode jumps right in by revisiting Gibson, the chess playing child prodigy whose ability to tap his brain’s God module could hold the key to explaining the nature of paranormal phenomena. That’s not all that’s revisited. “We’ve established Mimi Rogers as an old flame coming in, so I think that [the audiences] are going to have to accept it, [allow us] to play that out,” Carter says, presumably well aware that he’s broaching dangerous territory in the eyes of both those that wish to see Mulder and Scully move their relationship to the next level, and those who wish to avoid the series deteriorate into a soap opera. The direction of Mulder and Scully’s relationship is a topic of hot debate. “From day one we’ve been talking about the fact that it just wouldn’t work in the series,” remarks Anderson, “but I’m curious as to how, after the movie and the extra zing that’s in the film and whether it should or shouldn’t influence how we are with each other in the series. If it does, how will it influence the work that we do? I don’t know.” Duchovny is equally unsure of what’s right for the show. “It’s hard to say what would ruin the show, or what would make it good, without actually doing it. But [a relationship] could be interesting. If we had someone come in who wrote beautifully in that direction I’m sure it would work, but I don’t see that happening.” Although the X-Files will always be defined by its eerie look, that look is bound to change now that the show has moved from dark and atmospheric Vancouver to bright and sunny Los Angeles. “It’s obvious it will change,” affirms Carter. “I’ll have a new crew. I’ll have a new environment to shoot in. We’ll have bright sunshine in the daytime, although if it’s anything like last year, it will be just like Vancouver; the weather in Los Angeles was so bad last year.” Shooting in LA’s environs presents a new creative challenge to the production, and not just to avoid inadvertently getting palm trees into scenes that are supposed to be set in Maine. “It’s going to be different because you’re not going to get the diffuse light every day, you’re going to get hard sun and you’re going to get LA sun,” explains Rob Bowman, who’s directed over 25 episodes as well as the movie. That’s different from what we’re used to.” Look to the bright lighting seen in the film for an example of what the X-Files may look like in the future. “[The movie] certainly was harder because day exterior in the Mojave desert is about as hot a light as you can get and about as far from Vancouver as there is,” says Bowman. “But the movie couldn’t all of a sudden look like another show. I had to make it look like The X-Files.” Bowman has a similarly positive spin on the impact the movie will have on the series. “I think it might be farewell to an old friend and hello to a new one. We’ll find a new look that takes the old one and goes a little further with it,” he says confidently. “That’s what we must do because we certainly can’t go backward.”” Adds Carter, “We’ll just use the new environment to our advantage. Just make a virtue out of the problem, which is that we’re now shooting in sort of a concrete jungle. [we’ll] tell stories that we wouldn’t have been able to tell in Vancouver, so I think it’s going to be an interesting opportunity.” Carter draws on reality for many of the ideas for the series. “People say, ‘Where do you get all these wild ideas?’ Many of them come directly from science. The show needs a scientific foundation, because that is Scully’s point of view. Without a Scully point of view, you’ve got no point/counterpoint. So it’s important the science be accurate, and it’s important that the science be good, because it provides the leaping-off point for the rest of the show,” maintains Carter. When conceiving the series pivotal mythology episodes, Carter knows where he’s ending up, but not necessarily how he’s going to get there. “I have a big general idea of what the conspiracy means and what the conspiracy is,” he explains, ” but as we go forward, we find new little things to do to add to it. And so that’s the fun of it. If you set everything down too clearly for yourself in the beginning, I think you end up without the sort of wonderful discovery of new things to add in. So, I think flexibility is important in this kind of storytelling. Also the faith that you’re going to make the right choices as you go forward.” “We don’t have ending points. Sometimes we don’t know, and that’s part of the excitement of the show to us, too, [as writers],” contributes Frank Spotnitz, co-executive producer on the series. “Chris is very specific on where he wants the show to be and he’s not willing to say, ‘okay, that’s close enough to what I had in mind.’ He won’t do that.” The series’ intelligent, and at times convoluted and contradictory, stories often subscribe to the tenet that less is more. “I think far more often that approach is appreciated by the audience. That’s one of the reasons why the show is so successful,” reasons Spotnitz. “You’re left to put the pieces together yourself in order to understand the conspiracy. It’s a jigsaw puzzle, and we keep adding new pieces and taking pieces away. There’s an awful lot of questions that aren’t resolved and that’s what makes the show interesting.” “You know, you make a mistake in thinking the audience is not as smart as you are. I think the audience is very smart,” elaborates Carter. “I think the audience is very sophisticated. We have so much information these days. Everyone knows about the human genome project now that’s going on; it’s in the paper every day. While the dialogue [of the show] is sophisticated, it also never attempts to confuse or baffle.” Well, perhaps not consciously, at any rate. Another unusual thing about The X-Files is the show’s application of a cinematic approach to making television. “We try to tell our stories visually and we use a lot of movie conventions in the telling of our stories. It just feels like a movie most weeks, anyway. And that’s our goal,” says Spotnitz. “Now after having made the movie, I know whatever you do in television isn’t quite cinematic because making a movie is a much more elaborate process than making a television show,” admits Carter. “But, we tell the stories as if they were little movies, and we take a big screen approach on the small screen in the way we tell our stories and the way the shows are directed, certainly, and in the way the stories are very plot driven. They are good, round mysteries, and a lot of television gets by on character development ensembles, a-b-c-d-e-f-g stories. The X-Files tells one good, strong story every episode, and I think that’s much more of a movie approach.” Even the series’ recurring, mysteriously named characters have come to life. “After working with so many scripts and telling so many stories with these ancillary characters with names, if there’s more than three of them, you’ve got your work cut out for you just to remember who these people are,” explains Bowman of the nomenclature system developed. “So Chris’s approach was: He’s just a guy smoking a cigarette, that’s all he is. So, he’s Cigarette Smoking Man. When CSM started the series, he was leaning against a filing cabinet listening to a conversation and not reacting at all. He was a paper figure. Then you start to learn more about him. It’s funny because on the set we’re always making up new ones. And we’ve been through Plain Clothes Man, Red Hair Man, and Black Tie Man, but it makes it easy for identification.” The X-Files’ real ace in the hole, however, lies in the chemistry between leads Duchovny and Anderson. Together, Duchovny and Anderson have taken the art of subtlety to new heights. Certainly, these two roles, like the cases the duo investigate, have proven to be anything but ordinary over the years “It’s incredibly gratifying,” says Anderson of what it’s been like to play Dana Scully. “It would have been harder to stick with it were I not playing such an intelligent, such an interesting, and multidimensional character as Scully is. When I read the pilot, I was struck how unlike a TV script it was and, also, by how complicated and interesting the relationship was between Mulder and Scully. I think that more than anything,” she continues, “[it was] her intelligence and her strength in standing up to Mulder and feeling confident about expressing her beliefs in front of somebody who was touted as being near God in terms of his work at the FBI.” From Duchovny’s perspective, Mulder is perhaps the hero who’s best described as the anti hero. “He is a loser. He just never succeeds, basically. He doesn’t get what he wants. He doesn’t win fist fights. He doesn’t get the girl,” notes Duchovny. “I like him as a hero because I always intended to play him as a guy who doesn’t win but who seems to win. That is, I think, a difficult thing to do. People at home see that Mulder is right, so it’s all kind of skewed in his favor. We’ve seen what he sees. We know that he’s right, that his quest is good and moral and all of that. In that sense he’s more of a straight-up hero.” As stimulating as the characters are, though, both actors admit to feeling the strain of The X-Files’ intense grind, a strain which was only amplified by spending the hiatus between the fourth and fifth seasons filming the feature. “Some days it’s not fresh and it’s not exciting. Some days it is. It usually has to do with the challenge of the material. If there is a difficult scene to do or a fun scene to do or a challenging scene to do – then it’s fresh and exciting. If there are just five pages of back story, dates, figures, numbers, or names, then it’s just hell,” explains Duchovny. “It’s not really the show or Mulder. It’s the bare fact of doing the same show and the same part for five years.” “I think that these survivor mechanisms just poke up and rear their heads,” Anderson muses of the relationship between the grueling hours on the set and her performance. “Sometimes – a lot of times – I’m dead on my feet, and sometimes I phone it in and sometimes I have the energy to keep going and be better and better. It just depends.” With all the key players, including leads Duchovny and Anderson and Carter, signed through seven seasons, the current expectations are that The X-Files will continue its fast track run on television before releasing a second feature. in the meantime, the show will strive to improve upon itself, completing its evolution from cult hit to mainstream phenomenon. Notes Duchovny, “It’s fairly unique in the fact that it takes 100 clichéd elements, puts them all together and makes something new. It is the Night Stalker. It is sometimes a medical drama, as bogus as it can be. It’s bogus in its chastity and its repartee between Mulder and Scully. And it’s creepy for the kids. You take all of those things together and, somehow, it comes off as being fresh, unique and original. You could never have sat down and predicted it. It wasn’t in the pilot I read. It’s something that has grown of as all of the ingredients in the show have grown, as Chris, Gillian, Rob, and myself have grown as performers, directors, writers, whatever. It just becomes better and better.” Tags: chris carter, david duchovny, frank spotnitz, ftf, gillian anderson, rob bowman, x-files Posted in Interviews: Press \| No Comments »	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2314
__label__wiki	0.840802	0.840802	Iceland in the Cold War Title: Iceland in the Cold War Subject: History of Iceland, Iceland in World War II, Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly, Icelandic independence movement, Icelandic Commonwealth Collection: 20Th Century in Iceland, Cold War History by Country, History of Iceland The US-manned Keflavík Air Base in 1982. The United States maintained a military presence in Iceland throughout the Cold War. Part of a series on the Settlement c. 870–930 Old Commonwealth c. 930–1262 Christianisation c. 999–1118 Sturlung Era c. 1180–1264 Norwegian rule 1262–1380 Old Covenant 1262 Reformation 1536–1627 Danish Trade Monopoly 1602–1874 Eruption of Laki 1783–1785 Independence Movement 1809–1847 Home Rule / Independence 1885–1918 Kingdom 1918–1944 Invader relationships Republic 1944–present Founding of the Republic 1944 Cold War 1947–1991 Cod Wars 1948–1976 Economic reform 1991–2008 Financial crisis 2008–2011 Nobility in Iceland Iceland portal Reagan and Gorbachev meet in Höfði, Reykjavík in 1986. Throughout the Cold War, the nation of Iceland was a member of the United States, hosting a US military presence in Keflavík Air Base from 1951 to 2006. In 1986, Iceland hosted a summit in Reykjavík between United States President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev, during which they took significant steps toward nuclear disarmament. Five years later, in 1991, Iceland became the first country to recognize the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania when they broke away from the Soviet Union. The Cold War 2 The Keflavík Agreement 2.1 Iceland joins NATO 2.2 Iceland as an ally of the United States 2.3 Leverage in the Cod Wars 2.4 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev Summit in Reykjavík 2.5 The End of the Cold War 3 Early in World War II, the neutral Kingdom of Iceland had declined an offer of British protection. A month after the occupation of Denmark by Nazi Germany in 1940, the British invaded Iceland, violating the country's neutrality, over the formal protest of Iceland's regent, Sveinn Björnsson. In 1941, the British arranged for the United States to take over occupation of the country so that British troops could be used in other arenas of the war. After pressure from the British, the Icelandic government eventually agreed to US occupation, and on June 7, 1941 five thousand US troops arrived in Iceland. The United States supported the founding of the Republic of Iceland in 1944, and promised to withdraw its troops once the war ended, but when Nazi Germany was defeated in 1945, the US decided that it wanted to keep troops in Iceland, which was strategically located for monitoring aerial and naval activity in the North Atlantic. The Icelandic government would not agree to a permanent American military presence, but the US refused to leave.[1] The Keflavík Agreement In late 1946, Icelandic Prime Minister Ólafur Thors of the right-wing Independence Party made a deal with the United States, the so-called Keflavík Agreement. This ended the previous co-operation between the Independence Party and the left-wing Socialist Party. The Keflavík Agreement stipulated that the United States military would leave the country within 6 months and that the US-built Keflavík Airport would become the property of the Icelandic government. The US would be allowed to keep civilian staff in the country to oversee military shipping to mainland Europe. The agreement was passed into law by the Althing with 32 votes against 19. This ended the war-time coalition government, which had enacted Iceland's republican declaration of independence in 1944; many in the centrist and left-wing parties felt that the Keflavík Agreement was a violation of Iceland's policy of neutrality. In the wake of this rift, the Cold War shaped Icelandic politics for the next decades.[2][3][4] Iceland joins NATO Fighting breaks out between anti- and pro-NATO supporters, and police. The windows of the House of the Althing have been smashed. March 30th 1949. The right-wing Austurvöllur in downtown Reykjavík, the capital of Iceland. Fighting broke out and soon escalated into a riot; right-wing recruits and police assaulted protestors and dispersed them with tear gas. The Progressive Party, the Social Democrats, and the Independence Party, under the leadership of Social Democrat Prime Minister Stefán Jóhann Stefánsson decided that Iceland should join NATO in March 1949, with the condition that the US military would not maintain troops in the country during peacetime. This condition, however, was informal, and nowhere explicitly stated in the agreement. The Socialist Party was the only Icelandic political party opposed to NATO membership. Iceland had prospered during the war, and the immediate post-war period was followed by substantial economic growth, driven by industrialisation of the fishing industry and the Marshall Plan programme, through which Icelanders received by far the most aid per capita from the United States of any European country (at USD 209, with the war-ravaged Netherlands a distant second at USD 109).[5][6] This may have influenced the Icelanders' willingness to co-operate with the United States.[7][8] In 1951, a new agreement was made with the United States through NATO. According to this defense treaty, the United States accepted full responsibility for the defence of Iceland for an unspecified period of time. This new agreement annulled the Keflavík Agreement. Iceland as an ally of the United States United States F-15 at Keflavík Air Base. From 1951, the United States maintained several thousand troops and several jet interceptors in the Keflavík Air Base; this was the Iceland Defense Force. The US military did not leave the country until 2006. Although Iceland remained allied with the US throughout the Cold War, the country continued to trade with the Soviet Union, and domestic opposition to the US military presence was strong, led by the Icelandic Anti-War Movement (Icelandic: Samtök hernámsandstæðinga, later Samtök herstöðvarandstæðinga). Leverage in the Cod Wars During the so-called Cod Wars, disputes with the United Kingdom over fishing-rights in the North Atlantic Ocean, the Icelandic government pressured the United States for support against the British, threatening to close the Keflavík Air Base unless its demands were met. His experience in dealing with Icelanders during the Cod Wars caused US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to comment that Iceland was the most arrogant small nation he had encountered.[9] 1986 Reagan-Gorbachev Summit in Reykjavík Höfði, site of the 1986 Reykjavík Summit. Iceland hosted a summit in Reykjavík in 1986 between United States President Ronald Reagan and Soviet Premier Mikhail Gorbachev, during which they took significant steps toward nuclear disarmament. Only a few years later, in 1991, when Jón Baldvin Hannibalsson was foreign minister, Iceland would become the first country to recognize the independence of Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania as they broke away from the Soviet Union. The End of the Cold War The flag of Iceland being raised and the flag of the United States being lowered as the US hands over the Keflavík Air Base to the Government of Iceland. By the end of the Cold War, the town of Keflavík on the Reykjanes peninsula had become economically dependent on the US Air Base. Icelandic politicians lobbied US policy-makers, encouraging them to maintain the Icelandic Defense Force, even as Iceland's location ceased to be strategically important following the cessation of hostile rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. In 2006, the US made the unilateral decision to close the base and withdraw its troops, over the protests of Independence Party and Progressive Party politicians, many of whom felt betrayed by the US military abandonment of Iceland. Under the government of Halldór Ásgrímsson, a diplomatic mission was sent to Washington, D.C. to persuade the US military to stay, but it met with no success. Iceland remains a member of NATO and is still under the military protection of the United States, even if the economic benefits of the US military presence are gone. With the withdrawal of US forces, the country's military co-operation with other allied NATO countries, such as Norway, has increased. ^ Gunnar Karlsson (2000): 58-63. ^ Gunnar Karlsson og Sigurður Ragnarsson (2006): 271. ^ Gunnar Karlsson (2000): 62. ^ Árni Daníel Júlíusson og Jón Ólafur Ísberg (2005): 376. ^ Vísindavefurinn: ''Hversu há var Marshallaðstoðin sem Ísland fékk eftir seinni heimsstyrjöld?''. Visindavefur.hi.is (2003-05-13). Retrieved on 2012-04-28. ^ Pathbreakers: Small European Countries Responding to Globalisation and DeglobalisationMargrit Müller, , p. 385. ^ http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FbXcW6BrC4IC&pg=PA10&dq=arrogant+kissinger+iceland&hl=en&sa=X&ei=RlzoT4aXNob-8gPEgbnWCg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=arrogant%20kissinger%20iceland&f=false Árni Daníel Júlíusson & Jón Ólafur Ísberg. Íslands sagan í máli og myndum. (Reykjavík: Mál og menning, 2005). Gunnar Karlsson. Íslandssaga í stuttu máli. (Reykjavík: Mál og menning, 2000). Gunnar Karlsson & Sigurður Ragnarsson. Nýir tímar. Saga Íslands og umheimsins frá lokum 18. aldar til árþúsundamóta. (Reykjavík: Mál og menning, 2006). Iceland topics Christianisation Sturlung Era Danish trade monopoly Independence Movement Cod Wars 2008–11 financial crisis Króna (currency) Outvasion Icelanders National costume History of Iceland Cold War history by country Norway, Reykjavík, Sweden, Constituencies of Iceland, Christianity New York City, United States, American Civil War, Hawaii, Western United States Jimmy Carter, Richard Nixon, Republican Party (United States), Gerald Ford, Berlin Wall Sweden, Finland, Iceland, Denmark, Norway Iceland, Norway, Nato, World War I, World War II Iceland in World War II Iceland, World War II, Nazi Germany, United States, Belgium in World War II Danish–Icelandic Trade Monopoly Iceland, Age of the Sturlungs, Iceland in World War II, Hamburg, Sweden Icelandic independence movement Iceland, Age of the Sturlungs, Kingdom of Iceland, Iceland in World War II, Sweden Icelandic Commonwealth Iceland, Age of the Sturlungs, Althing, History of Iceland, Settlement of Iceland	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2315
__label__wiki	0.702006	0.702006	fenwayfanatics.com Home to Boston Red Sox fans everywhere Franchise Timeline Year-to-Year Results F – L Owners and Team Presidents Boston Red Sox Hall of Fame Fenway Park History Before Fenway Forgotten Features Familiar Features Center Field Triangle CITGO Sign Fisk Pole Manual Scoreboard Monster Seats Pesky Pole The Lone Red Seat Tickets!!! Even though there has been an electronic scoreboard above the bleacher seats in center field at Fenway Park for many years (since replaced in 2011 by a high-definition screen), fans often refer to the manual scoreboard at the base of the Green Monster to keep track of the action on the field and at other parks around the league. This feature was installed in 1934 and it is one of the few remaining manually-operated scoreboards in baseball. During every home game, there are three operators inside the left field wall that work to keep the scoreboard as up-to-date as possible. Green and red lights signal the number of balls, strikes, and outs, 16-inch-square numbers are used to indicate runs and hits, and 12-by-16 inch square numbers are used to show errors, innings, and the number of the current pitcher. In the mid-1970s, the wall was remodeled and the scoreboard was changed to only show out-of-town American League scores; however, in 2003, the National League scores were added back to the scoreboard, though these scores may only be updated between innings. Another update in 2005 added a reference to the current standings in the American League East. Also, if you look closely, you will find the initials of former owners Thomas A. Yawkey and his wife Jean R. Yawkey written in Morse code. This site is not affiliated with the Boston Red Sox organization, Fenway Park, or Major League Baseball. Like Us of Facebook World Series Championship Repeat Begins with Opening Day 15 Years Later, There Are No Regrets Did You Know? – Extra Inning Shutouts Bring On The Robots, and (Most) Everyone Will Be Happy Did You Know? – Three Home Runs By One Player In A Single Game TicketNetwork fenwayfanatics.com Proudly powered by WordPress	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2320
__label__cc	0.557649	0.442351	Aven Colony (Xbox One) PC, Xbox One, PlayStation 4 Real-Time Sci-Fi Strategy Simulation Aven Colony Review Nobody told me settling a new planet would be this relaxing! By Daniel Acaba ( Sep 6, 2017 ) View our ratings guide Simple but fun gameplay; beautiful alien world; interesting story for campaign; easy to get into; very relaxed atmosphere. Buildings are hard to distinguish; campaign story is incomplete; very little sense of progress to campaign. When it comes to strategy games I tend to like them relatively easy to understand. I’m more apt to sing the praises of Civilization than I am Europa Universalis for example. I’ve spent countless hour with Galactic Cilivations 1 and 2 but can barely get into the X series of games. So, when a game is a bit on the easy side I don’t exactly mind it but I’d prefer there to be some more meat on the bones. Aven Colony is in a rather weird place in that regard. It’s not exactly what I would classify as an easy game but it is an intensely simple one. How that resonates with you is really going to depend on what you want from your strategy games. When you boot up the game you’re presented with a very simple, but effective, setup. A colony ship is hovering in orbit over Aven Prime, a habitable world that is going to be humanity’s first space colony. You will step into the role of a colonial governor. It’s up to you to help settle multiple colonies across the planet. This is brought to you via a pretty interesting story as you go through each of the campaign levels. These levels are relatively easy to begin with and they serve as an introduction to how the game is meant to be played. Each of your various advisors aboard the home ship will be giving you objectives to complete that help guide your colony to success. As you complete these objectives you will be given the choice of supplies, nanites (money) or even settlers. This is good since it does guide you on how to properly build a functional settlement while also giving you bonuses for doing so. In many ways, this allows the campaign to serve as a tutorial for the sandbox mode where you can set things up to be much more complicated if you so prefer. However, if you’re the sort of player who hates being told what to do when playing a strategy game this will grate on you very quickly so you should probably jump over to sandbox ASAP. You would miss out on the story if you did this but, oddly enough, the storyline has no real conclusion. It just sort of… ends. There’s no conclusion to it so it seems like they’re going to make us wait for more content before it resolves. Not exactly ideal. With that said even though the campaign is fun, giving you a tutorial feels kind of unnecessary. Aven Colony has a very limited amount of buildings you need to deal with and even less actual problems to monitor within a colony. When you look at the menus you might initially think to yourself “That’s a lot of buildings.” but you’ll quickly realize that’s only because the construction wheel has all the various upgraded forms of buildings on it. For example, when looking at the wheel you might see nine choices for drone structures only to realize that it’s only three actual buildings. On top of that there’s only really six different things to manage in your colony. Food, water, electricity, air quality, morale and minerals. Each of these things are pretty easily figured out with very slight confusion. Food is a bit odd in where they must be placed but easily figured out. Air quality needs to be placed near certain other buildings to cancel out their negative impact on the colony, that’s fine. Honestly only morale requires any explanation. There’s various types of morale to deal so explaining this makes some sense. The rest of it is so basic it doesn’t really need the hand holding. I can see what the developers were doing, and why, it just doesn’t feel necessary. There is a nice series of complications brought on by the planet though. You’ll have to contend with alien plague spores infesting your colonists, giant worms and shard storms damaging your buildings or alien fungus infecting your buildings. Each of these have a counter to them, mostly involving setting up turrets and hoping they shoot them down, but these act as natural disasters would in a game like Tropico. You can even have workers who refuse to do their jobs due to unhappiness requiring you to use social directives to force them to work, only serving to upset your people even more. Another issue with Aven Colony is it’s one of those games where every level you’re starting from scratch. I realize that this is to let you build your colony in your own way but it tends to make it feel like you’re not actually having much impact on the expedition. There’s only one mission where you take over a partially built colony and I found rescuing this screwed up mess to be one of the more enjoyable missions. That said, this simplicity does work out in the games favor. There’s almost nothing stopping someone who isn’t great at strategy games from picking this up and having a good time with it. Within about two hours of starting the game you should know everything you need to know to start messing around in sandbox, upping the difficulty on the campaign missions and everything in between. Some might not appreciate this and find the game lacking in complexity but there is something to be said for a game you can sit back and relax with. Perhaps the biggest problem here is really the visuals. While the alien planet is beautifully realized the colony itself is just intensely boring to look at. Most buildings can be told apart with time but some are incredibly samey. For the longest time I couldn’t tell a storage depot from the chemical refinery or mill. The palette for the buildings should have really been expanded on. Some of the most important buildings, like residential or entertainment structures, are easy enough to tell apart. I just wish that had been extended to the rest of the game. One place where Aven Colony did not disappoint is the sound department. I didn’t expect much when I found out that the campaign was voiced but each of the five voice actors does a very good job with their character. More importantly though is that the music for the game is so intensely relaxing that it just helps ease you into the experience. If I really had to boil Aven Colony down into one word, that word would be relaxing. It’s not the most aggressively deep strategy game on the market nor the most difficult. This is a game that is content to let you sit back, enjoy the music and build an awesome colony on an alien planet. Sometimes that’s really all you want for your money. If you’re coming into this expecting a very deep, challenging experience you will very likely leave disappointed. About this Review The primary platform in which our evaluation was conducted for the basis of this review is the Xbox One version of the game.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2322
__label__wiki	0.882074	0.882074	formulas news Fractals founder Mandlebrot dies 18 Ottobre 2010 12 Settembre 2019 Maria Giulia Delli Colli 0 Commenti David Burt on yaledailynews.com Sterling Professor Emeritus of Mathematics Benoit Mandelbrot, who coined the term “fractal” and founded the field of fractal geometry, died on Thursday from pancreatic cancer. He was 85. Mandelbrot was in Cambridge, Massachusetts, where he had lived since he retired from his position at Yale in 2005, at the time of his death. He is most famous for his Mandelbrot Set, which is a map of mathematical outcomes that creates a fractal, a mesmerizing image often found on t-shirts and posters around the world. His work provides insight into fields other than mathematics, including physics, geology, finance and history, professors said. “He revolutionized geometry and made it possible to think about measurements and visualization of forms through an entirely new kind of geometry,” Yale College Dean Mary Miller said. “Visualization of fractals is fundamental to college and university study now.” Miller particularly remembered an evening in the academic year 2001-2002 when Mandelbrot held a group of fellows “absolutely riveted” with the story of how he developed his work. Colleagues remembered Mandelbrot as an innovator who changed the way they thought about their fields. Fractals had been around before Mandelbrot began analyzing them, but mathematicians viewed them as exotic and not worth studying, said Chair of the Mathematics Department Yair Minsky. Mandelbrot realized that fractals have many concrete applications, such as in the movement of planets, Minsky said. Mandelbrot famously figured out how to measure the coastline of England, observing that zooming in on a piece of jagged coast revealed infinite irregularity, and no amount of “zooming in” would produce a straight line, Minsky said. Therefore, Mandelbrot determined, the coastline of England is infinite in a sense, and the best approximation of the length of a coastline is a fractal curve, Minsky said. History professor John Gaddis taught his students about Mandelbrot’s work last fall in his freshmen seminar, “What History Teaches.” Because each small part of a fractal is a replica of the entire image, Mandelbrot’s work helped him to explain that history is infinitely complex, no matter the size of the time period, he said. One day during World War II and the whole of the war both have an infinite number of moving parts, he told his class last year. “[Mandelbrot’s] work was extraordinarily helpful to me in providing ways to visualize patterns of self-similarity across scale in history,” Gaddis said. “He, in turn, was pleased to learn that his mathematics had had this unexpected application.” While at Yale, Mandelbrot taught a course on fractals with mathematics professor Michael Frame, and the two colleagues also went to local high schools to educate geometry teachers on how to incorporate Mandelbrot’s work into their teaching, Minsky said. Minsky said Frame and Mandelbrot worked closely together. Frame declined to comment Sunday. Mandelbrot worked as a researcher for IBM from 1958 until he took a position at Yale in 1987, Minsky said. His many awards include the 1993 Wolf Prize for Physics and the 2003 Japan Prize for Science and Technology. ← National Poetry Day: unlock the mathematical secrets of verse Dave Benson, “Music: A Mathematical Offering” → 15 Gennaio 2013 Maria Giulia Delli Colli 0 2010 Jamaican Mathematical Olympiad Awards 12 Maggio 2010 Maria Giulia Delli Colli 0 Architettura on the Rock – Festa della musica 21 giugno 21 Giugno 2019 Paola Magrone 0	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2326
__label__wiki	0.932588	0.932588	State human-relations agency will accept LGBT antibias complaints Advocates are praising a recent decision by the Pennsylvania Human Relations Commission to accept LGBT antibias complaints as a form of sex discrimination. In April 2017, the agency proposed guidance that would allow it to accept LGBT-related complaints, even though the state’s antibias law doesn’t explicitly cover sexual orientation and gender identity. In response to the proposed guidance, PHRC received about 8,000 comments from the public — many opposing the move. But at a July 31 public meeting, PHRC commissioners gave the measure final approval in a 7-1 vote. Commissioner Gerald S. Robinson cast the lone “no” vote. He couldn’t be reached for comment. “We are pleased to move forward with this guidance. It will help provide clarity to all Pennsylvanians regarding their rights,” said PHRC executive director Chad D. Lassiter in an Aug. 17 email. The new guidance states that PHRC will investigate a complaint of LGBT discrimination as a sex-discrimination complaint. PHRC investigates antibias complaints in the areas of employment, housing, public accommodations, commercial property, and education. State and federal antibias laws explicitly ban sex discrimination in those areas. Sara Rose, staff attorney at the ACLU of Pennsylvania, commended PHRC for approving the new guidance, noting that it extends antibias protections to people in the state who weren’t previously covered. State Rep. Michael Schlossberg (D-Allentown) echoed Rose’s sentiments. “This is necessary. For too long, LGBT Pennsylvanians have been subjected to discrimination without any remedy. However, this isn’t the final step forward, and it’s not enough. We must pass the LGBT Fairness Act now, in order to ensure that all LGBT Pennsylvanians can be free from discrimination in any public setting,” Schlossberg said. Rue Landau, executive director of the Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations, also noted the need for a statewide LGBT-inclusive antibias law. “We in Philadelphia have long known that laws prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity in employment, housing, public accommodations and education are essential,” Landau said. “In our city, providing equal protection under the law for our LGBTQ community has created safer and stronger communities and a stronger economy. The PHRC’s guidance is a big step in the right direction for equal protection of LGBTQ individuals throughout the commonwealth. But it does not replace the need to enact comprehensive nondiscrimination legislation at the state level.” Justin Robinette, a local civil-rights attorney, applauded PHRC for approving the new guidance. “All LGBT discrimination is sex discrimination,” Robinette told PGN. “The guidance appears to recognize that fact. It’s in line with recent court rulings on the subject. As a civil-rights attorney who’s represented numerous victims of anti-LGBT bias, I intend to carefully monitor how PHRC implements its new guidance.” But Jeremy L. Samek, senior legal counsel at the conservative Independence Law Center, based in Harrisburg, blasted the new guidance as “problematic, because similar laws have been applied broadly and without common-sense limitations, and have operated to take away liberties and protections that affect all of us, members in the LGBTQ community included,” he said in an Aug. 17 email. PHRC is authorized by state law to investigate antibias complaints and to award financial damages to victims if their complaints are found to be substantiated. The agency has 75 staffers and an annual budget of more than $10 million. The new measure means that SEPTA, the region’s public-transit agency, will be subjected to potential LGBT antibias complaints. SEPTA challenged the City of Philadelphia in court for nine years, from 2008-17, claiming it wasn’t subject to LGBT antibias complaints under the city’s antidiscrimination law. SEPTA contended that as a state agency, the PHRC had jurisdiction over it, while the Philadelphia Commission on Human Relations didn’t. The state Supreme Court ultimately ruled in favor of SEPTA, which has about 9,000 workers and about 4-million riders. A spokesperson for SEPTA had no comment about the new guidance.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2327
__label__wiki	0.980868	0.980868	By Jeff Carlisle Nani near deal to move from Sporting CP to Orlando City in MLS - sources With MLS stars grabbing the attention of clubs overseas, the ESPN FC panel assess how the league is viewed in Europe. Former Manchester United midfielder Nani is in the final stages of completing a deal that will see him move to Orlando City, sources have confirmed to ESPN FC. If the deal is completed, Nani will be a designated player. Record was the first to report the news of Nani's link to the MLS club. Nani, 32, had been in his third stint with Portuguese side Sporting CP, but the club has been looking to reduce its wage bill, hastening the player's exit. Nani scored eight goals in 27 league and cup appearances this season. He has also been on the books of Fenerbahce, Valencia and Lazio in recent seasons. Nani won several titles with Manchester United and was part of the Portugal squad that won Euro 2016. Nani's best years came with Manchester United, where he spent parts of eight seasons and scored 40 goals in 230 league and cup appearances. During his time with the Red Devils he won four Premier League titles, two League Cups and a UEFA Champions League crown in 2008. At international level Nani has made 124 appearances, scoring 24 goals. He was part of the team that claimed Euro 2016, and he also represented Portugal at the 2014 World Cup. If the deal is completed, Nani's arrival will create roster difficulties for Orlando, who already have the maximum number of DPs on their roster in Dom Dwyer, Sacha Kljestan and Josue Colman. According to data from the Major League Soccer Players Union, all three players made under $1.5 million last season. If that is still the case for 2019, any one of them could have their salary cap hit reduced through the use of Targeted Allocation Money, thus allowing them to not count as a DP.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2328
__label__wiki	0.631987	0.631987	Countries Kyrgyzstan Multimedia Photo story – Thousands vaccinated in Kyrgyzstan seasonal influenza immunization campaign WHO Country Office Photo story – Thousands vaccinated in Kyrgyzstan seasonal influenza immunization campaign In November 2017, the Ministry of Health of Kyrgyzstan together with the WHO Country Office organized a national month-long campaign to promote seasonal influenza vaccination among the people most vulnerable to the disease. Since the influenza season usually starts late in the year and peaks in December to January in Kyrgyzstan, November is an optimal time to receive a vaccine. The nation-wide campaign was made possible as the Ministry received 105 000 doses of influenza vaccine under the Partnership for Influenza Vaccine Introduction (PIVI) project, in addition to the 70 000 doses procured by the country. The PIVI project is coordinated by the Task Force forGlobal Health and funded by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). WHO facilitated the donation and ensured that health-care workers were trained to administer the vaccines across the country. Targeted groups included older people, pregnant women, people with chronic diseases, and residents of institutions for older people and the disabled. Vaccination was also recommended for health-care workers due to their increased exposure and risk of infection. ECDC/WHO Europe joint statement: Low uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination in Europe may jeopardise capacity to protect people in next pandemic	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2329
__label__wiki	0.682775	0.682775	Health topics Health policy Health 2020: the European policy for health and well-being High-level Conference on Health Equity opens – achieve, accelerate and influence About Health 2020 Implementation package High-level Conference on Health Equity opens – achieve, accelerate and influence Tamino Petelinsek/STA Setting the scene for the forthcoming days, the Dance Theatre Ljubljana, under the choreography of Rosana Hribar, performed a modern dance routine that brought the conference themes of “achieve, accelerate and influence” vibrantly to life. The dance emphasized that peace is the underlying condition that must be consistently cultivated and nurtured for all of us and society to thrive and prosper. Conference opening Opening the proceedings, Mr Aleš Šabeder, Minister of Health, Slovenia, welcomed over 200 delegates spanning a range of policy sectors and agencies, from academia, government and civil society, in 36 countries across the WHO European Region. Noting that Slovenia has a long tradition of focusing on health equity dating back to a commitment to health for all from the 1920s, the Minister recognized that recent and growing health inequities require innovative approaches. He explained that Slovenia works across sectors, gathering local and regional partners to address health inequities. In concluding, Minister Šabeder underlined his commitment to implementing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, ensuring that no one is left behind, by prioritizing access to health services, including screening, prevention and promotion initiatives for the most vulnerable. Via video, Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Deputy Director-General and WHO Regional Director for Europe, acknowledged the challenges in reducing health inequities, but sounded an optimistic note, “We are here today to share good news. We know through experience that reducing health inequities is politically doable; we have evidence that it is economically viable; and we now have the authority to act thanks to public support”. How equity is essential to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was a theme picked up by Dr Piroska Östlin, Acting WHO Regional Director for Europe, in her opening address. “Whilst our attention and hard work across the Region has meant we’re on track to achieve many SDGs, we are struggling with one important one that will help us to achieve health equity. SDG 10, reducing inequity, is the only SDG which is not improving in our Region. To achieve SDG 10, indeed to achieve all the SDGs, we need concrete and tailored national and local actions, to bring positive change to the lives and health of all people in our Region,” she said. Health Equity Status Report Initiative and policy tool Ms Chris Brown, Head of the WHO European Office for Investment for Health and Development then walked delegates through some of the initial findings of the Health Equity Status Report Initiative. Efforts to address health inequities have been hampered by misconceptions that the issues involved are too complex, and actions have no political support, are not achievable, they cannot be prioritized, are not based on data and are unaccountable. The health equity initiative was established to set a baseline to measure progress, understand what can be done better, demystify the conditions affecting equity and build a stronger transnational political voice, explained Ms Brown. Although almost a billion people in the WHO European Region now enjoy a life expectancy of 78 years on average, inequities in health exist in every country, she added. What is needed is action across 5 essential conditions that influence health equity, with policies and interventions built around accountability, policy coherence, empowerment and participation. The Health Equity Policy Tool developed as part of the initiative shows countries the 51 most effective measures for reducing health inequities and will help policy-makers to make informed decisions. Ms Brown underlined the widespread momentum supporting action, commenting, “The public are concerned about growing inequalities, and they want to see action”. The subsequent panel discussion presented different ways of making the case for health equity across a range of constituencies, including emphasizing WHO’s 5-year global programme of work, mapping the gender equity gap, promoting the European Social Charter, bringing equity into all the SDGs and appealing to health professionals to address the social determinants of health. Asked how to ensure that doctors advocate for the social determinants of health, Professor Sir Michael Marmot, Director of the University College London Institute of Health Equity commented, “Doctors recognize that if people are getting sick through no fault of their own, but through social circumstances, that isn’t fair. They believe in social justice – appeal to this”. There was broad consensus among delegates that political choices and policies must be made with engagement from end users. Parallel sessions Four parallel sessions brought out rich discussions on universal health coverage, investing in living conditions, work and employment conditions, and income security and social protection. In sum, these sessions recognized the need for strengthening partnerships and harnessing interlinkages for health equity, the need for better and disaggregated data, that social value is as important as economic value and that simple innovations can have a big impact. Achieve: creating the conditions and removing the barriers for all to prosper and flourish This evening plenary session at the end of the first day began with an interactive poll, which asked the audience whether they agreed with the statement, “In my country, everyone has a chance to succeed in life”. Only 8% of the audience responded that they “totally agree” with the statement, echoing the findings of similar large-scale polls that have revealed strong public support for addressing health inequities. Once again, panel members underlined the need to bring about a culture change that recognizes the social value of health equity. “We need a change of attitude, and a change in priorities. We must use political pressure to make health a priority across government – not just in speeches but backed with sufficient financing,” commented Ms Ilze Viņķele, Minister of Health of Latvia. Mr Vaughan Gething, Minister for Health and Social Services, Welsh Government, United Kingdom, summed up a common thread of the day’s discussions, concluding, “Changing people’s attitudes isn’t easy, but it is powerful. It’s about people understanding they are the biggest decision-makers in their own lives, but we stand beside them”. Five conditions must be met to achieve health equity, says WHO Message from WHO Deputy Director-General Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab Healthy, Prosperous Lives for all in the European Region – High-level Conference on Health Equity	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2330
__label__wiki	0.648496	0.648496	Ink, coffee stains, technical pen and gouache on paper 89 x 63cm Details from the drawing: About Brave Oleander Oleander is possibly the most toxic garden plant. It is poisonous in every part, and is lethal to mammals such as humans and dogs. It is said for this reason that its name comes from the Greek ‘Ollyo’ which means 'I kill', and the Greek noun for man, 'aner' or 'andros’. It was used in primitive cultures to poison arrows (echoed in the ‘arial map’ depicted in the drawing, which the insects navigate). Oleander flowers are very beautiful, and were the first to bloom on the toxic radioactive wastes of Hiroshima after the 1945 nuclear bombing, when it was thought that the soil would be unable to support growth for at least 75 years (hence the title ‘Brave Oleander’). The plant blooms in the summertime, especially around the time of the anniversary of the atomic bombing, when the flowers reach full bloom. I drew an analogy between oleander and red poppies from European culture, which were the first to bloom on the bomb sites of WW2 in France and the UK, and used both in the drawing. Despite oleander’s toxicity, oleander seeds and leaves are used to make medicine (just as the poppy itself is a two-edged medical sword). It acts like digitalis, and is used in the treatment of mild heart conditions (as well as a wide range of other complaints and diseases). The drawing begins at the top left with a recipe which has been used for the treatment of mild heart failure; a fixed combination of oleander leaf powdered extract, pheasant's eye fluid extract, lily-of-the-valley fluid extract, and squill powdered extract. The drawing is flooded with stains suggestive of poisoned air, which I made using coffee; caffeine is intoxicating to insects and spiders. The work is studded with black droplets also suggestive of poison (to my mind the shapes resemble the old apothecary flask signboards which used to hang outside every chemist’s shop). Other themes of poison appear with the presence of fly agaric, which mimics the shape of the deathly mushroom cloud of a nuclear explosion. The insects which occupy the centre of the drawing are rising up, borne by balloons of their own ingenious making. Insects, apparently, are quite capable of surviving radiation due to their minute scale and slow cell division; in this drawing, oblivious of surrounding toxicity, they pursue a creative and positive path following their own curiosity through which they express themes of hope, just as scientists pursued their own research to exploit poisons to make medicine. As in ‘Falling From Trees’, it is the story told by insects who populate the drawings which winds in texts throughout the work.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2337
__label__cc	0.613501	0.386499	SākumsAdjustment of Expatriates in the Baltic States Adjustment of Expatriates in the Baltic States Kaunas University of Technology Technical University Dortmund To highlight the main challenges of expatriates’ adjustment in the Baltic States. Seminar Possibilities and challenges of adjustment of expatriates in the Baltic states were delivered at Kaunas University of Technology, School of Economics and Business, Gedimino str. 50, Kaunas, Lithuania, on 22-09-2017. Project partners, participants from business, society and academicians took part in this seminar. Workshop on designing methodology of business expatriates’ adjustment and steps for conducting study was organized at Kaunas University of Technology, School of Economics and Business, Gedimino str. 50, Kaunas, Lithuania. Open lecture Challenges of adjustment of expat knowledge workers in Central and Eastern European context, delivered by prof. L.Leisyte (Germany) at Kaunas University of Technology, School of Economics and Business, Gedimino str. 50-117, Kaunas, Lithuania, 22-09-2017. Open lecture How to pre-empt organizational crises through innovation and entrepreneurship, delivered by prof. R.Alas (Estonia) at Kaunas University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Design, Studentų St. 56-154, Kaunas, Lithuania, 21-09-2017. Open lecture Expatriation experiences in China and Austria, delivered by B.Scharrer (Latvia/German) at Kaunas University of Technology, School of Economics and Business, Gedimino str. 50-333, Kaunas, Lithuania, 20-09-2017. Open lecture at TU Dortmund, delivered by prof. V.Kumpikaite-Valiuniene, dr. J. Duobiene (Lithuania), A.-L. Rose (TU Dortmund) Vogelpothsweg 78, TU Dortmund, Germany, 29-11-2017 7 partner participants, who took part in this project. 2 discussants from business and academia, not partners of this project. 26 interviewed expatriates (4 in Germany, 4 in Latvia, 10 expatriates in Lithuania and 8 expatriates in Estonia (totally 26). Indirect: 11 members of academic staff who participated in the seminar from Kaunas University of Technology and other Universities. 18 students from Kaunas university of technology and other institutions, who participated in the seminar in Kaunas University of Technology and other Universities . 9 society members (expatriates, businessmen, other people) interested in an event participated in this seminar. 83 students and 12 other guests, who participated in lectures of Prof. L.Leisyte, Prof. R.Alas and B. Scharrer at KTU. 30 students and 8 academics who participated in the lecture of Prof. Kumpikaite-Valiuniene, J.Duobiene and A.L. Rose in TU Dortmund. Society in Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Germany those who will read articles about event published in media.	cc/2020-05/en_head_0058.json.gz/line2342

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