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UC San Diego Biology Professor Named Howard Hughes Medical Institute Investigator
By Susan Brown
The Howard Hughes Medical Institute today named UC San Diego biology professor Massimo Scanziani an HHMI investigator for his work on how the brain makes sense of a changing and complex flow of incoming information.
Denis Poroy/AP, ©HHMI
HHMI investigators are chosen for their creative approach to research, provided with research funds and given the opportunity to pursue the most promising leads, even if those move the project in risk-taking new directions. Scanziani was one of 56 investigators chosen this year by the institute, a nonprofit medical research organization established in 1953 by the late aviator-industrialist Howard Hughes, from among 1,070 applicants.
Scanziani studies the neural wiring of the cortex, the part of the brain that processes thought, emotion and perceptions. "The mystique of the brain is in the cortex," Scanziani explains. "I want to understand how thought and sensation are organized in time and space." The cortex is the largest part of the mammalian brain and the area most closely associated with higher brain functions such as reasoning, language and memory.
Neurons send signals with millisecond timing through neural connections that allow us to recognize an image in a painting, register an odor or retrieve a memory. Scanziani's research group studies a class of cells called inhibitory interneurons, which route traffic through brain circuits, directing neuronal impulses to make sure messages flow smoothly. "You need neurons that inhibit activity in the brain and neurons that promote activity," Scanziani says. "You need green and red signals."
Scanziani's lab has found that inhibitory interneurons, the "red lights", interact with excitatory neurons, the "green lights", in characteristic ways, even when the circuits are found in different parts of the brain, an indication that these patterns of connection form basic building blocks for organizing the cortex.
Scanziani examines these simple circuits by recording the electrical activity of individual neurons in slices of rodent brains, which can be kept alive for short periods in a dish. They have found that individual inhibitory interneurons can dramatically alter the function of complete circuits.
Scanziani's work has also shown how nerve cells sort through a barrage of incoming information. His group has found that interneurons are tuned in to particular patterns among the neural signals. Some simply respond to the arrival of a new neural impulse. Others are sensitive to more specific properties such as the tempo of a train of impulses.
As an HHMI investigator, Scanziani plans to extend his experiments to whole brains in living animals. His team is developing tools that will allow it to activate, silence or even eliminate circuits in animal models.
"We think the basic behaviors of the circuits can be repeated in the intact animal," he says.
A resident of San Diego, Scanziani received his B.S. in biochemistry from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology and his Ph.D. in neurophysiology from the University of Zurich and Swiss Federal Institute of Technology. He has received a Dargut Kemali Prize for Basic Neuroscience, a Pfizer Foundation Prize for Basic Neuroscience Research and two Kavli Innovation Research Awards.
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BIOTOPE’s third year anniversary
BIOTOPE was founded on this day, three years ago. There have been big changes also in this third year.
1. Redesigned company website
http://biotope.co.jp/
The concept of BIOTOPE started out at the beta stage, but after three years we have found the base ideals, worldview and methodologies that we as a company want to value. Since we can be said to have finally grown up, we have reformed both our website and our brand logo.
BIOTOPE is a co-creative strategic design firm that blows life into each individual’s imagination and vision by rethinking businesses and organizations as living organisms. Our new tagline is “Become yourself”. Our basic approach remains the same: we support people in giving shape to their visions from a design, business and engineering perspective, and involve their own and other organizations in implementing their vision in reality. But we do not simply create something new from scratch. Instead, we value the history of the individual and the organization, and give shape to their latent imagination. This process produces something new that belongs solely to that person or organization. We put a high value on supporting in this process of carving out the buddha statue that is already inside a piece of wood, which results in the creation of something organic, long-lasting and unique. The tagline “Become yourself” is our attempt at putting this creator philosophy into words.
The company name has been changed from “biotope” to “BIOTOPE” in all caps, in part to represent that the company has grown up. We will always be a kuroko, the stage assistants of kabuki theater that dress in all-black. But we wish to be professional kuroko that are also active in a global context. The color black represents the pursuit of true essence. We have created a logo that expresses our role as a kuroko that pursues true essence, and works as an intermediary, in an ecosystem.
2. More members
In addition to strategic designers/creative catalysts and designers, we have put together a new engineering team. We have started up many in-house laboratory projects, and are improving our capability to make realistic prototypes. We now have almost 10 full-time members, and including temporary members our organization consists of 25 people. One of our members has moved to Berlin, so we now also have a presence in Europe.
3. New office
We are still in Futako-Tamagawa, but have moved to a new office. Our new office is on the 5th floor, by a terrace with a beautiful view of Kaminoge’s green space and Gotoh Museum. Please do come and visit.
Starting out as a company that hardly knew how to walk, we have come a long way. That we have managed to get this far is thanks to the support of all our partners and clients. This year, we hope to take on more overseas projects, and more opportunities to focus some themes to proactively realize the future visions. In addition to topics that we have worked with over the years, such as IT, electronics and cars, we have lately been expanding to the worlds of sports, food and drink, and outer space. In particular, we wish to actively work on supporting the creators of culture.
The new BIOTOPE looks forward to working with you.
Founder/CEO of BIOTOPE
Kunitake Saso
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How NVIDIA Delivered Hairier Effects for Your Favorite Games
August 9, 2013 by David Murphy
Nothing against old-school gaming, but nobody likes Final Fantasy VII hair.
You know what we’re talking about — the digital look that re-creates what would happen if a character poured jars of $2 hair gel into a drum, flipped upside-down, dunked his noggin’ in, and let the mess dry in front of an industrial heater. And to think, Final Fantasy VII was at the top of its game in 1997.
The world of 3D modeling has come a long way since then. And there’s more coming, thanks to the work NVIDIA has put into its APEX physical simulation framework and PhysX real-time physics engine.
APEX is already being used to make clothes that billow and flow as a character moves or their environment changes. In BioShock Infinite, for example, the APEX clothing module allows for the real-time simulation of Elizabeth’s iconic blue dress.
The next step: applying that technology to hair. The Witcher 3: Wild Hunt, due next year, will be one of the first major titles to use NVIDIA’s new Hair/Fur APEX module, giving the hair, clothing, and fur of beasts and Witchers a flowing, lifelike look.
How does this work? Spoiler: it’s complicated. There’s a reason video games have typically lacked a strong simulation system for modeling tens of thousands of separate hair strands, in real-time. Our latest generation of GPUs – based on Kepler architecture – provides the power and efficiency to handle that kind of workload.
APEX provides the software smarts, thanks to the “Follow the Leader” technique, which treats individual strands of hair like chains of individual particles – as if a piece of hair was made out of a strand of pearls. Each ‘pearl’ has to exist within a particular radius from the one preceding it in the chain. So when the first pearl in the ‘strand’ moves, the second pearl naturally gravitates towards the closest point within the set radius of the first pearl. The third pearl follows, and then the fourth, et cetera. Easy.
It’s a trickier in a dynamic environment, especially when the “Follow the Leader” system assigns the last particle in a strand an overwhelming amount of kinetic energy. This causes the “hair” to fly around chaotically, as seen in the video below:
The solution: a correction to the velocity equation these “pearls” use when interacting with a dynamic environment. This requires a careful balance: one that preserves the realism and fluid motion of the strand without introducing a “dampening,” or loss of intensity, into the movement.
Hair Meets… Hair
Interactions between individual hair strands are handled by dividing the velocities and densities of their particles within a set space to create a single average. This average is then applied to each particle’s velocity to create a sense of friction, or the degree to which these particles’ velocities should be modified based on the interference of their surrounding environment.
Interestingly, interactions between hair and chunkier characters often don’t even need their own system or equation to be processed. If a character is rocking a shorter haircut, the “hair-hair” interaction model previously described works well to simulate the hair strands’ collisions with, say, a character’s head.
If the hair and the skin attached to it are a similar color, the “hair-hair” interaction model might not even be necessary. Otherwise, longer hair requires a collision volume to be set up – a series of eight geometric shapes (3D ellipses, in this case) that allow PhysX to detect interaction between hair and objects and respond appropriately. Clever. One could say it’s even… shear genius.
Tags: GeForce
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Melyssa Ford Covers KING Magazine’s Winter 2010 Issue
Posted in 1 on October 21, 2010 by bobbybounce
M.Ford covers the Winter ’10 issue of KING.
KING: While reaching you, via Blackberry Messenger, to schedule this interview your status read “Busy Watching Porn.” Um, please explain. Do you really indulge in porn?
MELYSSA: [Laughs] I definitely do. I don’t really have a particular genre of porn and I’m not really a fetishist. Sometimes I want to see if there are some tricks to expand my sexual repertoire. It’s not like I started watching it yesterday. Boyfriends are like, “let’s watch some porn!” Rather than being disgusted by it, I’d say, “sure, let’s watch it.”
SHOUTS OUT TO KING……
Kanye West – My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy (Banned Album Cover)
WTF? Kanye West vs. Nirvana Cover Art.
GHOSTFACE KILLAH IN UPSTATE N.Y.
Friday, October 15 · 7:00pm – 11:30pm
Location The Westcott Theater
524 Westcott st.
Created By THE WESTCOTT THEATER
More Info FRIDAY, OCTOBER 15th 2010
please welcome from Wu Tang Clan
Sheek * Frank Dukes * DJ Afar (Rhyme Therapy) * Lifelong * Myles P
@ The Westcott Theater.
524 Westcott St. Syracuse, NY
Doors open at 7pm. All Ages. Tickets are $22 in advance and
available NOW at http://www.thewestcotttheater.com
Secure your spot! Get your tickets early!
5 Reasons Why You Should Buy…My DVD – Vlad Yudin, “Big Pun: The Legacy Special Edition”
Posted in 1 on October 2, 2010 by bobbybounce
With this week’s special re-release of Big Pun: The Legacy which looks at the life of former Terror Squad heavyweight Big Pun, director Vlad Yudin pitches you the top five reasons to support the project.
1. The Legacy Continues
Big Pun was a legendary artist who left too soon, but left behind a resounding legacy and unmatched lyrics. This collector’s edition tells a story of Pun’s life, music career and highlights his accomplishments in such a short time he spent in the industry. It has fun moments, sad ones and of course very uplifting as well. Without a question, Big Pun was a very talented artist who earned his respect in hip-hop and left a lasting impact as one of the best lyricists in our generation.
2. Endangered Species
The special collector’s edition will serve as a commemorative piece of history and it is the last chance for fans and all audiences to see and own a feature length film about Big Pun. As the 90’s hip-hop music begins to slowly fade away, this special packaged documentary will help fans remember Big Pun and his legacy. It is not everyday you can get a chance to watch a documentary on an artist who was as charismatic and entertaining as Big Pun was. There will be many music documentaries but only a few artists deserve a special collector’s piece. This very well may be the last time we see a special release on Big Pun any time soon.
3 . Super Lyrical Cameos
Besides Big Pun, of course the film features great [guest appearances]. People who truly love Big Pun and his art, such as Xzibit, Chuck D, Cypress Hill, Jim Jones, Snoop Dogg, Method Man, Raekwon, Swizz Beatz and many more. It also features cameos by artists that people never expected to see, such as Redman, Mic Geronimo, DMX, Royal Flush, Drag On, Rosie Perez etc… All have contributed a lot to this project by telling compelling and personal stories about Pun. The special edition features a “Lost Files” segment in special features section, which contains scenes that did not make the film. There was so much footage shot for this film, that we could not simply fit it all in. Now you can see it all when you buy this special edition DVD.
4. 100% (Real)
Many different documentaries and music film are being released each year. Some are great, but the majority lack in content and quality. Most of those who saw Big Pun: The Legacy gave great reviews and truly appreciated it. We have spoken to numerous viewers, some of who were the biggest Pun fans and some who never even heard of him. Moreover, they all appreciated it and learned from it. It feels great to see people appreciate this Big Pun project that was in the making for some time. The new edition will also feature the “Making of the Film” feature and shows the insight of the production.
5. New Beginnings
Big Pun: The Legacy Special Collector’s Edition was just released by EMI/Capitol. The previous version was released by a distributor who collapsed and that hurt the release. EMI is a legendary company with rich history, a significant outreach and great appreciation for the hip-hop genre. Along with producer Ed Mejia, we will be working on various projects together, including the most recent and highly anticipated Twista documentary, which will be released later this year in December 2010. It is great that this Collector’s Edition is being released by EMI – and those are the 5 Reasons why you should buy my DVD.
You Decide. Will you buy Big Pun: The Legacy?
R.I.P. BIG PUN!
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Home→Media→Television→The People in My Neighborhood
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The People in My Neighborhood
Posted on December 3, 2019 by Madeleine E. Robins
The TV I watched when I was a kid was all the stuff that the Children’s Television Workshop was designed to combat: cartoon violence, constant advertisement, a totally un-diverse reality–ethnically and economically. And I turned out okay, right? I still love Warner Bros. cartoons, and much of the for-kids TV of my childhood (okay, I outgrew Romper Room in a hot minute, and no one I knew actually liked Bozo the Clown). I also lived in the sort of unsupervised TV household where I watched whatever was on TV when I wasn’t playing or reading or doing chores or whatever. I didn’t look at the TV I saw as a way to make sense of my world. And a lot of the TV I watched as a kid was not just non-diverse, but actively soaking in stereotypes. It says something that the first time I encountered something that registered as an effort at diversity was an ad campaign in New York City for Levy’s rye bread. It had its own issues with stereotyping (and it was totally in service of commerce), but it was about inclusion. And it had roughly the same effect on me as Sesame Street singing about the people in my neighborhood. Recognition and delight.
So not only did I miss Sesame Street (I was a teenager when the show premiered), but I was not the target audience. Until I had kids.
My older daughter, in particular (born in 1990) was a Sesame Street kid. Not only did she get to watch Sesame Street broadcast in the morning, but we had a slew of tapes for weekends and other “watch something” moments. And I became a convert. Up to that point I’d been, frankly, a little dubious about the show, which seemed so… slow, and unanarchic, and maybe a little pandering (both to the values of parents, and to the childishness of children). But that was because I had never seen Sesame Street.
I was working at Tor Books at the time my daughter was a Sesame Street kid, and my co-worker Claire (whose son was born about a year after my daughter) would meet up every morning and sync Sesame Street ear-worms. Once you’ve heard “Put Down the Duckie” or “Ladybug’s Picnic” a couple of times it gets knit into your DNA. And I had had no idea the breadth of genres that the Street embraced, musically, from a Fred-and-Ginger style number about how to say Hello in Spanish (“Hola!“) to the Alphabet sung by Ladysmith Black Mambazo. And the parodies of every TV show, film, and broadway musical (Big Bird deciding not to migrate, lip syncing to Lin Manual Miranda!). And every performer and athlete and even Supreme Court Justices dropping by in the service of teaching about words and numbers and life. Funny and smart and way more far-roaming than I had ever imagined.
Sesame Street was created to solve problems that my kids never had: poverty, literacy, exclusion. But it was one of the forces that made them kinder, more inclusive, more generous people. The song “Who Are the People In Your Neighborhood” included teachers, elevator operators, doctors, mechanics–basically anyone and everyone. For a while my younger daughter, in particular, took to looking at everyone we encountered, trying to suss out who they might be. And in pre-school this led to her being a “poor person” when her class was role-playing People in the Neighborhood. Aside from her own empathic nature, I credit Sesame Street with making her look at all the people that she encountered with a sharper eye.
Sesame Street turned 50 this year, and is a recipient at the Kennedy Honors. Given that Ronald Grump once attempted to demolish Sesame Street to build a new Grump Tower, that may be considered a triumph of art over commerce. I don’t see the need for Sesame Street diminishing any time soon, alas. And I’m very glad indeed that it’s here with us.
Posted in Media, Television Tagged Sesame Street permalink
About Madeleine E. Robins
Madeleine Robins is the author of The Stone War, Point of Honour, Petty Treason, and The Sleeping Partner (the third Sarah Tolerance mystery, available from Plus One Press). Her Regency romances, Althea, My Dear Jenny, The Heiress Companion, Lady John, and The Spanish Marriage are now available from Book View Café. Sold for Endless Rue , an historical novel set in medieval Italy, was published in May 2013 by Forge Books
View all posts by Madeleine E. Robins
The People in My Neighborhood — 6 Comments
Brenda Clough on December 3, 2019 at 8:10 am said:
My kids were Sesame kids too. My daughter taught herself to read by watching the show. I foolishly thought that three was too young to push literacy, and didn’t make any effort that way.
Sherwood Smith on December 3, 2019 at 8:36 am said:
Mine did, too! She surprised the crap out of me by identifying almost the entire alphabet when she was around two. Reading came more slowly, but it was effortless. But she took against Sesame Street by the time she was four, partly because “Everybody is a boy, mom, why aren’t there any girls?” and partly because nobody believed Big Bird about the snuffleupagus, and that made her anxious. But she’d gotten good worth out of the show before then–and adored Kermit.
Madeleine Robins on December 3, 2019 at 12:45 pm said:
You (or your daughter) may know that they finally brought Snuffy out into the light–changed him from “imaginary” to real and introduced him to the adults in the neighborhood–specifically because of concerns that kids might feel they would not be believed if they told a secret or reported abuse. I remember reading about the process of making that decision–one of the things I have come to appreciate is how they made those decisions. By the time my kids came along Snuffy was just another colorful member of the neighborhood.
Sherwood Smith on December 3, 2019 at 1:25 pm said:
I did NOT know that. She was so upset by Big Bird telling the truth and not being believed that we pretty much had to put an embargo on Sesame Street, though it had been her fave at ages two and three. Very glad they rethought that. (I did learn that they also added females to the puppet gallery as well.)
Foxessa on December 3, 2019 at 9:27 am said:
Except now, Sesame Street is now controlled by HBO and its owners, and can no longer be seen on public access stations, i.e. ‘poor person’s’ kids are going to see Sesame Street, if at all, much later.
https://www.indiewire.com/2019/10/sesame-street-is-sacred-hbo-max-1202180546/
[ …”that’s why the recent announcement that HBO Max is going to be its home for the next five seasons is heartbreaking. This is not new: When HBO started airing the show in 2016, the shift away from the show primarily airing on the public airwaves began. But the HBO Max deal formalizes the tiered access that means those with more resources will see the most timely, important episodes first, and that’s ghastly.
Under the HBO Max deal, here are the release windows: Those with an HBO Max subscription — about $15 a month and an Internet connection required, mind you — will see episodes first. Those with access to PBS Kids from a browser, set-top box or the free app — and, of course, the ability to pay for the cable or Internet required and for the necessary equipment — will get them nine months after.
Here’s where it gets tricky. PBS Kids programming is also available on local PBS stations, but only if those affiliates opt in to carry it. If they do, viewers in those markets will also have access to belated episodes of “Sesame Street” for free if they have a TV that can access those stations.
That’s a lot of ifs, especially considering the demographic that watches PBS affiliates on TV: kids from poor families who don’t have access to other more expensive, harder to access children’s programming networks. According to PBS, children between the ages of 2-8 in homes that access TV over the air represent 13 percent of the population; these children watch three times as much PBS and their viewing makes up 37 percent of weekday viewing of PBS stations. ” ]
Phyllis Irene Radford on December 3, 2019 at 10:03 am said:
Sesame Street was still a toddler when my son was of the age to watch. I’d turn on the TV and sit in front of it with my knitting. Little Baby Boy (LLB) was free to wander in and out of the living room. But since Mom was there, he was mostly there too.
I didn’t know how much he absorbed until one day he came running to me in the kitchen, pulled on my jeans and said, “Mommy, Mommy, Mommy, up!” and he pointed with his finger toward the ceiling. A few minutes later he repeated the statement but said “down” with the appropriate gesture. I had not consciously taught him this. He’d absorbed it, at 18 months from Sesame Street. We continued the ritual until he started school and I went back to work.
He was slow to read because he was bored silly by the books offered at school. Then in about 3rd grade he discovered Star Trek Books. These books were about old friends he shared the dinner table with every night. In three months he was reading 3 grade levels above his class mates. And he questioned the science.
TV can be a useless wasteland. It can also be an amazing educational tool.
Leave a Reply to Phyllis Irene Radford Cancel reply
Madeleine E. Robins on Owning the Place You Grow Up
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Bloch Consulting
Bloch Concerts
About Bloch
Tito’s Residency
January 2017, Bloch Consulting was able to secure a residency for our Spanish artist Sahra Lee in the most famous and most important night club in Mallorca, Spain, world famous Tito’s! The club has been around for over 80 years and has seen everybody from Frank Sinatra, Marlene Dietrich, to Michael Douglas and Johnny Depp. Top DJ’s such as David Guetta or Hardwell have added Tito’s to their list of top clubs. Sahra Lee will be featured in a brand new production entitled “Circus” and can be seen exclusively in July and August, 2017.
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Cedric Neal to take over as Arbiter in Chess the Musical as Murray Head withdraws from production
It has just been announced that Murray Head has withdrawn from playing the role of the Arbiter in ENO's production of Chess the musical which is due to start previews at the London Coliseum on 24th April. Head performed in the original run of the musical alongside Elaine Paige when it debuted in the West End.
A show representative explained:
The producers of Chess announce with great regret that Murray Head is to leave the cast due to personal reasons. Cedric Neal will replace Murray in the production. Cedric was most recently in the West End when he starred as Berry Gordy in Motown the Musical and will now return to the UK to play The Arbiter in the forthcoming production at the London Coliseum.
Neal has also appeared onstage in Porgy and Bess and his TV credits include Friday Night Lights.
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You Are Here: Home → 2017 → December → 6 → Dengue mass vaccination was based on politics, not science – health group
Dengue mass vaccination was based on politics, not science – health group
Anne Marxze Umil December 6, 2017 Benigno Aquino III, dengue, Dengvaxia, Department of Health, Health Alliance for Democracy, Janette Garin
“Have your children examined to know if he or she had previously acquired dengue. If not, seek audience with the Department of Health (DOH) and ask them for the full explanation on the possible adverse effects of the vaccine.”
MANILA – The implementation of the mass vaccination using the Dengvaxia was based on “political considerations” and not on sound science, said the progressive health group Health Alliance for Democracy (HEAD).
Dr. Joseph Carabeo, HEAD secretary general, criticized the past Aquino administration for timing its meeting with the French pharmaceutical company Sanofi Pasteur and closing the deal for the purchase and release of the vaccine shortly before the May 2016 elections. Carabeo said it was “good propaganda” for the Liberal Party’s standard-bearer Mar Roxas, but the implementation was premature.
On Nov. 29, Sanofi released a statement saying that a new analysis of long-term clinical trial data “found differences in vaccine performance based on prior dengue infection.”
It said that the vaccine has “persistent protective benefit” against dengue fever if the patient has contracted dengue before. Those who were vaccinated with Dengvaxia but have not contracted the virus could have a “severe case” of the disease once infected.
“Local experts have raised their disagreements about the administration of the vaccine but it was disregarded. The question then was ‘what’s the rush?” Carabeo said in a telephone interview with Bulatlat. . The study on the safety of the vaccine was still on-going at that time of the mass vaccination.
At least 700,000 children were given the vaccine.
Carabeo said responsible officials should be held accountable, from those who approved the procurement of the vaccines, up to the mass vaccination.
Members of Gabriela Metro Manila protest in front of the Department of Health. (Photo by Kathy Yamzo/Manila Today)
Meanwhile, he urged the parents of those who were vaccinated with Dengvaxia not to panic. He said the best thing to do is to assert the parent’s right to information.
“Have your children examined to know if he or she had previously acquired dengue. If not, seek audience with the Department of Health (DOH) and ask them for the full explanation on the possible adverse effects of the vaccine,” Carabeo said.
‘Unprecedented’
After Aquino’s meeting with Sanofi executives in Dec. 2015, the Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) approved the selling of the vaccine in the Philippines. Then Health Secretary Janette Garin said in Jan. 2016 that Aquino had approved the administration of dengue vaccine to one million children, aged nine years old and above, specifically in the National Capital Region (NCR), Central Luzon and Calabarzon area.
The vaccine was worth P3.5 billion ($69 million), the funds for which was sourced from the sin tax revenue.
The quick turnover was “unprecedented” said Carabeo, that only a few months after the introduction of a new vaccine it was administered immediately to students in April 2016.
In a television interview, public health expert and former health undersecretary Dr. Susan Pineda-Mercado said when she was working in the government then, they were careful in introducing new vaccines to the public. She said the hepatitis vaccine took years of study before it was included in the DOH vaccines for children. She worked with then Health Secretaries Juan Flavier and Alberto Romualdez.
Addressing the problem
Carabeo said vaccines can prevent severe illnesses, but he stressed that Dengvaxia is a new vaccine and it should be implemented with precaution.
He added that experts advised not to give the immunization in a massive scale. “It can be given to a small population with precaution, like having the laboratory tests before giving the immunization,” he said.
Since the vaccine would have more benefits to those who have history of contracting the disease, the patient’s medical history should also be reviewed. There is also serological test that can be conducted to determine if the patient has already contracted dengue.
Only after these that the DOH, or the doctor ask for the consent of the parent for the immunization.
In a press conference with the Malacanang Press Corps on Monday, Dec. 4, DOH Spokesperson Dr. Lyndon Lee Suy said that only 10 percent of those who were vaccinated of Dengvaxia will most likely be at risk of severe dengue.
Still, Carabeo said the DOH still has to address the problem.
“How should the vaccinated children be protected from now on? What measures will be done to monitor those at risk and provide them with the means of proper healthcare to mitigate the risks?” he said.
Carabeo, meanwhile, stressed that they are not against the discovery of a new vaccines. However, the patient’s safety should be prioritized.
“Service and patient safety must guide the discovery and eventual use of new vaccines, not politics and profit motives. The Aquino administration, former health secretary Garin, and the institutions involved must be held accountable,” he said.
Featured image from the Getty Images
Read also: What is severe dengue?
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C-terminal peptide of human c-myc (aa 408-439)
ReadyTag anti-c-Myc (Clone: 9E10)
Ghorashian, S., et al. (2015). "CD8 T cell tolerance to a tumor-associated self-antigen is reversed by CD4 T cells engineered to express the same T cell receptor." J Immunol 194(3): 1080-1089. PubMed Ag receptors used for cancer immunotherapy are often directed against tumor-associated Ags also expressed in normal tissues. Targeting of such Ags can result in unwanted autoimmune attack of normal tissues or induction of tolerance in therapeutic T cells. We used a murine model to study the phenotype and function of T cells redirected against the murine double minute protein 2 (MDM2), a tumor-associated Ag that shows low expression in many normal tissues. Transfer of MDM2-TCR-engineered T cells into bone marrow chimeric mice revealed that Ag recognition in hematopoietic tissues maintained T cell function, whereas presentation of MDM2 in nonhematopoietic tissues caused reduced effector function. TCR-engineered CD8(+) T cells underwent rapid turnover, downmodulated CD8 expression, and lost cytotoxic function. We found that MDM2-TCR-engineered CD4(+) T cells provided help and restored cytotoxic function of CD8(+) T cells bearing the same TCR. Although the introduction of the CD8 coreceptor enhanced the ability of CD4(+) T cells to recognize MDM2 in vitro, the improved self-antigen recognition abolished their ability to provide helper function in vivo. The data indicate that the same class I-restricted TCR responsible for Ag recognition and tolerance induction in CD8(+) T cells can, in the absence of the CD8 coreceptor, elicit CD4 T cell help and partially reverse tolerance. Thus MHC class I-restricted CD4(+) T cells may enhance the efficacy of therapeutic TCR-engineered CD8(+) T cells and can be readily generated with the same TCR. Gu, A. D., et al. (2015). "A critical role for transcription factor Smad4 in T cell function that is independent of transforming growth factor beta receptor signaling." Immunity 42(1): 68-79. PubMed Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) suppresses T cell function to maintain self-tolerance and to promote tumor immune evasion. Yet how Smad4, a transcription factor component of TGF-beta signaling, regulates T cell function remains unclear. Here we have demonstrated an essential role for Smad4 in promoting T cell function during autoimmunity and anti-tumor immunity. Smad4 deletion rescued the lethal autoimmunity resulting from transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TGF-betaR) deletion and compromised T-cell-mediated tumor rejection. Although Smad4 was dispensable for T cell generation, homeostasis, and effector function, it was essential for T cell proliferation after activation in vitro and in vivo. The transcription factor Myc was identified to mediate Smad4-controlled T cell proliferation. This study thus reveals a requirement of Smad4 for T-cell-mediated autoimmunity and tumor rejection, which is beyond the current paradigm. It highlights a TGF-betaR-independent role for Smad4 in promoting T cell function, autoimmunity, and anti-tumor immunity. Ogami, K., et al. (2014). "Antiproliferative protein Tob directly regulates c-myc proto-oncogene expression through cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein CPEB." Oncogene 33(1): 55-64. PubMed The regulation of mRNA deadenylation constitutes a pivotal mechanism of the post-transcriptional control of gene expression. Here we show that the antiproliferative protein Tob, a component of the Caf1-Ccr4 deadenylase complex, is involved in regulating the expression of the proto-oncogene c-myc. The c-myc mRNA contains cis elements (CPEs) in its 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR), which are recognized by the cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein (CPEB). CPEB recruits Caf1 deadenylase through interaction with Tob to form a ternary complex, CPEB-Tob-Caf1, and negatively regulates the expression of c-myc by accelerating the deadenylation and decay of its mRNA. In quiescent cells, c-myc mRNA is destabilized by the trans-acting complex (CPEB-Tob-Caf1), while in cells stimulated by the serum, both Tob and Caf1 are released from CPEB, and c-Myc expression is induced early after stimulation by the stabilization of its mRNA as an 'immediate-early gene'. Collectively, these results indicate that Tob is a key factor in the regulation of c-myc gene expression, which is essential for cell growth. Thus, Tob appears to function in the control of cell growth at least, in part, by regulating the expression of c-myc. Patel, P., et al. (2014). "Adeno-associated virus-mediated delivery of a recombinant single-chain antibody against misfolded superoxide dismutase for treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis." Mol Ther 22(3): 498-510. PubMed There is emerging evidence that the misfolding of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) may represent a common pathogenic event in both familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). To reduce the burden of misfolded SOD1 species in the nervous system, we have tested a novel therapeutic approach based on adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated tonic expression of a DNA construct encoding a secretable single-chain fragment variable (scFv) antibody composed of the variable heavy and light chain regions of a monoclonal antibody (D3H5) binding specifically to misfolded SOD1. A single intrathecal injection of the AAV encoding the single-chain antibody in SOD1(G93A) mice at 45 days of age resulted in sustained expression of single-chain antibodies in the spinal cord, and it delayed disease onset and extension of life span by up to 28%, in direct correlation with scFv titers in the spinal cord. The treatment caused attenuation of neuronal stress signals and reduction in levels of misfolded SOD1 in the spinal cord of SOD1(G93A) mice. From these results, we propose that an immunotherapy based on intrathecal inoculation of AAV encoding a secretable scFv against misfolded SOD1 should be considered as potential treatment for ALS, especially for individuals carrying SOD1 mutations. Chen, D., et al. (2013). "Differential effects on ARF stability by normal versus oncogenic levels of c-Myc expression." Mol Cell 51(1): 46-56. PubMed ARF suppresses aberrant cell growth upon c-Myc overexpression by activating p53 responses. Nevertheless, the precise mechanism by which ARF specifically restrains the oncogenic potential of c-Myc without affecting its normal physiological function is not well understood. Here, we show that low levels of c-Myc expression stimulate cell proliferation, whereas high levels inhibit by activating the ARF/p53 response. Although the mRNA levels of ARF are induced in both scenarios, the accumulation of ARF protein occurs only when ULF-mediated degradation of ARF is inhibited by c-Myc overexpression. Moreover, the levels of ARF are reduced through ULF-mediated ubiquitination upon DNA damage. Blocking ARF degradation by c-Myc overexpression dramatically stimulates the apoptotic responses. Our study reveals that ARF stability control is crucial for differentiating normal (low) versus oncogenic (high) levels of c-Myc expression and suggests that differential effects on ULF- mediated ARF ubiquitination by c-Myc levels act as a barrier in oncogene-induced stress responses. Wu, M., et al. (2013). "The ciliary protein cystin forms a regulatory complex with necdin to modulate Myc expression." PLoS One 8(12): e83062. PubMed Cystin is a novel cilia-associated protein that is disrupted in the cpk mouse, a well-characterized mouse model of autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD). Interestingly, overexpression of the Myc gene is evident in animal models of ARPKD and is thought to contribute to the renal cystic phenotype. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, the growth suppressor protein necdin, known to modulate Myc expression, was found as an interacting partner of cystin. Deletion mapping demonstrated that the C-terminus of cystin and both termini of necdin are required for their mutual interaction. Speculating that these two proteins may function to regulate gene expression, we developed a luciferase reporter assay and observed that necdin strongly activated the Myc P1 promoter, and cystin did so more modestly. Interestingly, the necdin effect was significantly abrogated when cystin was co-transfected. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed a physical interaction with both necdin and cystin and the Myc P1 promoter, as well as between these proteins. The data suggest that these proteins likely function in a regulatory complex. Thus, we speculate that Myc overexpression in the cpk kidney results from the dysregulation of the cystin-necdin regulatory complex and c-Myc, in turn, contributes to cystogenesis in the cpk mouse. Zhao, Y., et al. (2013). "RNAi silencing of c-Myc inhibits cell migration, invasion, and proliferation in HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line: c-Myc silencing in hepatocellular carcinoma cell." Cancer Cell Int 13(1): 23. PubMed BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer. Although much is known about both the cellular changes that lead to HCC and the etiological agents responsible for the majority of HCC cases, the molecule pathogenesis of HCC is still not well understood. We aimed to determine the effect of c-Myc gene expression on the proliferative, invasive, and migrative capabilities of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. METHODS: A plasmid- based polymerase III promoter system was used to deliver and express short interfering RNA targeting c-Myc to reduce its expression in HepG2 cells. Western blot analysis was used to measure the protein level of c-Myc in HepG2 cells. The effects of c-Myc silencing on the invasion, motility, and proliferation of HepG2 cells were assessed using a Transwell chamber cell migration assay system and a growth curve assay, respectively. RESULTS: The data showed that plasmids expressing siRNA against c-Myc significantly decreased its expression in HepG2 cells by up to 85%. Importantly, pSilencer-c-Myc transfected cells showed a significantly reduced potential in migration, invasion, and proliferation. CONCLUSION: C-Myc plays an important role in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. The data show that down-regulating the c-Myc protein level in HepG2 cells by RNAi could significantly inhibit migration, invasion and proliferation of HepG2 cells. Thus, c-Myc might be a potential therapeutic target for hepatocellular carcinoma. Hillman, M. C., et al. (2001). "A comprehensive system for protein purification and biochemical analysis based on antibodies to c-myc peptide." Protein Expr Purif 23(2): 359-368. PubMed The genomics revolution has created a need for increased speed and generality for recombinant protein production systems as well as general methods for conducting biochemical assays with the purified protein products. 9E10 is a well-known high-affinity antibody that has found use in a wide variety of biochemical assays. Here we present a standardized system for purifying proteins with a simple epitope tag based on c-myc peptide using an antibody affinity column. Antibodies with binding parameters suitable for protein purification have been generated and characterized. To purify these antibodies from serum-containing medium without carrying through contaminating immunoglobulin G, a peptide-based purification process was developed. A fluorescence polarization binding assay was developed to characterize the antigen-antibody interaction. Protein purification protocols were optimized using a fluorescein-labeled peptide as a surrogate "protein." Binding and elution parameters were evaluated and optimized and basic operating conditions were defined. Several examples using this procedure for the purification of recombinant proteins are presented demonstrating the generality of the system. In all cases tested, highly pure final products are obtained in good yields. The combination of the antibodies described here and 9E10 allow for almost any biochemical application to be utilized with a single simple peptide tag. Schiweck, W., et al. (1997). "Sequence analysis and bacterial production of the anti-c-myc antibody 9E10: the V(H) domain has an extended CDR-H3 and exhibits unusual solubility." FEBS Lett 414(1): 33-38. PubMed The cDNAs for the two variable domains of the antibody 9E10 were cloned from the hybridoma cell line. A chimeric 9E10 Fab fragment was produced in E. coli under control of the tightly controlled tetracycline promoter. The functional Fab fragment was isolated in a single step via a His6-tag, which also served for its recognition by a nickel chelate-alkaline phosphatase conjugate. Thus, the recombinant Fab fragment permitted the immunochemical detection of the myc tag in a sandwich ELISA. The dissociation constant for the interaction with the myc tag peptide was determined as 80 +/- 5 nM by fluorescence titration. In an attempt to produce the smaller 9E10 Fv fragment it was found that its V(H) domain alone can be readily isolated from E. coli as a soluble protein. This unusual behaviour may be explained by the 18 amino acid-long CDR-H3 and could be of value in the design of 'single domain' antibodies.
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October 18, 2017 / 4:00 PM / 2 years ago
Harry Potter exhibition blends wizardry with history
LONDON (Reuters) - A new exhibition celebrating the 20th anniversary of the first Harry Potter book’s publication is offering ‘muggles’ with an interest in magic the chance to view rare memorabilia, combined with historic artifacts referenced in the popular series.
“Harry Potter: A History of Magic,” held in the British Library in London, features Potter memorabilia including author J.K. Rowling’s first annotated sketch of Hogwarts school, as well as her handwritten list of its teachers and subjects.
As well as the items associated with Rowling and the book series, the exhibition also features historic artifacts from the library’s collection, including alchemists’ scrolls from the 1500s and Chinese oracle bones from the 12th century.
“Our exhibition explores the history, mythology and folklore behind the Harry Potter stories,” Julian Harrison, the exhibition’s lead curator, told Reuters.
“We investigate broomsticks and cauldrons and unicorns and dragons. We’ve organized the exhibition around some of the subjects that students would study at Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, from potions to charms to astronomy and divination.”
The seven Harry Potter books have been translated into 68 languages and have sold more than 400 million copies worldwide, Rowling’s publishers say.
The final book in the series was published in 2007, but the series spawned a series of hit films, a U.S. theme park and a hit stage play that have kept the franchise in the public eye.
Rowling herself appears to have enjoyed the blend of her fictional world with the library’s collection.
“Encountering objects for real that have in some shape or form figured in my books has been quite wonderful,” she said in a statement.
The exhibition runs from October 20 until February 28 2018.
Writing by Mark Hanrahan in London
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Shop Behind the scenes with ME to WE
Behind the scenes with ME to WE
Over 10 years ago, Aimee Song began a new journey with her fashion blog Song of Style. Little did she anticipate that with her incredible eye for fashion and style, her blog’s popularity would skyrocket and launch a new career path. Today, she’s one of the world’s top fashion bloggers and a New York Times bestselling author.
Although she loved the sense of sharing and community, she began to ask herself how she could take it to the next level. Then, PacSun and ME to WE reached out and asked Aimee if she would like to collaborate on a new jewelry line that gives back to developing communities. It was the perfect fit, combining her love of fashion with her desire to find more purpose in her work.
Aimee was excited to begin, but first wanted to experience firsthand the work WE is doing in developing communities. So, she traveled to Kenya on a ME to WE Trip with PacSun to meet some of the incredible people we partner with. She found herself deeply moved by the women who are striving to build a brighter future for their families. Every day, they get up early to go to the women’s empowerment center, where they take business and leadership workshops to gain the skills they need to earn an income and have their voices heard.
It was a life-changing experience and Aimee knew she had found a renewed sense of purpose. Out of this sprung the Journey Collection, three stylish and meaningful bracelets that give back to women in developing communities and empowerment centers, just like the one she visited.
With this collection, you can join Aimee on her journey to do good in the world and discover the meaning in new paths, together.
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Aiko Roudette
Caribbean Being
When I received the email from Caribbean Linked telling me that I had been accepted to a three-week artist residency program in Aruba, I could never have anticipated what was in store for me. I attempted to formulate ideas about what the experience would be like, trying to summon images of a place and people, but as the residency progressed it was apparent that I was involved in something that was much vaster than myself. My experience turned out to be beyond what I was capable of imagining and it defied many previous conceptions about who I thought I was, what I considered myself to be capable of, and what it means to be from the Caribbean.
Caribbean Linked is true to its name in many ways. On its most obvious level it links the islands through bringing the artists together from different Caribbean countries. This was an invaluable exchange as we formed strong personal relationships and also artistic relationships. We enjoyed the immediacy with which we all bonded, and the honesty that we employed in our dealings with one another.
Another iteration of the “linkage” was that I became reconnected to a sense of my personal cultural identity as a Caribbean person, which was becoming eroded, living for so long in the diaspora in New York. Before the residency I was feeling disconnected from the Caribbean community and uncertain about my relationship to the region. Old conversations of displacement and colonial spectres were milling around in my mind and I was dedicated to exploring my Caribbeanness, but I was full of dusty, un-invigorated ideas that seemed almost obliged to be there. Of course our past is integral to our identity, but the history was weighing me down, and I needed to discover that being a Caribbean person is as much about the immensely exciting possibilities for our future as an artistic vanguard, as well as the recognition of our difficult past.
The connections that Caribbean Linked has provided are essential to elevating the importance of Art in the region, and to encouraging artists that are separated geographically but are connected by a shared mission and shared responsibility. I see programs such as this residency as absolutely integral to a sustainable and healthy Caribbean future. The world without Art is a drab and thirsty place. It is ironic that we have to struggle to get people to accept the nourishment that Art offers, but that struggle is now something that we can endure together. We must remember that the act of being an artist in the Caribbean is a radical act. It goes against what is conventionally accepted and encouraged as a career. It is not prioritized in our historical narrative or current political narrative. Annalee mentioned this to me over breakfast shortly after she arrived in Aruba. She emphasized the importance of Caribbean Linked in defying these neo-colonial forces that continually seek to separate us from one another. As I learned more about everyone’s work and I saw how different all the work is, I understood that while we are physically separate we are working together for a vision that we all share. I am so grateful to recognize myself within these efforts, and hope that my work can continue to serve the Caribbean and that I continue to have an inspiring exchange with these new friends.
Apart from becoming “linked” in the ways I’ve described above, I’ve also become linked to another aspect of my creative abilities. During the residency I decided to work in a format that I’ve never worked in before: installation. Much of my work has been in filmmaking, mostly as a documentarian. But I decided to use Caribbean Linked III to truly throw myself into something new. While I love to work in documentary, I’m also pulled toward the experimental and poetic, and have been exploring ways to join these two seemingly contradictory impulses. Caribbean Linked III provided this invaluable space to feel free enough to abandon myself to a totally new form of expression.
And so… the experience has been a whole network of connections, reconnections, discoveries and rediscoveries. A profound realization that the residency inspired in me is that while the quality and potency of the final production is very important, there is another deeper texture also involved. Art is a way of being, a way of engaging. It’s a choice about how you want to experience the world, who you want to spend time with, what you want to surround yourself with. It can wash you up on all sorts of shores and is something that exists outside of oneself that is constantly trying to teach you things about your nature as an individual and as a member of a collective global community. Art is not just product, but it is a way of life, a means of discovery, a way to exist.
I am forever grateful to the artists MJ, Jodi, Simone, Leo, Leasho, Ronald, Manuel, Natalie, Alex, Natusha, Razia, Diego and organizers Holly, Elvis and Annalee, all of the local Arubans that hung around Ateliers ’89 and became an indispensable part of the experience. Thank you for all the laughs, for taking care of me when I was upset or had heartburn! I hold this experience in tremendously high regard and hold you all there with it. I am looking forward to our beautiful interconnected future together.
About Aiko:
Aiko Maya Roudette is a visual artist, poet and filmmaker from the island of St. Vincent and the Grenadines. She was born in 1990 in England, but moved to the Caribbean when she was only a few months old. As her mother is an artist, she grew up in an environment steeped in creativity. In 2013 she received her B.A. in Film Production from Bard College, in upstate New York. She has since screened work in London, Nevis, Trinidad, St. Vincent, Toronto and New York City among others, and has had work included in permanent online collections. She currently lives in New York City where she is pursuing her masters and is employed as a freelance video editor. She was drawn to film as a principle way to effect ideology due to its nature as a medium of mass communication.
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The Heretics' Hour: Kevin MacDonald's problem with Holocaust revisionism
Carolyn puts Prof. Kevin MacDonald's statements about “Holocaust” revisionism made on Nordfront Radio this month under the spotlight, and contrasts his arguments with those of “convicted holocaust denier” and German heroine Ursula Haverbeck. Carolyn calls for more open discussion of why so many White nationalists are afraid not to believe in the “Holocaust” and why that is not an honest position. 1h23m
Need donations for Himmler speech translation - $2 minimum to receive a copy;
The terror in France will bring down Merkel's government;
Dissection of 5 min. clip of KMac on the holocaust on Nordfront radio;
Ursula Haverbeck: How German judges do the work of the Jewish accusers and the state of Israel;
Fritjof Meyer 2002 article on number of Auschwitz victims;
Why being neutral about the “holocaust” is not an option.
European Union, Germany, Heretics' Hour Podcast, Holocaust Revisionism, Immigration
Jews control history too
Here is a thought that I just had: If Jewish power lies in their control of the media, academia, and the political processes, as Kevin MacDonald says ... what about their control of HISTORY?
"The Holocaust" has to be a result of the Jews' ability to control the historical narrative. And when you control that, you've pretty much got it wrapped up!
When we convince enough people that the "The Holocaust" is a fraud, it will be a tremendous blow to their entire historical facade. It's true they use the other areas they control to prevent that, but TRUTH WILL OUT eventually, and we need to give it all the help we can.
Poland takes advantage of false history
The sharp exchange today between European Parliament president Martin Schulz and the new government of Poland is a good example of how history is distorted by the false "Holocaust" legend.
The Poles use the Jewish WW2 "history" to bludgeon Germany whenever they want something or want to get out of doing something. They will always bring up their invented victimhood in WW2 without ever mentioning their large role in antagonizing Germany and persecuting ethnic Germans living on German lands that had been handed over to the newly created Poland after WW1.
In this case, Poland's new interior minister accused Schulz on Tuesday of "German arrogance" and recalled Nazi atrocities in Warsaw in his reaction to Schulz's criticism of Warsaw's reluctance to accept migrants under EU quotas. Just because Schultz is German, although he represents the European Parliament and not the government in Berlin, the Polish minister thought it okay to attack Schultz on the basis of Germany's past.
I am not a fan of Schultz nor of the EU quotas, but bringing up WW2 on the man is really beyond the pale. This goes on all the time, and not just with Poland. For its part, Germany is unwilling to stand up for itself under this type of attack, again because of the false "Holocaust" for which it was forced to accept the blame. It really distorts the entire dialog about today's issues.
http://news.yahoo.com/poland-accuses-eus-schulz-german-arrogance-migrant-spat-144247269.html
Hadding (not verified)Tue, 17/11/15
the real problem
Dr. William Pierce did not only publicize Jewish control of mass-media (which I think he started doing actually in the late 60s). He also disputed the Holocaust.
I think that it is important to talk about Jewish control of mass-media, but I can't see how that is supposed to make much of an impression unless the ways in which Jews are abusing that control are also discussed. Otherwise Jewish control of mass-media becomes a big "So what?" It is absolutely necessary therefore to debunk Jewish lies, and for somebody who knows something about it, the Holocaust is clearly one.
I think that Dr MacDonald's problem here is precisely, as he says, that he is not competent to discuss it and also not comfortable with it. But it really is not so complicated, and for somebody who lives in the United States and is not trying to function in academia anymore, there really is no reason to be so uncomfortable, because there are quite solid facts supporting this position -- if one cares to learn them. One should acquire knowledge and then stand on that knowledge.
I can't recall that anybody ever called Dr. Pierce a kook, or portrayed him as a kook, as Dr. MacDonald says would happen. Dr. Pierce was careful about what he said and just didn't come across as a kook.
It does bother me that Dr. MacDonald seems to join Greg Johnson in saying that nobody should dispute this matter. That seems to me totally wrong.
An aggravating factor in Dr. MacDonald's (and Johnson's) attitude might be, as you imply, that he's been talking to the wrong people about it. Mark Weber would make anyone think that disputing the Holocaust is an endless morass, because Weber doesn't even bother to define the issue.
If you nail down the meaning of the word Holocaust to some specific claim -- an attempt to kill all the Jews of Europe -- then you can demonstrate like Professor Faurisson that it is an accusation without evidence. If you neglect to do that, but instead allow "Holocaust" to have a flexible and shifting meaning, then you will be stuck with Mark Weber saying, "We don't deny the Holocaust," and looking like a mere nitpicker disputing details and pleading for mercy. To argue against the Holocaust with force you have to define it first.
I agreed with most of what you said, but I think you went off the rails at the end when you injected 9-11 Truth. On that point I agree exactly with Dr. MacDonald. It doesn't help to mix this strong issue, the Holocaust, with a much weaker issue.
everyonesacritic (not verified)Tue, 17/11/15
KMAC
I haven't looked into this latest controversy... But I can say that...
Kevin MacDonaald can write intelligent books. MacDonald isn't ashamed of his beliefs. He doesn't hide them or back pedal. At the same time, MacDonald holds a job in the public sphere. He Is one of the few people I can respect in the movement.
Nobody is saying that Kevin MacDonald is an evildoer harming the race. He does a lot of great work. He's just wrong on this particular point.
No criticism allowed?
Well critic, as I said in the program, I respect MacDonald and his work too, and I am on record with that. But I was shocked at his careless statements about the "Holocaust" because it's a crucial issue for Europe and for the future of White people in their own lands. He needs to be called to account for that. Your knee-jerk defense without considering the issues does not move "the movement" forward.
KMac no longer holds a job in the public sphere -- he's retired.
On Radio Nordfront's site
On Radio Nordfront's site where the whole show is posted, there is a comment in English from someone called László who says this:
I understand why the holohoax is important in Sweden, but at one point you all can just drop it and ignore it . Explain to folk that since we didn’t do it, we were born after 1945, we are not guilty, we are not responsible, we will not pay for it , happened or not .
Concentrate on the compensation money we / Germany, Austria, Hungary, Poland, France, Italy / pay for something our grandfather may have done !
László got 15 thumbs up, but I think that this is a really terrible comment for several reasons.
In the first place, the mindset with which László approaches the problem is individualist -- which is not really compatible with nationalism.
Through individualism he can justify totally disowning the deeds of recent ancestors. But then, once one has exploited individualism that way, disowning one's ancestors instead of defending them, one is committed to remaining individualist. This kind of alienation from ancestors prohibits living in a racial worldview.
Another terrible aspect is that László shows that he does not care about truth, although perhaps he cares about money.
Really a very bad opinion from László. I cannot imagine a so-called nationalist movement consisting of people who think this way to have very much success.
5 stars for this comment
What a fine analysis of László's comment at Radio Nordfront. With 15 others who agreed with him, it shows how confused so many are about the "Holocaust." Plus Poland has never paid any compensation money to anyone - nor probably Hungary (just maybe one lump sum in the beginning). I'm not sure about Italy.
Hadding (not verified)Wed, 18/11/15
László's position is
László's position is fundamentally unethical.
People are defaming your ancestors? Don't worry about it.
People are spreading lies? Don't worry about it.
I am at the opposite extreme from this. I don't even tolerate people lying about my enemies.
JoshuaF (not verified)Tue, 17/11/15
ADL Jew Abe Foxman, "We
ADL Jew Abe Foxman, "We refuse to debate with Holocaust Deniers."
Why not?... Answer...They know they will lose the debate !
The one thing that they fear most is their lies and deception revealed for all the world to see. I can't think of anything they are more afarid of.
The Holocaust is their big weakness, their Achilles Heel.
You must attack the enemy's weakest point.
Hammer, hammer, hammer! Attack Attack. When the heel crumples, the whole body collapses.
Once upon a time I used to believe in the Holocaust. I decided to Google "Holocaust Deniers" to find out what they actually had to say. It only took half an hour to realise the whole thing was Bunk! Not only that,.... I found out they were also bilking the German People out of Billions of Dollars/Euros.
Under English criminal law that is called "Obtaining Money by False Pretenses."
Well done Carolyn. I recommend your site a lot. You are on the offensive and so am I in my small way.
Where is the autopsy? What about the 6 million figure? Where is the order from Hitler? A murder weapon that could not possibly work? Problems with the laws of Physics, Mathematics and Chemistry! Forget about lying witnesses. Let's put the onus of proof on the Jews! It is a lot easier than debunking each lie.
The Mark Webers and Kevin McDonalds are high profile wastes of time. They lack the courage necessary...unlike Ursula, Zundel, Mahler, Faurisson, Stoltz, Bishop Williamson, Rudolph and many others... It is not necessary to go through a morass of lies one by one. It is necessary to go on the offensive and take over the moral high ground from the Jews who occupy it fraudulently.
The annoying thing about McDonald or Weber is that they shy away from what is most important by far. The Holocaust and non existant gassing. They give reasons ("Jewish Power"??!! "Can't see the profit in it") for not doing so but they deny their fear of the Jews which is the real reason. In Weber's case he looks like a Jew to me, and maybe he is one.
The Jews declared War on Germany in 1934. I don't see anywhere where they declared Peace, Their declaration of War is on all White Aryan Nations, not Germany alone. I will no longer put up with, "They suffered terribly during the War and one should be sympathetic to their plight." No they did not suffer terribly at all. You declare war on a country, so what do you expect? "We love you to declare war on us. Do please come around and have a nice cup of tea with us. Why not sabotage a railway or two. We would love you for that!" No! They get put in camps; it is only natural.
Jews always end up over playing their hand. Mass immigration means many more people now are ready to listen than 2 or 3 years ago. It is an easily provable fact that Jews are behind it, even admitted by Barbra Lerner Specter. Throw in the Holcaust at every opportunity.
Don't say that.
The Mark Webers and Kevin McDonalds are high profile wastes of time.
No, no, no. Don't say that. We don't have anybody else doing what MacDonald does in evolutionary psychology, and it's enormously helpful.
Weber is not all bad either. His historical talks are interesting and useful up to a point. He's just very weak in an argument, and not a good example for somebody trying to determine whether and how to talk about the Holocaust.
On the offensive
I appreciate what you wrote, Joshua.
I like your: “Hammer hammer hammer! Attack Attack.” Yes, I also think we are not aggressive enough. It's as though our folks think we have forever, but we are seeing now, if we didn't before - what with the crazy migration into Europe - that we don't.
Mary Caine (not verified)Wed, 18/11/15
"Their declaration of War is
"Their declaration of War is on all White Aryan Nations, not Germany alone."
Well said Joshua! Dov Lior, a "settler" rabbi on the West Bank in Israel, recently stated regarding the Paris attacks, that they were deserved due to what Europeans "did to our people 70 years ago".
http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Far-right-settler-rabbi-Paris-attacks-a...
Besides being yet another example of Jewish arrogance and exceptionalism, it causes the uninformed to scratch their heads: "hang on a minute! Wasn't France one of the "good guys?"
The Jews want to destroy all White Europeans and people of European descent. Natives of the WWII Allied nations are naive if they imagine that the Jews are grateful to them for defeating Hitler.
JoshuaF (not verified)Wed, 18/11/15
OK Hadding, in the case of
OK Hadding, in the case of Kevin McDonald: Agreed. It would be better if instead of giving spurious reasons, he just admitted his fear of mentioning the subject, being in the position he is in.
In the case of Mark Weber, he has taken over the IHR, using it as his private piggy bank, and maintains there were gassings. It is unforgivable.
Weber told everyone to give up in 2009.
I become more and more convinced that Mark Weber is the real source of trouble here.
In January 2009 Mark Weber announced that there was no point in Holocaust Revisionism and that he was therefore going to redirect the Institute for Historical Review, of which he was now the director, away from its mission, and toward what Weber calls "the real world struggle against Jewish-Zionist power."
Excerpts from Mark Weber, "How Relevant is Holocaust Revisionism?" (2009):
Revisionists have published impressive evidence, including long neglected documents and testimony, that has contributed to a more complete and accurate understanding of an emotion-laden and highly polemicized chapter of history. [...] But in spite of years of effort by revisionists, including some serious work that on occasion has forced “mainstream” historians to make startling concessions, there has been little success in convincing people that the familiar Holocaust story is defective.
A major reason for the lack of success in persuading people that conventional Holocaust accounts are fraudulent or exaggerated is that -- as revisionists acknowledge -- Jews in Europe were, in fact, singled out during the war years for especially severe treatment. This was confirmed, for example, by German propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels in these confidential entries in his wartime diary:
Feb. 14, 1942: “The Führer [Hitler] once again expresses his resolve ruthlessly to clear the Jews out of Europe. There must be no squeamish sentimentalism about it. The Jews have deserved the catastrophe that they are now experiencing. Their destruction will go hand in hand with the destruction of our enemies. We must hasten this process with cold ruthlessness.” [etc.]
No informed person disputes that Europe's Jews did, in fact, suffer a great catastrophe during the Second World War. Millions were forced from their homes and deported to brutal internment in crowded ghettos and camps. Jewish communities across Central and Eastern Europe, large and small, were wiped out. Millions lost their lives. When the war ended in 1945, most of the Jews of Germany, Poland, the Netherlands and others countries were gone.
Given all this, it should not be surprising that even well-founded revisionist arguments are often dismissed as heartless quibbling.
The Holocaust “remembrance” campaign is not so much a source of Jewish-Zionist power as it is an expression of it. For that reason, debunking the Holocaust will not shatter that power. [...] In my view, and as I have repeatedly emphasized, the task of exposing and countering this power is a crucially important one. In that effort, Holocaust revisionism cannot play a central role. [...] Setting straight the historical record about the wartime fate of Europe's Jews is a worthy endeavor. But there should be no illusions about its social-political relevance. In the real world struggle against Jewish-Zionist power, Holocaust revisionism has proved to be as much a hindrance as a help.
There are a couple of obvious criticisms to be made of the factual content of Weber's screed. For documentation of how badly Jews were treated during World War II, which is a major premise in Weber's argument for raising the white flag, Weber relies entirely on a "Goebbels Diary" that Weber testified convincingly in 1988 was spurious:
The later entry, which I think is the 27th of March [1942], is widely quoted to uphold or support the extermination thesis. It is not consistent with entries in the diary like this one of March 7th, and it is not consistent with entries at a later date from the Goebbels diaries, and it is not consistent with German documents from a later date.[…] there is a great doubt about the authenticity of the entire Goebbels diaries because they are written on typewriter. We have no real way of verifying if they are accurate, and the U.S. Government certified, in the beginning of the publication, […] that it can take no responsibility for the accuracy of the diaries as a whole.[…] I think again it is worth mentioning that the passage of the 27th of March is inconsistent with the passage of the 7th of March and the one from April, and I don’t remember the date exact (Transcript, p. 5820-5821). Goebbels had no responsibility for Jewish policy. He wasn’t involved in that. He was the Propaganda Minister. He was involved only to the extent that there were Jews in Berlin and he was responsible for Berlin (p. 5822-5823).
(Page-numbes from Kulaszka, Did Six Million Really Die?)
Why is Weber using a source that he has publicly identified as spurious?
Weber asserts: "No informed person disputes that Europe's Jews did, in fact, suffer a great catastrophe during the Second World War." But that is not the point. The point is that there was nothing unique or uniquely terrible about what the Jews suffered. This is what revisionism demonstrates.
Weber talks about "heartless quibbling." If anyone is a mere quibbler, it is Weber, for reasons that I have already stated. He is a mere quibbler because in his presentations he does not bother to define the issue before addressing it. He does not make delineations that allow one to limit the discussion to what is relevant. Forensically, Mark Weber is a slob, as is evident also in his continuing use of the Goebbels Diary 11 years after having exposed it as a fraud.
Nobody ever called Robert Faurisson a quibbler. Professor Faurisson had this to say about Weber's announcement:
Weber knows that there’s sometimes not too much danger in speaking out against the “Jewish-Zionist power.” Even some Jews and Zionists at times attack that power as well. On the other hand, he is also fully aware that it’s always highly dangerous to commit the least transgression against the Jews’ and Zionists’ sacred cow, their supreme taboo, i.e. their secular religion of “the Holocaust,” and this is a risk he no longer wants to run. http://robertfaurisson.blogspot.com/2009/04/mark-weber-must-resign-from-...
So there is Mark Weber telling the whole world in 2009 that it is not useful to challenge the Holocaust. In the view of some established experts in the field, some with better credentials than Weber (not limited to Faurisson), Weber has taken this position because he is a coward.
Dr. MacDonald's expressed view seems to be simply a summary of what Weber has said. If there is someplace where Dr. MacDonald has given a coherent rationale for his conclusion on this subject, please show me. I have not seen it. It seems very much that Weber, the supposed expert, is simply being trusted and followed on this.
corrected math
Weber relied on the Goebbels Diary 21 years after convincingly testifying that it was a fraud.
The role of Mark Weber
Dr. MacDonald's expressed view seems to be simply a summary of what Weber has said.
Yes, and that puts him in the same boat with "Dr." Greg Johnson.
http://carolynyeager.net/everything-greg-johnson-knows-about-holocaust-revisionism-he-learned-mark-weber
Mark Weber is not just sitting quietly in the chairman's seat at IHR collecting a salary, but he is using that "pulpit" to give people as influential as Kevin MacDonald reasons to avoid the "Holocaust."
This is a serious matter, and a matter of Jewish power. MacDonald is serving Jewish power when it comes to "Holocaust", while he is fighting Jewish power in other, less dangerous areas.
Will anyone else take this seriously? Mark Weber puts on a facade of smooth "rationality" in his approach to Jewish power which appeals to those who don't want to be labelled. The fact is, though, that he makes no impression whatsoever on that power,; he is a completely neutralized factor. So ... does he do it for money, or for love? Or because he is a tool, for whatever reason. We don't need to know his reasons, we just need to put a stop to his harmful influence on pro-White people. Even you, Hadding, wrote here that "Weber is not all bad ... his historical talks are interesting and useful up to a point."
I don't think mixed messages can be tolerated at all. It's the sign of a problem. I do believe that infiltration is the cause of our weakness, and inability to deal with it is weakness.
http://carolynyeager.net/mark-weber-says-millions-jews-lost-their-lives-because-nazi-policies
http://carolynyeager.net/unforgivable-sins-mark-weber
http://carolynyeager.net/heretics-hour-ihr-dead-horse-or-can-it-be-revived-under-new-leadership
http://carolynyeager.net/mike-pipers-lonely-battle-expose-jewish-takeover-ihr
Mark Weber: coward, not conspirator
I don't think that Mark Weber is deliberately doing harm. He's just a weak character. This is also Faurisson's conclusion based on his long experience with him:
I found in him a researcher endowed with good intellectual qualities and also a man who, whilst openly showing vigorous far-right convictions, seemed without character. It even seemed that, if he so admired strength or energy, it was because he himself was weak, timorous, hesitant.
In 1989 he agreed to accompany Fred Leuchter and me in our examinations of Dachau, Mauthausen and Hartheim. He was strongly impressed by the nature of our investigation work, largely similar in method to that of police inspectors, both technical (on site) and scientific (in the laboratory). But truth compels me to say that he also, on more than one occasion, exhibited such fright that, in Germany, I thought to myself: “Here we’ve got a real softy of a revisionist, someone who may well abandon us should serious difficulties arise.”
Sometimes I’ve seen him go pale at the sight of our boldness and, in particular, when he happened to hear the noisy work of F. Leuchter on site. Leuchter couldn’t avoid making something of a racket banging out tiny fragments from the walls of the so-called homicidal “gas chambers” with his chisel. As the pieces fell to his feet he took the time, keeping his protective mask on, to gather them up slowly and scrupulously. Had a guard come by at that instant, we could well have found ourselves under arrest. The risk had to be run but it set Weber’s teeth chattering. I was embarrassed for him.
The scene is a hotel in Munich on March 23, 1991, where Ernst Zündel has made an appointment with fellow revisionists for the “Leuchter-Kongreß.” [...] At 7 AM, we learn that Ernst Zündel has been arrested by the police. Weber is there. He’s trembling like a leaf. He tells me there can no longer be any question of holding the scheduled conference. I object, saying the arrest of our mutual friend makes it an obligation for us to stay the course. He trembles even more and, overcome with fear, stammers: “But, but, but, Robert, we are revisionists; we are not Zundelists!” He entreats me to drop the whole thing, saying we’ll all be arrested. The tears well up in his eyes. [Robert Faurisson, "Mark Weber Must Resign from the Institute for Historical Review", 3 April 2009]
It would not be so bad if Weber as a coward kept his inhibitions to himself. But a coward who proselytizes is a serious matter.
But if he's only a coward, why is he proselitizing others? He was proselitizing Mike Conner at VOR Radio too. Mike said they talked for hours on the phone and Mike was learning a lot from him.
And why does he hold onto his control of the IHR so tightly, for a rather small salary I might add and amid so many calls for him to resign, if he doesn't want to accomplish anything there? And why did he suddenly come to despise his former revisionist friends like Faurisson and Bradley Smith, and other notable revisionists like Rudolf and Zündel? He refuses to comment on any of that.
I don't know. I suppose that
I don't know. I suppose that he feels the need to try to justify himself by getting others to show the same weakness. The fact that he is a weak character is clear.
Friction between Weber and some other revisionists had been building up for years. When I visited Faurisson in 2000, he spent a good bit of the time complaining about Weber's editorial practices, especially his tendency to try to soften everything, sometimes doing violence to the factual content.
Faurisson said that Weber was a vegetarian, and you know, vegetarians are like that (flips wrist).
Roy (not verified)Wed, 18/11/15
Here is a thought that I just
Well stated. How can anyone make a distinction between the two?! I'm seeing more and more of what I will call the 'James Fetzer syndrome'.
Fetzer has recently spoke out against the holocaust - admitting it is a fraud/fabrication. However....he continues the Jewish lie of "Hitler as Evil". Does this make any sense? So Fetzer rejects the Jewish lie of the holocaust; but he retains and propogates the lie that Hitler was evil. I see this more and more. Other men are doing the same.
Does this make any sense? It is an insane world we live in. Let us not believe in the Jew lie of the holocaust; but let us then believe anything the Jew may say about other subjects.
How is the telling of History any different?
Regarding Immigration --- think about this the next time you debate with a social justice warrior.........why is not the International community (jews and jew thinkers) suggesting China's Ghost Cities as an alternative for housing these people allegedly fleeing from war torn countries? CBS 60 minutes has done a few investigations into these Ghost Cities. It's not like the West doesn't know about them.
Why not ship all of these people to China and set them up in these vacant ghost cities? We give them money.....why not pay their way and provide them food. We are paying anyway. Why not pay and have them somewhere else.
But you see.............as logical as this may sound, the Jews and their Jew thinkers would never ever consider it because this is about White Genocide. Nothing more, nothing less.
I don't hear SJW's demanding China house these people. And we never will.
Ps....I don't buy Fetzer's recent conversion to holocaust denial. He brags like he has done something no one else has done. He has just regurgitated all those who came before him. Big fat coward.
The crux of the matter
So Fetzer rejects the Jewish lie of the holocaust; but he retains and propogates the lie that Hitler was evil.
This is the reason for many people not to want to get rid of the "Holocaust" ... because it will go a long way in rehabilitating Hitler. The first enemy of the Jews is Adolf Hitler and Nationalism. Hitler's successful and highly-praised National Socialist state weakened Jewish power tremendously. This is not something that Kevin MacDonald wants to deal with either. He doesn't like AH or N-S.
From Fredrick Toben
I received this from Fredrick Toben in an email yesterday ... something he also sent to a number of others:
Just the other day this Holocaust matter was raised by Carolyn Yeager in her program - http://carolynyeager.net/heretics-hour-kevin-macdonalds-problem-holocaust-revisionism - wherein she mentions how Kevin MacDonald refuses to deal with matters Holocaust but instead focuses on “Jewish power” generally. She points out how it is the Revisionists who have forced the Holocaust believers to change the narrative of their tall tale again and again as a direct result of Revisionist research from Leuchter, Graf, Mattogno, Rudolf, among others. To that I attach a 2001 letter from Willis Carto that supports Carolyn’s point about the importance in dismantling the various contradictory Holocaust narratives through basic scientific research. I tend to agree with the wisdom emerging therefrom: basic Holocaust research has been done and Revisionists have won the argument on paper. Think of Zündel’s 1985 trial where for the last time such physical matters were discussed, then the 1988 trial where on 20 April Zündel presented the Fuehrer a Birthday present in the form of The Leuchter Report! I can already sense individuals just reading this wince in whatever accompanying emotional intensity – my response to this is: Get over it! But for heaven’s sake don’t adopt the mentally tortuous position of “limited gassings”. That’s what PRIME UGLIES do – and always remember there are individuals who would like to ensure that the revelation is propagated by Jewish individuals who, unsurprisingly, are never legally persecuted. Imagine what David Cole did – relegated Revisionist pioneers such as Faurisson, Leuchter and Zündel to irrelevance. What mindset would wish to do that to these three courageous pioneers? And there are individuals who praised Cole’s autobiography when in fact it reveals a disgusting-pornographic mindset as concerns his attitude to women.
As commentators such as the below know, touch the Holocaust and that is social death, if not imprisonment, so the skirting around the rim continues. The pathetic half-way mark, of legally playing it safe, is of course the preferred option that claims “limited gassings” occurred. In April 1999 before the indicting judge at Mannheim, who was writing up the proceedings before him – no objective court reporters there! – asked me whether I would like to add anything to what he had written. I said that were the elusive homicidal gas chambers-murder weapon ever to be found, then I would be the first to publish this information. Upon that prosecutor Klein jumped out of his seat and dashed towards the judge and cried out: ‘Das ist nicht noetig – that is not necessary!’ I then knew I had struck gold in my case – and because literally I was going to be sent down I insisted the judge write it down, which he did. Likewise in 1997, during my visiting Rabbi Abraham Cooper, our cordial discussion broke off suddenly when I responded to his question: ‘Do you question the gassings?’ with ‘Of course – we must look at the murder weapon’, etc.
In 1997 Dr Wilhelm Stäglich advised me that were a hundred German judges to refuse to enact Paragraph 130, then the law would simply become ineffective. But the fine tuning of the German re-education system has succeeded, something Dr Rigolf Hennig so clearly stated a decade again – induced madness, in: Zur geistigen Befindlichkeit der Deutschen - https://kopfschuss911.wordpress.com/2015/06/25/das-eingepflanzte-irresei...
But just like in Australia and elsewhere, there are always judges who will apply the current law, then as Manuel Sotil perceptively states below, by using sophistry at its best, they will go with the flow, and their judgment will inevitably reveal their moral and intellectual bankruptcy.
It is this fact that has enabled me to formulate the maxim concerning our universal battle-of-the-wills: ‘Don’t only blame the Jews, also blame those that bend to Jewish pressure.’
So, I fully agree with Carolyn Yeager’s assessment of the situation, but I can also fully understand the likes of Nigel Jackson, who still try to keep a comfortable life-style going, and above all, trying to keep a marriage and family going because were he to leave the comfortable realm of his safe musings, then in Australia Section 18C awaits him. We should also note that for the non-German world, matters Holocaust is a most effective mechanism with which to retain the thumb on Germanic hubris.
Hadding (not verified)Fri, 20/11/15
Mark Weber on Red Ice,
Mark Weber on Red Ice, 18 November 2015:
"It means really, it's suicidal. It's cultural suicide. Because one of the facets of the prevailing ideology that is fashionable in Western Europe and the United States is that the West, Europeans, or White people, are really bad. There is an enormous encouragement of a self-loathing, of a kind of self-hatred in these societies, because they did all sorts of bad things. And of course, we are told over and over, the Germans in particular did the worst thing of all: they are responsible for the Holocaust. But by the way other people are responsible too: the Hungarians, the Vatican, the Poles. They are all collectively guilty.
"Well this is crazy. This is madness. No healthy society can sustain itself over a long period of time based in large measure on feelings of guilt and self-loathing. But that's what in place in Europe, and the consequences of course we are seeing again, manifest in the headlines from day to day and week to week."
What is really crazy and mad is that Weber identifies the Holocaust myth as a central cause of the current crisis in Europe, but refuses to attack it -- even though he knows that it can be attacked -- and urges others also not to attack it. Weber evidently thinks that it's fine for Europeans to go on believing in the Holocaust; they just shouldn't feel too guilty about it. This seems to me psychologically obtuse.
Northern Europeans are prone to guilt. But guilt is just anger turned against oneself. If it can be shown that not I, but somebody else -- some liar -- is the wrongdoer in a situation, that anger gets redirected outward, and all the self-torment becomes vituperation against that other person. This is what happens with people who endured some oppressive religious upbringing that they later threw off: they become bitter critics of that religion and its representatives. This is also what happens when the Holocaust is demonstrated to be a fraud.
But to let people go on believing in the Holocaust while telling them not to feel guilty -- this is an unconvincing half-measure. Who is Mark Weber to tell people that they should not feel guilty? He is certainly not going to back it up by saying that the Jews deserved whatever happened, and he is no priest offering absolution either. Leaving the factual basis for guilt intact while non-authoritatively suggesting that people should not feel guilty is no cure.
For somebody who lacks the authority of a priest, the feasible way to dispel Holocaust-guilt is not to say, "There there, don't feel too bad," but to use facts to show that the claims forming the basis for this guilt are fraudulent.
You can't convince everybody with facts and reason, but you can reach some, and those people -- as the Swedes informed Dr. MacDonald -- are smart people. With smart people you can build something.
carolynFri, 20/11/15
My take on the red ice program
I listened to the first hour and what I want to say is that Mark Weber stole the IHR and turned it away from Holocaust Revisionisn, which was its purpose as founded by Willis Carto in 1978. How does that make him a well-regarded figure? When the Weber-assisted revolt took place, one of their main complaints was that Carto was going to move the Journal's (JHR) content from PURE HOLOCAUST REVISIONISM to include historical revisionism, such as WWII, and even some current issues. Oh my, what an uproar was raised by that, led by Weber.
Yet, when the Journal and the whole Institute under Weber's leadership was failing, he decided the problem was lack of interest in HOLOCAUST REVISIONISM and he decided the IHR would shift its attention away from that!!! Weber has continued to produce failure after failure right up until today, but he pretends he's a success because he has control of the popular website (popular because of the strong interest in Holocaust revisionism!), and Henrik Palmgren (and so many other before him) ignorantly go along with it and laud Weber as an important figure in ... what? Hard to say. I find it utterly disgusting.
At the end Weber said he's "been director since 1993, but I've been associated with the IHR since shortly after it was founded - I came here in 1991 to work here." He's not telling the truth; in fact in 1993 he was editor in chief of the IHR's journal (announced in 1992) and it wasn't until 1995 that he became IHR director.
Then he says, "And of course the emphasis has changed over time to take into account just the changing realities." He was the only one who wanted to change it, and he did it in the same fashion that German Chancellor Merkel announced that Germany was open to all asylum-seekers from Syria and other war zones ... without asking the German folk if it was alright with them. When Weber "changed the emphasis" (lterally dropping Holocaust Revisionism overnight) there was shock and objection from most everyone who had been associated with the Institute for all those years. Weber refused to answer any questions they put to him. He really is very similar to Merkel, isn't he?
In explaining himself, he finally says, "Things have changed and we have to take that into account of course." Henrik responds, "Absolutely." Henrik never mentioned Holocaust once in this first hour, and Weber only twice in passing, the second time when he said "for younger people the second world war is way back there; they hear more about, of course, the Holocaust but - but - I mean, things have changed."
He also said "if you google key words you'll find IHR #1,2 or 3 on search pages for subjects we dealt with in the past." By that, he means Holocaust revisionism -- it's in the past!
So, yes, Mark Weber is the one who, in the role of an expert and head of the IHR, gives "permission" to White Nationalists to avoid addressing the "Holocaust," when Mark Weber is not even a White Nationalist and says so in the IHR Mission Statement ... the current one he wrote.
In fact, the IHR steadfastly opposes bigotry of all kinds. We are proud of the support we have earned from people of the most diverse political views, and racial, ethnic and religious backgrounds.
The IHR does not “deny” the Holocaust. Indeed, the IHR as such has no “position” on any specific event or chapter of history, except to promote greater awareness and understanding, and to encourage more objective investigation.
You are right, Hadding, that Weber's cowardice knows no bounds, but at the same time, he is nobody's dummy. He knows what he's doing. I don't think there is anyone I have LESS respect for than him; nor therefore can I respect those who follow his cowardly trail. And there are too many of them.
A total ingrate
Notice this on the IHR Mission page:
Speakers at IHR conferences and meetings have included:
John Toland, Pulitzer prize-winning American historian, and author of several best-selling works of history.
John Sack, veteran journalist, war correspondent, historian and novelist. This Jewish-American writer is the author of nine non-fiction books.
Tony Martin, professor of African studies at Wellesley College (Massachusetts).
Paul "Pete" McCloskey, former U.S. Congressman (Rep.-Calif.). This U.S. Marine Corps veteran braved enemy fire in Korea, opposed Richard Nixon on Capitol Hill, and spoke out against Israel's violations of U.S. law and the deceit of the Israel-first Anti-Defamation League.
Hideo Miki, professor at Japan's National Defense Academy and retired Lieutenant General of Japan's Self-Defense Forces.
Tom Sunic, author, scholar and former political science professor and diplomat.
James J. Martin, an American historian with a 25-year career as an educator. Author of several meticulously researched historical studies.
Joseph Sobran, author, lecturer, and nationally-syndicated columnist.
David Irving, British historian and author of numerous bestselling works.
John Bennett, Australian civil liberties attorney and activist, and president of the Australian Civil Liberties Union.
Not a single Holocaust revisionist listed. What a scumbag. Weber's entire reputation is based on the Holo revisionist writing he did. The rest of what he's done is totally forgettable.
Proof that Mark Weber doesn't work
IHR Employment Opportunity
Institute for Historical Review
The IHR needs a full-time staff member to join our team here in southern California. He or she will handle website formatting, posting and updating, maintain computer data records, work on outreach and publishing projects, and handle routine office tasks such as product shipping, customer relations and supply procurement. The applicant must have good writing and verbal communication skills, a demonstrated ability to produce quality work on a timely basis, a responsible attitude, initiative, respect for the ideals and goals of the IHR, and be able to work together well with others.
http://www.ihr.org/news/employment2015aug.shtml
In other words, everything Mark Weber doesn't have. As far as work skills, he can't even post an item on the website. He doesn't write anything. He can't be bothered with keeping track of what's bought in the "store". He wants this employee to take care of shipping out orders and ordering in supplies. Even the "outreach and publishing projects" (sounds like News & Views) are to be taken care of by this single employee. We already know that Weber, for years now, does nothing but read and clip newspapers and talk on the phone. Someone should get hired there as a spy and later write a tell-all book about it.
Hadding (not verified)Sat, 21/11/15
Spying on Weber is not necessary.
It seems that Weber's public statements should be damning enough to an intelligent person, without spying on him.
If Weber is advertising for additional personnel, it means that IHR has money to spend. It would not be entirely unprecedented if some entity has promised funding on the condition that IHR turn away from debunking the Holocaust. Nick Griffin says that he was approached by "Zionists" who wanted the BNP to focus on complaining about Muslims and stop complaining about international banking. After BNP turned down that offer, the English Defence League was formed as a competing organization. http://national-socialist-worldview.blogspot.com/2013/03/how-patriotism-is-co-opted-and.html
Whatever the background story, Mark Weber and the IHR at this point have become detrimental. It is hard to imagine that IHR ever would have become noteworthy doling out the kind of weak broth that Weber now serves. All of the older, valuable material on IHR.org is available on VHO.org now. IHR serves no special purpose anymore, except that it soaks up support based on its reputation from what it used to be. Mark Weber has become like a cuckoo in the nest of historical revisionism, causing destruction to the genuine item.
carolynSat, 21/11/15
The cucks among us
Mark Weber has become like a cuckoo in the nest of historical revisionism, causing destruction to the genuine item.
If Weber is a cuck, then those who follow and publicly express his line of thinking are cucks too.
Falcon (not verified)Sat, 21/11/15
I suspect the real reason Mr. Weber and Mr. MacDonald do not feel comfortable discussing the Hoax of the 20th Century, is because they hope to travel in Europe in the future without being arrested.
All the draconian Thoughtcrime / Blasphemy laws in Europe need to be repealed!
False fears
If that were their reason, they could say so, couldn't they? But instead they give the reason that it is irrelevant or unnecessary/unimportant. Are they being dishonest in your opinion?
It's not the case that Americans are liable to European laws, unless they say "illegal" things when in those countries where it is criminalized. And Mr. Weber has already spoken out about it plenty in the past (as seen on TV and elsewhere) and he hasn't been troubled legally because of it. Nor would Mr. MacDonald be troubled for simply making a few mild statements of disagreement or doubt here in the U.S. After all, I am in no way asking that MacDonald devote himself to Holocaust Revisionism, but only that he not call it unnecessary and unimportant.
Jim Russel (not verified)Sat, 06/04/19
Monika Schaefer did 10 months for "Sorry Mom" posted from Canada
t's not the case that Americans are liable to European laws, unless they say "illegal" things when in those countries where it is criminalized.
Maybe Monika too mistakenly believed that. Her 2017 "Sorry Mom" video was made in Canada and posted to Youtube and she was held in Stadelheim prison 10 months for Paragraph 130 for apologizing to her dead mother for her false accusation of doing nothing to stop the alleged mass murder of the magiical 6 million Jews by gas by Hitler's order, giving the world a new bogeyman to take attention away from the doings of the Antichrist children of the father of lies in the synagogue of Satan.
You are misinformed
... and passing on your misinformation irresponsibly. I once believed that too, and Alfred and Monica allowed us all to repeat it. But it came out at the trial in Germany that Alfred uploaded the video to Youtube in Germany, never in Canada. Monica knew that all along also; she said so at the trial. That's why Alfred is still in prison, where he seems to want to be. He thought he could make a martyr of himself and get lots of publicity.
What's worse, people are still saying it was uploaded in Canada and that German law thinks it can control the world. No. Not true. So I hope you will stop passing on misinformation so readily and also tell other people that this is an incorrect story.
Jim Russel (not verified)Mon, 08/04/19
You can't even spell her name
You can't even spell her name and you're calling her a liar as well, providing no evidence of your claim.
Monika spent 10 months in German prison BEFORE here trial at which she was sentenced to time served. You're veery confused.
Sorry Jim,
but the evidence is from the trial. Ask her. She is an honest person.
Monika Schaefer (not verified)Mon, 08/04/19
There seems to have been an
There seems to have been an inordinate amount of interest in “where” the video was uploaded, rather than on the fact that a certain group of people would criminalize the peaceful expression of dissenting views in the first place. Then there is the detail of the world wide web being exactly that, world wide. It should not be relevant where we were when we made the video.
There is a reason why I did not correct people in my letters out of jail as to their misconception of where the video was made. I knew that the court was only interested in those technical details. That would constitute their “evidence” against us, and that would suffice for them to give their verdict and throw away the key.
We were interested in much more than that – we wanted this to be a trial which exposes the lies and illuminates the truth. Alfred purposely did not answer the technical questions in court during the first few days of trial, because the trial would have been over right then and there. The whole idea was to show and give evidence (for example, to show entire videos, not just the “incriminating” bits out of context), and drive this to the point of no return for the judges’ plausible deniability. In other words, when the tables have turned and these criminals are in the dock, they cannot claim that they had not understood the situation. The 20 day trial was an enlightenment for all who were present.
As for the comment about Alfred, all I can say is that we are ALL in some sort of prison, only in some cases you can feel and see the bars, and in other cases those bars are not visible to the eye. With all due respect, dear Carolyn, your disparaging comments about Alfred are not helpful. We are pulling on the same rope are we not?
Dear Monika,
"We are pulling on the same rope are we not?"
Yes we are, and I have been pulling on it for a lot longer than you and Alfred. That's not to put a value on anyone above another, but only to confirm that my opinion and views are also well-earned.
You and Alfred (maybe mostly Alfred) wanted to make a splash, a stir, a breakthrough in this long-running holohoax, and you can only be applauded for that. Applauded for your courage, too. But it seems to me now that your decision to upload your video in Germany instead of Canada was well-thought-out for the purpose of getting you arrested in Germany. Why else would you have travelled to Germany and shown up at Sylvia Stolz's hearing if you didn't want to be arrested?
This bothers me because the online discussion went on for quite a while before your arrest about how outrageous it was for Germany to assert jurisdiction over something done in Canada by a Canadian citizen, and you both allowed it to go on and even facillitated it. I call this dishonesty to the thousands of people who believed you and repeated it, no matter what noble reasons you can come up with to justify it. I was distressed when I learned the truth (after the trial), and really "turned off" to the whole saga.
But that's just me. Our enemy uses lies so pervasively, I don't think it ever helps us to copy that behavior. As you well know, there are lies of commission and lies of ommission -- all are lies. For this reason, I cannot bring myself to speak well of Alfred now, although you notice I have not written anything against him or you until Jim Russel decided to pass the lie off on my website. I felt compelled to correct it.
"We were interested in much more than that – we wanted this to be a trial which exposes the lies and illuminates the truth."
Well, I question how you can expose lies with more lies. I think you have harmed your credibility. I'm glad you explained yourself here - maybe you already have elsewhere - I knew you would answer truthfully if asked. So God Bless and Good Luck in the future.
Monika Schaefer (not verified)Wed, 10/04/19
Dear Carolyn,"Why else would
Dear Carolyn,
"Why else would you have travelled to Germany and shown up at Sylvia Stolz's hearing if you didn't want to be arrested?"
You can call me naive or whatever you want to call me, but your assertion is ludicrous. Maybe I just didn't spend time thinking about it. But how can I "prove" my thoughts? The same as you can not assert what I "wanted". I can only tell you what I know to be true for myself, and no, I did not "want to be arrested"! Nor did Alfred "want" to be arrested. That said, he does everything he humanly can do about the existential crisis we face, full well knowing that it might cost personal freedom. So do I.
Does that mean we "wanted to be arrested"? No! But how does it help us if we shrink back from this work for fear of being arrested? Have they then not already enslaved and imprisoned us?
There are different kinds of prisons - some where you can see and touch the bars and others where the bars are invisible.
Your point about lies of ommission - I do remember being forthright in online interviews as to where the video was made, before I went to Germany. I have little control over rumours to the contrary. I do not remember seeing this "online discussion" which you refer to. I would dearly have liked to correct people on this misconception while I was in jail, but it would have been extremely unwise to do so in my letters, for the reasons I have already stated.
I find your accusation of "exposing lies with more lies" unhelpful. I do not wish to be in a dispute with you, Carolyn, and I have great respect for your work. But this harsh assessment of us is exactly what our enemies love, and I really would prefer not to play into their hands. Both Alfred and I are very willing to admit when we have been wrong about something or have made mistakes. You can rest assured that we are doing the very best that we can, for truth, for love, and for life.
carolynThu, 11/04/19
Don't appreciate being lectured to
I'm afraid I don't believe you, Monika.
"You can call me naive ..." I call what you did reckless, not naive. You're too old to be that naive, you knew too much, and as for "not wanting to be arrested" I think you are playing a semantic game with the word "want": you didn't want but you were willing to go to jail when you recklessly exposed yourself.
"I do remember being forthright in online interviews as to where the video was made." I never came across that forthrightness; I heard only the one version, and apparently so did everyone else. The "online discussion" I referred to was not a single discussion, but the overall talk that went on on the Internet.
"I find your accusation of "exposing lies with more lies" unhelpful."
I find your accusation that I am "unhelpful" to your/the cause to be irritating. If telling the truth about where the video was made and uploaded onto the Internet, which was the main and really whole point of the charges against you and Alfred in Germany, and which most people are still unaware of, is upsetting to you unless you can couch it in your own doublespeak -- well, that is a problem.
That might be somewhat credible if they said it themselves, but they don't say that at all. I would find that a more respectable explanation than what they do say, which is in effect: disputing the Holocaust doesn't accomplish anything.
Everybody that has actually been involved with the issue (with the possible exception of Mark Weber) knows that this is ridiculous bunk. If disputing the Holocaust were so pointless, it wouldn't have been made (de facto or de jure) illegal in so many countries.
Benjamin Garland (not verified)Sat, 21/11/15
Culture of the Holocaust
MacDonald talks about the "culture of the Holocaust" in The Culture of Critique, beginning on page 49 of the PDF: http://www.angelfire.com/rebellion2/goyim/je1.pdf
Aside from that I pretty much agree with your criticism here. I would have much more respect for MacDonald's position if he said "I'm not an expert in that and don't talk about it, but there's people you can go to if you're interested" rather than it shouldn't be talked about by anyone.
And I also agree with Hadding about not mixing this with 9/11 theories, as they are on much shakier ground. It's easy to get caught up in thinking there is a good case for a 9/11 inside job/mossad job while only looking at one side of the argument, but the fact is that most of the conspiracists claims have been sufficeintly answered by debunkers.
We really only have circumstantial evidence of possible foreknowledge, and it really is highly circumstantial, nothing that proves anything.
For example, Larry Silverstein just happening to not show up for work that day can be looked at as technically circumstantial evidence of foreknowledge, but he could just as easily be lucky, and that's hardly comparable to the mountains of solid evidence we have against the Holohoax.
The level of dishonesty that comes from the side of the 9/11 truthers makes many people, myself included, think it's best to distance ourselves from them.
Just to give two quick but very significant examples, the statements by Larry Silverstein and the mossad agents are continuously misquoted and misconstrued, and don't amount to much of anything when rationally analyzed.
1. Larry Silverstein clearly says "they made that decision to pull" and this is constantly misquoted as "I," as in Silverstein himself made a decision to "pull" the building down with a controlled demolition (and then admitted this on TV!). He is talking about the fire chief making the decision. So the fire chief, and indeed the enitre fire department (as they all concur with Silverstein's story), would have to be in on it, if this were a conspiracy, which is ridiculous.
2. Mossad agents went on Israeli TV and said "our purpose was to document the event." This is constantly, constantly misquoted as they were "sent" to document the event (and again, they admit this on TV!?). Two entirely different things. What they were doing was filming which means, objectively, just as probably thousands of others that day, they were indeed "documenting the event." (They are also subhuman scum who were celebrating it, but that doesn't mean they were in on it, just that they knew they would benefit from it, as Bibi even explicitly said the next day.)
If this kind of evidence is the best we can come up with, were left on some pretty thin ice.
As far as the rest we can get into details endlessly so I will just make a blanket statement and say they've all been answered. The book Debunking 911 Myths by Popular Mechanics should be read at the very least by anyone interested in 9/11, before they come to a conclusion about what happened.
Popular Mechanics?
Thanks very much for the reference. Yes, five pages in the 1998 preface to the book CofC. It's based mainly on two books by liberal Jews: The Holocaust in American Life by Peter Novick and The Holocaust Industry by Norman Finckelstein. Neither were holocaust revisionists and both profess the reality of the holohoax. There is no mention of any revisionist author or of the possibility that the holohoax did not happen as standard history describes it. This sentence gives the rationale for his position:
"[Peter Novick] argues that the importance of the Holocaust is not a spontaneous phenomenon but stems from highly focused, well-funded efforts of Jewish organizations and individual Jews with access to the major media."
From this one can argue that its forced importance is the problem, which is the work of Jews, and without that the holocaust would fade into the background. Thus it's just one aspect of Jewish power. I say that it has become a source of Jewish power because if it were taken away Jews would lose a lot of the power they now have. It might be good for us that they have invested so much of themselves in the "Holocaust" for when we extend to more people the understanding of how Jews faked it, it will be a tremendous blow. It's happening and it will turn suddenly.
When I said there is tons of evidence that 9/11 was a put-up job, I wasn't thinking about who knew about it in advance. That's pretty much a "let-it-happen' argument. Nor was I thinking about Larry Silverstein's comments or what the "dancing Israelis" said. I'm referring to the collapse of the buildings. The first two could not have been brought down to the ground by airplanes hitting the top part of the building. For the third there is no explanation except for a few fires in the lower floors that would have burned out on their own.
I read what Popular Mechanics had to say back when but I'm not familiar with their book. If it's the same as what they wrote in their articles, it's not at all convincing. How do they explain the 3 building collapses? And if the Fire Chief "made the decision to pull" Bulding 7, then the building must have been already wired for demolition.
PS. I just read some reviews at Amazon for the Popular Mechanics book you recommend, and it apparently DOES NOT answer the questions I have asked. As I expected. I can't understand what you and Hadding are getting at.
Benjamin Garland (not verified)Sun, 22/11/15
No Boom
"The first two could not have been brought down to the ground by airplanes hitting the top part of the building."
Yes, they could and did. The controlled demolition argument falls flat right off the bat by the fact that there are no explosions. You can watch the towers collapse in coutless videos and all you hear is basically a whooshing sound. Look up videos of controlled demolitions and you will hear very loud explosions, they're heard for many miles around.
You can also see clearly that the collapses start at the floors that were hit by the planes. All it takes is one floor to collapse to bring down a building (this is what a controlled demolition is for the most part - they blow out the bottom floor and let nature take its course). The planes weighed a million pounds alone and hit the buildings at a very high speed, causing massive damage and hundreds of gallons of jet fuel going up in flames. Steel is very sensitive to heat, it buckles and weakens. I work with it every day and as anyone who does will tell you, this is a constant issue, trying not to warp and deform steel out of parameters when putting any significant amount of heat to it. This damage was coupled with the massive weight above it pressing down, so once that one floor gave way, which that it did is not a huge surprise in hindsight, there was literally millions of pounds falling straight down demolishing everything in its path.
There is much more that can be said about this but to me the argument basically stops dead at the sound issue. No explosion - no controlled demolition. Unless we are going to claim they was some kind of silent bombs, and then we'll be really out in theory land.
"For the third there is no explanation except for a few fires in the lower floors that would have burned out on their own . . . And if the Fire Chief "made the decision to pull" Bulding 7, then the building must have been already wired for demolition."
(Firstly, again: no expolsion.) "Pull" was the decision to pull out because the damage was already too great to fight and they didn't want more people dying if the building fell, which turned out to be the right decision. The idea that "pull it" was an order to demolish the building is just something conspiracy theorists simply assert, over and over and over, with nothing to back it up. Again, the fire chief gave the order, and all of the fireman who were on the ground tell the same story, that it meant to give up fighting the fires. That would mean that the fire chief, and all the fireman, would have to be consciously in on a conspiracy that just killed hundreds of their brothers, which is ridiculous on its face.
". . . it apparently DOES NOT answer the questions I have asked. As I expected."
Yes, it most certainly does, in great detail.
You have to hear the defense and the prosecution before deciding a case. People who dogmatically believe these conspiracy theories never realize how dishonest they all are. Read that book or some of the 911 debunking site online and you'll quickly find out how much the "truther" side has to rely on myths, cherry-picked quotes taken out of context, baseless assertions, catch phrases with no meaning when scrutinized, etc.
Then think about the Holohoax. All of the arguments against it are solid, and there is a consensus on them, meaning if you asked 100 people worth their salt the 20 top reasons the Holocaust is a hoax you will likely get very similar answers from all of them. With 911 you'll get a bunch of easily debunked nonsense, conflicting theories, lies and outright insanity. No matter what your ultimate opinion on 911 is, they are two different animals entirely, which I think is what Hadding was getting at.
Hadding (not verified)Sun, 22/11/15
Anybody claiming that Building 7 was taken down with controlled demolition will also have to explain why the roof sagged at one end immediately before the collapse.
In general I think it's not a good idea to mix unrelated issues. The goal in an argument should be to make it simpler by eliminating what's irrelevant.
9/11 or 9-11, not 911
I do not normally talk about 9/11 and don't think I "mixed" it with Holocaust. But MacDonald had pretty much the same take on both so I thought it worth mentioning. I have not said that WTC buildings 1 and 2 were taken down by ordinary demolition, just that they weren't taken down by airplanes. As to building 7, "pull it" does not mean the same thing as "pull out." But "all the firemen said they understood it that way" so okay. But I still don't believe it because there is NO explanation for why a building that size should collapse into its footprint because of a few fires. I disagree with Ben that damaged upper floors will cause all the floors below to collapse. If the lower floor is taken out, the floors above it can collapse, but not the other way around, in a steel building.
Plus it doesn't have to be a big conspiracy for ordinary people to remain silent in order to keep their jobs, health insurance, pensions, and a normal life. Happens all the time.
I am wondering, Ben, if you now speak so dismissively against "conspiracy theories" because of your association with Andrew Anglin. I am not being unfriendly or antagonizing -- it's just a natural connection to make since he came out so totally against conspiracy theories and he seems to demand a certain amount of consensus from his DS colleagues. People do conspire all the time, so it's not outlandish.
I appreciate this input and it certainly brings me up to date on some topics. Thanks a lot, both of you.
9-11 vs. Holocaust
"I do not normally talk about 9/11 and don't think I 'mixed' it with Holocaust. But MacDonald had pretty much the same take on both...."
That would indicate only that he knows very little about the revisionist argument. I hope that he is learning something about it now, at least.
A factor that has contributed to the strength of the arguments of Holocaust Revisionism is that they have developed under extremely hostile conditions. They had to be very good arguments or there would have been no point in even attempting to present them.
By contrast, there is no persecution of "9-11 Truth." Consequently all kinds of stupid arguments for "controlled demolition" etc. have been free to propagate widely.
Benjamin Garland (not verified)Mon, 23/11/15
No, Anglin doesn't demand any kind of consensus (nor would I give one if it were against my true beliefs), we are just like-minded on many things, including conspiracy theories, for the most part. Funnily enough, this is one event that we disagree with. He believes 9/11 was a Jewish conspiracy and I don't think there is sufficient evidence for that. We've had some friendly arguments over it.
Not really a big deal though because I have no desire to go against the idea of a 9/11 conspiracy too openly (i.e. publishing articles about it), because I know it will just be divisive, and its ultimately unimportant who people believe were behind it. A fascinating topic to me though.
Good to know. Thanks.
[Peter Novick] argues that
[Peter Novick] argues that the importance of the Holocaust is not a spontaneous phenomenon but stems from highly focused, well-funded efforts of Jewish organizations and individual Jews with access to the major media.
This really doesn't say anything that we don't all know. It only says that Jews have promoted the Holocaust, that it is a subject of Jewish propaganda. That's no rationale for refusing to discuss the Holocaust.
In fact, if the Holocaust were disputed sufficiently, it would be counterproductive for Jews even to mention it. They would eventually have to drop it, because every mention of it would be an occasion for exposing them as liars. That's the advantage of going on the offensive against this big lie instead of trying to sidestep it.
Individuals may avoid some conflict and difficulties by choosing not to dispute the Holocaust, but in the big picture, our collective interest is not served at all by pussyfooting around about this matter.
This argument of Mark Weber's seems to be the real source of MacDonald's position:
The Holocaust “remembrance” campaign is not so much a source of Jewish-Zionist power as it is an expression of it. For that reason, debunking the Holocaust will not shatter that power. [...] In my view, and as I have repeatedly emphasized, the task of exposing and countering this power is a crucially important one. In that effort, Holocaust revisionism cannot play a central role. [...] In the real world struggle against Jewish-Zionist power, Holocaust revisionism has proved to be as much a hindrance as a help. [Mark Weber, January 2009]
See, Weber goes beyond what Novick said. Novick says that the Holocaust is a matter of Jewish propaganda, but Weber asserts that there is no point in arguing with this propaganda.
What Weber said in 2009 is essentially what Professor MacDonald says in 2015. First he says that it is useless to talk about it; then he echoes Weber's point that Jewish power is the real problem:
My view is that talking about the truth, the facts about the Holocaust, is just a no-win game. You can't win anything by it. They immediately typecast you as crazy and all that.
If Jewish power lessened in America, well the Holocaust would lessen too. The only reason the Holocaust is important is because Jews are so important in the media, etc." [K. MacDonald, 5 November 2015]
The first point that Professor makes, echoing Mark Weber, is simply false. Skepticism about the Holocaust is something that the Jews greatly fear, and it has become very widespread outside of the West.
Professor MacDonald's second point, identifying the fundamental problem, is true, but also irrelevant, because Jews in the present time do have this control of mass-media, and we are not going to be taking it away from them anytime soon. Therefore, living in the present and dealing with reality, it is imperative to address their propaganda, and the Holocaust is a major element of Jewish anti-White propaganda, as even Mark Weber still admits.
Even if we built a substantial pro-White media-complex, given that the Jews will also have media, we would be still be using our media much of the time to address and debunk Jewish propaganda. The day when we can simply ignore Jewish propaganda is far from the present.
Apart from this one subject, the Holocaust, the need to address Jewish propaganda seems to be perfectly clear to Professor MacDonald. It is only the Holocaust that must not be addressed. He makes an exception for it. Of course people will ask why there is this inconsistency. It seems to be at least partly due to the regrettable influence of Mark Weber.
Hadding (not verified)Thu, 26/11/15
typecast as crazy
This is the first reason that Professor MacDonald gives, as why it would be pointless to ispute the Holocaust:
" They immediately typecast you as crazy and all that."
A few days ago I was talking to some people about the Jewish instigation of the invasion of Iraq. One of my listeners said that I shouldn't say that it was Jews, because then people will think that I am crazy. If you talk about Jews at all in a negative way, you run some risk of being called crazy.
I am sure that nobody has to explain to Professor MacDonald that typecasting as crazy is just one of the ways that Jews try to stop people from talking about something. For several decades, mass-media represented anti-Communists as crazy. They said that anti-Communists imagined "Reds under the bed." I am sure that Professor MacDonald is familiar with this. The way to cope with that is to be careful about what you say and how you say it, so that you don't make the Jews' work easy by coming across as someone who might be crazy.
I talk to a lot of people online who are at various stages of belief and disbelief regarding the Holocaust. Some of them are gradually accepting what I say. Some others, who were once very hostile, are no longer so hostile and are no longer alarmed at skepticism about the Holocaust and will tolerate the discussion, and given enough time I will convince them too. Those who simply dismiss what I am saying as crazy and attack me as crazy, and absolutely cannot be persuaded to give a chance to what I say, seem to be restricted almost entirely to Jews. No loss there, really.
I tend to think that part of the reason why MacDonald takes that threat of being typecast as crazy so seriously in the case of Holocaust Revisionism is that he still thinks that it's crazy himself, which implies that he doesn't know much about it.
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CA Ct. App.
BERMUDEZ v. Nathan Heacox, Defendant and Respondent.
Court of Appeal, Fourth District, Division 3, California.
Omar BERMUDEZ, Plaintiff and Respondent, v. Faith CIOLEK, Defendant and Appellant; Nathan Heacox, Defendant and Respondent.
Decided: July 20, 2015
ORDER MODIFYING OPINION AND DENYING PETITION FOR REHEARING; NO CHANGE IN JUDGMENT
It is ordered that the opinion filed herein on June 22, 2015, be modified as follows:
On page 31, lines 6 and 7 from the top of the page, delete “as stated in footnote 7 of this opinion” and insert in its place “as stated in footnote 6 of this opinion.”
The petition for rehearing is DENIED.
The modification does not change the judgment.
Filed 6/22/15 (unmodified version)
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION
IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIAFOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICTDIVISION THREE
OMAR BERMUDEZ, Plaintiff and Respondent,
FAITH CIOLEK, Defendant and Appellant;
NATHAN HEACOX, Defendant and Respondent.
(Super.Ct. No. 30–2012–00539759)
O P I N I O N
Appeal from a judgment of the Superior Court of Orange County, Thierry Patrick Colaw, Judge. Affirmed as modified.
Veatch Carlson, Peter H. Crossin and Bruce Schechter; Greines, Martin, Stein & Richland, Robert A. Olson, Gary D. Rowe and Edward L. Zanders for Defendant and Appellant Faith Ciolek.
Gibson & Hughes and Robert B. Gibson; The Simon Law Group, Robert T. Simon, Brad M. Simon and Jill P. McDonell for Plaintiff and Respondent Omar Bermudez.
Law Offices of Cleidin Z. Atanous and Cleidin Z. Atanous for Defendant and Respondent Nathan Heacox.
Two vehicles collided at an intersection in Fountain Valley on the afternoon of January 11, 2012. The accident occurred sometime during the traffic light transition from green to yellow to red in the east-west lanes of Talbert Avenue. Westbound defendant Faith Ciolek began a left turn onto Bushard Street. Eastbound defendant Nathan Heacox entered the intersection, intending to proceed straight through. Following the collision, Heacox's car veered to the southeast corner of the intersection, striking plaintiff Omar Bermudez, who was on the sidewalk astride his bicycle. At the time of the collision, Bermudez apparently had no medical insurance.
In a special verdict, the jury found both defendants were “negligent” but concluded only Ciolek was “a substantial factor in causing harm” to Bermudez. Ciolek was therefore found to be responsible for 100 percent of Bermudez's $3,751,969 in damages. Ciolek asserts the verdict is inconsistent. We disagree. The jury was entitled to conclude that Heacox slightly exceeded a reasonable speed when he entered the intersection but that his speed was not a substantial factor in causing Bermudez's injuries.
Alternatively, Ciolek claims she is entitled to a new trial on damages because there is insufficient evidence of the reasonable value of Bermudez's medical damages in the record. Citing Howell v. Hamilton Meats & Provisions, Inc. (2011) 52 Cal.4th 541 (Howell ), Ciolek faults Bermudez (an uninsured plaintiff, unlike the insured plaintiff in Howell ) for relying on the amount of medical expenses incurred and expert testimony attesting to the fairness and reasonableness of the majority of those medical bills. Ciolek asserts Bermudez's experts needed to do more to establish that their testimony was rooted in the “market value” of medical services. We reject Ciolek's bid for a new trial. But, because $46,175.41 of the judgment is not supported by substantial evidence, we reduce the damage award to $3,706,793.60 and affirm the judgment as modified.
CONSISTENCY OF SPECIAL VERDICT
“ ‘[W]e review a special verdict de novo to determine whether its findings are inconsistent. [Citation.] ․ “ ‘ “Where the findings are contradictory on material issues, and the correct determination of such issues is necessary to sustain the judgment, the inconsistency is reversible error.” ’ ” ' ” (David v. Hernandez (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 578, 585 (David ).) “A special verdict is inconsistent if there is no possibility of reconciling its findings with each other.” (Singh v. Southland Stone, U.S.A., Inc. (2010) 186 Cal.App.4th 338, 357 (Singh ).)
Evidence at Trial
The three parties, several percipient witnesses, and three accident reconstruction experts testified at trial. Key factual issues regarding Ciolek's potential negligence included the color of the light as she began her left turn, her attentiveness to traffic conditions in front of her, her reaction upon observing the approaching Heacox vehicle, and the position of her vehicle at impact. It appears the jury credited evidence tending to show Ciolek began her turn before the light turned red, Ciolek was not adequately monitoring the traffic in front of her, and Ciolek braked when she saw Heacox approaching, thereby blocking parts of both lanes of the intersection. Ciolek's appeal does not contest the sufficiency of the evidence for any of these propositions.
Instead, Ciolek focuses on the perceived inconsistency between the jury finding Heacox negligent with the finding Heacox's negligence was not a substantial factor in causing Bermudez's harm. Relatedly, Ciolek argues there is insufficient evidence in the record to support the jury's finding that Heacox was not a substantial factor in causing Bermudez's harm. Key factual issues regarding Heacox's potential negligence included the color of the traffic light as he entered the intersection, the speed of his vehicle as he approached the intersection, his attentiveness to the conditions in front of him, and the extent and timeliness of evasive maneuvers (i.e., braking and swerving) taken by him.
The posted speed limit on Talbert Avenue was 45 miles per hour. Heacox testified he was exceeding the posted speed limit as he approached the intersection, adding, “If I have to take a percentage of that fault then that's on me.” When Heacox saw the vehicle in front of Ciolek's vehicle turn left into the intersection, Heacox claims he was driving 55 miles per hour. At that point, he took his foot off the accelerator and placed it over the brake. By the time Heacox neared the intersection,1 he claims he was driving 45 to 50 miles per hour. When Heacox saw Ciolek had entered and blocked the intersection, he began braking and swerving to the right. He collided with Ciolek's vehicle while driving approximately 45 miles per hour (according to his testimony).
Percipient witnesses' estimates of Heacox's speed as he approached the intersection varied. Bermudez opined that Heacox was travelling from 40 to 50 miles per hour. Ciolek opined it was more like 55 to 60 miles per hour. A driver waiting to turn left onto Talbert Avenue testified that Heacox's vehicle was moving at a “high rate of speed,” “easily 40, 45.” A pedestrian witness stated Heacox was at 40 to 50 miles per hour but was “speeding up” into the intersection.
The accident reconstruction experts had fairly close estimates of the speed of Heacox at impact: Bermudez's expert — 45 miles per hour; Heacox's expert — 48 miles per hour; and Ciolek's expert — 45.7 miles per hour. Bermudez's and Heacox's experts agreed that Heacox's stated speed of 50 miles per hour on approaching the intersection fit with their analyses, while Ciolek's expert opined that Heacox's speed approaching the intersection was “well in excess of 60 miles an hour.” The differences in these analyses depended in part on assumptions about the amount of time Heacox braked before impact.
Heacox testified he was already entering the intersection by the time he perceived Ciolek to be turning. One expert opined that 1.1 to 1.6 seconds passed between the moment Heacox entered the intersection and the collision between the two cars. Expert testimony also established that it takes a typical person as much as 1.5 seconds to react to a new stimulus, and that Heacox was unable to stop or swerve sufficiently to avoid the collision in the time he had. According to the witness who observed the accident from the north as he waited to turn left, Heacox's veering maneuver was “as much as he possibly could [have done] in that short amount of time.” An accident reconstruction expert opined that Heacox would not have been able to control his vehicle immediately after the impact with Ciolek's vehicle.
No evidence, whether expert testimony or otherwise, was presented to the jury concerning the effect of Heacox's speed before impact on the direction or speed of travel of Heacox's car after the collision with Ciolek. In other words, there was no attempt at trial to show Heacox's car would not have ricocheted into Bermudez had Heacox been driving slower, or to show Bermudez's injuries would have been less severe had Heacox been driving slower before impact.
Jury Instructions and Verdict Form
The court provided standard negligence instructions applicable to a motor vehicle accident (CACI Nos. 400, 401, 406, 411, 430, 700, 701). CACI No. 700 sets forth the basic standard of care for driving a vehicle: “A person must use reasonable care in driving a vehicle. Drivers must keep a lookout for pedestrians, obstacles and other vehicles. They must also control the speed and movement of their vehicles. The failure to use reasonable care in driving a vehicle is negligence.” CACI No. 430 described the causation element: “A substantial factor in causing harm is a factor that a reasonable person would consider to have contributed to the harm. It must be more than a remote or trivial factor. It does not have to be the only cause of the harm. Conduct is not a substantial factor in causing harm if the same harm would have occurred without that conduct.”
The court also provided several instructions tailored to the question of Heacox's speed, including modified versions of CACI Nos. 706 and 707. “A person must drive at a reasonable speed. Whether a particular speed is reasonable depends on the circumstances, such as traffic, weather, visibility, and road conditions. Drivers must not drive so fast that they create a danger to people or property. [¶] If plaintiff has proved that defendant Nathan Heacox was not driving at a reasonable speed at the time of the accident, then defendant Nathan Heacox was negligent.” “The speed limit where the accident occurred was 45 miles per hour. The speed limit is a factor to consider when you decide whether or not defendant Nathan Heacox was negligent. [¶] A driver is not necessarily negligent just because he or she was driving faster than the speed limit. However, a driver may be negligent even if he or she was driving at or below the speed limit.”
The special verdict form asked the jury five basic questions: (1) was Heacox negligent; (2) was Ciolek negligent; (3) for each defendant, was their “negligence a substantial factor in causing harm to Omar Bermudez”; (4) what are Bermudez's damages (numerous lines for each category); and (5) “[w]hat percentage of responsibility for Omar Bermudez's harm do you assign to” each defendant?
Argument of Counsel
Bermudez's counsel summarized his view of the liability evidence: “Heacox entered on a yellow and was travelling 50 miles an hour. Very little he could have done to avoid the collision. Miss Ciolek made a left turn without checking for oncoming traffic.” Counsel recommended a finding of negligence as to both defendants, but indicated he was not sure regarding causation as to Heacox. Counsel recommended Ciolek be held liable for 90 to 100 percent of damages, and Heacox be held liable for 0 to 10 percent of damages.
Counsel for Ciolek contended the evidence showed Heacox sped into the intersection on a red light and Ciolek did nothing wrong. He asked the jury to return a defense verdict for Ciolek and to hold Heacox liable for all damages. Counsel for Ciolek did not make an argument in the alternative about Heacox's speed necessarily playing some role in Bermudez's harm even if the jury found Ciolek was wholly responsible for the collision between the two cars.
Counsel for Heacox argued, “This accident was going to happen whether or not [Heacox] was going 40, 45, 50 or even slightly faster than that because Miss Ciolek was not paying attention. She failed to keep a lookout, which is what the instructions require under the Vehicle Code. She turned right in front of him and then puts her brakes on, stops and blocks his whole lane of travel.” “[T]he evidence in this case shows that Miss Ciolek was the sole cause of this accident, and if she doesn't turn, there's no accident, by the way. If she doesn't turn, this never happens. Mr. Bermudez doesn't get hurt․” Counsel for Heacox did not discuss whether Heacox's speed could have played a role in harming Bermudez even if the jury concluded Heacox's speed did not cause the collision between Heacox and Ciolek.
Verdict, Judgment, and Motion for New Trial
The jury found Heacox and Ciolek negligent, but also found only Ciolek's negligence was a substantial factor in causing harm to Bermudez. The jury, answering a separate question, assigned 100 percent responsibility for Bermudez's harm to Ciolek, and zero percent to Heacox. The jurors unanimously found Heacox's negligence was not a substantial factor causing harm, but (strangely) three jurors dissented from the assignment of zero percent fault to Heacox.
Ciolek timely moved for a new trial on multiple grounds, including her argument here that the special verdict findings were inconsistent in deeming Heacox negligent but not a substantial factor in causing Bermudez's harm. For the first time in this case, Ciolek argued that “as a matter of physics, plaintiff Mr. Bermudez's injuries were caused by Mr. Heacox's vehicle striking Ms. Ciolek's vehicle at a particular speed, causing it to then ricochet to the sidewalk, striking Mr. Bermudez with particular force, pushing him into a wall. Had Mr. Heacox been traveling at a slower, safer, lawful speed, the physical result of his vehicle's impact against Ms. Ciolek's vehicle would necessarily have been different, because the force, velocity, and even direction of his vehicle's ricochet would have been different.” The court denied the motion.
Analysis: Special Verdict Findings are Consistent
Ciolek contends the special verdict findings are inconsistent. In a broad sense, the jury's findings are easy to reconcile: the jury found Heacox breached his duty of care in some way (i.e., a combination of excessive speed, a lack of optimal attention to the conditions around him, and/or an inappropriate response to the conditions at the intersection) that was not a substantial factor in causing harm to Bermudez. This is not a case in which the jury made inconsistent findings when answering two essentially identical factual questions pertaining to different theories of liability (e.g., Kurtin v. Elieff (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 455, 479–481; Singh, supra, 186 Cal.App.4th at pp. 358–359) or damages (Zagami, Inc. v. James A. Crone, Inc. (2008) 160 Cal.App.4th 1083, 1086, 1093–1094; City of San Diego v. D.R. Horton San Diego Holding Co., Inc. (2005) 126 Cal.App.4th 668, 682–684). The simple special verdict form in this case, with a single negligence cause of action against both defendants, admirably minimized the risk of such an obvious inconsistency arising.
Nevertheless, Ciolek suggests the jury's finding that Heacox breached his duty is logically inconsistent with a finding that his breach was not a substantial factor in Bermudez's harm. Heacox and Bermudez both assert there is no inconsistency. David, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th 578, the closest California case to the facts presented here, offers room for the parties to argue their respective positions.
In David, a jury found by way of special verdict that the defendant truck driver had breached his duty of care but his conduct was not a substantial factor in causing harm to plaintiffs. (David, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at pp. 581, 585.) After the truck driver parked his northbound vehicle alongside the west edge of Pacific Coast Highway to rest, the truck driver turned back onto the northbound lane at twilight. (Id. at pp. 582–583.) Before the truck driver had the opportunity to complete the turn, a southbound vehicle drove into the end of the trailer in the southbound lane without braking; the plaintiffs (including the driver of the vehicle) were distracted by their attempt to play music on a laptop computer. (Ibid.) The record was silent with regard to the jury's belief as to how the truck driver was negligent. (Id. at pp. 585–586.)
Substantial evidence supported any of the following possible findings: (1) the truck had a nonfunctioning turn signal; (2) the trailer had improperly maintained reflector strips and lights on its side; and (3) the truck driver failed to survey his surroundings from an optimal position before turning back on the road. (David, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at pp. 588–589.) These types of negligence did not necessarily have a causal impact on the collision. (Id. at pp. 586–587.) The jury did not make specific findings that the truck driver had illegally parked on the left side of the roadway or that he failed to yield to plaintiffs' vehicle during the turn, findings which would be more difficult to square with the conclusion that his conduct was not a substantial factor in causing harm to plaintiffs. (Id. at pp. 587–588.) In sum, David rejected the idea that the jury's verdict was inconsistent because “[t]he jury could have reasonably concluded that the collision was caused by [plaintiff's] inattentiveness to the road ahead of him rather than any act of negligence committed by” the truck driver. (Id. at p. 588.) Some acts or omissions accurately classified as “negligent” (i.e., a breach of the defendant's duty of care) do not necessarily have a causal role in motor vehicle accidents.
But David ultimately reversed the defense judgment and remanded for a new trial. The trial court, in ruling on a new trial motion, found that the record compelled the conclusion that defendant was negligent per se in parking along the opposite side of the roadway in violation of Vehicle Code section 22502. (David, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at pp. 589–592.) If the trial court was right about the evidence compelling this factual conclusion, it was necessarily wrong in deciding there was sufficient evidence to support a finding that the truck driver's negligence was not a substantial factor in causing the accident — the truck driver's entry back on to the northbound side of the road obviously played a causal role in the accident. (Id. at p. 591.) Though the trial court was not obligated to make any findings in ruling on the new trial motion, its finding on the record manifested an error of law. (Id. at pp. 590–592.) Hence, some negligence findings are inherently inconsistent with a finding of no causation, a principle Ciolek seeks to apply in this case (through either the inconsistent verdict or substantial evidence rubric).
Ciolek does not argue the jury's findings would have been irreconcilable with regard to a hypothetical finding concerning merely the collision of the two cars in this incident. It was reasonable for the jury to conclude (in agreement with Heacox's counsel during closing argument) the car collision would have occurred in the intersection regardless of whether Heacox was negligent. (See Magee v. Coats (La.Ct.App.1992) 598 So.2d 531, 535–537 [jury entitled to find driver speeding straight through intersection breached duty of care but was not a legal cause of the accident].)
But, according to Ciolek, the question of whether Heacox's negligence was a substantial factor in the collision of the two cars is in some sense a “red herring.” The actual query to the jury was whether Heacox's negligence was a substantial factor in causing Bermudez's injuries, not the collision between the two defendants' vehicles. Any possible finding of negligence on the part of Heacox in this particular case is (in Ciolek's view) irretrievably irreconcilable with a finding of no causation as to Bermudez's harm. As in her new trial motion, Ciolek posits that the direction and speed of Heacox's deflected car was affected by the speed of Heacox when he made contact with Ciolek's vehicle in the intersection. Had Heacox been driving at the speed limit at all relevant times, and had he been paying optimal attention to the road (allowing him to brake and take evasive measures as early as possible), the collision between the vehicles and the ricochet of Heacox's vehicle would have been different. The jury's findings are supposedly irreconcilable because they ignore the laws of physics by which our universe is governed.
In connection with this contention, Ciolek requests we take judicial notice of “the laws of physics, specifically the law of conservation of momentum.” Ciolek elaborates, “The law of conservation of momentum provides that in a collision, momentum is conserved; the combined momentum of two colliding objects going into the collision must equal the momentum coming out of it. The momentum of an object equals its mass multiplied by its velocity; velocity is a vector, which in turn is composed of both speed and direction.” Ciolek attaches written materials explaining this principle with equations and examples.
Ciolek's argument is certainly interesting. Of course, it is not the argument she made at trial. At trial, she claimed Heacox was the sole cause of the collision (and therefore the harm to Bermudez). Ciolek did not ask the trial court to take judicial notice of the law of conservation of momentum and to instruct the jury on its meaning. Ciolek did not ask her accident reconstruction expert to evaluate and opine on the effect of Heacox's speed on the ricochet.2 Faced with a result she did not expect (though it was consistent with the result requested by Bermudez's counsel and Heacox's counsel in their closing arguments), Ciolek now suggests the jury reached an illogical verdict based on the supposed common sense of the law of conservation of momentum.
We reject Ciolek's request to essentially retry the case on appeal and we deny her request for judicial notice as irrelevant to the issues before us. “It is a firmly entrenched principle of appellate practice that litigants must adhere to the theory on which a case was tried. Stated otherwise, a litigant may not change his or her position on appeal and assert a new theory. To permit this change in strategy would be unfair to the trial court and the opposing litigant.” (Brown v. Boren (1999) 74 Cal.App.4th 1303, 1316.) It would be fundamentally unfair to both Heacox and Bermudez to grant a retrial to Ciolek because she wants the chance to try a different theory the second time around.
Given the record actually developed at trial, it cannot be said that the special verdict was inconsistent or the findings made therein were not supported by substantial evidence. The jury's verdict strongly implies it found Heacox to be minimally negligent. We can infer Heacox was not far from a finding that he did not breach his duty of care. Perhaps he was driving a few miles per hour faster than was prudent and/or was not quite paying close enough attention to the conditions around him. The evidence certainly supports a finding that Heacox was slightly over the speed limit at the time he entered the intersection. But the jury's other findings indicate Heacox could not have avoided the collision even if he had exercised due care. This suggests the jury found Ciolek's negligence overwhelmed anything Heacox did or reasonably could have done. Bermudez had the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence all three elements of a negligence cause of action, including causation. No evidence was introduced suggesting that a small difference in Heacox's speed would exacerbate Bermudez's injuries. The jury concluded that Bermudez's burden was met with regard to Heacox as to breach of duty but not causation. Heacox's breach of his duty of care was not a substantial factor in causing Bermudez's injuries.
DAMAGES AWARD
“Whether a plaintiff ‘is entitled to a particular measure of damages is a question of law subject to de novo review. [Citations.] The amount of damages, on the other hand, is a fact question ․ [and] an award of damages will not be disturbed if it is supported by substantial evidence.’ ” (Rony v. Costa (2012) 210 Cal.App.4th 746, 753.)
At the time of the accident, Bermudez apparently had no medical insurance. He was taken by ambulance to University of California Irvine Medical Center (UCI), where he stayed four to five days. Bermudez sustained multiple injuries as a result of the collision, including: (1) a fractured patella (kneecap), for which surgery was necessary; (2) a fractured pelvis and a chip in his front left hip, which required multiple diagnostic procedures; (3) severe shoulder injuries; (4) lacerations; and (5) deep bruising to his left leg and testicles. Debilitating pain after his initial convalescence lead to two separate back surgeries — a microdiscectomy to repair a herniated disc and a separate surgery to remove and replace the injured disc.
Defendants did not file motions in limine to exclude medical damages evidence. The following came into evidence without objection or motion to strike by either defense counsel.
Bermudez testified that the amount of his outstanding medical bills was approximately $450,000. He had not paid any of the bills. Bermudez believed his medical providers will be paid out of any recovery he receives in this case, but he will be responsible for the bills no matter what happens in the litigation.
The parties stipulated to the admissibility (not the reasonableness) of Bermudez's exhibit 239, a summary of past medical bills. The total of the past bills was $445,430.64. The parties also stipulated to the reasonableness (not just the admissibility) of $15,000 in recent medical charges not reflected in exhibit 239.
Experts for the parties testified regarding both the necessity of various procedures and the reasonableness of the charges for those procedures. Dr. William Van Der Reis, an orthopedic surgeon with a practice in Orange County, testified for Bermudez regarding his medical treatment, with the exception of the two back surgeries. Van Der Reis performs surgeries at two hospitals, as well as an outpatient surgery center. Van Der Reis examined Bermudez and reviewed the charges for his care and treatment. UCI charged $111,000 for Bermudez's hospital stay, which Van Der Reis agreed was “fair and reasonable.” Van Der Reis similarly agreed that the physician fees for treatment at UCI (specified in exhibit 239) were “fair and reasonable.” Van Der Reis testified that only some of the fees charged for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were fair and reasonable; he indicated a $6,150 scan should be reduced to $2,030 and a $8,346 scan should be reduced to between $2,000 to $2,500. In sum, Van Der Reis endorsed some of the medical bill amounts not related to Bermudez's back as fair and reasonable, while discounting other medical bills to what he considered to be a fair and reasonable amount.
Van Der Reis also identified four charges Bermudez would incur in the future for an additional knee surgery to remove the plate inserted during the first knee surgery. These expected charges totaled $14,250. Van Der Reis opined Bermudez would benefit from cortisone injections ($300 to $350 per visit) and physical therapy ($1,500 for 12 sessions). Van Der Reis's testimony about future medical expenses was not linked to existing medical bills.
Dr. Fardad Mobin, a neurosurgeon who performed Bermudez's second back surgery, testified regarding Bermudez's back problems. Mobin maintains an active clinical and surgical practice in Los Angeles County. Mobin was familiar with reasonable and customary charges for spinal surgeries and related services. Mobin reviewed Bermudez's medical records. Mobin opined that charges for initial treatment ($1,820) were reasonable. Mobin opined that the first back surgeon's charge of $65,328 was too high because the cost for this type of surgery in his region was between $20,000 to $25,000. But Mobin stated the remainder of the charges for the first surgery were fair and reasonable: $69,500 for the surgical center, $483 for spinal X-rays, $3,250 for anesthesia, $323 for fluoroscopy, and $3,520 for postsurgery medical equipment. With regard to the surgery he performed, Mobin opined that the surgeon's fee ($50,176), anesthesiologist's fee ($3,976), MRI fee ($2,220), and the facility cost ($93,629) were reasonable and within the community standard. He noted these services were provided on a lien. Like Van Der Reis, Mobin endorsed some of the medical bills as fair and reasonable, while discounting other medical bills to what he considered to be a fair and reasonable amount.
As to future medical expenses, Mobin opined Bermudez would require an additional back surgery in the next 10 to 15 years at a total cost of between $160,000 and $180,000. Mobin also identified various other future medical costs pertaining to Bermudez's back: pain management regime, including up to three epidurals per year costing $10,000 each; facet blocks in sets of two for a total of approximately $15,000; and consultations with a spine surgeon twice per year for four to five years (initial consult at $1,000 to $1,500, follow ups at $400 to $600). Bermudez should obtain annual X-rays ($150 per set), annual MRIs ($2,000 to $2,500), and two computed tomography (CT) scans ($2,000 each) in the next five years. Bermudez will need 16 to 18 physical therapy sessions for the next four to five years, at $100 to $150 per session. Mobin's testimony about future medical expenses was not linked to existing medical bills.
Bermudez's economist expert opined as to the present value of Bermudez's future medical expenses. Based on medical expert testimony and alternate assumptions concerning the growth of health care costs, he testified that ranges of either $582,190 to $816,770, or $691,013 to $984,650 would be incurred.
Dr. Michael Weinstein, an orthopedic surgeon called to testify by Ciolek, also testified regarding the reasonableness of Bermudez's medical costs. He opined that “[s]ome of the charges ․ were fine. All the charges from UCI, the surgeries [at UCI], I thought they were all fine.” Weinstein disagreed with the necessity and reasonableness of the back surgeries and related costs. Even assuming the back surgeries were appropriate, Weinstein put the market value of the first back surgery at $1,200 to $3,000, and the market value of the facility fee at $6,000 to $12,000. The second surgery's market value was $6,000 to $8,000, with a facility fee of $20,000 to $25,000. Weinstein explicitly established his foundation for these opinions by describing his own practice and his knowledge of rates in his areas of practice, including the amounts he actually recovers from insurers or individuals who make cash payments.
Jury Instructions and Argument of Counsel
The jury was instructed with modified versions of CACI instructions pertaining to damages, including CACI Nos. 3900, 3902, 3903, 3903A, 3903C, 3903D, 3904A, 3905, 3905A, 3924, 3925, 3932, 3933, and 3964. For purposes of this appeal, CACI No. 3903A is most pertinent: “To recover damages for past medical expenses, plaintiff, Omar Bermudez, must prove the reasonable cost of reasonably necessary medical care that he has received. [¶] To recover damages for future medical expenses, plaintiff, Omar Bermudez, must prove the reasonable cost of reasonably necessary medical care that he is reasonably certain to need in the future.”
After reviewing the evidence of damages in his closing argument, Bermudez's counsel requested $414,255.59 in past medical expenses; $691,000 to $984,000 for future medical expenses; $11,538 in past lost earnings; $442,400 to $815,000 in future lost earnings; $2,125,000 in past noneconomic losses (“I suggest to you it's worth far more than those economic losses that we've been talking about. Three times, four times, five times more than that because the damage to the person is what hurts us to the core.”); and $5.5 million for future noneconomic losses.
Counsel for Ciolek contested the necessity and reasonableness of medical expenses, both past and future, in his closing argument. He put forth the following numbers as appropriate and supported by the evidence: $135,000 — past medical expenses; $12,000 (rounded up) — past lost earnings; and $90,000 for future lost wages. Counsel for Ciolek did not provide a number for future medical expenses or noneconomic damages.
Counsel for Heacox did not question the necessity of Bermudez's various surgeries. He did argue “some of the doctors” charged “a lot of money,” “[m]ore than Dr. Weinstein thinks is right. But it's up to you to, again, weigh the credibility of those doctors. You've heard the arguments, good arguments on both sides.”
Verdict Form, Judgment, and Motion for New Trial
The jury's special verdict indicated the following damages for Bermudez: past medical expenses — $460,431; 3 past lost earnings — $11,538; future medical expenses —$425,000; future lost earnings — $130,000; past noneconomic loss — $2 million; and future noneconomic loss — $725,000. Total damages equaled $3,751,969 and the court entered judgment against Ciolek accordingly.
One section of Ciolek's new trial motion classified the damages awarded to Bermudez as excessive because the past medical damage amounts were not based on market value. As previously noted, the court denied the new trial motion. The court stated on the record at the new trial hearing, “Frankly, I don't understand why he survived the accident. Probably one might consider him to have been easily killed in this accident. His injuries were ․ serious. [¶] He was badly injured. He is still badly injured. He is going to need more surgeries. And the jury's verdict was probably right on.”
Disentangling the Measure of Damages, the Admissibility of Evidence, and the Sufficiency of Evidence to Support a Judgment
Ciolek argues a new trial on damages is necessary because Bermudez “failed to meet his burden of proving that his claims for past and future medical damages were reasonable, as measured by an exchange or market value” and because Bermudez “urged the jury to award noneconomic damages as a multiple of the improperly-grounded economic damages.”
Three separate but related questions are pertinent to Ciolek's contentions: (1) what is the proper measure of medical damages ; (2) what evidence is admissible to prove the proper measure of medical damages; and (3) what evidence is sufficient to affirm an award of medical damages based on the proper measure? We address each question in turn.
A. Proper Measure of Medical Damages
Tort damages consist of “the amount which will compensate for all the detriment proximately caused” by the breach at issue. (Civ.Code, § 3333.) “Detriment is a loss or harm suffered in person or property.” (Civ.Code, § 3282.) “Damages must, in all cases, be reasonable․” (Civ.Code, § 3359.) The jury was properly instructed in this case to determine “the reasonable cost of reasonably necessary medical care that [Bermudez] has received” and “the reasonable cost of reasonably necessary medical care that [Bermudez] is reasonably certain to need in the future.” But as a consequence of the discrepancy in recent decades between the amount patients are typically billed by health care providers and the lower amounts usually paid in satisfaction of the charges (whether by a health insurer or otherwise), controversy has arisen as to how to measure the reasonable costs of medical care in a variety of factual scenarios. Citing the collateral source rule, some plaintiffs suggested they should be entitled to recover the reasonable costs of medical care, even if that dollar value exceeded the amount actually paid in exchange for the medical services.
Our Supreme Court rejected this contention: “[A]n injured plaintiff whose medical expenses are paid through private insurance may recover as economic damages no more than the amounts paid by the plaintiff or his or her insurer for the medical services received or still owing at the time of trial.” (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 566.) In other words, “a plaintiff may recover as economic damages no more than the reasonable value of the medical services received and is not entitled to recover the reasonable value if his or her actual loss was less.” (Id. at p. 555; see also Corenbaum v. Lampkin (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 1308, 1325–1326 (Corenbaum ) [“Damages for past medical expenses are limited to the lesser of (1) the amount paid or incurred for past medical expenses and (2) the reasonable value of the services”].) Howell 's holding was in accord with pre-Howell case law on the question of the proper measure of damages involving plaintiffs with insurance. (See Nishihama v. City and County of San Francisco (2001) 93 Cal.App.4th 298, 306–309 (Nishihama ); Hanif v. Housing Authority (1988) 200 Cal.App.3d 635, 639–644 (Hanif ).)
The ramifications of Howell on the proper measure of damages in a case brought by an uninsured plaintiff (who has not paid his bill) are less clear. En route to its holding, Howell observed, “The rule that medical expenses, to be recoverable, must be both incurred and reasonable [citations] applies equally to those with and without medical insurance.” (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 559, fn. 6.) And Howell endorsed “a rule, applicable to recovery of tort damages generally, that the value of property or services is ordinarily its ‘exchange value,’ that is, its market value or the amount for which it could usually be exchanged.” (Id. at p. 556, quoting Rest.2d Torts, § 911, com. h, pp. 476–477.)
But the holding in Howell ultimately depended upon the “paid or incurred” prong of the test, not the “reasonable value” prong. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 555–556.) Insured plaintiffs incur only the fee amount negotiated by their insurer, not the initial billed amount. Insured plaintiffs may not recover more than their actual loss, i.e., the amount incurred and paid to settle their medical bills. (Id. at p. 555.) It was not necessary in Howell to examine the mechanics of properly measuring damages in the case of an uninsured plaintiff. (Ibid.)
Howell certainly did not suggest uninsured plaintiffs are limited in their measure of recovery to the typical amount incurred by an insured plaintiff, or, for that matter, the typical amount incurred by any other category of plaintiff. Howell noted “pricing of medical services is highly complex and depends, to a significant extent, on the identity of the payer. In effect, there appears to be not one market for medical services but several, with the price of services depending on the category of payer․” (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 562.) Howell refused to “suggest hospital bills always exceed the reasonable value of the services provided․ [Citation.] With so much variation [in pricing], making any broad generalization about the relationship between the value or cost of medical services and the amounts providers bill for them — other than that the relationship is not always a close one — would be perilous.” (Id. at pp. 561–562, fn. omitted.) Howell acknowledged that, all other factors being held equal, the amount recovered by an uninsured plaintiff may be higher than that recovered by an insured plaintiff: “There is, to be sure, an element of fortuity to the compensatory damages the defendant pays under the rule we articulate here. A tortfeasor who injures a member of a managed care organization may pay less in compensation for medical expenses than one who inflicts the same injury on an uninsured person treated at a hospital (assuming the hospital does not offer the person a discount from its chargemaster prices). But, as defendant notes, ‘[f]ortuity is a fact in life and litigation.’ ” (Id. at p. 566.)
Howell offered no bright line rule on how to determine “reasonable value” when uninsured plaintiffs have incurred (but not paid) medical bills. Ciolek is correct that the concept of market or exchange value was endorsed by Howell as the proper way to think about the “reasonable value” of medical services. But she is incorrect to the extent she suggests: (1) Bermudez is necessarily in the same market as insured healthcare recipients or wealthy healthcare recipients who can pay cash; or (2) Howell prescribes a particular method for determining the “reasonable value” of medical services.
This takeaway from Howell is consistent with a pre-Howell case involving uninsured plaintiffs who were hurt in an automobile accident and obtained medical care. (See Katiuzhinsky v. Perry (2007) 152 Cal.App.4th 1288, 1291–1292 (Katiuzhinsky ).) In Katiuzhinsky, the healthcare providers secured a lien against any personal injury recovery by plaintiffs, then sold plaintiffs' accounts at a discount to a firm specializing in such transactions (MedFin). (Id. at pp. 1291–1293.) The trial court limited plaintiffs' recovery for medical care bills sold to MedFin to the amount MedFin paid for the accounts. (Id. at p. 1296.) The appellate court found error in the trial court's ruling because there was evidence plaintiffs remained liable for the full amount billed; MedFin's purchase of the accounts at a discount did not reduce the amount owed by plaintiffs. (Id. at pp. 1296–1297.) Plaintiffs should have been entitled to argue to the jury that “the amounts charged to and incurred by them ․ represented the reasonable value of the medical services provided.” (Id. at p. 1298.) Howell did not disapprove of Katiuzhinsky ; it explicitly distinguished the facts before it from Katiuzhinsky, noting Howell was “not a case ․ where the plaintiffs ‘remain[ed] fully liable for the amount of the medical provider's charges for care and treatment.’ ” (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 557.)
In sum, the measure of medical damages is the lesser of (1) the amount paid or incurred, and (2) the reasonable value of the medical services provided. In practical terms, the measure of damages in insured plaintiff cases will likely be the amount paid to settle the claim in full. It is theoretically possible to prove the reasonable value of services is lower than the rate negotiated by an insurer. But nothing in the available case law suggests this will be a particularly fruitful avenue for tort defendants. Conversely, the measure of damages for uninsured plaintiffs who have not paid their medical bills will usually turn on a wide-ranging inquiry into the reasonable value of medical services provided, because uninsured plaintiffs will typically incur standard, nondiscounted charges that will be challenged as unreasonable by defendants.
B. Admissibility of Evidence, Particularly the Billed Amount, to Prove Medical Damages
Trial courts typically “enjoy ‘ “broad authority” ’ over the admission and exclusion of evidence.” (Greer v. Buzgheia (2006) 141 Cal.App.4th 1150, 1156 (Greer ).) Consistent with this principle, several pre-Howell cases held courts are not required to exclude evidence of the initial billed amounts of medical expenses, even when a lesser amount was subsequently accepted by the medical care providers as payment in full. (Olsen v. Reid (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 200, 204; Greer, supra, 141 Cal.App.4th at p. 1157; Nishihama, supra, 93 Cal.App.4th at pp. 309; but cf. Calhoun v. Hildebrandt (1964) 230 Cal.App.2d 70, 73 [court did not err by excluding medical bills when no other evidence was offered to prove they were reasonable in amount, or that the billed procedures were necessary and attributable to the accident].)
For instance, in Greer, supra, 141 Cal.App.4th at page 1156, the tortfeasor contended the court erred in denying his motion in limine to exclude evidence of the full amount initially billed for the plaintiff's medical expenses. When it denied the motion in limine, the trial court ruled that “while a postverdict reduction of the jury's award of medical expenses might be justified, defendant could not prevent the jury from hearing evidence regarding reasonable medical costs for plaintiff's care in the first instance.” (Id. at p. 1157.) The appellate court agreed: “Nishihama and Hanif stand for the principle that it is error for the plaintiff to recover medical expenses in excess of the amount paid or incurred. Neither case, however, holds that evidence of the reasonable cost of medical care may not be admitted. Indeed, Nishihama suggests just the opposite: Such evidence gives the jury a more complete picture of the extent of plaintiff's injuries. Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing evidence of the reasonable cost of plaintiff's care while reserving the propriety of a Hanif /Nishihama reduction until after the verdict.” (Ibid.)
Katiuzhinsky — as discussed above, a case in which the plaintiffs were uninsured — held the trial court committed error by excluding evidence of medical charges. (Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1295–1296.) “The trial court's ruling did not merely preclude plaintiffs from recovering special damages for medical expenses above the discounted rate paid by MedFin, but kept the jurors from considering the medical bills as evidence of the reasonable value of the medical services. This ruling was erroneous․ [¶] [R]egardless of whether defendants were entitled to a Nishihama-type reduction of the medical damage award, there was no basis in law to prevent the jurors from receiving evidence of the amounts billed, as they reflected on the nature and extent of plaintiffs' injuries and were therefore relevant to their assessment of an overall general damage award.” (Ibid.)
In sum, prior to Howell, so long as there was independent evidence that the underlying medical procedures were made necessary by the tort at issue, there was little question as to the admissibility on relevance grounds of the amount plaintiffs were charged for medical services.4 These cases implied that the amount initially billed is always “relevant” (Evid.Code, §§ 210, 350) to either the question of the amount incurred by the plaintiff or to the “reasonable” value of the services provided, even if the measure of damages is limited by a lower amount actually paid. Relevant evidence is presumptively admissible. (Evid.Code, § 351.)
In Howell, the trial court denied a motion in limine to exclude evidence of unpaid medical bills, but granted a posttrial motion to reduce the medical damage award to the amount actually paid by plaintiff and her insurer. (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 549–550.) As discussed above, Howell ' s holding essentially approved of this reduction (though Howell suggested the proper procedure was to grant a new trial unless the plaintiff accepted a reduced judgment). The proper measure of damages was the amount paid pursuant to the reduced rate negotiated by the plaintiff's insurance company.
Despite the motion in limine at the trial court, the admissibility of evidence was not strictly at issue in Howell. Nevertheless, the court commented: “It follows from our holding that when a medical care provider has, by agreement with the plaintiff's private health insurer, accepted as full payment for the plaintiff's care an amount less than the provider's full bill, evidence of that amount is relevant to prove the plaintiff's damages for past medical expenses and, assuming it satisfies other rules of evidence, is admissible at trial. Evidence that such payments were made in whole or in part by an insurer remains, however, generally inadmissible under the evidentiary aspects of the collateral source rule. [Citation.] Where the provider has, by prior agreement, accepted less than a billed amount as full payment, evidence of the full billed amount is not itself relevant on the issue of past medical expenses. We express no opinion as to its relevance or admissibility on other issues, such as noneconomic damages or future medical expenses. (The issue is not presented here because defendant, in this court, conceded it was proper for the jury to hear evidence of plaintiff's full medical bills.)” (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 567, italics added.) 5
Seizing on the italicized language, a post-Howell case disagreed with pre-Howell cases regarding the admissibility of evidence of the amount charged for medical expenses. In Corenbaum, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at pages 1320–1321, plaintiffs sued for injuries suffered in a motor vehicle accident. The trial took place before Howell. (Corenbaum, at pp. 1321–1323.) Defendant did not request the exclusion of evidence pertaining to the amount plaintiffs were billed for their medical care, but instead reserved the right to move posttrial to reduce medical damages to the amount actually paid. (Id. at p. 1321.) The trial court granted plaintiffs' motion to exclude evidence of the amount of medical charges actually paid by a collateral source. (Ibid.) “In accordance with the trial court's in limine rulings, the jury heard evidence of the full amounts billed for [plaintiffs'] past medical care and heard no evidence of the lesser amounts accepted by their medical providers as full payment pursuant to prior agreements with ․ private insurers.” (Id. at p. 1322.) Defendant filed a postverdict motion to reduce the damages awarded “by the difference between the full amounts billed for past medical expenses and the amounts actually accepted by plaintiffs' medical providers as full payment for the services provided.” (Id. at pp. 1322–1323.) The trial court, though expressing its view that the motion had merit, lost jurisdiction to rule on this motion by the passage of time. (Id. at p. 1323.)
Rather than seeking a mere reduction of the damage award on appeal, the Corenbaum defendant appealed on the grounds that the trial court erred by “admitting evidence of the full amounts billed for [plaintiffs'] medical care when the amounts accepted by their medical providers as full payment were less than the amounts billed.” (Corenbaum, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at p. 1324.) Corenbaum held that evidence of the full amount billed for past medical services was not relevant (and was therefore inadmissible) to prove past medical expenses, future medical expenses, and/or noneconomic damages. (Id. at pp. 1328–1333.) The analysis was driven by the view that Howell “stated that the full amount billed by medical providers is not an accurate measure of the value of medical services.” (Corenbaum, at p. 1326; see also id. at p. 1330; but see Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 561 [“We do not suggest hospital bills always exceed the reasonable value of the services provided”].) Distinguishing Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th 1288, Corenbaum observed that “the plaintiffs in that case, who apparently had no health insurance, remained fully liable to their medical providers for the full amount billed despite the providers' sale of their accounts to a medical finance company at a discount.” (Corenbaum, at p. 1328, fn. 10.) The matter was remanded for a new trial as to compensatory damages. (Id. at pp. 1333–1334.) Offering guidance to the trial court for its retrial of the damages issue on remand, the court opined that evidence of the full amount billed for past medical services could not support an as yet unoffered expert opinion as to the reasonable value of future medical services. (Id. at pp. 1331–1332.)
Another post-Howell case involved a dispute between a hospital and insurers “over the reasonable value of the poststabilization emergency medical services provided by” the hospital to the insured patients. (Children's Hospital Central California v. Blue Cross of California (2014) 226 Cal.App.4th 1260, 1264.) The trial court erred when it “precluded evidence of the various rates Hospital charges and accepts as payment. Reasonable value is market value, i.e., what Hospital normally receives from the relevant community for the services it provides. Hospital rarely receives payment based on its published charge master rates. Thus, in determining the reasonable value of the poststabilization services, the full range of fees is relevant. The scope of the rates accepted by or paid to Hospital by other payors indicates the value of those services in the marketplace.” (Id. at p. 1277, italics added.) Although decided in a different legal context (i.e., pursuant to regulations applicable to hospitals and insurers lacking a preexisting contractual relationship), it is worth considering this case. In holding the court erred by excluding all evidence other than the billed charges, i.e., “the highest amounts that are ever received for the services,” the appellate court did not wall off any part of the “full range” as per se irrelevant. (Id. at pp. 1269–1270, 1277.)
Though raising a sufficiency of the evidence (rather than an admissibility of evidence) challenge, Ciolek attacks the evidence marshaled by Bermudez (in particular, the amount of medical expenses incurred and the use of those figures as a starting point by the expert witnesses). To be clear, however, neither Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th 541, nor Corenbaum, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th 1308, holds that billed amounts are inadmissible in cases involving uninsured plaintiffs. Bermudez's uninsured status meant that billed amounts were relevant to the amount he incurred (unlike insured plaintiffs, who really only incur the lower amount negotiated by their insurer). The billed amounts are also relevant and admissible with regard to the reasonable value of Bermudez's medical expenses, at least according to the only case clearly addressing the issue in the context of uninsured plaintiffs. (Katiuzhinsky, supra, 152 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1295–1296.) The admissibility of the billed amount is consistent with the “full range of fees” being relevant in determining the reasonable value of services in the health care marketplace. (Children's Hospital Central California v. Blue Cross of California, supra, 226 Cal.App.4th at p. 1277.) 6
Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Medical Damage Awards
Two points about the sufficiency of evidence to support a judgment can fairly be taken from Howell. First, the amount paid to settle in full an insured plaintiff's medical bills is likely substantial evidence on its own of the reasonable value of the services provided. (See Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at p. 562 [“looking to the negotiated prices” is good way to seek “the exchange value of medical services”; “how a market value other than that produced by negotiation between the insurer and the provider could be identified is unclear”].) Second, consistent with pre-Howell law (see, e.g., Latky v. Wolfe (1927) 85 Cal.App. 332, 346–347, 352 [judgment reduced by $160 because there was no evidence of “reasonable value” for the billed amount] ), initial medical bills are generally insufficient on their own as a basis for determining the reasonable value of medical services. Ensuing cases have held that a plaintiff who relies solely on evidence of unpaid medical charges will not meet his burden of proving the reasonable value of medical damages with substantial evidence.
State Farm Mutual Automobile Ins. Co. v. Huff (2013) 216 Cal.App.4th 1463 (Huff ) was an interpleader action in which a motor vehicle injury victim contested a hospital's asserted lien right to a portion ($34,320.86) of the injury victim's tort recovery (a judgment including $232,708.80 in medical damages). (Id. at p. 1466.) In attempting to prove its claim pursuant to the Hospital Lien Act (Civ.Code, §§ 3045.1–3045.6), the hospital introduced an authenticated hospital bill with itemized charges; testimony that the injury victim had no insurance and had not paid his bill; testimony that the injury victim was on notice of the bill and the lien; and testimony that the injury victim had introduced evidence of the hospital's bill in his tort action. (Huff, at pp. 1466–1467.) This evidence was insufficient to support a judgment in the hospital's favor. The hospital was required to prove “the reasonable and necessary charges” (Civ.Code, § 3045.1) as part of its case-in-chief. (Huff, at pp. 1469–1470.) Huff held medical bills are insufficient evidence of the amount of the lien. (Id. at pp. 1471–1472.) The hospital “introduced no evidence the charges in [victim's] hospital bill were reasonable or were for necessary treatment attributable to the motor vehicle collision.” (Id. at p. 1472.) “The bill itself was based on the [hospital's] standard charges and thus ‘is not an accurate measure of the value of medical services.’ ” (Ibid.) Huff did not suggest the amount the victim incurred was irrelevant and therefore inadmissible on the damages issue. Indeed, facts pertaining to this amount were accurately described as “evidence,” albeit evidence insufficient to prove reasonable medical expenses. (Id. at pp. 1471–1472.)
Next came Ochoa v. Dorado (2014) 228 Cal.App.4th 120 (Ochoa ). Once again, plaintiffs were injured in a motor vehicle accident. (Id. at pp. 125–126.) There is no indication in the opinion that plaintiffs' medical bills had been paid in full, whether for the amount billed or for a lesser amount. Evidence of the amounts of the medical bills was admitted, but no evidence was admitted as to the reasonableness of those medical bills, thanks to a successful motion in limine by defendants to exclude evidence of reasonableness based on the lack of discovery produced on this issue. (Id. at pp. 127–128.) The jury returned a verdict awarding substantial medical damages. (Id. at p. 128.) 7
After discussing Howell, Corenbaum, Huff, and a host of older cases, Ochoa concluded with three observations: (1) “an unpaid medical bill is not an accurate measure of the reasonable value of the services provided”; (2) “an unpaid medical bill is not evidence of the reasonable value of the services provided”; and (3) “evidence of unpaid medical bills cannot support an award of damages for past medical expenses.” (Ochoa, supra, 228 Cal.App.4th at pp. 138–139.) It is difficult to precisely identify the holding in Ochoa, because its analysis and terminology conflated two related questions (as discussed herein, the admissibility of evidence and the sufficiency of evidence to support a judgment).8 Uncontroversially, Ochoa holds that evidence of unpaid medical bills, without more, is not substantial evidence of the reasonable value of services provided. Less clear is whether Ochoa intended to say something about the admissibility of evidence pertaining to the amount of unpaid medical bills — if it did, we reiterate our critique of Corenbaum, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th 1308 as stated in footnote 7 of this opinion.
All But $46,175.41 of the Judgment is Supported by the Record
Ciolek argues Bermudez failed to prove the proper measure of damages, i.e., the reasonable value of his past medical costs, with substantial evidence. Ciolek attributes this evidentiary shortfall to Bermudez's alleged failure to present evidence pertaining to the market or exchange value of the services received.9
To reiterate, “[d]amages for past medical expenses are limited to the lesser of (1) the amount paid or incurred for past medical expenses and (2) the reasonable value of the services.” (Corenbaum, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at pp. 1325–1326.) Like insured plaintiffs, uninsured plaintiffs must introduce substantial evidence of both the amount incurred and the reasonable value of the services. The amount incurred sets a cap on medical damages. But unlike the amount paid pursuant to an insurer's negotiated rates, the amount incurred by an uninsured medical patient is not sufficient evidence on its own to prove the reasonable amount of medical damages.
Neither Bermudez nor anyone else (e.g., an insurer) had paid for Bermudez's medical expenses at the time of trial. Thus, the operative measure of damages was destined to be “the reasonable value” of the medical services as determined by the jury, rather than the amount incurred by Bermudez. The jury was properly instructed to determine “the reasonable cost of reasonably necessary medical care that he has received” and “the reasonable cost of reasonably necessary medical care that he is reasonably certain to need in the future.”
Bermudez offered evidence of both the amount he incurred and the reasonable value of medical care received. Bermudez testified to the amount (approximately $450,000) he had been billed and for which (in his view) he was responsible. The parties stipulated to the admissibility of an exhibit detailing Bermudez's past medical charges ($445,430.64) and to the reasonableness of $15,000 in recently incurred medical expenses not listed in the exhibit. Bermudez's expert medical witnesses testified (without objection) to the fairness and reasonableness of the medical expenses incurred by Bermudez, up to $414,255.59, and also estimated the costs of future care (without reference to the current medical bills). Defense experts took issue with the necessity of the back surgeries and the reasonableness of the fees charged for the back surgeries and related expenses. But even Ciolek's expert and counsel agreed with the UCI hospital fees as proper (as well as other discounted amounts for procedures Ciolek thought were unnecessary or improper).
The jury awarded $460,431 in past medical damages. There is a logical basis for the award ($445,430.64 + $15,000 = $460,431). But the jury's verdict is nonetheless legally incorrect and not supported by substantial evidence because it awarded the full amount incurred by Bermudez, not the reasonable value of his past medical services (i.e., up to $414,255.59). There is no substantial evidence that the total amount incurred was the reasonable value of the services provided. “When the evidence is sufficient to sustain some but not all alleged damages, we will reduce the judgment to the amount supported by the evidence.” (Behr v. Redmond (2011) 193 Cal.App.4th 517, 533; see also id. at pp. 538–539 [disposition modifying judgment].) 10 We therefore modify the judgment to reduce the amount of damages by $46,175.41.
Ciolek claims nothing other than the $15,000 stipulated to as reasonable by the parties and (perhaps) $50,000 certified as reasonable by her expert, Weinstein (i.e., damages for which Weinstein discussed his knowledge of market data as supporting his figures, not the UCI fees which Weinstein agreed with but did not provide a foundational basis for his agreement), are supported by substantial evidence. Relying on Corenbaum, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th at pages 1331–1332 (which suggested in dicta that the full amount billed cannot provide the basis for an expert opinion of the reasonable cost of future medical expenses in a case where the insurer paid the negotiated rate) and other post-Howell case law, Ciolek asserts that Bermudez's experts' classification of Bermudez's medical charges as reasonable was too terse and conclusory to amount to substantial evidence because the experts did not sufficiently make clear they were identifying the market or exchange value of these services. Ciolek reasons these experts simply evaluated the medical bills based on their own vague, idiosyncratic sense of reasonableness.
We reject Ciolek's view that we must grant a new trial on damages or reduce the amount awarded to Bermudez beyond the $46,175.41 reduction acknowledged above. This is not a case in which Bermudez actually incurred a lower amount in medical costs than the initial billed amount. Nor is this a case in which Bermudez simply declared that the incurred amount was reasonable. Bermudez called two medical doctors to testify about the reasonable costs of procedures about which they were knowledgeable, including one expert who testified concerning the back surgery he performed himself. (Cf. Ochoa, supra, 228 Cal.App.4th at p. 141 [treating physician entitled to testify to “reasonable value of medical services that he or she provided”].) These experts did not merely rubber stamp all of the medical bills as reasonable; they identified lower numbers as reasonable in some cases. These doctors were qualified to provide expert opinions concerning the reasonable value of the medical costs at issue. This opinion testimony was based in part on the medical costs incurred by Bermudez and in part on other factors considered by the experts, including their own experiences treating patients. This was not purely speculative evidence without any basis in the real world (like, for instance, speculative lost profits expert testimony in a business dispute). Bermudez actually suffered severe injuries and underwent expensive medical treatment. The evidence presented was sufficient to support an award of $414,255.59 in past medical damages.
Though not framed in this fashion, Ciolek's real complaint is that expert opinion testimony about the reasonable cost of Bermudez's medical procedures should have been inadmissible because the experts did not sufficiently establish that their method of forming an opinion was linked to a market or exchange value of medical services.11 (See, e.g., Sargon Enterprises, Inc. v. University of Southern California (2012) 55 Cal.4th 747, 753 [trial court properly fulfilled gatekeeper role by excluding speculative expert testimony concerning lost profits].) For instance, in her opening brief, Ciolek states “there was no foundational testimony as to what actual market rates were.”
But Ciolek is unable to pursue this argument on appeal because appropriate objections were not made below. (Evid.Code, § 353, subd. (a).) No motion in limine was filed. No objections or motions to strike were made, whether on grounds of relevance or lack of foundation. It would be inappropriate to speculate as to whether any hypothetical objection or motion should have been granted. (See Evid.Code, § 802 [“A witness testifying in the form of an opinion may state ․ the reasons for his opinion and the matter ․ upon which it is based․ The court in its discretion may require that a witness before testifying in the form of an opinion be first examined concerning the matter upon which his opinion is based”]; Evid.Code, § 803 [“The court may, and upon objection shall, exclude testimony in the form of an opinion that is based in whole or in significant part on matter that is not a proper basis for such an opinion”].) For all we know, Bermudez's experts could have provided compelling testimony supporting their chosen method of determining the reasonableness of Bermudez's medical expenses for the market in which he was served. We leave the question of how courts should fulfill their gatekeeper role in a case like the instant one for an appeal in which the parties have actually litigated the issue at trial.
We likewise reject Ciolek's assertion that she is entitled to a new trial as to all damages because the jury's award of past medical damages was “fundamentally flawed” and Bermudez's counsel asked the jury to base noneconomic damages on a multiple of economic damages. The jury's award was slightly too high, but the court committed no error and there is no compelling evidence or argument that the excess in past medical damages unfairly prejudiced Ciolek's rights with regard to her noneconomic damages. (See, e.g., Romine v. Johnson Controls, Inc. (2014) 224 Cal.App.4th 990, 1013–1014 [no prejudice at trial due to supposed erroneous admission of evidence of full amounts billed in case where lower amount was accepted as payment in full].)
The judgment is modified to reduce the award of damages to Bermudez by $46,175.41 to $3,706,793.60. In all other respects, the judgment is affirmed. Ciolek's request for judicial notice is denied. Bermudez and Heacox shall recover from Ciolek costs incurred on appeal.
IKOLA, J.
WE CONCUR:
BEDSWORTH, ACTING P. J.
MOORE, J.
1. According to the driver of the first vehicle that turned left in front of Heacox, it took less than five seconds to complete his left turn and clear the intersection. He had to slow down during his turn to allow another car to complete a right turn in front of him, but then he sped up when he noticed Heacox approaching “much faster” than other cars.
2. Presumably, an expert witness would consider numerous factors (in addition to Heacox's speed) affecting the speed and direction of the ricochet. Factors might include road friction, braking force, and the amount of momentum absorbed through the crush of the vehicle bodies. The speed and direction of the ricochet of perfectly elastic billiard balls on a frictionless billiard table will not, without more, approximate the speed and direction of automobiles after a collision. Of course, Ciolek does not offer here to actually solve physics equations based on various assumed speed inputs. Instead, she simply insists the result of the crash must have been somehow different (and presumably worse) than in a counterfactual world in which Heacox was travelling at a nonnegligent speed. Ciolek does not consider the possibility that Bermudez could have been made worse off had Heacox been travelling slightly slower. This is theoretically possible (i.e., if Bermudez's body and Heacox's car had been in slightly different positions at the point of impact, perhaps Bermudez would have suffered more extreme injuries or even died).
3. The jury awarded more in past medical damages ($460,431) than requested by counsel for Bermudez ($414,255.59), who explained to the court while the jury was deliberating that he had adjusted his requested damages downward based on testimony by his own medical experts that certain amounts charged by treating physicians were excessive.
4. There was always, of course, a potentially valid hearsay objection to documents evidencing the amount charged (i.e., medical bills). “Since invoices, bills, and receipts for repairs are hearsay, they are inadmissible independently to prove that liability for the repairs was incurred, that payment was made, or that the charges were reasonable.” (Pacific Gas & E. Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage etc. Co. (1968) 69 Cal.2d 33, 42–43 (Drayage ).) The invoices in Drayage were admissible as corroboration for testimony that the invoices had been paid. (Id. at p. 43 [“If, however, a party testifies that he incurred or discharged a liability for repairs, any of these documents may be admitted for the limited purpose of corroborating his testimony [citations], and if the charges were paid, the testimony and documents are evidence that the charges were reasonable”].) Here, Bermudez testified that he had incurred approximately $450,000 in medical expenses. Apparently, rather than corroborating this testimony with every invoice, the parties sensibly stipulated to the admission of exhibit 239.
5. In the course of its analysis, Howell extensively discussed the complexities and oddities of health care services markets (Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th at pp. 560–566), including the observation that “[b]ecause so many patients ․ pay discounted rates, hospital bills have been called ‘insincere, in the sense that they would yield truly enormous profits if those prices were actually paid.’ ” (Id. at p. 561.) Howell noted, “[I]t is not possible to say generally that providers' full bill represent the real value of their services, nor that the discounted payments they accept from private insurers are mere arbitrary reductions.” (Id. at p. 562.) “Given this state of medical economics, how a market value other than that produced by negotiation between the insurer and the provider could be identified is unclear.” (Ibid.) To be clear, these observations provide support for the court's statement that the full billed amount was not itself relevant to the issue of past medical expenses when the provider had accepted less pursuant to a prior agreement with an insurer. But Howell did not actually hold that medical charges are inadmissible. Nor did it engage with or critique prior case law on this question.
6. Of course, this case does not feature an insured plaintiff. But as a general matter, we express some reservations about Corenbaum, supra, 215 Cal.App.4th 1308 seemingly holding that the amount initially billed is per se inadmissible in cases of insured plaintiffs whose bills were paid in full for less than the initial billed amount. Howell, supra, 52 Cal.4th 541, and Corenbaum did not contemplate a battle over the reasonableness of the amount paid to settle the bill in full. Unless defendants stipulate to the reasonableness of the amount actually paid to settle in full the medical bill, it seems to us that, consistent with pre-Howell case law, evidence of the initial billed amount would be relevant to proving the reasonableness of the discounted amount that was actually paid.
7. The procedural posture of Ochoa was unusual. Basically, no judgment was entered but the trial court granted a new trial based on several grounds. The appellate court held this order was void. Nevertheless, the appellate court offered guidance for proceedings upon remand, i.e., consideration of an updated new trial motion after proper entry of judgment. (Ochoa, supra, 228 Cal.App.4th at pp. 130–134.)
8. Ochoa, supra, 228 Cal.App.4th at page 139 repeatedly characterized facts tending to prove the amount of unpaid medical bills as “not evidence.” But “ ‘[e]vidence’ means testimony, writings, material objects, or other things presented to the senses that are offered to prove the existence or nonexistence of a fact.” (Evid.Code, § 140.) Clearly, testimony and documents tending to prove the amount of an unpaid medical bill are “evidence” if they are admitted at trial. One can state that such matter should be inadmissible (either at a particular trial or in every trial), or one can state that this evidence is insufficient to prove something at a trial (e.g., the reasonable value of medical services received). But to characterize something as “not evidence” when it clearly is evidence under the Evidence Code only confuses matters.
9. It is undisputed (for purposes of appeal) that the record supports findings that all of the surgeries and other procedures performed on Bermudez were reasonably necessary and caused by Ciolek's negligence. The discussion in this section pertains to the reasonable value of medical services, not the separate question of whether the services should have been provided or were caused by the breach of duty at issue.
10. Counsel for Bermudez offered to stipulate to a postjudgment reduction in the damages amount when it became clear (by way of a jury question) that the jury might award more than $414,255.59. Ciolek did not accept this offer, and has not sought this relief in her motion for new trial or in this appeal. We nevertheless provide this limited relief, as it is subsumed within Ciolek's broader request to reverse the judgment for insufficient evidence as to damages.
11. Ciolek also notes reasons why these experts' opinions should not have been believed (e.g., Mobin had a financial incentive to overstate the reasonable value of his services as a result of his lien). But these issues pertain to weight, not admissibility, and they were properly made the subject of cross-examination.
WE CONCUR: BEDSWORTH, ACTING P.J. MOORE, J.
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PEOPLE v. BELLAMY
The PEOPLE of the State of New York, Respondent, v. Jerome BELLAMY, a/k/a Jerome Bellany, Defendant-Appellant.
Decided: October 22, 1998
Before NARDELLI, J.P., RUBIN, TOM and MAZZARELLI, JJ. Kristin A. D'Amico, for Respondent. Peter T. Blum, for Defendant-Appellant.
Judgment, Supreme Court, New York County (Allen Alpert, J., at suppression hearing; Edwin Torres, J., at jury trial and sentence), rendered March 29, 1995, convicting defendant of one count each of robbery in the first degree, robbery in the second degree, and criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, four counts of attempted robbery in the first degree, and two counts of attempted robbery in the second degree, and sentencing him, as a second felony offender, to an aggregate prison term of 271/212 to 55 years, unanimously affirmed.
The hearing court properly denied the suppression motion. The totality of the chain of events gave the police officers reasonable suspicion justifying defendant's detention. The officers' observation of defendant and the codefendant running down the street in the early morning hours with the codefendant carrying what appeared to be a woman's handbag, together with their nervous behavior and separation upon seeing the patrol car, defendant's furtive gesture to his waistband as if he were discarding something, the codefendant's voluntary statement that he found the handbag, and both defendants' inability, as sufficiently documented in the record, to explain where they found the bag, justified their brief detention in order to determine whether any crimes had just been reported in the vicinity (see, People v. Hicks, 68 N.Y.2d 234, 508 N.Y.S.2d 163, 500 N.E.2d 861).
We reject defendant's contention that, pursuant to Penal Law § 70.25(2), the court was required to impose concurrent sentences for defendant's convictions under the counts involving the simultaneous attempted robberies of two of the victims. Defendant's accomplice liability for the conduct of his codefendant in attempting to take property is a separate act apart from his own criminal conduct, such that consecutive sentences may be imposed (People v. Willard, 226 A.D.2d 1014, 641 N.Y.S.2d 896, lv. denied 89 N.Y.2d 924, 654 N.Y.S.2d 726, 677 N.E.2d 298; People v. Williams, 141 A.D.2d 783, 529 N.Y.S.2d 859, lv. denied 72 N.Y.2d 1051, 534 N.Y.S.2d 950, 531 N.E.2d 670). We perceive no abuse of sentencing discretion.
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Carson City Classic Cinema Club
Classic entertainment on a mission
Membership & Tix
2nd Unit
Studio C5 on KNVC
(First Tuesday of each month)
Doors open 5:30p / Intro & Trivia 6:00p / Film 7:00p / Post Film Discussion
General Admission $5.00 per adult / Students & members free
January 7 – Captain Blood (1935)
After being wrongly convicted as a traitor, Peter Blood, an English physician, is sent to exile in the British colonies of the Caribbean, where he becomes a pirate.
February 4 – The Lady Eve (1941)
A trio of classy card sharks targets the socially awkward heir to brewery millions for his money, until one of them falls in love with him.
March 3 – You Can’t Take it With You (1938)
A man from a family of rich snobs becomes engaged to a woman from a
good-natured but decidedly eccentric family.
April 7 – Great Expectations (1946)
A humble orphan suddenly becomes a gentleman with the help of an unknown benefactor.
May 5 – San Francisco (1936)
A Barbary Coast saloon keeper and a Nob Hill impresario are rivals for the affections of a beautiful singer, both personally and professionally in 1906
June 2 – Shane (1953)
A weary gunfighter attempts to settle down with a homestead family, but a smoldering settler/rancher conflict forces him to act.
July 7 – The Blue Max (1966)
A young pilot in the German air force of 1918, disliked as lower-class and
unchivalrous, tries ambitiously to earn the medal offered for 20 kills.
August 4 – Kiss Me Deadly (1955)
A doomed female hitchhiker pulls Mike Hammer into a deadly whirlpool of intrigue, revolving around a mysterious “great whatsit”.
September 1 – Shadow of a Doubt (1943)
A young woman discovers her visiting uncle may not be the man he seems to be.
October 6 – Gaslight (1944)
Years after her aunt was murdered in her home, a young woman moves back into the house with her new husband. However, he has a secret that he will do anything to protect, even if it means driving his wife insane.
November 3 – Carmen Jones (1954)
Contemporary version of the Bizet opera, with new lyrics and an African-American cast.
December 1 – Susan Slept Here (1954)
On Christmas Eve, a struggling Hollywood scriptwriter receives a very unexpected present: juvenile delinquent Susan Landis.
Virginia City Film Festival – May 15-17
Silverland Hotel / 100 North E Street Virginia City NV 89440
Friday, May 15: Opening Reception 5:00p – 6:00p / 6:30p – The Shootist
Saturday, May 16: 11:00a – The Gold Rush / 3:30p – 3 Tickets to Paradise / 5:30p – “Yee Haw” short film competition screenings / Gala Reception & Short film awards dinner with live music from Mikayla Taylor (start time TBD)
Sunday, May 17: 11:30a – Barbary Coast Gent / 1:30p Closing Reception
** Watch this page and/or follow us on Facebook for further details as they become available
**Special room rates will be available at the Silverland Hotel
Summer Outdoor Series
June 10 – The Lion King (2019)
After the murder of his father, a young lion prince flees his kingdom only to learn the true meaning of responsibility and bravery. Run Time: 118 minutes
June 17 – A League of Their Own (1992)
Two sisters join the first female professional baseball league and struggle to help it succeed amidst their own growing rivalry. The all-star cast is headed up by Tom Hanks, Geena Davis; Director – Penny Marshall Run Time: 128 minutes
June 24 – Moana (2016)
An adventurous teenager sails out on a daring mission to save her people. Run Time: 113 minutes
July 1 – The Gold Rush (1925)
A prospector goes to the Klondike in search of gold and finds it and more. Written, directed & starring Charlie Chaplin Run Time: 95 minutes
July 8 – Singin’ in the Rain (1952)
Set during the advent of “talkies,” this film’s classic song-and-dance numbers celebrate the beginning of movie musicals. Run time: 103 minutes
July 15 – The Greatest Showman (2017)
Inspired by the imagination of P.T. Barnum, The Greatest Showman is an original musical that celebrates the birth of show business & tells of a visionary who rose from nothing to create a spectacle that became a worldwide sensation. Starring Hugh Jackman, Michelle Williams & Zac Efron Run Time: 105 minutes
July 22 – Coco (2017)
A boy journeys into the Land of the Dead to seek forgiveness from his ancestors and lift a curse. Run Time: 109 minutes
July 29 – Back to the Future (1985)
A high-schooler is accidentally transported in a time machine back to the 1950s, where he inadvertently interferes with his future parents’ budding romance. Now, the boy must figure out how to set things right, or risk changing the future.
Romance Short Film Competition Begins January 29, 2020 at 12:00 pm – 1:00 pm "Tell Me You Love Me" Short Romance Film Competition begins today at noon. Films must utilize the three prompts given at noon via email. Make the film in one week, delivered to same email address as prompts came from. To sign up and see more information go to: https://ccclassiccinema.org/2nd-unit/ or contact RomanceWW.1@gmail.comFilms due Feb 5 by noonScreening…
Film Screening - The Lady Eve February 4, 2020 at 6:30 pm – 9:00 pm BAC Performance Hall, 511 W. King Street, Carson City, NV A lady cardsharp tries to con an eccentric scientist only to fall for him.Cast: Barbara Stanwyck, Henry Fonda, Charles Coburn.Dir: Preston Sturges.Details: Comedy,Romance | Black and White | 94 mins
Tell Me You Love Me Screening and Dinner, Awards, Teaser and Raffle February 14, 2020 at 6:00 pm – 7:00 pm Enjoy an evening of love stories *, dinner and an "It's a Date" teaser.*in short film format from competitors who made their films in one week.Get your tickets on this page.
Location 990 N. Minnesota St. Carson City, NV 89703 Phone (775) 315-8495 E-mail classiccinemaccnv@gmail.com Hours By Appointment
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taylor swift diddy kandi burruss t.i. robert downey jr. kanye west renee zellweger jared leto robert pattinson cynthia bailey jimmy fallon beyonce bill murray Erica Mena travis knight ryan reynolds safaree eddie murphy jada pinkett smith hailey baldwin keanu reeves hugh grant adam sandler
Home » Movies
Katherine Heigl Wants To Make A Sequel To ’27 Dresses’
Barry Rice Jan 19, 2018 1:15 PM PST
Actress Katherine Heigl has seen some highs and lows in her career but is now keen to return to one of her most popular roles. In a new interview, Heigl reveals that she has an idea for a follow-up to her 2008 romantic comedy, 27 Dresses.
In the original, Heigl played a woman who had been a bridesmaid 27 times, literally inhabiting the phrase “always a bridesmaid, never a bride.”
As you might expect, Heigl’s character soon meets a man who shares her cynical view of weddings and by the end the two walk down the aisle themselves.
Heigl not only has a story concept for a sequel that keeps that familiar scenario while advancing her character’s storyline, she even has a title!
“I think that maybe it’s not 10 years later in their relationship, maybe it’s only 5 or 6 years, but she’s not getting pregnant,” says Heigl.
“She’s everybody’s godmother, but she doesn’t have her own,” she continues. “I think it would be really sweet and charming and interesting. 27 Christenings!”
Added further fuel to the fire, Heigl reveals that she’s in close contact with her 27 Dresses co-stars, James Marsden and Edward Burns.
The actress reveals that she and Burns are planning to team up on an unrelated project, while she frequently runs into Marsden at parties and restaurants.
Heigl first came to prominence with her Emmy award-winning role on the ABC drama Grey’s Anatomy, on which she co-starred from 2005-2010.
After leaving the show, the actress continued her movie career in films that seemed to garner worse and worse reviews with each new release.
Heigl then returned to television in 2014 with the NBC espionage thriller State of Affairs, which debuted to negative reviews and was canceled after three months. Her follow-up series, Doubt, on CBS didn’t fare much better and was canceled after one season.
Read more about james marsden katherine heigl edward burns
Jim Carrey Reminds Fans He’s Also An Actor — Points Them To ‘Sonic The Hedgehog’ Trailer
Apr 30, 2019 6:25 PM PDT
Katherine Heigl Dishes On What It’s Like To Turn 40-Years-Old In Hollywood
Katherine Heigl Returning To ‘Grey’s Anatomy’? Star Camilla Luddington Weighs In
Oct 31, 2018 11:43 AM PDT
Kourtney Kardashian Wants Not One But THREE More Kids With Younes - Her New Niece Gave Her Baby Fever!
Porsha Williams Cannot Get Enough Of Her Baby Girl, PJ - See The Latest Clips
Blac Chyna Shows Off Her Revealing Red Dress She Wore At The Grammys And Cites Kobe Bryant - People Slam Her
Hailey Bieber Talks Her Crooked Pinky Finger And Asks Trolls To Stop Roasting Her — Does She Have Ectrodactyly Or Clinodactyly?
Shauna on Chris Brown Proudly Shares A Clip Of His And Ammika Harris’ Son, Aeko
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Vol. III Number 4, Fall 2003 Recalling Political Science
Vol. III Number 4, Fall 2003 From the Editor's Desk
Recalling Political Science
It's a shame that bad political science can't be recalled as easily as the California governor.
by Charles R. Kesler
The American Political Science Association turned 100 this year. A grateful nation didn't rush to throw it a party, so the APSA threw itself one at its annual meeting.The Association chose to celebrate its centenary in Philadelphia, thus indirectly associating itself with America's founders. This was a magnanimous gesture for the APSA, because from the beginning it was peevish about the founders' handiwork. Woodrow Wilson, one of the APSA's early presidents and the only professional political scientist (be thankful) ever elected President of the United States, called famously for an end to "blind worship" of the Constitution, as if no other kind of veneration for it were possible.
The new political science mandarins, many of whom had earned their degrees in Germany (which then had the most advanced university system in the world), looked forward to a "rational" democratic state that would give full reign to popular will, which was almost by definition rational. This new state would be organized, administered, and evaluated along the lines of the latter-day social sciences; its multiplying programs and agencies would mirror the reformist agendas in sociology, economics, public administration, and other fields. Thus the modern state and the modern university were born twins, and in the course of a few decades, Wilson and many lesser lights would step smartly from the one to the other. As a political movement, Progressivism would have been inconceivable apart from these developments.
It's worth keeping all this in mind when one considers the California recall. Progressivism is, of course, the father of direct democracy in California, though it was Governor Hiram Johnson's name on the birth certificate. There's no more vivid canvas of Progressive hopes and illusions than California.
Don't be lulled into thinking that the recall of Governor Gray Davis is merely an eruption of left-coast weirdness or Hollywood hype. The recall is a test of a theory, an experimental application of populist and Progressive notions concerning human nature and government. And it deserves to be the occasion for taking stock of this theory and what it's done to California.
Granted, the part played by Arnold Schwarzenegger is a little strange. He embodies so many Progressive predilections. In many ways he could be the APSA's dream candidate, the perfect commemoration of its 100th: educated in central Europe, married to a Kennedy (once removed, but still representative of mid-century liberalism at its best), and renowned for playing a robot sent to squash mankind and secure the world for the machines (even as humanistic political science is being terminated by quantitative methods and formal modeling).
At any rate, most Progressives were, and are, impatient with traditional American party politics, with its mixture of ideal and material incentives, its localism and enduring loyalties, above all its connection to the defense of the Constitution. Their hostility to "special interests" and party bosses is matched only by their enmity to separation of powers and the other constitutional devices that serve to constrain and focus government. Enough of this deadlock and gridlock, the Progressives say. Let the people rule directly, except when the unelected experts must rule on the people's behalf.
The contest between Schwarzenegger and Davis is an instructive example of this Progressive tension between leadership and administration, between direct democracy and bureaucracy, between parties based on a leader's connection to the people and parties that have almost faded into the civil service. Davis's predicament shows that if you promise (to borrow Michael Dukakis's trope) competence, not ideology, you'd better deliver competence at least. It illustrates, too, that direct democracy can and often does backfire on liberals, which is why liberals know it's good to keep in reserve a few federal judges to direct the democracy in the way it should go.
There are 135 candidates running for Davis's job, a fact that explains why we invented political parties in the first place. Whoever wins will face a political landscape tilted against good government. The budget requires a two-thirds vote of each house of the legislature, ensuring that the majority party can almost never be held to account for it. The state's executive is not unitary (e.g., the attorney general is elected independently of the governor), weakening the branch's energy and coherence. And the state's reliance on the initiative process both saps legislative seriousness and erodes the State Constitution's significance as fundamental law. Term limits don't help, either.
Not all of this is Progressivism's fault, but enough of it is to make the recall and its aftermath an occasion for rethinking and perhaps reforming. It's a shame that bad political science can't be recalled as easily as the California governor.
Charles Kesler is a Senior Fellow of the Claremont Institute, Editor of the Claremont Review of Books, host of Claremont’s The American Mind video series, and the Dengler-Dykema Distinguished Professor of Government at... read more
Rehnquist’s Court and the Living Constitution
by Eric R. Claeys
Does the living-constitution vision ultimately contribute to the happiness of the American people?
Reading Up on Islam
by Paul Marshall
Most books on Islam should be ignored, but there are a few gems.
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President’s Bio
Clean Energy SolutionsTM
What is CHP
Benefits of E&E CHP Systems
What is LNG
Gas Processing Group
Process Description
Whitepapers by Amir
What is Renewable Energy?
reduces our
carbon foot
Renewable Energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, tides, rivers and geothermal heat. By definition, it is the production of power from any of the above sources of energy. Other sources of fuel and energy have also been included and are generated by natural process of plants, agricultural waste, biomass, ethanol, natural decomposition of waste, such as land fill gas and other waste materials. These processes allow us to generate electrical power and thermal energy from applications such as, photovoltaic, direct sun power to energy, anaerobic digestion of waste and many more. Operations that use combustible gases such as methane are generated from waste and used for power generation. This is considered renewable energy and renewable resources. Projects that use renewable energy sources of fuel for power generation receive significant tax incentives as well as other credits that can add up to 50% of the project cost in addition to accelerated depreciation. (See 2008 Federal Incentive Plan and Tax Credit.)
Energy & Environment, Inc. © 2020 All Rights Reserved | Privacy Policy
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Conference Series Ltd invites all the participants across the globe to attend 8th International Conference on Clinical Nutrition Dubai, UAE.
or e-mail to
Scientific Program Day 1
Day 1 : December 8, 2016
Keynote Forum
Iman A Hakim
The University of Arizona Health Sciences, USA
Keynote: Potential role of d-limonene in breast cancer prevention
Time : 10:30-11:10
Iman A Hakim is a Professor of Public Health and the Dean of the University of Arizona, College of Public Health. She is internationally known for her translational research on the role of bioactive food compounds in modulation of oxidative damage and prevention of chronic diseases. She has been the Principal Investigator of several large-scale clinical trials focused on nutrition and cancer prevention. She has earned her Medical degree from Cairo University in Egypt and her PhD from Ain-Shams University in Cairo, Egypt. She has received her MPH degree in Preventive Medicine from the University of Arizona, College of Medicine.
Limonene is a bioactive food component found in high concentration in citrus peel oil. It has shown chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic activities in preclinical studies of mammary carcinogenesis. As a fat-soluble compound, d-limonene is more likely to deposit in fatty tissues such as the breast. In our previous work, we have found that lemonade prepared with the whole lemon (Mediterranean-style lemonade) contains high levels of d-limonene. To assess the bioavailability and disposition of d-limonene in humans, we conducted a pilot feeding study with d-limonene-rich lemonade. Healthy adults consumed 40oz of freshly prepared lemonade containing 500 to 600 mg d-limonene daily for 4 weeks. On the first and last consumption days, blood and buttock fat biopsy were collected. Matched plasma and fat biopsies were analyzed for d-limonene levels using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Our data showed that d-limonene and its major metabolite are bioavailable after oral consumption of a citrus preparation rich in d-limonene content. There was a significant increase in plasma and adipose d-limonene levels at the end of four weeks. However, adipose d-limonene levels were significantly higher than plasma levels (P=0.009). Our results confirmed the accumulation of d-limonene in adipose tissue after oral dosing in humans and support additional studies of d-limonene for chemoprevention in tissues such as the breast that are comprised of a significant fat fraction.
David O Kennedy
David O Kennedy, Northumbria University, UK
Keynote: Modulation of cerebral blood flow, brain metabolism and cognitive function by nutritional interventions
David O Kennedy is a Professor of Biological Psychology and the Director of the Brain Performance and Nutrition Research Centre at Northumbria University in the United Kingdom. His research involves investigating the effects of nutritional interventions, including vitamins and minerals, omega-3 fatty acids, amino acids and a host of plant derived extracts and compounds, including polyphenols and caffeine on human brain function. His recently published book, Plants and the Human Brain (Oxford University Press), describes the psychopharmacology and plant ecological ‘secondary metabolite’ roles of a multitude of plant derived compounds
Research has demonstrated that acute or short term administration of a number of nutritional interventions, including a range of food supplements that can beneficially modulate cognitive function or mood. However, the longer term benefits of the optimized nutritional status are less clear. Recent research from our own laboratory has demonstrated that supplementation with both multi vitamins and polyphenols can modulate several physiological parameters in adult humans that should be relevant to healthy brain aging, including cerebral blood flow and brain metabolic parameters. The relevance of these findings to the preservation of cognitive function will be discussed.
Fayaz Ahmed Sahibzada
University of Wollongong, Australia
Keynote: Obesity/overweight status and associated factors among Saudi female population
Fayaz Ahmed Sahibzada has completed his Master of Science degree in Human Nutrition in 1999 from NWFP Agricultural University, Pakistan. He has worked as a Clinical Dietitian in Abbas Institute of Medical Sciences since 2004. In June 2004, he migrated to Australia as a skilled professional and got Australian Citizenship and completed his MSc in Clinical Nutrition from University of Wollongong, Australia in 2007
During the last few decades, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) experienced rapid socio-cultural changes caused by the accelerating economy in the Arabian Gulf region. That was associated with major changes in the food choices and eating habits which, progressively, became more and more "Westernized". Such a nutritional transition has been claimed for the rising rates of overweight and obesity which were recently observed among Saudi population. Therefore, the objectives of the current study were to determine the overweight and obesity status in a sample of females Saudi adults and to determine the relationship between the obesity and factors associated. A total of 1500 female participants of age ≥19 from Makkah governorate were included the study. A self-reported questionnaire was conducted to collect the data. It composed of socio-economic data, disease history, food habits and anthropometric measurements. Overweight and obesity were defined according to internationally standardized criteria for classification of BMI. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software, version 16.0. The data indicated that 23.9% of Saudi female adults were overweight and 27.7% were obese. The most common eating habits encountered were eating two main meals/day, consumed meals with family, drinking fresh juices, sweets and the meals consist mostly of protein. Statistically significant direct correlations were found among these factors (P<0.005). More than 50% of the Saudi adults females were obese or overweight. Additional monitoring of the obesity status is necessary
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Climbing Vine
Art Winkleblack, chief financial officer and executive vice president of H.J. Heinz Co.
CFO MagazineHuman Capital & CareersPeople
Joseph McCafferty
Hitting the books: B.A., UCLA (1980); M.B.A, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania (1982)
First job in a suit: Assistant director of admissions at The Wharton School (2 years)
Big break: Landing a job in the planning department at PepsiCo (12 years, 7 jobs, 5 states)
In the CFO office: AlliedSignal (CFO of Avionics division, 2 years), Six Flags (3 years), Heinz (4 years)
Operations experience: COO of two Internet operations that failed. "They were close but no cigar, so when the Internet space started to really die, I decided to jump back into mainstream business."
Job hopper or lifer? "I like to remain with a company for a long time because I like to be in on building the business. It's not about the short-term goals. It's about being able to contribute to a growing, vibrant organization."
Worst job: Retrieving shopping carts at K-Mart at age 15
What I look for in a job candidate: "Someone who's intelligent, can effectively drive change, has strong listening skills, and can adapt to new environments."
If I weren't a CFO I would be: A CEO. "I've always seen myself as a CFO, but I think I'd like to run something in the future."
Saddle Sore
Would a modern-day accountant have the right stuff to run a Texas ranch house in 1867? Bill Cooke, former controller at a California hospital, got the chance to find out.
Cooke recently appeared on the PBS reality series "Texas Ranch House," a show that transplanted everyday people into the actual living and working conditions of a 19th-century cattle ranch. Cooke played the role of ranch owner, with overall responsibility for running the operation.
The job proved more difficult than he'd expected. "Going into this, my goal was to fly under the radar and... [get] the job done," he told PBS in a postshow interview. "I didn't have any idea that I would be right smack in the middle of controversy and conflict." To some viewers, the show only strengthened the stereotype of accountants as analytical problem-solvers with poor people skills. Cooke had a difficult time communicating with the ranch hands, who were constantly on the verge of mutiny, and there were numerous confrontations between Cooke, his family, and the other workers.
He also struggled with maintaining a consistent tone. "Halfway through, I had to change my management style into more of an autocratic-dictator role," Cooke said. The change didn't work. After Cooke fired one of the ranch hands, others walked off the ranch in a show of solidarity.
At the end of the last episode, experts deemed that the ranch would have failed if it had really operated in the 1880s. Even worse, they said the former controller's record-keeping had been lax. — Joseph McCafferty
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Prof. Enver Cagri Izgu
New Faculty Commencing Sept 1, 2017
Enver Cagri Izgu obtained a B.Sc. degree in chemistry from the Middle East Technical University in Ankara, Turkey, where he studied asymmetric organic catalysis with Professor Ozdemir Dogan. He then moved to the United States for graduate school and earned his Ph.D. in organic chemistry from the University of Minnesota under the tutelage of Professor Thomas R. Hoye. In the Hoye Lab, he conducted the total synthesis of structurally complex and biologically potent natural plant products, developed synthetic methodologies, and designed chemical tools for NMR spectroscopic investigations of chiral carbinols. Equipped with core synthetic chemistry skills and intrigued by the grand challenge of establishing the fundamental principles of cellular life, Enver turned his focus to chemical biology and undertook a postdoctoral position in the laboratory of Professor Jack W. Szostak at Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital. There, he studied primitive cells (protocells) that display evolutionarily useful functions by harnessing the systems chemistry of small molecules, nucleic acids, peptides, and lipids. These studies provided insight into the template-directed chemical and enzymatic synthesis of DNA, RNA, and RNA-like informational polymers. In addition, his work led to the discovery of chemical routes for spontaneous lipidation of amino acids and peptides in protocells, which potentially links the functionalization of primitive membranes with modern biology, where the lipidation of proteins plays a major role in membrane localization and signaling.
B.Sc., Middle East Technical University, 2002-2006 (Advisor: Ozdemir Dogan)
Ph.D., University of Minnesota, 2006-2012 (Advisor: Thomas R. Hoye)
Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard University and Massachusetts General Hospital, 2012-2017 (Advisor: Jack W. Szostak)
Charles and Johanna Busch Biomedical Grant Award
American Cancer Society, Institutional Research Grant Early Investigator Award
Arthur Klorfein Scholarship, Marine Biological Laboratory
NASA Travel Award, Gordon Research Conference for Origins of Life, Galveston
Young Scientists Award (National Bachelors Scholarship Program), The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey
Research Synopsis
At Rutgers, the Izgu Lab is establishing a multidisciplinary research program to advance biotechnology and life sciences by combining synthetic organic chemistry, molecular biology, and surface chemistry. Currently, the lab is working towards finding effective technologies in the fight against diseases that affect large human populations. The lab is also studying surface chemistry to develop adaptable and reusable point-of-care technologies. Other major research interest is constructing artificial cells that can mimic cellular behavior to discover ways by which lipids can introduce new and advanced functions to cell membranes.
Members of the team have the opportunity to learn a wide variety of experimental techniques and carry out both fundamental and applied research in a collaborative environment.
Izgu Research Group
Cancer Institute of New Jersey
Rutgers Center for Lipid Research
News & Events Menu
Professor Richard Remsing
Prof. Kate M. Waldie
Professor Zheng Shi
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Tag Archives: Dmitry Medvedev
by hecksinductionhour | November 21, 2011 · 8:22 pm
The United Russia Guide to Winning Hearts and Minds. Strategy 4: Arrest “Unruly” Students at Russia’s Premier University
krasnoe.tv
http://www.rosbalt.ru/moscow/2011/11/19/914449.html
Students planning to protest UR campaign propaganda arrested near Moscow State University
Moscow, November 19. Fifteen students, grad students and alumni were arrested on the campus of Moscow State University this afternoon after the protest action “Students against the Use of Moscow State in the United Russian Election Campaign.” Uniformed police and plainclothes officers, who refused to identify themselves, made the arrests in a quite brutal manner: eyewitnesses told Rosbalt that they grabbed the students, dragged them across the ground and beat them.
From one p.m. to two p.m. today, during ceremonies marking the 300th anniversary of Mikhail Lomonosov’s birth, Moscow State students and teachers had planned to hold a picket outside the Universitet metro station to express their disagreeme3nt with the use of the university’s name by members of the university administration in pre-election campaigning for United Russia. However, despite established practice, in this case at the last minute it transpired that the prefecture of the Western Administrative District had not authorized the protest, MSU employees noted. Despite assurances by telephone that everything was in order, when protest organizers received a written response [from the prefecture] on Friday, they learned that [the authorities] proposed moving the picketing site to the Taras Shevchenko Embankment [a “ghetto” that Moscow authorities often send protesters to keep away from public view].
Disagreeing with the prefecture’s decision, students decided to gather outside Universitet metro station to discuss the situation and hold a series of one-person pickets, which by law do not require prior approval by the authorities. The behavior of the police officers [at the metro station] and conversation with commanding officers made it clear that they had been ordered to repress any action on the part of activists, including one-person pickets. In particular, the police warned that if the [protesters] moved off together in the same direction, this would be regarded as a demonstration and arrests would begin.
The protesters decided not to give the police reason to arrest them and went off to have an informal discussion of the situation, without posters and slogans, in the park at the Eternal Flame, which is located opposite Academic Building No. 1.
During their discussion of self-government at the university, police officers, who did not identify themselves, began forcibly pulling students and graduate students from the group and arresting them for [holding] an “unsanctioned rally.” According to our sources, police colonel Kostin supervised the arrests. The students were then taken to Ramenki police station in police cars U7120, U7160, and U7134.
MGU Is No Place for Discussion
By Victor Davidoff
The dramatic events that took place on Thursday in Libya will ensure that this date will be remembered in history. An important event took place in Russia on that day, too, and while although it was far less dramatic than the death of Moammar Gadhafi, it was rich with symbolism.
On Thursday, President Medvedev met with students and representatives of youth organization at the journalism department of Moscow State University.
The choice of venue and conditions of the meeting were a vivid indicator of the current status of freedom of speech in the country at present and what it is likely to be under a continuation of the ruling tandem.
First, the event wasn’t announced anywhere and was planned in absolute secrecy. The students at the journalism department didn’t know about it, and even the dean, Yelena Vartanova, was informed about the president’s visit only the day before. She was just asked to make sure that two auditoriums were free — one for the meeting and the other for a buffet.
On the morning of the meeting, hungry students drooled over a huge amount of food and drink that was brought in for the buffet — hungry in the literal sense because the Federal Guard Service, which provides security for the president, closed the departmental cafeteria as a security precaution.
The security detail closed off the entire building and carried out its own special face control, not letting in students whose names were on their blacklist. Some faculty members were barred from the building, too.
But that was a minor inconvenience, as one student, D-lindele, wrote on his LiveJournal blog, : “That was nothing compared with what happened next. The journalism students were shocked to learn that the ‘students’ at the meeting with the president would really be dozens of activists from Nashi and other similar organizations.”
But the author was mistaken. In fact, there were about 30 students from the journalism department — about one-tenth of the audience. Only the most trustworthy students were invited, including the attractive girls whose half-nude photographs graced a calendar made for Prime Minister Vladimir Putin’s birthday last year. Other less-trusted journalism students were only allowed to greet the president when he entered the hall and went up the stairs.
In a video on YouTube showing the meet-and-greet episode, you can see an unidentified student about a meter from Medvedev holding up a hand-made sign the size of an A4 sheet of paper. Then security guards close in on him, and he disappears behind their backs.
That wasn’t the only protest that the president chose to ignore. Student Igor_malinin wrote on his LiveJournal blog: “Just then a group of enterprising guys held up oppositional signs, like ‘Press isn’t from the word oppress’ and ‘Why do you tweet while Khodorkovsky rots in jail?’ Right now they’ve been detained by the Federal Guard Service and are being held in the auditorium.’
Three female students were detained for protesting by the entrance to the building and spent several hours in a police precinct. Altogether, seven journalism students were detained. Typically, the detention of protesters was not mentioned in any of the television news reports.
Budur, a blogger from the journalism department, wrote: “Citizen Medvedev humiliated and insulted the dignity of seven members of our community. The seven did not organize a rally or do anything against the law or against university bylaws. They were just doing their civic duty. This is the first time since the 1930s that people were arrested right on the campus of the university.”
After the meeting, one of the journalists managed to ask Medvedev what happened to the students who had been detained. “Is someone being detained some place?” Medvedev asked. Apparently he was the only one who didn’t know.
And that evening, Medvedev sent out a cheery tweet on Twitter: “The meeting at the journalism department was good. I see that everyone had a good time. Thanks for the comments. Sweet dreams.”
Perhaps Medvedev actually thinks that a staged event with a paramilitary security operation during which protesters were arrested in his presence was a “good meeting.” And perhaps he thinks that it was held with full respect for the law and everyone’s civil rights. Or perhaps he thinks that the most important aspect of the event was that everyone had a good time.
If so, it shows how little he understands the country that he is ruling, where an increasing number of people have a completely different notion of civil rights than Medvedev and his security advisers. And eventually they will find a way to make the authorities play by their rules in politics.
In the meantime, sweet dreams, Mr. President.
Olga Kuzmenko and Vera Kichanova, two of the Moscow State University students detained before President Medvedev’s speech in October, talk about the experience with MK-TV:
Filed under activism, film and video, interviews, political repression, protests, student movements
Tagged as Dmitry Medvedev, election campaign violations, Mikhail Lomonosov, Moscow State University, Olga Kuzmenko, repression of student activists, United Russia, Vera Kichanova
by hecksinductionhour | August 11, 2011 · 4:29 am
Join Khimki Forest Solidarity Actions August 26th!
We’re asking you to make actions of solidarity and to distribute our petition!
http://www.change.org/petitions/russian-president-dmitri-medvedev-halt-the-destruction-of-khimki-forest
August 26th, 2010, is a historic date for the grassroots protest movement in Russia.
That is the day, just one year ago, when Russian President Dmitry Medvedev halted construction of the Moscow to St. Petersburg highway because it would destroy the Khimki Forest, one of the nation’s few protected old-growth forests.
His action was forced by a massive outcry of thousands of people who said “no” to more environmental degradation and “no” to the corruption, intimidation, violence and arrests.
Back, then a year ago, the Khimki Forest defenders were credited with sparking one of Russia’s “broadest protest movements in years” and the fact that the President listened was very important. Medvedev even admitted that the selected route through Khimki happened because of corruption — where officials got to profit from the selling of valuable undeveloped forest land.
A lot has changed in the last year.
Medvedev had promised public and expert hearings on the project. Instead, without public input, he has allowed construction to begin again. Trees are being cut, and protesters in the forest are confronting bulldozers every week.
The shameful company benefiting from this corruption is Vinci, the transnational company based in France that is leading the concession to build the highway.
This company has pressured the Russian government to begin construction quickly, which has led to more violence in the forest. Vinci is complicit in human rights abuses with its involvement in this project and investigations reveal its offshore tax havens, which is why 25,000 people have signed another protest petition against Vinci and international demonstrations have been made.
Please join us in solidarity as we work to halt construction again and save this forest. Sign the petition, and email us at savekhimkiforest@gmail.com if you can hold a solidarity protest on August 26th, 2011.
We will not give up.
— The Save Khimki Forest Movement
Filed under activism, open letters, manifestos, appeals, protests
Tagged as Dmitry Medvedev, Khimki Forest, Movement to Defend the Khimki Forest, Save Khimki Forest Movement, VINCI
Valentina Matviyenko Teaches Petersburgers a Lesson in “Sovereign Democracy”
Vladimir Kara-Murza
The Kremlin’s Know-How: A Secret Election
For all the tricks the Kremlin has perfected over the years to ensure “correct” voting results, what happened last week in St. Petersburg was in a league of its own. The Russian authorities may have invented a new authoritarian know-how: an election organized in secret from candidates and voters.
In June, President Dmitri Medvedev proposed that St. Petersburg Governor Valentina Matviyenko should become the new speaker of the Federation Council, the Russian Parliament’s upper house. The fact that the president has decided who will lead the legislature surprised no one; such trifles as the separation of powers have long lost any meaning in Vladimir Putin’s Russia. The difficulty lay elsewhere: the Federation Council is formed from among municipal and regional legislators—and Matviyenko is neither. To allow the governor to run for a seat, two municipal councils in St. Petersburg—Aleksandrovskaya and Lomonosov (the former imperial residence of Oranienbaum)—hastily called special elections. Vowing to give the governor a run for her money, opponents began preparations for the contest. A wide spectrum of opposition groups—from the radical Another Russia to the liberal Yabloko party—nominated their candidates. Unlike federal elections that feature only government-registered party lists, contests on the local level are still open to individuals and thus allow for opposition participation.
Even with the expected administrative pressure, Matviyenko’s victory was far from assured: the governor, in office since 2003, is widely unpopular in the city for her administration’s incompetence in running basic services, the destruction of historic architecture, the harassment of entrepreneurs, crackdowns on peaceful rallies, and allegations of abuse of power surrounding her family. Experts wondered how Matviyenko—and Putin’s United Russia party, which nominated her—would escape humiliation at the hands of voters.
The solution was simple and brilliant. On July 31, Matviyenko announced that she had been nominated to run for election to the municipal councils of Petrovsky and Krasnenkaya Rechka districts. The deadline for nominations in both jurisdictions had passed on July 27. No one—not even the St. Petersburg City Electoral Commission, not to mention opposition parties—was aware that these elections had been called. The only ones in the know, apart from the authorities, were a handful of puppet candidates who will imitate “competition” to the governor. Despite opposition calls for an investigation, the sham vote, scheduled for August 21, has already been ruled lawful. In a few weeks, Valentina Matviyenko will become speaker of the upper house—nominally, the number-three position in Russia’s state hierarchy.
“No one except your minions and clappers will consider this procedure to be an election,” Boris Vishenvsky, one of Yabloko’s leaders and a former legislator himself, wrote to Matviyenko this week. “It will be considered a political swindle. You will leave St. Petersburg in disgrace and will be remembered as a weak and cowardly governor who was afraid of elections.”
There is at least some good news in all this for the citizens of St. Petersburg. One way or another, they will soon be rid of their unpopular governor.
Opposition Slams Governor for ‘Secret’ Vote
The opposition has slammed Governor Valentina Matviyenko for running in “secret” elections which City Hall has concealed from the public for more than a month.
City Hall said on Sunday that Matviyenko would run in the elections for municipal deputies in the Krasnenkaya Rechka and Petrovsky districts, making the announcement four days after the registration of the candidates had ended. The elections are due on August 21.
Previously, local opposition leaders and activists said they would run at the same elections as Matviyenko and registered in the municipal district of Lomonosov, where four United Russia and Just Russia deputies had resigned simultaneously in what was seen as an attempt to clear the way for Matviyenko’s election.
A United Russia deputy in the municipal district of Posyolok Alexandrovskaya also resigned, which led to speculation that Matviyenko might also run there.
But, surprisingly, it turned out on Sunday that she would run in two different municipal districts instead, with registration already closed, thus preventing key opponents from standing against her.
In St. Petersburg, a municipal district or okrug is a lower-tier administrative division.
President Dmitry Medvedev offered Matviyenko the job of Chairman of the Federation Council, which became vacant when the former chairman and A Just Russia leader Sergei Mironov was dismissed by Vladimir Putin’s United Russia in June. The new position forces Matviyenko to give up her current position as St. Petersburg Governor.
Despite Medvedev describing her as an “absolutely successful governor,” the media and opposition have claimed that the decision resulted from Matviyenko having fallen out of favor with the Kremlin as a result of her unpopularity among St. Petersburg residents, in turn caused by mismanagement and an unprecedented rise in corruption.
The Kremlin was said to have had doubts about her ability to secure The United Russia’s victory at the State Duma election, due in December.
Matviyenko, however, needs to be an elected deputy to occupy the seat of Chairman of the Federation Council.
The Other Russia political party’s local chair Andrei Dmitriyev, who submitted an application for candidacy in Lomonosov and was in the process of collecting signatures, described the scheme as a “cover-up operation.”
“I can imagine her PR people laughing about how they deceived everybody, but in reality they’ve done a disservice to her,” Dmitriyev said.
“It’s obviously dishonest, it’s illegal, it’s simply ugly. It shows that Matviyenko is afraid of competition and of St. Petersburg residents.
“In reality, it makes it easier for the opposition. We will not compete with one another, but unite our efforts to block Matviyenko from the municipal district and, further, from the Federation Council.”
Yabloko Democratic Party said it does not recognize the elections, which were not properly announced and thus illegal in a statement on Monday, which described them as a “shameful and undignified farce.”
It said that Matviyenko has a “panicked fear” of any democratic procedures and the scheme’s goal was to save her from any political competition at the election.
“It’s an utter shame and disgrace,” said Yabloko’s local chair Maxim Reznik by phone on Monday.
“And this is a person who once was the governor! She simply humiliates herself.”
A Just Russia party’s local chair Oksana Dmitriyeva said in a statement Monday that none of the municipal districts except Alexandrovskaya and Lomonosov had confirmed it would be holding elections over the next few months when replying to the party’s official letter sent to every municipal district.
She said that the St. Petersburg Election Commission was also not informed about the upcoming elections, referring to a written reply from its head Alexander Gnyotov.
Dmitriyeva said her party would sue Matviyenko over the upcoming elections, so that their results would be dismissed as illegitimate.
“This is surrender and shameful defeat from the very start,” she said.
Filed under Russian society
Tagged as Dmitry Medvedev, Putinism, Saint Petersburg, secret elections, Sergey Chernov, sovereign democracy, Valentina Matviyenko, Vladimir Kara-Murza
Medvedev to Obama: “You have carried out vital social reforms”
Now we get it…
Dear Barack, you have reached this milestone in your life with a great store of professional and personal achievements. […] Despite the serious global challenges and political risks faced during your term in office, you have successfully carried out vital financial and social reforms for the benefit of the United States and its future. You have set new benchmarks in foreign policy and vividly demonstrated how to “listen and hear” and successfully tackle even the most complex issues. (“Medvedev greets Obama on 50th birthday,” ITAR-TASS)
Filed under international affairs
Tagged as Barack Obama, Dmitry Medvedev, thick as thieves, US-Russia reset
by hecksinductionhour | August 1, 2011 · 6:42 pm
Khimki One Year Later
Khimki One Year Later: July 28, 2010 – July 28, 2011
July 28 marked a year to the day since the famous demonstration in Khimki during which 300-400 young anarchists and antifascists from Moscow and the Moscow Region marched from the train station to the Khimki town hall (to the applause of local residents), where they set off smoke grenades, pelted the building with stones, and spray-painted several slogans on its walls.
It was a protest not only against the blatant clear-cutting of the free Khimki Forest to make way for a Moscow-Petersburg paid highway of dubious worth, but also against the methods the woodcutters employed to shield their actions from public protest. Environmentalists who tried to get in the way of the construction equipment were dispersed not only by police but also by masked soccer hooligans. When their masks slipped off, the protesters recognized several of them as ultra-rightists.
The demonstration was spontaneous: it was held instead of a concert by two Moscow hardcore groups. During the demonstration, Pyotr Silayev, the singer for one of these groups, Proverochnaya Lineika, encouraged the demonstrators with chants shouted into a megaphone. The megaphone is one of Silyaev’s traditional “musical instruments”; you can find old videos on the Web where it is clear that he is shouting his fight songs into a megaphone: “It’s time to take the consequences for your culture! It’s time to take the consequences!”
Pyotr has been taking the consequences ever since: after managing to flee the country the day after the demonstration, he has spent time as a homeless vagrant in Western Europe, a squatter occupying abandoned dwellings, and a prisoner in a Polish camp for illegal immigrants. He is now applying for political asylum in a country neighboring Russia.
Another of the “defendants,” Muscovite Denis Solopov, an antifascist activist, artist (the first exhibitions of his paintings took place recently in Kyiv and Moscow), and a jeweler by training, was held in Lukyanovsky Prison, Kyiv’s notorious pre-trial detention facility, from March 2 to July 13 of this year. During this time he managed to catch pneumonia and spent Victory Day, May 9, in solitary confinement. Denis was meanly arrested outside the offices of the Kyiv Migration Service, which had rejected his asylum request. The fact that at the time he had already been recognized as UN mandate refugee and that this status had been confirmed by the Kyiv office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, did not stop the Ukrainian jailers: they had in hand a request to extradite Denis to the Russian Federation. However, all the protests actions organized by comrades in Kyiv, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and other cities were not in vain: on July 28, 2011, Denis Solopov left Ukraine and went further into exile, traveling to a third country [the Netherlands] which had agreed to admit him as a political refugee.
Two more participants in the Khimki demonstration heard the Khimki city court’s verdict in late June. Alexei Gaskarov, a correspondent for the web site www.ikd.ru (the Institute for Collective Action has specialized in coverage and analysis of social protests in Russia for nearly seven years, and Alexei has worked for them most of that time), was acquitted, while Maxim Solopov, a student at the Russian State University for the Humanities, was given a two years of probation. It was a surprising decision, considering that one and the same witnesses gave contradictory testimony against both of them, and that the defense had challenged claims that these witnesses had actually been in Khimki during the demonstration.
This largely “vegetarian” sentence was preceded by the stint Alexei and Maxim spent in the Mozhaisk Pre-Trial Detention Facility during the first phase of the preliminary investigation (from late July to mid-October 2010), as well as a vigorous public campaign for their release. Thus, during the first international action days on their behalf (September 17-20, 2010), thirty-six protest actions were held in thirty-two cities in twelve countries in Eastern and Western Europe, as well as in North America. Protests also took place in Russia, Siberia, and Ukraine, of course. The Campaign for the Release of the Khimki Hostages managed in a short time to mobilize not only people in Moscow, Petersburg, and Kyiv in support of the young Russian activists, but also people in Krakow, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Paris, London, and Berlin. In Athens and New York, protests for the release of Alexei and Maxim took place on two occasions in late September.
Political refugees from Moscow who (unlike Denis Solopov and Pyotr Silayev) have not made official asylum requests, continue to take the consequences for the Khimki demonstration, as well as for their protest culture, including the stones, smoke grenades, and spray-paint cans. They have dispersed to various cities and countries. They have not seen friends and relatives for a year now, and they are still afraid to return home. They were forced to flee Moscow a campaign of mass intimidation unprecedented in recent Russian history. The campaign has focused on the youth subculture scene to which many of them belonged – the antifascist punk/hardcore community. Arrests, searches, interrogations, and beatings took place throughout most of August 2010 not only in Moscow and the Moscow Region, but also in other regional capitals, including Nizhny Novgorod and Kostroma. In Zhukovsky, a town in the Moscow Region, seventy people were arrested before a concert, while in Kostroma more than 260 people were arrested in similar circumstances. The police officers who interrogated antifascist Alexander Pakhotin promised to cut off his ear, and it took him several weeks to recover from the beating he suffered at their hands. But they haven’t left him alone even now, a year later. In early July of this year he suddenly got a phone call inviting him to report to Petrovka, 38 [Moscow police HQ], for an informal discussion. Alexander reasonably replied to the caller that he preferred to talk with police investigators only after receiving an official summons. For Moscow police investigators, however, an official summons is, apparently, something incredibly difficult. It’s probably easier for them to hunt down and beat up obstinate witnesses – which is exactly what happened to Alexander Pakhotin.
Further evidence of the secret police’s abiding interest in the people who took part in last year’s Khimki demonstration is the canard that circulated in the Russian media in late June: Pyotr Silayev had allegedly been arrested in Brussels by Interpol at the request of Russian law enforcement authorities. Antifascists quickly refuted this lie: at the time, Pyotr was fishing, and he was not in Brussels. Apparently, the authorities were trying their best to patch up their reputation after losing the casing against Gaskarov and Solopov in the Khimki court.
And all this time the saga of the Khimki Forest per se has continued. There was last year’s big demonstration on Pushkin Square [in Moscow] with headliners music critic Artemy Troitsky, rock musician Yuri Shevchuk, and Maria Lyubicheva, lead singer for the popular group Barto. Then was there the temporary halt to the logging of the forest. This was followed by a vicious musical parody of the activists by a musician [Sergei Shnurov] who had been previously seemed like a member of the “alternative scene,” but now turned out to be singing almost with the voice of the Ministry of Truth. There was wintertime tree-hugging and springtime subbotniks. And finally, there was Russian president’s meeting with public figures and his announcement that the highway would go through the forest after all. Subsequently, we’ve witnessed the Anti-Seliger forum, to which two of every species of oppositional beast came (where were all of them during the constant demos and clashes in Khimki?), and their using the misfortune of the Khimkians to grandstand in the run-up to the 2011-2012 election season. Finally, there is the tent camp set up by the Rainbow Keepers and other eco-anarchists, which opened on July 27, 2011, the eve of the first anniversary of the famous demonstration.
What has this past year shown us? That in our country, any project, even one that is obviously directed against society, will be forced through all the same if big money and the authorities back it. That there is still no control over criminalized local authorities: not only have none of the officials mixed up in dubious affairs been put on trial, but none have even been fired. That the power of social solidarity still counts for something: if it cannot stop harmful projects, it can at least defend activists who have fallen captive to the penal system and get people out of jail. That radical political action (of which last year’s demonstration was an instance) is quite effective at drawing attention to acute problems, but that it must be effectively deployed and backed up with infrastructure, however informal; otherwise, the emotional, political, and physical toll on the movement will be too high and may jeopardize its very existence. This, perhaps, is the most important lesson for the social movement, but it bears repeating. As you know, in our country, even if you have brains and talent, it takes a huge effort to roast your enemy over the fire. For if you relax for just a second, lo and behold, he’s already roasting you over the fire. But there is hope, and the future still hasn’t been written.
—Vlad Tupikin
Filed under activism, anti-racism, anti-fascism, film and video, political repression, Russian society
Tagged as Alexander Pakhotin, Alexei Gaskarov, Anti-Seliger, Barto, Campaign for the Release of the Khimki Hostages, Denis Solopov, Dmitry Medvedev, Khimki Forest, Khimki Hostages, Maxim Solopov, Movement to Defend the Khimki Forest, Pyotr Silayev, Rainbow Keepers, Russian antifascists, Sergei Shnurov, Vlad Tupikin, Yuri Shevchuk
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On December 29, 2000, City on a Hill received four large buildings that once served as a major hospital in Milwaukee's central city. This unprecedented gift returned the property to its original mission more than a century ago - to serve the poor as an expression of faith.
In 1863, a brick farmhouse on this hilltop property was purchased by a group of Christians and converted into a hospital. The mission of the Lutheran Deaconesses who staffed it was to practice the tenets of their faith by caring for the medical needs of the poor. Area congregations donated medicines, beds, ice and livestock to support their effort.
Early on, the ministry faced opposition from those who considered the hospital a source of contagious disease, but supporters rallied repeatedly to expand its capacity to serve. For decades, Milwaukee Hospital, later called Lutheran Hospital, was operated as a charitable facility, with volunteer physicians and staff. Eventually the hospital garnered philanthropic support, developed other funding streams, and became a prominent medical institution.
Later, however, changes in medical technology, health care financing and neighborhood demographics led to the decline of the hospital, which eventually merged with another to become Good Samaritan Medical Center. In the mid-1990s the medical center's owner, Aurora Health Care, struggling with mounting losses, merged its services into another nearby central city hospital, leaving six large buildings vacant.
In August of 2000, a local Assemblies of God ministry and a large national organization, Convoy of Hope, conducted a community outreach event on the parking lot of the vacant hospital. 8,000 neighborhood residents attended the free event, benefiting from a job fair, health services, children's games, food distribution, haircuts, and many other activities. Impressed by the event and concerned about the deterioration of the neighborhood, the owners initiated a discussion with the board of the local Urban Ministry Center. Four months later Aurora transferred its four remaining buildings totaling 321,000 square feet to the newly incorporated non-profit organization, known today as City on a Hill.
This property in the heart of Milwaukee is now being returned to its original mission - to serve the poor in Milwaukee's central city. This time Christians are working together to meet not only the physical needs, but also the spiritual needs of impoverished families. City on a Hill's mission is to be a catalyst working to save children, reach parents and transform families in Milwaukee's central city neighborhoods. City on a Hill is contributing to transformation in the neighborhood, reconciliation in the city, and revitalization in churches.
Like the hospital's founders, City on a Hill is relying on the support of donors who contribute tens of thousands of volunteer hours and hundreds of thousands of dollars to meet the needs in our central city. It is also partnering with other organizations with similar missions, co-located in its facility. As Jesus urged his disciples in the Sermon on the Mount, the ministry's staff and volunteers are letting their light shine, like a "city on a hill."
The opportunity to transform lives in Milwaukee is tremendous!
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Data Science University: Transforming a Fortune 5 workforce
Marc Paradis (UnitedHealth Group)
11:00am–11:40am Thursday, March 28, 2019
Secondary topics: AI and machine learning in the enterprise, Health and Medicine
Executives, data scientists, educators, business leaders, and students
Learn how to educate your workforce on analytics at scale through the lens of your industry
Data Science University (DSU) supports growth and leadership in data science, machine learning, and artificial intelligence across UnitedHealth Group by identifying, training, and mentoring top talent in order to unlock enormous value from the largest healthcare data assets in the world. Its core offerings cater to professionals of various backgrounds and positions, including Data Science Academy, for building technical data science talent; Executive College, for providing frameworks and understanding for leadership; an immersion program, for fostering data science literacy; and miniseries, which offer seminars on specific topics like visualization or storytelling.
In the spirit of academia, DSU also focuses on building community—accomplished through data science forums, internal analytics-based conferences, and Surge, a custom-built Kaggle-like platform for data science competition. These three initiatives have fostered communication, collaboration, and efficiency across organizational lines.
External to the company, strategic partnerships have been built out with a variety of corporate and university entities including Intel, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the University of Minnesota Carlson School of Business MBA Program. These partnerships have brought forth additional technology, talent, and material for effective data science education.
Marc Paradis explains how DSU was built out over time in an era of rapidly changing analytics technology and capabilities in an industry ripe for disruption, covering the challenges faced and lessons learned. Going forward, DSU continues to produce new and relevant content while looking to the wider healthcare market, ripe for disruption by analytics, to provide industry-specific education.
Marc Paradis
Marc Paradis vice president and dean of Data Science University (DSU) at UnitedHealth Group, where he has built out DSU to train the next generation of UnitedHealth Group’s data science and machine learning experts in the tools, techniques, and technologies of the discipline as well as in the architecture, content, and ontology of UnitedHealth Group’s uniquely integrated claims, clinical, and pharmacy data assets. Marc’s career has spanned a variety of healthcare companies in data-related roles, where he continuously seeks the unlock the hidden drivers of profit, efficiency, and value by applying the rigor and discipline of the scientific method to business datasets. He holds an SM from Massachusetts Institute of Technology in brain and cognitive sciences.
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Zubik v. Burwell: Contraceptive Mandate Take 2
The U.S. Supreme Court recently granted certiorari in Zubik v. Burwell, in
which the justices will again consider the lawfulness of the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA) contraceptive mandate.
The issue before the Court in Zubik v. Burwell this time around is whether religious employers must provide free health insurance coverage for birth control.
The Facts of Zubik v. Burwell
The Court will consider seven consolidated cases. The plaintiffs, including David A. Zubik (the Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh), Priests for Life, Roman Catholic Archbishop, East Texas Baptist University, Little Sisters of the Poor, Southern Nazarene University, and Geneva College, are all religiously affiliated nonprofit corporations. They maintain that being forced to “facilitate” the provision of health insurance coverage for contraceptives, which they oppose on religious grounds, violates the Religious Freedom Restoration Act of 1993 (RFRA).
The Legal Background of Zubik v. Burwell
The ACA requires employers with more than 50 employees to provide health insurance coverage for the 20 contraceptive methods approved by the Food and Drug Administration. Religious employers, such as churches, are exempt from this contraceptive mandate. In addition, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) created an additional exemption for religious nonprofit organizations that object to providing coverage for contraceptive services.
In Burwell v. Hobby Lobby, a slim majority of the Supreme Court held that the contraception mandate placed a substantial burden on closely held corporations, noting that the provision “forces them to pay an enormous sum of money [in the way of excise taxes] if they insist on providing insurance coverage in accordance with their religious beliefs.” The federal government has since extended the accommodation to such employers.
Under current HHS regulations, religiously affiliated nonprofit corporations that object to birth control coverage can notify their insurance company, third-party benefits administrator, or the HHS about their objection. The plaintiffs argue that the notification process essentially acts as a “trigger” and requires them “to provide the morally objectionable coverage and allow their health plans to be used as a vehicle to bring about a morally objectionable wrong.”
In all of the cases, the federal courts of appeal sided with the government, holding that the challengers failed to establish that the contraceptive mandate substantially burdened the exercise of their religious freedom. As explained by the Second Circuit: “Eligible organizations are provided the opportunity to freely express their religious objection to such coverage as well as to extricate themselves from its provision. At the same time, insured individuals are not deprived of the benefits of contraceptive coverage.” This fall, Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals became the first to rule that the accommodation violates RFRA, thereby creating a circuit split.
The Issues Before the Court
The primary question raised in all seven ACA cases is whether the contraceptive mandate and its “accommodation” violate the RFRA. The plaintiffs maintain that failing to provide religious nonprofits with an outright exemption forces them to act in violation of their sincerely held religious beliefs and that the Government has not proven that this compulsion is the least restrictive means of advancing any compelling interest.
In Little Sisters v. Burwell, the Court agreed to consider a second question: Can HHS satisfy RFRA’s demanding test for overriding sincerely held religious objections in circumstances where HHS itself insists that overriding the religious objection will not fulfill HHS’s regulatory objective – namely, the provision of no-cost contraceptives to the objector’s employees?
The latest ACA case marks the fourth time that the Court will consider the legality of health care law since its inception in 2010. As with the cases that preceded it, the Court’s decision is likely to be controversial. Oral arguments will take place in late spring, with a ruling expected in June.
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At the heart of everything we do
We have a responsibility to protect and enrich our planet together with our customers, suppliers and communities. It is a core part of our business and we embed sustainability and ethical practices into all that we do, being accountable for our actions while driving improvements wherever and whenever possible.
We accelerate the circular economy
We protect our planet and collaborate with our customers and partners to do the same
We champion the many people who build our products
Our 2030 Goals for Advancing Sustainability
By 2030, the global population will grow by nearly a billion people, and the ranks of the middle class will swell by nearly 2 billion. With more people and greater prosperity, our economy will put pressure on planetary boundaries and social systems like never before. But there is a choice.
We protect our planet, and collaborate with our customers and partners to do the same
Our planet is already experiencing the effects of climate change, and every indication suggests these changes are growing both more frequent and more severe. Extreme weather, natural disasters and migration shifts due to climate change are all examples of the far-reaching impact we’re beginning to see.
Sustainability is ultimately about taking actions today that ensure opportunities tomorrow. Our supply chain is vast and complex, involving hundreds of thousands of people around the world. With the power of that global force, Dell Technologies has the scale and responsibility to drive the highest standards.
Learn more about our plan and get involved
Recycle today. Protect tomorrow.
At Dell Technologies, we’re committed to protecting our customers and our planet. That’s why we provide secure and responsible recycling options for both consumers and businesses around the world. Find the service that's right for you today.
View our Plan for 2030
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Acinetobacter baumannii: Emergence of a Successful Pathogen
Anton Y. Peleg, Harald Seifert, David L. Paterson
Anton Y. Peleg
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
For correspondence: apeleg@bidmc.harvard.edu
Harald Seifert
Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, University of Cologne, Goldenfelsstrasse 19-21, 50935 Cologne, Germany
David L. Paterson
University of Queensland, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaPathology Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, AustraliaDivision of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00058-07
Acinetobacter baumannii has emerged as a highly troublesome pathogen for many institutions globally. As a consequence of its immense ability to acquire or upregulate antibiotic drug resistance determinants, it has justifiably been propelled to the forefront of scientific attention. Apart from its predilection for the seriously ill within intensive care units, A. baumannii has more recently caused a range of infectious syndromes in military personnel injured in the Iraq and Afghanistan conflicts. This review details the significant advances that have been made in our understanding of this remarkable organism over the last 10 years, including current taxonomy and species identification, issues with susceptibility testing, mechanisms of antibiotic resistance, global epidemiology, clinical impact of infection, host-pathogen interactions, and infection control and therapeutic considerations.
The genus known as Acinetobacter has undergone significant taxonomic modification over the last 30 years. Its most important representative, Acinetobacter baumannii, has emerged as one of the most troublesome pathogens for health care institutions globally. Its clinical significance, especially over the last 15 years, has been propelled by its remarkable ability to upregulate or acquire resistance determinants, making it one of the organisms threatening the current antibiotic era. A. baumannii strains resistant to all known antibiotics have now been reported, signifying a sentinel event that should be acted on promptly by the international health care community. Acting in synergy with this emerging resistance profile is the uncanny ability of A. baumannii to survive for prolonged periods throughout a hospital environment, thus potentiating its ability for nosocomial spread. The organism commonly targets the most vulnerable hospitalized patients, those who are critically ill with breaches in skin integrity and airway protection. As reported from reviews dating back to the 1970s (199), hospital-acquired pneumonia is still the most common infection caused by this organism. However, in more recent times, infections involving the central nervous system, skin and soft tissue, and bone have emerged as highly problematic for certain institutions.
Interest in Acinetobacter, from both the scientific and public community, has risen sharply over recent years. Significant advances have been made in our understanding of this fascinating organism since it was last reviewed in this journal in 1996 (28). In the present review, we describe these advances and also provide a comprehensive appraisal of the relevant microbiological, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of A. baumannii, the most clinically relevant species. The epidemiology, clinical impact, and resistance mechanisms of Acinetobacter species outside the A. baumannii group are not covered in this review.
Historical Perspective of the Genus AcinetobacterThe history of the genus Acinetobacter dates back to the early 20th century, in 1911, when Beijerinck, a Dutch microbiologist, described an organism named Micrococcus calco-aceticus that was isolated from soil by enrichment in a calcium-acetate-containing minimal medium (24). Over the following decades, similar organisms were described and assigned to at least 15 different genera and species, including Diplococcus mucosus (587), Micrococcus calcoaceticus (24), Alcaligenes haemolysans (228), Mima polymorpha (117), Moraxella lwoffi (14), Herellea vaginicola (116), Bacterium anitratum (485), Moraxella lwoffi var. glucidolytica (434), Neisseria winogradskyi (323), Achromobacter anitratus (60), and Achromobacter mucosus (352). For a comprehensive review of the history of the genus, the reader is referred to the work of Henriksen (228).
The current genus designation, Acinetobacter (from the Greek ακινετοσ [akinetos], i.e., nonmotile), was initially proposed by Brisou and Prévot in 1954 to separate the nonmotile from the motile microorganisms within the genus Achromobacter (61). It was not until 1968 that this genus designation became more widely accepted (21). Baumann et al. published a comprehensive survey and concluded that the different species listed above belonged to a single genus, for which the name Acinetobacter was proposed, and that further subclassification into different species based on phenotypic characteristics was not possible (21). These findings resulted in the official acknowledgment of the genus Acinetobacter by the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Moraxella and Allied Bacteria in 1971 (324). In the 1974 edition of Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology (312), the genus Acinetobacter was listed, with the description of a single species, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus (the type strain for both the genus and the species is A. calcoaceticus ATCC 23055) (24). In the “Approved List of Bacterial Names,” in contrast, two different species, A. calcoaceticus and A. lwoffii, were included, based on the observation that some acinetobacters were able to acidify glucose whereas others were not (512). In the literature, based on the same properties, the species A. calcoaceticus was subdivided into two subspecies or biovars, A. calcoaceticus bv. anitratus (formerly called Herellea vaginicola) and A. calcoaceticus bv. lwoffii (formerly called Mima polymorpha). These designations, however, were never officially approved by taxonomists.
Current TaxonomyThe genus Acinetobacter, as currently defined, comprises gram-negative, strictly aerobic, nonfermenting, nonfastidious, nonmotile, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative bacteria with a DNA G+C content of 39% to 47%. Based on more recent taxonomic data, it was proposed that members of the genus Acinetobacter should be classified in the new family Moraxellaceae within the order Gammaproteobacteria, which includes the genera Moraxella, Acinetobacter, Psychrobacter, and related organisms (466). A major breakthrough in the long and complicated history of the genus was achieved in 1986 by Bouvet and Grimont, who—based on DNA-DNA hybridization studies—distinguished 12 DNA (hybridization) groups or genospecies, some of which were given formal species names, including A. baumannii, A. calcoaceticus, A. haemolyticus, A. johnsonii, A. junii, and A. lwoffii (51). Work done by Bouvet and Jeanjean, Tjernberg and Ursing, and Nishimura et al. (53, 401, 542) resulted in the description of further Acinetobacter genomic species, including the named species A. radioresistens, which corresponds to Acinetobacter genomic species 12 described previously by Bouvet and Grimont (51). Some of the independently described (genomic) species turned out to be synonyms, e.g., A. lwoffii and Acinetobacter genomic species 9 or Acinetobacter genomic species 14, described by Bouvet and Jeanjean (14BJ), and Acinetobacter genomic species 13, described by Tjernberg and Ursing (13TU). More recently, 10 additional Acinetobacter species were described, including 3 species of human origin, A. parvus, A. schindleri, and A. ursingii (392, 393), and 7 species isolated from activated sludge (recovered from sewage plants), namely, A. baylyi, A. bouvetii, A. grimontii, A. tjernbergiae, A. towneri, A. tandoii, and A. gerneri (72), increasing the actual number of validly described (genomic) species to 31, of which 17 have been given valid species names (Table 1). It has to be noted, however, that some of the recently described environmental Acinetobacter species included only one or a few strains at the time of publication (72).
Delineation of Acinetobacter genomic species
Four of the above listed species, i.e., A. calcoaceticus, A. baumannii, Acinetobacter genomic species 3, and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU, are very closely related and difficult to distinguish from each other by phenotypic properties. It has therefore been proposed to refer to these species as the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex (189, 191). However, this group of organisms comprises not only the three most clinically relevant species that have been implicated in the vast majority of both community-acquired and nosocomial infections, i.e., A. baumannii, Acinetobacter genomic species 3, and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU (see below), but also an environmental species, A. calcoaceticus, that has frequently been recovered from soil and water but has, to our knowledge, never been implicated in serious clinical disease. Therefore, since it is the environmental species that has given its name to the complex, the designation A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex may be misleading and not appropriate if used in a clinical context.
Species IdentificationAcinetobacters may be identified presumptively to the genus level as gram-negative, catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, nonmotile, nonfermenting coccobacilli. They are short, plump, gram-negative rods that are difficult to destain and may therefore be misidentified as either gram-negative or gram-positive cocci (hence the former designation Mimae). Acinetobacter species of human origin grow well on solid media that are routinely used in clinical microbiology laboratories, such as sheep blood agar or tryptic soy agar, at a 37°C incubation temperature. These organisms form smooth, sometimes mucoid, grayish white colonies; colonies of the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex resemble those of Enterobacteriaceae, with a colony diameter of 1.5 to 3 mm after overnight culture, while most of the other Acinetobacter species produce smaller and more translucent colonies. Unlike the Enterobacteriaceae, some Acinetobacter species outside the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex may not grow on McConkey agar. Isolates of the species A. haemolyticus and several other currently not-well-defined species, such as Acinetobacter genomic species 6, 13BJ, 14BJ, 15BJ, 16, and 17, may show hemolysis on sheep blood agar, a property that is never present in Acinetobacter isolates belonging to the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex. Unfortunately, no single metabolic test distinguishes acinetobacters from other similar nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria. A reliable method for unambiguous identification of acinetobacters to the genus level is the transformation assay of Juni, which is based on the unique property of mutant Acinetobacter strain BD413 trpE27, a naturally transformable tryptophan auxotroph recently identified as A. baylyi (574), to be transformed by crude DNA of any Acinetobacter species to a wild-type phenotype (281). For the recovery of acinetobacters from environmental and clinical specimens (e.g., skin swabs to detect skin colonization), enrichment culture at low pH in a vigorously aerated liquid mineral medium supplemented with acetate or another suitable carbon source and with nitrate as the nitrogen source has proven useful (20). To facilitate the isolation of acinetobacters from mixed bacterial populations, Leeds Acinetobacter medium was proposed (260).
Of the few methods that have been validated for identification of Acinetobacter species, DNA-DNA hybridization remains the reference standard (51). The phenotypic identification scheme proposed by Bouvet and Grimont in 1986 is based on 28 phenotypic tests (51). This identification scheme was refined in 1987 by the same authors and includes growth at 37°C, 41°C, and 44°C; production of acid from glucose; gelatin hydrolysis; and assimilation of 14 different carbon sources (52). While this simplified identification scheme allows discrimination between 11 of the 12 genomic species initially described (51) and correctly identified to the species level 95.6% of 136 Acinetobacter isolates recovered from human skin samples (495), it does not permit identification of the more recently described (genomic) species. In particular, the closely related and clinically most relevant species A. baumannii and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU cannot be distinguished, while A. calcoaceticus and Acinetobacter genomic species 3 can only be separated by their growth properties at different temperatures (191). Unfortunately, simple phenotypic tests that are commonly used in routine diagnostic laboratories for identification of other bacterial genera to the species level are unsuitable for unambiguous identification of even the most common Acinetobacter species.
Both DNA-DNA hybridization and the phenotypic identification system of Bouvet and Grimont are laborious and far from being suitable for routine microbiology laboratories. In fact, these methods are available in only a few reference laboratories worldwide. Molecular methods that have been developed and validated for identification of acinetobacters include amplified 16S rRNA gene restriction analysis (ARDRA) (572; for an evaluation of ARDRA, see reference 127), high-resolution fingerprint analysis by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) (258, 392), ribotyping (189), tRNA spacer fingerprinting (146), restriction analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA intergenic spacer sequences (131), sequence analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA gene spacer region (79), and sequencing of the rpoB (RNA polymerase β-subunit) gene and its flanking spacers (310). ARDRA and AFLP analysis are currently the most widely accepted and validated reference methods for species identification of acinetobacters, with a large library of profiles available for both reference and clinical strains, while tRNA fingerprinting, though generally also suitable for species identification, does not discriminate between A. baumannii and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU. Both ribotyping and sequence analysis of the 16S-23S rRNA gene spacer region were found to discriminate between species of the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex but have not been applied to other Acinetobacter species, and sequencing of the rpoB gene, although very promising, awaits further validation. All of these methods have contributed to a better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical significance of Acinetobacter species during recent years, but they are too laborious to be applied in day-to-day diagnostic microbiology, and their use for the time being is also confined mainly to reference laboratories.
More recent developments include the identification of A. baumannii by detection of the blaOXA-51-like carbapenemase gene intrinsic to this species (559), PCR-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PCR-ESI-MS) (145), and a simple PCR-based method described by Higgins et al. (234) that exploits differences in their respective gyrB genes to rapidly differentiate between A. baumannii and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU. Promising results with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS have been obtained for species identification of 552 well-characterized Acinetobacter strains representing 15 different species (496). Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight MS allows for species identification in less than 1 hour, but it requires expensive equipment and needs further evaluation.
Species identification with manual and semiautomated commercial identification systems that are currently used in diagnostic microbiology, such as the API 20NE, Vitek 2, Phoenix, and MicroScan WalkAway systems, remains problematic (33, 35, 244). This can be explained in part by their limited database content but also because the substrates used for bacterial species identification have not been tailored specifically to identify acinetobacters. In particular, the three clinically relevant members of the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex cannot be separated by currently available commercial identification systems; in fact, A. baumannii, Acinetobacter genomic species 3, and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU are uniformly identified as A. baumannii by the most widely used identification systems. In referring to these species, it therefore seems appropriate to use the term A. baumannii group instead of A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex. This reflects the fact that A. baumannii, Acinetobacter genomic species 3, and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU share important clinical and epidemiological characteristics (124, 335, 498) and also eliminates the confusion resulting from inclusion of an environmental species, A. calcoaceticus (see above). However, since the vast majority of studies that have addressed epidemiological and clinical issues related to Acinetobacter have not employed identification methods that allow for unambiguous species identification within the A. baumannii group, the designation A. baumannii in this review, if not stated otherwise, is used in a broader sense to also accommodate Acinetobacter genomic species 3 and 13TU.
The need for species identification of acinetobacters in routine clinical laboratories has been questioned by some researchers (191). From a clinical and infection control point of view, however, it is necessary to distinguish between the A. baumannii group and acinetobacters outside the A. baumannii group since the latter organisms rarely have infection control implications. In addition, these organisms are usually susceptible to a range of antimicrobials, and infections caused by these organisms are most often benign. From a research perspective, in contrast, clinical studies using proper methods for species identification of acinetobacters, including those within the A. baumannii group, are mandatory to increase our knowledge of the epidemiology, pathogenicity, and clinical impact of the various species of this diverse genus.
Natural HabitatsMembers of the genus Acinetobacter are considered ubiquitous organisms. This holds true for the genus Acinetobacter, since acinetobacters can be recovered after enrichment culture from virtually all samples obtained from soil or surface water (20). These earlier findings have contributed to the common misconception that A. baumannii is also ubiquitous in nature (171). In fact, not all species of the genus Acinetobacter have their natural habitat in the environment. However, a systematic study to investigate the natural occurrence of the various Acinetobacter species in the environment has never been performed.
Most Acinetobacter species that have been recovered from human clinical specimens have at least some significance as human pathogens (493, 502). Acinetobacters are part of the human skin flora. In an epidemiological survey performed to investigate the colonization of human skin and mucous membranes with Acinetobacter species, up to 43% of nonhospitalized individuals were found to be colonized with these organisms (495). The most frequently isolated species were A. lwoffii (58%), A. johnsonii (20%), A. junii (10%), and Acinetobacter genomic species 3 (6%). In a similar study, a carrier rate of 44% was found for healthy volunteers, with A. lwoffii (61%), Acinetobacter genomic species 15BJ (12%), A. radioresistens (8%), and Acinetobacter genomic species 3 (5%) being the most prevalent species (31). In patients hospitalized on a regular ward, the carriage rate of Acinetobacter species was even higher, at 75% (495). Dijkshoorn et al. studied fecal carriage of Acinetobacter and found a carrier rate of 25% among healthy individuals, with A. johnsonii and Acinetobacter genomic species 11 predominating (126). In contrast, A. baumannii, the most important nosocomial Acinetobacter species, was found only rarely on human skin (0.5% and 3% in references 31 and 495, respectively) and in human feces (0.8%) (126), and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU was not found at all (31, 126, 495). More recently, Griffith et al. investigated the nares of healthy U.S. soldiers and did not find acinetobacters at all, but they did not use enrichment culture to increase the recovery rate (211). In a subsequent study, Griffith et al. did not detect skin carriage of the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex among a representative sample of 102 U.S. Army soldiers deployed in Iraq, but again, they performed cultures without enrichment and with an extremely long transport time that may have contributed to this finding (212). Notably, in tropical climates, the situation may be different. In Hong Kong, Chu et al. found 53% of medical students and new nurses to be colonized with acinetobacters in summer versus 32% in winter (91). Such a seasonal variability in skin colonization may contribute to the seasonal variation seen in the prevalence of A. baumannii in clinical samples (360). Acinetobacter genomic species 3 (36%), Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU (15%), Acinetobacter genomic species 15TU (6%), and A. baumannii (4%) were the most frequently recovered species, while A. lwoffii, A. johnsonii, and A. junii were only rarely found.
Although various Acinetobacter species have been isolated from animals and A. baumannii was occasionally found as an etiologic agent in infected animals (173, 571), the normal flora of animals has never been studied systematically for the presence of acinetobacters. Of note, A. baumannii was recovered from 22% of body lice sampled from homeless people (311). It has been speculated that this finding might result from clinically silent bacteremia in these people; the clinical significance of this observation, however, is not yet clear.
The inanimate environment has also been studied for the presence of acinetobacters. Berlau et al. investigated vegetables in the United Kingdom and found that 30 of 177 vegetables (17%) were culture positive for Acinetobacter (32). Interestingly, A. baumannii and Acinetobacter genomic species 11 (each at 27%) were the predominant species, followed by A. calcoaceticus and Acinetobacter genomic species 3 (each at 13%), while Acinetobacter genomic species 13 was found only once. In Hong Kong, 51% of local vegetables were culture positive for Acinetobacter species, the majority of which were Acinetobacter genomic species 3 (75%), but one sample grew A. baumannii (245). Houang et al. found acinetobacters in 22 of 60 soil samples in Hong Kong, and the most frequent species were Acinetobacter genomic species 3 (27%) and A. baumannii (23%), with only one sample yielding A. calcoaceticus (245). In an unpublished study from Germany, 92 of 163 samples (56%) from soil and surface water yielded acinetobacters, and A. calcoaceticus, A. johnsonii, A. haemolyticus, and Acinetobacter genomic species 11 were found most frequently. Only a single sample yielded A. baumannii, three samples were positive with Acinetobacter genomic species 3, and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU was not found at all in soil and water (H. Seifert, personal communication). Some recently described Acinetobacter species, i.e., A. baylyi, A. bouvetii, A. grimontii, A. tjernbergiae, A. towneri, and A. tandoii, that were isolated from activated sludge are obviously environmental species and have, as yet, never been found in humans (72). In contrast, two other recently described species, A. schindleri and A. ursingii, have been recovered only from human specimens, while A. parvus was found in humans and was also cultured from a dog (138, 392, 393).
In conclusion, although available data derive from only a few studies, some Acinetobacter species indeed seem to be distributed widely in nature, i.e., A. calcoaceticus is found in water and soil and on vegetables; Acinetobacter genomic species 3 is found in water and soil, on vegetables, and on human skin; A. johnsonii is found in water and soil, on human skin, and in human feces; A. lwoffii and A. radioresistens are found on human skin; and Acinetobacter genomic species 11 is found in water and soil, on vegetables, and in the human intestinal tract. At least in Europe, the carrier rate of A. baumannii in the community is rather low. Also, although it has been found in soil samples in Hong Kong and on vegetables in the United Kingdom, A. baumannii does not appear to be a typical environmental organism. Existing data are not sufficient to determine if the occurrence of severe community-acquired A. baumannii infections that have been observed in tropical climates (8, 325, 591) may be associated with an environmental source. Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU was found on human skin in Hong Kong but not in Europe. Also, it has not been identified in the inanimate environment. Thus, the natural habitats of both A. baumannii and Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU still remain to be defined.
MECHANISMS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
The wide array of antimicrobial resistance mechanisms that have been described for A. baumannii is impressive and rivals those of other nonfermentative gram-negative pathogens (Table 2) (426, 443). The rapid global emergence of A. baumannii strains resistant to all β-lactams, including carbapenems, illustrates the potential of this organism to respond swiftly to changes in selective environmental pressure. Upregulation of innate resistance mechanisms and acquisition of foreign determinants are critical skills that have brought A. baumannii great respect. Despite the absence of data on the genetic competence of A. baumannii, other Acinetobacter spp., in particular A. baylyi, are highly competent and recombinogenic (16, 574).
Mechanisms of resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii
A recent study by Fournier et al. typifies the genetic agility and broad resistance armamentarium of A. baumannii (172). After performing whole-genome sequencing of a clinical epidemic A. baumannii strain found in France (AYE), an 86-kb resistance island, one of the largest to be described thus far, was identified (AbaR1). Of the 88 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) within this genomic region, 82 were predicted to have originated from other gram-negative organisms, such as Pseudomonas sp., Salmonella sp., and Escherichia coli. Furthermore, the G+C content of this region was 52.8%, compared to 38.8% for the remaining chromosome, indicating a likely foreign source. Overall, 52 resistance genes were identified, and surprisingly, 45 (86.5%) were localized to the AbaR1 resistance island (172). The genetic surroundings of these resistance determinants provided more evidence for genetic promiscuity, with an array of broad-host-range mobile genetic elements identified, including three class 1 integrons, transposons, and insertion sequence (IS) elements. Interestingly, no plasmid markers were identified in this resistance hot spot, and of the three plasmids found within the AYE strain, none contained any known resistance marker (172). Compared to a susceptible A. baumannii strain from the same geographic region (SDF), a similar structure was identified (AbaG1) in the homologous ATPase-like ORF, but it was devoid of resistance determinants (172). To assess whether this hot spot is conserved among A. baumannii strains, a further 22 clinical strains were screened. Seventy-seven percent had an intact ATPase ORF yet also had a multidrug resistance phenotype (172), indicating that resistance determinants can be inserted into other areas of the genome. Similarly, the recently published genome sequence of A. baumannii ATCC 17978 demonstrated a wide array of resistance markers but only one within the homologous location to that described by Fournier et al. (514), again illustrating the genetic flexibility of this pathogen.
β-Lactams
Enzymatic mechanisms.The most prevalent mechanism of β-lactam resistance in A. baumannii is enzymatic degradation by β-lactamases. However, in keeping with the complex nature of this organism, multiple mechanisms often work in concert to produce the same phenotype (47, 165, 446).
Inherent to all A. baumannii strains are chromosomally encoded AmpC cephalosporinases (49, 249, 250, 427, 468), also known as Acinetobacter-derived cephalosporinases (ADCs) (249). Unlike that of AmpC enzymes found in other gram-negative organisms, inducible AmpC expression does not occur in A. baumannii (49, 233). The key determinant regulating overexpression of this enzyme in A. baumannii is the presence of an upstream IS element known as ISAba1 (described below) (106, 233, 468, 492). The presence of this element highly correlates with increased AmpC gene expression and resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (106, 468). Cefepime and carbapenems appear to be stable in response to these enzymes (249).
Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) from the Ambler class A group have also been described for A. baumannii, but assessment of their true prevalence is hindered by difficulties with laboratory detection, especially in the presence of an AmpC. More recent focus has been on VEB-1, which disseminated throughout hospitals in France (clonal dissemination) and was also recently reported from Belgium and Argentina (VEB-1a) (71, 381, 382, 417, 442); PER-1, from France, Turkey, Belgium, Romania, Korea, and the United States (250, 381, 385, 439, 565, 611); and PER-2, from Argentina (417). Interestingly, blaVEB-1 was found to be integron borne (class 1) yet encoded on the chromosome (442). This integron was identical to that identified in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Thailand (197) and was also associated with an upstream IS element (IS26), indicating the possible origin and mechanism of spread to A. baumannii (442). blaPER-1 is either plasmid or chromosomally encoded and also has an upstream IS element (ISPa12) that may enhance its expression (438). Other ESBLs identified in A. baumannii include TEM-92 and -116 (148, 387), from Italy and The Netherlands, respectively, and SHV-12 from China and The Netherlands (248, 387). Also, CTX-M-2 and CTX-M-43 have been described from Japan and Bolivia, respectively (76, 386). Narrow-spectrum β-lactamases, such as TEM-1 and TEM-2, are also prevalent in A. baumannii (111, 250, 579), but their current clinical significance is limited given the potency of other resistance determinants.
Of the β-lactamases, those with carbapenemase activity are most concerning and include the serine oxacillinases (Ambler class D OXA type) and the metallo-β-lactamases (MBLs) (Ambler class B) (443, 447, 589). Thus far, the Ambler class A carbapenemases (KPC, GES, SME, NMC, and IMI) have not been described for A. baumannii (447). For a detailed review of carbapenemases in A. baumannii, readers are referred to an excellent review by Poirel and Nordmann (443), and for carbapenemases in general, see the work of Queenan and Bush (447).
A summary of OXA-type enzymes in A. baumannii is shown in Fig. 1. The first identified OXA-type enzyme with carbapenem-hydrolyzing activity was from a clinical A. baumannii strain isolated in 1985 from Edinburgh, Scotland (418). This plasmid-encoded resistance determinant (initially named ARI-1) was found to be transferable, and the gene was later sequenced and named blaOXA-23 (132, 482). This enzyme type now contributes to carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii globally (46, 99, 107, 110, 250, 264, 265, 298, 358, 384, 556, 566, 585, 619). OXA-27 and OXA-49 are closely related enzymes that make up the blaOXA-23 gene cluster in A. baumannii (3, 65) (Fig. 1). Two other acquired OXA-type gene clusters with carbapenemase activity have been described, including the blaOXA-24-like (encoding OXA-24, -25, -26, and -40) (3, 50, 70, 114, 230, 342, 344) and the blaOXA-58-like (36, 42, 98, 196, 421, 440, 441, 445, 550, 564, 617) carbapenemase genes. The crystal structure of OXA-24 was recently described and provides important insights for future drug development toward this emerging class of carbapenemases (477). blaOXA-58 was identified more recently and, similar to blaOXA-23, is often plasmid mediated (441), which may explain its widespread distribution (98, 358, 421). blaOXA-58 has also been identified in A. junii from Romania and Australia (358, 423). The final gene cluster, blaOXA-51-like genes (encoding OXA-51, -64, -65, -66, -68, -69, -70, -71, -78, -79, -80, and -82), is unique in that it is naturally occurring in A. baumannii, hence its chromosomal location and prevalence (66, 98, 231, 250, 559, 564, 606, 619). Similar to other class D enzymes, its product has a greater affinity for imipenem than for meropenem (66, 230). Its role in carbapenem resistance appears to be related to the presence of ISAba1 (558). In the absence of this element, cloning studies suggest a minimal effect on carbapenem susceptibility, even in the presence of an overexpressed multidrug efflux pump (AdeABC) (231).
Summary of the distribution and genetic context of the OXA-type enzymes in Acinetobacter baumannii. The arrows and corresponding percentages represent the degrees of amino acid homology between the enzyme clusters. The enzyme clusters within large circles signify the acquired enzyme types, in contrast to the naturally occurring OXA-51 cluster within the large square.
Given the multiplicity of β-lactam resistance mechanisms in A. baumannii (443), the contributions of the acquired carbapenem-hydrolyzing oxacillinases to carbapenem resistance are often difficult to determine. This issue has been addressed by Heritier et al., who studied the changes in susceptibility profiles of both natural and recombinant plasmids containing blaOXA-23, blaOXA-40 (only a recombinant plasmid, as no natural plasmid was identified), and blaOXA-58 in different host backgrounds (232). blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-40 appeared to produce higher MICs of imipenem than did blaOXA-58, and all blaOXA genes produced higher MICs of imipenem in the presence of an overexpressed AdeABC efflux pump. Inactivation of the blaOXA-40 gene led to susceptibility to carbapenems, and resistance was restored with complementation. Interestingly, the natural plasmids containing blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-58, extracted from clinical isolates, produced significantly greater levels of resistance to carbapenems than did their respective recombinant plasmids in similar host backgrounds (232). This discrepancy is most likely due to the presence of IS elements in the natural plasmids.
The importance of IS elements for carbapenem resistance due to oxacillinases in A. baumannii has only recently been appreciated (107, 441, 558). These elements provide two main functions (www-is.biotoul.fr/is.html). First, they encode a transposase and therefore are mobile. Second, they can contain promoter regions that lead to overexpression of downstream resistance determinants. Most commonly, these elements have been described in association with blaOXA-23 (107, 250, 384, 558, 566, 619) and blaOXA-58 (196, 440, 441, 444, 550), but they may also promote carbapenem resistance in association with blaOXA-51 (558) (Fig. 1). Interestingly, certain IS elements, especially ISAba1, appear relatively unique to A. baumannii (491). As described in this section, IS elements are also important for the expression of resistance to other antibiotics in A. baumannii (438, 442, 455, 468, 469).
Despite MBLs being less commonly identified in A. baumannii than the OXA-type carbapenemases, their hydrolytic activities toward carbapenems are significantly more potent (100- to 1,000-fold) (443). These enzymes have the capability of hydrolyzing all β-lactams (including carbapenems) except the monobactam aztreonam, which may assist in laboratory detection. Of the five MBL groups described to date (589), only three have been identified in A. baumannii, including IMP (89, 104, 113, 179, 246, 265, 298, 316, 402, 471, 506, 530, 544, 618), VIM (316, 335, 551, 606, 615), and SIM (320) types. Several geographic regions, such as Spain, Singapore, Greece, and Australia, have shown the presence of both OXA- and MBL-type enzymes in the same strains (70, 298, 423, 551). Unlike the OXA-type enzymes, MBLs are most commonly found within integrons, which are specialized genetic structures that facilitate the acquisition and expression (via a common promoter) of resistance determinants. Most acquired MBL genes in A. baumannii have been found within class 1 integrons, often containing an array of resistance gene cassettes, especially those encoding aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (246, 320, 458, 551, 618). Not surprisingly, A. baumannii strains carrying integrons have been found to be significantly more drug resistant than strains without integrons (216). The clinical significance of this unique genetic structure is that overuse of one antimicrobial may lead to overexpression of multiple resistance determinants as a consequence of a common promoter. In isolation, integrons are not mobile and therefore are embedded within plasmids or transposons that act as the genetic vehicles for resistance dissemination. For a detailed review of MBLs, readers are referred to the work of Walsh et al. (589).
Nonenzymatic mechanisms.β-Lactam resistance, including carbapenem resistance, has also been ascribed to nonenzymatic mechanisms, including changes in outer membrane proteins (OMPs) (47, 108, 119, 165, 209, 336, 380, 446, 510, 511), multidrug efflux pumps (232, 236, 347), and alterations in the affinity or expression of penicillin-binding proteins (165, 188, 406, 510). Relative to other gram-negative pathogens, very little is known about the outer membrane porins of A. baumannii. Recently, the loss of a 29-kDa protein, also known as CarO, was shown to be associated with imipenem and meropenem resistance (336, 380, 511). This protein belongs to a novel family of OMPs found only in members of the Moraxellaceae family of the class Gammaproteobacteria (380). No specific imipenem-binding site was found in CarO (511), indicating that this porin forms nonspecific channels. A second protein, known as Omp25, was identified in association with CarO, but it lacked pore-forming capabilities (511). The loss of the CarO porin in imipenem-resistant A. baumannii appears secondary to carO gene disruption by distinct insertion elements (380). Clinical outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii due to porin loss, including reduced expression of 47-, 44-, and 37-kDa OMPs in A. baumannii strains endemic to New York City (446) and reduced expression of 22- and 33-kDa OMPs in association with OXA-24 in Spain (47), have been described. Other identified OMPs relevant to β-lactam resistance include the heat-modifiable protein HMP-AB (209), which is homologous to OmpA of Enterobacteriaceae and OmpF of P. aeruginosa (580); a 33- to 36-kDa protein (94, 119); a 43-kDa protein which shows significant homology to OprD from P. aeruginosa (141); and OmpW, which is homologous to OmpW proteins found in E. coli and P. aeruginosa (510, 580). Interestingly, when comparative proteomic studies were performed between a multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strain and a reference strain, no difference in expression was identified for Omp33/36 or OprD, but CarO expression and the structural isoforms of OmpW were different (510). Further studies are still required to elucidate the significance of these porins and their overall prevalence in multidrug-resistant A. baumannii.
As represented by Fournier et al., the genome of a multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strain encodes a wide array of multidrug efflux systems (172). The resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family-type pump AdeABC is the best studied thus far and has a substrate profile that includes β-lactams (including carbapenems) (232, 236), aminoglycosides, erythromycin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim, and ethidium bromide (232, 236, 347, 356, 397, 420, 469). Similar to other RND-type pumps, AdeABC has a three-component structure: AdeB forms the transmembrane component, AdeA forms the inner membrane fusion protein, and AdeC forms the OMP. AdeABC is chromosomally encoded and is normally regulated by a two-component system with a sensor kinase (AdeS) and its associated response regulator (AdeR) (356). Point mutations within this regulatory system have been associated with pump overexpression (356), but such mutations are not necessary (420, 469). Most recently, disruption of the adeS gene by the IS element ISAba1 was identified (469). Insertional inactivation of the transmembrane component of the pump, encoded by adeB, led to loss of pump function and multidrug resistance (347). However, this was not the case with inactivation of the gene encoding the OMP, adeC, suggesting that AdeAB may be able to recruit other OMPs to form a functional tripartite complex (356). Other RND-type pumps have been described for different Acinetobacter genomic species (82, 90).
AminoglycosidesAs mentioned above, the presence of genes coding for aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes within class 1 integrons is highly prevalent in multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains (246, 320, 395, 458, 503, 551, 556, 618). All of the major enzyme classes have been described, including acetyltransferases, nucleotidyltransferases, and phosphotransferases (250, 395). More recently, 16S rRNA methylation has been described for A. baumannii (armA) strains from Japan, Korea, and the United States (129, 314, 608). This emerging resistance mechanism impairs aminoglycoside binding to its target site and confers high-level resistance to all clinically useful aminoglycosides, including gentamicin, tobramycin, and amikacin (130). Interestingly, the genetic surroundings of armA appear very similar across gram-negative organisms, as it is plasmid borne and within a transposon (Tn1548) (129).
Apart from the AdeABC efflux pump, which less effectively transports amikacin and kanamycin due to their more hydrophilic nature (347), aminoglycosides (gentamicin and kanamycin) are also substrates of the recently described AbeM pump, a member of the multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) family (525).
QuinolonesModifications to DNA gyrase or topoisomerase IV through mutations in the gyrA and parC genes have been well described for A. baumannii (220, 236, 504, 581, 582). These mutations interfere with target site binding. Similar to aminoglycosides, many quinolones are also substrates for multidrug efflux pumps (456), including the RND-type pump AdeABC (236, 347) and the MATE pump AdeM (525). Thus far, plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance, mediated by qnr genes, has not been reported for A. baumannii.
Tetracyclines and GlycylcyclinesResistance to tetracyclines and their derivatives can be mediated by efflux or ribosomal protection (169). Tetracycline-specific efflux pumps include those encoded by the tet(A) to tet(E) determinants, most often found within gram-negative organisms, and the tet(K) determinant found in Staphylococcus aureus. Thus far, the tet(A) and tet(B) determinants have been described for A. baumannii (217, 455, 457). tet(A) was found within a transposon similar to Tn1721, in association with an IS element (455). tet(A) confers resistance to tetracycline but not minocycline, an agent with greater activity against A. baumannii. Ribosomal protection is mediated by the tet(M) and tet(O) determinants, with tet(M) being described rarely for A. baumannii (457). Interestingly, this tet(M) determinant was identical to that described for S. aureus (457).
Apart from tetracycline-specific efflux pumps, this class of antimicrobials is also susceptible to efflux by the multidrug efflux systems, such as the AdeABC pump (347). Importantly, tigecycline, which is the first of a new class of modified tetracycline antimicrobials known as glycylcyclines, is also a substrate for this emerging efflux system (420, 469). By performing real-time PCR with the adeB gene in clinical and laboratory exposed isolates with increased MICs of tigecycline, increased adeB gene expression was identified (420). It was of concern that the rise in MIC of tigecycline occurred rapidly with in vitro passage, suggesting that the expression of this multidrug efflux pump can be upregulated swiftly in response to selective pressure. The role of the AdeABC efflux pump in reduced susceptibility to tigecycline was confirmed by insertional inactivation of the adeB gene, which led to a significant drop in the MIC of tigecycline (4 μg/ml to 0.5 μg/ml) (469). These data suggest that caution should be used in considering tigecycline treatment for A. baumannii infection in sites where drug levels may be suboptimal, such as the bloodstream (424).
PolymyxinsDespite recent reports demonstrating increasing in vitro resistance and heteroresistance to the polymyxins in A. baumannii (177, 334), the mechanism of resistance remains unknown. It has previously been shown that reduced binding to the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) target site can lead to resistance in E. coli, Salmonella spp., and P. aeruginosa (100, 431). Also, changes in OMPs causing reduced susceptibility to polymyxins have been described for P. aeruginosa (400, 614).
Other AntibioticsThe prevalence of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in A. baumannii is high in many geographic regions (216, 575). As discussed above, integrons are very common among strains of A. baumannii that have a multidrug resistance phenotype. The 3′-conserved region of an integron most commonly contains a qac gene fused to a sul gene, conferring resistance to antiseptics and sulfonamides, respectively (589). Consequently, sulfonamide resistance has been shown to be highly predictive of integron-carrying strains of A. baumannii (83, 216). Similarly, genes coding for trimethoprim (dhfr) and chloramphenicol (cat) resistance have also been reported within integron structures in A. baumannii (216, 246, 320, 551). Efflux may also contribute to resistance against these agents (525).
ANTIBIOTIC SUSCEPTIBILITY TESTING FOR THE CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY LABORATORY
Breakpoints for Various Antibiotics and A. baumanniiIt is noteworthy that the major organizations that determine breakpoints (CLSI and the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing [EUCAST]) have different breakpoints for many of the key antibiotics used in the therapy of A. baumannii infections (for example, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides) (Table 3). At the time of this writing, no EUCAST breakpoints exist for penicillins, cephalosporins, polymyxins, tetracyclines, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus A. baumannii. Breakpoints for tigecycline versus A. baumannii are not available via EUCAST, CLSI, or the FDA.
Comparison of EUCAST, CLSI, and BSAC breakpoints for various antibiotics versus Acinetobacter spp.
Issues for Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing of A. baumanniiCLSI recommends that MICs for antibiotics versus Acinetobacter spp. be determined in broth, using cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth, or on agar, using Mueller-Hinton agar (97). Disk diffusion should also be performed using Mueller-Hinton agar (97). Swenson and colleagues assessed these CLSI-recommended methods and identified several problems in testing β-lactam antibiotics (529). First, very small colonies or a star-like growth was frequently observed in wells containing high concentrations of β-lactam antibiotics. This apparent growth beyond a more obvious end point makes determining an MIC by broth microdilution methods quite difficult. Second, there were many discrepancies between results obtained by broth microdilution and those obtained by disk diffusion. Very major errors (susceptible according to disk diffusion but resistant according to broth microdilution) occurred with ampicillin-sulbactam, piperacillin, piperacillin-tazobactam, ticarcillin-clavulanate, ceftazidime, and cefepime. In the absence of human or animal model data, it is impossible to determine which testing method is more clinically relevant. Finally, interlaboratory variations in susceptibility testing results were frequent, especially for cefepime (529). In contrast to the findings with these β-lactams, there was little MIC and zone diameter discrepancy for carbapenems, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (529).
The specific issue of in vitro testing of β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations has been assessed by Higgins et al. (235). CLSI guidelines for testing piperacillin-tazobactam and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid require fixed concentrations of 4 μg/ml (tazobactam) and 2 μg/ml (clavulanic acid) (97). In contrast, CLSI guidelines for testing ampicillin-sulbactam require a ratio of ampicillin to sulbactam of 2:1 (97). Higgins et al. showed that the in vitro results for β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations against A. baumannii are determined mainly by the activity of the inhibitors alone and therefore influenced by whether a fixed ratio of β-lactam to inhibitor or a fixed concentration of inhibitor is used (235). Therefore, it is doubtful that current testing of piperacillin-tazobactam or ticarcillin-clavulanic acid achieves clinically meaningful results, and we recommend that these drugs not be tested for susceptibility versus A. baumannii. The situation with disk diffusion testing is also problematic. Owing to the methodologic problems described above, we discourage the use of disk diffusion testing for all of the β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations versus A. baumannii.
Semiautomated methods, such as those for the Vitek 2, Microscan, and BD Phoenix systems, are commonly used for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by clinical microbiology laboratories. Unfortunately, there is limited information about the performance of these methods against A. baumannii. Studies from the 1990s with an early Vitek system showed that numerous isolates were reported as resistant to imipenem by Vitek but typically were susceptible to imipenem when tested by broth and agar dilution (552). In view of this report and a subsequent evaluation showing that carbapenem testing difficulties existed for Vitek 2 in examining the susceptibility of Enterobacteriaceae and P. aeruginosa (523), some authors advocate confirmation of Vitek-determined carbapenem resistance (195). An “all-in-one plate” for this purpose has been described, in which susceptibility to imipenem and meropenem is confirmed by disk diffusion and the MIC of colistin is determined on the same plate by Etest (195). In general, however, the Vitek 2 system does appear to be reliable, in comparison to reference broth microdilution methods, for assessing susceptibility of A. baumannii to imipenem and other commonly used antibiotics (279). In evaluations of small numbers of A. baumannii group strains, the BD Phoenix automated microbiology system did not give very major errors in susceptibility testing compared to reference methods (133, 149, 176, 362, 521).
Susceptibility testing of the polymyxins and tigecycline against A. baumannii warrants specific mention because these antibiotics are often utilized for serious infections with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. As mentioned above, the FDA, CLSI, and EUCAST have established no breakpoints for interpretation of antibiotic susceptibility testing of tigecycline versus A. baumannii. This has resulted in immense confusion as to appropriate methods for performing and interpreting antibiotic susceptibility testing for this drug-organism combination. In the product information for tigecycline (http://www.wyeth.com/content/showlabeling.asp?id=474 [accessed 2 August 2007]), it is recommended in general for tigecycline susceptibility testing that disk diffusion testing (with paper disks impregnated with 15 μg/ml tigecycline) or broth, agar, or broth microdilution methods be used. MICs must be determined with testing medium that is fresh (that is, <12 h old) (54, 243, 429). When tested in freshly prepared media (<12 h old), tigecycline was 2 to 3 dilutions more active than when it was tested in “aged” media. Media stored under anaerobic conditions or supplemented with the biocatalytic oxygen-reducing reagent Oxyrase resulted in MICs similar to those obtained with fresh medium (54, 429). Tigecycline is stable in MIC trays that are prepared with fresh broth and then frozen. Therefore, the laboratory can thaw the preprepared MIC plates on the day of use and retain accuracy in MIC measurements (54).
Questions have arisen regarding the reliability of disk diffusion or Etest determination of tigecycline susceptibility testing versus A. baumannii (278, 538). In one study, Etest MICs were typically fourfold higher than those determined by broth microdilution (538). However, others have found good correlation between tigecycline MIC determinations by Etest versus reference broth microdilution methods, although the numbers of Acinetobacter isolates in these studies were small (44, 242). The utility of the Vitek 2, Microscan, or BD Phoenix system for susceptibility testing of A. baumannii versus tigecycline has not yet been reported. With regard to disk diffusion testing, Jones and colleagues extrapolated FDA breakpoints for tigecycline versus Enterobacteriaceae to 103 Acinetobacter strains and found that approximately 20% of strains would appear “falsely intermediate” by disk diffusion testing in comparison to broth microdilution testing (278). Suggestions have been made to utilize an inhibition zone diameter of ≥16 mm (278) or ≥13 mm (538) as an indicator of A. baumannii susceptibility to tigecycline.
We urge caution in applying tigecycline breakpoints defined for the Enterobacteriaceae to A. baumannii for several reasons. Breakpoints are established with knowledge of the wild-type susceptibility of the organism to the antibiotic, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotic, and clinical data with respect to serious infections with the organism treated with the antibiotic (554). Clearly, wild-type susceptibilities and clinical responses may be organism specific. This has led to the situation, for example, whereby the FDA breakpoint for susceptibility of enterococci to tigecycline is ≤0.25 μg/ml while that for Enterobacteriaceae is ≤2 μg/ml (http://www.wyeth.com/content/showlabeling.asp?id=474 [accessed 2 August 2007]). There are no data available to make such distinctions for tigecycline and A. baumannii. EUCAST notes that “there is insufficient evidence that the species in question is a good target for therapy with the drug” (http://www.srga.org/eucastwt/MICTAB/MICtigecycline.htm [accessed 2 August 2007]). Furthermore, there is a difference in tigecycline breakpoints for Enterobacteriaceae between different breakpoint setting organizations (FDA versus EUCAST), and no breakpoints have been set by CLSI. Finally, the mean maximum blood concentration of tigecycline is 0.63 μg/ml after administration of a 100-mg intravenous loading dose followed by 50 mg every 12 h, so it would seem prudent not to report bloodstream isolates of A. baumannii with tigecycline MICs of >0.5 μg/ml as susceptible (424). Indeed, it is for this reason that we suggest that an MIC-based method of antibiotic susceptibility testing (rather than disk diffusion testing) be performed for tigecycline for bloodstream isolates of A. baumannii. The British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (BSAC) has established tentative tigecycline breakpoints for Acinetobacter spp., as follows: MICs of ≤1 μg/ml, susceptible; MIC of 2 μg/ml, intermediate; and MICs of >2 μg/ml, resistant (www.bsac.org.uk/_db/_documents/version_6.1.pdf [accessed 2 August 2007]). Pending further information, we recommend using these breakpoints for infection sites other than blood.
Unlike EUCAST and BSAC, the CLSI has established breakpoints for colistin and polymyxin B versus A. baumannii (97). These are as follows: MICs of ≤2 μg/ml, susceptible; and MICs of ≥4 μg/ml, resistant. Testing of A. baumannii susceptibility to colistin or polymyxin B should be performed by a method enabling determination of the MIC, such as broth dilution (178, 276). Using agar dilution, MICs of colistin may be 1 dilution higher than those of polymyxin B for some organisms (238). We recommend that institutions test the susceptibility of the polymyxin that is used in clinical practice at their institution. It is important that although colistin methanesulfonate (CMS; also known as colistimethate) is used in intravenous formulations of “colistin,” the human formulation should not be used for susceptibility testing (332). This is for several reasons. First, CMS is an inactive prodrug of colistin (27). Second, in determining MICs in broth during overnight incubation at 35°C, hydrolysis of CMS to colistin occurs via a series of partly methanesulfonated intermediates; the killing characteristics of this mixture change over time during incubation, leading to potentially unpredictable results (332). Thus, dilution-based testing should always be done with colistin sulfate (obtained, for example, from chemical supply companies such as Sigma-Aldrich), not with the intravenous “colistin” formulation obtained from a hospital pharmacy.
A number of studies have assessed the performance of Etest for determination of colistin susceptibility (13, 346, 536). Although agreement between MICs within one twofold dilution obtained by Etest and broth microdilution is rather low, categorical concordance is 87% to ≥95% (13, 346, 536). In one evaluation, there was 100% categoric agreement between agar dilution and Vitek 2 testing for colistin susceptibility, but no colistin-resistant isolates were tested (534). Inherent properties of the polymyxins make disk diffusion testing difficult, and we do not recommend it as a means of assessing susceptibility of A. baumannii to colistin (346, 533). The polymyxins are large polypeptides and diffuse poorly in agar, resulting in small zones of inhibition. Subsequently, this results in poor categorical differentiation of susceptible and resistant isolates. Use of higher concentrations of the polymyxin in the disks does not appear to improve the accuracy of test results (533).
Clinical Laboratory Detection of CarbapenemasesAs described above, a variety of β-lactamases produced by A. baumannii are capable of hydrolyzing carbapenems. These “carbapenemases” were recently reviewed in detail in this journal by Queenan and Bush (447). Acinetobacter isolates that express these enzymes but which have carbapenem MICs in the susceptible range have been described, but these appear to be uncommon (174). Phenotypic tests for evaluating the presence of serine carbapenemases (OXA type) in A. baumannii have not yet been described. The most frequently used methods for detecting MBLs have been disk approximation methods comprising imipenem and imipenem plus EDTA (174, 290, 318). Others have used 2-mercaptopropionic acid for this purpose (12). An Etest MBL strip has been developed and, in published reports, has been shown to be reliable for detecting IMP- and VIM-type MBLs in A. baumannii (319, 589). Apparently, false-positive results were seen for isolates producing OXA-23 but lacking genes encoding IMP and VIM (490). These investigators did not seek other MBLs, however. It is also noteworthy that since the lowest concentrations of imipenem with and without EDTA on the Etest MBL strip are 1 and 4 μg/ml, respectively, the strip cannot be used in the evaluation of an isolate with an imipenem MIC of <4 μg/ml (609).
Role of the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory in Providing Surveillance for Multidrug-Resistant A. baumanniiSurveillance for patients colonized with multidrug- or pandrug-resistant A. baumannii may be considered for infection control purposes. There are few data at present on which to base recommendations. Culture of samples from the nostrils, pharynx, skin, and rectum of patients with recent clinical cultures of A. baumannii was thought to have poor sensitivity (<25% for any one site) when samples were plated onto MacConkey agar plates containing 8 μg/ml ceftazidime and 2 μg/ml amphotericin (355). Further studies are required to define the most effective methods for screening A. baumannii carriage in hospitalized patients and to determine the impact of such screening on infection rates and containment of this problematic organism.
DEFINITIONS OF MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII
Unfortunately, problems exist in evaluating previously published literature on the epidemiology of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii. Most surveillance studies indicate the percentages of isolates susceptible (or resistant) to a variety of antibiotics. However, few assess the percentage resistant to multiple antibiotics. Furthermore, when such assessments have occurred, a variety of definitions of multidrug resistance in A. baumannii have been utilized. This has clearly hindered comparison of the epidemiology of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in different regions of the world, and we encourage the development of guidelines to unify the approach to these definitions.
For the purposes of this review, the following definitions are used. Multidrug resistance is resistance to more than two of the following five drug classes: antipseudomonal cephalosporins (ceftazidime or cefepime), antipseudomonal carbapenems (imipenem or meropenem), ampicillin-sulbactam, fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin), and aminoglycosides (gentamicin, tobramycin, or amikacin). It needs to be acknowledged that susceptibility testing of β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitor combinations is highly problematic and that laboratories may not test piperacillin-tazobactam or ticarcillin-clavulanate versus A. baumannii. Despite “pan-” meaning “all,” pandrug resistance is often defined as resistance to all antimicrobials that undergo first-line susceptibility testing that have therapeutic potential against A. baumannii. This would include all β-lactams (including carbapenems and sulbactam [MICs of >4 μg/ml]), fluoroquinolones, and aminoglycosides. However, with the increased use of the polymyxins and possibly tigecycline, this definition will likely have to encompass these other agents.
GLOBAL EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII
EuropeA. baumannii infections have been a substantial clinical issue in many parts of Europe (Fig. 2) (575). Since the early 1980s, hospital outbreaks of A. baumannii infections in Europe, mainly in England, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and The Netherlands (28, 171, 584), have been investigated using molecular epidemiological typing methods. In the majority of cases, one or two epidemic strains were detected in a given epidemiological setting. Transmission of such strains has been observed between hospitals, most probably via transfer of colonized patients (112, 557, 569). Spread of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii is not confined to hospitals within a city but also occurs on a national scale. Examples are the spread of the so-called Southeast clone and the Oxa-23 clones 1 and 2 in Southeast England (99, 557), the dissemination of a multidrug-resistant A. baumannii clone in Portugal (112), the interhospital spread of a VEB-1 ESBL-producing A. baumannii clone from a total of 55 medical centers in northern and southeastern France (382), and the spread of an amikacin-resistant A. baumannii clone observed in nine hospitals in various regions in Spain (583). International transfer of colonized patients has led to the introduction and subsequent epidemic spread of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains from Southern into Northern European countries, such as Belgium and Germany (42, 488). Intercontinental spread of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii has also been described between Europe and other countries as a consequence of airline travel (383, 421). These events highlight the importance of appropriate screening and possible isolation of patients transferred from countries with high rates of drug-resistant organisms.
Countries that have reported an outbreak of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Red signifies outbreaks reported before 2006, and yellow signifies outbreaks reported since 2006.
In addition to these interinstitutional outbreaks, three international A. baumannii clones (the so-called European clones I, II, and III) have been reported from hospitals in Northern Europe (including hospitals in Belgium, Denmark, the Czech Republic, France, Spain, The Netherlands, and the United Kingdom) as well as from hospitals in southern European countries, such as Italy, Spain, Greece, and Turkey (123, 394, 570), and in Eastern Europe (606). Initially detected by AFLP clustering at a similarity level of >80%, the epidemiological relationship of these clones was confirmed by ribotyping (394, 570), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) (570), and most recently, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (18). In contrast to the aforementioned multisite outbreaks, no epidemiological link in time or space could be established between the outbreaks of the European clones in different medical centers, and the actual contributions of these three widespread clones to the overall burden of epidemic A. baumannii strains remain to be determined.
Carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii is now an issue in many European countries. Information on the prevalence of carbapenem resistance in various European countries is difficult to obtain, but it appears from the outbreak literature that carbapenem resistance rates are highest in Turkey, Greece, Italy, Spain, and England and are still rather low in Germany and The Netherlands. Carbapenem resistance in Eastern Europe appears to be increasing (128, 606). Rates appear to be lowest in Scandinavia, although sporadic isolates have been reported from patients transferred from elsewhere, including victims of the Indian Ocean tsunami (284). In an industry-supported surveillance report (MYSTIC) from 48 European hospitals for the period 2002-2004, just 73.1% of isolates were susceptible to meropenem and 69.8% were susceptible to imipenem (560). Susceptibility to other antibiotics was also very low, with 32.4%, 34.0%, and 47.6% being susceptible to ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin, respectively (560). A. baumannii isolates resistant to the polymyxins have been detected in Europe, although at present these remain rare (26, 74, 140, 177, 182, 229, 568). For a detailed review of phenotypic resistance in Acinetobacter spp. throughout Europe, readers are referred to an excellent review by Van Looveren and Goossens (575).
North AmericaThere is a long history of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infections occurring in the United States. In 1991 and 1992, outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii were observed in a hospital in New York City (200). This followed an outbreak of infections due to ESBL-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae during which use of imipenem increased substantially (365, 450). The organisms in this outbreak were multidrug resistant, retaining susceptibility only to polymyxins and ampicillin-sulbactam (200). Numerous other hospitals in New York City also had clonal outbreaks of multidrug- or pandrug-resistant A. baumannii (143, 200, 277, 308, 309, 348, 351, 446), and similar outbreaks have frequently been reported from many other regions of the United States (277, 342, 359, 522, 549, 604). National surveillance studies have demonstrated significant trends in the emergence of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter strains (187). For example, data from the National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance system collected from 1986 to 2003, involving many hospitals throughout the United States, showed significant increases in Acinetobacter strains resistant to amikacin (5% to 20%; P < 0.001), ceftazidime (25% to 68%; P < 0.001), and imipenem (0% to 20%; P < 0.001) (187). In a more recent industry-supported surveillance study including isolates of Acinetobacter spp. collected between 2004 and 2005 from 76 centers throughout the United States, only 60.2% were susceptible to imipenem (218). A further industry-supported surveillance study including isolates of Acinetobacter spp. from 15 centers throughout the United States reported improved carbapenem and aminoglycoside susceptibilities in 2005 compared with those in 2004 (454). However, rates of nonsusceptibility were still substantial, as follows: 10% to 15% for carbapenems, 35% to 40% for ceftazidime/cefepime, 10% to 30% for aminoglycosides, and 35% to 40% for ciprofloxacin/levofloxacin (454). The MIC50 and MIC90 of tigecycline for A. baumannii isolates collected from the United States between 2004 and 2005 were 0.5 μg/ml and 1 μg/ml, respectively, with an MIC range of 0.03 μg/ml to 8 μg/ml (588). The MIC90 for multidrug-resistant strains collected in the same time period was 2 μg/ml (237), which is more consistent with that reported from individual centers. Global surveillance data for susceptibility to polymyxin B have reported an MIC50 of ≤1 μg/ml and an MIC90 of 2 μg/ml against 2,621 Acinetobacter sp. isolates from four major geographic regions (Asia-Pacific, Europe, Latin America, and North America) (177). The rate of polymyxin B-nonsusceptible Acinetobacter spp. in North America was reported to be 1.7% (177). This compares with 1.9%, 2.7%, and 1.7% in the Asia-Pacific region, Europe, and Latin America, respectively (177). Overall, 2.8% and 3.2% of carbapenem-resistant and multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter spp., respectively, were resistant to polymyxin B (177).
It is clear that more attention is being paid to A. baumannii infections in the United States now than at any time in the past. This may reflect increased recognition of pandrug-resistant strains. There are some data to suggest that the proportion of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired pneumonia cases being found to be due to A. baumannii is actually increasing. In a review from the CDC, 7% of ICU-acquired pneumonias were due to Acinetobacter in 2003, compared to 4% in 1986 (P < 0.001) (187). The proportion of urinary tract infections (UTIs) and skin/soft tissue infections due to Acinetobacter also significantly increased during this period (187). There is some evidence that nosocomial Acinetobacter infections have some seasonal variation in the United States, with an unexplained upswing in late summer months (360).
An important contribution to the epidemiology of infections with A. baumannii in the United States is the return of military personnel who have fought in Iraq or Afghanistan (75, 115, 376, 489, 555). An increase in infections with A. baumannii was first observed in U.S. military personnel in March 2003, soon after combat operations commenced in Iraq. Most injured military personnel were first treated at field hospitals before being evacuated to the Landstuhl Regional Medical Center (Germany) or the Walter Reed Army Medical Center (United States) (489). Most of these infections were detected at or soon after admission to these institutions. In a careful outbreak investigation, it was determined that neither preinjury skin colonization nor introduction of the organism from soil at the time of traumatic injury was the source of infection (376, 489). Rather, multiple A. baumannii isolates were cultured from a range of inanimate surfaces in field hospitals and were genotypically linked to patient isolates (489). Typically, these isolates were multidrug resistant, being resistant to fluoroquinolones, cephalosporins, and piperacillin-tazobactam. Just 10% were nonsusceptible to carbapenems (489). However, in a paper by Hawley et al., the rate of non-imipenem-susceptible A. baumannii was 37% for injured deployed military personnel (224). Such rates are more consistent with those seen in Europe than in the United States. The MIC90 of tigecycline for these strains was 8 μg/ml (224). Hujer and colleagues found that carbapenem-resistant isolates from patients at Walter Reed Army Medical Center typically produced OXA-23 or OXA-58 carbapenemase (250). Interestingly, in a study comparing the clonal relatedness of A. baumannii strains from injured military personnel from the United States with that of strains from the United Kingdom, the main outbreak strains were indistinguishable (555). This provides further support that A. baumannii acquisition is occurring in the field hospitals.
A comparable situation with Canadian soldiers injured in Afghanistan and British soldiers injured in Iraq has recently been reported (274, 540, 555). Outbreaks of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii in Canadian civilian hospitals appear to be less common than those in comparable institutions in the United States but have certainly still been reported (509).
Latin AmericaRates of nonsusceptibility to meropenem, imipenem, ceftazidime, piperacillin-tazobactam, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin in Latin America appear to be among the highest in the world (560). For example, just 71% of isolates were susceptible to meropenem or imipenem in an assessment from a surveillance program in the period 2002-2004 (560). In a surveillance study involving Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia from 1997 to 2001, resistance rates were highest in Argentina, but no countries were spared multidrug-resistant isolates (543). As described previously, a variety of carbapenemases have been identified in A. baumannii isolates in Latin America, including IMP-1 and IMP-6 in Brazil (179, 471, 544), OXA-23 in Brazil and Colombia (110, 585), and OXA-58 in Argentina (98). Interestingly, the SPM- and VIM-type MBLs, which are widespread in Brazil (SPM) and other parts of Latin America (VIM) in P. aeruginosa strains, have not yet been reported for A. baumannii strains in these regions, to our knowledge.
AfricaData on the extent of antibiotic resistance in A. baumannii in Africa are largely limited to South Africa at the present time, although there are scattered reports from other countries (255, 391, 475). Brink and colleagues have shown that about 30% of A. baumannii bloodstream isolates in South Africa are carbapenem resistant, >40% are resistant to cefepime and piperacillin-tazobactam, and >30% are resistant to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin (59). Such resistant strains are endemic in some units (for example, burns and ICUs) and have been spread from institution to institution (354).
Asia and the Middle EastNumerous outbreaks of pandrug-resistant A. baumannii have been documented in Asian and Middle Eastern hospitals (Fig. 2), and a variety of carbapenemases have been described to originate there (2, 3, 78, 186, 264, 265, 293, 298, 317, 320, 419, 610). Rates of nonsusceptibility in SENTRY isolates (2001-2004) exceeded 25% for imipenem and meropenem, 40% for cefepime and ceftazidime, 40% for ampicillin-sulbactam, 35% for amikacin, and 45% for ciprofloxacin (177). Unfortunately, resistance to tigecycline (389) and polymyxin B (177, 293) already exists in this region.
Australia and Pacific IslandsInitial reports of A. baumannii from Australia came from the Northern Territory, where community-acquired infections are well described (8, 9). Such infections have a vastly different epidemiology from that seen in hospital-acquired infections, with male gender, age of >45 years, Aboriginal ethnic background, cigarette smoking, alcoholism, diabetes mellitus, and chronic obstructive airway disease being important risk factors (9). Also, these community-acquired strains are significantly more susceptible to antimicrobials (9). Throat carriage and microaspiration may be involved in the pathogenesis of these infections (8).
The first described Australian outbreak of hospital-acquired A. baumannii was in Western Australia (460). These isolates were resistant to gentamicin, cephalosporins, and ticarcillin, with some isolates also being resistant to ciprofloxacin. Molecular epidemiological analysis identified that 11% of staff hand samples were positive for the same strain of A. baumannii as that causing patient infection (460). More recently, outbreaks of A. baumannii have affected other major cities along the eastern seaboard of Australia, including Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne (422, 437, 566). Unfortunately, these outbreaks have involved carbapenem-resistant strains of A. baumannii, with OXA-23 contributing to this phenotype (566). As seen in other countries, strains within institutions are often clonally related (422). Also, interhospital spread of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains has likely occurred in certain cities (435). Outbreaks of carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii have also occurred in French Polynesia (384). Most recently, reduced susceptibility to tigecycline of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains has been described in Australia (254).
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII INFECTIONS
In the vast majority of publications on the clinical manifestations of Acinetobacter infections, the methods used for species identification were not appropriate according to current standards (see above). However, with an acceptable level of uncertainty, we can assume that what has been published on nosocomial Acinetobacter infection in general, or on A. baumannii infection in particular, is indeed applicable to A. baumannii. Case reports or small series on clinical manifestations of infections caused by Acinetobacter infections outside the A. baumannii group should be interpreted with caution if (semi)-automated methods for species identification were employed.
Hospital-Acquired PneumoniaIn most institutions, the majority of A. baumannii isolates are from the respiratory tracts of hospitalized patients. In many circumstances, it is very difficult to distinguish upper airway colonization from true pneumonia. There is no doubt, however, that true ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) due to A. baumannii occurs. In large surveillance studies from the United States, between 5 and 10% of cases of ICU-acquired pneumonia were due to A. baumannii (187). However, it is highly likely that in certain institutions, the proportion of ICU-acquired pneumonia due to A. baumannii is much higher. Typically, patients with A. baumannii infections have had prolonged ICU stays (184), although in outbreak situations, earlier acquisition of infection may occur.
Community-Acquired PneumoniaCommunity-acquired pneumonia due to A. baumannii has been described for tropical regions of Australia and Asia (8, 9, 39, 205, 325). The disease most typically occurs during the rainy season among people with a history of alcohol abuse and may sometimes require admission to an ICU (8). It is characterized by a fulminant clinical course, secondary bloodstream infection, and mortality rate of 40 to 60% (325). The source of infection may be throat carriage, which occurs in up to 10% of community residents with excessive alcohol consumption (8).
Bloodstream InfectionIn a large study of nosocomial bloodstream infection in the United States (1995-2002), A. baumannii was the 10th most common etiologic agent, being responsible for 1.3% of all monomicrobial nosocomial bloodstream infections (0.6 bloodstream infection per 10,000 admissions) (597). A. baumannii was a more common cause of ICU-acquired bloodstream infection than of non-ICU-ward infection (1.6% versus 0.9% of bloodstream infections, respectively, in those locations). Crude mortality overall from A. baumannii bloodstream infection was 34.0% to 43.4% in the ICU and 16.3% outside the ICU. A. baumannii bloodstream infection had the third highest crude mortality rate in the ICU, exceeded only by P. aeruginosa and Candida sp. infections. A. baumannii infections were the latest of all bloodstream infections to occur during hospitalization, occurring a mean of 26 days from the time of hospital admission (597). It is therefore not certain if the high crude mortality rate represents its occurrence in patients with ongoing underlying critical illness or whether the organism does have significant attributable mortality (see below). Sources of bloodstream infection were not described in the study mentioned above but are typically line related or attributed to underlying pneumonia, UTI, or wound infection (501). It is notable that 102 patients had bloodstream infections at sites treating U.S. military members injured in Iraq or Afghanistan from 1 January 2002 and 31 August 2004 (75). The sites of origin of these infections were not described in this report.
Traumatic Battlefield and Other WoundsA. baumannii may occasionally cause skin/soft tissue infections outside of the military population. The organism caused 2.1% of ICU-acquired skin/soft tissue infections in one assessment (187). It is a well-known pathogen in burn units and may be difficult to eradicate from such patients (549). However, its contribution to poor outcome in burn patients is debated (5, 600). A. baumannii is commonly isolated from wounds of combat casualties from Iraq or Afghanistan (270, 376, 428, 489, 595, 616). It was the most commonly isolated organism (32.5% of cases) in one assessment of combat victims with open tibial fractures (270). However, it appears to be of low pathogenicity at this site—after initial treatment, the organism was never isolated from follow-up cultures in any of the patients with open tibial fractures and did not appear to contribute directly to persistent nonunion or need for amputation (270).
UTIA. baumannii is an occasional cause of UTI, being responsible for just 1.6% of ICU-acquired UTIs in one study (187). Typically, the organism is associated with catheter-associated infection or colonization. It is not usual for this organism to cause uncomplicated UTI in healthy outpatients.
MeningitisNosocomial, postneurosurgical A. baumannii meningitis is an increasingly important entity. The microbial epidemiology of nosocomial meningitis is evolving to include more gram-negative pathogens (58, 142, 414, 507), so it is not surprising that multidrug-resistant A. baumannii is among the pathogens implicated (364, 399, 404, 408). Typical patients have undergone neurosurgery and have an external ventricular drain (363). Mortality may be as high as 70%, although the cause of mortality is often difficult to discern (363).
Other ManifestationsA small number of case reports of Acinetobacter endocarditis exist (361, 407, 461, 520, 567). Most, but not all, cases have involved prosthetic valves. Acinetobacter spp. may cause endophthalmitis or keratitis, sometimes related to contact lens use or following eye surgery (105, 287, 329, 338). A single case report exists of a Shiga toxin-producing A. haemolyticus strain, which was associated with bloody diarrhea in a 3-month-old infant (213). Note that precise species identification remains an issue in these reports.
CLINICAL IMPACT OF ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII INFECTION
Given the predilection of A. baumannii to colonize and infect critically ill patients, who often have a poor prognosis irrespective of secondary infective complications, it has been challenging to determine the true clinical impact of this pathogen, and much debate still exists in the literature (154, 160, 528). Unfortunately, significant methodological heterogeneity exists between studies (Table 4); thus, it has been difficult to formulate conclusions. Most studies utilize a matched cohort or case control study design, but the definitions used for a case and the comparative control group are clearly diverse among studies. For example, the definitions of a case include patients with A. baumannii infection only (5, 183, 528), infection and colonization (1, 341, 345, 437), infection of one site (40, 183, 215, 306, 600), or infection of multiple sites (1, 5, 528). Patients with polymicrobial infections were also allowed in some studies (40, 600). However, it is the extreme diversity in controls that really distinguishes one study from another, as controls included patients with no A. baumannii infection or colonization but infection with other organisms allowed (183), no A. baumannii infection only but colonization allowed (600), no infection with drug-resistant A. baumannii but infection with susceptible isolates allowed (1, 437), or no specific infection type, such as bacteremia, with any organism allowed (40). Also, the rigor of matching for severity of illness and comorbid conditions varies, and thus important confounding factors cloud some of the literature, and the quality of species identification in many studies is suboptimal, which may also affect outcomes. At this point, despite the influx of such studies over recent times, we still feel that the issue of attributable mortality remains unsettled. For example, in a recent study performed by the CDC, which involved thorough adjustment of important confounding variables and used clear definitions for comparison groups, there was no significant increase in mortality between those infected with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii and those with no infection (odds ratio [OR], 6.6; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.4 to 108.3) (528). However, hospital and ICU lengths of stay were significantly longer in the former group. A comparison between all those with infection, regardless of susceptibility profile, and those without infection was not performed. These results are supported by several studies (5, 40, 183, 341) yet contrast with many others (1, 181, 215, 306, 345), including those that primarily assessed the clinical impact of multidrug or carbapenem resistance on patient outcomes (306, 437).
Select studies assessing the clinical impact of Acinetobacter infection by using comparative control groupsa
Interestingly, when outcomes from A. baumannii bacteremia were compared directly to those for patients who had bacteremia with other gram-negative organisms, including Klebsiella pneumoniae, a significant increase in mortality was noted for A. baumannii (266, 462). A further study showed a significant increase in mortality with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii colonization or infection compared to that with multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonization or infection, using a Kaplan-Meier analysis (198). However, none of these studies used a formal, standardized method to adjust for severity of illness or comorbidities, such as an APACHE, McCabe, or Charlson score (81, 322). Whether the disparity between studies can be explained purely by methodological differences is unknown. However, it is important that all A. baumannii outcome studies involve a single geographic region, and thus the potential for a pathogen-specific variable, such as virulence, to cause the diversity in results is possible. This concept is further supported by the significantly worse outcomes observed in patients infected with A. baumannii from the community than those for patients infected in the hospital setting, including a high incidence of bacteremia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and death (325). Community-acquired A. baumannii infection appears to be a unique clinical entity occurring predominantly in tropical climates (9, 325).
More recently, the clinical impact of empirical therapy on patient outcomes with A. baumannii bacteremia has been analyzed. Several studies report that receipt of inactive empirical therapy is an independent predictor of increased mortality (306, 337, 463), whereas others have not been able to confirm these findings (5, 87, 159, 215, 528). Such differences may relate to the small patient numbers included in these studies and the resulting lack of statistical power. Finally, despite A. baumannii being the most common species leading to clinical infection, very few data exist on the comparison of outcomes between A. baumannii and other Acinetobacter species. In a recent study from Korea, 28 patients with bacteremia caused by Acinetobacter species outside the A. baumannii group, predominantly A. lwoffii, A. haemolyticus, and A. calcoaceticus, were compared to 112 patients with A. baumannii bacteremia (88). After adjusting for severity of illness, proportion of patients with polymicrobial bacteremia, and adequacy of antibiotic therapy, no significant difference was observed in mortality. However, the length of hospital stay was significantly longer for those with A. baumannii infection. Unfortunately, species identification in this study was not based on reliable methods, and therefore it is difficult to make definite conclusions.
It now appears that the image of A. baumannii as a low-virulence pathogen is under extreme scrutiny. The organism is clearly evolving, as determined by genomic comparative studies (172), and with the acquisition of drug resistance determinants, which impairs our ability to use active empirical therapy, acquisition of virulence determinants may also be occurring.
HOST-PATHOGEN INTERACTIONS INVOLVING ACINETOBACTER
Relative to other gram-negative organisms, such as P. aeruginosa, very little is known about the host-pathogen interactions involving A. baumannii. Recent whole-genome sequencing studies involving A. baumannii have demonstrated not only a vast array of antibiotic drug resistance determinants but also many pathogenicity islands (172, 514). Of relevance, a significant number of identified genes encoding resistance to antibiotics, heavy metals, and antiseptics likely originated in other highly pathogenic organisms, including Pseudomonas spp., Salmonella spp., and E. coli (172). This implies that genetic transfer of virulence determinants may also be possible. After performing random mutagenesis of an A. baumannii ATCC strain (17978), Smith et al. were able to identify several mutants in six different pathogenicity islands with attenuated virulence, as determined by the nonmammalian models Caenorhabditis elegans and Dictyostelium discoideum (514). The relevant mutated genes encoded transcription factors, multidrug efflux transport systems, and a urease. Unfortunately, the virulence of these mutants was not assessed in a mammalian model. When the genome of A. baumannii was compared to that of the nonpathogenic species A. baylyi, 28 gene clusters were unique to A. baumannii, with 16 having a potential role in virulence (514). One of the most interesting of these was a 133,740-bp island that contained not only transposons and integrases but also genes homologous to the Legionella/Coxiella type IV virulence/secretion systems (514). Other relevant genes included those involved in the cell envelope, pilus biogenesis, and iron uptake and metabolism. An earlier study, which first described the applicability of transposon mutagenesis to A. baumannii, identified several mutants with altered metabolic and global regulatory functions, including a gacS-like gene encoding a sensor kinase that is important for the regulation of virulence determinants in other gram-negative organisms, such as Pseudomonas (291, 577), as well as attachment or biofilm mutants (136). Such broad-based genetic approaches are critical for the future identification of novel virulence factors in A. baumannii.
The study of more specific virulence mechanisms in A. baumannii has focused on siderophore-mediated iron acquisition systems (135, 137, 144, 607), biofilm formation (545, 578), adherence and OMP function (315, 510), and the A. baumannii LPS (152, 222, 292). In order for A. baumannii to thrive in the iron-deficient environment of a human host, it secretes low-molecular-mass ferric binding compounds, or siderophores (135, 137). Interestingly, the expression of these elements can vary greatly between clinical strains of A. baumannii (135, 607), and these elements have structural and functional similarities to a siderophore produced by the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum (137), a potential origin of this critical virulence mechanism. The ability of A. baumannii to adhere to and form biofilms on inanimate objects and surfaces may explain its success in the hospital environment. Tomaras et al. demonstrated that biofilm formation in A. baumannii is phenotypically associated with exopolysaccharide production and pilus formation (545). Through random mutagenesis and genetic complementation, a gene encoding a protein highly similar to that encoded by the Vibrio parahaemolyticus csuE gene was identified as a key factor in pilus and biofilm formation (545). Further sequence analysis identified a csu polycistronic operon involving five genes, some of which are homologous to genes that encode proteins related to chaperones and involved in pilus assembly in other gram-negative bacteria (545). Adherence of A. baumannii to human bronchial epithelial cells and erythrocytes has also been demonstrated, with similar pilus-like structures appearing important for adherence (204, 315). Interestingly, considerable variation in quantitative adherence was observed between strains, including greater adherence of strains from European clone II than from clone I (315). However, no difference between outbreak and nonoutbreak strains was observed. After adherence to human cells, it appears that A. baumannii can induce apoptosis via an OMP (Omp38) (84). This protein appears to localize to the mitochondria, leading to both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways of apoptosis (84). However, it is not the only factor involved, as an Omp38 mutant caused incomplete attenuation of cell death (84). Finally, quorum sensing has been shown to regulate a wide array of virulence mechanisms in many gram-negative organisms, particularly P. aeruginosa. Up to four different quorum-sensing signal molecules have been identified in Acinetobacter, indicating that this may be a central mechanism for autoinduction of multiple virulence factors (203, 271).
Apart from biofilm formation, exopolysaccharide production is also thought to protect bacteria from host defenses (271). Several recent studies have described the innate immune response to A. baumannii and the importance of Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling (152, 292). In a mouse pneumonia model, TLR4 gene-deficient mice had increased bacterial counts, increased bacteremia, impaired cytokine/chemokine responses, and delayed onset of lung inflammation compared to wild-type mice (292). A. baumannii LPS was identified as the major immunostimulatory factor (292). This was further illustrated by the attenuated effects of A. baumannii on mice deficient in CD14, an important molecule that enables LPS binding to TLR4 (292). These findings were recently confirmed using human cells, but in contrast to the mouse model, TLR2 was also identified as an important signaling pathway (152). The latter study also demonstrated the potent endotoxic potential of A. baumannii LPS, which stimulated the proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor alpha equally to the stimulation by E. coli LPS at similar concentrations (152). These studies suggest that A. baumannii endotoxin may incite a strong inflammatory response during infection.
Humoral immune responses have also been described for Acinetobacter infection, with antibodies being targeted toward iron-repressable OMPs and the O polysaccharide component of LPS (513). Of interest, a more recent study showed that mouse-derived monoclonal antibodies directed at A. baumannii OMPs expressed in an iron-depleted environment have bactericidal and opsonizing in vitro activity (201). These antibodies were also able to block siderophore-mediated iron uptake (201).
INFECTION CONTROL PERSPECTIVE
Why Is A. baumannii a Persistent Hospital Pathogen?There are three major factors possibly contributing to the persistence of A. baumannii in the hospital environment, i.e., resistance to major antimicrobial drugs, resistance to desiccation, and resistance to disinfectants. Resistance to antibiotics may provide certain A. baumannii strains with a selective advantage in an environment, such as the modern ICU, where microorganisms are confronted with extensive exposure to antimicrobials. Several researchers have observed that resistance rates in epidemic A. baumannii strains are significantly higher than those in sporadic A. baumannii strains (123, 227, 262, 297). Resistance to the fluoroquinolones in particular was associated with epidemic behavior (227, 262). Villers et al. identified previous therapy with a fluoroquinolone as an independent risk factor for infection with epidemic A. baumannii, and it appeared that the selection pressure caused by the indiscriminate use of fluoroquinolones was responsible for the persistence and epidemic spread of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii clones for at least 5 years (586). The recently observed increase in carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii strains was associated almost exclusively with hospital outbreaks (99, 351, 354). It has been suggested that any clinical A. baumannii isolate with resistance to multiple antibiotics indicates a potential nosocomial outbreak strain (297).
To assess the desiccation tolerance of A. baumannii, Jawad et al. compared the survival times on glass coverslips of 22 strains isolated from eight well-defined hospital outbreaks with the survival times of 17 sporadic strains. The overall mean survival time was 27 days, with a range of 21 to 33 days (262). Of note, there were no differences in survival times between outbreak and sporadic strains; all investigated A. baumannii strains had the ability of long-time survival on dry surfaces and therefore an increased potential for epidemic spread. It has also been shown that A. baumannii strains survive desiccation far better than do other Acinetobacter species, such as A. johnsonii, A. junii, and A. lwoffii (261, 377). This, together with their greater susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials, may explain why Acinetobacter strains belonging to these species have been implicated only very rarely in hospital outbreaks. The majority of A. baumannii strains had survival times that were considerably longer than those found for Escherichia coli and other Enterobacteriaceae but similar to those observed for Staphylococcus aureus. These observations, as well as the previously suggested airborne spread of Acinetobacter spp. in hospital wards (6, 34), may explain the occurrence of repeated outbreaks after incomplete disinfection of contaminated dry surfaces.
Prolonged survival of A. baumannii in a clinical setting, i.e., on patients' bed rails, has been found to be associated with an ongoing outbreak in an ICU and illustrates that dry vectors can be secondary reservoirs where A. baumannii can survive (73). Concern has been growing regarding the potential of antibiotic and disinfectant coresistance in clinically important bacteria. Reduced susceptibility of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) versus methicillin-susceptible S. aureus to chlorhexidine and quaternary ammonium compounds was reported (527), and MRSA strains with low-level resistance to triclosan have emerged (57). Similar observations were made in gram-negative bacteria, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa (539). It has been speculated that resistance to disinfectants may contribute to the epidemicity of the organism in a clinical setting, but to our knowledge, the association of resistance to biocides and the propensity for epidemic spread has never been studied systematically. Wisplinghoff et al. recently compared the in vitro activities of various disinfectants, such as propanol, mecetronium ethylsulfate, polyvinylpyrrolidone-iodine, triclosan, and chlorhexidine, against sporadic and epidemic A. baumannii strains by using a broth macrodilution method (601). They concluded that resistance to currently used disinfectants is probably not a major factor favoring the epidemic spread of A. baumannii, since all disinfectants inhibited growth of all A. baumannii isolates when concentrations and contact times recommended by the respective manufacturer were used. However, with most of the disinfectants tested, a substantial number of viable bacteria remained if contact times were <30 s or if diluted agents were used, as may occur in day-to-day clinical practice. No significant differences in susceptibility between outbreak-related and sporadic strains were observed under these conditions. Minor deviations from the recommended procedures leading to decreased concentrations or exposure times may play a role in nosocomial cross-transmission, but larger studies using additional methods would be required to confirm these findings.
Molecular Epidemiologic TechniquesTo control the spread of A. baumannii in the hospital, it is necessary to identify potential reservoirs of the organism and the modes of transmission. To distinguish the outbreak strain from epidemiologically unrelated acinetobacters, comparison of isolates at the subspecies level is required, and the methods used for this purpose are designated epidemiological typing methods. Phenotypic typing systems based on biochemical profiles (biotyping), antibiotic susceptibility patterns, serological reactions (serotyping), phage typing, and protein profiles (for a comprehensive review of these techniques, the reader is referred to the work of Bergogne-Berezin and Towner [28]) have largely been replaced by a multitude of molecular typing systems, including, in historical order, plasmid profiling (221, 494); ribotyping (62, 123, 189, 498); PFGE (48, 206, 498); randomly amplified polymorphic DNA analysis (208, 214, 295); repetitive extragenic palindromic sequence-based (REP) PCR (252, 516); AFLP analysis, a high-resolution genomic fingerprinting method (123, 257, 295); integrase gene PCR (296); infrequent-restriction-site PCR (612); and most recently, MLST (18) and multilocus PCR-ESI-MS (145).
Plasmid analysis.The majority of Acinetobacter species contain indigenous plasmids. Plasmid analysis has been used successfully for epidemiological typing of A. baumannii strains (221, 396, 494), and plasmid profiling is one of the few methods that have also been applied to study the epidemiology of Acinetobacter species outside the A. baumannii group (495, 499, 502). Even though the method is fairly robust, interpretation of results must include the consideration that many plasmids are easily transferable and may be gained or lost, and this contributed to the replacement of plasmid profiling by more robust molecular methods for epidemiological studies of acinetobacters.
Ribotyping.Ribotyping was developed primarily to identify acinetobacters, in particular strains of the A. calcoaceticus-A. baumannii complex, to the species level (189). This method—using EcoRI, ClaI, and SalI for restriction of purified chromosomal DNA, followed by electrophoresis, blotting, and hybridization with a digoxigenin-11-UTP-labeled cDNA probe derived from E. coli rRNA—has also been used to type strains in several studies investigating the epidemiology of acinetobacters (210, 211, 394). However, the discriminatory power of ribotyping is limited, and PFGE (see below) and other methods are less labor-intensive and more discriminatory (498, 508). More accurate typing results with a discriminatory power comparable to that of PFGE have been obtained using an automated ribotyping system (RiboPrinter; DuPont Qualicon, Wilmington, DE) (62, 453, 508). Automated ribotyping generates typing results more rapidly than PFGE does, but it is expensive and requires specialized equipment that is available in only a few laboratories that perform high-throughput molecular epidemiology investigations.
PFGE.Even in the face of sequence-based methods that are now available and are challenging PFGE as the gold standard for typing of many bacterial species, for Acinetobacter PFGE still remains the reference method of choice. It is a rather laborious method that requires several days before generating a typing result, but the necessary equipment is now standard not only in most reference laboratories but also in hospital-based laboratories. Generally, ApaI and/or SmaI is used for restriction of intact chromosomal DNA (48, 206, 498). The resulting chromosomal fragments are separated by electrophoresis, and fingerprint profiles are compared visually or using specialized computer programs that also allow the storage of profiles in a database. As with other so-called comparative typing systems that are based mainly on a side-by-side comparison of molecular fingerprint patterns of a limited number of strains, interlaboratory comparison has always been a problem with PFGE, but a recent study has shown that with sufficient standardization of protocols interlaboratory reproducibility can be achieved (497). This approach would permit the recognition of epidemic strains and the early detection of multihospital or nationwide outbreaks, particularly if cases are geographically separated. As seen with other species, the discriminatory power of PFGE may be too high for large-scale epidemiologic and population studies, but the potentially greater value of newer methods, such as MLST or PCR-ESI-MS (see below), remains to be demonstrated for Acinetobacter.
PCR-based typing methods.Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA PCR, involving amplification of random fragments of genomic DNA with single primers with an arbitrary sequence, has been used successfully to assess the strain relatedness of Acinetobacter isolates (208). An alternative approach, referred to as REP-PCR (48, 516), uses consensus primers for the highly conserved REP sequences to amplify intervening sequences located between these DNA motifs. Both methods do not require specialized equipment and are fast, easy, and low-cost methods that allow grouping of A. baumannii strains with various degrees of genotypic relatedness. The discriminatory power of these methods, however, is inferior to that of PFGE. Interlaboratory reproducibility of PCR-generated fingerprints was demonstrated in one study, using four different primers (DAF4, ERIC-2, M13, and REP1 plus REP2) and a highly standardized protocol (214), but these findings could not be confirmed in later studies (L. Dijkshoorn, L. Dolzani, and H. Seifert, unpublished data). Huys et al. (252) recently used REP-PCR fingerprinting with a (GTG)5 primer to distinguish members of the pan-European multidrug-resistant A. baumannii clone III (570) from the known clones I and II (123). In general, PCR-based typing methods allow for a quick estimate of epidemiological relatedness in a defined setting (599, 605), but they are not suited for large-scale comparative epidemiological studies. It remains to be shown if more rigorous standardization and automation of REP-PCR, such as by use of a DiversiLab system (bioMérieux), which includes a microfluidics-based detection system, will allow bacterial strain typing with an increased interlaboratory reproducibility (226).
AFLP analysis.AFLP analysis was established in the 1990s. It is a highly sensitive DNA fingerprinting method by which DNA is digested with restriction enzymes, followed by selective amplification, electrophoretic separation of fragments, and visualization. It is a rather cumbersome and expensive method that is usually performed in a semiautomated procedure, with laser detection of fragments on a sequencing platform. The resulting complex profiles are digitized and usually analyzed with appropriate software. Apart from being a powerful tool in bacterial taxonomy (256, 392), this high-resolution fingerprinting method has also been found to be useful for the characterization of Acinetobacter strains at the subspecies level and for outbreak investigation (123, 128, 257, 258, 295, 570, 605). Even though AFLP analysis is a relatively robust method, it requires a high level of standardization and extensive experience in interpretation of banding patterns even if sophisticated computer programs are available to aid in pattern analysis. Therefore, this method is restricted to reference laboratories and not suited for routine epidemiological analyses. In addition, data are not readily transportable between laboratories, mainly due to a lack of reproducibility when different sequencing platforms are used. Although clustering obtained with AFLP analysis compared well to PFGE-derived clustering in small-scale studies (109, 508, 570), a detailed and comprehensive side-by-side comparison of these two typing methods has never been performed.
MLST.MLST is a highly discriminative typing method that has been applied to a variety of bacterial pathogens, such as Neisseria meningitidis (349), Streptococcus pneumoniae (164), and S. aureus (150). The MLST scheme that was recently developed for A. baumannii by Bartual and coworkers is based on 305- to 513-bp sequences of the conserved regions of the following seven housekeeping genes: gltA, gyrB, gdhB, recA, cpn60, gpi, and rpoD (18). It can also be applied to Acinetobacter genomic species 13TU isolates (598). The currently available MLST data are in good concordance with typing results generated by PFGE and AFLP analysis (18). Thus far, the system has been used with only a limited number of A. baumannii strains, mainly from Spanish and German hospital outbreaks, and requires further evaluation.
The discriminatory power of the currently proposed MLST system is comparable to that of both PFGE and AFLP analysis. However, MLST is expensive and laborious and therefore not suited for routine outbreak analysis or other limited-scale analysis of the epidemiology of A. baumannii. It remains to be determined if this typing scheme is appropriate for the study of the population structure of A. baumannii and perhaps other Acinetobacter species, as shown successfully when this method was applied to other microorganisms. To date, MLST is one of the few so-called library typing systems used for the epidemiological study of A. baumannii, i.e., a typing system where typing data are translated into a numerical code that can be obtained in an identical manner at different laboratories by using the same protocol. It provides a portable method that may be suitable for global epidemiologic study and allow the recognition of epidemic, multiresistant, and virulent A. baumannii clones and the monitoring of their national and international spread.
PCR-ESI-MS.PCR-ESI-MS is a form of high-throughput MLST that can be used for species identification of A. baumannii as well as Acinetobacter genomic species 3 and 13TU and, in addition, to determine clonality (145). The conserved regions of six bacterial housekeeping genes (trpE, adk, efp, mutY, fumC, and ppa) are amplified from each isolate, amplification products are then desalted and purified, and the mass spectra are determined. The system was established using 267 Acinetobacter isolates collected from infected and colonized soldiers and civilians involved in an outbreak in the military health care system associated with the war in Iraq, previously characterized outbreaks in European hospitals, and culture collections. A good correlation with PFGE typing was observed. As a major advantage, the PCR-ESI-MS genotyping method appears to be very fast (taking only 4 h), providing typing results on a time scale not achievable with most other systems. Further evaluation of this method is clearly warranted.
Hospital Outbreaks and Control MeasuresThe propensity for outbreaks of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii has been demonstrated clearly. Only one or two strain types were found in the majority of more than 20 outbreaks assessed, using PFGE or PCR-based typing methods to assess clonality (584). In New York City, two strain types accounted for >80% of carbapenem-resistant isolates. Among six pandrug-resistant isolates, three separate ribotypes were identified (446). This clearly demonstrates the importance of infection control interventions in response to outbreaks of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infections.
The following infection control interventions are appropriate with regard to A. baumannii outbreaks. (i) Molecular epidemiologic investigations should be conducted to determine if a clonal outbreak strain is present (as described above). (ii) Environmental cultures should be used to determine if a common environmental source is present. If such a source is found, it should be removed from the patient care setting. Numerous potential sources have been identified in prior studies, including ventilator tubing, suction catheters, humidifiers, containers of distilled water, urine collection jugs, multidose vials of medication, intravenous nutrition, moist bedding articles, inadequately sterilized reusable arterial pressure transducers, and computer keyboards (171, 390, 563, 584). A high-profile outbreak arose from pulsatile lavage wound treatment, a high-pressure irrigation treatment used to debride wounds (353). (iii) Enhanced environmental cleaning should be performed in order to eliminate the organism from the peripatient environment. (iv) Enhanced isolation procedures, aimed at optimizing contact isolation (usage of gloves and gowns when dealing with colonized patients or their environment) and improving hand hygiene, should be implemented. In some circumstances, cohorts of patients or staff are used, but optimally patients should be nursed in single rooms with a dedicated nurse. This will be impractical in many settings. (v) Antibiotic management processes should be used to ensure that “at-risk” antibiotics are not being used excessively. Optimally, a case-case control study should be performed to determine which antibiotics truly do increase the risk of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains (288). Numerous studies have assessed antibiotic risk factors for infection with multidrug-resistant A. baumannii, although only a few have examined risk factors for emergence of pandrug resistance. Although exposure to any antibiotic active against gram-negative bacteria has been associated with the emergence of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii (359), three classes of antibiotics have been implicated most frequently, including broad-spectrum cephalosporins (71, 251, 309, 483), carbapenems (103, 120, 321), and fluoroquinolones (586).
A number of investigators have demonstrated that interventions such as those described above can be effective in the control of A. baumannii infections (78, 109, 121, 390, 435, 594). In some cases, despite these efforts, ongoing cases of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii infection continue to occur. Monitoring adherence to such infection control interventions is also important. Although health care worker hand carriage with Acinetobacter is typically transient, it may be more prolonged in individuals with damaged skin (22, 247). In some scenarios, closure of wards to new admissions needs to be undertaken (435). Some authors have suggested that eradication of colonization be performed by techniques such as selective digestive tract decolonization or use of topical or aerosolized polymyxins (200, 563). However, we are hesitant to recommend these interventions due to the possible risks of polymyxin-resistant organisms. Rather, we would prefer greater assessment for colonized patients, greater attention to environmental decontamination, and improved hand hygiene as a means for prevention of patient-to-patient transfer. Further studies are still required to define the efficacy of these infection control interventions in the prevention of A. baumannii dissemination.
THERAPEUTIC STRATEGIES FOR ACINETOBACTER BAUMANNII INFECTION
The wide array of intrinsic and acquired resistance determinants that have emerged in A. baumannii have justifiably brought it great scientific attention. As determined by the Infectious Diseases Society of America, A. baumannii is one of the “red alert” pathogens that greatly threaten the utility of our current antibacterial armamentarium (531). Prior to the 1970s, it was possible to treat Acinetobacter infections with a range of antibiotics, including aminoglycosides, β-lactams, and tetracyclines (28). However, resistance to all known antibiotics has now emerged in A. baumannii (153, 309), thus leaving the majority of today's clinicians in unfamiliar territory. Compounding the problem is the large number of pharmaceutical companies that have abandoned antibiotic drug discovery and development, driven primarily by the risks of poor financial returns relative to those for more lucrative classes of drugs (519, 593). The dearth of antibiotics, especially for gram-negative organisms, has recently stimulated attention from major research and governing bodies (388, 531). Unfortunately, at this stage, very little is in the therapeutic pipeline (459), and the new agents with activity against gram-negative organisms are all modifications of existing classes. Novel antibiotic targets and mechanisms of action are urgently required.
Given the current therapeutic environment, optimizing the use of existing antimicrobials is critical. To achieve this goal, a thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters that predict maximal drug efficacy yet minimize the evolution of drug resistance, as well as an evidence-based approach to therapeutic strategies for highly drug-resistant strains, is required. The following section concentrates on the available in vitro, animal, and human data to assist the reader in the management of infections due to highly drug-resistant A. baumannii.
Existing Antimicrobial AgentsGiven the range and diversity of resistance determinants in A. baumannii, therapy should be based on the results of adequately performed antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The details and important pitfalls of such testing are described above. Antibiotic selection for empirical therapy is challenging and must rely on recent institutional-level susceptibility data. Time to effective therapy clearly impacts patient outcomes (253, 299), and this may include patients with A. baumannii infection (159, 306). Thus far, carbapenems have been thought of as the agents of choice for serious A. baumannii infections. However, although these drugs are still active against the vast majority of A. baumannii strains worldwide, the clinical utility of this class of antimicrobial is increasingly being jeopardized by the emergence of both enzymatic and membrane-based mechanisms of resistance, as described above, often working in concert (47, 446). This concerning phenotype, challenging one of our most potent last lines of defense, is unfortunately being described with increased frequency worldwide. What other pharmacological strategies are available?
Sulbactam.Sulbactam is one of three commercially available β-lactamase inhibitors. Unlike clavulanic acid and tazobactam, it has clinically relevant intrinsic antimicrobial activity against certain organisms, specifically Acinetobacter (55, 102, 235, 326, 328, 405, 464) and Bacteroides spp. (596), mediated by its binding to penicillin-binding protein 2 (403). Sulbactam is commercially available in a combined formulation with either ampicillin or cefoperazone and also as a single agent in France, Germany, and Spain (55, 326). Studies assessing the activity of sulbactam alone compared to its combination with a β-lactam clearly demonstrate the intrinsic activity of the agent rather than its ability to inhibit β-lactamase (55, 102, 235). In vitro susceptibilities of A. baumannii strains to sulbactam vary widely, depending on the geographic region (326). Thus, we strongly recommend susceptibility testing using a broth-based method, rather than disk susceptibility testing (see above), prior to its use as monotherapy.
Despite the absence of randomized clinical trials, sulbactam has shown promising results against A. baumannii strains with various susceptibility profiles. Using time-kill studies, authors have demonstrated bactericidal activity against susceptible rather than intermediately resistant strains of A. baumannii (405, 464), whereas others have shown bacteriostatic activity (102). In a murine pneumonia model, using an imipenem- and sulbactam-susceptible A. baumannii isolate, similar efficacies were observed between these agents when the dosing of sulbactam reached a time above the MIC similar to that of imipenem (1.84 versus 2.01 h, respectively), indicating the time-dependent activity of this antimicrobial (464). Such efficacy data are consistent with data from previous animal models (167, 294, 372, 405, 602) and, most importantly, are in keeping with results from clinical human studies (85, 93, 102, 263, 515, 561, 603).
Urban et al. performed a small study assessing the clinical efficacy of sulbactam during an outbreak of A. baumannii resistant to carbapenems, aminoglycosides, and other β-lactams (561). Of the 10 patients who received ampicillin-sulbactam for >3 days, 9 clinically responded, with many achieving microbiological eradication (561). These results were supported by a further noncomparative study from Spain, which showed that 29/41 (95%) patients with non-life-threatening A. baumannii infections were cured or clinically improved with ampicillin-sulbactam or sulbactam alone (102). All isolates were multidrug resistant but were susceptible to imipenem, sulbactam, and polymyxins. As pointed out in that study, the use of a sulbactam-containing regimen for milder infections may be an appropriate strategy in limiting excessive carbapenem use. More supportive data are now available on the efficacy of sulbactam in treating serious A. baumannii infections. Wood et al. performed a retrospective comparative trial involving patients with A. baumannii VAP and found that treatment successes were similar between those who received ampicillin-sulbactam (n = 14) and those who received imipenem-cilastatin (n = 63) (93% versus 83%, respectively; P > 0.05) (603). Microbiological eradication appeared to be superior in the ampicillin-sulbactam group; however, this was not statistically significant. Ampicillin-sulbactam was primarily prescribed for patients infected with sulbactam-susceptible, non-imipenem-susceptible organisms. Interestingly, significantly more patients in the ampicillin-sulbactam group received combination therapy (50% versus 14%; P = 0.01), most commonly with an aminoglycoside. No outcome differences were observed between these subgroups, but the small sample size limits this analysis.
An equivalent efficacy of sulbactam to that of imipenem has also been shown for treatment of A. baumannii bloodstream infection (85, 93, 263), with one study demonstrating a reduction in pharmaceutical costs (263). In a further study, treatment of highly drug-resistant A. baumannii bacteremia (susceptible only to sulbactam and polymyxin E) with ampicillin-sulbactam was comparable to treatment of more susceptible strains with other therapies, including imipenem, aminoglycosides, and quinolones (515). These data indicate that when A. baumannii is susceptible to sulbactam, this agent is probably as efficacious as any other.
Small observational series have shown encouraging results with ampicillin-sulbactam for the treatment of nosocomial A. baumannii meningitis (268, 328), a problematic entity of increasing significance. However, failures have been reported (268, 328). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) penetration of sulbactam in patients with inflamed meninges is reported to be 2 to 32% of serum levels (170), with peak serum levels reaching approximately 42 to 60 mg/liter after an intravenous (i.v.) dose of 1 g (170, 366). Thus, assuming that the susceptibility breakpoint for sulbactam is ≤4 μg/ml, inadequate dosing may explain the variable clinical response. For serious A. baumannii infections, we recommend dosing of at least 6 g/day of sulbactam in divided doses, assuming normal renal function. Recently, dosing of up to 12 g/day was reported for the treatment of hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by sulbactam-resistant A. baumannii, without major adverse effects; however, outcomes were similar in those who received 9 g/day (38).
The clinical benefits of combination therapy with sulbactam compared with sulbactam monotherapy are not yet clear. Much of the data comes from in vitro studies using checkerboard or time-kill analyses and shows enhanced activity when sulbactam is combined with cefepime (472, 548), imipenem (86, 518), meropenem (289, 294), amikacin (481), rifampin (11), and ticarcillin-clavulanate (272). In a mouse pneumonia model, the combination of ticarcillin-clavulanate, sulbactam, and rifampin appeared most efficacious toward a carbapenem- and sulbactam-resistant A. baumannii strain (rifampin MIC of 4 mg/liter); however, such effects were lost when a strain that was less susceptible to rifampin (MIC, 8 mg/liter) was tested (602). Interestingly, combination therapy can prevent the emergence of rifampin resistance (412, 602). Another mouse model, using an A. baumannii strain with reduced susceptibility to meropenem and sulbactam (MICs, 8 mg/liter and 8 mg/liter, respectively), showed a statistically significant improvement in mouse survival with the combination compared to that with each agent alone (294). Human data are very limited and lack statistical power (303, 603). For example, a retrospective study involving 55 patients with A. baumannii bloodstream infection showed superior outcomes in those given a carbapenem and ampicillin-sulbactam compared to those given a carbapenem alone (30.8% versus 58.3%, respectively), but no patient matching was performed (303). Such data are intriguing and require further clinical evaluation in humans.
Despite the shortcomings of these studies, the results suggest that sulbactam should be considered as a therapeutic option for mild to severe A. baumannii infections caused by sulbactam-susceptible organisms. Unfortunately, sulbactam resistance is common in certain geographic areas, and this phenotype will no doubt increase over time.
Polymyxins.The emergence of A. baumannii strains resistant to all routinely tested antimicrobials has led to the necessary revival of the polypeptide antibiotics known as the polymyxins (colistin or polymyxin E and polymyxin B). These positively charged antimicrobial peptides were discovered in 1947 (524), originating from Bacillus polymyxa (300). They target the anionic LPS molecules in the outer cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria, leading to interactions between the inner and outer cell membranes, with associated lipid exchange, membrane disturbance, osmotic instability, and eventual cell death (95, 156). There are two commercially available forms of colistin, namely, colistin sulfate for oral and topical use, and CMS, also known as sodium colistin methanesulfonate or colistin sulfomethate sodium, for parenteral use (332). Both forms are available for nebulization. Given that the polymyxins were discovered over 50 years ago, they were never subjected to the rigorous drug development process that we now expect of more contemporary antimicrobials. Thus, our understanding of the critical pharmacological parameters that govern dosing for maximal efficacy and minimal toxicity is poor. As a consequence, confusion exists among clinicians and in the literature regarding formulations, nomenclature, and dosing (157, 331, 332). Such information is urgently required before we mistakenly jeopardize this valuable antimicrobial (10, 153, 334, 452). For a detailed review of the pharmacology of the polymyxins, readers are referred to the work of Li et al. (332). For the remainder of this section, colistin is used to mean all formulations of CMS.
In vitro, colistin demonstrates concentration-dependent bactericidal activity against A. baumannii strains with various susceptibility profiles, as determined by time-kill analyses (372, 411, 465). However, significant regrowth has been observed at 24 h for strains characterized as having heterogeneous resistance to colistin (411). Presumably, the subpopulations with higher MICs flourish under selection pressure. Whether this phenomenon is clinically relevant has yet to be determined. Conflicting results have been reported for the postantibiotic effect of colistin (411, 436), a parameter often used to assist in optimizing dosing. Thus far, animal models have shown mixed results for colistin efficacy (372, 415, 465) and serve to remind us of the potential limitations of extrapolating such data to clinical management. Interestingly, the efficacy of colistin at reducing the bacterial burden in the lungs was poor in a murine pneumonia model (direct upper airway inoculation) (372), in contrast to excellent activity in a rat thigh infection model that led to hematogenous dissemination of the lungs (415). This may be explained by varied colistin penetration into lung compartments or a modification of activity in the epithelial lining fluid.
The cumulative human data on the efficacy and toxicity of colistin for treating A. baumannii infection in the modern era are represented in Table 5. Overall, the efficacy of the drug has been highly encouraging in both adult and pediatric populations, with favorable or curative responses ranging from 57% to >80% (158, 185, 207, 241, 283, 301, 327, 357, 369, 409, 451, 517). In several recent prospective cohort studies across a range of infection types, the outcomes for patients receiving definitive therapy with colistin for colistin-only-susceptible organisms were similar to those for patients receiving combinations of other antibiotics (predominantly carbapenems with or without other antibiotics) for more susceptible organisms (185, 451). Interestingly, despite the majority of patients in the colistin groups receiving inactive empirical therapy compared to the noncolistin groups, outcomes were similar (185, 451). Most recently, a further prospective cohort study reported a statistically significant improvement in outcome for patients receiving colistin compared with those receiving other antibiotics (301). However, all patients were infected with isolates susceptible only to colistin, and therefore many patients in the noncolistin group received definitive therapy with inactive antimicrobials (at least 40%) (301).
Studies that primarily assessed the efficacy and/or toxicity of intravenous polymyxins
Nebulized colistin is increasingly being used in an attempt to minimize systemic toxicity and improve drug deposition at the site of infection (158, 219, 305, 339, 367, 425). Much of the data on nebulized colistin originates from patients with cystic fibrosis who are colonized or infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (29, 240). However, the literature is expanding outside this patient population (Table 6). Thus far, no prospective comparative study has been performed to assess the efficacy of nebulized colistin for A. baumannii infection. In a retrospective case series by Kwa et al., 18 of 21 (86%) patients who received nebulized colistin for hospital-acquired pneumonia caused by A. baumannii or P. aeruginosa (resistant to all antimicrobials except polymyxins) had favorable clinical and microbiological responses (305). None of these patients received parenteral colistin, but most were receiving other antimicrobials for concomitant infections. One (5%) patient developed bronchospasm, and no cases of nephro- or neurotoxicity were reported (305). Similar, encouraging results were reported by Michalopoulos et al., who compared the outcomes for 8 patients who received supplemental nebulized colistin combined with parenteral antibiotics with those for 45 patients who received parenteral colistin only (367). Rates of clinical cure appeared superior with supplemental nebulized colistin, but the patient numbers were small and limit statistical comparisons (Table 6). The largest series thus far, by Berlana et al., included 71 patients who received nebulized colistin for presumed pneumonia caused by more susceptible A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa strains (30). Conclusions from this study are difficult to ascertain, as the majority of patients received concomitant i.v. antibiotics, predominantly carbapenems, to which the pathogens were likely susceptible; only 69% of the treated patients met the criteria for pneumonia; and adverse events were not reported (30). Reassuringly, of the 33 patients who received nebulized colistin for A. baumannii and had follow-up cultures, all had microbiological eradication (30).
Studies that primarily assessed the efficacy and/or toxicity of inhaled polymyxins with or without intravenous polymyxinsa
Overall, more recent data suggest that nebulized colistin is well tolerated (Table 6), but a recent U.S. FDA health alert was issued for nebulized colistin after the death of a patient with cystic fibrosis (www.fda.gov). This patient used a premixed CMS vial for inhalation through a nebulizer and developed respiratory distress soon after. Once CMS is mixed into aqueous solution, it is converted into colistin by hydrolysis. The bioactive colistin, specifically colistin A (polymyxin E1), can be toxic to lung tisssue. Thus, those prescribing nebulized colistin must be aware of this health alert and should advise patients to use the CMS immediately after preparation. CMS is not FDA approved for inhalation.
Predose bronchodilators may be beneficial in preventing bronchospasm with nebulized colistin (425). CMS dosing for inhalation varies from 1 to 3 million IU/day in divided doses (diluted in sterile normal saline), using a conventional nebulizer (30, 305, 367, 425), but doses of up to 6 million IU/day have been used (367). Currently, the evidence for nebulized colistin in patients without cystic fibrosis is still limited, and further data are required to determine its efficacy. In severe or refractory cases of pneumonia, and taking into account the recent U.S. FDA health alert, nebulized colistin in combination with an active systemic agent may be warranted. Apart from monitoring for acute respiratory toxicities, future studies should also assess for superinfection, whereby a shift in organism ecology toward those inherently resistant to colistin (Serratia, Proteus, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, Burkholderia cepacia, and Flavobacteria) occurs (163).
As described, nosocomial meningitis is an increasingly important entity, with multidrug-resistant gram-negative pathogens being implicated as an etiology with greater frequency. To optimize therapy of these challenging infections, intrathecal or intraventricular colistin has been utilized (Table 7). This route of administration is not novel for the polymyxins and was implemented soon after its availability (96, 225, 546). Despite the majority of patients with A. baumannii meningitis receiving colistin both systemically and directly into the CSF, the latter alone may be adequate (25, 398, 576). Such a strategy avoids the unnecessary risks of nephrotoxicity. Thus far, intrathecal/ventricular colistin has been well tolerated, with rare reports of chemical meningitis that spontaneously resolved with either drug cessation or dose reduction (155, 398). In the absence of an external CSF drain, which is often the source of infection, repeated lumbar punctures are required, with the associated risk of introducing other pathogens. Several cases of A. baumannii meningitis have been cured with i.v. colistin only (267, 269, 327, 416), with reported levels in CSF of 1.25 mg/liter (CSF/serum ratio of 25%) (267, 269); however, failures have also been reported that eventually responded only to intrathecal/ventricular administration (7, 67, 286, 398, 526). Dosing varies greatly between studies, but according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America, 5 mg of polymyxin B or 10 mg of colistin daily is recommended for adults (553). Given the available literature and the severity of this infection, we recommend the use of colistin directly into the CSF early for patients with carbapenem-resistant A. baumannii meningitis.
Studies that primarily assessed the efficacy and/or toxicity of intrathecal/ventricular polymyxins for CNS infection with Acinetobacter baumanniia
Many in vitro and animal studies support the role of combination therapy with colistin (Table 8). In particular, colistin in combination with a carbapenem and/or rifampin appears most promising (194, 239, 351, 373, 415, 518, 537, 541, 613). Understandably, in the presence of significant carbapenemase activity, as opposed to membrane-based changes (porins and efflux pumps) that are likely disrupted by the polymyxins, synergy with carbapenems may be lost (592). Unfortunately, very few human data are available to support these in vitro studies. Much of the clinical data on colistin efficacy comes from uncontrolled, retrospective case series (Table 5), which often include heterogeneous populations. In addition to colistin, the majority of patients received a potpourri of other antimicrobials, most commonly carbapenems but also quinolones, aminoglycosides, sulbactam, rifampin, and others (30, 158, 301, 305, 357, 367, 369, 409, 517). In the absence of a well-matched control group (i.e., a group receiving colistin alone), it is difficult to make conclusions about the potential benefits of combination therapy (374, 432, 517). More recently, Falagas et al. performed a retrospective cohort study, comparing patients who received colistin only with those who received colistin and meropenem (161). After adjusting for severity of illness, no difference in outcomes was observed. Whether combination therapy will protect colistin from the emergence of resistance is presently unknown, but an in vitro pharmacodynamic model suggests that this may be possible (302). Further human studies are warranted.
Studies that primarily assessed combination therapy with colistin for the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii infection
The most surprising feature of the colistin renaissance has been the low rates of nephrotoxicity, whose frequency is highly dependent on study definitions. Overall, however, the rates are significantly less than previously reported (168) and appear to be reversible with cessation of the drug (158, 301, 327). Prolonged administration of colistin (>4 weeks) without adverse effects has been reported (162). Patients with a history of renal impairment (301, 327, 369), those given concomitant nephrotoxins (301, 409, 517), and the elderly (409) are at greatest risk. Dosing should be adjusted in those with preexisting renal dysfunction (colymycin M parenteral package insert; Monarch Pharmaceuticals, Bristol, TN) and those receiving renal replacement therapy (333). As observed with acute renal failure in other clinical settings (19), this adverse outcome may be a predictor of increased mortality in patients receiving colistin (369, 409).
Of concern, rates of resistance to the polymyxins have recently been reported to be as high as 3.2% for multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains (177), with higher rates reported in Korea (293). Resistance in other problematic gram-negative pathogens is also emerging (10, 177, 307). Such events signify the importance of prudent and cautious use of this class of antimicrobial as well as an urgent need to further understand its complex pharmacology.
New AntimicrobialsA concerning void of new therapeutic options exists for A. baumannii infections. Of the recently licensed antimicrobials, tigecycline, a 9-t-butylglycylamido semisynthetic derivative of minocycline, has provided some hope, but clinical data are still limited. As with other tetracycline derivatives, tigecycline inhibits the 30S ribosomal subunit, but its unique feature is its ability to evade the major determinants of tetracycline resistance, i.e., the tet(A) to tet(E) and tet(K) efflux pumps and the tet(M) and tet(O) determinants that provide ribosomal protection (169, 430). Thus far, the in vitro activity of tigecycline against A. baumannii has been assessed largely by MIC testing. Most studies have reported an MIC50 of 1 μg/ml and an MIC90 of 2 μg/ml (229, 413, 473), but studies from Germany (500), Spain (37), and Israel (389) have reported MIC90s of 4 μg/ml, 8 μg/ml, and 32 μg/ml, respectively, with the last being determined by Etest only. More recently, combination therapy with tigecycline has been studied using time-kill and Etest synergy methodology (476, 486). When it was tested against a non-carbapenem-susceptible A. baumannii strain, tigecycline alone allowed maximal killing at concentrations near the MIC, which was 1 μg/ml, with no benefit of using higher concentrations (486). Importantly, concentrations just below the MIC (0.5 μg/ml to 0.7 μg/ml), which are consistent with the mean maximum serum steady-state concentration achieved with standard dosing (0.63 μg/ml after a 100-mg i.v. loading dose followed by 50 mg i.v. twice/day) (410), caused significant regrowth at 24 h (486). No difference was observed for all tigecycline combinations, including combinations with amikacin, meropenem, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ampicillin-sulbactam, rifampin, and polymyxin B (476, 486). These data raise concerns about the use of tigecycline for bloodstream infections caused by organisms with MICs of >1 μg/ml. Such concerns have now been illustrated in several clinical reports involving A. baumannii (424, 484). Subinhibitory concentrations may promote the rapid emergence of resistance, leading to clinical failure (420, 424). At this point, we would not recommend using tigecycline for A. baumannii bacteremia if another option is available. Conversely, the drug is concentrated in tissues, including the lung parenchyma (101), and thus its utility for treating A. baumannii pneumonia or other tissue-based infections warrants further evaluation. A recent retrospective series including 22 patients with VAP caused by multidrug-resistant A. baumannii showed that 18 patients had clinical resolution (484). However, only three of these patients received tigecycline monotherapy, with the remainder also receiving therapy with imipenem and/or colistin. Further clinical data on tigecycline's efficacy in pneumonia are still awaited. The most common adverse effect of tigecycline is nausea (15, 147), often requiring concomitant antiemetic therapy and limiting dose escalation. However, this is less of a problem in an ICU setting, where most A. baumannii infections occur.
Other agents on the licensing horizon with activity against gram-negative organisms include doripenem, a new parenteral carbapenem, and the next generation of cephalosporins with activity against MRSA, ceftobiprole and ceftaroline. At this point, none of these agents appear to have significant advantages over current antimicrobials for A. baumannii, but in vitro data for doripenem suggest a slight advantage over meropenem (175, 275, 378, 379). Clinical data for doripenem against A. baumannii are still awaited.
Other Combination TherapyThe use of combination therapy to treat multidrug- or pandrug-resistant gram-negative organisms has become an area of great interest (449). This strategy aims to create an active combination out of two agents to which the organism tests nonsusceptible in the laboratory. Apart from trying to improve efficacy, combination therapy may also help to prevent the emergence of resistance when at least one agent is active in vitro (77, 412). Future studies assessing combination therapy for multidrug-resistant organisms should address this issue. The studies involving combination therapy with either sulbactam or the polymyxins that are described above form the major and most promising group. Other combinations have also been studied using in vitro techniques and animal models, including various combinations of quinolones, β-lactams, and/or amikacin (45, 80, 139, 280, 467). The results for quinolone combination therapy are varied, with reduced efficacy being described when ciprofloxacin was used for ciprofloxacin-resistant A. baumannii (151), as well as a lack of enhanced activity with levofloxacin combined with imipenem or amikacin in a mouse pneumonia model (273). Interestingly, enhanced activity was seen when aztreonam was tested in combination with other β-lactams against a select group of MBL-producing A. baumannii strains (474). Using a mouse pneumonia model, Montero et al. reported on the potential efficacy of imipenem and rifampin against a carbapenem- and rifampin-resistant A. baumannii strain (373). However, after performing a small preliminary clinical study, the same group suggested against such a combination for infection with A. baumannii isolates with a similar resistance pattern (470). Unfortunately, in some geographic regions, desperate therapeutic measures are required, including the use of multiple antibacterial agents that in isolation are predicted to have poor activity against the infecting A. baumannii strain, as determined by standardized laboratory testing.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic StrategiesAchieving pharmacodynamic target attainment with our existing antimicrobials is now, more than ever, critical in our therapeutic approach to drug-resistant A. baumannii infection. The use of Monte Carlo simulation, which is a stochastic modeling tool that combines pharmacokinetic parameters of antibiotics with population-based microbiological susceptibility data, has improved our understanding of appropriate antibiotic dosing. Apart from assisting in the optimization of drug efficacy (259, 304, 330, 340), this strategy may also help to prevent the evolution of drug resistance, as reported for P. aeruginosa (478, 532). The most promising data with regard to A. baumannii are the benefits of a prolonged infusion of meropenem (259, 330). The likelihood of achieving bactericidal target attainment (defined as a time above the MIC of at least 40% of the dosing interval) for organisms that have an MIC at the susceptibility breakpoint (4 μg/ml) increases from 64% to 90% as the infusion time of a 1-g dose is extended from 0.5 to 3 h (330). In a study involving patients with VAP, extending the meropenem infusion time to 3 h and increasing the dose to 2 g every 8 h provided concentrations in serum of >16 μg/ml for almost 60% of the time (259). Such data support the use of an extended meropenem infusion time for treating serious A. baumannii infections and highlight the benefits of an increased dose for nonsusceptible isolates. Thus far, the effects of such a dosing strategy on the clinical outcomes of patients with A. baumannii infection are unknown and should be a focus of future research.
Future Therapeutic ConsiderationsDespite the absence of new therapeutic options for A. baumannii in clinical studies, the activity in the preclinical arena is notable. Such agents can be divided into those that inhibit a currently recognized mechanism of resistance or those that have a novel mechanism of action. With regard to the former, attention has been directed toward new β-lactamase inhibitors, especially those targeting the Ambler class B MBLs (547), as well as toward inhibitors of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes and multidrug efflux pumps. As mentioned above, MBLs have played an important role in the emergence of carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii, although they are less prevalent than the OXA-type enzymes. Their structure and catalytic mechanism, being zinc dependent, contrast with those of other serine β-lactamases, hence their stability toward current β-lactamase inhibitors. Agents that chelate the active Zn2+ site appear to be the most promising; however, several challenges exist (589). As a consequence of the significant differences in the active site architecture between MBL types, the ability to develop a pan-MBL inhibitor is problematic (589). Of most concern, MBLs have homologous mammalian enzymes (69, 487) and therefore increase the potential for significant toxicity. Despite these hurdles, the development of compounds that target the metalloenzymes continues (68). Thus far, inhibitors of both aminoglycoside-inactivating enzymes and multidrug efflux pumps have also been troubled by diverse targets, with bacteria often harboring multiple enzyme or pump types. More recently, cationic antimicrobial peptides that are capable of inhibiting both aminoglycoside phosphotransferases and acetyltransferases have been described (41). The importance of multidrug efflux pumps in A. baumannii is increasingly being recognized, with tigecycline recently identified as a substrate of the RND-type pump AdeABC (420, 469). Through large-scale in vitro screening, a range of efflux pump inhibitors have been identified, with the majority being plant alkaloids (433) but, more recently, also synthetic compounds (43). Unfortunately, progress has been slow, with agents such as phenyl-arginine-β-naphthylamide doing well when assessed in vitro but coming to demise due to toxicity concerns (433). Challenges are also anticipated as a result of the number of efflux systems often available in gram-negative organisms, thus leading to compensatory upregulation of noninhibited pumps. For a more detailed review of efflux inhibitors, readers are referred to references 282 and 343.
With advances in genomics, proteomics, and chemical biology, new strategies for pathogen control are being devised. Justifiably, significant attention is being directed toward eukaryotic antimicrobial peptides, which are ubiquitous elements of the innate immune response in a variety of invertebrate, plant, and animal species (64). These cationic peptides act primarily by disturbing the cell membranes and share a similar structure and charge profile with the polymyxins, but the final steps in pathogen lethality have been shown to be different (479, 480). This mechanistic difference is clinically attractive and is well illustrated by the susceptibility of polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii strains to such peptides (480, 562). Bactericidal activity against A. baumannii, using both in vitro (4, 193, 448, 479, 480, 562) and in vivo (56, 125) models, has been reported. Combination studies, as determined by fractional inhibitory indexes, demonstrated that magainin II acted synergistically with β-lactams against multidrug-resistant A. baumannii but that four other peptides showed no synergy (192). More recently, modified peptides containing linear sequences of alternating acyl chains and cationic amino acids, known as oligo-AKs, were reported (448). In this study, the oligo-AK compound C12K-7α8 was compared to conventional antimicrobial peptides and standard antibiotics. It was found to have significant bactericidal activity, more so than imipenem and ciprofloxacin at 6× MIC, similar membrane binding properties to other peptides, no emergence of resistance after serial passages, and almost no toxicity toward human red blood cells (448). Furthermore, in a mouse peritoneal infection model using E. coli, C12K-7α8 prevented mortality similar to imipenem and ciprofloxacin, whereas conventional peptides did not (448). Overall, antimicrobial peptides have demonstrated great potential and may provide a feasible alternative for treatment of A. baumannii infections, including those caused by polymyxin-resistant A. baumannii (480, 562). Toxicity and efficacy data from human studies are awaited.
Other novel antimicrobial strategies for multidrug-resistant A. baumannii include the use of bacterial conjugation, resulting in antibacterial gene transfer (505). This highly innovative approach uses attenuated E. coli as a vector for a conjugative plasmid carrying bactericidal genes that disrupt protein synthesis. While in E. coli the plasmid is tightly repressed, once it is transferred into the target pathogen, derepression occurs. In vitro, the donor E. coli cells led to killing of A. baumannii (505). Using a murine burn sepsis model, a significant improvement in survival of animals that were treated with donor cells was observed, as well as inhibition of A. baumannii growth in burn wounds (505). Novel topical agents that may be effective for environmental cleaning of A. baumannii, including highly charged copper-based biocides, have recently been reported (180). Such agents have broad-spectrum activity, including activity against Clostridium difficile spores; however, copper resistance was described when copper was used in animal feed (223). Other innovative therapeutic avenues, which have not yet been tested against A. baumannii but have the potential for efficacy, include the use of bacteriophage treatment (590), improvement in host response via passive or active immunization (63, 122, 134, 350), and modification of bacterial virulence by inhibition of quorum sensing (202, 375), other bacterial secretion systems (17), or LPS biosynthesis (118). More broadly, deepening our understanding of the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance gene transfer and the cellular responses (such as the SOS response) that lead to mutagenesis and eventual resistance (23, 92, 313) will provide unique targets that, when inhibited, may prevent the emergence and dissemination of resistance. The clinical utility of these agents will be an adjunct to other antimicrobials. Which of these new agents will successfully progress through the gauntlet of drug development is unknown, but it is reassuring to see the surge in interest.
Significant advances have been made in our understanding of A. baumannii over recent years, but many unanswered questions still remain. With the advent of whole-genome sequencing, we have been able to gain important insights into the genetic complexity and agility of this fascinating organism. Its wide array of drug resistance determinants and its ability to effectively regulate these according to selective environmental pressures clearly demand respect. The global epidemiology of A. baumannii is concerning for widespread dissemination, most often in a clonal manner within institutions or cities, and sometimes between countries. The evidence suggests that hospital-acquired A. baumannii infections prolong the lengths of hospital stays and subsequent health care costs. However, the direct effects of A. baumannii on mortality appear less well defined. Despite the majority of A. baumannii strains still being susceptible to carbapenems, many institutions around the world are faced with the challenging issue of pandrug resistance. Concerns have been raised about the use of tigecycline for A. baumannii infection, particularly for bacteremia, leaving colistin as the only therapeutic option for some. It is imperative that future research be directed toward understanding the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the polymyxins in order for clinicians to optimize patient outcomes, minimize adverse effects, and prevent the emergence of secondary resistance. Our understanding of the role of combination therapy for patients with multidrug- or pandrug-resistant A. baumannii infections is also critical. New therapeutics are clearly needed, and we as clinicians, microbiologists, and scientists must think broadly about our approach to antimicrobial drug development, as novel targets will no doubt provide the most reward for our afflicted patients.
We thank Hilmar Wisplinghoff for assistance in producing Fig. 2.
A.Y.P. has no conflicts of interest. H.S. is supported by research grants from Basilea and Bayer, receives speaking fees from Bayer, Gilead, Novartis, Oxoid, Pfizer, and Wyeth, and is an advisory board member of Johnson and Johnson and Novartis Germany. D.L.P. is supported by research grants from the National Institutes of Health (R01A1070896-01A1), the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U01 CI000283-02), AstraZeneca, Astellas, and Elan. He is a consultant to Acureon, AstraZeneca, Merck, Advanced Life Sciences, and Johnson and Johnson.
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Jobs + Opportunities
Behind the Scenes with “Craft in America: QUILTS”
By Laura McDowell Hopper
Craft in America Director of Photography Sid Lubitsch filming Victoria Findlay Wolfe with a guest at her book signing.
Photo courtesy of Carol Sauvion.
For art quilter Michael Cummings, being featured on the television show Craft in America was literally a dream come true. “It was such an honor and I thought I was in dreamland,” said Cummings. “I had seen prior episodes and I fantasized about how nice it would be to be on Craft in America.”
While previous episodes of the Peabody Award-winning series Craft in America have featured short segments about quilters including Faith Ringgold, Joe Cunningham, and the quilters of Gee’s Bend, the series is now devoting an entire episode to quilts. “Over the 12 years that the Craft in America series has aired on PBS, quilting has grown into a huge industry and method of personal expression for millions of Americans from all backgrounds and regions of our country,” said Carol Sauvion, Director of the Craft in America series.
“We felt that quilts and quilters needed to be featured in a more prominent way.”
Carolyn Ducey, Curator of Collections at the International Quilt Museum, shows one of the museum’s quilts in storage. See more quilts from the collection in Craft in America: QUILTS.
Photo courtesy of the International Quilt Museum.
Craft in America: QUILTS features quilt collector and documentary filmmaker Ken Burns, historic quilts from the International Quilt Museum, and quilters Judith Content, Michael Cummings, Victoria Findlay Wolfe, and Susan Hudson. Being a part of a PBS documentary is a once in a lifetime opportunity, and several of the people featured told Craft Industry Alliance about their behind the scenes experiences.
Behind the scenes with art quilter Michael Cummings, sewing in his studio during filming.
Sauvion says internal preparation began by “re-visiting the information we had gathered on quilts from previous episodes.” Quilter and quilt scholar Joe Cunningham, who was featured in the previous episode Craft in America: INDUSTRY, helped advise the team about different types of quilts as well as potential quilters who could be included in the episode. From there, Sauvion and her team narrowed their list down to the four quilters included in the episode, and used the International Quilt Museum and Ken Burns as historic resources so that each segment about a contemporary quilter was grounded in the lush history of quilting.
The Craft in America team then reached out to quilters to ask if they’d like to be included in the series. As Cummings explained, when the team first reached out, they were in their initial planning stages and needed to secure funding before they could travel to each quilter. Once funding to film the episode was secure and travel was finalized, Cummings said they were asked to tidy their sewing space. He “had to clean up [to] look like a neat quilter, not a messy quilter,” Cummings said, noting that the task was hard for a quilter like him who uses his floor to design quilts.
Preparation for the episode went both ways, with quilters telling the Craft in America team what they needed to know about their locations in advance. “I did let them know that they would probably be in culture shock,” said Navajo quilter Susan Hudson. To interview Hudson, the film crew traveled to Sheep Springs, New Mexico on the Navajo Reservation where Hudson said there were areas with “no electricity, no running water, an outhouse, and definitely no wifi.” Hudson was impressed with the team’s determination to tell her story while working with constraints they aren’t usually accustomed to.
Once on-location filming started, Michael Cummings was impressed with how nimble and adaptable the 6-person Craft in America team was. “Their questions and concept changed as I talked,” Cummings said, “because I told them that the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture here in Harlem had one of my quilts in their collection.” The team then made an impromptu visit to the Center where they had a tour from a curator and learned about the Center’s importance in Harlem’s Black history. The Craft in America team also took a historic tour of Harlem itself, led by one of Cummings’ friends, to learn not only about his quilting but about the storied neighborhood he calls home. When Cummings viewed the final cut of the documentary early, he was delighted to see that his segment included so much about Harlem’s history.
The crew visited each quilter for two or three days for in-person interviews and came prepared with long lists of questions and quilts they wanted to film and photograph. “This team, they worked as a family, as one unit,” Cummings said. Both Cummings and Hudson said that their lunches each day with the Craft in America team were highlights of the experience.
“By the time we finished, I didn’t want them to go,” said Cummings.
Filming was an emotional experience for Carolyn Ducey, Curator of Collections at the International Quilt Museum. “My mom passed away the week when they were [filming],” Ducey said. “My mom was a maker, she was the reason I got into quilting.” Ducey had to cancel her participation in some parts of the filming, but made sure to be there as often as she could because she had been so excited to showcase the museum she’s worked at for 22 years on such a prestigious stage. “That kind of coverage, that kind of an audience, is something that’s really wonderful for us,” Ducey said of the episode’s focus on the International Quilt Museum.
“My Crazy Dream,” a crazy quilt made between 1877-1912 by Mary M. Hernandred Ricard. One of the many historic quilts from the International Quilt Museum featured in Craft in America: QUILTS.
Participating in the Craft in America episode became even more meaningful for Ducey. “For me, the show takes me back to my mom in some really, really lovely ways. She might not have been a celebrated artist, but she was a great maker and the kind of woman who never sat down without something to do,” said Ducey.
Ducey also appreciated that the entire museum was featured, from volunteers doing sewing demonstrations, to Quilts of Valor volunteers, to multiple staff members. The Craft in America team visited the International Quilt Museum on National Quilting Day in March 2019, a day when the museum is buzzing with quilt energy.
The early reviews of Craft in America: QUILTS have been glowing. “Their production is so beautiful, it’s almost lyrical the way they do their camera shots and the way they show the shots of the artists at work,” said Ducey. “It’s just a top-notch production.”
Michael Cummings loved the documentary, saying, “It’s really engrossing, you want more when it’s over.”
“James Baldwin #3” by Michael Cummings, 2019
Photo courtesy of Michael Cummings.
For Susan Hudson, the exposure her quilts will get from the documentary carries meaning beyond her. “They’re history, they’re storytelling quilts,” Hudson said of her quilts that often speak to the intergenerational trauma faced by Indigenous communities. “But what they really are is the story of my family, of the struggles that my ancestors went through.” Honoring her ancestors is an important part of her work, and it shines through in Craft in America. “The cutest part is when they went to my grandma’s house,” said Hudson of her 90-year-old master weaver grandmother. “I wanted the spotlight on her, not me.”
Above all, Hudson is thankful for being included in the episode, which allows her legacy to last beyond her years. “I want to thank them because I want my descendants to realize a hundred years from now when I’m no longer walking on this earth, that they can see this and know what we’ve gone through so they can be here,” Hudson said.
She hopes that her quilts will inspire people to learn more about issues facing Indigenous peoples today.
“The Great Spirit chose me to do this, and millions of people are going to see my quilts and they’re going to learn something.”
“The Walk of My Ancestors: Coming Home” by Susan Hudson, 2018.
Photo courtesy of Susan Hudson.
Participants in the documentary also hope it sparks creativity and inspires more people to start quilting. The show’s director Carol Sauvion said, “As with other crafts, we hope our viewers will support quilters and perhaps begin to quilt themselves.”
Carolyn Ducey hopes that people will try quilting and not be intimidated by the beautiful quilts highlighted in the episode. “When you meet an artist, you can’t help but be inspired because they are so committed to their artwork. They have a passion that is so important for everybody to find, whatever level you are at,” she said. “It’s the passion and the expression that I think is important for us as human beings.”
Michael Cummings and fellow quilter Victoria Findlay Wolfe have become friends since both were featured in Craft in America’s episode about quilts. Cummings has been sewing using the same machine for 35 years, which he calls his “dance partner, because it knows all my moves.” The machine is featured in the Craft in America episode, but sadly his beloved machine broke down in December and the repair shop wasn’t able to fix it.
Cummings mentioned his broken sewing machine to his new friend, and since Findlay Wolfe also lives in New York City, she loaned him a modern, computerized sewing machine. When Findlay Wolfe showed him how to use the new machine, Cummings said, “I feel like I’ve been working in the dark ages!” These new friends will also both be exhibiting quilts together at the upcoming Quilters Take Manhattan event presented in September, 2020 by the Quilt Alliance.
Viewers in Los Angeles will be able to see quilts by the four artists featured in the episode at the Craft in America Center. Described as a “beyond broadcast element of the Craft in America series,” the exhibit called QUILTS: 4 Directions showcases the work of Content, Cummings, Findlay Wolfe, and Hudson, focusing on what Sauvion describes as their “unique directions” in quilting.
Craft in America: QUILTS premiers on PBS on December 27, 2019. Check your local listings for the airtime in your area. The exhibit QUILTS: 4 Directions will be open at the Craft in America Center in Los Angeles from January 11 – March 7, 2020.
Laura McDowell Hopper
Social Media Manager and Staff Writer
Laura is our Social Media Manager and Staff Writer. Her work has appeared in Quiltfolk, Modern Patchwork, QuiltCon Magazine, and more. She is also an award-winning curator focused on textile preservation, an avid quilter, and a volunteer on nonprofit quilt boards. Laura believes that every crafter has an interesting story to tell, and she is committed to telling those stories elegantly and rigorously. She lives near Chicago, Illinois.
Glenice on December 28, 2019 at 12:52 am
How do I watch this in Australia please?
Thread on January 1, 2020 at 4:14 pm
YouTube has episodes. Search for “Craft in America Quilts”.
Sharon Binter on December 28, 2019 at 10:45 am
Wonderful show! I also loved the behind the scenes look. As a quilter I’d like to thank you for sharing the passions of quilting with the world.
Mari Owenz on December 30, 2019 at 2:21 am
I live near Boise, Idaho. I didn’t see ghe program listrd. Did I miss it? How can I see it? Is there a copy for sale?
auntiegrace on December 31, 2019 at 10:14 pm
This is a phenomenal series. I watched the quilting episode online https://www.pbs.org/video/quilts-episode-yhkwcj/
Julie on January 1, 2020 at 10:19 am
Its a terrific show! I watched in through a PBS app. I know that it is available online through PBS in multiple ways if you missed your local broadcast or you do not live in an area where it will be broadcast.
Debby on January 1, 2020 at 12:45 pm
This was a wonderful show – left me wanting more that this behind the scenes article provides! So happy to hear about the lengths the Craft in America crew goes to when capturing the story as well as their flexibility in letting the story evolve! Even more happy to hear about further collaboration between Cummings and Findlay Wolfe! As ever, the practice of quilting provides us community and stories, comfort and expression simply through the art of cutting fabric and sewing it back together again. Thank you!
Donna J Stalaboin on January 1, 2020 at 7:41 pm
I agree with Debby. This also left me with wanting to see more. I’ll watch it again and again, just like the other episodes in the Craft in America series. Can never go wrong with PBS.
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Vice President Biden Meets with Law Enforcement Officials in Philadelphia
by Tobin Marcus | Feb 11, 2013 | Monitor |
Vice President Joe Biden holds a roundtable with law enforcement officials and members of congress on gun safety, at Girard College in Philadelphia, PA, Feb., 11, 2013.
(Official White House Photo by David Lienemann)
Today, Vice President Biden traveled to Philadelphia to meet with law enforcement officials and hold a roundtable discussion to talk about the Administration’s plan to reduce gun violence.
In addition to Vice President Biden, the roundtable included Philadelphia Mayor Michael Nutter, Philadelphia Police Commissioner Charles Ramsey, Senator Robert Casey, Congressman Robert Brady, Congresswoman Allyson Schwartz, Congressman Chaka Fattah, New York City Police Commissioner Ray Kelly, and police chiefs and prosecutors from other cities and communities.
In the meeting, the participants discussed the challenges for law enforcement as they work to reduce gun crime. The Vice President pledged to continue the Administration’s fight to put 15,000 police officers on the street – and also argued that there is a consensus growing behind sensible gun safety legislation. He called for getting assault weapons and high capacity magazines off the streets, requiring background checks for all gun purchases, and a federal gun trafficking statute, among other proposals.
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Home > Research & Statistics > National Statement on Research Integrity in Social Work
International Degree Review
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National Statement on Research Integrity in Social Work
Background and Acknowledgements
The Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) managed the development of this National Statement and corresponding Action Plan for Research Integrity in Social Work with the crucial assistance of the social work education community. Over 50 social work deans, directors, faculty members, and doctoral students participated in a Symposium on the Responsible Conduct of Social Work Research at the 2006 Annual Program Meeting in Chicago. These participants provided guidance for the initial work for this project by outlining the pressing issues in social work research and the potential scope and purposes for this National Statement. Those convened included representatives from baccalaureate and graduate programs of various sizes and institutional settings from all ten CSWE regions. CSWE heavily relied on their analyses and recommendations for developing the subsequent National Statement and Action Plan. We are grateful for their work and insight.
In June 2006, a work group of social work researchers who participated in the Chicago Symposium collaborated with CSWE to focus on the outcomes from the Symposium and to develop the final National Statement and Action Plan. This work group included Lee Badger (Fordham University), Phyllis Black (Marywood University), Loretta Brewer (Arkansas State University), James Clark (University of Kentucky), Elizabeth Essex (Governors State University), Sheldon R.Gelman (Yeshiva University), Kay Hoffman (University of Kentucky), Dorothy Idleburg (Mississippi Valley State University), Robert Prue (University of Kansas), and Nancy Shore (University of New England).The group’s efforts led to this National Statement on Research Integrity in Social Work and an Action Plan for Promoting Research Integrity in Social Work. CSWE is very appreciative to these ten scholars for their indispensable contributions to this project and for sharing their time and expertise with CSWE.
Most research activity is designed, generated, and managed in college and university settings. As the organization that serves social work educators and students, CSWE recognizes “research” as an integral dimension of its mission. The newly formed CSWE Office of Social Work Education and Research is committed to promoting research integrity in social work and to providing social work programs, deans, directors, faculty, and students with support in their research endeavors. The purpose of this National Statement is to provide broad guidance and education to social work researchers and should not be construed as an outline of rules to be enforced by CSWE.
The Council on Social Work Education is also especially thankful to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office of Research Integrity (ORI) and the American Association of Medical Colleges (AAMC), which provided funding for this project.*†
The Council on Social Work Education presents this National Statement on Research Integrity in Social Work as a way of assisting social workers in identifying the challenges of conducting ethically-responsible research.
Research activities are essential for the continued growth and improvement of the profession. Social work practitioners have a professional duty to provide clients with effective services, while social work researchers have an obligation to assist them in meeting that fiduciary responsibility. Social workers practice with individuals, families, groups, organizations, and communities in a wide range of settings. According to the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics, a “historic and defining feature of social work is the profession’s focus on individual wellbeing in a social context and the well-being of society” (1996, p. 1). Well designed social work research can contribute significantly to the development and refinement of effective practice approaches at all levels and in all settings, as already evidenced by important contributions in the domains of mental health, substance misuse, gerontology, and child welfare.
In this National Statement, research is defined as a systematic process of investigation and analysis that develops and promulgates generalizable knowledge to inform professional practice and social policy. Throughout the research process—which typically includes the conceptualization of a research idea, development of a viable design, purposeful selection and recruitment of study participants, implementation of the study in the field, data entry, analysis, and interpretation, and, finally, dissemination of research findings—there are numerous ethical considerations to be addressed and decisions to be made. Along with the ethical tensions inherent in the research process itself, researchers face a growing and complex set of laws and ethical regulations that they need to understand and follow.
Responsible Conduct of Research
The many domains of inquiry and the diverse settings that concern social work researchers require pluralistic strategies. Social work scholarship requires multidisciplinary approaches that span conceptual and methodological domains of great breadth. For example, the study of substance misuse in a community might require the researcher to have expertise in qualitative and quantitative methods, as well as to demonstrate proficiency in engaging community leaders and research participants. Other social work researchers engage in program evaluations, single-subject design, participatory action research, and secondary data analysis. Such research protocols make complex and varied ethical demands on the researchers.
Research should be conducted in accordance with the principles articulated in the Belmont Report (National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research,1979), NASW Code of Ethics (1996), the CSWE Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards (2001), and the other applicable organizational and governmental rules and regulations. Ethical research must account not only for design considerations, but also for process (e.g., gathering data, recruitment, informed consent, etc.) and outcome/impact of the research project (e.g., dissemination—including authorship, impact on best practices, impact on community, individual well-being, etc.).
To ensure the responsible conduct of research, social work researchers need to: (1) work to protect the people and communities whom they study; (2) ethically and effectively participate in mentoring relationships that are crucial to scientific activity; (3) manage apparent and implicit conflicts of interest and commitment; (4) collaborate ethically with researchers from other professions and disciplines; (5) ensure that research data issues are managed properly; (6) employ responsible publication and authorship practices; (7) responsibly conduct and contribute to the peer-review process; and (8) understand and prevent research misconduct (ORI, 2006). In the sections below we discuss each of these areas of concern and briefly discuss particular issues facing social work researchers.
1. Human Subjects and Communities
Social work researchers must strive not to harm the people or communities that they are studying. Research protocols should first ensure the protection of study participants, including consideration for the Basic Ethical Principles described in the Belmont Report. Respect for persons “incorporates at least two ethical convictions: first, that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and second, that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection” (p. 4). Beneficence assures that persons are “treated in an ethical manner not only by respecting their decisions and protecting them from harm, but also by making efforts to secure their well-being” (pp. 4–5). Justice requires that the “selection of research subjects needs to be scrutinized in order to determine whether some classes (e.g., patients receiving government assistance, vulnerable racial and ethnic minorities, and institutionalized persons) are being systematically selected simply because of their easy availability, their compromised position, or their manipulability, rather than for reasons directly related to the problem being studied” (p. 6) (National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 1979).
Research involving vulnerable populations needs to assure that risk of harm is minimized and benefits from the research are equitably distributed. While designing protocols to protect vulnerable people and communities can be extremely challenging, total or arbitrary exclusion of vulnerable populations from research is detrimental to the people the profession serves and can sometimes constitute research misconduct. Social work research in developing countries poses additional and specialized ethical problems in human protection that deserve special consideration. Rather than avoiding these difficulties, researchers should work with their colleagues and the appropriate Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) to develop ways to ethically include vulnerable populations in research. Participation in research should be predicated on the potential participant's understanding of the project, including obtaining informed consent. Finally, social work researchers should keep in mind that students involved as research participants are to be afforded the same protections as any other population.
Before beginning any research investigation, researchers should receive all necessary approval from the organizational regulatory bodies. The organizational regulatory bodies, such as the researcher’s Institutional Review Board, will provide another layer of protection for the participants and communities in research, by ensuring that pertinent laws and guidelines have been met by the protocol and that the research is ethical. Researchers should consult with colleagues and the Office of Research Integrity/IRB staffs in their institutions and universities if they have questions regarding regulatory bodies.
2. Mentor/Trainee Responsibility
Social work researchers have a responsibility to mentor trainees in a manner that enhances the professional development of the latter and advances the general progress of the profession. Mentoring junior researchers and trainees in social work research serves to instill the mentee with the ethics, techniques, and community of the profession (Vasgird & Hyman-Browne, n.d.). Social work’s commitment to advancing the careers of traditionally underrepresented and marginalized groups indicates a special commitment to mentoring trainees who often experience isolation and exaggerated expectations in academic and research settings. Senior researchers and mentors have a special responsibility to act ethically toward junior researchers and trainees by avoiding implicit and explicit exploitation. Mentoring relationships are complex; collaborative agreements that are developed early in the working relationship and that clearly delineate the rights and responsibilities of all parties can be very helpful in ensuring fair and just outcomes.
3. Conflicts of Interest and Commitment
Social work researchers are encouraged to develop relationships with public and private institutions. However, social work researchers should scrutinize their research endeavors and seek to avoid and eliminate any improper conflicts of interest that might result from their activities. These can involve tangible conflicts, such as untoward financial gain, but may also involve other and intangible forms of improper personal enhancement or advancement. Despite institutional pressures to attract high levels of external funding and to lead multiple projects, social work researchers should judiciously commit only to those projects and positions which they can reasonably undertake. The number and complexity of contemporary researchers’ roles make this a challenging domain of responsible conduct.
4. Collaborative Science
Contemporary social work research is rarely an individual enterprise. Multidisciplinary and community-based research are often required, especially for significant research investigations. Social work researchers should engage in collaborative enterprises with other professions and disciplines to advance scientific knowledge. These efforts will require special attention and sensitivity to the ethos and cultures of those research partners. Social work researchers also should seek to clarify, and in many cases commit to a written agreement, issues pertaining to data ownership, authorship, project roles, and financial management.
As the growth of translational science continues, social work researchers will increasingly collaborate with communities. It is important that researchers work hard to understand and reasonably respond to local needs and expectations as research projects are designed, implemented, and published. This is especially challenging as social work researchers often collaborate with community members who come from very different backgrounds and have goals that are divergent from the researchers.
5. Data Acquisition, Management, Sharing, and Ownership
The rapid development of exciting technologies for data acquisition, analysis, and sharing create complex ethical challenges for social work researchers. Researchers need to consult and understand the regulations and obligations involved as they conduct research. The federal government and most other sponsors stipulate what these obligations shall be when a researcher is awarded a grant or contract. Universities also have policies and regulations in this domain which create obligations for researchers who are, in effect, agents of these academic institutions. The best strategy is to discuss the particular approaches the researcher will take with sponsors and their academic colleagues early in the life of the research project. It is important that the entire research team understands these issues as well, as they often intersect with more mundane personnel issues, for example, changing jobs or moving to a new institution.
6. Publication Practices and Responsible Authorship
An important part of social work research is the reporting of study results. Publication of research findings should include appropriate attribution of authorship. Authors and co-authors should be determined on the basis of the type and amount of work completed.There can be controversy over who should be included as an author, especially since being identified as an author or first author on a publication can have implications for tenure, funding, and other professional opportunities; beginning discussions of authorship earlier in the research process can reduce confusion. Many universities, departments, peer-reviewed journals, and professional organizations have specific policies outlining the criteria for who qualifies as an “author” for a publication (Eisner, Vasgird, & Hyman-Browne, n.d.).
Social work researchers must never fabricate data or publish data that are known to be fabricated or otherwise compromised in nature or engage in plagiarism. All ideas and phrasing not originating with the author or co-author should be appropriately acknowledged in publication of results. Researchers should respect ethical obligations, regulations, and laws pertaining to intellectual property, copyright, and patents. Complex developments in technologies and regulations regarding data acquisition, management, sharing, and ownership demand special consideration. The emergent quality of these areas requires social work researchers to regularly study pertinent issues, problems, and solutions as they develop.
7. Peer Review
Peer review is critical for the advancement of science. Journals and federal- and private-granting organizations are reliant upon reviewers to ensure the quality of their publications and awards. Social work researchers should participate in the peer-review process in a fair, constructive, and rigorous manner. Additionally, peer review processes should be timely and protect the confidentiality of all participants. Social work researchers should identify all potential conflicts of interest and also strive to subordinate their personal preferences and biases to the higher purposes of advancing the profession, scientific activity, and the public welfare.
8. Research Misconduct
Consequences for engaging in research misconduct are varied but may include ineligibility for future grants, termination of positions, monetary penalties, or other penalties. Findings of research misconduct result in negative publicity for the researcher/research team and for the university. If the university is also implicated in misconduct (e.g., chronic nonresponsiveness of the IRB) sanctions may include the withdrawal of federal authorizations and funding for selected or for all federally-sponsored research. It is also important to note that local or state jurisdictions might impose criminal or civil penalties if such investigations reveal criminal misconduct or tortious behavior. Loss of personal integrity, moral authority, and community trust transcend the particular events associated with misconduct cases by destroying the relationships enjoyed by researchers and the wider community for years. In sum, research misconduct can be extraordinarily costly to all persons and organizations concerned. Consequences extend beyond issues of liability and damage to reputation, to include damage to: (1) relationships with the participating communities; (2) individuals involved in the work; and (3) professional integrity.
Undetected research misconduct can have even graver consequences, including the dissemination of practice technologies, programs, and social policies that have relied on unfounded or distorted scientific work. The result might be the waste of limited social resources, loss of life, or reduced personal well-being for clients and significant harm to the public welfare. Therefore, social work researchers have an obligation to work hard to prevent research misconduct, to report such misconduct when it occurs, and to support colleagues who attempt to do both despite the personal and professional risks involved.
A Call to the Profession for Greater Involvement in the Responsible Conduct of Research
In closing, we urge social work researchers to act with integrity not only to avoid trouble, but to do so in order to enhance the conduct of research. Social workers should join the work of the federal government and universities as the Office of Research Integrity and other bodies deliberate, design, and disseminate research regulations and policies. It is especially important to add the pragmatic voices of social work researchers who typically work outside of the traditional biomedical and laboratory sites that all too often are the contexts envisioned by such policy makers. Regulations should enhance the responsible conduct of research and should not make scientific work impossible. Social work researchers can provide crucial insights to such deliberations and should do so whenever possible in order to protect the interests of the profession, our clients, and the public.
Social work professors should join their local IRBs as full members and participate in the important work of protecting human subjects.Social work practitioners can also join IRBs as community volunteers and representatives—important positions that IRBs are required to fill on each committee. We also call on social work ethicists and researchers to advance the conceptual and empirical scholarship that can enrich the overall knowledge base important to the conduct of responsible research.
Council on Social Work Education. (2001). Educational policy and accreditation standards. Alexandria, VA: Author.
Eisner, R., Vasgird, D., & Hyman-Browne, E. (n.d.). RCR responsible authorship and peer review. Retrieved January 15, 2007, from http://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/rcr/rcr_authorship/
National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report. Retrieved October 12, 2006, from http://ohsr.od.nih.gov/guidelines/belmont.html
National Association of Social Workers. (1996). Code of ethics in social work. Washington, DC: Author.
Office of Research Integrity, Department of Health and Human Services. (2006). Responsible conduct of research. Retrieved December 8, 2006, from http://ori.dhhs.gov/education/
Vasgird, D., & Hyman-Browne, E. (n.d.). RCR mentoring. Retrieved January 15, 2007, from http://ori.dhhs.gov/education/products/columbia_wbt/rcr_mentoring/
CSWE is grateful to all the people who were involved in the National Statement development process; the statement was developed with collaboration from the following individuals.
National Statement Development Team
Lee Badger - Fordham University
Phyllis Black - Marywood University
Loretta Brewer - Arkansas State University
James Clark - University of Kentucky
Elizabeth Essex - Governors State University
Sheldon R. Gelman - Yeshiva University
Kay Hoffman - University of Kentucky and President of CSWE
Dorothy Idleburg - Mississippi Valley State University
Robert Prue - University of Kansas
Nancy Shore - University of New England
CSWE Staff
Julia M. Watkins, Executive Director
E. Aracelis Francis, Director, Office of Social Work Education and Research
Dean Pierce, Director, Office of Social Work Accreditation and Educational Excellence
Jessica Holmes, Research Associate
* This project was supported under a cooperative agreement from the Office of Research Integrity (ORI) through the American Association of Medical Colleges (Grant number US2MPORI01).
† Publication and report contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of the AAMC or the ORI.
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Legislature approves loans for unpaid federal workers
ctmirror.org
Gov. Ned Lamont signs his first bill, a bipartisan measure.
The General Assembly overwhelmingly adopted a measure Tuesday creating an emergency, interest-free loan program for an estimated 1,500 federal employees in Connecticut affected by the U.S. government shutdown.
The measure, which passed 127-15 in the House and 32-1 in the Senate, was signed by Gov. Ned Lamont a few minutes afterward.
“We did a really good thing today,” Lamont said during a press conference with legislative leaders in his Capitol office, calling it “a bipartisan victory. It helps out a lot of our federal employees here in the state who’ve been working their heart out … and not getting paid for the work they’re doing — and are really in a pinch.”
“This is why we’re not in Washington,” House Majority Leader Matt Ritter, D-Hartford, said during the House debate, “because we don’t turn a blind eye to the struggles of people.”
“I’m proud that this legislature stood up and said we need to govern, collectively,” said Senate Minority Leader Len Fasano, R-North Haven, said on the Senate floor.
Sen. Alex Bergstein, D-Greenwich
“Connecticut has taken the lead on a national issue and is showing the country that we can work together,” said Sen. Alex Berstein, D-Greenwich, co-chairwoman of the Banking Committee, who called it an excellent example of a public-private partnership.
Majority Democrats backed the measure unanimously in both chambers. In the House 44 out of 59 Republicans voted in favor while Sen. Rob Sampson of Wolcott, one of 13 GOP senators, cast the lone dissenting vote in that chamber.
The loan program relies on a partnership between the state and any banks and credit unions that choose to participate in the program. Lamont and Webster Bank CEO John R. Ciulla unveiled an outline of the program last week and said they expect more institutions to become involved.
“This is strictly voluntary for the banks and credit unions that want to participate,” said Rep. Ezequiel Santiago, D-Bridgeport, the other co-chairman of the Banking Committee.
Participating financial institutions would make affected employees eligible for as many as three loans. Each would be equal to the worker’s monthly, after-tax pay, not to exceed $5,000 — minus any unemployment compensation.
House Majority Leader Matt Ritter, D-Hartford
Normally, these workers would be unable to receive state unemployment compensation because, technically, they remain employed. But this measure allows federal workers without pay to collect unemployment benefits.
The state would guarantee up to 10 percent of the loans, which must be interest-free for at least 270 days after the shutdown ends.
An estimated 400,000 federal workers nationally have been asked to remain on the job without pay, with the promise that retroactive compensation will be provided once the shutdown — which dates back to Dec. 22 — has been resolved.
The Lamont administration estimates 1,500 federal workers in Connecticut remain on the job without a paycheck. Among the major job categories affected by the shutdown are air traffic controllers and certain Environmental Protection Agency staff.
According to the legislature’s nonpartisan Office of Fiscal Analysis, banks and credit unions likely would issue $21.1 million in loan. Given the state’s guarantee of 10 percent, its maximum exposure through this program would be $2.1 million.
Analysts added that given the national loan delinquency rate of 2.28 percent, the state’s likely cost due to loan repayment defaults would be less than $500,000.
The state’s legislation mirrors similar efforts being made in Washington. A bill introduced last week by a group of 70 House Democrats would provide loans up to $6,000 per employee, at zero percent interest, to federal employees impacted by the shutdown. The loans would be issued by the treasury department.
The bill adopted Tuesday in Connecticut also authorizes municipalities to establish a tax-deferment program for affected federal employees, an opportunity that the West Hartford Town Council embraced hours later. This could involve property taxes due on land, buildings, and motor vehicles as well as water and sewage treatment service assessments. Otherwise municipalities would be forced to impose the 18 percent penalty rate on overdue property taxes that is mandated by state law.
West Hartford Mayor Shari Cantor said the council suspended its rules to immediately act on the tax deferral plan.
Rep. Tim Ackert, R-Coventry
Sen. Cathy Osten, D-Sprague, whose district includes hundreds of U.S. Coast Guard employees, said for many of the families struggling without a paycheck, the problems are more pressing than mortgage or rent payments.
“It is much more basic than that,” Osten said, adding that many of her constituents need the help simply to buy groceries or winter heating oil.
But some questioned whether Connecticut was overstepping its bounds, or rushing to assist federal employees when there are many others with equally pressing problems in the state.
Rep. Tim Ackert, R-Coventry, who opposed the bill, nonetheless scolded the legislature for thinking small. While state officials responded quickly to assist a struggling class of federal employees, the ranks of those who need help are much larger.
“Why is this so narrow-minded?” Ackert said of the bill. “There are so many people out there hurting in the state.”
Some legislators argued state government should not intervene in a federal budget crisis, or get involved in loans for a select group of employees in need.
Sen. Rob Sampson, R-Wolcott, during Tuesday’s debate
“This is a federal issue,” said Rep. Doug Dubitsky, R-Chaplin.
“Where does this stop?” asked Rep. Michael France, R-Ledyard. “This is picking a particular group of employees and setting them apart. … This is, on its face, unfair.”
Sampson said he is “extra sympathetic” to those working without pay, but “there are many emergencies going on” among Connecticut households.
House Minority Leader Themis Klarides, R-Derby, said that while there are concerns state government is entering an arena it should not, it will help families pay their bills and “put food on their table,” she said. “We’re doing something to help our citizens in Connecticut … who are victims of the dysfunction in Washington.”
“We have plenty of time to fight, plenty of time to disagree,” Klarides added. “This is not a time to do that.”
Keith M. Phaneuf A winner of numerous journalism awards, Keith Phaneuf has been CT Mirror’s state finances reporter since it launched in 2010. The former State Capitol bureau chief for The Journal Inquirer of Manchester, Keith has spent most of 31 years as a reporter specializing in state government finances, analyzing such topics as income tax equity, waste in government and the complex funding systems behind Connecticut’s transportation and social services networks. A former contributing writer to The New York Times, Keith is a graduate of and a former journalism instructor at the University of Connecticut.
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About Cultivate
One: Feminist Protests
Two: Bodies
Call for Submissions- Bodies
Call for Submissions – Feminist Protests
The Feminist Journal of the Centre for Women's Studies
‘Feminism was never meant to be a dictatorship’
‘Feminism was never meant to be a dictatorship’: A discussion of intersectionality as an ethical orientation amongst feminist activists in London
Elspeth Wilson
This article contributes to the emerging understanding of how intersectionality operates as an ethic and ideal amongst feminist activists. Intersectionality as a theory dates back to the 1980s, and I explore how it informs the praxis of activists in 21st century UK, mainly London. It emerges as a source of conflict and ideological cleavage between younger and older feminists; a difference that can be situated in the historical exclusion of women of colour and queer women. Ultimately, the most notable finding is the unusual pedagogy of intersectionality and the lack of pedagogical tools for those wishing to learn more about it. This article suggests that intersectionality has some elitist aspects, and questions how it will expand as an ethic when there is no teaching relationship.
‘Like the Puritanism once familiar in New England, intersectionality controls language and the very terms of discourse’ (Sullivan, 2017). One could be forgiven for thinking that this author is describing a kind of mind-controlling cult, rather than a feminist theory formulated to provide insight into the mutually constituted oppressions faced by black women, and many others. However, this was not the first time – nor I imagine will it be the last – that I have heard intersectionality described in such terms. While attending a political discussion group a few months earlier, I heard intersectionality described as being ‘like a religion’ by a speaker debating the motion: ‘This house has lost faith in generation snowflake.’ There was a genuine fear that the ‘minority who shout the loudest’ could threaten freedom of speech with their championing of ‘safe spaces’ (online or physical spaces that are open only to a certain group of people based on identity and/or viewpoint) and ‘trigger/content warnings’ (notations on online posts indicating content that could potentially be distressing or ‘triggering’).
Yet, intersectionality is not only a point of contention between the left and the right, but also within the feminist movement itself. Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, the celebrated author and feminist, was recently criticised for making comments about trans women that were perceived by intersectional feminists as questioning trans experiences of womanhood (O’Hagan, 2017). Her suggestion that trans womanhood and cisgender womanhood are different lived experiences was seen as a failure of intersectionality, although she clarified that she ‘of course’ sees trans women as real women (Smith, 2017). Adichie responded by criticising the ‘language orthodoxy’ of the left, describing intersectionality as an academic term that it is hard to engage with (O’Hagan, 2017). This incident, involving a black woman who practises intersectional feminism in many other ways, exposed the fault-lines within feminism to a much wider audience than usual and illustrated antagonisms within the movement. As will be discussed, intersectional feminism is a movement that remains niche and somewhat inaccessible; therefore, the coverage this incident garnered is an interesting example of mass exposure.
The term intersectionality was coined by legal scholar Kimberlé Crenshaw (1989, p. 139) to counter the ‘tendency to treat race and gender as mutually exclusive categories of experience and analysis’. Crenshaw et al. (2013, p. 307) note that ‘prototypical subjects of antidiscrimination protection were Black men (with respect to racism) and White women (with respect to sexism)’. Intersectionality posits that individuals do not experience oppressions as discrete but rather as constructed together: black women, for instance, experience racialised sexism and sexualised racism, sometimes termed ‘misogynoir’ (Bailey, 2010).
Crenshaw lent theoretical weight to a sentiment that had been voiced for some time by many women of colour. The Combahee River Collective Statement (1977), written by a Bostonian group of queer black women, outlined the multiple oppressions black women face: ‘We struggle together with Black men against racism, while we also struggle with Black men about sexism’. The issue of exclusive, classist ‘white feminism’ was simultaneously felt in Britain as Green’s (1997) discussion of lesbian feminists in London during the 1980s indicates. Anthropology was not immune to problematically viewing aspects of identity like race, class and gender as distinct, with Moore (1988, p. 190) arguing:
… gender as difference is privileged over all other forms of difference. Other forms of difference, such as race, may be acknowledged, but if they are they tend to be treated as additive, as variations on a basic theme. To be black and be a woman becomes to be a woman and to be black. Black feminists make the point that the issue of race is not additive, that the experience of race transforms the experience of gender, and that it brings into question any feminist approach which suggests that women should be treated as women first, and only after that as women differentiated by race, culture, history and so on.
The need for intersectionality arose partly from problems with what has been termed ‘white feminism’, which at best focused solely on gender and ignored other oppressions and at worst was explicitly racist. The Combahee River Collective (1977) lamented: ‘As Black feminists we are made constantly and painfully aware of how little effort white women have made to understand and combat their racism’. The theory has had a significant impact in academic disciplines and in the language and practice of feminist activists internationally, including in London, where my fieldwork mainly took place. My interlocutors who advocated intersectionality repeatedly criticised ‘white feminism’ – a problem that they saw as very much alive and well – as well as feminists whom they saw as failing at intersectionality. This raised the question of how feminist activists in London operate with large ideological cleavages within the movement and the differing value systems that inform different strands of feminism.
My research took place in 2016 with both feminists who described themselves as striving for intersectionality and those who did not – indeed, many criticised certain aspects of intersectionality, particularly its inclusive stance towards sex work and trans women. I conducted participant observation with a feminist group for older women, a ‘fourth-wave’ feminist group and a solidarity group campaigning for abortion rights in Ireland. I also visited the Feminist Library. I interviewed numerous activists whom I met through events, and others to whom I was introduced by my contacts. Most of the activists with whom I spent time were London-based, although I conducted three in-depth interviews in Scotland as, until recently, I was involved in the feminist community in Edinburgh. Having some geographical breadth revealed the broader networks within which London-based activists are embedded as I discovered similar hopes and concerns amongst their Scottish counterparts.
This article considers the nature of intersectionality as an ethical project. I take positionality as an ethnographic concern on the part of my interlocutors as well as a methodological one on my own part. I later consider positionality analytically, problematising both it and the contrasting ethic of detachment. Considering a kind of feminism based on a difference of identity but not opinion links to an exploration of the ways in which intersectionality is an ethical orientation – albeit a pedagogically unusual one. I argue that, ethically speaking, intersectionality is uncommon in that there is a distinct lack of pedagogical tools for the uninitiated, thus complicating the view that it is ‘like a religion’ because, unlike more traditional ethical stances, it can often be structurally inaccessible to the uninitiated (Sullivan, 2017).
Discussions of positionality in anthropology centre around the anthropologist’s place in the field and beyond and what effects this has on how they describe their ethnographic material (Watson, 1999). As Watson (1999, p. 4) notes, ‘we use ourselves and our own personal experience as primary research tools’. This recognition has recently produced much self-reflection, leading to accusations of self-indulgence and opaqueness (Lindholm, 1997). However, discussions of positionality are an unavoidable ethnographic aspect of my area of study. Positionality relates to intersectionality and to feminist activism more generally because of the debates that have arisen out of the shift away from an emphasis on the sameness of women towards a focus on their differences. Intersectional activists foreground the position of the subject through ideas of privilege and oppression, believing that the world is experienced differently depending on one’s identity. Ideological cleavages are accentuated, particularly regarding sex work and the inclusion of trans women, often playing out between generations. Highlighting the differences between women has heightened a situation in which activists make demands on themselves and others about what kind of feminist they are, meaning that positionality became at once an ethnographic and an analytical concern in my fieldwork.
On a sunny July afternoon, I attended the monthly meeting of Sage[1], an activist group for self-described ‘older feminists’, where the topic of discussion was pornography. As this was one of the first events I attended, I was (naïvely) keen to try and remain as ‘neutral’ as possible and to perform my role as an ethnographer ‘properly’ – a concern that became a key focus in my research. I had been in touch to gain permission to attend as a younger woman and to let them know about my intended research topic, yet it was clear as soon as I arrived that any attempt to remain a ‘step back’ would present challenges.
Having arrived early, I sat on a bench in the outside area and was accosted immediately by a confident woman who introduced herself as Maria, a ‘Marxist from Islington’ and was keen to know ‘what kind of feminist’ I was. She questioned me about my views, particularly on transgender women – although she used the word ‘transsexuals’ – and wanted to know more about my research, astutely identifying herself, rather than just feminism as a concept, as the object of study.[2] Upon hearing that I was interested in solidarity and conflict, she asked if I had interviewed ‘Germaine’, referring to Germaine Greer, the famous ‘second-wave’ feminist who has angered many other feminists by refusing to accept trans women as women. Greer had been at the centre of a ‘no-platforming’ controversy at the Cambridge Union, where the university’s Women’s and LGBT+ Campaigns wanted her invitation revoked because of her contentious views, and she represented a symbolic touchstone in the ideological cleavages I wanted to explore (Morgan, 2015). For some, she was a heroine who had devoted her life to helping ‘biological’ women whilst to many others she represented all the negative aspects and closed-mindedness of 20th century feminism. Maria informed me that her daughter was involved in activism too, with a spiritual, feminist organisation named ‘Scarlet Tide’, which she implied also did not see trans women as women – a claim I found interesting, given that most of the younger women I encountered welcome women to the movement regardless of the gender assigned to them at birth.
When more women had arrived – about twelve in total, ranging from their 50s to 94 – we moved inside to a slightly stuffy room with chairs in a circle. Like everyone else, I paid £5 to contribute to the venue, inducting me into the group as a contributing participant. The meeting lasted all day, with an ‘outside’ speaker, Clara, occupying the morning by giving a talk on internet pornography and its harmful effects. During her talk, the revulsion at the topic became palpable, with several attendees threatening to leave if Clara continued to read graphic extracts from Gail Dines’ (2010) controversial book Pornland. As online pornography is a relatively recent phenomenon, the women were keen to hear a younger person’s point of view – how had porn affected my life, were the statistics true, did prepubescent children really get exposed to hard-core sex scenes? Melted into the background I had not and it became clear to me that my ethnography of activism would see activists demand that I situate myself within the ethnography. Earlier notions of ‘neutrality’ suddenly seemed problematic – although, upon reflection, they would point me towards a deeper consideration of why positionality and detachment were of such central concern to my interlocutors.
Positionality was also foregrounded by those who proudly professed their commitment to intersectionality as I found out from my fieldwork that occurred after this initial visit to Sage. This was unsurprising given that at the heart of intersectionality is the idea of reflecting on one’s privilege; it is a rejection of the idea and ideal of detachment.
Having been involved in feminist activism in Cambridge and Edinburgh, I had built up a circle of contacts before I embarked upon my research. I was invited to a workshop on ‘blackness’ at a feminist political conference by Honor, an acquaintance who had recently undertaken a short-term contract conducting research for a political organisation working towards ‘gender equality’. She was very open about her frustration with the ‘white feminism’ on display and felt that within the organisation the term ‘woman’ was homogenised and race ignored, as were the needs of men of colour, particularly black boys. Whilst she clearly wanted me ‘on side’ as an ally against the members and colleagues who had been a sorry disappointment, her negative experience and the damage caused by ‘white feminists’ also made me consider my place as a white woman writing about a black feminist theory.
As Moore (1994, p. 116) notes, focusing extensively on the ethnographer’s place in the discourse risks navel-gazing and poses a ‘danger of hearing about the anthropologist at the expense of hearing about others’. Yet, when informants not only wanted me to align myself with their views but also saw any attempt to remain above the fray as impossible, failing to reflect on my place as an ethnographer would mean failing to properly engage with an ethnographic discussion around intersectionality that I wanted to explore. In the current feminist activist climate, a failure to consider my position, especially given recent criticism of ‘white feminism’, would be to miss an opportunity to engage with how my informants saw the world. To them, I could never be merely an observer because there was no such thing. Intersectionality as a theory posits that everyone exists in a web of cross-cutting lines of privilege and oppression; there is no way of existing outside the web.
Green (1997, p. 4) argues that representing events ‘exactly’ as they happened is:
impossible to achieve perfectly, as I will have always seen things and heard people with my eyes and ears, which are inevitably attuned to paying more attention to some factors than others in my efforts to untangle the complexity of things going on around me. This kind of limitation, however, should not stop one trying.
Although my indebtedness to black feminism in being able to write about intersectionality at all must be acknowledged, striving for an ethic of detachment is still methodologically important and is of ethnographic interest because my interlocutors repeatedly brought up their belief in its impossibility.
I am definitely included in the Combahee River Collective’s statement, as are all feminists (and indeed all people) who are white, regardless of whether they or others would identify (them) as ‘white’ feminists. Inescapably, there are knotty issues when writing an article as a white woman that is only possible because of the intellectual labour of black women. This adds an extra layer to any discussion of positionality, although I hope I am pointing out problems with engagement with intersectionality rather than the important, and indeed, crucial critique of the feminist movement’s historical and continued exclusivity and racism.
As will be discussed, many feminist activists strive for an ethic of intersectionality that is fundamentally at odds with the idea of detachment. In engaging in a discussion about positionality and ethics, I hope not to be too navel-gazing but tentatively aspire to what Watson (1999, p. 14) suggests is the most important aspect of reflecting on one’s position in the field: ‘the information it contains about the changing circumstantial context in which the discipline continues to operate which in turn affects the nature of the discipline itself’. My attempts at detachment revealed insights into intersectionality as an ethical orientation that would not have arisen had I not also deeply considered my position in the ethnography. It was ultimately through the contrast between detachment and positionality that I came to see the structural differences between an attempt to remain ‘neutral’ and an attempt to constantly situate oneself.
Intersectionality and its ethical orientation
The majority of the younger activists I spoke to regarded intersectionality as something for which one is constantly striving but which can never be fully achieved. I noticed repeatedly how closely activists’ rhetoric fitted with the theoretical discourse surrounding intersectionality. Crenshaw et al. (2013, p. 304) explain, ‘Put another way, there is potentially always another set of concerns to which the theory can be directed, other places to examine which the theory might be moved, and other structures of power it can be deployed to examine’. Jasmina was a well-known young activist who had been frustrated by the ‘white feminism’ displayed in high-profile campaigns. They described intersectionality as a gradient where the end goal could never be reached – or perhaps more accurately one which lacked an achievable end goal as lines of oppression are always shifting and thus so is activists’ intersectional praxis. Their thoughts mirrored those of the academic literature, using similar language to describe a work in constant progress. Partly this was because of practical concerns – it was a continual struggle for activist groups to find accessible, affordable venues – but it was also an ideological viewpoint because, for Jasmina, no-one could ever ‘truly understand’ intersectionality. Because no-one’s lived experience can include all possible axes of oppression, there is an ever-present learning curve. Yet, just because one can never properly understand this does not mean that there is no onus on the individual to try. Indeed, the further away they are on the gradient in terms of privilege and lack of understanding the more they should strive to correct this – in so far as this is possible.
For the activists I met, intersectionality was an ethical orientation; something that there was a moral imperative to work towards and a value that was dearly held. Green (1997, p. 144) discusses how, amongst lesbian feminists, failing to have the ‘correct’ discourse could lead to social sanctions, with one informant remarking ‘there was a strong tendency that if you put one foot wrong, you were damned for the rest of your life. And of course, that’s very frightening’. Similarly, my interlocutors felt a fear of ‘getting it wrong’, suggesting that there was a social and moral duty to try to be as intersectional as possible. People’s fear of sanctions was not always viewed positively by activists (although this worry was largely expressed privately). Nadia, an author and expert on violence against women, voiced discontent about what she saw as a form of demonisation within the feminist movement, and described her preference for ‘calling in’ rather than ‘calling out’. By this she meant attempting to educate someone if they made an error in their language or expressed an idea that was ‘problematic’, rather than just ‘calling them out’ on their mistake – in other words, pointing out the issue without offering help to improve.
Roshini, who continued to work on the anti-street-harassment campaign that Nadia had once been involved in, and worked for a male-dominated technology start-up as her day job, expressed similar sentiments. She described how the campaign was experiencing a lull in terms of numbers on the committee, but that a new young woman was enthusiastic. Roshini noted that she often did not use the ‘right’ language, particularly on trans issues, but was eager to be educated and thus the more experienced activists were willing to help without reacting too harshly. Whilst many activists expressed concern or embarrassment about making mistakes, there was a certain level of willingness to forgive as long as the person in question was committed to self-transformation and fashioning along intersectional lines. Whether it was displayed more or less severely, there was a motivation amongst activists to get others to think about intersectionality and to shape their discourse, their thinking and ultimately themselves in ways that were more acceptable. Yet, as will be discussed below, the unusual nature of intersectional pedagogy meant that often the directionality of this change had to come from individuals rather than being taught or explained. This was largely because activists did not want to expend energy educating those who were already seen as privileged when they felt that they had the tools to educate themselves; activists made demands of others that were rooted in their own need for ‘self-care’.
Like all ethical orientations, intersectionality is not something that one acquires overnight; it requires much work and effort. McDonald (2014) discusses how medical students acquire an ethic of ‘objectivity’ when dissecting human bodies. They learn to ‘distance’ themselves and see the bodies as cadavers in the classroom, an ethic that teachers – and other students – foster, telling anyone who is not detached enough to ‘get a grip’. Similarly, Candea (2010) describes how behavioural biologists at the Kalahari Meerkat Project cultivated an embodied detachment in an attempt to influence the animals’ behaviour as little as possible with human engagement.
Clearly, detachment is something that is taught and learnt. In the same way, activists devote time and energy to learning how to make their activism as intersectional as possible. Yet here, the pedagogical focus is on the self working on itself to achieve ethical transformation, rather than interacting with other people or institutions. Laidlaw (2014, p. 11) remarks that anthropology has highlighted ‘the ways in which ethics as the making and remaking of the self are interactive social processes, and therefore equally and at the same time the making and remaking of others’. However, many of the intersectional activists I spoke to had become ‘socially aware’ – or, as they often put it using African-American vernacular English, ‘woke’ – through digesting information on intersectionality from the internet.
Samira’s experience of learning from a high-profile Twitter argument illustrates that social media is often not that ‘social’ when used for educational purposes. She had been involved in feminist activism at her university and was now involved with working-class feminist groups in London, and saw the incident as a ‘critical juncture’ in her feminism which caused much internal reflection. The disagreement involved feminist author Caitlin Moran, who had interviewed Lena Dunham, creator and star of Girls. When asked if she had queried Dunham about the lack of racial diversity in the programme, Moran replied: ‘Nope. I literally couldn’t give a shit about it.’ This incident remains well-known in what my informants described as ‘social justice circles’ (those with an interest in liberation politics) and gathered some media coverage at the time, bringing the concept of ‘white feminism’ into the mainstream – at least for a moment (Adewunmi, 2012). Whilst there was engagement with other media, both social and otherwise, the focus was on an individual acting by themselves, on themselves. Indeed, there was often an explicit emphasis on the importance of not expecting an interactive educational experience because this was thought to place unreasonable demands on others’ time and energy.
This type of self-education is different from what occurs in other activist circles. Howe (2013) describes the discussion groups run by lesbian activists in Nicaragua in the hope of helping other lesbian and bisexual women to become bien educada on topics including gender, sexuality and rights. Not all the debate Howe witnessed was at a particularly high academic level, but lesbian activists genuinely wished to impart knowledge to others, even – or especially – those with less educational privilege. For the Nicaraguan activists, this commitment of time and energy was viewed positively, whereas for intersectional activists this expenditure of personal resources is the very reason why many do not want to educate others. Although sometimes feminist activists interested in learning about intersectionality had sympathetic and patient mentors such as Roshini, often people were left largely independent until they had acquired the knowledge to, as one activist put it, ‘get in the room’ without being ‘problematic’. The same activist, Tilly, suggested that the pedagogical tools of intersectionality contribute to a kind of educational elitism, because, to be able to engage in self-education, a certain level of pre-existing education is at the very least helpful in understanding what are often complicated concepts.
The advantage of educational privilege was especially apparent in relation to language, where many activists used words such as ‘demisexual’, ‘cissexism’ and ‘cultural appropriation’, which are not necessarily readily understood upon first hearing. Indeed, an activist for LGBT+ rights told me that they had once been told to Google a term they did not know, only to be unable to find clear information on its definition even online. For a practice so concerned with language and terminology, amongst the intersectional feminists with whom I worked there was a surprising lack of emphasis on dialogue as a way of learning. As will be discussed further below, detachment provides an interesting contrast because ‘rational’ debate is an important part of learning to be detached. Where there are explicit teaching opportunities, such as in medical schools, detachment, ironically, is arguably less structurally inaccessible than intersectionality. Certainly, some groups, such as white men, find it far easier to be read as ‘objective’ but the irony remains that some activists felt that intersectionality had become what it never wanted to be in the elitism of its lack of pedagogy.
Laidlaw (2014, p. 216) states that: ‘Ethics, as self-formation, intrinsically includes a practice of inquiry, and presupposes … an initial disjunction or difference between the self and one’s teacher or exemplar, but this must be a disjuncture or difference of a kind that is capable of being transcended through learning’. Intersectionality differs from this image in two ways. Firstly, there are no clear teachers because people engage in teaching only when they have the inclination and the energy. It is not the sanctions for missteps that are unusual but the fact that there is a distinct lack of pedagogical tools to help the uninitiated acquire the ethic. Indeed, at times, practices such as ‘no-platforming’ create an inverse pedagogy by which people are actively blocked out. Secondly, the very point of intersectionality is that difference cannot be transcended, as standpoint theory states that one cannot achieve true comprehension of the lived experience of an oppression which does not affect oneself (Harding, 1987; Hartsock, 1987).
Whilst people’s experience of the world undoubtedly differs depending on factors such as gender, race, and class, there is a question of how intersectionality will expand as an idea and an ethical practice if there are few pedagogical tools to help the uninitiated engage – particularly those without educational privilege. It is thus an ethical orientation that risks floundering on the tension between activists’ understandable wish to preserve their energy and resources and their simultaneous desire to expand the movement.
Intersectionality as an ethical orientation contrasts with my initial attempt to represent my time spent with feminist activists in a relatively detached fashion, as introduced at the beginning of this article. This contrast is important because of the extent to which intersectionality foregrounds positionality, but also because the contrast (itself arguably the artefact of a somewhat detached anthropological voice) allowed me to gain greater insight into intersectionality as an ethical position, and its similarities to and differences from detachment than I would have if I had abandoned the project of ethnographic detachment altogether.
It is not simply detachment as a method, with all its acknowledged weaknesses, that helped my understanding of the thinking and actions of my informants but the process of striving for it. This both mirrored and at times clashed with their own striving – such as when I tried to avoid labelling my position on trans inclusion with members of Sage. Both intersectionality and detachment are ethical orientations that take work to (attempt to) achieve, yet they are also, in many ways, opposed. As Anderson (2003, p. 6) notes, ‘When I refer to the cultivation of detachment, I am referring to the aspiration to a distanced view’ – in the same way that activists are aspiring to an intersectional view. However, it is not just that intersectionality rejects neutrality as impossible – because anthropologists like Green (1997) recognise it is problematic too – but rather that intersectional theory argues that there is no point in aiming for this ideal even in imperfection. As Anderson (2001) suggests, detachment has been seen by many feminists as a masculine ethic that hides privilege under the idea of the ‘view from nowhere’ (Nagel, 1986, cited in Anderson, 2001, p. 5). An ethic of detachment is therefore anathema to intersectional activists because intersectionality is premised on the idea that everyone’s view comes from somewhere, depending on their privilege, and that this should never be denied. This is the essence of intersectionality, both in theory for academics and in practice for activists; it demands a discussion of positionality due to the constant reflection on one’s place in discourse and in life generally.
In describing her intention to examine detachment, Anderson (2001, p. 4) states that, with regards to works of Victorian literature, she will ‘explore in a sustained way what it means to cultivate a distanced relation toward one’s self, one’s community, or those objects that one chooses to study or represent’. Whilst attempts at detachment have been derided, Anderson (2001) argues that it has its virtues and just because it must be situated does not mean that it should be dismissed altogether. As she notes, following Taylor (1989, cited in Anderson, 2003, p. 32), detachment is one stance amongst others, but it usefully allows for disengagement in an attempt to see clearly – although it is a very different way of seeing clearly than that envisaged by intersectionality, where clarity comes not from distance but from coming closer to others’ experiences.
For me, detachment has been important in providing insight into the process of ethical self-transformation in which intersectional activists are constantly engaged; detachment is not just something that allowed me access to ethnographic content, but the ethical process of trying to be detached enables a structural contrast between two forms of ethical practice. Attempting to inhabit a detached stance allowed the contrast to emerge. As Robbins (2015, p. 123) notes, a sense of detachment occurs when anthropologists fail ‘to participate, or to participate fully’ in the field – yet this failure can help make one a better ethnographer. ‘Anthropologists quite self-consciously have to balance detachment and attachment’ (Robbins, 2015, p. 123) and thus, even when striving for detachment, there is an awareness that it is not fully realisable when living and working in the field. In a sense, this awareness results in being somewhat detached from detachment too, meaning that both positionality and detachment are objects of analysis, allowing insight into how intersectionality operates as an ethical orientation at odds with detachment.
Candea et al. (2015) argue for the need to take detachment seriously in ethnographic terms, but it is possible to do this whilst using it as a tool to examine something else ethnographically, in this case positionality. Carrithers (2015, p. 172) describes the ‘doubleness – or duplicity? – of consciousness characteristic of fieldwork, where one participates with apparent sincerity but also stands apart inwardly to observe’. For me, this standing outside highlighted the difference between detachment and intersectionality because of the unusual lack of pedagogic tools in the latter.
Just as activists have striven for intersectionality, the ethic of detachment that I have in part tried to cultivate methodologically was acting on myself, as I consciously tried to maintain distance from the activists I worked with (although, just as my interlocutors were never fully intersectional, nor was I ever fully detached). Dave (2012, p. 25) notes that ‘For an ethnographer of activism, the space between participant and observer is a highly perilous place – the expectations are high, as are the research consequences of not meeting them’. Yet, for me, the research consequences of looking at positionality ethnographically by means of partial detachment were positive because it allowed the pedagogical contrast that I have outlined to emerge. Laidlaw (2014) argues that ethnography can mirror the structure of pedagogy, with the ethnographer learning from, as well as about, their informants. Ironically, I learnt how difficult it can be to learn about intersectionality and thus interact with it as an ethical project without a significant amount of educational privilege.
The ethnographic centrality of positionality to my research was apparent from the moment Maria looked at me suspiciously before the Sage meeting and demanded that I place myself within a strand of feminism. This was further evidenced by my intersectional interlocutors in their discussion of the privilege and identity of themselves and everyone around them. Ideological cleavages centred around the gender identity of trans women and the morality and legality of sex work. Whilst these debates were important for activists in and of themselves, they were also proxies for wider value-laden considerations about how one should live and practise feminism. These arguments were frequently ascribed by activists to differences between ‘waves’ of feminism, but with hindsight they are better characterised as differing ethical stances.
Understanding the ethical orientation of intersectionality can help unravel conflict and solidarity within the feminist movement because it provides insights into the moral nature of the debates with which activists are engaged. The stakes are high because intersectionality makes moral claims, not only on activists but on everybody, to reflect on their privilege and work to counteract its effects as far as possible. To fail at intersectionality (or to fail to try) is to be unethical. What makes intersectionality a particularly interesting ethical practice is its unusual pedagogy, which results in difficulties in engagement, particularly for those who exist outside university/academic feminist circles.
Thinking about detachment as an ethical project in itself allowed me greater insight into how intersectional activists engage in ethical self-transformation. The structural contrast between the two positions became clear due to the lack of interactive educational opportunities for my interlocutors, and illuminated the unusual pedagogy that is apparent in intersectionality, in contrast to practices of detachment. Although intersectional feminist activists wanted to transform the world through their self-transformation, the conversion of others was often difficult and, indeed, not an explicit aim of many activists.
Anthropology has recently started to understand detachment not just as an analytical concern but also as an ethnographic one (Candea et al., 2015; Stasch, 2009). My discussion of intersectionality contributes to this, not only by taking the opposite of detachment – positionality – as an ethnographic object, but also by contrasting the two. A key area of future interest is the examination of how an ethical project with such a conception of pedagogy will grow despite being hostile to mistakes and providing few avenues to learn how to correct them. Considering positionality through detachment is one way to think about this because it throws what is strange and interesting about intersectionality – the lack of pedagogical engagement with other people and institutions – into sharp relief in comparison to another ethical project that is both similar and different. Ultimately, both intersectionality and detachment are constructed and cultivated as ethical ideals but exist in opposition to each other, with the latter in an unachievable struggle to transcend and the former in an unachievable struggle to situate.
Anderson, A. (2001). The Powers of Distance: Cosmopolitanism and the Cultivation of Detachment. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Adewunmi, B. (2012, October 8). What the girls spat on Twitter tells us about feminism. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/oct/08/girls-twitter-feminism-caitlin-moran
Bailey, M. (2010, March 14). Retrieved from: http://www.crunkfeministcollective.com/2010/03/14/they-arent-talking-about-me/
Candea, M. (2010). ‘I fell in love with Carlos the meerkat’: Engagement and detachment in human-animal relations. American Ethnologist 37 (2): 241–259.
Candea, M., Cook, J., Trundle, C. & Yarrow, T. eds. (2015). Detachment: Essays on the Limits of Relational Thinking. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Carrithers, M. (2015). Ritual and religion: Comment. In: Candea, M., Cook, J., Trundle, C. & Yarrow, T eds. (2015) Detachment: Essays on the Limits of Relational Thinking. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Crenshaw, K. (1989). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A Black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. University of Chicago Legal Forum 1: 139–167.
Dave, N. (2012). Queer Activism in India: A Story in the Anthropology of Ethics. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Dines, G. (2010). Pornland: How Porn has Hijacked our Sexuality. Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
Howe, C. (2013). Intimate Activism: The Struggle for Rights in Postrevolutionary Nicaragua. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Green, S. (1997). Urban Amazons: Lesbian Feminism and Beyond in the Gender, Sexuality and Identity Battles of London. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
Harding, S. ed. (1987). Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Hartsock, N. (1987). The feminist standpoint: Developing the ground for a specifically feminist historical materialism. In: Harding, S. (ed.) Feminism and Methodology: Social Science Issues. Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Laidlaw, J. (2014). The Subject of Virtue: An Anthropology of Ethics and Freedom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lindholm, C. (1997). Logical and moral dilemmas of postmodernism. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 3 (4): 747–760
McDonald, M. (2014). Bodies and cadavers. In: Harvey, P., Conlin Casella, E., Evans, G., Knox, H., McLean, C., Silva, E.B., Thoburn, N. & Woodward, K. (eds.) Objects and Materials: A Routledge Companion. Abingdon and New York: Routledge.
Moore, H. (1994). A Passion for Difference: Essays in Anthropology and Gender. New York: Polity Press.
Moore, H. (1988). Feminism and Anthropology. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Morgan, S. (2015, January 29). Germaine Greer tells Cambridge Union Students: Transphobia doesn’t exist. Retrieved from http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2015/01/28/germaine-greer-returns-to_n_6561232.html
Nagel, T. (1986). The View from Nowhere. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
National Centre for Transgender Equality (2014, January 15). Transgender terminology. Retrieved from: http://www.transequality.org/issues/resources/transgender-terminology
O’Hagan, E.M. (2017, March 28). The left mustn’t get hung up over language orthodoxy – we must be welcoming. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/mar/28/trans-cis-left-language-chimamanda-ngozi-adichie.
Robbins, J. (2015). Engaged disbelief: Communities of detachment in Christianity and in the anthropology of Christianity. In Candea, M., Cook, J., Trundle, C. & Yarrow, T. (eds.) Detachment: Essays on the Limits of Relational Thinking. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Serano, J. (2007). Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Sexism and the Scapegoating of Femininity. Berkeley, CA: Seal Press.
Smith, D. (2017, March 21). Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on transgender row: ‘I have nothing to apologise for’. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/books/2017/mar/21/chimamanda-ngozi-adichie-nothing-to-apologise-for-transgender-women
Stasch, R. (2009). Society of Others: Kinship and Mourning in a West Papuan Place. Berkeley: University of California Press.
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[1] All names of activists and organisations have been changed, and any identifying features left out or changed.
[2] ‘Transsexual’ has generally been replaced with the word ‘transgender’ in trans-inclusionary feminist circles, and I have never heard feminists who expressed a commitment to intersectionality using the former term. Guidelines provided in 2014 by the US National Centre for Transgender Equality suggest that ‘transgender’ should be used more widely as many trans people find ‘transsexual’ to be ‘overly clinical’. It must be noted that some trans people continue to use ‘transsexual’, with Serano (2007) sticking to the word because she thinks that any new term will probably also come to be regarded as problematic.
Having graduated from the University of Cambridge last year with a BA in Social Anthropology and Politics, Elli is currently studying for an MPhil in Gender Studies at Trinity College Dublin. Her main research interests lie in medical anthropology with a gender focus and she is keen to pursue a PhD looking at the criminalisation of HIV transmission. In her spare time she volunteers for causes such as campaigns for reproductive justice and improved sex education, and eventually hopes to become a non-clinical expert in public health.
© Elspeth Wilson
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Induction of Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-5 Expression in Mast Cells Is Inhibited by Glucocorticoids
William A. Sewell, Lyndee L. Scurr, Helen Orphanides, Simon Kinder, Russell I. Ludowyke
William A. Sewell
Centre for Immunology, University of New South Wales, and St. Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
Lyndee L. Scurr
Helen Orphanides
Simon Kinder
Russell I. Ludowyke
Inflammation in asthma and other allergic diseases is characterized by excessive production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and the influx of leukocytes, especially eosinophils. Interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-5 are essential for IgE production and eosinophilia, respectively, and are produced by mast cells in allergic conditions, for which glucocorticoids are widely used therapeutically. We assessed the effect of glucocorticoids on IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA production by the RBL-2H3 cell line, an analog of mucosal mast cells. IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs were induced by an antigen that is used to cross-link receptor bound IgE, by calcium ionophore, or by ionophore with phorbol ester and were markedly inhibited by dexamethasone. In cells activated with ionophore and phorbol ester, 10−6 M dexamethasone reduced the IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA levels to only 12.8 and 5.7%, respectively, of those in cells without dexamethasone, and 10−9 M dexamethasone caused reductions to 27 and 56%, respectively. Hydrocortisone at 10−6 and 10−7 M almost completely inhibited IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA production. Dexamethasone was markedly inhibitory even if it was added after the cells were activated, provided that it was present in the cultures for at least 1.5 h. These studies indicate that the expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs by mast cells is highly sensitive to glucocorticoids. The data suggest that these inhibitory effects may contribute to the clinical efficacy of glucocorticoids in the therapy of allergic diseases.
Cellular inflammation in asthma and other allergic diseases is characterized by the influx of leukocytes, especially eosinophils. Such inflammation is critical in the airway obstruction in asthma, and secreted products of eosinophils have been shown to be toxic to respiratory mucosa (2). Cytokines are considered to have a major role in the coordination of these cellular inflammatory conditions. In particular, interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-5 have prominent roles in allergic reactions. In IL-4 knockout mice immunoglobulin E (IgE) production is totally abolished (17). IL-4 is also important in attracting eosinophils to sites of inflammation (35). This may be achieved by upregulating local endothelial expression of the cell surface adhesion molecule VCAM-1 (33) or inducing the production of the eosinophil chemotactic factor eotaxin (30). IL-5 is a very important cytokine for eosinophils; it accelerates their production and has several actions on mature eosinophils, including priming for activation and prolongation of their life span (31). Antigen-induced eosinophil infiltration into the lungs was absent in IL-5 knockout mice (12). Cells containing mRNA for IL-5, detected by in situ hybridization, have been found at increased frequency in the airways of patients with asthma (15). Thus, production of IL-5 is particularly important in the development of the cellular infiltrate in asthma and other conditions with prominent eosinophilia.
Mast cells have the capacity to produce cytokines in response to cross-linking of receptor-bound IgE by specific allergen (13). Evidence for the mast cell as a source of cytokines in vivo has been obtained by immunohistochemical analysis of bronchial mucosal biopsy specimens from patients with asthma. IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha were predominantly found in mast cells, although some IL-5 was found in eosinophils (6). In studies in which mRNA was detected in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and bronchial biopsy specimens from patients with asthma by in situ hybridization, the number of cells expressing mRNA for IL-4 and IL-5 was greatly increased, and expression was found in T cells, mast cells, and eosinophils (43).
Glucocorticoids are widely regarded as the most effective available treatment for asthma, and they are particularly able to suppress cellular inflammation. Glucocorticoids can inhibit the production of most cytokines, and this may be an important general mechanism of their clinical efficacy (2). Glucocorticoids inhibit the expression of IL-4 (42) and IL-5 (28) by T cells. In the present study we have assessed the effects of glucocorticoids on the expression of IL-4 and IL-5 in the RBL-2H3 cell line, an analog of rat mucosal mast cells (34). IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs were readily induced in these cells after activation by a variety of stimuli. Glucocorticoids markedly inhibited the expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs, even when the glucocorticoids were added well after the cells were activated. These effects could account, at least in part, for the therapeutic efficacy of glucocorticoids in the management of clinical allergic conditions.
Cells.RBL-2H3 cells were obtained from M. A. Beaven, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md., and were cultured and activated as described previously (20, 21). For each aliquot taken from liquid nitrogen, the time course and dose-response of release of granule contents in response to antigen used to cross-link receptor-bound IgE were tested. Aliquots were used for no more than 20 passages. Cells were maintained as monolayers in minimal essential medium (MEM) without CaCl2 (Gibco BRL, Life Technologies, Gaithersburg, Md.) and with 2 mM glutamine (Gibco BRL) and 10% (vol/vol) fetal calf serum (P.A. Biologicals, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia) at 37°C in 5% CO2. There is sufficient calcium in the serum for normal cell growth and secretion (data not shown). Cells were harvested by trypsin treatment, and 0.8 × 106 cells were seeded into each well of 12-well culture dishes and were allowed to form monolayers overnight. Glucocorticoids were then added to the monolayers, and the mixture was incubated overnight prior to activation unless otherwise stated. Overnight glucocorticoid treatment did not affect cell number, cell viability, or total β-hexosaminidase content. Dexamethasone and hydrocortisone were obtained from Sigma (St. Louis, Mo.); the water-soluble form of dexamethasone was used. For experiments involving antigen activation, a 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)-specific monoclonal IgE antibody (75 ng/ml; Sigma) was added at the time that the cells were seeded.
Cells were washed twice with MEM (Gibco BRL) containing 200 mg of CaCl2 per liter but without fetal calf serum. All of the following activators were diluted in MEM at the indicated concentrations unless stated otherwise: 100 ng of DNP-bovine serum albumin (BSA) per ml (24 molecules of DNP conjugated with 1 molecule of BSA, kindly donated by H. Metzger, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md.), 1,000 nM A23187 (Sigma), and 50 nM phorbol myristate acetate PMA (Sigma). In preliminary experiments, IL-4 mRNA was elicited to a similar extent by DNP-BSA concentrations of 10 to 1,000 ng/ml (data not shown). The cells were incubated in the solutions for 30 min, and the supernatants were collected for analysis of β-hexosaminidase secretion. The activated cells were then incubated for the remaining time in MEM without CaCl2 and were then lysed for RNA extraction. For samples treated with glucocorticoids overnight, prior to activation, cells were maintained in glucocorticoids throughout the time between activation and RNA extraction.
Analysis of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs.The cells were harvested 4 h after activation unless otherwise stated. Total cellular RNA was extracted as described previously (8), the RNA concentration was estimated by measuring the optical density at 260 nm, and cDNA was prepared as described previously (23) from 1 μg of RNA in 50-μl volumes with oligo(dT) (4 ng/μl) and 4 U of avian myelobastosis virus reverse transcriptase (Promega, Madison, Wis.). PCR was performed with cDNA derived from 0.1 μg of total RNA with 1 U of Taq polymerase (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) and 250 ng of each amplification primer as described previously (23). PCR was performed in a Gene Machine (Innovonics, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia) for 26 cycles for IL-4, 35 cycles for IL-5, and 22 cycles for β-actin. Denaturation, annealing, and extension conditions were 95°C for 60 s, 58°C for 30 s, and 75°C for 30 s, respectively. The primers, based on published sequences (22, 25, 36), were 5′-ACCTTGCTGTCACCCTGTTC-3′ and 5′-TTGTGAGCGTGGACTCATTC-3′ for IL-4, 5′-CTCTGTTGACGAGCAATGAG-3′ and 5′-CTCTTGCAGGTAATCCAGGA-3′ for IL-5, and 5′-TAACCAACTGGGACGATATG-3′ and 5′-ATACAGGGACAGCACAGCCT-3′ for β-actin. The expected product sizes were 351 bp for IL-4, 239 bp for IL-5, and 202 bp for β-actin. The primers were designed to anneal to different exons, so that any contaminating genomic DNA in the cDNA samples would contain one or more introns and would yield a product larger than that derived from cDNA.
PCR products were electrophoresed in 2% agarose gels and were stained with ethidium bromide. The sizes of the PCR products were determined with reference to molecular size markers (φX174 cleaved withHaeIII; Boehringer Mannheim). In some experiments, the gels were photographed with reversed-image film (Polaroid), and band intensities were measured by laser densitometry (Molecular Dynamics, Sunnyvale, Calif.). In other experiments, the specificities of the products were confirmed by Southern blotting. The gels were transferred to a nylon membrane (Hybond N+; Amersham, Amersham, Buckinghamshire, England) under vacuum, and the membranes were hybridized to oligonucleotide probes designed to anneal to the PCR product but not to the amplification primers. The hybridization probes were 5′-TACCTCCGTGCTTGAAGAAC-3′ for IL-4, 5′-TCAGTATGTCTAGCCCCTGA-3′ for IL-5, and 5′-CAGCCATGTACGTAGCCATC-3′ for β-actin. These were end-labelled with [32P]ATP and T4 polynucleotide kinase (Pharmacia, Uppsala, Sweden). The blots were washed and exposed to X-ray film (DuPont, Wilmington, Del.). After development of the films, band intensities were determined by laser densitometry as described above.
Reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) for β-actin was performed with all samples. Fewer than 5% of the samples had markedly reduced or absent β-actin signals; these samples were excluded from further analysis. Semiquantitative PCR data from time course studies was obtained by performing RT-PCR with all samples and identifying the sample with the strongest signal. Threefold dilutions of this sample were prepared, and PCR was repeated with all samples and these dilutions. The dilutions were used to prepare a standard curve against which the other samples were read. The undiluted specimen of the sample with the strongest signal was defined as having a signal of 100%, and the other signal data were expressed as a percentage of the signal for this sample. Similar procedures were used to obtain semiquantitative data in the experiments with glucocorticoids, except that the signals for the samples which were stimulated and not treated with glucocorticoids were defined as being 100% and were used to prepare the dilutions.
Assessment of release of granule contents.Secretion of granule contents by RBL-2H3 cells was determined by measuring the release of the granule marker β-hexosaminidase into the medium (26). Culture supernatants were collected 30 min after the cells had been activated. Supernatant (20 μl) was incubated with 20 μl of 5 mMp-nitrophenyl-N-acetyl-d-glucosamide (Sigma) in 0.05 M sodium citrate buffer (pH 4.5) in triplicate in a 96-well plate at 37°C for 2 h. At the end of the incubation, 200 μl of 0.1 M sodium carbonate-sodium bicarbonate buffer (pH 11.0) was added, and the absorbance at 405 nm was read in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay plate reader (Diagnostics Pasteur). The release of β-hexosaminidase was expressed as a percentage of the total β-hexosaminidase present in unactivated cells. Any effect of phenol red in the medium was accounted for by the inclusion of medium as a control. The cell lysate was obtained by incubating cells with 1 ml of 0.1% Triton X-100 for 10 min. Spontaneous release in the absence of stimuli was in the range of 2 to 6% of the total β-hexosaminidase and was subtracted from the values given above. Release from cells stimulated with antigen or with the combination of PMA and A23187 (PMA-A23187) was typically in the range of 40 to 50% of total β-hexosaminidase. The means for triplicate samples were determined, and these were used to calculate the means and standard errors of the means (SEMs) for replicate experiments. Data were then expressed as a percentage of the release from stimulated cells not treated with glucocorticoids.
Cytokine expression by RBL-2H3 cells.The capacity of RBL-2H3 cells to express cytokines was assessed in response to antigen cross-linking of receptor-bound IgE, to PMA, and to the calcium ionophore A23187. At 4 h after activation, cells were lysed and RT-PCR was performed for IL-4, IL-5, and β-actin mRNA. The sizes of the principal products determined by gel electrophoresis were within 10 bp of their predicted sizes, and their identities were confirmed by Southern transfer and hybridization to radiolabelled oligonucleotide probes (Fig. 1). In the Southern blots, in addition to the principal bands, some samples contained other bands which hybridized specifically. The bands with slower electrophoretic mobilities represent single-stranded PCR products (37); the bands with faster electrophoretic mobilities probably arise from mispriming of specific cDNA.
Inducible expression of IL-4 and IL-5 by RBL-2H3 cells. (a) Cells were exposed to no stimulus (lane 1), antigen (lane 2), or PMA-A23187 (lane 3) for 4 h, and RNA was then extracted. RT-PCR was performed, and products were detected by electrophoresis and Southern hybridization. The control RNA, β-actin RNA, was readily detected in all samples, attesting to the integrity of the RNA. Negative controls were omission of reverse transcriptase enzyme from the RT (lane 4, which was otherwise identical to lane 3) and omission of cDNA from the PCR (lane 5). (b) Cells were exposed to no stimulus (lane 6), PMA (lane 7), A23187 (lane 8), or PMA-A23187 (lane 9), and mRNA was detected as described above. Percent β-hexosaminidase releases in this experiment were as follows: no stimulus, 0.5%; PMA stimulus, 2.4%; A23187 stimulus, 43.8%; PMA-A23187 stimulus, 36.7%.
mRNAs for IL-4 and IL-5 were expressed at low levels in unstimulated cells. After stimulation with antigen, mRNA levels for IL-4 and IL-5 were markedly increased. Stimulation with the combination of PMA and A23187 had similar effects (Fig. 1a). IL-4 mRNA was very readily detected, with bands in ethidium bromide-stained gels being visible after only 26 cycles of PCR amplification of cDNA derived from 0.1 μg of total RNA. Stimulation of cells with A23187 alone was almost as effective as PMA-A23187 in inducing IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs. However, PMA alone had little or no effect (Fig. 1b). The expression of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs in response to the different activators correlated with granular secretion, measured by the release of β-hexosaminidase (see the legend to Fig. 1).
To define the peak time of mRNA production, cells were harvested from 15 min to 8 h after activation. There was differential induction of IL-4 and IL-5 (Fig. 2). IL-4 mRNA was induced earlier, with markedly increased production detectable within 1 h. IL-4 mRNA levels peaked at 2 h and returned to baseline levels at 8 h. IL-5 had a slower induction rate, with little change within the first hour, peak expression 4 h after stimulation, and a slower decay of mRNA levels than those for IL-4 mRNA. In these experiments, IL-5 mRNA was detectable in unstimulated cells and IL-5 mRNA levels were not significantly increased by PMA alone. On the basis of these findings, subsequent mRNA harvest was performed 4 h after activation.
Time course of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA production. Cells were activated with PMA-A23187 and were incubated for various times before lysis for RNA extraction. IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs were detected by RT-PCR, and band intensity was determined by laser densitometry. Each value represents the mean and SEM for four (IL-4) or three (IL-5) separate experiments.
Effects of glucocorticoids.The effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone on the production of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs in RBL-2H3 cells was determined. Concentrations of dexamethasone ranging from 10−6 to 10−11 M were tested in the presence of PMA-A23187 (Fig. 3). Dexamethasone at 10−10 M reduced the level of IL-4 mRNA production significantly and at 10−6 to 10−8M almost abolished it (Fig. 3a), with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 10−10.3 M. Dexamethasone at 10−9 M reduced IL-5 mRNA levels significantly and at 10−7 and 10−6 M reduced the mRNA to very low levels (Fig. 3b), with an IC50 of 10−8.8 M. At the higher doses tested, dexamethasone was moderately inhibitory to granule secretion, as measured by β-hexosaminidase release. However, even at doses as high as 10−6 M, only 40 to 50% inhibition of granule release was observed (Fig. 3c).
Effects of dexamethasone on cells stimulated with PMA-A23187. Cells were incubated overnight in the presence of various concentrations of dexamethasone and were stimulated with PMA-A23187. Cells were harvested 4 h later for assessment of IL-4 (a) and IL-5 (b) mRNA levels. Supernatants were collected 30 min after activation for determination of β-hexosaminidase secretion (c). Data are expressed as a percentage of the values for the samples from cells given no dexamethasone (dex). Each value represents the mean and SEM for three (a) or two (b and c) separate experiments.
The naturally occurring glucocorticoid hormone hydrocortisone had effects similar to those of dexamethasone. There was a dramatic concentration-dependent decrease in the levels of expression of both IL-4 and IL-5, with the mRNAs of both cytokines essentially being abolished at hydrocortisone concentrations of 10−6 M (Fig.4a and b). As with dexamethasone, IL-4 mRNA production was more sensitive than IL-5 mRNA production to hydrocortisone. The IC50s were 10−8.9 M for IL-4 and 10−8.0 M for IL-5. Granule secretion was only moderately inhibited by the highest concentrations of hydrocortisone (Fig. 4c).
Effects of hydrocortisone. IL-4 mRNA (a), IL-5 mRNA (b), and secretion (c) were determined as described in the legend to Fig. 3, but with hydrocortisone instead of dexamethasone. Data are expressed as a percentage of the values for the samples from cells given no hydrocortisone (HC). Each value represents the mean and SEM for two (a and b) or three (c) separate experiments.
Studies were then performed to determine the effect of dexamethasone on cells activated by antigen-induced cross-linking of IgE receptors. These experiments were performed because this is a more physiological method of mast cell activation than PMA-A23187 stimulation. Cells were incubated with IgE antibody overnight and were exposed to specific antigen. Production of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs was markedly inhibited by dexamethasone concentrations from 10−8 to 10−6 M (Fig. 5). The IC50s were 10−8.6 M for IL-4 and 10−8.8 M for IL-5. These effects were similar to those described in Fig. 3 for cells stimulated with PMA-A23187. However, the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the secretion of β-hexosaminidase was much greater for cells stimulated with antigen (Fig. 5c) than for cells stimulated with PMA-A23187 (Fig. 3c).
Effect of dexamethasone on cells stimulated with antigen. Cells were activated with DNA-BSA to cross-link receptor-bound IgE. IL-4 mRNA (a), IL-5 mRNA (b), and secretion (c) were determined as described in the legend to Fig. 3. Data are expressed as a percentage of the values for the samples from cells given no dexamethasone (dex). Each value represents the mean and SEM for three (a and b) or five (c) separate experiments.
In the experiments described above, dexamethasone was added overnight, prior to activation of the cells. The effects of adding it at a range of times prior to and after activation were assessed (Fig.6). Cells were activated at time zero and 4 h later were harvested for RNA extraction. Dexamethasone was added at different times, from 16 h before activation to 4 h after activation, i.e., immediately prior to cell lysis for RNA extraction. Dexamethasone markedly inhibited IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA production when it was added 16 and 2 h prior to activation. It was also markedly inhibitory when it was added at the time of activation and at later times, as late as 2.5 h after activation, which was only 1.5 h before the cells were harvested for RNA extraction (Fig. 6). The effects were variable when dexamethasone was added only 1 h prior to harvest (3 h after activation), and there was no effect when it was added 30 min prior to harvest (3.5 h after activation).
Effect of time of addition of dexamethasone. Cells were activated at time zero and 4 h later were harvested for RNA extraction. Dexamethasone was added at times ranging from 16 h prior to activation (−16) to immediately before cell harvest, i.e., 4 h after activation. RT-PCR was performed for IL-4 and IL-5. Quantitative data were determined as described in the legend to Fig. 3and were expressed as a percentage of the values for the samples to which dexamethasone (dex) was added 4 h after activation. The data are the means and SEMs of two separate experiments.
In this paper we demonstrate that expression of IL-4 and IL-5 can be induced in the RBL-2H3 cell line, an analog of mucosal mast cells, by cross-linking of receptor-bound IgE or by a calcium ionophore. Induction of IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs was strongly inhibited by the glucocorticoids dexamethasone and hydrocortisone. These findings are consistent with reports that glucocorticoids inhibit the expression or production of a number of cytokines by mast cells, including tumor necrosis factor alpha, IL-1β, IL-3, IL-6, and IL-8 (18, 19, 38,39, 41). Inhibition of IL-4 mRNA by dexamethasone was recently reported in the human mast cell line HMC-1 (38). In T cells, by contrast, there are conflicting reports on the effect of glucocorticoids on IL-4 production. High concentrations of glucocorticoids were reported to inhibit IL-4 production by human blood T lymphocytes or mononuclear cells (7, 42) and by CD4+ T cells from rat lymph nodes (27). In a study with mice, however, low concentrations of dexamethasone from 10−11 to 10−8 M were reported to enhance IL-4 production by lymph node or spleen cells (10). In the present studies, dexamethasone and hydrocortisone doses from 10−11 to 10−6 M were tested, and there was no evidence of the enhancement of IL-4 or IL-5 mRNA production at any concentration, but there was marked inhibition at higher concentrations (Fig. 3 and 4).
The present findings confirm and extend other recent observations on the effects of glucocorticoids on the production of IL-5 mRNA by mast cells. Dexamethasone inhibits the expression of IL-5 in rat peritoneal mast cells (41) and in human lung explants stimulated with IgE (14). In these studies with cells prepared from tissue, the possibility that glucocorticoids might be acting on another cell population to induce a factor that could inhibit IL-5 mRNA production by mast cells cannot be completely excluded. The use of the RBL-2H3 mast cell line in the present study demonstrates unequivocally that these inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on IL-5 expression are directly on the mast cells. In cells activated with PMA-A23187, lower concentrations of either dexamethasone or hydrocortisone were required to inhibit IL-4 mRNA compared with the concentrations required to inhibit IL-5 mRNA (Fig. 3 and 4). This effect suggests that the cells may use different signaling pathways for IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA expression. However, differences in glucocorticoid concentrations were not observed in cells activated by antigen (Fig. 5).
These findings raise the possibility that the beneficial therapeutic effects of glucocorticoids in allergic diseases may be mediated, at least in part, by inhibition of production of IL-4 and IL-5 by mast cells. An intriguing and novel observation was that dexamethasone may be added after activation but still markedly reduce the abundance of cytokine mRNA. When dexamethasone was added 2.5 h after activation and the cells were harvested 4 h after activation, the inhibition of IL-4 and IL-5 expression was as marked as when dexamethasone was added prior to activation (Fig. 6). These findings also suggest that in a therapeutic setting, IL-4 and IL-5 production can be inhibited by glucocorticoids after mast cells have been activated by an allergen. This effect may contribute to the clinical efficacy of therapy with glucocorticoids when they are introduced after the onset of an asthma attack.
It is interesting to speculate whether the glucocorticoid concentrations used in the present experiments are similar to those achieved therapeutically. In a pharmacokinetic study with humans, a single oral dose of 20 mg of hydrocortisone, a modest glucocorticoid dose, was followed by a peak concentration in plasma of 0.8 × 10−6 M (11). In the present experiments, IL-4 and IL-5 expression was almost completely abolished by 10−7 and 10−6 M hydrocortisone (Fig. 4). It is difficult to make exact comparisons between concentrations in vivo and in vitro because of differences in protein binding, the more rapid elimination of glucocorticoid in vivo, and different kinetics of receptor occupation during changing extracellular concentrations. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to propose that the concentrations of glucocorticoids achieved in the therapy of allergic conditions are sufficient to inhibit IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA expression. Dexamethasone was approximately 1 order of magnitude more potent than hydrocortisone (Fig. 3 and 4), a difference consistent with previous observations (5).
In T cells, IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA abundance is principally regulated by control of the rate of gene transcription rather than by alterations in mRNA stability (24, 29). From the data presented in Fig. 6, the levels of IL-4 mRNA 4 h after activation were very low in cells given dexamethasone 2.5 h after activation, by which time IL-4 mRNA levels have already peaked (Fig. 2). In activated T cells, the half-life of IL-4 mRNA was 60 min (3). If IL-4 has a similar half-life in mast cells, the findings in Fig. 6 could not be fully accounted for by effects on the rate of gene transcription, and acceleration of mRNA decay might also be involved. In the case of IL-5, peak mRNA expression was not reached until 4 h after activation. In mitogen-stimulated T cells, dexamethasone reduced total mRNA levels by inhibition of IL-5 gene transcription, without affecting mRNA stability (29a). The data therefore suggest that the effects of glucocorticoids on IL-5 in mast cells are based on inhibition of the rate of gene transcription.
The stimuli required for IL-4 and IL-5 gene expression are similar to those required for granule release (Fig. 1b). Thus, cross-linking of IgE receptors or calcium ionophore alone, but not PMA alone, is sufficient for both responses. IgE receptor cross-linking initiates a sequence of intracellular events leading to an increased intracellular calcium ion concentration. These elements of the signaling pathways may be required for both granule release and cytokine mRNA production. In cells stimulated with PMA-A23187, secretion was only partially inhibited by glucocorticoids (Fig. 3 and 4), whereas in cells stimulated with antigen, secretion of granule contents was markedly inhibited (Fig. 5), as has been reported previously (9, 40). The data in Fig. 3 and 4 suggest that the effects of glucocorticoids on cytokine mRNA production may involve components of the signaling pathway not required for granule release. A number of possible mechanisms whereby glucocorticoids might inhibit expression of cytokine genes have been described. Glucocorticoids inhibit the effects of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-κB, which are involved in the expression of cytokine genes. The glucocorticoid receptor-hormone complex interacts directly with AP-1 to prevent it from binding to its DNA motifs in promoter regions (16). Glucocorticoids stimulate production of I-κB, which inhibits the translocation of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus (1, 32). Glucocorticoids can also accelerate mRNA degradation, as has been described in the reduction of IL-2 mRNA levels induced with dexamethasone in T cells (4). The effects of glucocorticoids on IL-4 and IL-5 mRNA production in mast cells may be mediated by these and/or other mechanisms.
The relative importance of mast cells as producers of cytokines in allergic conditions is controversial. Mast cells are the most numerous cells that contain IL-4 and IL-5 proteins in immunohistochemical studies with biopsy specimens from asthmatic patients (6). By contrast, in in situ hybridization studies, IL-4 and IL-5 mRNAs were found more frequently in T cells than in mast cells (43). Mast cells may be more effective early in allergic reactions because they are able to be activated rapidly after the arrival of antigen, which cross-links surface-bound IgE. By contrast, before T cells can be activated, antigen must be processed and presented by other cells. The rapid induction of cytokine mRNA described in Fig. 2 is consistent with a role for mast cells in the initiation of clinical allergic reactions.
This project was supported by the Asthma Foundation of New South Wales. R.I.L. was supported by the E. Sternberg Research Fellowship.
Received 28 April 1997.
Returned for modification 9 July 1997.
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Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology Jan 1998, 5 (1) 18-23; DOI:
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BELINDA MCCAULEY
Calamansi: Snapshots of Imperfection
I got to know my Grandma McCauley through stories, fragments of her life. Where those stories failed, I filled in the blanks with grandmas I’d seen in movies, the sort who would spoil their grandchildren, wear cozy sweaters, and bake delicious treats. I imagined that, were she alive, Grandma McCauley would be the sort of relative I visited during the holidays or got a phone call from on my birthday. When all you have are fragments, it is so easy to craft a beautiful portrait that is likely far from the truth.
While the stories my father told of his mother when I was a child reinforced my belief that Grandma McCauley would have been the cookie-baking sort, the stories changed as I got older. My dad told me about a time when his little brother Leo was four and in the wrong place at the wrong time. Their mother lost her temper, picked up Leo by the collar, and threw him clear across the room. My dad watched Leo smack into the wall and slide to the floor like something out of a Looney Tunes cartoon. This was not the cookie-baking grandmother of my fantasies.
To my knowledge, I met my grandmother once and only once. There exists a photograph of her holding me as an infant. After learning about the abuses her children suffered at her hands, I asked my dad how he’d been able to trust her enough to hold me. He told me that he had forgiven his mother, and then he added that he and my mom had agreed that Grandma McCauley was never to be alone with me or my brother.
Shortly after meeting me, Grandma McCauley returned to where she had retired in Florida. She ran a stop sign one day, and the ensuing car wreck killed her. My dad and his ten siblings reunited for the funeral, and they have not all been together since.
Looking at the photograph of Grandma McCauley holding me, I want her to be the classic grandmother, even though I know she was a terrifying mother, because the moment looks perfect. But, like many perfect-looking photographs, it was a lie.
It’s the perfect moment we want to immortalize, but it’s the imperfect ones we remember.
While Grandma McCauley could never be the grandmother I saw on TV, I did grow up with my mother’s parents. Abuelo and Abuela lived with us from my earliest memories until their deaths when I was nine. Just as I believed Grandma McCauley to be flawless, so I viewed them.
Abuelo was often sick. He and Abuela had moved to the United States after he’d been diagnosed with cancer, and they’d stayed even after he went into remission. He was also afflicted with diabetes, and some days he was so sick that he couldn’t get out of bed. His eighty-year-old bones creaked in unnatural ways, and my abuela often bustled around the house to get things for him. “Concha,” he called her. They had known each other all their lives, and for their fiftieth wedding anniversary, they renewed their vows. I told myself that I wanted what they had. I wanted to grow old and gray with someone important.
I spent many afternoons in their room. Sometimes, I would lie between them on the bed, watching a Lakers’ game or some Spanish telenovela. Other times, they would let me jump up and down on their bed. But my favorite times were when Abuela would let me stand at her dresser and look at all the beautiful gold jewelry she had. I would try on rings and necklaces, hold up earrings to my unpierced ears, and Abuela would smile and watch over me, never once telling me that I couldn’t touch this or that. After her death, my mother and my uncle agreed that I should inherit most of the jewelry I so admired. There is nothing for a fourth grader to do with that much gold jewelry.
When I was eight or nine, my godfather Evan remarried. Her name was Sarah, and after the wedding, they moved to Sammamish, Washington. Sarah had two grown daughters, and Evan had two kids my age: Kyle and Jasmine. The summer I was eleven, going on twelve, I took my first flight alone to visit them for the summer.
I loved their home. It was spacious, so unlike the cramped suburban Los Angeles house I’d known all my life. In the early morning, everything was so still, so peaceful, it felt like time had frozen in one perfect moment.
From what I could tell, they were a happy family. Evan and Sarah were clearly in love, and Kyle and Jasmine had made lots of new friends in the cozy neighborhood. They were the ideal family in the ideal house, living the ideal life.
Years later, I would be sitting with my father at my cousin’s graduation party, and we would somehow come to the subject of my godparents. There, amidst all the noise, my father admitted to me that it scared him how much Sarah reminded him of his dead mother. Poisonous, he called them. Sickly sweet. He continued that Evan reminded him of his father: subdued, passive.
When I asked my dad if he thought Evan knew what sort of person Sarah was when they got married, my father could give no definite answer. I could tell he hoped Evan hadn’t known, because it feels wrong to think ill of the dead.
My abuelos had five kids: Herman, Ricardo, my mother, Belinda, and Rolf. I never met my namesake, because she died as a child, and Tio Rolf died of leukemia when I was three; I remember almost nothing about him. But some of my earliest memories include Herman and Ricardo. Tio Herman appeared sporadically throughout my childhood; I wouldn’t see him for months, and then he’d ring our doorbell, come inside, make himself a cheese sandwich, kiss my mother’s cheek, give my brother and me a couple of Three Musketeers bars, and leave again. Tio Ricardo’s presence is more consistent. For as long as I can remember, he has been a twenty-minute drive away.
In the last days of my abuelo’s life, both Herman and Ricardo frequented our house. This was when the façade of perfection I had constructed for my abuelos began to crack. Herman and Ricardo had grown up at odds with each other, and my abuelo’s failing health meant that it was time to sort out the estate. My parents weren’t home when Abuelo signed his will, but however he’d split up the inheritance, Herman and Ricardo didn’t like it. They started arguing, shouting, and before I knew it, punches were being thrown. My brother and I hid in my parents’ bedroom, hoping they would stop, and my abuelo just sat at the kitchen table. None of us could overpower my uncles. My brother and I listened as someone’s fist collided with the wall. Later, I would see the gaping hole the fight had left behind, and it would be an ugly reminder for years to come.
The façade was cracking, cracking . . .
Evan Smith was a remarkable man. I have no proof of this; it is simply something that I was told repeatedly after his death. It is what my father told me as he penned his best friend’s eulogy. It is what Sarah told me while wrapped in the thick red blanket I’d watched her crochet over the summer. It is what Kyle and Jasmine told me as we watched their father die. To this day, I’m unsure of what Evan did for a living. I know he loved photography. I know he’d studied medicine. I know he understood enough about the human brain to give my autistic brother a rough diagnosis. I know that he moved a lot. I know that he made a lot of money. He was like a father to me, but the only thing I am sure of is that he was so much more than the empty shell he left behind.
After he died, but while he was still warm, Sarah climbed onto the hospital bed where her husband lay and hugged him close. She took that red blanket and wrapped it around him. “So it smells like him,” she explained.
When we finally left the hospital that night, Sarah went straight to the master bedroom at the top of the stairs. She dragged her feet underneath her body like she was the mythical Atlas carrying the weight of the heavens. The blanket was around her shoulders. Jasmine also went to her room, still crying. My dad made the necessary phone calls to arrange the funeral neither he nor I would be able to attend. Kyle and I went to the computer and watched funny YouTube videos until we were too tired to remember why we were supposed to be sad.
In front of my parents’ house, there were two fruit trees. My abuelo called the golf-ball-sized citrus “calamansi”; there was often a bowl of calamansi on our kitchen counter, and my abuelo would sit at the table, peel one open, and pop the bite-sized sections into his mouth, one by one. Some things are easier to swallow in small doses. While my abuelo loved to pick the fruit, he could not do it alone. The calamansi grew high enough that he needed a ladder, but he did not have the strength to climb. For this task, he recruited me, his young granddaughter who enjoyed climbing on things. I would stand at the top of the ladder while he held it steady and carried a bowl for me to drop the fruit in. However, one day when he asked me to pick the fruit with him, I was too busy playing on the PlayStation 2 that my brother and I had gotten that past Christmas. I said no.
More than ten years later, I would lay in the dark with my friends, and we would tell each other our secrets, from number of attempted suicides to embarrassing schoolyard antics. As a winter storm raged outside, I would whisper to them that if I could go back in time and change one thing, I would put down the video game controller and say yes to my abuelo. That way, when the ladder toppled over, I would be the one to fall off.
I was at a sleepover with the church youth group when my dad called to tell me that Evan had just been readmitted to the hospital. He had recently had surgery, and apparently it hadn’t gone well. I remember the word “gout” and then “aneurysm.” My dad told me that Evan didn’t have much time left, so he was going to fly up to Seattle to be with Evan’s family. He asked me if I wanted to go, too, and I agreed. My dad picked me up from the sleepover with his packed bag and mine, and we drove straight to the airport.
My godfather died on December 10, 2006. It was the winter following the summer I’d spent in Sammamish, and I was twelve years old. Upon my return to school, my favorite teacher, Ms. Aldapa, asked me if I was okay. It reminded me of when I’d been in the fourth grade, and I went to school seven hours after my abuelo died. Mrs. Sawyer pulled me aside as all the other kids ran out to recess, and she very gently asked me if I was okay.
Both times, I found that I couldn’t answer anything but “Yes.”
When the ladder toppled over, sending my abuelo and the bowl of calamansi crashing to the ground, Abuelo broke his arm. There was a lot of screaming and crying that day. My mother held Abuelo while waiting for the paramedics to arrive; his frail body was on her lap in the armchair by the front door. I stood before them in shame as my mom yelled at me that this was my fault, that if I had only gone with him to pick the calamansi, he wouldn’t have fallen. The memory is as fresh as a watermelon cracked open in June, cracked like the bone of my abuelo’s arm. It was clear: I should have been the one at the top of the ladder, and I should have been the one to fall.
After breaking his arm, my abuelo slowly lost the rest of his functions. He could not move without experiencing pain. He could not dress himself. His kidneys went bad, requiring him to go to dialysis twice a week. Everyone whispered that he would not make it much longer. My mother’s childhood friend, who was my abuelo’s goddaughter, came all the way from Ecuador to pay her respects, and Tio Ricardo slept on the couch for weeks as we all waited for Abuelo to die.
In the end, Abuelo refused dialysis. My parents confided in me years later that the doctor, knowing this would be a painful end, gave my father and my uncle enough morphine to not only numb the pain, but stop my abuelo’s heart, California’s own crude, secret euthanasia. Only after Abuelo had taken his last breath did my father dispose of the unused drug. My abuelo died early in the morning, December 15, 2003. I had been sleeping on my parents’ bedroom floor, and I woke to the sound of my mother crying, telling me in tears that he was gone.
After I’d returned from that summer in Sammamish, I’d evidently had such a good time that my parents made plans with Evan and Sarah to visit for Christmas. Evan’s death did not change these plans, but rather gave us further reason to go. Sarah was still mourning when we arrived, and she needed help sorting through the endless stacks of papers in Evan’s cluttered office. There was no will; Sarah was left with everything.
On Christmas night, I stood at the window and watched the snow fall. I wanted with all my heart to feel excited, but all I could feel was alone. The big house had lost its splendor. All I could see around every corner were ghosts.
The days following my abuelo’s death went quickly. He had asked to be cremated and for his ashes to be spread in the ocean in Manta, Ecuador, his home. We received his remains in a navy blue box, and we hoped we’d be able to fulfill his wish soon.
With the new year came celebration. Even though we were a family in mourning, we were still a family, so we found reason to gather together and smile. During a party at my tia’s house, we took what felt like hundreds of pictures. In one series of photos, Abuela sat in a chair, surrounded by various generations of her offspring. Her children, her grandchildren, even her two great-grandchildren, one of whom was only a few months old. Abuela sat in that chair, holding up my little cousin, looking happier than I’d seen her in a long time.
Because my parents didn’t want my abuela to be alone, we rearranged the rooms in our house so that I could share with her, but this arrangement was short-lived. Two months and two days after my abuelo’s death, my abuela had an aortic aneurysm while taking an afternoon nap. I heard my mom scream from across the house, and I rushed over. I could do nothing but watch as my mother pressed compressions into Abuela’s heart, watch as the paramedics wheeled her out of the house. They cut open her shirt, and the neighbors all stared at my wrinkled, bare-chested abuela as she was loaded into the back of the ambulance. After a long night at the hospital, my mother told me that Abuela couldn’t live without Abuelo, and so she’d died of a broken heart.
I was fourteen when I went back to Washington and spent another summer in Sammamish. It was not the same without Evan there. Tensions were thick, and I often hid upstairs when Jasmine and Sarah had a shouting match, as they did most every night. Kyle was not there for half of my stay; Sarah had kicked him out. Once, when Kyle was back and Sarah and Jasmine were tearing each other to pieces downstairs, I crept into Kyle’s room, and he told me how he had lit a field on fire earlier that year.
In November, just a few months later, Sarah called my dad, and she asked him to take Kyle. In the year Kyle lived with us, he spent a lot of time with my dad. At first, I thought the both of them saw a little of Evan in each other, and that was why they bonded so well. Then my dad confided in me that things were worse than I’d realized: Kyle had been facing neglect and abuse from Sarah. It had been subtle at first, when Evan had been alive, but in the three years since my godfather’s death, the situation had deteriorated. My dad told me that he would fight to keep Kyle away from Sarah.
I would like to say I struggled to believe the accusations against my godmother, whom I loved and who had always supported me, but I immediately knew it was true. And I wondered how Evan, who had had such a gentle spirit, who had always been full of laughter, could have married a wicked stepmother.
As I got older, my mom fed me the dirty family secrets in bite-sized doses:
“Your abuelo once whipped me with the garden hose in front of my friends when I broke curfew.”
“Your Tio Herman was not your abuela’s. That’s why he won’t talk to us anymore.”
“Abuelo didn’t come to our wedding.”
“The first time your father met Herman, your tio was in jail.”
“Once, when he was at dialysis, your abuelo tried to get Ricardo to set him up with one of the nurses.”
“I ended one of Tio Ricardo’s marriages when I told her he was having an affair.”
“Abuelo had an affair with a younger woman. She was eighteen, and she couldn’t take care of Herman after he was born. Abuela took him in and raised him like he was her own son, even though she knew.”
“One Christmas, Abuelo didn’t come home. Your abuela called everywhere looking for him, thinking he was working late or getting drinks. She found out he was with another woman.”
“Herman is suing Ricardo and me. He thinks we cheated him out of his inheritance.”
“Mija, I loved my parents. I miss them every day.”
Kyle calls my family from where he’s been living in Idaho right before he turns eighteen to tell us that he’s joining the Army. When she turns eighteen, Jasmine has to find a new home, because Sarah kicks her out. Sarah surprises us with a visit the Christmas I am nineteen. My dad avoids her; my mom smiles politely. I sit with her on the couch and catch up because, despite everything, I still want to love my godmother. She tells me that Kyle came to see her recently, and she gave him Evan’s beloved watch and his wedding ring. She tells me that she is proud of the man her son has grown into. I don’t tell her that she doesn’t deserve to call Kyle her son.
I wish I had gone to pick the calamansi with my abuelo the last time he asked me to. I don’t know if it’s because some small part of me believes that if I had fallen off of that ladder instead, I would have saved my abuelos, or at the very least postponed their deaths. Or maybe I simply wish that I had one more good memory of my abuelo to counter the ugly truths I’ve learned, a piece of evidence that I could wave around like a flag, saying, “My abuelo was a good man! He might have been unfaithful and cheated and hurt the people who loved him, but he was a good man!”
But I don’t know that he was a good man. I can’t say whether he was or wasn’t, even if now I remember my abuela as one of the strongest women I’ve ever known, even if I didn’t know it until years after her death. Just as some of my abuelo’s disloyal inclinations have trickled down through the generations, I hope that my abuela’s strength is inherent.
I will never know my abuelos as well as I would like to. I will never know any of these dead, gone people, even though they affected my life and the lives of those around me, for better and worse. We want to venerate the dead for simply being dead, but that doesn’t mean we should. When they’re gone, we are only left with fragments of who they were and snapshots of their lives. Fragments can’t make up a person, and these snapshots can’t make up a life.
The calamansi trees have been chopped down. All that remains of my abuelo is a box of ashes buried in the ground next to my abuela’s decaying body, while a handful did finally make it into the ocean of his homeland. Though it has been more than a decade since my abuela’s death, I still remember the priest sprinkling holy water on her casket at her funeral mass like it was a week ago. Evan’s grave was unearthed and moved across thousands of miles because his loved ones can’t let go. When I visit Sarah’s new, childless home in Orem, Utah, I spot the crocheted red blanket folded on the ottoman in the living room.
We want to immortalize the perfect moments, but it’s the imperfect ones we need to remember.
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Feminist Philosophy of Science
Anderson, Elizabeth, and . Feminist Epistemology and Philosophy of Science
2015, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
Categories: Epistemology, Feminist Epistemology, Feminist Philosophy of Science, General Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics & Epistemology , Science and Values, Science, Logic & Mathematics , Sociology of Science
Keywords: empiricism, feminism, objectivity, science criticism, standpoint theory
Added by: Giada Fratantonio, Contributed by:
Abstract: Feminist epistemology and philosophy of science studies the ways in which gender does and ought to influence our conceptions of knowledge, the knowing subject, and practices of inquiry and justification. It identifies ways in which dominant conceptions and practices of knowledge attribution, acquisition, and justification systematically disadvantage women and other subordinated groups, and strives to reform these conceptions and practices so that they serve the interests of these groups. Various practitioners of feminist epistemology and philosophy of science argue that dominant knowledge practices disadvantage women by (1) excluding them from inquiry, (2) denying them epistemic authority, (3) denigrating their ‘feminine’ cognitive styles and modes of knowledge, (4) producing theories of women that represent them as inferior, deviant, or significant only in the ways they serve male interests, (5) producing theories of social phenomena that render women’s activities and interests, or gendered power relations, invisible, and (6) producing knowledge (science and technology) that is not useful for people in subordinate positions, or that reinforces gender and other social hierarchies. Feminist epistemologists trace these failures to flawed conceptions of knowledge, knowers, objectivity, and scientific methodology. They offer diverse accounts of how to overcome these failures. They also aim to (1) explain why the entry of women and feminist scholars into different academic disciplines, especially in biology and the social sciences, has generated new questions, theories, and methods, (2) show how gender and feminist values and perspectives have played a causal role in these transformations, (3) promote theories that aid egalitarian and liberation movements, and (4) defend these developments as cognitive, not just social, advances.
Comment: A very detailed primer on feminist epistemology and philosophy of science. Covers a wide range of topics and issues, its length is such that it would probably be best to assign specific sections that are of interest rather than reading the whole thing. Useful as a preliminary introduction to the topics covered, and also offers a good summary of objections to the views presented.
Recommended use: Introductory reading
Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer, and . Empathy, Polyandry, and the Myth of the Coy Female
1986, In Feminist Approaches to Science, Ruth Bleier, (ed.), New York: Pergamon.
Categories: Epistemic Injustice, Epistemology, Feminist Epistemology, Feminist Philosophy of Science, General Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics & Epistemology , Science, Logic & Mathematics
Keywords: background assumptions, feminism, philosophy of science, primatology
Added by: Benny Goldberg, Contributed by:
Introduction: For over three decades, a handful of partially true assumptions were permitted to shape the construction of general evolutionary theories about sexual selection. These theories of sexual selection presupposed the existence of a highly discriminating, exually ‘coy’ female who was courted by sexually undiscriminating males. Work by female primatologists undermined these assumptions.
Comment: This is an essential paper for any courses in standpoint epistemology, feminist philosophy of science, or general philosophy of science.
Recommended use: Introductory
Keller, Evelyn Fox, and Helen Longino. Feminism and Science
1996, Oxford University Press.
Categories: Analytic Feminism, Epistemology, Feminist Epistemology, Feminist Philosophy of Science, General Philosophy of Science, Metaphysics & Epistemology , Philosophy of Gender, Race, and Sexuality, Science and Values, Science, Logic & Mathematics , Value Theory
Keywords: feminism, philosophy of science, science and values, women in science
Publisher’s Note: Over the past fifteen years, a new dimension to the analysis of science has emerged. Feminist theory, combined with the insights of recent developments in the history, philosophy, and sociology of science, has raised a number of new and important questions about the content, practice, and traditional goals of science. Feminists have pointed to a bias in the choice and definition of problems with which scientists have concerned themselves, and in the actual design and interpretation of experiments, and have argued that modern science evolved out of a conceptual structuring of the world that incorporated particular and historically specific ideologies of gender. The seventeen outstanding articles in this volume reflect the diversity and strengths of feminist contributions to current thinking about science.
Comment: A wonderful edited collection of articles on feminist reactions to and interpretations of science. Perfect for introductory courses in feminist philosophy, feminist philosophy of science, and general philosophy of science.
Recommended use: Introductory with overview
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Tallow Chandler's Hall.
It consists of a quadrangle, open on side, with a piazza of the Tuscan order, erected, as appears by a date on the front, in . In the centre is a small basin of water, with a fountain. The whole of the buildings are of red brick. The hall is a handsome apartment, feet long by feet wide, with a screen of carved oak at the north end, consisting of Corinthian columns supporting a plain entablature with a broken arched pediment. This screen supports a handsome music gallery. The hall is lined with wainscot to the height of feet. Above the master's chair, within a broken pediment, are the royal arms, and, over them, are the company's arms. The ceiling is ornamented in stucco with the city and company's arms, wreaths of foliage, &c.
The court room is on the floor, and is wainscotted in pannels to the ceiling. Above the mantel-piece are the arms of the city; over the door are those of the company; and, above the master's seat, the royal arms. The staircase is spacious, and lighted by an octagon lanthorn. The court parlour, which is on the same floor as the hall, is also wainscotted to the ceiling; above the mantel-piece is a landscape, and over it the royal arms, in carved oak, from which depend foliage, fruit, &c. Over a blank door in this apartment, within a broken pediment, is a shield of arms, also of oak, and beneath the following inscription :--
This parlour was wainscotted at the expense of sir Joseph Sheldon, knt a member of this company. and lord mayor of this city, A. D 1675.
Who also gave this company a barge, with all its furniture.
The principal ornament of this room, is a full length portrait of a gentleman in the elegant costume of the yeomen of the guard; it is in a splendid frame, surmounted by a shield of arms, viz. a chevron, cheque and sa. between ounces heads erased az. collared and chained or. and a mount vert. Thereon a demi griffin erased couchant, az. winged
Beneath is the following inscription :--
Roger Monk
, esq. master of this company,
, in his costume as Exon of the yeomen of his Majesty's guard.
This painting is by H. W. Pickersgill, esq. R. A.
From the ceiling depends an elegant chandelier, presented by the same gentleman.
At the upper end of Dowgale-hill once stood a castellated conduit for Thames water; between which and the river there was such a fall of water in , on the , that the channel rose so high by a sudden fall of rain, that a lad of eighteen years old falling into it, as lie endeavoured to leap over, was carried away by the flood and drowned.
Lower down there was a college called Jesus Commons, for the reception and maintenance of a certain number of poor priests. And on the east bide of this hill there once stood a royal messuage, the great old house called the Erber, near to the church of St. Mary Bothaw. It was alienated by king Henry VIII. who gave it to sir Philip Hoby, who sold it to Doulphin, a draper, and he ( Mariae) sold it to the company of drapers. Sir Richard Pallison, mayor, rebuilt this house, in which the celebrated circumnavigator sir Francis Drake, resided for some time.
In is Plumbers'-hall, a modern brick dwelling-house. The hall and court room are perfectly plain and devoid of ornament. In the window of the staircase are the arms of the city and company in stained glass, with the date of . from there is a passage into , well inhabited; on the east side of which stands
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Congressional Hearing Tomorrow on CFAA Reform
By Jennifer Granick on March 12, 2013 at 1:59 pm
Tomorrow, the U.S. House Judiciary Committee will hold a hearing on reforming the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA). Before you start thinking, "it's about time", note that the witness list includes someone from the Department of Justice, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Business Software Alliance. The only reform proponent is former computer crime prosecutor Orin Kerr, now a Professor at George Washington University Law School. Read more about Congressional Hearing Tomorrow on CFAA Reform
New Phone Unlocking Bill
By Jennifer Granick on March 7, 2013 at 12:43 pm
Senator Klobuchar's bill to legalize phone unlocking would require the Federal Communications Commission to direct wireless providers to unlock mobile devices. The bill is available here. Read more about New Phone Unlocking Bill
ECPA Reform Bill Announced
Today, Rep. Zoe Lofgren in conjunction with Reps. Read more about ECPA Reform Bill Announced
White House in Favor of Phone Unlocking! Now What?
By Jennifer Granick on March 5, 2013 at 3:15 pm
Yesterday, the White House declared "It's Time to Legalize Cell Phone Unlocking". The call was in immediate response to a petition with over 114,000 signatures on it, decrying the Librarian of Congress' decision last October to let lapse an exemption ensuring people who unlocked their phones would not be in violation of the anti-circumvention provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act of 1998 (DMCA), Read more about White House in Favor of Phone Unlocking! Now What?
Innovation or Exploitation Wrap Up
By Jennifer Granick on February 20, 2013 at 3:02 pm
Thanks to our speakers and everyone who came out last night for the Innovation or Exploitation event, highlighting problems the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA) poses for security research, innovation, tinkering, academic research and libraries. I learned a lot, including that much of what librarians do today -- like making court records and academic articles widely available and cataloging books -- requires "scraping" and da Read more about Innovation or Exploitation Wrap Up
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Here’s what I think: Anti-semitism and the Labour Party
Opinions Europe European Union Justice NATO News Scotland UK United Nations Wales
by Tom Cleaver November 28, 2019 57
Since Jeremy Corbyn became leader of the Labour Party in 2015, the strongest and most cutting criticism of him and his leadership has been surrounding anti-semitism. Unending media coverage and jabs from politicians from other parties have brought into the mainstream the assumption that Corbyn and Labour are anti-Semitic, and that him and them being elected would be a disaster for British Jews, and Jews across the world.
The issue has brought into the mainstream the Jewish Chronicle, who’s editor Stephen Pollard has been unrelenting in his criticism of Corbyn over the last few years, and even prompted the Chief Rabbi of the U.K. Ephraim Mervis to publish a letter calling Jeremy Corbyn “unfit to be Prime Minister” this week. The issue dominated Andrew Neil’s interview of Corbyn, and here we are again with the issue dominating the headlines.
First of all, it is true that there are anti-semites, and that there exists anti-semitism within the Labour Party. I have seen anti-semitism from Labour Party members with my own two eyes, and I know that it is a problem. It is also a problem that the Labour Party’s process for dealing with cases of potential anti-semitism is a long and bureaucratic one, which can also be frustrated by legal challenges along the way from the accused.
three parliamentary candidates have been suspended for anti-semitism: two tories and a lib dem
I guess you can see why Jewish leadership came out so fervently against against the Labour Party, then, given the anti-semitism that I have seen and I am sure you will have heard about. However, it is not as simple as that. In this General Election so far, three Parliamentary Candidates have been suspended for anti-semitism, and as I’m sure will be obvious given media coverage, two were Conservatives and one was a Liberal Democrat.
Five minutes research would show you that there are anti-semites of all political colours, and would indicate that far from being purely a Labour problem, anti-semitism is rife in British society. Going further, British society is inherently racist anyway. You need look no further than Boris Johnson’s catalogue of racist remarks about “letterboxes”, “bank robbers”, or “picanninies with watermelon smiles”, Change UK’s describing of non-white people as having a “funny tinge” to see that.
if you look at corbyn’s actions in response to a racist society, you would come to a different conclusion
Without wishing to turn this into a party political broadcast, if you accept that British society is inherently racist and then look at Jeremy Corbyn’s actions in response to that, you would come to a rather different conclusion to what you thought you knew. In the 1980s, for example, he was arrested for protesting against Apartheid at a time when common opinion and the British Government of the day had Nelson Mandela down as a terrorist. It was Jeremy Corbyn, too, who in 1977 organised the defence of Jewish-populated Wood Green from a National Front march.
If everything I’m saying is true, and it is, why have the Jewish Chronicle and the Chief Rabbi acted in this way? The answer is simpler and more obvious than you may have thought. The fact of the matter is that the editor of a large religion-based newspaper and the head of that religion in an entire country are wealthy and conservative, as most religious leaders are.
when has any country’s religious leadership ever been in favour of a transformative socialist government?
The Hindu Council and the Archbishop of Canterbury making similar statements in recent weeks confirms the obvious: wealthy religious conservatives are working to protect their interests against the potential of a Labour government. Think about this for a second: when has any country’s religious leadership ever been in favour of a transformative socialist government?
To conclude, I am in no way trying to say that anti-semitism does not exist in the Labour Party, but simply that painting anti-semitism as a Labour problem rather than a societal one is a dishonest act and one that has no relationship with the truth, or the words and actions of the Labour Party’s leadership. We live in a racist society, and if we want to change that, we should probably stop attacking the people who have fought against racism all their lives.
anti semitismHere's what I thinkjeremy corbynlabour partyTom Cleaver
Court rules British woman was not pressured into retracting rape claim
Turkey wants to join EU: Turkish spokesperson
Turkey reacting to Greek-Cypriot led containment policy in East Med
CypriumNews Reporting July 6, 2019
NATO marks Turkey’s 96th Republic Day
CypriumNews Reporting October 29, 2019
Developments regarding Cyprus’ energy program expected in next days
CypriumNews Reporting May 9, 2019 May 9, 2019
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Lewisboro Daily Voice serves Lewisboro, NY
Westchester Medical Center
https://www.wmchealth.org
Annual Radiothon Supports Childhood Triumph Over Life-Threatening Illnesses
by John Haffey Lifestyle
On Nov. 15-17, 100.7 WHUD will host the 13th Annual Radiothon For The Kids. The three-day live broadcast from Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital will feature interviews with Hudson Valley children and their families, who will share uplifting and inspiring stories of triumph over the significant medical challenges they faced while under the care of Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital.The ...
On Nov. 15-17, 100.7 WHUD will host the 13th Annual Radiothon For The Kids. The three-day live broadcast from Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital will feature interviews with Hudson Valley children and their families, who will share uplifting and inspiring stories of triumph over the significant medical challenges they faced while under the care of Maria Fareri Children’s Hospital. The ...
Westchester Medical Center Taps Three For Leadership Positions
The preeminent provider of integrated healthcare services in the Hudson Valley region has a new look, thanks to the addition of several new faces to the network's leadership.Westchester Medical Center Health Network recently appointed Susan Gerry as Senior Vice President for Strategic Alliances and Partnerships, Kelly MacMillan as Senior Vice President for Government Relations and Mecca ...
WMC Doctors, Nurses And Staff Run For A Cause At New York City Marathon
by John Haffey Events
A team of 12 runners from Westchester Medical Center Health Network (WMCHealth) representing different backgrounds and medical professions across the Hudson Valley will compete in the TCS New York City Marathon on November 5. Team members will raise money in support of the patients they care for at WMCHealth’s 10 Hudson Valley hospitals. Here is a closer look at the runners who will “Go ...
For Poughkeepsie Woman, A Mosquito Bite Was Her Saving Grace
by Laurie Yarnell Lifestyle
POUGHKEEPSIE, N.Y. -- Playing golf one July afternoon, Christine Boehlert didn't think twice when she felt a mosquito bite her leg. Considering it nothing more than a minor annoyance, she continued her round and forgot about the incident altogether. However, two weeks after the bite, the Poughkeepsie resident's leg was sensitive to the touch and still hadn't healed properly. Boehlert ...
Westchester Woman Shows Heart During Post-Cancer Diagnosis
WESTCHESTER COUNTY, N.Y. -- For most of her life, Mount Vernon resident Ann Vanterpool was perfectly healthy, never needing as much as an aspirin for her aches and pains. However, after successfully fighting cancer and slowly retuning to her daily life, she still wasn't feeling 100 percent. Finding herself short of breath when performing simple tasks like showering and getting ready for ...
Play Ball! From Opening Day To The OR, WMC Keeps Grandmother Singing
by Debra Bresnan Lifestyle
ROCKLAND COUNTY, N.Y. -- For Maureen Corallo, a Haverstraw resident, the game doesn't start until she's all warmed up. Known for singing her rendition of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at events across the region, the grandmother of five takes pride in navigating the song's sometimes difficult arrangement. Hitting the right notes in the national anthem at Little League openers, ...
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The Danopticon
Seeing Everything, Comprehending Nothing
Dan Fitzpatrick
October 2, 2015 Dan FitzpatrickLeave a Comment on Rock Conspiracy: Was Ringo Starr in The Beatles?
Rock Conspiracy: Was Ringo Starr in The Beatles?
As the biggest band in the world, The Beatles have certainly seen their fair share of myths. Most notable is the “Paul Is Dead” theory, which draws upon a series of clues from songs and album covers to claim that Paul McCartney died in a motor accident in 1966 and was secretly replaced with a double by the name of Billy Shears. It’s a fun legend, albeit one that’s rather ludicrous.
But recent evidence, probably never meant to be revealed to the masses, suggests that there may be a Beatles conspiracy that nobody could have predicted. All the signs point that Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends narrator Ringo Starr may have fact been…a member of The Beatles.
Wait, don’t close the tab! The clues are all there, you just have to let me explain.
1. The album covers
Take, for instance, the cover of The Beatles’ 1969 magnum opus Abbey Road.
Fans have long discussed how the simple photograph of a street crossing resembles a funeral procession. John, leading the way in all white, is the minister; Paul, barefoot and holding a cigarette, is the corpse about to be buried; George, bringing up the rear in denim workclothes, is the gravedigger. But wait, who’s that mysterious figure between John and Paul!?
It could be coincidental, but the man in question, with his gnome beard and pirate jewelry, bears a strong resemblance to Ringo Starr. But what would the host of a 1980s children show be doing on the cover of a rock album from almost two decades earlier?
Interestingly, Starr also makes an appearance, twice in fact, on the cover of Sgt. Pepper’s Lonely Hearts Club Band. That’s no big deal–The Beatles included cutouts of dozens of authors, actors, and musicians they admired on the cover.
But hold on a second, how would Starr make it on the cover in 1967 when his hit show Thomas and Friends wouldn’t air until many years later? And why is he appearing on multiple album covers? Could it be that Ringo played a larger role in The Beatles’ creative process. Let’s take a closer look.
2. The music
Most people think The Beatles’ dynamic is pretty straightforward. All lead vocals and songwriting alternate between Lennon and McCartney, with the occasional smattering of Harrison, right?
Let’s take a look at “Don’t Pass Me By,” a deep cut from the groups tumultuous self-titled 1968 album. As soon as the disjointed rhythm and clunky vocals reach your ears, you can tell that this track is not your typical Beatles number. It almost sounds as if the principal author is more comfortable talking about anthropomorphized trains that recording pop music.
Could it be Starr in disguise? It’s no secret that he has had a fairly successful solo music career. You may remember hits such as “You’re Sixteen,” a throwback rocker about a hot teenage girl that, in hindsight, was probably not appropriate for a guy in his thirties to sing.
Still, many other actors and entertainers have dabbled in the music world, so in that regard, Starr is nothing special. To truly prove that he was a Beatle, we would have to see that he was actively participating with Lennon, McCartney, and Harrison during their prime.
3. In person
At the height of Beatlemania in the mid 1960s, all eyes were on the group. Every media outlet and young music fan went gaga over the Fab Four, which everyone agreed was a really funny name for the band since there were only three guys in it.
But according to remastered footage of The Beatles’ first appearance on The Ed Sullivan Show in 1964, that may not be the whole story. Sullivan announced the names of each Beatle to the youth of America. “John. Paul. George.” And then Sullivan mumbled something else, which most critics heard as “bingo,” as if he were meant, “Bingo! It’s the greatest band in the world, and I discovered them!”
This interpretation makes perfect sense, except for the fact that there was actually a fourth musician onstage.
While not immediately noticeable from all angles, he is definitely there, hiding behind a drumkit in the back. That’s where the whole theory gets really weird. Pick out any number of Beatles songs, and you’ll notice that just about all of them contain drumming.
Sure, that doesn’t prove that Starr was the mystery drummer. The Beatles could have hired many different session musicians throughout their time together to fill out the rhythm section. Unless, that is, you look closely at Starr’s 2015 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.
Starr received the honor with an induction speech by none other than Paul McCartney. Curiously enough, Sir Paul appeared very close to Ringo, played a couple Beatles songs with him, and even mentioned a time when they were “in The Beatles together.”
I get shivers down my spine just thinking about what that could mean.
4. A real conspiracy?
The proof is rather convincing. However, at the end of the day, it still seems quite unlikely that the wacky Ringo Starr was actually in The Beatles, which most critics herald as the best and most influential band of all time.
What’s more likely is that Ringo was simply a close friend of the group. He was a member of The Beatles in the same way that we all are. Their music is so special and timeless that each and every one of us can claim to be a part of it, whether it’s your grandmother or the president. Mankind itself is the fourth Beatle, and guess what? That even includes you, dear Ringo.
Published by Dan Fitzpatrick
View all posts by Dan Fitzpatrick
Categories Humor, MusicTags classic rock, comedy, conspiracy, Ed Sullivan, funny, George Harrison, humor, John Lennon, Music, Paul is Dead, Paul McCartney, Ringo Starr, rock and roll, The Beatles, Thomas the Tank Engine
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Envisage Documentation
Tasks User Manual
Tasks is an extensible, toolkit-independent framework for building scriptable, task-oriented user interfaces. This document describes its concepts and design principles, surveys the classes in its API, and provides a brief tutorial illustrating its use.
We assume that the reader has a basic familiarity with the concepts of Traits and Traits UI. These packages are well documented in their respective user manuals. In the Extensibility section of this document, some additional knowledge of the Envisage plugin framework is assumed.
For more detailed information concerning the Tasks API, the reader is referred to the Tasks API Reference.
What is a Task?¶
For the purposes of this document, a task is a collection of user interface elements, called panes, which are present in a single window, unified by a specific purpose, and possessed of a certain structure. In addition, a task may provide menus, toolbars, and configuration options appropriate for these elements.
At the heart of every task is its central pane, which exposes its core functionality. The central pane is always visible and occupies the center of the window. For example, in an IDE there will be at least one task concerned with writing code. A code editing widget would constitute the central pane for this task. If the IDE also provided a GUI construction task (i.e., a WYSIWYG user interface builder ala Glade or Qt Designer), the central pane would consist of the “canvas” upon which the user arranges UI elements.
In addition to the central pane, a task may include any number of subsidiary panes. These panes are arranged around the central pane in various dock areas, for which reason they are called dock panes. Dock panes provide functionality that is relevant but unessential to the task at hand. For example, in the code editing task described above, the list of dock panes might include a file browser, a context-sensitive documentation window, a compilation log, and a debugger. In general, dock panes can be moved from one dock area to another, can be made visible or hidden, and can be detached from the main window.
Historical Background¶
Many of the ideas behind the Tasks plugin originate in another Envisage plugin, called the Workbench (which, in turn, took considerable inspiration from Eclipse). While the Workbench is useful for creating IDE-style applications—it was designed for this purpose—there is a large class of applications for which it is too inflexible. Significant issues include:
A lack of distinction between the semantics of UI elements and the layout of those elements. A perspective (the Workbench analogue of a task) has very little responsibility besides saving the state the user interface. Views (the analogues of dock panes) are added directly to the Workbench, which means that they cannot be restricted to certain perspectives, nor can a perspective exercise meaningful control over the layout of its views. Furthermore, since there is no structure imposed on views by the active perspective, there is no mechanism for coupling UI components, if this becomes necessary. Finally, since the application menus are not connected to perspectives, it is very difficult to maintain multiple sets of menus over the application lifecycle.
A non-customizable central pane. The notion of editors is inextricably connected to the Workbench; the central pane must be a notebook-style collection of editors.
The above are design considerations that could not be remedied without a vast degree of backwards-incompatible change. Less systemic deficiencies of the Workbench include:
A lack of robust support for multi-window applications. The Workbench does not correctly persist layout state for multiple windows.
An inflexible API for exposing user-configurable preferences. The preferences dialog does not permit fine-grained layout of UI elements.
Tasks has been designed specifically to address these issues.
What is a Task?
Window Layout
© Copyright 2008-2019, Enthought
Last updated on Nov 19, 2019.
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Horses To Follow » Doctor Fremantle
Doctor Fremantle
Doctor Fremantle put up what was probably the best performance of his career to land what is aspirationally called the Arc Trial at Newbury on Friday. Held up out the back off what was no more than a steady pace, set by Campanologist, helped by Look Here, Doctor Fremantle’s two main market rivals, he began to make headway behind the front two three furlongs out, but he ran out of racing room on the rail at the two-furlong pole, with the result that Ryan Moore had to angle him out and start again. He looked long odds against entering the final furlong, as he was trying to make up ground on a pair of Group 1 performers into a quickening pace, but he got there, just, by a nose from Look Here as Campanologist faded a length back in third.
Even on the form book, this was a huge effort from Sir Michael Stoute’s colt. He was rated 3lb inferior to Look Here, yet he was giving her 8lb, he was rated 1lb inferior to Campanologist, yet he was giving him 2lb, and he beat them both. More than that, however, he can be marked up a fair bit on the bare form of the race, given that he didn’t enjoy the run of it, and he may be under-rated now. He has always been a high class performer. As short as 11/2 when fourth in New Approach’s Derby last year after he had won the Chester Vase, he didn’t win again last term, and was most disappointing in the Leger, but the easy ground and the extended distance may have found him out. His first two runs this season weren’t overly encouraging either, when he just scraped home from Staying On in a Group 3 race at Chester in May, and when he was well beaten in the Hardwicke Stakes at Royal Ascot. As a result, he was allowed go off at 8/1 for the Group 2 Princess of Wales’s Stakes at Newmarket’s July meeting, but he was impressive in winning there, if only getting home by a half a length from the subsequently disqualified Schiaparelli. He gave the impression that day that he had a fair bit more in hand than the winning margin. He missed the Juddmonte International, which is sponsored by his owner, and we didn’t see him again until Friday when his performance represented another step forward on his Princess of Wales’s run. He has the profile now of one of those Sir Michael Stoute horses who improves with age. He could be an even better five-year-old than he is a four-year-old if he is kept in training next year. His dam is a half-sister to Raintrap, who won a Grade 1 contest at Santa Anita at the age of six. In the meantime, it could pay to follow him if he runs again this season, ideally on good or fast ground over 11 or 12 furlongs.
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Dr. Susanne
Appearances & Media
Holistic Care Services
The Kimchi Diet Book
The Kimchi Detox Program
The Mighty Mito™ Book
Mighty Mito™ Report & Ultimate Wellness Checklist
The 7-Day Allergy Makeover
Purigenex
Wellness for Life Radio focuses on optimal health, all-natural allergy relief, clinical nutrition, environmental and lifestyle medicine as well as holistic anti-aging and life extension techniques.
Dr. Susanne Bennett will share her twenty four years of clinical experience and expertise in all-natural therapies and remedies that can help common health issues such as allergies, gastrointestinal issues, chronic fatigue, autoimmune and endocrine disorders, insomnia, fat loss resistance and much more.
#84 Food Allergies and Sleep Secrets
Our Blog, Wellness For Life Radio 2015 Shows
Stephen Wangen, MD
When Food Allergies Become Deadly
Allergy, Sensitivity, or Intolerance: What's the Difference?
You've Been Diagnosed with IBS: Now What?
Dr. Stephen Wangen is the co-founder and Medical Director of the IBS Treatment Center. He is a licensed and board certified physician, the award winning author of two books on solving digestive disorders, and a nationally recognized speaker. He has been seen and heard on ABC, NBC, and Fox as well as public radio and television. He was recently named one of Seattle’s Top Doctors by Seattle Magazine.
His passion for being a doctor and solving digestive problems comes from a lifelong obsession with optimizing health. Having suffered from IBS as a young man, Dr. Wangen dedicated his life to solving this complex problem. He now trains other doctors at the IBS Treatment Center in the new specialty of IBS medicine. Since 2005 the IBS Treatment Center, with locations in both Seattle and Los Angeles, has successfully helped thousands of patients from around the country and the world end their digestive problems.
He can be followed on his blog, Facebook, and Twitter, all of which can be found at IBSTreatmentCenter.com.
Ronald M. Bazar, MBA
Sleep Secrets
Sleep Secrets: Fall Asleep Faster and Get a Great Night's Sleep
The Link Between Blue Light and Insomnia
Ronald M. Bazar is a Harvard MBA, natural health enthusiast and author. Ron spends his time writing, researching, gardening, swimming, kayaking, hiking and playing Ultimate Frisbee. He is a hobby craftsman who uses fallen trees to fashion wooden utensils and other art pieces. His books include Sleep Secrets: How to Fall Asleep Fast, Beat Fatigue and Insomnia and Get a Great Night’s Sleep, Your Perfect Diet and The Prostate Health Diet. He lives on an island off the coast of British Columbia, Canada.
Nature’s Secrets with Dr. Susanne Bennett
On this episode: The Power of L-Carnitine!
Nature's Secrets: Power of L-Carnitine
/0 Comments/by Dr Susanne
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#83 Fertility-related Stress and the Health Effects of Stress
Dr. Jenny Hirshfeld-Cytron
Fertility-Related Stress, IVF and Yoga
Link Between Stress and Infertility
Can Yoga Solve Your Fertility Problems?
Dr. Hirshfeld-Cytron is board certified in both Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility and has been practicing medicine since 2004. She completed her Obstetrics and Gynecology residency at University of Chicago, and then completed her three-year fellowship in Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility at Northwestern. Dr. Hirshfeld-Cytron’s professional interests include fertility preservation, which involves preserving fertility for women facing diseases of which treatment could impair ovarian function, as well as women choosing to delay fertility for social or personal reasons. Dr. Hirshfeld-Cytron is well published in the areas of fertility preservation and cost analysis of fertility therapies. Dr. Hirshfeld-Cytron’s personal practice philosophy stems not only from her clinical expertise, but from her experience as a woman and a mother. She understands the importance of individualized, comprehensive infertility care.
Beth Heller
Beth Heller is the Co-Founder and Co-Director of Pulling Down the Moon, Inc., Integrative Care for Fertility (ICF ™). Beth earned her Master’s Degree in Human Nutrition and Dietetics in 1999 and prior to founding PDtM. She saw firsthand the powerful connection between mind and body during her work as a Nutrition Researcher for the Women’s Walking Program, a large National Institutes of Health-funded study that examined the impact of walking exercise on the physical, mental and spiritual well-being of menopausal women. Beth began practicing yoga in 1998 and soon thereafter, her periods, which had been absent for four years, returned without change to her diet, body composition or exercise levels. Beth is a member of the International Association of Yoga Therapists and the American Society for Reproductive Medicine. She teaches yoga in classes and in one-on-one instruction throughout the Chicago-land area and is a creator, co-director and teacher for Pulling Down the Moon, Yoga for Fertility.
On this episode:
Fatigue and Foggy?
Formaldehyde toxicity may be the culprit!
Nature's Secrets: Formaldehyde Toxicity
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#82 The Metabolism Solution and Diabetes Management
Lisa Lynn
The Metabolism Solution
How to Cheat on Your Diet and Still Lose Weight
I Love My Body: Talking to Kids About Body Image
For nearly 30 years, Lisa Lynn has devoted her career to personal training, specializing in metabolic weight loss and performance nutrition. She is best known for her 13 years as Martha Stewart’s personal trainer who has said, “Lisa is the only trainer that made a difference.” Coupled with her vast experience in the field of fitness and nutrition she has earned four educational certificates from the International Sports and Sciences Association’s Professional Division including: Certified Fitness Trainer, Specialist in Performance Nutrition, Fitness Therapy and Elite Trainer.
Lisa’s years of research in metabolic boosting and performance nutrition resulted in the development of her Leaner Lifestyle Series, specifically designed to promote healthy fat loss by boosting the most sluggish and stubborn metabolisms. Lisa is also a regular go-to nutrition and fitness expert on The Dr. Oz Show, appearing in two of his highest-rated episodes. Major media outlets frequently call upon her for her expertise in fitness and nutrition. Lynn maintains a diverse portfolio of clientele including professional bodybuilders, models, actors, CEOs and real-world people throughout the country.
In addition to The Dr. Oz Show, Lisa is a regular guest as nutrition and fitness expert on The Martha Stewart Show, FOX News, News 8 Connecticut and Sirius Radio where she has inspired and equipped millions of viewers to lose weight and maintain their results through healthier lifestyles.
Lisa has also been prominently featured as an expert in the following publications: Dr. Oz Blog, Martha Stewart Living, Share Care, Iron Man, Fitness Magazine, Muscle Magazine, Muscle Media, Physique Forum, Performance Press and American Health. Lisa is a recognized best-selling author, publishing The Metabolism Solution in 2014, a comprehensive book that takes the reader on a step-by-step journey to a new, Leaner Lifestyle. This book teaches how to safely boost your metabolism while allowing you to lose weight.
In 2015, she authored her first illustrated children’s book, The I Love My Body Book, addressing all of the issues kids face (adults too). This book is a must have for every household who wants to be physically and emotionally healthy. Parents say they love this book to as it makes these principals easy to do.
Her most recent book, Win the Fight: Stomp Out Melanoma, was co-authored with Dr. Deepak Narayan. It is an all-encompassing book that covers everything from melanoma skin cancer risk factors and diagnosis procedures to living well after treatment.
Raised in a household lacking healthy nutrition or lifestyles choices, Lisa struggled as a child with her weight and a lack of support. As a teen, she persevered to lose 40 pounds and has kept it off despite an under-active thyroid.
Lisa’s work with body-building and fitness experts, including Dr. Fred Hatfield, helped her understand how specific combinations of nutrition and exercise can help others achieve the look they want—from simply slimming down, to gaining lean, ripped muscle. Lisa makes a unique personal connection with her clients and addresses a broad range of health and wellness needs. She is inspired to help people achieve optimal health with lifestyle solutions that are effective in the real world.
Lisa lives in the greater NYC area. She owns and operates a performance training and nutrition facility where she practices her passion for personal training and consultation. When she’s not on set for TV, she can be found coaching her clients or spending time with her family. She enjoys supporting charitable activities including Education and Hope, which brings education to impoverished children and young adults in the western highlands of Guatemala; Hope Foundation which creates sustainable educational systems and Young Life, a global organization that provides adolescents with caring adult mentors.
Natasha Williams
Managing Dual Diagnoses: Diabetes & Fibromyalgia
Natasha Williams struggled with diabetes for much of her life. Having never quite fit into either the “type-1” or “type-2” diagnosis, she recently learned via a genetic test that she is actually a sufferer of MODY (Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young). Unfortunately, a fibromyalgia diagnosis was forthcoming as well. Through knowledge and specific health tools, Natasha has been able to overcome her diagnoses and live a full, happy life. Along with being an army wife, mother of two, and full-time student, Natasha has founded the Monterey Military Attic as well as the virtual assistant services company, Ghostly Pen. She is also a member and supporter of Military Mama Network.
Dr. Carolyn Jasik
The Importance of Correct Diagnosis, Treatment, and Self-Management of Diabetes
Dr. Carolyn Jasik is a board-certified clinical informatics physician with a background in technology operations and research. She provides primary care for high-risk teens, and serves as an Associate Professor at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF). Prior to joining Mango Health, Carolyn was the Assistant Medical Director of Informatics at UCSF where she supervised the EHR roll-out. She has 15 years of research experience and has received grant funding from the National Institute of Health, National Science Foundation, and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Her current research projects include two clinical trials on leveraging gamification solutions for adolescent risk behavior, and the use of a hospital patient portal to provide patient-centered care. Carolyn lives with her family in San Francisco and is happiest when she is in the outdoors.
Oxidative Stress – The Root of All Disease?
Nature's Secrets: Oxidative Stress - The Root of All Disease?
What is it and how do we prevent it through lifestyle an supplements!
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#81 No Grain, No Pain & Surviving Traumatic Brain Injury
Dr. Peter Osborne
No Grain, No Pain
No Grain, No Pain: Beyond the Effects of Gluten
Go Grain-Free and Eliminate Your Pain in 30 Days
Dr. Peter Osborne is the clinical director of Origins Healthcare Center in Sugar Land, TX (just southwest of Houston). He is a doctor of chiropractic medicine and a Board Certified Clinical Nutritionist. He is an expert in orthomolecular and functional medicine. He has been practicing since 2001. His clinical focus is the holistic natural treatment of chronic degenerative diseases with a primary focus on gluten sensitivity and food allergies. Dr. Osborne has helped thousands of patients recover from mysterious medical illnesses.
Doctor Osborne received his doctorate from Texas Chiropractic College. He has held faculty teaching positions at Texas Women’s University and HCC’s nursing program teaching Neurophysiology, Nutrition, Biology, and Anatomy & Physiology. He lectures nationally to doctors on the topics of gluten sensitivity/intolerance, celiac disease, drug induced nutritional deficiencies, and many other nutritionally related topics. He is the co-founder of Nutra-MD, a nutritional supplement product line that addresses nutrient deficiencies caused by commonly prescribed medications. He is the host for the radio program Alternatives for Health & Wellness and the Executive Secretary for the American Clinical Board of Nutrition.
Dr. Osborne founded Gluten Free Society in 2010 to help educate patients and physicians on the far reaching effects of gluten sensitivity. He is the author of Glutenology, a series of books designed to help educate the world about gluten.
Lynda McGuirk
Surviving & Thriving After Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Survive & Thrive: Traumatic Brain Injury Survival Guide
Traumatic Brain Injury: More than Just Brain Related Challenges
Lynda McGuirk is an entrepreneur and owner of McGuirk Management Small Business Organization Service. In January 2003, McGuirk spent six weeks in a coma, as a result of an automobile accident. That was the easy part. When she woke up, the real work began and she faced a long rehabilitation program. In 2010 she completed her Master’s Degree in Hospitality Administration from the University of Massachusetts, Amherst. Today, McGuirk is a successful entrepreneur and author of the new book, Survive and Thrive: My Traumatic Brain Injury Survival Guide. Like millions of traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors, McGuirk relearned how to live and was able to re-channel her life and business goals into a new, satisfying lifestyle.
Her dream is to open a retreat in Belize for TBI survivors and their families.
It’s Cold and Flu Season! Be Prepared, Naturally!
Nature's Secrets: Natural Cures for Cold and Flu
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#80 The Inflammation Solution and the Cancer Caregiver
William Sears, MD
The Inflammation Solution
The Inflammation Solution: When Everything Works and Nothing Hurts
Fight Disease with the 6-S Anti-Inflammatory Diet
William Sears, M.D., is one of America’s most trusted physicians. He has served as clinical associate professor at the University of Toronto, University of Southern California, University of Southern California School of Medicine, and University of California, Irvine. Together with his wife, Martha Sears, RN, Dr. Sears has written 42 books on parenting, family health, and healthy aging. His www.AskDrSears.com website is one of the most popular health and parenting sites. His contribution to family health was feature on the cover of TIME Magazine in May 2012. He practices and lives with his family in Southern California.
Pamela D. Wilson, MS, BS/BA, CG, CSA
Care for the Cancer Caregiver
Caring for Aging Parents: Tips to Make a Smooth
The Caregiving Trap: Ultimate Guidebook for Giving & Receiving Care
Pamela D. Wilson, MS, BS/BA, CG, CSA, Certified Senior Advisor specializes in working with family and professional caregivers to navigate healthcare and aging concerns. Wilson, an expert in the field of caregiving, has personally helped thousands of family and professional caregivers since 2000 in her career as an advocate, a care navigator, and an educator. Through her company, The Care Navigator, she is an advocate and service provider in the roles of guardian, power of attorney, care manager, and transition specialist. She was producer and host of The Caring Generation®, from 2009 to 2011, an educational radio program for caregivers on 630 KHOW-AM. In addition to her work at the Care Navigator, Pamela gives back to the community by serving as chairperson of the Community Ethics Committee in Denver, Colorado.
Her new book, The Caregiving Trap: Solutions for Life’s Unexpected Changes, will be available on October 6, 2015 through all major bookstores as well as on PamelaDWilson.com.
Introduction to Methylation: How to Hack Your Genes Naturally
Nature's Secrets: How to Hack Your Genes Naturally
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#79 Microbiome and Living with Chronic Pain
Raphael Kellman, MD
The Microbiome Diet
Positive Psychology: Optimize Your Microbiome & Rid Yourself of Depression
Link Between Gut Health and Thyroid Dysfunction
Dr. Raphael Kellman, MD, author of The Microbiome Diet, is a pioneer in functional medicine who has a holistic and visionary approach to healing. In 17 years of practice, he has treated more than 40,000 patients, many of whom have come to him from all over the world and after suffering without help for years.
Dr. Kellman is driven by his desire to alleviate suffering and to help people regain health based on a new vision and understanding of healing and the causes of disease. As a doctor trained in internal medicine at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York, Dr. Kellman uses the latest drugs and technology to treat specific diseases but his approach to medicine is patient- centered and holistic. He focuses on the complex interaction of systems — not just the disease but on you as a whole person who is greater than the sum of your parts.
Dr. Kellman’s treatments are informed by his background in the philosophy of science, and administered with compassion and kindness. Drawing on the latest research, he addresses your biochemistry, metabolism, hormones, genetics, environment, emotions, and life circumstances to help you achieve optimal health. Dr. Kellman attended received post-graduate training in internal medicine at Beth Israel Hospital, Lenox Hill Hospital, and St. John’s Hospital, and conducted Cancer research at Sloan Kettering Memorial Hospital. He serves as Holistic Medical Director for Health Check in Bay Ridge, and Queens, and Medical Director for the New York Center for Addiction Treatment Services. He is also the author of three books included, The Microbiome Diet, Gut Reactions, and Matrix Healing.
Liza H. Leal, MD, DAAPM
Living Well with Chronic Pain
Drug-Free Methods for Overcoming Chronic Pain
Dr. Liza Leal knows first-hand the devastation of chronic pain and that restoration IS possible.
While in medical school she developed rheumatoid arthritis, causing her to be wheelchair bound, potentially derailing her medical career. Dr. Leal inspires while educating and motivating her patients and audiences to succeed in living as a thriver and not a survivor.
Dr. Liza Leal knows something about pain, both professionally and personally as a patient. Dr. Liza lives with rheumatoid arthritis, a chronic, aching inflammation of the joints. Her personal experiences provide a unique perspective that strengthens her professional commitment to treat patients with compassion, understanding and education.
Leal began experiencing searing, persistent leg pain during her junior year of medical school. She completed medical school and began her residency—in a wheelchair. Today, Leal is out of the wheelchair—thanks to her unique comprehensive approach to pain management, which lead her to the understanding how opioid dependence is misunderstood by many in healthcare. Her passion is to bridge the education gap, evoke conversation between healthcare providers and pharmaceutical industry to help build long-term relationships through caring conversation.
Leal is the Chief Medical Officer and co-founder of Meridian Medical Dental Healthcare. As a family physician, Leal offers patients a comprehensive range of services of integrated medicine. She is well known for her development of training webinars and was featured in the Bronze Opus Award “On the Road to Joint Pain Relief” as the medical expert in the 30-minute infomercial. She has developed specialized training for sales representatives for pharmaceutical companies including Searle, Pfizer, Ligand, Organon and Cephalon. Currently she is the spokesperson for the international infomercials for Aloecure and Aloederma.
On this episode, an encore: Can You Relieve Anxiety Naturally?
Nature's Secrets: Can You Relieve Anxiety Naturally?
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#78 All About Menopause
Dr. Nyjon Eccles
LadyCare and How it Helps Women with Menopause
LadyCare: Device Offers Relief from Menopause Symptoms
Living with Menopause Symptoms: Treatment Options
After spending time in research and practice of “chemical-based” medicine and not happy with the possibilities that could be achieved by single chemical pharmaceuticals in health restoration, Dr. Nyjon Eccles decided to expand and develop his longstanding interest in Nutritional Medicine.
This journey took him to the Czech Republic, Spain, India and the USA, where he studied with pioneering doctors who’s broader approach, over and above relief of symptoms, was achieving dramatic restoration of health using nutrients, phytochemicals and electromagnetic medicine. His observation of cancer remissions led him to develop this area as a special interest.
Over the years he has developed specific and powerful nutritional programs for restoration of cellular health. These therapies he offers formerly at the Chiron Clinic, which he set up in 1998 and now at The Natural Doctor since 2010.
He is pioneering the introduction to the UK of Medical Infrared Thermal Imaging for very early non-invasive detection of breast cancer and screening of musculoskeletal disorders. He states, “Earlier detection in younger women by Thermography gives us an unprecedented opportunity to stem the tide of increasing breast cancer occurrence. Thermal abnormalities indicative of increased risk can then be reversed by the correct attention to lifestyle, nutrition and lymph detoxification.” In 2014 he has now co-developed a computer-assisted Breast Thermal Image system, which is to be franchised and is Patent-pending.
He is one of the leading Integrated Medicine Physicians in the UK and has a reputation for his practice of evidence-based Integrated Medicine. He is actively involved in conducting controlled Clinical trials to validate a variety of nutritional and magnetic therapies. His research and reviews appear regularly in peer-reviewed Medical journals. He is also an expert on Stress assessment by Heart Rate Variability measurements, having written extensively on the subject and has helped to develop bespoke corporate programs for objective stress measurement. He has further expertise in Magnetic Medicine and has pioneered research in this area in the UK over the last 10 years. His research led to the first ever magnetic product being given Drug Tariff approval in March 2006. His more recent work with one of these magnetic products, LadyCare, that significantly relieves menopause symptoms has led to discovery of a novel mechanism of action; a world patent on this discovery is also pending.
In an attempt to help people to alter their disease risks, he lectures regularly on topics such as “Natural Cancer support,” “Food as Medicine,” “Breast Health and Nutrition,” “Prostate Health and Nutrition,” “Clinical Thermography” and “Metabolic Health.” He is in great demand as a public speaker, increasingly being asked to appear on radio and TV for his expert opinion on Complementary and Natural Medicine.
From his research work with nutrients in cancer he has discovered a range of them that make normal cells perform better and these formulas have a unique application in Anti-Ageing Medicine. His work in the cancer field has led him to help set up a charity called CHART (Cancer Healing And Research Trust www.naturalcancerhealing.org ) to help guide people to which natural remedies really do seem to work as well as helping to create access to these.
From his work around breast thermal imaging and early breast cancer detection, he became more involved in helping to provide natural solutions for women’s health issues which include Natural Menopause relief (as above), Bio-identical hormones and Natural Anti-Ageing cosmetic solutions. He has developed novel Well man and Well woman programs based on earlier detection of imbalances using blood, urine and saliva tests in conjunction with cutting edge assessments of autonomic nervous system imbalance (using HRV), and early heart electrical abnormalities. More recently, he has developed a unique natural regime for fat loss; the basis of a new collaborative program with Personal Trainers.
He is acknowledged in Who’s Who in the World, 2010, 2011, 2012 and Who’s Who in Medicine & Healthcare, 2011-2012 for outstanding contributions in the Medical field. He is also listed in Great Minds of the 21st Century, limited to 1,000 entries, 5th Edition. Last year, 2011, he received a Medical Science Award of Excellence for Natural Medicine Research.
Dr. Mary Jane Minkin
All About Menopause: Hormones, Nutrition and Intimacy
Perimenopause & Menopause: Hormones, Nutrition & Intimacy
Use It or Lose It: Tips for Overcoming Vaginal Dryness
Dr. Mary Jane Minkin attended Brown University and then Yale University School of Medicine where she also did her residency training in obstetrics and gynecology. Dr. Minkin is the head of Yale University’s OBGYN Department.
Dr. Minkin’s expertise is in menopause: emotional and hormonal transitions, causing a need for changes with nutrition, exercise, and intimacy. Dr. Minkin addresses what’s normal/what treatment options are best, and explains the risks and what’s new on the horizon.
On this episode: Essential Oils for Women
Nature's Secrets: Essential Oils for Women
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#77 Healing Chronic Illness through Real Food
Michael Finkelstein, MD
Slow Medicine
Slow Living is Healthy Living
Slow Medicine & Healing for Chronic Illness
Dr. Michael Finkelstein, The Slow Medicine Doctor®, is the author of Slow Medicine: Hope and Healing for Chronic Illness, endorsed by Andrew Weil, MD and Mehmet Oz, MD. Dr. Finkelstein is the founder and medical director of SunRaven: The Home of Slow Medicine; he is an adjunct professor at SUNY Binghamton; he has been featured in top media outlets including the New York Times and CNN; he has presented at leading venues including GE Corporation and Omega Institute; and he blogs on the topic of Slow Medicine for he Huffington Post. Dr. Finkelstein was trained at premier institutes for both conventional and integrative medicine, and he is the recipient of numerous distinctions. Drawing from his diverse medical expertise, Dr. Finkelstein offers both a micro and macro point of view on today’s healthcare needs and challenges, and he provides a tried and-true solution for healing individual patients and the medical system as a whole: Slow Medicine.
Kim Schuette, CN, Certified GAPS Practitioner
Optimal Health through Real Food & Nutritional Therapy
GAPS Diet: Healing Gut and Psychology Syndrome
Kim Schuette, CN, Certified GAPS Practitioner, has been in private practice in the field of nutrition since 1999, teaching the importance of real food for optimal health. In 2002, she established Biodynamic Wellness, where she and her staff specialize in developing customized nutrition plans based on patients’ needs. They offer a variety of seminars on topics such as weight loss, whole food diets, children’s health, and women’s health. Schuette is a leader in her field, and was named “Best Alternative Health Practitioner of 2013” by Ranch & Coast Magazine in their annual “Best of San Diego” edition in March 2013. Additionally, she serves on the Board of Directors for the Weston A. Price Foundation (WAPF).
Glutathione: Best Kept Secret to Your Better Health
Nature's Secrets: Glutathione: Best Kept Secret to Your Better Health
What is Glutathione and why are so many of us deficient?
What can you do to boost your Glutathione levels naturally?
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#76 Hazing Aging and Optimizing Health
Robert Buckingham, MD, FACP
Hazing Aging
How Your Cells Contribute to the Aging Process
Vascular Endothelium: Key to Reverse Aging
Robert L. Buckingham, MD, FACP, has been a practicing physician in Ojai, California, for 36 years. He received his medical degree from the University of Illinois College of Medicine, where he graduated as a James Scholar with an MD and a master’s degree in pharmacology. He firmly believes that all should be informed about health, longevity and anti-aging.
Dr. Buckingham believes the key to reversing the aging process lies within a group of cells that line the body’s blood vessels, called the vascular endothelium.
His new book, Hazing Aging explores how maintaining the health of these cells through basic lifestyle changes can reverse effects of aging and drastically prolong lifespans.
David Minkoff, MD
Optimizing Your Metabolism & Your Health
Dr. David Minkoff graduated from the University of Wisconsin Medical School in 1974 and was elected to the “Phi Beta Kappa” of medical schools, the prestigious Alpha Omega Alpha Honors Medical Fraternity for very high academic achievement. He then worked for more than 20 years in the area of traditional medicine before making the switch to alternative medicine when he and his wife, Sue, founded LifeWorks Wellness Center in Clearwater, FL.
LifeWorks is now one of this country’s foremost alternative health clinics, offering a wide range of cutting-edge protocols.
In 2000, Dr. Minkoff founded BodyHealth, a nutrition company which offers a unique range of dietary supplements to the public and practitioners.
Dr. Minkoff is passionate about fitness and is a 41-time Ironman finisher, including eight appearances at the Ironman World Championships in Hawaii. He also writes two weekly newsletters, The Optimum Health Report and the BodyHealth Fitness Newsletter.
Are you Getting Enough Potassium?
Nature's Secrets: Are You Getting Enough Potassium?
What is Potassium?
Symptoms of Potassium Deficiency and how to prevent it!
Benefits and Sources of Potassium.
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#75 Overcoming Stress, Anxiety, and Depression
Mary Heath
Get Your Life Back: Tips to Overcome Stress, Anxiety & Depression
Get Your Life Back: Tips to Overcome Stress, Anxiety, & Depression
Breathe and Relax: Simple Ways to Reduce Stress
As a Stress Management Consultant, Stress Counsellor, Life Coach and Therapist, Mary worked in Mental Health for almost 30 years helping patients and clients to overcome their stress, anxiety and depression. Embracing therapies such as Pranayama Yoga, EFT (Emotional Freedom Technique), CBT (Cognitive Behavioural Therapy), NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming) and Solution Focused Therapy she worked both on a one-to-one basis as well as delivering courses, workshops and seminars. She retired in 2010 and devoted her time to writing Get Your Life Back and her Breathe & Relax CD. Born in Lancashire near Liverpool she now lives in Solihull in the UK with her husband. She enjoys spending time with her family, reading and holidaying across the world.
Mary Heath’s book is designed and structured in such a way that it leads the reader through a selection of therapies, skills and techniques from an eclectic mix of disciplines. Mary has based her unique and ground breaking book on her successes throughout her career. Writing, designing and delivering many hundreds of classes, courses and workshops for countless patients and clients suffering the ill effects of stress, anxiety and depression Mary discovered what were the most effective and beneficial therapies and techniques to bring about a full recovery. When working on a one-to-one basis Mary also found that just one technique or skill or therapy alone was not as effective as combining several different coping strategies chosen and tailored to suit individual needs. Here, in her innovative book, the reader will discover what works best for them with a pick and mix approach. The contents are varied and wide ranging. One day you will be learning how to control anxiety, the next discovering a new method of relaxation, and on another drawing up an effective plan to organize your day.
Get Your Life Back is meant to be read one day at a time, putting into practice the advice for that particular day. However, readers can obviously take as much time as they like, working through the course at their own pace and according to their own particular needs and circumstances.
Dr. Jane Bluestein
The Perfection Deception
Perfectionism: Debunking the All or Nothing Mindset
A dynamic and entertaining speaker, Dr. Bluestein has worked with thousands of educators, counselors, healthcare professionals, parents, childcare workers, and other community members world-wide. She has appeared internationally as a speaker and talk-show guest, including several appearances as a guest expert on CNN, National Public Radio and The Oprah Winfrey Show.
Dr. Jane Bluestein, Speaker, Presenter, Writer, Blogger, Podcaster, and Lifelong EducatorDr. Bluestein specializes in programs and resources geared to provide practical and meaningful information, training and hope in areas related to relationship building, effective instruction and guidance, and personal development. Much of her work focuses on interactions between adults and children, especially children at risk. Her down-to-earth speaking style, practicality, sense of humor, and numerous stories and examples make her ideas clear and accessible to her audiences.
Jane is an award-winning author whose books include Creating Emotionally Safe Schools; High School’s Not Forever; 21st Century Discipline; Being a Successful Teacher; Parents in a Pressure Cooker; Parents, Teens, & Boundaries; The Parent’s Little Book of Lists: Do’s and Don’ts of Effective Parenting; Mentors, Masters, and Mrs. McGregor: Stories of Teachers Making a Difference; and Magic, Miracles & Synchronicity : A Journal of Gratitude and Awareness. Dr. Bluestein’s latest books include The Win-Win Classroom, Becoming a Win-Win Teacher, and Managing 21st Century Classrooms.
Formerly a classroom teacher (in inner-city Pittsburgh, PA), crisis-intervention counselor, teacher training program coordinator, and volunteer with high-risk teens at a local Day Treatment Program, Dr. Bluestein currently heads Instructional Support Services, Inc., a consulting and resource firm in Albuquerque, New Mexico.
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Category Archives: local government
Shadows and celebrations for Sunshine Week 2019
Posted on March 7, 2019 by Alex
Sunshine Week 2019 may officially begin on March 10, but it’s unofficially kicking off tomorrow with the National Freedom of Information Day Conference at the Newseum in DC.
For those unfamiliar with this annual celebration of open government around the United States, Sunshine Week was founded over a decade ago by the American Society of Newspaper Editors, who now support it with the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press.
Sunshine Week always falls around President James Madison’s birthday on March 16. Madison is generally regarded as the forefather of open government in the United States, as evidenced by this memorable letter in 1822:
“Knowledge will forever govern ignorance: And a people who mean to be their own Governors, must arm themselves with the power which knowledge gives,” he wrote.
In 2018, the “information darkness” of the Trump administration led to ignominy, from the Electronic Frontier Foundation’ “Foilies” to the Society for Professional Journalists’ Black Hole Award to the National Security Archives’ Rosemary Awards.
In 2019, transparency and accountability have taken on additional context during the Trump administration, which has continued to be allergic to transparency, rife with conflicts of interest, and hostile to the essential role journalism plays in a democracy. When the President of the United States repeatedly calls journalists “the enemy of the people,” a disinformation virus is weakening our body politic.
Despite the enactment of a historic open government data bill, the state of open government (data) remains divided, at risk, and underfunded in the United States.
After years of delays and democratic regression, the US government released a weak open government plan for the Open Government Partnership that was not responsive to the demands of this moment. The Open Government Partnership’s researchers found backsliding in the USA, confirming what watchdogs have been highlighting daily about this administration since January 2017.
Every Sunshine Week is an opportunity to take stock of how federal, state and local governments are complying with public records, public meetings laws, and ethics statutes with disclosure requirements, from city halls to legislatures. As the National Security Archive highlighted, the state of the Freedom of Information Act is cloudy:
Representative Elijah Cummings, D-Md, and Senators Chuck Grassley, R-Iowa, Patrick Leahy, D-Vt., and John Cornyn, R-Texas, recently sent a stern letter to the Interior Department reprimanding the agency for its efforts to weaken its FOIA regulations and urging it to reconsider the rule change. The proposed rule changes which garnered more than 65,000 comments – include allowing the DOI to preemptively reject what it defines as “unreasonably burdensome” requests, the possibility of imposing a monthly limit to the number of either pages or requests from a single requester the agency will process, and a host of other changes that may make it more difficult to obtain fee waivers and expedited processing.
The bipartisan group of lawmakers, all seasoned FOIA champions, told the Interior Department, “We write to express significant concern with the rule recently proposed by the Department of the Interior (DOI) concerning its Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) procedures. The proposed rule appears to restrict public access to DOI’s records and delay the processing of FOIA requests in violation of the letter and spirit of FOIA. The American people have the right to access information from DOI, and the proposed rule needlessly encroaches on that right.”
The context for oversight of open government at the national level for this year, however, is different. 2018 midterm elections delivered a 116th Congress that brought with it a commitment to oversight that was sorely lacking in the last session. A core element of that oversight has been public hearings that hold public officials and corporate executives accountable for their service or services.
That will continue next week, when, as has been the tradition in past years, the U.S. House Oversight Committee will be holding a hearing during Sunshine Week in 2019, considering the Freedom of Information Act and transparency under the Trump administration.
There will be many other Sunshine Week events around DC as well. The Department of Justice’s awards for FOIA officers. The National Archives celebrating the 10th anniversary of the Office of Government Information Services (aka the federal FOIA ombudman) during the day on March 11. That night, there will be a panel discussion on how to obtain and improve coverage of climate data at the National Press Club hosted by its Journalism Institute and Freedom of the Press Committee.
There will be a DC Open Government Summit and a forum on science in the Trump era put on by the Government Accountability Project, the Union of Concerned Scientists, and the Sunlight Foundation’s Web Integrity Project on the evening of March 12.
Despite the threats to American democracy at the federal level and ongoing challenges to open government in the states and cities, there’s still much to celebrate in 2019.
The free press, independent judiciary, and watchdog organizations have continued to provide transparency when elected officials and civil servants have tried to make decisions in secrecy, shedding light on corruption, fraud, waste, abuse and incompetence.
Their combined efforts to bring in sunshine in government across American civil society have been a bulwark against tyranny and corruption in the United States and around the world. Thank you to everyone who continues to support, defend and extend the public’s right to know in the 21st century.
Posted in access to information, FOIA, freedom of information, local government, open data, open government, Open Government Partnership, Trump Administration Tagged open government, sunshine week
Federal judge rules public officials blocking the public on Twitter violates the First Amendment
When the president or others with access to his Twitter account block American citizens from following @realDonaldTrump based upon the viewpoints they express, it violates their First Amendment rights.
In a historic decision, a federal judge ruled today that it is unconstitutional for President Donald J. Trump to block his critics on Twitter, as portions of @realDonaldTrump account constitute a public forum, which means blocking them based on their political speech violates the First Amendment:
We hold that portions of the @realDonaldTrump account — the “interactive space” where Twitter users may directly engage with the content of the President’s tweets — are properly analyzed under the “public forum” doctrines set forth by the Supreme Court, that such space is a designated public forum, and that the blocking of the plaintiffs based on their political speech constitutes viewpoint discrimination that violates the First Amendment. In so holding, we reject the defendants’ contentions that the First Amendment does not apply in this case and that the President’s personal First Amendment interests supersede those of plaintiffs.
This is a historic win for the First Amendment and the public’s right to access official statements and participate in public discourse regarding those statements.
As I highlighted last year, tweets by @realDonaldTrump are official statements from the President, which means that the public has a right to equal access and participation around them, even when their speech is hosted on a private platform. The public interest argument was clear then:
“A president’s statements are not just made for people who voted for him or support his policies or politics.
Unfortunately, Trump is not alone: other local, state and federal politicians are also blocking their constituents on Twitter.
Doing so sends the wrong message to the public about whom they serve. Listening and responding to members of the public that they represent is a minimum expectation for public servants in any democratic state, whether those voices are raised in protest, petition, email, send letters or reply on social media. While there are practical challenges to making sense of millions of emails, tweets, call or letters, blocks are not the solution to filter failure.”
No President should block Americans from reading his official statements, replying or interacting with others here.
No other public servant should block constituents, either, from city councilors and alderman to judges, governors and mayors.
On Twitter, officials and politicians who have blocked constituents now consider policies to Mute accounts if someone is being vile or abusive, with transparency about guidelines and use. Users who abuse one another are already subject to accountability for violations of @Twitter rules, which could be reported by officials or civil society.
As the judge noted, addressing President Trump blocking people is legally tricky.
While we reject defendants’ categorical assertion that injunctive relief cannot ever be awarded against the President, we nonetheless conclude that it is unnecessary to enter that legal thicket at this time. A declaratory judgment should be sufficient, as no government official — including the President — is above the law, and all government officials are presumed to follow the law as has been declared.
President Trump should acknowledge the ruling and follow the law, unblocking everyone. Whether he’ll embrace such a change on his social platform of choice isn’r clear at all — especially given his refusal to follow security protocols for his iPhone, despite the risk of nation states spying on him.
In the wake of this ruling, the president should acknowledge the ruling in a video & tweeted post, work with Twitter to unblock everyone, and apologize for engaging in viewpoint-based discrimination and chilling the speech of his constituents, the American public.
But I doubt Trump will.
So, here’s a different idea. It would be an unprecedented move for an unprecedented presidency, but I hope Jack Dorsey and his board will seriously consider removing the Block feature from all official government accounts verified by Twitter.
If code is law and law is now encoded, one way for Twitter to embrace its DNA as a 21st century platform for free speech is to make open, public access to official statements the default, putting pressure on Facebook, Google and others to follow.
Posted in access to information, government information technology, local government, open government, social media, technology, Trump Administration Tagged first amendment, social media, Trump Administration, Twitter
Why it’s past time for governments to fix public comments online – and how
The Bot Wars, begun they have. Over the past two years, automated social media accounts and fraudulent regulatory filings have been used by anonymous parties to obscure public opinion, distort public discourse, and corrupt the integrity of rulemaking in the … Continue reading →
Posted in access to information, digital government, e-government, FCC, government information technology, identity, local government, open government, regulation, regulatory reform, rulemaking, social media, technology Tagged comment fraud, crowdlaw, FCC, open government, participatory democracy, rulemaking
15 key insights from the Pew Internet and Life Project on the American public, open data and open government
Posted on April 21, 2015 by Alex
Today, a new survey released by the Pew Research Internet and Life Project provided one of the most comprehensive snapshots into the attitudes of the American public towards open data and open government to date. In general, more people surveyed are guardedly optimistic about the outcomes and release of open data, although that belief does vary with their political views, trust in government, and specific areas. (Full disclosure: I was consulted by Pew researchers regarding useful survey questions to pose.)
“Trust in government is the reference that people bring to their answers on open government and open data,” said John Horrigan, the principal researcher on the survey, in an interview. “That’s the frame of reference people bring. A lot of people still aren’t familiar with the notion, and because they don’t have a framework about open data, trust dominates, and you get the response that we got.”
While majorities of the American public use applications and services that use government data, from GPS to weather to transit to health apps, relatively few are aware that data produced and released by government drives them.
“The challenge for activists or advocates in this space will be to try to make the link between government data and service delivery outcomes,” said Horrigan. “If the goals are to make government perform better and maybe reverse the historic tide of lowered trust, then the goal is to make improvements real in delivery. If this is framed just as argument over data quality, it would go into an irresolvable back and forth into the quality of government data collection. If you can cast it beyond whether unemployment statistics are correct or not but instead of how government services improve or saved money, you have a chance of speaking to wether government data makes things better.”
The public knowledge gap regarding this connection is one of the most important points that proponents, advocates, journalists and publishers who wish to see funding for open data initiatives be maintained or Freedom of Information Act reforms pass.
“I think a key implication of the findings is that – if advocates of government data initiatives hope that data will improve people’s views about government’s efficacy – efforts by intermediaries or governments to tie the open data/open government to the government’s collection of data may be worthwhile,” said Horrigan. “Such public awareness efforts might introduce a new “mental model” for the public about what these initiatives are all about. Right now, at least as the data for this report suggests, people do not have a clear sense of government data initiatives. And that means the context for how they think about them has a lot to do with their baseline level of trust in the government – particularly the federal government.”
Horrigan suggested thinking about this using a metaphor familiar to anyone who’s attended a middle school dance.
“Because people do engage with the government online, just through services, it’s like getting them on a big dance floor,” he suggested. “They’re on the floor, where you want them, but they’re on the other part of it. They don’t know that there’s another part of the dance that they’d like to see or be drawn to that they’d want to be in. There’s an opportunity to draw them. The good news that they’re on the dance floor, the bad news is they don’t know about all of it. Someone might want to go over and talk to them an explain that if you go over here you might have a better experience.”
Following are 13 more key insights about the public’s views regarding the Internet, open data and government. For more, make sure to read the full report on open government data, which is full of useful discussion of its findings.
One additional worth noting before you dive in: this survey is representative of American adults, not just the attitudes of people who are online. “The Americans Trends Panel was recruited to be nationally representative, and is weighted in such a way (as nearly all surveys are) to ensure responses reflect the general population,” said Horrigan. “The overall rate of internet use is a bit higher than we typically record, but within the margin of error. So we are comfortable that the sample is representative of the general population.”
Growing number of Americans adults are using the Internet to get information and data
While Pew cautions that the questions posed in this survey are different from another conducted in 2010, the trend is clear: the way citizens communicate with government now includes the Internet, and the way government communicates with citizens increasingly includes digital channels. That use now includes getting information or data about federal, state and local government.
College-educated Americans and millennials are more hopeful about open data releases
Despite disparities in trust and belief in outcomes, there is no difference in online activities between members of political parties
Wealthier Americans are comfortable with open data about real estate transactions but not individual mortgages
This attitude is generally true across all income levels.
College graduates, millennials and higher-income adults are more likely to use data to monitor government performance
About a third of college grads, young people and wealthy Americans have checked out performance data or government contracting data, or about 50% more than other age groups, lower income or non-college grads.
The ways American adults interact with government services and data digitally are expanding
But very few American adults think government data sharing is currently very effective:
#OpenData "portals" should be putting *impact*: http://t.co/jDBf0KMHIm on their home pages. http://t.co/hQcebG3MWt https://t.co/LLZ1UEOA1p
— Alex Howard (@digiphile) April 21, 2015
A small minority of Americans, however, have a great deal of trust in federal government at all:
In fact, increasing individual use of data isn’t necessarily correlated with belief in positive outcomes:
Pew grouped the 3,212 respondents into four quadrants, seen below, with a vertical axis ranging from optimism to skepticism and a horizontal axis that described use. Notably, more use of data doesn’t correlate to more belief in positive outcomes.
“In my mind, you have to get to the part of the story where you show government ran better as a result,” said Horrigan. “You have to get to a position where these stories are being told. Then, at least, while you’re opening up new possibilities for cynicism or skepticism, you’re at least focused on the data as opposed to trust in government.”
Belief in positive outcomes from the release of open data is correlated with a belief that your voice matters in this republic:
If you trust the federal government, you’re more likely to see the benefit in open data:
But belief in positive outcomes from the release of open data is related to political party affiliation:
Put simply, Democrats trust the federal government more, and that relates to how people feel about open data released by that government.
Political party has an impact upon the view of open data in the federal government
One challenge is that if President Barack Obama says “open data” again, he may further associate the release of government data with Democratic policies, despite bipartisan support for open government data in Congress. If a Republican is elected President in November 2016, however, this particular attitude may well shift.
“That’s definitely the historic pattern, tracked over time, dating to 1958,” said Horrigan, citing a Pew study. “If if holds and a Republican wins the White House, you’d expect it to flip. Let’s say that we get a Republican president and he continues some of these initiatives to make government perform better, which I expect to be the case. The Bush administration invested in e-government, and used the tools available to them at the time. The Obama administration picked it up, used the new tools available, and got better. President [X] could say this stuff works.”
The unresolved question that we won’t know the answer to until well into 2017, if then, is whether today’s era of hyper-partisanship will change this historic pattern.
There’s bipartisan agreement on the need to use government data better in government. Democratss want to improve efficiency and effectiveness, Republicans want to do the same, but often in the context of demonstrating that programs or policies are ineffective and thereby shrink government. If the country can rise about partisan politics to innovate government, awareness of the utility of releases will grow, along with support for open data will grow.
“Many Americans are not much attuned to government data initiatives, which is why they think about them (in the attitudinal questions) through the lens of whether they trust government,” said Horrigan. “Even the positive part of the attitudinal questions (i.e., the data initiatives can improve accountability) has a dollop of concern, in that even the positive findings can be seen as people saying: ‘These government data initiatives might be good because they will shine more light on government – which really needs it because government doesn’t perform well enough.’ That is an opportunity of course – especially for intermediaries that might, through use of data, help the public understand how/whether government is being accountable to citizens.”
That opportunity is cause for hope.
“Whether it is ‘traditional’ online access for doing transactions/info searches with respect to government, or using mobile apps that rely on government data, people engage with government online, “said Horrigan. “That creates the opportunity for advocates of government data initiatives to draw citizens further down the path of understanding (and perhaps better appreciating) the possible impacts of such initiatives.”
Posted in access to information, civic tech, digital government, e-government, financial transparency, freedom of information, government information technology, local government, open data, open government, personal data, transparency Tagged open government, open government data, Pew Internet and LIfe Project
Open government advocates: terms and conditions mean DC open data is fauxpen data
Posted on September 17, 2014 by Alex
Earlier this summer, this blog covered the launch of District of Columbia’s executive order on open government, open data policy, open data platform and online FOIA portal. Last week, the Sunlight Foundation laid out what DC should have done differently with its open data policy.
“The evolution of open data policies since 2006 provides a chance for stakeholders to learn from and build on what’s been accomplished so far,” wrote policy associate Alisha Green. “This summer, a new executive directive from Mayor Vincent Gray’s office could have taken advantage of that opportunity for growth, It fell far short, however. The scope, level of detail, and enforceability of the policy seem to reveal a lack of seriousness about making a significant improvement on DC’s 2006 memorandum.”
Green says that DC’s robust legal, technology and advocacy community’s input should have helped shape more of the policy and that “the policy should have been passed through the legislative, not executive, process.” Opportunities, missed.
Yesterday, civic hacker and Govtrack.us founder Joshua Tauberer took the critique one step further, crying foul over the terms of use in the DC data catalog.
“The specter of a lawsuit hanging over the heads of civic hackers has a chilling effect on the creation of projects to benefit the public, even though they make use of public data released for that express purpose,” he wrote. “How does this happen? Through terms of service, terms of use, and copyright law.”
The bottom line, in Tauberer’s analysis, is that the District oF Columbia’s open data isn’t truly open. To put it another way, it’s fauxpen data.
“Giving up the right to take legal action and being required to follow extremely vague rules in order to use public data are not hallmarks of an open society,” writes Tauberer. “These terms are a threat that there will be a lawsuit, or even criminal prosecution, if civic hackers build apps that the District doesn’t approve of. It has been a long-standing tenant that open government data must be license-free in order to truly be open to use by the public. If there are capricious rules around the reuse of it, it’s not open government data. Period. Code for DC noted this specifically in our comments to the mayor last year. Data subject to terms of use isn’t open. The Mayor should update his order to direct that the city’s “open data” be made available a) without restriction and b) with an explicit dedication to the public domain.”
In the wake of these strong, constructive critiques, I posted an update in an online open government community wondering what the chances ar that DC public advocates, technologists, lawyers, wonks, librarians and citizens will go log on to the DC government’s open government platform, where the order is hosted, and suggest changes to the problematic policy? So far, few have.
The issue also hasn’t become a serious issue for the outgoing administration of Mayor Vincent Gray, or in the mayoral campaign between Muriel Bowser and David Catania, who both sit on the DC Council.
The issues section of Bowser’s website contains a positive but short, vague commitment to “improved government”: “DC needs a government that works for the people and is open to the people,” it reads. “Muriel will open our government so that DC residents have the ability to discuss their concerns and make suggestions of what we can do better.”
By way of contrast, Catania published a 128 page platform online that includes sections on “democracy for the District” and “accountable government.”(Open data advocates, take note: the document was published on Scribd, not as plaintext or HTML.) The platform includes paragraphs on improving access to government information, presenting information in user-friendly formats, eradicating corruption and rooting out wasteful spending.
Those are all worthy goals, but I wonder whether Catania knows that the city’s current policy and the executive order undermines the ability and incentives for journalists, NGOs, entrepreneurs and the District’s residents to apply the information he advocates disclosing for the purposes intended.
Last week, I asked Bowser and Catania how their administrations would approach open data in the District.
Dear @murielbowser & @DavidCataniaDC: if elected, how would your administration approach open data in #DC? http://t.co/erog8aHaxA #opengov
— Alex Howard (@digiphile) September 10, 2014
To date, I’ve heard no reply. I’ve also reached out to DC’s Office of Open Government. If I hear from any party, I’ll update this post.
Update: In answer to a question I posed, the Twitter account for DC.gov, which manages DC’s online presence and the open data platform in question as part of the Office of the Chief Technology Officer, indicated that “new terms and conditions [were] coming shortly.” No further details were offered.
@digiphile @OpenGovHub New terms and conditions coming shortly.
— DC.Gov (@DCGovWeb) September 17, 2014
Posted in digital government, FOIA, government information technology, local government, open data, open government Tagged Code for DC, David Catania, DC, democracy, licensing, local government, Muriel Bowser, open data, open government, terms and conditions
Data journalism and the changing landscape for policy making in the age of networked transparency
Posted on July 30, 2014 by Alex
This morning, I gave a short talk on data journalism and the changing landscape for policy making in the age of networked transparency at the Woodrow Wilson Center in DC, hosted by the Commons Lab.
At @TheWilsonCenter to give a talk on research on data journalism http://t.co/u0peMY5bnS Humbling personal milestone. pic.twitter.com/Aum103upr2
— Alex Howard (@digiphile) July 30, 2014
Video from the event is online at the Wilson Center website. Unfortunately, I found that I didn’t edit my presentation down enough for my allotted time. I made it to slide 84 of 98 in 20 minutes and had to skip the 14 predictions and recommendations section. While many of the themes I describe in those 14 slides came out during the roundtable question and answer period, they’re worth resharing here, in the presentation I’ve embedded below:
Posted in big data, FOIA, international, local government, open data, open government, personal data, press freedom, privacy, regulatory reform, research, social media Tagged data journalism, FOIA, open data, open government, press freedom, research, video
[REPORT] On data journalism, democracy, open government and press freedom
Posted on June 13, 2014 by Alex
On May 30, I gave a keynote talk on my research on the art and science of data journalism at the first Tow Center research conference at Columbia Journalism School in New York City. I’ve embedded the video below:
My presentation is embedded below, if you want to follow along or visit the sites and services I described.
Here’s an observation drawn from an extensive section on open government that should be of interest to readers of this blog:
“Proactive, selective open data initiatives by government focused on services that are not balanced by support for press freedoms and improved access can fairly be criticized as “openwashing” or “fauxpen government.”
Data journalists who are frequently faced with heavily redacted document releases or reams of blurry PDFs are particularly well placed to make those critiques.”
My contribution was only one part of the proceedings for “Quantifying Journalism: Metrics, Data and Computation,” which you can catch up through the Tow Center’s live blog or TechPresident’s coverage of measuring the impact of journalism.
When practicing data journalism, always remember xkcd. #towtalk pic.twitter.com/2mFnsvXgfD
— Michael Keller (@mhkeller) May 30, 2014
Posted in FOIA, international, local government, open data, open government, Open Government Partnership, personal data, press freedom, privacy, research, social media Tagged data journalism, open data, open government
District of Columbia to experiment with collaborative lawmaking online
Residents of the District of Columbia now have a new way to comment on proposed legislation before the City Council, MadisonDC. Today, David Grosso, a DC Councilman-at-Large, introduced the new initiative to collaboratively draft laws online in a release and video on YouTube.
“As we encourage more public engagement in the legislative process, I hope D.C. residents will take a moment to log onto the Madison project,” said Councilmember Grosso. “I look forward to seeing the public input on my proposed bills.”
MadisonDC has its roots in the first Congressional hackathon, back in 2011. The event spawned a beta version of the Madison Project, an online platform to where lawmakers could crowdsource legislative markup. It was deployed first by the office of Representative Darrell Issa, crowdsourcing comments on several bills. The code was subsequently open sourced and now has been deployed by the OpenGov Foundation as a way to publish municipal codes online, along with other uses.
“We are excited to support Councilmember Grosso’s unprecedented efforts to welcome residents – and their ideas – directly into the local lawmaking process,” said Seamus Kraft, co-founder & executive director of The OpenGov Foundation, on the nonprofit organization’s blog. “But what really matters is that we’re going to produce better City Council bills, with fewer frustrations and unintended consequences. These three bills are only a start. The ultimate goal of MadisonDC is transforming D.C.’s entire policymaking machine for the Internet Age, creating an end-to-end, on-demand collaboration ecosystem for both citizens and city officials. The possibilities are limitless.”
The first three bills on MadisonDC are the D.C. Urban Farming and Food Security Act of 2014, the Marijuana Legalization and Regulation Act of 2013, and the Open Primary Elections Amendment Act of 2014.
The DC Open Government Office at the city’s Board of Ethics and Government Accountability, commended the effort with a tweet:
DCs #OpenGov office commends @cmdgrosso @FoundOpenGov 4 launch of #MadisonDC-free tool 4 citizen participation in gov http://t.co/5ISqx0LFMW
— DCOPENGOV (@DCOPENGOV) May 16, 2014
Councilman Grosso further engaged the public on Twitter this afternoon, inviting public comment on his proposed legislation.
@maarston Here's the link, please add these comments to the bill directly! http://t.co/zDel2fYQSk Thanks for your interest! #opengov
— David Grosso (@cmdgrosso) May 16, 2014
This post has been updated to include more statements and social media updates.
Posted in digital government, government information technology, legislation, local government, open government Tagged crowdsourcing, David Grosso, DC, legislation, local government, open government, open innovation, OpenGov Foundation
Maryland Governor Martin O’Malley asks Reddit to ‘Ask Me Anything’
Posted on May 5, 2014 by Alex
I generally agree with the assessment of Washington Post, with respect to how well Maryland Governor Martin O’Malley’s “Ask Me Anything” on Reddit went for him, though I give him far more credit for venturing onto the unruly social news platform than the reporter did. The Post’s report that he only answered 5 questions was just plain incorrect.
O’Malley answered 19 questions this morning, not 5, a fact that could be easily and quickly ascertained by clicking on GovMartinOMalley, the username he used for the AMA, including a (short) answer to a question on mental health that the Post said went unanswered. (An editor made multiple corrections and updates to the Post’s story after I pointed that out.)
He subsequently logged back on in the afternoon to answer more questions, rebutting the Post’s assessment and that of a user: “I don’t know, I’m having fun! This is my first AMA. I had to step away to sign a bunch of bills, and I’m glad to be back,” he commented.
He answered at least one tough question (from a questioner who appears to have joined Reddit today) after doing so, although the answer hasn’t been highly rated:
@bmoreprogressive91: Thanks for doing an AMA. Just one question: How does the Maryland healthcare exchange, which cost taxpayers $90 million to implement before your administration found that it would be cheaper (at an additional $40-50 million) to just replace it than to fix it, show that your Administration has been effectively using taxpayer dollars to better the lives of individual citizens?
http://www.washingtonpost.com/local/md-politics/md-spent-90-million-on-health-exchange-technology-according-to-cost-breakdown/2014/04/18/5f2e7600-c722-11e3-8b9a-8e0977a24aeb_story.html
O’Malley: No one was more frustrated than I was about the fact that our health exchange website didn’t work properly when we launched. But our health exchange is more than a web site, and we worked hard to overcome the technical problems. We have enrolled about 329,000 people thus far, exceeding the goal we set of 260,000. I often say that we haven’t always succeeded at first, but we have never given up. We learn from both success and failure.
By the end of the day, Maryland’s governor answered 36 questions in total. (You can read a cleanly formatted version of O’Malley’s AMA at Interview.ly). Reddit users rated the quality of some answers much higher than others, with the most popular answer, “Yes,” coming in response to whether he would support a constitutional amendment to reverse the Citizens United decision by the Supreme Court.
To be fair — and reasonable observers should be — Reddit’s utility for extracting answers from a politician isn’t so great, as Alexis Madrigal pointed out after President Barack Obama did an AMA, back in 2012. That said, I’m generally supportive of elected leaders engaging directly with constituents online using the tools and platforms that citizens are active upon themselves.
Popular questions that go unanswered can be instructive and offer some insight into what issues a given politician would rather not talk about in public. As such, they’re fine fodder for media to report upon. The record online, however, also means that when a reporter botches the job or misrepresents an interaction, question or answer, we can all see that, too.
Postscript: Andrew MacRae was critical of the governor and his team’s approach to Reddit and offered a tip for other politicians that venture onto the social news platform for an AMA. More on that in the embedded tweets, below:
@reddit @GovernorOMalley That would undermine the point of an AMA @digiphile . His team should have studied @Schwarzenegger for how to AMA
— Andrew MacRae (@IAmAMacRae) May 5, 2014
@digiphile @reddit recipe is simple. answer the tough q's immediately. bring data. demonstrate personality, it's not a speech it's a convo
This post was further updated after the Governor went back online in the afternoon.
[Image Credit: Governor O’Malley]
Posted in digital government, local government, open government, social media Tagged digital democracy, Martin O'Malley, Maryland, open government, Reddit, social media
Esri’s new ArcGIS feature is live. Will terabytes of new open data follow?
Back in February, I reported that Esri would enable governments to open their data to the public.Today, the geographic information systems (GIS) software giant pushed ArcGIS Open Data live, instantly enabling thousands of its local, state and federal government users to open up the public data in their systems to the public, in just a few minutes.
“Starting today any ArcGIS Online organization can enable open data, specify open data groups and create and publicize their open data through a simple, hosted and best practices web application,” wrote Andrew Turner, chief technology officer of Esri’s Research and Development Center in D.C., in a blog post about the public beta of Open Data ArcGIS. “Originally previewed at FedGIS ArcGIS Open Data is now public beta where we will be working with the community on feedback, ideas, improvements and integrations to ensure that it exemplifies the opportunity of true open sharing of data.”
Turner highlighted what this would mean for both sides of the open data equation: supply and demand.
Data providers can create open data groups within their organizations, designating data to be open for download and re-use, hosting the data on the ArcGIS site. They can also create public microsites for the public to explore. (Example below.) Turner also highlighted the code for Esri’s open-source GeoPortal Server on Github as a means to add metadata to data sets.
Data users, from media to developers to nonprofits to schools to businesses to other government entities, will be able to download data in common open formats, including KML, Spreadsheet (CSV), Shapefile, GeoJSON and GeoServices.
“As the US Open Data Institute recently noted, [imagine] the impact to opening government data if software had ‘Export as JSON’ by default,” wrote Turner.
“That’s what you now have. Users can also subscribe to the RSS feed of updates and comments about any dataset in order to keep up with new releases or relevant supporting information. As many of you are likely aware, the reality of these two perspectives are not far apart. It is often easiest for organizations to collaborate with one another by sharing data to the public. In government, making data openly available means departments within the organization can also easily find and access this data just as much as public users can.”
Turner highlighted what an open data site would look like in the wild:
“Data Driven Detroit a great example of organizations sharing data. They were able to leverage their existing data to quickly publish open data such as census, education or housing. As someone who lived near Detroit, I can attest to the particular local love and passion the people have for their city and state – and how open data empowers citizens and businesses to be part of the solution to local issues.
In sum, this feature could, as I noted in February, could mean a lot more data is suddenly available for re-use. When considered in concert with Esri’s involvement in the White House’s Climate Data initiative, 2014 looks set to be a historic year for the mapping giant.
It also could be a banner year for open data in general, if governments follow through on their promises to release more of it in reusable forms. By making it easy to upload data, hosting it for free and publishing it in the open formats developers commonly use in 2014, Esri is removing three major roadblocks governments face after a mandate to “open up” come from a legislature, city council, or executive order from the governor or mayor’s office.
“The processes in use to publish open data are unreasonably complicated,” said Waldo Jacquith, director of the U.S. Open Data Institute, in an email.
“As technologist Dave Guarino recently wrote, basically inherent to the process of opening data is ETL: “extract-transform-load” operations. This means creating a lot of fragile, custom code, and the prospect of doing that for every dataset housed by every federal agency, 50 states, and 90,000 local governments is wildly impractical.
Esri is blazing the trail to the sustainable way to open data, which is to open it up where it’s already housed as closed data. When opening data is as simple as toggling an “open/closed” selector, there’s going to be a lot more of it. (To be fair, there are many types of data that contain personally identifiable information, sensitive information, etc. The mere flipping of a switch doesn’t address those problems.)
Esri is a gold mine of geodata, and the prospect of even a small percentage of that being released as open data is very exciting.”
Posted in big data, digital government, FOIA, government information technology, local government, open data, open government Tagged Esri, GIS, mapping software, open data, open government
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Hollywood Homes for Sale
Hollywood is a neighborhood in Central Los Angeles. It sits north of the Hancock Park and Larchmont Village neighborhoods, and extends northward towards the Hollywood Hills. It is bordered to the west by West Hollywood and to the east by Los Feliz.
Hollywood was established in 1853, with a single adobe hut on a stretch of land just west of Los Angeles. Sixty-one years later, in 1914, Cecille B. DeMille shot Hollywood’s first feature-film- officially launching the Hollywood film industry and giving rise to what would eventually become the “The Entertainment Capital of the World.” Today, Hollywood covers approximately 3.5 square miles and is home to over 85,000 people.
I rarely have clients who say “find me a home in Hollywood”; they mostly want the outskirts. This city is mostly made up of renters and there is ALWAYS traffic and tourists. I have seen a lot of improvement over the last 10 years, and Hollywood is becoming less embarrassing. Well, somewhat less embarrassing….
About once a month, we will hit the Arclight for a movie, then walk to one of the many newer surrounding restaurants. We stay away from Hollywood and Highland, my least favorite mall in the world. Too much gridlock and parking fees add up quickly. As of April 2016, there are 21 single family residences for sale in Hollywood starting at $449k to $2.4M and 24 condos starting at $369k to $1,490,000.
Over 40 million tourists visit Los Angeles each year, largely drawn in by numerous the sights and attractions all in the shadow of the iconic Hollywood sign. Among them are the stars along the Hollywood Walk of Fame, footprints in front of the historic Chinese Theater, the Kodak (now Dolby) Theater- home to the Academy Awards, and of course the Hollywood sign itself.
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Ten of the 20 students who graduated in 2018 with minors in International Relations pose with outgoing program director Matthew Evangelista and Einaudi Center associate director Heike Michelsen.
The International Relations Minor provides a structured yet flexible program for studying the politics, economics, history, languages, and cultures of the world. It is open to students in any of Cornell's undergraduate colleges and includes courses from across the university.
Graduates have gone on to successful careers in fields such as international law, economics, agriculture, trade, finance, journalism, education, and government service.
See the attached PDFs for a list of approved courses. All courses must be taken for a grade in order to count toward the minor.
Spending a semester or year abroad can help meet the minor's requirements, including the language requirement.
Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies
156 Uris Hall
IRM@einaudi.cornell.edu
Director: Christopher Way, Department of Government, 306 White Hall
Office Hours: Wednesdays 2:00 - 4:00 pm
Administrative coordinator: Vincent Mauro, 156 Uris Hall, tel (607) 255-7645
Office Hours: Mondays 2:00 - 4:00 p.m.
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Art and the AfD
Peddling high-brow Islamophobia
Consolidating its major party status in recent European elections, the AfD succeeded in part through the use of the arts in its campaigning. Critics fear that it is part of an ongoing push for "cultural hegemony". By Stuart Braun
As I was approaching my neighbourhood shopping street the day before the European election, I was struck by a large truck bearing German flags and logos for the far right-wing party, Alternative fur Deutschland (Alternative for Germany), or AfD, but also by a large reproduction of an oil painting. It featured some swarthy, sinister-looking robed men sizing up an enslaved, lighter-skinned woman and was accompanied by the slogan: "Europeans vote AfD … So Europe doesn't become Eurabia!"
Eurabia is an Islamophobic term used in connection with a conspiracy theory positing that Muslim people will soon overrun Europe – a theory pushed by Norwegian extreme-right terrorist Anders Breivik, who murdered 77 people in 2011.
Intentional recourse to popular cultural memory
The poster – one of several from the AfD's "Learning from Europe's history" campaign that re-interpreted famous artworks to push a xenophobic agenda during the EU election – features "The Slave Market" (1866) by French painter Jean-Leon Gerome, an Orientalist work that itself has been judged to present racist tropes from colonial times.
The same image was also used to remind voters of what happened in Cologne during New Year's Eve in 2015, where hundreds of sexual assaults were attributed to men of "North African" appearance.
Just as the AfD refused to take down the poster after requests from the owners of the original work, party activists have been trying to censor cultural institutions. The party recently pressured the organisers of the exhibition titled "Immer wieder? Extreme Rechte und Gegenwehr in Berlin seit 1945" (Again and again? The extreme right and resistance in Berlin since 1945) at Berlin's Rathaus Neukolln (Neukolln Town Hall) to remove content related to the party during the elections to the European parliament.
"We want to use the exhibition to draw attention to the continuities of the extreme right in Berlin and at the same time to point out facets of social resistance," said Vera Henssler of the "Antifaschistisches Pressearchiv und Bildungszentrum" (Antifascist Press Archive and Education Centre) in an interview. "The AfD is only a small part in this story, but it is unquestionably one of the actors."
Criticise the rise of right-wing extremism at your peril: the organisers of the exhibition "Immer wieder? Extreme Rechte und Gegenwehr in Berlin seit 1945" on show in Neukolln Town Hall, Berlin recently came under pressure. The AfD wanted them to remove all party-related content on the recent European elections
The AfD-related exhibition material mentions, for example, how party members joined neo-Nazis on the streets in anti-"Islamisation" protests during the peak of the migrant crisis in 2014 and 2015. It also traces how right-wing elements have gained ground within the AfD – initially an anti-EU party – and made Islamophobia a central platform.
After the election, the removed panels were restored to the exhibition. In reaction, the party says it will seek a court order to have them removed, calling the exhibition organisers a "left hate" organisation and adding that since they receive government funds, they should be neutral and uncritical: "We will not tolerate this in public spaces with public funds," said AfD Berlin party spokesperson Ronald Glaser.
Freedom of expression?
The AfD has sought to censor cultural and educational institutions on a number of occasions. It sued the Berlin Social Science Centre (WZB) over a study on the "Parliamentary Practice of the AfD in German State Parliaments", declaring that it violated their "personality rights." But in April, a court declared the study valid and in accordance with the right to academic freedom and freedom of speech.
Islamophobia in Germany: "We need a new debate about racism"Islamophobia: Criticism of religion? Blatant racism!Right-wing populism in Europe and the USA: Those who cry wolf
AfD | Alternative for Germany, Art, Islam in Germany, Islamophobia, Muslims in the West, Racism | discrimination, Right-wing populism, Xenophobia
Michael Frey has written a fascinating book about the contemporary political thinker Nassif Nassar. Since 1967, Nassar has devoted his life’s work to the question of a fair social ...More
The Kurdish YPG militia did the heavy lifting in the fight against the "Islamic State", yet many foreign YPG adherents, including Germans, have come home to find themselves under ...More
Muslim-Jewish pilgrimage to Auschwitz
Few Muslims have to date visited the Auschwitz-Birkenau concentration camp memorial site. Now high-ranking representatives of Muslims and Jews are travelling together to the place ...More
Islamism in Germany
Preventing radicalisation in prisons
The terror attacks in Paris, Brussels and Berlin were all carried out by men radicalised in jail. In Germany, politics and the judiciary are trying out new approaches to prevent ...More
Book review: Pajand Soleymani's "Immer mit Zucker"
In her novel "Immer mit Zucker" Pajand Soleymani creates a surreal world of cinematic images, intellectual discussion and dreamlike transformation. An unusual reading experience ...More
Stuart Braun
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Published on Qantara.de - Dialogue with the Islamic World (https://en.qantara.de)
Home > The genie is out of the bottle
Unrest in the Arab world
The genie is out of the bottle
The Arab world is one gigantic pressure cooker. For the most part the lid of repression is on, but it is boiling over with increasing frequency. Whether in Lebanon, Iraq or in Algeria, where people are rising up against political despotism and corruption. By Karim El-Gawhary
We have seen how the lid was lifted this year in Algeria following the toppling of the dictator Abdelaziz Bouteflika, a country now in the throes of weekly demonstrations demanding an end to the entire "Bouteflika system".
Or in Sudan, where long-time dictator Omar al-Bashir was ousted and the protest movement managed to negotiate a power-sharing agreement with the military – to date the sole rulers of the nation – which should in three years lead to a civilian government and democratic elections.
And even in Egypt, a country ruled by an omnipotent repressive apparatus, people dared just a few weeks ago to take to the streets for the first time against the former head of the military and President Abdul Fattah al-Sisi.
A long-term process of upheaval
All this shows one thing above all else: politics in the Arab world cannot be described with the seasons of the years along the lines of "the Arab Spring has become the Arab Winter". What we’re experiencing on our doorstep in the southern and eastern Mediterranean as well as in the Middle East, is a long-term process of upheaval.
Even the beginnings of this insurgency can be described as a process. The reality is much more complex than the story of the street vendor Mohamed Bouazizi who set himself alight in Tunisia and with this single act, this beat of a butterfly’s wing, triggered a hurricane that swept across the entire Arab world.
Take the example of Egypt: what sparked the rebellion against Mubarak? Was it 25 January 2011, when people began streaming onto Tahrir Square? Or the New Year’s Eve before that, when Muslim and Coptic youngsters took to the streets following an attack on a church in Alexandria to protest at the regime’s inability to provide adequate protection for the nation’s churches.
"Insurgency movements as a constantly recurring process of upheaval in the Arab world: if the genie is now out of the bottle, no autocrat, no military and no confessional party will be able to cram it back in. Then, the process of upheaval will run its course – regardless of the season," writes Karim El-Gawhary
Or did the uprising begin the previous year, when the young man Khaled Said was beaten to death by policemen in Alexandria and the Facebook campaign "We are all Khaled Said" spread like wildfire throughout Egypt. Or was the catalyst the protest movement "Kifaya" (Enough!), a small group of political activists demonstrating against Mubarak since 2004?
Social factors as a trigger for the rebellion
And precisely because this movement for political change in the country does not have a determinable starting point, it also has no end point. The old systems may continue to try and keep the lid on these protest movements by repressive means, but thus far they have not succeeded in completely eliminating the prevailing contradictions.
And these are currently being inflamed by the growing economic and social problems. After all, the traditional Arab autocratic or confessional political systems all have one thing in common: they open the door to corruption and the self-enrichment of whichever elite happens to be in power, while most of the country is left economically and socially with its back to the wall.
In Egypt, a third of the population has to live on € 1.50 a day. In Lebanon, a third of the population is below the poverty line. In addition to this, corruption is rife. Transparency International ranks Sudan as the sixth most corrupt nation in the world, seven places ahead of Iraq and with Lebanon not far behind.
The other recurring reason for the discontent can be seen in the non-functioning state services – whether in regard to the sporadic power supplies in the extreme heat of the Iraqi summer, the refuse crisis or the inadequate digital infrastructure in Lebanon, which is comparable with that of a third world nation in a country that presents a gleaming facade to the rest of the world.
Rejection of confessional and political trench warfare
The youth unemployment rate in Iraq is 20 percent. This is particularly dramatic because 60 percent of the population is under 24. The numbers are similar in other Arab nations, where predominantly young people are taking to the streets because they feel they have no future perspectives. The distinctive feature of these protest movements is their spontaneous character and – perhaps with the exception of Sudan – the lack of any organisational structure. Besides, many demonstrators refuse to be politically absorbed by the traditional parties of their nations.
No to political standstill: people have been protesting against the government of Prime Minister Saad Hariri for almost two weeks. The demonstrations were triggered by austerity measures and tax increases announced by the government. Hariri finally announced his resignation on 30.10.2019. It remains to be seen if the Lebanese system of proportional representation that divides power between the denominational groups will see an overhaul as a result
It is also interesting that the protest is not only directed at the Arab autocrats, but – in the case of Lebanon and Iraq – against orders in which confessional groupings and parties dominate the political landscape. For decades, people there have been told that their religious identity is a decisive factor in politics – whether that identity be that of Sunnis, Shias or Christians.
But now, people are realising that these very same religion-based political parties are lining their pockets, creating a confessional buddy economy where ministries are owned by confessional parties and have become self-services stores for these.
Now, people in these very same nations are uniting to demonstrate for a functioning state, for political accountability for those in government and against either own confessional leadership. Economic and social needs are of utmost importance in the discourse on religious identities.
Repression: the rulers' knee-jerk response
The responses from Arab states only serve to highlight their weaknesses. They resort to repression. In Iraq, the very same Shia militias denounced for mismanagement by protesters in the Shia areas of the country fired on demonstrators.
In Egypt, the regime is in a such a panic over any kind of dissent that a few weeks ago, the police began stopping large numbers of people on the streets and demanding access to their phones. Anyone found with anti-government material on their phones is taken away for questioning, as well as anyone refusing to unlock their devices.
Egyptian human rights organisations are reporting more than 4,000 cases of these "mobile phone arrests". The Arab regimes face a fundamental problem here. Repression works, but it also has an expiry date, especially if economic and social problems remain unresolved.
Regardless of whether in the case of Lebanon, Iraq, Algeria, Sudan or Egypt, the same thing always applies: the regimes, the confessional parties and their security apparatuses are no longer the ones deciding what people think and also express. First and foremost through social media, the critical political debate has for a long time now taken on a life of its own, migrating straight from the Internet to the coffeehouse.
And if the genie is now out of the bottle, no autocrat, no military and no confessional party will be able to cram it back in. Then, the process of upheaval will run its course – regardless of the season.
Karim El-Gawhary
Translated from the German by Nina Coon
Middle East: Lebanon's protesters are here to stayDemocracy movements in the Arab world: Look to Sudan, Algeria!Arab response to Trump's Jerusalem decision: Walking a fine line
Source URL: https://en.qantara.de/content/unrest-in-the-arab-world-the-genie-is-out-of-the-bottle
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Marienthal, Kansas
Unincorporated community in Kansas, United States
KDOT map of Wichita County (legend)
Show map of Kansas
Coordinates: 38°29′15″N 101°12′47″W / 38.48750°N 101.21306°W / 38.48750; -101.21306Coordinates: 38°29′15″N 101°12′47″W / 38.48750°N 101.21306°W / 38.48750; -101.21306[1]
Marienthal, Russia
UTC-6 (CST)
20-44600 [1]
GNIS ID
Marienthal is an unincorporated community in Wichita County, Kansas, United States.
In 1892, the community was founded by a group of immigrant Volga Germans; they named it after their previous hometown of Marienthal (Tonkoschurovka), Russia (today Sovetskoya, Russia), located in the district of Saratov, on the east side of the Volga River.
The post office was established March 18, 1902.[2] The USPS discontinued service to Marienthal in 2011; the post office was officially closed in 2017.[3]
Marienthal now consists of roughly 100 people, a Catholic church,[4] a flour mill,[5] a substance abuse treatment center, a trucking company, a bar and a grain elevator.
Demographics[edit]
For statistical purposes, the United States Census Bureau has defined Marienthal as a census-designated place (CDP).
^ a b c d Geographic Names Information System (GNIS) details for Marienthal, Kansas; United States Geological Survey (USGS); October 13, 1978.
^ "Kansas Post Offices, 1828-1961". Kansas Historical Society. Archived from the original on 9 October 2013. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
^ "Postal Bulletin 22481 : Post Office Changes". United States Postal Service. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2019.
^ St. Mary Church.
^ Heartland Mill.
See also: List of books about Wichita County, Kansas
Leoti-Wichita County USD 467 school district
Wichita County Maps: Current, Historic, KDOT
Municipalities and communities of Wichita County, Kansas, United States
County seat: Leoti
Leoti
Farmer City
Kansas portal United States portal
This article about a location in Wichita County, Kansas is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marienthal,_Kansas&oldid=928603871"
German-Russian culture in Kansas
Census-designated places in Kansas
Census-designated places in Wichita County, Kansas
Ukrainian-American history
Kansas geography stubs
This page was last edited on 30 November 2019, at 12:06 (UTC).
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eCFR
Title 32 Part 70
Title 32 → Subtitle A → Chapter I → Subchapter D → Part 70
Electronic Code of Federal Regulations e-CFR
Title 32: National Defense
PART 70—DISCHARGE REVIEW BOARD (DRB) PROCEDURES AND STANDARDS
§70.1 Reissuance and purpose.
§70.2 Applicability.
§70.3 Definitions.
§70.4 Responsibilities.
§70.5 Procedures.
§70.6 Information requirements.
§70.7 Effective date and implementation.
§70.8 Discharge review procedures.
§70.9 Discharge review standards.
§70.10 Complaints concerning decisional documents and index entries.
§70.11 DoD semiannual report.
Authority: 10 U.S.C. 1553 and 38 U.S.C. 101 and 3103, as amended.
Source: 47 FR 37785, Aug. 26, 1982, unless otherwise noted.
This part is reissued and:
(a) Establishes uniform policies, procedures, and standards for the review of discharges or dismissals under 10 U.S.C. 1553.
(b) Provides guidelines for discharge review by application or on motion of a DRB, and the conduct of discharge reviews and standards to be applied in such reviews which are designed to ensure historically consistent uniformity in execution of this function, as required under Pub. L. 95-126.
(c) Assigns responsibility for administering the program.
(d) Makes provisions for public inspection, copying, and distribution of DRB documents through the Armed Forces Discharge Review/Correction Board Reading Room.
(e) Establishes procedures for the preparation of decisional documents and index entries.
(f) Provides guidance for processing complaints concerning decisional documents and index entries.
The provisions of this part 70 apply to the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD) and the Military Departments. The terms, “Military Services,” and “Armed Forces,” as used herein, refer to the Army, Navy, Air Force and Marine Corps.
(a) Applicant. A former member of the Armed Forces who has been discharged or dismissed administratively in accordance with Military Department regulations or by sentence of a court-martial (other than a general court-martial) and under statutory regulatory provisions whose application is accepted by the DRB concerned or whose case is heard on the DRB's own motion. If the former member is deceased or incompetent, the term “applicant” includes the surviving spouse, next-of-kin, or legal representative who is acting on behalf of the former member. When the term “applicant” is used in §§70.8 through 70.10, it includes the applicant's counsel or representative, except that the counsel or representative may not submit an application for review, waive the applicant's right to be present at a hearing, or terminate a review without providing the DRB an appropriate power of attorney or other written consent of the applicant.
(b) Complainant. A former member of the Armed Forces (or the former member's counsel) who submits a complaint under §70.10 with respect to the decisional document issued in the former member's own case; or a former member of the Armed Forces (or the former member's counsel) who submits a complaint under §70.10 stating that correction of the decisional document will assist the former member in preparing for an administrative or judicial proceeding in which the former member's own discharge will be at issue.
(c) Counsel or Representative. An individual or agency designated by the applicant who agrees to represent the applicant in a case before the DRB. It includes, but is not limited to: a lawyer who is a member of the bar of a Federal court or of the highest court of a State; an accredited representative designated by an organization recognized by the Administrator of Veterans Affairs; a representative from a State agency concerned with veterans affairs; and representatives from private organizations or local government agencies.
(d) Discharge. A general term used in this Directive that includes dismissal and separation or release from active or inactive military status, and actions that accomplish a complete severance of all military status. This term also includes the assignment of a reason for such discharge and characterization of service (32 CFR part 41).
(e) Discharge Review. The process by which the reason for separation, the procedures followed in accomplishing separation, and the characterization of service are evaluated. This includes determinations made under the provisions of 38 U.S.C. 3103(e)(2).
(f) Discharge Review Board (DRB). An administrative board constituted by the Secretary of the Military Department concerned and vested with discretionary authority to review discharges and dismissals under the provisions of 10 U.S.C. 1553. It may be configured as one main element or two or more elements as designated by the Secretary concerned.
(g) DRB Panel. An element of a DRB, consisting of five members, authorized by the Secretary concerned to review discharges and dismissals.
(h) DRB Traveling or Regional Panel. A DRB panel that conducts discharge reviews in a location outside the National Capital Region (NCR).
(i) Hearing. A review involving an appearance before the DRB by the applicant or on the applicant's behalf by a counsel or representative.
(j) Hearing Examination. The process by which a designated officer of a DRB prepares a presentation for consideration by a DRB in accordance with regulations prescribed by the Secretary concerned.
(k) National Capital Region (NCR). The District of Columbia; Prince Georges and Montgomery Counties in Maryland; Arlington, Fairfax, Loudoun, and Prince William Counties in Virginia; and all cities and towns included within the outer boundaries of the foregoing counties.
(l) President, DRB. A person designated by the Secretary concerned and responsible for the supervision of the discharge review function and other duties as assigned.
(a) The Secretaries of the Military Departments have the authority for final decision and the responsibility for the operation for their respective discharge review programs under 10 U.S.C. 1553.
(b) The Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics) (ASD(MRA&L)) shall:
(1) Resolve all issues concerning DRBs that cannot be resolved among the Military Departments.
(2) Ensure uniformity among the Military Departments in the rights afforded applicants in discharge reviews.
(3) Modify or supplement the enclosures to this part.
(4) Maintain the index of decisions and provide for timely modification of index categories to reflect changes in discharge review policies, procedures, and standards issued by the OSD and the Military Departments.
(c) The Secretary of the Army, as the designated administrative focal point for DRB matters, shall:
(1) Effect necessary coordination with other governmental agencies regarding continuing applicability of this part and resolve administrative procedures relating thereto.
(2) Review suggested modifications to this part, including implementing documents; monitor the implementing documents of the Military Departments; resolve differences, when practicable; recommend specific changes; provide supporting rationale to the ASD(MRA&L) for decision; and include appropriate documentation through the Office of the ASD(MRA&L) and the OSD Federal Register liaison officer to effect publication in the Federal Register.
(3) Maintain the DD Form 293, “Application for Review of Discharge or Separation from the Armed Forces of the United States,” and republish as necessary with appropriate coordination of the other Military Departments and the Office of Management and Budget.
(4) Respond to all inquiries from private individuals, organizations, or public officials with regard to DRB matters. When the specific Military Service can be identified, refer such correspondence to the appropriate DRB for response or designate an appropriate activity to perform this task.
(5) Provide overall guidance and supervision to the Armed Forces Discharge Review/Correction Board Reading Room with staff augmentation, as required, by the Departments of the Navy and Air Force.
(6) Ensure that notice of the location, hours of operation, and similar types of information regarding the Reading Room is published in the Federal Register.
(a) Discharge review procedures are prescribed in §70.8.
(b) Discharge Review Standards are prescribed in §70.9 and constitute the basic guidelines for the determination whether to grant or deny relief in a discharge review.
(c) Complaint Procedures about decisional documents are prescribed in §70.10.
(a) Reporting requirements. (1) The reporting requirement prescribed in §70.8(n) is assigned Report Control Symbol DD-M(SA)1489.
(2) All reports must be consistent with DoD Directive 5000.11, “Data Elements and Data Codes Standardization Program,” December 7, 1964.
(b) Use of standard data elements. The data requirements prescribed by this part shall be consistent with DoD 5000.12-M, “DoD Manual for Standard Data Elements,” December 1981. Any reference to a date should appear as (YYMMDD), while any name entry should appear as (Last name, first name, middle initial).
This part is effective immediately for the purpose of preparing implementing documents. DoD Directive 1332.28, March 29, 1978, is officially canceled, effective November 27, 1982. This part applies to all discharge review proceedings conducted on or after November 27, 1982. §70.10 applies to all complaint proceedings conducted on or after September 28, 1982. Final action on complaints shall not be taken until September 28, 1982, unless earlier corrective action is requested expressly by the applicant (or the applicant's counsel) whose case is the subject of the decisional document. If earlier corrective action is requested, it shall be taken in accordance with §70.10.
(a) Application for review—(1) General. Applications shall be submitted to the appropriate DRB on DD Form 293, “Application for Review of Discharge or Separation from the Armed Forces of the United States,” with such other statements, affidavits, or documentation as desired. It is to the applicant's advantage to submit such documents with the application or within 60 days thereafter in order to permit a thorough screening of the case. The DD Form 293 is available at most DoD installations and regional offices of the Veterans Administration, or by writing to: DA Military Review Boards Agency, Attention: SFBA (Reading Room), Room 1E520, The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20310.
(2) Timing. A motion or request for review must be made within 15 years after the date of discharge or dismissal.
(3) Applicant's responsibilities. An applicant may request a change in the character of or reason for discharge (or both).
(i) Character of discharge. Block 7 of DD Form 293 provides an applicant an opportunity to request a specific change in character of discharge (for example, General Discharge to Honorable Discharge; Other than Honorable Discharge to General or Honorable Discharge). Only a person separated on or after 1 October 1982 while in an entry level status may request a change from Other than Honorable Discharge to Entry Level Separation. A request for review from an applicant who does not have an Honorable Discharge shall be treated as a request for a change to an Honorable Discharge unless the applicant requests a specific change to another character of discharge.
(ii) Reason for discharge. Block 7 of DD Form 293 provides an applicant an opportunity to request a specific change in the reason for discharge. If an applicant does not request a specific change in the reason for discharge, the DRB shall presume that the request for review does not involve a request for change in the reason for discharge. Under its responsibility to examine the propriety and equity of an applicant's discharge, the DRB shall change the reason for discharge if such a change is warranted.
(iii) The applicant must ensure that issues submitted to the DRB are consistent with the request for change in discharge set forth in block 7 of the DD Form 293. If an ambiguity is created by a difference between an applicant's issue and the request in block 7, the DRB shall respond to the issue in the context of the action requested in block 7. In the case of a hearing, the DRB shall attempt to resolve the ambiguity under paragraph (a)(5) of this section.
(4) Request for consideration of specific issues. An applicant may request the DRB to consider specific issues which, in the opinion of the applicant, form a basis for changing the character of or reason for discharge, or both. In addition to the guidance set forth in this section, applicants should consult the other sections in this part (particularly paragraphs (c), (d), and (e) of this section and §§70.9 and 70.10 before submitting issues for consideration by the DRB.
(i) Submission of issues on DD Form 293. Issues must be provided to the DRB on DD Form 293 before the DRB closes the review process for deliberation.
(A) Issues must be clear and specific. An issue must be stated clearly and specifically in order to enable the DRB to understand the nature of the issue and its relationship to the applicant's discharge.
(B) Separate listing of issues. Each issue submitted by an applicant should be listed separately. Submission of a separate statement for each issue provides the best means of ensuring that the full import of the issue is conveyed to the DRB.
(C) Use of DD Form 293. DD Form 293 provides applicants with a standard format for submitting issues to the DRB, and its use:
(1) Provides a means for an applicant to set forth clearly and specifically those matters that, in the opinion of the applicant, provide a basis for changing the discharge;
(2) Assists the DRB in focusing on those matters considered to be important by an applicant;
(3) Assists the DRB in distinguishing between a matter submitted by an applicant in the expectation that it will be treated as a decisional issue under paragraph (e) of this section, and those matters submitted simply as background or supporting materials;
(4) Provides the applicant with greater rights in the event that the applicant later submits a complaint under §70.10(d)(1)(iii) concerning the decisional document;
(5) Reduces the potential for disagreement as to the content of an applicant's issue.
(D) Incorporation by reference. If the applicant makes an additional written submission, such as a brief, in support of the application, the applicant may incorporate by reference specific issues set forth in the written submission in accordance with the guidance on DD Form 293. The reference shall be specific enough for the DRB to identify clearly the matter being submitted as an issue. At a minimum, it shall identify the page, paragraph, and sentence incorporated. Because it is to the applicant's benefit to bring such issues to the DRB's attention as early as possible in the review, applicants who submit a brief are strongly urged to set forth all such issues as a separate item at the beginning of the brief. If it reasonably appears that the applicant inadvertently has failed expressly to incorporate an issue which the applicant clearly identifies as an issue to be addressed by the DRB, the DRB shall respond to such an issue under paragraphs (d) and (e) of this section.
(E) Effective date of the new Form DD 293. With respect to applications received before November 27, 1982, the DRB shall consider issues clearly and specifically stated in accordance with the rules in effect at the time of submission. With respect to applications received on or after November 27, 1982, if the applicant submits an obsolete DD Form 293, the DRB shall accept the application, but shall provide the applicant with a copy of the new form and advise the applicant that it will only respond to issues submitted on the new form in accordance with this part.
(ii) Relationship of issues to character of or reason for discharge. If the application applies to both character of and reason for discharge, the applicant is encouraged, but not required, to identify the issue as applying to the character of or reason for discharge (or both). Unless the issue is directed at the reason for discharge expressly or by necessary implication, the DRB will presume that it applies solely to the character of discharge.
(iii) Relationship of issues to the standards for discharge review. The DRB reviews discharges on the basis of issues of propriety and equity. The standards used by the DRB are set forth in §70.9. The applicant is encouraged to review those standards before submitting any issue upon which the applicant believes a change in discharge should be based.
(A) Issues concerning the equity of the discharge. An issue of equity is a matter that involves a determination whether a discharge should by changed under the equity standards of §70.9. This includes any issue, submitted by the applicant in accordance with paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section, that is addressed to the discretionary authority of the DRB.
(B) Issues concerning the propriety of a discharge. An issue of propriety is a matter that involves a determination whether a discharge should be changed under the propriety standards of §70.9. This includes an applicant's issue, submitted in accordance with paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section, in which the applicant's position is that the discharge must be changed because of an error in the discharge pertaining to a regulation, statute, constitutional provision, or other source of law (including a matter that requires a determination whether, under the circumstances of the case, action by military authorities was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion). Although a numerical reference to the regulation or other sources of law alleged to have been violated is not necessarily required, the context of the regulation or a description of the procedures alleged to have been violated normally must be set forth in order to inform the DRB adequately of the basis for the applicant's position.
(C) The applicant's identification of an issue. The applicant is encouraged, but not required, to identify an issue as pertaining to the propriety or the equity to the discharge. This will assist the DRB in assessing the relationship of the issue to propriety or equity under paragraph (e)(1)(iii) of this section.
(iv) Citation of matter from decisions. The primary function of the DRB involves the exercise of dicretion on a case-by-case basis. See §70.9(b)(3). Applicants are not required to cite prior decisions as the basis for a change in discharge. If the applicant wishes to bring the DRB's attention to a prior decision as background or illustrative material, the citation should be placed in a brief or other supporting documents. If, however, it is the applicant's intention to submit an issue that sets forth specific principles and facts from a specific cited decision, the following requirements apply with respect to applications received on or after November 27, 1982.
(A) The issue must be set forth or expressly incorporated in the “Applicant's Issue” portion of DD Form 293.
(B) If an applicant's issue cites a prior decision (of the DRB, another Board, an agency, or a court), the applicant shall describe the specific principles and facts that are contained in the prior decision and explain the relevance of cited matter to the applicant's case.
(C) To ensure timely consideration of principles cited from unpublished opinions (including decisions maintained by the Armed Forces Discharge Review Board/Corrective Board Reading Room), applicants must provide the DRB with copies of such decisions or of the relevant portion of the treatise, manual, or similar source in which the principles were discussed. At the applicant's request, such materials will be returned.
(D) If the applicant fails to comply with the requirements in paragraphs (a)(4)(iv) (A), (B), and (C), the decisional document shall note the defect, and shall respond to the issue without regard to the citation.
(5) Identification by the DRB of issues submitted by an applicant. The applicant's issues shall be identified in accordance with this section after a review of the materials noted under paragraph (c)(4), is made.
(i) Issues on DD Form 293. The DRB shall consider all items submitted as issues by an applicant on DD Form 293 (or incorporated therein) in accordance with paragraph (a)(4)(i). With respect to applications submitted before November 27, 1982, the DRB shall consider all issues clearly and specifically stated in accordance with the rules in effect at the time of the submission.
(ii) Amendment of issues. The DRB shall not request or instruct an applicant to amend or withdraw any matter submitted by the applicant. Any amendment or withdrawal of an issue by an applicant shall be confirmed in writing by the applicant. Nothing in this provision:
(A) Limits the DRB's authority to question an applicant as to the meaning of such matter;
(B) Precludes the DRB from developing decisional issues based upon such questions;
(C) Prevents the applicant from amending or withdrawing such matter any time before the DRB closes the review process for deliberation; or
(D) Prevents the DRB from presenting an applicant with a list of proposed decisional issues and written information concerning the right of the applicant to add to, amend, or withdraw the applicant's submission. The written information will state that the applicant's decision to take such action (or decline to do so) will not be used against the applicant in the consideration of the case.
(iii) Additional issues identified during a hearing. The following additional procedure shall be used during a hearing in order to promote the DRB's understanding of an applicant's presentation. If, before closing the case for deliberation, the DRB believes that an applicant has presented an issue not listed on DD Form 293, the DRB may so inform the applicant, and the applicant may submit the issue in writing or add additional written issues at that time. This does not preclude the DRB from developing its own decisional issues.
(6) Notification of possible bar to benefits. Written notification shall be made to each applicant whose record indicates a reason for discharge that bars receipt of benefits under 38 U.S.C. 3103(a). This notification will advise the applicant that separate action by the Board for Correction of Military or Naval Records or the Veterans Administration may confer eligibility for VA benefits. Regarding the bar to benefits based upon the 180 days consecutive unauthorized absence, the following applies:
(i) Such absence must have been included as part of the basis for the applicant's discharge under other than honorable conditions.
(ii) Such absence is computed without regard to the applicant's normal or adjusted expiration of term of service.
(b) Conduct of reviews—(1) Members. As designated by the Secretary concerned, the DRB and its panels, if any, shall consist of five members. One member of the DRB shall be designated as the president and may serve as a presiding officer. Other officers may be designated to serve as presiding officers for DRB panels under regulations prescribed by the Secretary concerned.
(2) Locations. Reviews by a DRB will be conducted in the NCR and such other locations as designated by the Secretary concerned.
(3) Types of review. An applicant, upon request, is entitled to:
(i) Record review. A review of the application, available service records, and additional documents (if any) submitted by the applicant.
(ii) Hearing. A review involving an appearance before the DRB by the applicant or counsel or representative (or both).
(4) Applicant's expenses. Unless otherwise specified by law or regulation, expenses incurred by the applicant, witnesses, counsel or representative will not be paid by the Department of Defense.
(5) Withdrawal of application. An applicant shall be permitted to withdraw an application without prejudice at any time before the scheduled review.
(6) Failure to appear at a hearing or respond to a scheduling notice. (i) Except as otherwise authorized by the Secretary concerned, further opportunity for a hearing shall not be made available in the following circumstances to an applicant who has requested a hearing:
(A) When the applicant has been sent a letter containing the month and location of a proposed hearing and fails to make a timely response; or
(B) When the applicant, after being notified by letter of the time and place of the hearing, fails to appear at the appointed time, either in person or by representative, without having made a prior, timely request for a continuation, postponement, or withdrawal.
(ii) In such cases, the applicant shall be deemed to have waived the right to a hearing, and the DRB shall complete its review of the discharge. Further request for a hearing shall not be granted unless the applicant can demonstrate that the failure to appear or respond was due to circumstances beyond the applicant's control.
(7) Continuance and postponements. (i) A continuance of a discharge review hearing may be authorized by the president of the DRB or presiding officer of the panel concerned, provided that such continuance is of reasonable duration and is essential to achieving a full and fair hearing. When a proposal for continuance is indefinite, the pending application shall be returned to the applicant with the option to resubmit when the case is fully ready for review.
(ii) Postponements of scheduled reviews normally shall not be permitted other than for demonstrated good and sufficient reason set forth by the applicant in a timely manner, or for the convenience of the government.
(8) Reconsideration. A discharge review shall not be subject to reconsideration except:
(i) When the only previous consideration of the case was on the motion of the DRB;
(ii) When the original discharge review did not involve a hearing and a hearing is now desired, and the provisions of paragraph (b)(6) of this section do not apply;
(iii) When changes in discharge policy are announced after an earlier review of an applicant's discharge, and the new policy is made expressly retroactive;
(iv) When the DRB determines that policies and procedures under which the applicant was discharged differ in material respects from policies and procedures currently applicable on a Service-wide basis to discharges of the type under consideration, provided that such changes in policies or procedures represent a substantial enhancement of the rights afforded a respondent in such proceedings;
(v) When an individual is to be represented by a counsel or representative, and was not so represented in any previous consideration of the case by the DRB;
(vi) When the case was not previously considered under uniform standards published pursuant to Pub. L. 95-126 and such application is made within 15 years after the date of discharge; or
(vii) On the basis of presentation of new, substantial, relevant evidence not available to the applicant at the time of the original review. The decision whether evidence offered by an applicant in support of a request for reconsideration is in fact new, substantial, relevant, and was not available to the applicant at the time of the original review will be based on a comparison of such evidence with the evidence considered in the previous discharge review. If this comparison shows that the evidence submitted would have had a probable effect on matters concerning the propriety or equity of the discharge, the request for reconsideration shall be granted.
(9) Availability of records and documents. (i) Before applying for discharge review, potential applicants or their designated representatives may obtain copies of their military personnel records by submitting a General Services Administration Standard Form 180, “Request Pertaining to Military Records,” to the National Personnel Records Center (NPRC), 9700 Page Boulevard, St. Louis, MO 62132. Once the application for discharge review (DD Form 293) is submitted, an applicant's military records are forwarded to the DRBs where they cannot be reproduced. Submission of a request for an applicant's military records, including a request under the Freedom of Information Act (32 CFR part 286) or Privacy Act (32 CFR part 286a) after the DD Form 293 has been submitted, shall result automatically in the temporary suspension of processing of the application for discharge review until the requested records are sent to an appropriate location for copying, are copied, and are returned to the headquarters of the DRB. Processing of the application shall then be resumed at whatever stage of the discharge review process is practicable. Applicants are encouraged to submit any request for their military records before applying for discharge review rather than after submitting DD Form 293, to avoid delays in processing of applications and scheduling of reviews. Applicants and their counsel also may examine their military personnel records at the site of their scheduled review before the hearing. DRBs shall notify applicants of the dates the records are available for examination in their standard scheduling information.
(ii) If the DRB is not authorized to provide copies of documents that are under the cognizance of another government department, office, or activity, applications for such information must be made by the applicant to the cognizant authority. The DRB shall advise the applicant of the mailing address of the government department, office, or activity to which the request should be submitted.
(iii) If the official records relevant to the discharge review are not available at the agency having custody of the records, the applicant shall be so notified and requested to provide such information and documents as may be desired in support of the request for discharge review. A period of not less than 30 days shall be allowed for such documents to be submitted. At the expiration of this period, the review may be conducted with information available to the DRB.
(iv) A DRB may take steps to obtain additional evidence that is relevant to the discharge under consideration beyond that found in the official military records or submitted by the applicant, if a review of available evidence suggests that it would be incomplete without the additional information, or when the applicant presents testimony or documents that require additional information to evaluate properly. Such information shall be made available to the applicant, upon request, with appropriate modifications regarding classified material.
(A) In any case heard on request of an applicant, the DRB shall provide the applicant and counsel or representative, if any, at a reasonable time before initiating the decision process, a notice of the availability of all regulations and documents to be considered in the discharge review, except for documents in the official personnel or medical records and any documents submitted by the applicant. The DRB shall also notify the applicant or counsel or representative:
(1) Of the right to examine such documents or to be provided with copies of the documents upon request;
(2) Of the date by which such requests must be received; and
(3) Of the opportunity to respond within a reasonable period of time to be set by the DRB.
(B) When necessary to acquaint the applicant with the substance of a classified document, the classifying authority, on the request of the DRB, shall prepare a summary of or an extract from the document, deleting all references to sources of information and other matters, the disclosure of which, in the opinion of the classifying authority, would be detrimental to the national security interests of the United States. Should preparation of such summary be deemed impracticable by the classifying authority, information from the classified sources shall not be considered by the DRB in its review of the case.
(v) Regulations of a Military Department may be obtained at many installations under the jurisdiction of the Military Department concerned or by writing to the following address: DA Military Review Boards Agency, Attention: SFBA (Reading Room), room 1E520, Washington, DC 20310.
(10) Recorder/Secretary or Assistant. Such a person shall be designated to assist in the functioning of each DRB in accordance with the procedures prescribed by the Secretary of the Military Department concerned.
(11) Hearings. Hearings (including hearing examinations) that are conducted shall recognize the rights of the individual to privacy. Accordingly, presence at hearings of individuals other than those required shall be limited to persons authorized by the Secretary concerned or expressly requested by the applicant, subject to reasonable limitations based upon available space. If, in the opinion of the presiding officer, the presence of other individuals could be prejudicial to the interests of the applicant or the government, hearings may be held in closed session.
(12) Evidence and testimony. (i) The DRB may consider any evidence obtained in accordance with this part.
(ii) Formal rules of evidence shall not be applied in DRB proceedings. The presiding officer shall rule on matters of procedure and shall ensure that reasonable bounds of relevancy and materiality are maintained in the taking of evidence and presentation of witnesses.
(iii) Applicants undergoing hearings shall be permitted to make sworn or unsworn statements, if they so desire, or to introduce witnesses, documents, or other information on their behalf, at no expense to the Department of Defense.
(iv) Applicants may also make oral or written arguments personally or through counsel or representatives.
(v) Applicants who present sworn or unsworn statements and witnesses may be questioned by the DRB. All testimony shall be taken under oath or affirmation unless the applicant specifically requests to make an unsworn statement.
(vi) There is a presumption of regularity in the conduct of governmental affairs. This presumption can be applied in any review unless there is substantial credible evidence to rebut the presumption.
(c) Decision process. (1) The DRB or the DRB panel, as appropriate, shall meet in plenary session to review discharges and exercise its discretion on a case-by-case basis in applying the standards set forth in §70.9.
(2) The presiding officer is responsible for the conduct of the discharge review. The presiding officer shall convene, recess, and adjourn the DRB panel as appropriate and shall maintain an atmosphere of dignity and decorum at all times.
(3) Each DRB member shall act under oath or affirmation requiring careful, objective consideration of the application. DRB members are responsible for eliciting all facts necessary for a full and fair hearing. They shall consider all information presented to them by the applicant. In addition, they shall consider available Military Service and health records, together with other records that may be in the files of the Military Department concerned and relevant to the issues before the DRB, and any other evidence obtained in accordance with this part.
(4) The DRB shall identify and address issues after a review of the following material obtained and presented in accordance with this part and the implementing instructions of the DRB: Available official records, documentary evidence submitted by or on behalf of an applicant, presentation of a hearing examination, testimony by or on behalf of an applicant, oral or written arguments presented by or on behalf of an applicant, and any other relevant evidence.
(5) If an applicant who has requested a hearing does not respond to a notification letter or does not appear for a scheduled hearing, the DRB may complete the review on the basis of material previously submitted.
(6) Application of standards. (i) When a DRB determines that an applicant's discharge was improper (§70.9(b)), the DRB will determine which reason for discharge should have been assigned based upon the facts and circumstances before the discharge authority, including the Service regulations governing reasons for discharge at the time the applicant was discharged. Unless it is also determined that the discharge was inequitable (§70.9(c)), the provisions as to characterization in the regulation under which the applicant should have been discharged will be considered in determining whether further relief is warranted.
(ii) When the DRB determines that an applicant's discharge was inequitable (see §70.9(c)), any change will be based on the evaluation of the applicant's overall record of service and relevant regulations of the Military Service of which the applicant was a member.
(7) Voting shall be conducted in closed session, a majority of the five members' votes constituting the DRB decision. Voting procedures shall be prescribed by the Secretary of the Military Department concerned.
(8) Details of closed session deliberations of a DRB are privileged information and shall not be divulged.
(9) There is no requirement for a statement of minority views in the event of a split vote. The minority, however, may submit a brief statement of its views under procedures established by the Secretary concerned.
(10) DRBs may request advisory opinions from staff officers of their Military Departments. These opinions are advisory in nature and are not binding on the DRB in its decision-making process.
(11) The preliminary determinations required by 38 U.S.C. 3103(e) shall be made upon majority vote of the DRB concerned on an expedited basis. Such determination shall be based upon the standards set forth in §70.9 of this part.
(12) The DRB shall: (i) Address items submitted as issues by the applicant under paragraph (d) of this section;
(ii) Address decisional issues under paragraph (e) of this section; and
(iii) Prepare a decisional document in accordance with paragraph (h) of this section.
(d) Response to items submitted as issues by the applicant—(1) General guidance. (i) If an issue submitted by an applicant contains two or more clearly separate issues, the DRB should respond to each issue under the guidance of this paragraph as if it had been set forth separately by the applicant.
(ii) If an applicant uses a “building block” approach (that is, setting forth a series of conclusions on issues that lead to a single conclusion purportedly warranting a change in the applicant's discharge), normally there should be a separate response to each issue.
(iii) Nothing in this paragraph precludes the DRB from making a single response to multiple issues when such action would enhance the clarity of the decisional document, but such response must reflect an adequate response to each separate issue.
(2) Decisional issues. An item submitted as an issue by an applicant in accordance with this part shall be addressed as a decisional issue under paragraph (e), in the following circumstances:
(i) When the DRB decides that a change in discharge should be granted, and the DRB bases its decision in whole or in part on the applicant's issue; or
(ii) When the DRB does not provide the applicant with the full change in discharge requested, and the decision is based in whole or in part on the DRB's disagreement on the merits with an issue submitted by the applicant.
(3) Response to items not addressed as decisional issues. (i) If the applicant receives the full change in discharge requested (or a more favorable change), that fact shall be noted and the basis shall be addressed as a decisional issue. No further response is required to other issues submitted by the applicant.
(ii) If the applicant does not receive the full change in discharge requested with respect to either the character of or reason for discharge (or both), the DRB shall address the items submitted by the applicant under paragraph (e) of this section (decisional issues) unless one of the following responses is applicable:
(A) Duplicate issues. The DRB may state that there is a full response to the issue submitted by the applicant under a specified decisional issue. This response may be used only when one issue clearly duplicates another or the issue clearly requires discussion in conjunction with another issue.
(B) Citations without principles and facts. The DRB may state that the applicant's issue, which consists of a citation to a decision without setting forth any principles and facts from the decision that the applicant states are relevant to the applicant's case, does not comply with the requirements of paragraph (a)(4)(iv)(A).
(C) Unclear issues. The DRB may state that it cannot respond to an item submitted by the applicant as an issue because the meaning of the item is unclear. An issue is unclear if it cannot be understood by a reasonable person familiar with the discharge review process after a review of the materials considered under paragraph (c)(4) of this section.
(D) Nonspecific issues. The DRB may state that it cannot respond to an item submitted by the applicant as an issue because it is not specific. A submission is considered not specific if a reasonable person familiar with the discharge review process after a review of the materials considered under paragraph (c)(4) of this section, cannot determine the relationship between the applicant's submission and the particular circumstances of the case. This response may be used only if the submission is expressed in such general terms that no other response is applicable. For example, if the DRB disagrees with the applicant as to the relevance of matters set forth in the submission, the DRB normally will set forth the nature of the disagreement under the guidance in paragraph (e) of this section, with respect to decisional issues, or it will reject the applicant's position on the basis of paragraphs (d)(3)(ii)(A) or (d)(3)(ii)(B) of this section. If the applicant's submission is so general that none of those provisions is applicable, then the DRB may state that it cannot respond because the item is not specific.
(e) Decisional issues—(1) General. Under the guidance in this section, the decisional document shall discuss the issues that provide a basis for the decision whether there should be a change in the character of or reason for discharge. In order to enhance clarity, the DRB should not address matters other than issues relied upon in the decision or raised by the applicant.
(i) Partial change. When the decision changes a discharge, but does not provide the applicant with the full change in discharge requested, the decisional document shall address both the issues upon which change is granted and the issues upon which the DRB denies the full change requested.
(ii) Relationship of issue to character of or reason for discharge. Generally, the decisional document should specify whether a decisional issue applies to the character of or reason for discharge (or both), but it is not required to do so.
(iii) Relationship of an issue to propriety or equity. (A) If an applicant identifies an issue as pertaining to both propriety and equity, the DRB will consider it under both standards.
(B) If an applicant identifies an issue as pertaining to the propriety of the discharge (for example, by citing a propriety standard or otherwise claiming that a change in discharge is required as a matter of law), the DRB shall consider the issue solely as a matter of propriety. Except as provided in paragraph (e)(1)(iii)(D) of this section, the DRB is not required to consider such an issue under the equity standards.
(C) If the applicant's issue contends that the DRB is required as a matter of law to follow a prior decision by setting forth an issue of propriety from the prior decision and describing its relationship to the applicant's case, the issue shall be considered under the propriety standards and addressed under paragraph (e)(2) or (e)(3) of this section.
(D) If the applicant's issue sets forth principles of equity contained in a prior DRB decision, describes the relationship to the applicant's case, and contends that the DRB is required as a matter of law to follow the prior case, the decisional document shall note that the DRB is not bound by its discretionary decisions in prior cases under the standards in §70.9. However, the principles cited by the applicant, and the description of the relationship of the principles to the applicant's case, shall be considered under the equity standards and addressed under paragraph (e)(5) or (e)(6) of this section.
(E) If the applicant's issue cannot be identified as a matter of propriety or equity, the DRB shall address it as an issue of equity.
(2) Change of discharge: issues of propriety. If a change in the discharge is warranted under the propriety standards in §70.9 the decisional document shall state that conclusion and list the errors of expressly retroactive changes in policy that provide a basis for the conclusion. The decisional document shall cite the facts in the record that demonstrate the relevance of the error or change in policy to the applicant's case. If the change in discharge does not constitute the full change requested by the applicant, the reasons for not granting the full change shall be addressed under the guidance in paragraph (e)(3) or (e)(6) of this section.
(3) Denial of the full change requested: issues of propriety. (i) If the decision rejects the applicant's position on an issue of propriety, or if it is otherwise decided on the basis of an issue of propriety that the full change in discharge requested by the applicant is not warranted, the decisional document shall note that conclusion.
(ii) The decisional document shall list reasons for its conclusion on each issue of propriety under the following guidance:
(A) If a reason is based in whole or in part upon a regulation, statute, constitutional provision, judicial determination, or other source of law, the DRB shall cite the pertinent source of law and the facts in the record that demonstrate the relevance of the source of law to the particular circumstances in the case.
(B) If a reason is based in whole or in part on a determination as to the occurrence or nonoccurrence of an event or circumstance, including a factor required by applicable Service regulations to be considered for determination of the character of and reason for the applicant's discharge, the DRB shall make a finding of fact for each such event or circumstance.
(1) For each such finding, the decisional document shall list the specific source of the information relied upon. This may include the presumption of regularity in appropriate cases. If the information is listed in the service record section of the decisional document, a citation is not required.
(2) If a finding of fact is made after consideration of contradictory evidence in the record (including information cited by the applicant or otherwise identified by members of the DRB), the decisional document shall set forth the conflicting evidence and explain why the information relied upon was more persuasive than the information that was rejected. If the presumption of regularity is cited as the basis for rejecting such information, the decisional document shall set forth the basis for relying on the presumption of regularity and explain why the contradictory evidence was insufficient to overcome the presumption. In an appropriate case, the explanation as to why the contradictory evidence was insufficient to overcome the presumption of regularity may consist of a statement that the applicant failed to provide sufficient corroborating evidence, or that the DRB did not find the applicant's testimony to be sufficiently credible to overcome the presumption.
(C) If the DRB disagrees with the position of the applicant on an issue of propriety, the following guidance applies in addition to the guidance in paragraphs (e)(3)(ii) (A) and (B) of this section:
(1) The DRB may reject the applicant's position by explaining why it disagrees with the principles set forth in the applicant's issue (including principles derived from cases cited by the applicant in accordance with paragraph (e)(4)(iv) of this section).
(2) The DRB may reject the applicant's position by explaining why the principles set forth in the applicant's issue (including principles derived from cases cited by the applicant in accordance with paragraph (a)(4)(iv) of this section) are not relevant to the applicant's case.
(3) The DRB may reject an applicant's position by stating that the applicant's issue of propriety is not a matter upon which the DRB grants a change in discharge, and by providing an explanation for this position. When the applicant indicates that the issue is to be considered in conjunction with one or more other specified issues, the explanation will address all such specified issues.
(4) The DRB may reject the applicant's position on the grounds that other specified factors in the case preclude granting relief, regardless of whether the DRB agreed with the applicant's position.
(5) If the applicant takes the position that the discharge must be changed because of an alleged error in a record associated with the discharge, and the record has not been corrected by the organization with primary responsibility for corrective action, the DRB may respond that it will presume the validity of the record in the absence of such corrective action. If the organization empowered to correct the record is within the Department of Defense, the DRB should provide the applicant with a brief description of the procedures for requesting correction of the record. If the DRB on its own motion cites this issue as a decisional issue on the basis of equity, it shall address the issue under paragraph (d)(5) or (d)(6) of this section.
(6) When an applicant's issue contains a general allegation that a certain course of action violated his or her constitutional rights, the DRB may respond in appropriate cases by noting that the action was consistent with statutory or regulatory authority, and by citing the presumption of constitutionality that attaches to statutes and regulations. If, on the other hand, the applicant makes a specific challenge to the constitutionality of the action by challenging the application of a statute or regulation in a particular set of circumstances, it is not sufficient to respond solely by citing the presumption of constitutionality of the statute or regulation when the applicant is not challenging the constitutionality of the statute or regulation. Instead, the response must address the specific circumstances of the case.
(4) Denial of the full change in discharge requested when propriety is not at issue. If the applicant has not submitted an issue of propriety and the DRB has not otherwise relied upon an issue of propriety to change the discharge, the decisional document shall contain a statement to that effect. The DRB is not required to provide any further discussion as to the propriety of the discharge.
(5) Change of discharge: issues of equity. If the DRB concludes that a change in the discharge is warranted under the equity standards in §70.9 the decisional document shall list each issue of equity upon which this conclusion is based. The DRB shall cite the facts in the record that demonstrate the relevance of the issue to the applicant's case. If the change in discharge does not constitute the full change requested by the applicant, the reasons for not giving the full change requested shall be discussed under the guidance in paragraph (e)(6) of this section.
(6) Denial of the full change in discharge requested: issues of equity. (i) If the DRB rejects the applicant's position on an issue of equity, or if the decision otherwise provides less than the full change in discharge requested by the applicant, the decisional document shall note that conclusion.
(ii) The DRB shall list reasons for its conclusion on each issue of equity under the following guidance:
(A) If a reason is based in whole or in part upon a regulation, statute, constitutional provision, judicial determination, or other source of law, the DRB shall cite the pertinent source of law and the facts in the record that demonstrate the relevance of the source of law to the exercise of discretion on the issue of equity in the applicant's case.
(C) If the DRB disagrees with the position of the applicant on an issue of equity, the following guidance applies in addition to the guidance in paragraphs (e)(6)(ii) (A) and (B) of this section:
(1) The DRB may reject the applicant's position by explaining why it disagrees with the principles set forth in the applicant's issue (including principles derived from cases cited by the applicant in accordance with paragraph (a)(4)(iv) of this section).
(2) The DRB may reject the applicant's position by explaining why the principles set forth in the applicant's issue (including principles derived from cases cited by the applicant) are not relevant to the applicant's case.
(3) The DRB may reject an applicant's position by explaining why the applicant's issue is not a matter upon which the DRB grants a change in discharge as a matter of equity. When the applicant indicates that the issue is to be considered in conjunction with other specified issues, the explanation will address all such specified issues.
(5) If the applicant takes the position that the discharge should be changed as a matter of equity because of an alleged error in a record associated with the discharge, and the record has not been corrected by the organization with primary responsibility for corrective action, the DRB may respond that it will presume the validity of the record in the absence of such corrective action. However, the DRB will consider whether it should exercise its equitable powers to change the discharge on the basis of the alleged error. If it declines to do so, it shall explain why the applicant's position did not provide a sufficient basis for the change in the discharge requested by the applicant.
(D) When the DRB concludes that aggravating factors outweigh mitigating factors, the DRB must set forth reasons such as the seriousness of the offense, specific circumstances surrounding the offense, number of offenses, lack of mitigating circumstances, or similar factors. The DRB is not required, however, to explain why it relied on any such factors unless the applicability or weight of such a factor is expressly raised as an issue by the applicant.
(E) If the applicant has not submitted any issues and the DRB has not otherwise relied upon an issue of equity for a change in discharge, the decisional document shall contain a statement to that effect, and shall note that the major factors upon which the discharge was based are set forth in the service record portion of the decisional document.
(f) The recommendation of the DRB President—(1) General. The president of the DRB may forward cases for consideration by the Secretarial Reviewing Authority (SRA) under rules established by the Secretary concerned. There is no requirement that the President submit a recommendation when a case is forwarded to the SRA. If the president makes a recommendation with respect to the character of or reason for discharge, however, the recommendation shall be prepared under the guidance in paragraph (f)(2) of this section.
(2) Format for recommendation. If a recommendation is provided, it shall contain the president's views whether there should be a change in the character of or reason for discharge (or both). If the president recommends such a change, the particular change to be made shall be specified. The recommendation shall set forth the president's position on decisional issues and issues submitted by the applicant under the following guidance:
(i) Adoption of the DRB's decisional document. The recommendation may state that the president has adopted the decisional document prepared by the majority. The president shall ensure that the decisional document meets the requirements of this section.
(ii) Adoption of the specific statements from the majority. If the President adopts the views of the majority only in part, the recommendation shall cite the specific matter adopted from the majority. If the president modifies a statement submitted by the majority, the recommendation shall set forth the modification.
(iii) Response to issues not included in matter adopted from the majority. The recommendation shall set forth the following if not adopted in whole or in part from the majority:
(A) The issues on which the president's recommendation is based. Each such decisional issue shall be addressed by the president under paragraph (e) of this section,
(B) The president's response to items submitted as issues by the applicant under paragraph (d) of this section.
(C) Reasons for rejecting the conclusions of the majority with respect to decisional issues which, if resolved in the applicant's favor, would have resulted in greater relief for the applicant than that afforded by the president's recommendation. Suh issues shall be addressed under the principles in paragraph (e) of this section.
(g) Secretarial reviewing authority (SRA)—(1) Review by the SRA. The Secretarial Reviewing Authority (SRA) is the Secretary concerned or the official to whom Secretary's discharge review authority has been delegated.
(i) The SRA may review the following types of cases before issuance of the final notification of a decision:
(A) Any specific case in which the SRA has an interest.
(B) Any specific case that the president of the DRB believes is of significant interest to the SRA.
(ii) Cases reviewed by the SRA shall be considered under the standards set forth in §70.9.
(2) Processing the decisional document. (i) The decisional document shall be transmitted by the DRB president under paragraph (e) of this section.
(ii) The following guidance applies to cases that have been forwarded to the SRA except for cases reviewed on the DRB's own motion without the participation of the applicant or the applicant's counsel:
(A) The applicant and counsel or representative, if any, shall be provided with a copy of the proposed decisional document, including the DRB president's recommendation to the SRA, if any. Classified information shall be summarized.
(B) The applicant shall be provided with a reasonable period of time, but not less than 25 days, to submit to the SRA a rebuttal. An issue in rebuttal consists of a clear and specific statement by the applicant in support of or in opposition to the statements of the DRB or DRB president on decisional issues and other clear and specific issues that were submitted by the applicant in accordance with paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section. The rebuttal shall be based solely on matters in the record before when the DRB closed the case for deliberation or in the president's recommendation.
(3) Review of the decisional document. If corrections in the decisional document are required, the decisional document shall be returned to the DRB for corrective action. The corrected decisional document shall be sent to the applicant (and counsel, if any), but a further opportunity for rebuttal is not required unless the correction produces a different result or includes a substantial change in the discussion by the DRB (or DRB president) of the issues raised by the majority or the applicant.
(4) The Addendum of the SRA. The decision of the SRA shall be in writing and shall be appended as an addendum to the decisional document under the guidance in this subsection.
(i) The SRA's decision. The addendum shall set forth the SRA's decision whether there will be a change in the character of or reason for discharge (or both); if the SRA concludes that a change is warranted, the particular change to be made shall be specified. If the SRA adopts the decision recommended by the DRB or the DRB president, the decisional document shall contain a reference to the matter adopted.
(ii) Discussion of issues. In support of the SRA's decision, the addendum shall set forth the SRA's position on decisional issues, items submitted as issues by an applicant in accordance with paragraph (a)(4)(i) of this section, and issues raised by the DRB and the DRB president in accordance with the following guidance:
(A) Adoption of the DRB president's recommendation. The addendum may state that the SRA has adopted the DRB president's recommendation.
(B) Adoption of the DRB's proposed decisional document. The addendum may state that the SRA has adopted the proposed decisional document prepared by the DRB.
(C) Adoption of specific statements from the majority or the DRB president. If the SRA adopts the views of the DRB or the DRB president only in part, the addendum shall cite the specific statements adopted. If the SRA modifies a statement submitted by the DRB or the DRB president, the addendum shall set forth the modification.
(D) Response to issues not included in matter adopted from the DRB or the DRB president. The addendum shall set forth the following if not adopted in whole or in part from the DRB or the DRB president:
(1) A list of the issues on which the SRA's decision is based. Each such decisional issue shall be addressed by the SRA under paragraph (e) of this section. This includes reasons for rejecting the conclusion of the DRB or the DRB president with respect to decisional issues which, if resolved in the applicant's favor, would have resulted in change to the discharge more favorable to the applicant than that afforded by the SRA's decision. Such issues shall be addressed under the principles in paragraph (e) of this section.
(2) The SRA's response to items submitted as issues by the applicant under paragraph (d) of this section.
(iii) Response to the rebuttal. (A) If the SRA grants the full change in discharge requested by the applicant (or a more favorable change), that fact shall be noted, the decisional issues shall be addressed under paragraph (e) of this section, and no further response to the rebuttal is required.
(B) If the SRA does not grant the full change in discharge requested by the applicant (or a more favorable change), the addendum shall list each issue in rebuttal submitted by an applicant in accordance with this section, and shall set forth the response of the SRA under the following guidance:
(1) If the SRA rejects an issue in rebuttal, the SRA may respond in accordance with the principles in paragraph (e) of this section.
(2) If the matter adopted by the SRA provides a basis for the SRA's rejection of the rebuttal material, the SRA may note that fact and cite the specific matter adopted that responds to the issue in rebuttal.
(3) If the matter submitted by the applicant does not meet the requirements for rebuttal material in paragraph (b)(2)(ii)(B) of this section.
(iv) Index entries. Appropriate index entries shall be prepared for the SRA's actions for matters that are not adopted from the DRB's proposed decisional document.
(h) The decisional document. A decisional document shall be prepared for each review. At a minimum, this document shall contain:
(1) The circumstances and character of the applicant's service as extracted from available service records, including health records, and information provided by other Government authorities or the applicant, such as, but not limited to:
(i) Information concerning the discharge at issue in the review, including:
(A) Date (YYMMDD) of discharge.
(B) Character of discharge.
(C) Reason for discharge.
(D) The specific regulatory authority under which the discharge was issued.
(ii) Date (YYMMDD) of enlistment.
(iii) Period of enlistment.
(iv) Age at enlistment.
(v) Length of service.
(vi) Periods of unauthorized absence.
(vii) Conduct and efficiency ratings (numerical or narrative).
(viii) Highest rank received.
(ix) Awards and decorations.
(x) Educational level.
(xi) Aptitude test scores.
(xii) Incidents of punishment pursuant to Article 15, Uniform Code of Military Justice (including nature and date (YYMMDD) of offense or punishment).
(xiii) Convictions by court-martial.
(xiv) Prior military service and type of discharge received.
(2) A list of the type of documents submitted by or on behalf of the applicant (including a written brief, letters of recommendation, affidavits concerning the circumstances of the discharge, or other documentary evidence), if any.
(3) A statement whether the applicant testified, and a list of the type of witnesses, if any, who testified on behalf of the applicant.
(4) A notation whether the application pertained to the character of discharge, the reason for discharge, or both.
(5) The DRB's conclusions on the following:
(i) Whether the character of or reason for discharge should be changed.
(ii) The specific changes to be made, if any.
(6) A list of the items submitted as issues on DD Form 293 or expressly incorporated therein and such other items submitted as issues by the applicant that are identified as inadvertently omitted under paragraph (a)(4)(i)(D) of this section. If the issues are listed verbatim on DD Form 293, a copy of the relevant portion of the Form may be attached. Issues that have been withdrawn or modified with the consent of the applicant need not be listed.
(7) The response to the items submitted as issues by the applicant under the guidance in paragraph (d) of this section.
(8) A list of decisional issues and a discussion of such issues under the guidance in paragraph (e) of this section.
(9) Minority views, if any, when authorized under rules of the Military Department concerned.
(10) The recommendation of the DRB president when required by paragraph (f) of this section.
(11) The addendum of the SRA when required by paragraph (g) of this section.
(12) Advisory opinions, including those containing factual information, when such opinions have been relied upon for final decision or have been accepted as a basis for rejecting any of the applicant's issues. Such advisory opinions or relevant portions thereof that are not fully set forth in the discussion of decisional issues or otherwise in response to items submitted as issues by the application shall be incorporated by reference. A copy of opinions incorporated by reference shall be appended to the decision and included in the record of proceedings.
(13) A record of the voting, including:
(i) The number of votes for the DRB's decision and the number of votes in the minority, if any.
(ii) The DRB member's names (last name, first name, M.I.) and votes. The copy provided to the applicant may substitute a statement that the names and votes will be made available to the applicant at the applicant's request.
(14) Index entries for each decisional issue under appropriate categories listed in the index of decisions.
(15) An authentication of the document by an appropriate official.
(i) Issuance of decisions following discharge review. The applicant and counsel or representative, if any, shall be provided with a copy of the decisional document and of any further action in review. The applicant (and counsel, if any) shall be notified of the availability of the complaint process under §70.10. Final notification of decisions shall be issued to the applicant with a copy to the counsel or representative, if any, and to the Military Service concerned.
(1) Notification to applicants, with copies to counsel or representatives, shall normally be made through the U.S. Postal Service. Such notification shall consist of a notification of decision, together with a copy of the decisional document.
(2) Notification to the Military Services shall be for the purpose of appropriate action and inclusion of review matter in personnel records. Such notification shall bear appropriate certification of completeness and accuracy.
(3) Actions on review by superior authority, when occurring, shall be provided to the applicant and counsel or representative in the same manner as the notification of the review decision.
(j) Record of DRB proceedings. (1) When the proceedings in any review have been concluded, a record thereof will be prepared. Records may include written records, electromagnetic records, videotape recordings, or a combination thereof.
(2) At a minimum, the record will include the following:
(i) The application for review;
(ii) A record of the testimony in verbatim, summarized, or recorded form at the option of the DRB concerned;
(iii) Documentary evidence or copies thereof, considered by the DRB other than the Military Service record;
(iv) Briefs and arguments submitted by or on behalf of the applicant;
(v) Advisory opinions considered by the DRB, if any;
(vi) The findings, conclusions, and reasons developed by the DRB;
(vii) Notification of the DRB's decision to the cognizant custodian of the applicant's records, or reference to the notification document;
(viii) Minority reports, if any;
(ix) A copy of the decisional document.
(k) Final disposition of the Record of Proceedings. The original record of proceedings and all appendices thereto shall in all cases be incorporated in the Military Service record of the applicant and the Military Service record shall be returned to the custody of the appropriate records holding facility. If a portion of the original record of the proceedings cannot be stored with the Military Service record, the Military Service record shall contain a notation as to the place where the record is stored. Other copies shall be filed and disposed of in accordance with appropriate Military Service regulations.
(l) Availability of Discharge Review Board documents for inspection and copying. (1) A copy of the decisional document prepared in accordance with paragraph (d) of this section shall be made available for public inspection and copying promptly after a notice of final decision is sent to the applicant.
(2) To prevent a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy, identifying details of the applicant and other persons will be deleted from documents made available for public inspection and copying.
(i) Names, addresses, social security numbers, and Military Service numbers must be deleted. Written justification shall be made for all other deletions and shall be available for public inspection.
(ii) Each DRB shall ensure that there is a means for relating a decisional document number to the name of the applicant to permit retrieval of the applicant's records when required in processing a complaint under §70.10.
(3) Any other privileged or classified material contained in or appended to any documents required by this part to be furnished the applicant and counsel or representative or made available for public inspection and copying may be deleted therefrom only if a written statement of the basis for the deletions is provided the applicant and counsel or representative and made available for public inspection. It is not intended that the statement be so detailed as to reveal the nature of the withheld material.
(4) DRB documents made available for public inspection and copying shall be located in the Armed Forces Discharge Review/Correction Board Reading Room. The documents shall be indexed in a usable and concise form so as to enable the public, and those who represent applicants before the DRBs, to isolate from all these decisions that are indexed, those cases that may be similar to an applicant's case and that indicate the circumstances under or reasons for (or both) which the DRB or the Secretary concerned granted or denied relief.
(i) The reading file index shall include, in addition to any other items determined by the DRB, the case number, the date, character of, reason and authority for the discharge. It shall also include the decisions of the DRB and reviewing authority, if any, and the issues addressed in the statement of findings, conclusions, and reasons.
(ii) The index shall be maintained at selected permanent locations throughout the United States. This ensures reasonable availability to applicants at least 30 days before a traveling panel review. A list of these locations shall be published in the Federal Register by the Department of the Army. The index shall also be made available at sites selected for traveling panels or hearing examinations for such periods as the DRB or a hearing examiner is present and in operation. An applicant who has requested a traveling panel review or a hearing examination shall be advised in the notice of such review of the permanent index locations.
(iii) The Armed Forces Discharge Review/Correction Board Reading Room shall publish indexes quarterly for all DRBs. All DRBs shall be responsible for timely submission to the Reading Room of individual case information required for update of the indexes. In addition, all DRBs shall be responsible for submission of new index categories based upon published changes in policy, procedures, or standards. These indexes shall be available for public inspection or purchase (or both) at the Reading Room. When the DRB has accepted an application, information concerning the availability of the index shall be provided in the DRB's response to the application.
(iv) Copies of decisional documents will be provided to individuals or organizations outside the NCR in response to written requests for such documents. Although the Reading Room shall try to make timely responses to such requests, certain factors such as the length of a request, the volume of other pending requests, and the impact of other responsibilities of the staff assigned to such duties may cause some delays. A fee may be charged for such documents under appropriate DoD and Department of the Army directives and regulations. The manual that accompanies the index of decisions shall notify the public that if an applicant indicates that a review is scheduled for a specific date, an effort will be made to provide requested decisional documents before that date. The individual or organization will be advised if that cannot be accomplished.
(v) Correspondence relating to matters under the cognizance of the Reading Room (including requests for purchase of indexes) shall be addressed to: DA Military Review Boards Agency, Attention: SFBA (Reading Room), Room 1E520, The Pentagon, Washington, DC 20310.
(m) Privacy Act information. Information protected under the Privacy Act is involved in the discharge review functions. The provisions of part 286a of this title shall be observed throughout the processing of a request for review of discharge or dismissal.
(n) Information requirement. Each Military Department shall provide the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense (Military Personnel and Force Management) DASD (MP&FM), Office of the ASD (MRA&L), with a semiannual report of discharge review actions in accordance with §70.11.
[47 FR 37785, Aug. 26, 1982, as amended at 48 FR 9855, Mar. 9, 1983; 48 FR 35644, Aug. 5, 1983]
(a) Objective of review. The objective of a discharge review is to examine the propriety and equity of the applicant's discharge and to effect changes, if necessary. The standards of review and the underlying factors that aid in determining whether the standards are met shall be historically consistent with criteria for determining honorable service. No factors shall be established that require automatic change or denial of a change in discharge. Neither a DRB nor the Secretary of the Military Department concerned shall be bound by any methodology of weighting of the factors in reaching a determination. In each case, the DRB or the Secretary of the Military Department concerned shall give full, fair, and impartial considerations to all applicable factors before reaching a decision. An applicant may not rceive a less favorable discharge than that issued at the time of separation. This does not preclude correction of clerical errors.
(b) Propriety. (1) A discharge shall be deemed proper unless, in the course of discharge review, it is determined that:
(i) There exists an error of fact, law, procedure, or discretion associated with the discharge at the time of issuance; and that the rights of the applicant were prejudiced thereby (such error shall constitute prejudicial error if there is substantial doubt that the discharge would have remained the same if the error had not been made); or
(ii) A change in policy by the Military Service of which the applicant was a member, made expressly retroactive to the type of discharge under consideration, requires a change in the discharge.
(2) When a record associated with the discharge at the time of issuance involves a matter in which the primary responsibility for corrective action rests with another organization (for example, another Board, agency, or court), the DRB will recognize an error only to the extent that the error has been corrected by the organization with primary responsibility for correcting the record.
(3) The primary function of the DRB is to exercise its discretion on issues of equity by reviewing the individual merits of each application on a case-by-case basis. Prior decisions in which the DRB exercised its discretion to change a discharge based on issues of equity (including the factors cited in such decisions or the weight given to factors in such decisions) do not bind the DRB in its review of subsequent cases because no two cases present the same issues of equity.
(4) The following applies to applicants who received less than fully Honorable administrative discharges because of their civilian misconduct while in an inactive reserve component and who were discharged or had their discharge reviewed on or after April 20, 1971: the DRB shall either recharacterize the discharge to Honorable without any additional proceedings or additional proceedings shall be conducted in accordance with the Court's Order of December 3, 1981, in Wood v. Secretary of Defense to determine whether proper grounds exist for the issuance of a less than Honorable discharge, taking into account that;
(i) An Other than Honorable (formerly undesirable) Discharge for an inactive reservist can only be based upon civilian misconduct found to have affected directly the performance of military duties;
(ii) A General Discharge for an inactive reservist can only be based upon civilian misconduct found to have had an adverse impact on the overall effectiveness of the military, including military morale and efficiency.
(c) Equity. A discharge shall be deemed to be equitable unless:
(1) In the course of a discharge review, it is determined that the policies and procedures under which the applicant was discharged differ in material respects from policies and procedures currently applicable on a Service-wide basis to discharges of the type under consideration provided that:
(i) Current policies or procedures represent a substantial enhancement of the rights afforded a respondent in such proceedings; and
(ii) There is substantial doubt that the applicant would have received the same discharge if relevant current policies and procedures had been available to the applicant at the time of the discharge proceedings under consideration.
(2) At the time of issuance, the discharge was inconsistent with standards of discipline in the Military Service of which the applicant was a member.
(3) In the course of a discharge review, it is determined that relief is warranted based upon consideration of the applicant's service record and other evidence presented to the DRB viewed in conjunction with the factors listed in this section and the regulations under which the applicant was discharged, even though the discharge was determined to have been otherwise equitable and proper at the time of issuance. Areas of consideration include, but are not limited to:
(i) Quality of service, as evidenced by factors such as:
(A) Service history, including date of enlistment, period of enlistment, highest rank achieved, conduct or efficiency ratings (numerical or narrative);
(B) Awards and decorations;
(C) Letters of commendation or reprimand;
(D) Combat service;
(E) Wounds received in action;
(F) Records of promotions and demotions;
(G) Level of responsibility at which the applicant served;
(H) Other acts of merit that may not have resulted in a formal recognition through an award or commendation;
(I) Length of service during the service period which is the subject of the discharge review;
(J) Prior military service and type of discharge received or outstanding postservice conduct to the extent that such matters provide a basis for a more thorough understanding of the performance of the applicant during the period of service which is the subject of the discharge review;
(K) Convictions by court-martial;
(L) Records of nonjudicial punishment;
(M) Convictions by civil authorities while a member of the Service, reflected in the discharge proceedings or otherwise noted in military service records;
(N) Records of periods of unauthorized absence;
(O) Records relating to a discharge instead of court-martial.
(ii) Capability to serve, as evidenced by factors such as:
(A) Total capabilities. This includes an evaluation of matters, such as age, educational level, and aptitude scores. Consideration may also be given whether the individual met normal military standards of acceptability for military service and similar indicators of an individual's ability to serve satisfactorily, as well as ability to adjust to military service.
(B) Family and Personal Problems. This includes matters in extenuation or mitigation of the reason for discharge that may have affected the applicant's ability to serve satisfactorily.
(C) Arbitrary or capricious action. This includes actions by individuals in authority that constitute a clear abuse of such authority and that, although not amounting to prejudicial error, may have contributed to the decision to discharge or to the characterization of service.
(D) Discrimination. This includes unauthorized acts as documented by records or other evidence.
(a) General. (1) The procedures in this section—are established for the sole purpose of ensuring that decisional documents and index entries issued by the DRBs of the Military Departments comply with the decisional document and index entry principles of this part.
(2) This section may be modified or supplemented by the DASD(MP&FM).
(3) The following persons may submit complaints:
(i) A former member of the Armed Forces (or the former member's counsel) with respect to the decisional document issued in the former member's own case; and
(ii) A former member of the Armed Forces (or the former member's counsel) who states that correction of the decisional document will assist the former member in preparing for an administrative or judicial proceeding in which the former member's own discharge will be at issue.
(4) The Department of Defense is committed to processing of complaints within the priorities and processing goals set forth in paragraph (d)(1)(iii) of this section. This commitment, however, is conditioned upon reasonable use of the complaint process under the following considerations. The DRBs were established for the benefit of former members of the Armed Forces. The complaint process can aid such persons most effectively if it is used by former members of the Armed Forces when necessary to obtain correction of their own decisional documents or to prepare for discharge reviews. If a substantial number of complaints submitted by others interferes with the ability of the DRBs to process applications for discharge review in a timely fashion, the Department of Defense will adjust the processing goals to ensure that the system operates to the primary advantage of applicants.
(5) The DASD(MP&FM) is the final authority with respect to action on such correspondence.
(b) The Joint Service Review Activity (JSRA). A three member JSRA consisting of one judge advocate from each Military Department shall advise the DASD(MP&FM). The operations of the JSRA shall be coordinated by a full-time administrative director, who shall serve as recorder during meetings of the JSRA. The members and the administrative director shall serve at the direction of the DASD(MP&FM).
(c) Classification and control of correspondence—(1) Address of the JSRA. Correspondence with the OSD concerning decisional documents or index entries issued by the DRBs shall be addressed as follows: Joint Service Review Activity, OASD(MRA&L) (MP&FM), Washington, DC 20301.
(2) Docketing. All such correspondence shall be controlled by the administrative director through the use of a uniform docketing procedure.
(3) Classification. Correspondence shall be reviewed by the administrative director and categorized either as a complaint or an inquiry in accordance with the following:
(i) Complaints. A complaint is any correspondence in which it is alleged that a decisional document issued by a DRB or SRA contains a specifically identified violation of the Stipulation of Dismissal, Settlement Agreement, or related Orders in the Urban Law case or the decisional document or index entry principles of this Directive. A complainant who alleges error with respect to a decisional document issued to another person is encouraged to set forth specifically the grounds for determining that a reasonable person familiar with the discharge review process cannot understand the basis for the decision. See paragraph (d)(1)(i)(B) of this section.
(ii) Inquiries. An inquiry is any correspondence other than a complaint.
(d) Review of complaints—(1) Guidance. The following guidance applies to review of complaints:
(i) Standards. Complaints shall be considered under the following standards:
(A) The applicant's case. A complaint by an applicant with respect to the decisional document issued in the applicant's own discharge review shall be considered under the Stipulation of Dismissal in the Urban Law case and other decisional document requirements applicable at the time the document was issued, including those contained in the Settlement Agreement and related Orders, subject to any limitations set forth therein with respect to dates of applicability. If the authority empowered to take corrective action has a reasonable doubt whether a decisional document meets applicable requirements of the Urban Law case or other applicable rules, the complaint shall be resolved in the applicant's favor.
(B) Other cases. With respect to all other complaints, the standard shall be whether a reasonable person familiar with the discharge review process can understand the basis for the decision, including the disposition of issues raised by the applicant. This standard is designed to ensure that the complaint process is not burdened with the need to correct minor errors in the preparation of decisional documents.
(ii) Use of DD Form 293. With respect to any decisional document issued on or after November 27, 1982, a complaint alleging failure of the DRB to address adequately matter not submitted on DD Form 293 or expressly incorporated therein will be resolved in the complainant's favor only if the failure to address the issue was arbitrary, capricious, or an abuse of discretion.
(iii) Scope of review. When a complaint concerns a specific issue in the applicant's own discharge review, the complaint review process shall involve a review of all the evidence that was before the DRB or SRA, including the testimony and written submissions of the applicant, to determine whether the issue was submitted, and if so, whether it was addressed adequately with respect to the Stipulation of Dismissal, Settlement Agreement, or related Orders in the Urban Law case and other applicable provisions of this Directive. With respect to all other complaints about specific issues, the complaint review process may be based solely on the decisional document, except when the complainant demonstrates that facts present in the review in question raise a reasonable likelihood of a violation of applicable provisions of the Stipulation of Dismissal and a reasonable person, familiar with the discharge review process, could resolve the complaint only after a review of the evidence that was before the DRB.
(iv) Allegations pertaining to an applicant's submission. The following additional requirements apply to complaints about modification of an applicant's issue or the failure to list or address an applicant's issue:
(A) When the complaint is submitted by the applicant, and the record of the hearing is ambiguous on the question whether there was a meeting of minds between the applicant and the DRB as to modification or omission of the issue, the ambiguity will be resolved in favor of the applicant.
(B) When the complaint is submitted by a person other than the applicant, it must set forth facts (other than the mere omission or modification of an issue) demonstrating a reasonable likelihood that the issue was omitted or modified without the applicant's consent.
(C) When the complaint is rejected on the basis of the presumption of regularity, the response to the complaint must be set forth the reasons why the evidence submitted by the complainant was not sufficient to overcome the presumption.
(D) With respect to decisional documents issued on or after the effective date of the amendments to §70.8, any change in wording of an applicant's issue which is effected in violation of the principles set forth in §70.8(a)(5)(iii) constitutes an error requiring corrective action. With respect to a decisional document issued before that date, corrective action will be taken only when there has been a complaint by the applicant or counsel with respect to the applicant's own decisional document and it is determined that the wording was changed or the issue was omitted without the applicant's consent.
(E) If there are references in the decisional document to matters not raised by the applicant and not otherwise relied upon in the decision, there is no requirement under the Urban Law case that such matters be accompanied by a statement of findings, conclusions, or reasons. For example, when the DRB discusses an aspect of the service record not raised as an issue by the applicant, and the issue is not a basis for the DRB's decision, the DRB is not required to discuss the reasons for declining to list that aspect of the service record as an issue.
(v) Guidance as to other types of complaints. The following guidance governs other specified types of complaints:
(A) The Stipulation of Dismissal requires only that those facts that are essential to the decision be listed in the decisional document. The requirement for listing specified facts from the military record was not established until March 29, 1978, in 32 CFR part 70 Decisional documents issued prior to that date are sufficient if they meet the requirements of the Stipulation.
(B) When an applicant submits a brief that contains material in support of a proposed conclusion on an issue, the DRB is not required to address each aspect of the supporting material in the brief. However, the decisional document should permit the applicant to understand the DRB's position on the issue and provide reviewing authorities with an explanation that is sufficient to permit review of the DRB's decision. When an applicant submits specific issues and later makes a statement before the DRB that contains matter in support of that issue, it is not necessary to list such supporting matter as a separate issue.
(C) For all decisional documents issued before November 27, 1982, failure to respond to an issue raised by an applicant constitutes error unless it reasonably may be inferred from the record that the DRB response relied on one of the exceptions listed in §70.8(d)(3)(ii); (e)(3)(ii)(C) (3) through (4) and (e)(6)(ii)(C) (3) through (4). If the decisional document supports a basis for not addressing an issue raised by the applicant (for example, if it is apparent that resolving the issue in the applicant's favor would not warrant an upgrade), there is no requirement in the Stipulation of Dismissal that the decisional document explain why the DRB did not address the issue. With respect to decisional documents issued on or after November 27, 1982, a response shall be prepared in accordance with the decisional document principles set forth in §70.8.
(D) When a case is reviewed upon request of an applicant, and the DRB upgrades the discharge to “General,” the DRB must provide reasons why it did not upgrade to “Honorable” unless the applicant expressly requests lesser relief. This requirement applies to all requests for corrective action submitted by an applicant with respect to his or her decisional document. In all other cases, this requirement applies to decisional documents issued on or after November 9, 1978. When the DRB upgrades to General, its explanation for not upgrading to Honorable may consist of reference to adverse matter from the applicant's military record. When a discharge is upgraded to General in a review on the DRB's own motion, there is no requirement to explain why the discharge was not upgraded to Honorable.
(E) There is no requirement under the Stipulation of Dismissal to provide reasons for uncontested findings. The foregoing applies to decisional documents issued before November 27, 1982. With respect to decisional documents issued on or after that date, the following guidance applies with respect to an uncontested issue of fact that forms the basis for a grant or denial of a change in discharge: the decisional document shall list the specific source of information relied upon in reaching the conclusion, except when the information is listed in the portion of the decisional document that summarizes the service record.
(F) The requirements of §70.8(e)(3) (ii)(B)(2) and (e)(6) (ii)(B)(2) with respect to explaining use of the presumption of regularity apply only to decisional documents issued on or after November 27, 1982. When a complaint concerning a decisional document issued before that date addresses the adequacy of the DRB's use of the presumption of regularity, or words having a similar import, corrective action will be required only if a reasonable person familiar with the discharge review process can not understand the basis for relying on the presumption.
(G) When the DRB balances mitigrating factors against aggravating factors as the reason for a conclusion, the Stipulation of Dismissal does not require the statement of reasons to set forth the specific factors that were balanced if such factors are otherwise apparent on the fact of the decisional document. The foregoing applies to decisional documents prepared before November 27, 1982. With respect to decisional documents prepared after that date, the statements addressing decisional issues in such a case will list or refer to the factors supporting the conclusion in accordance with §70.8(e)(6)(ii).
(vi) Documents that were the subject of a prior complaint. The following applies to a complaint concerning a decisional document that has been the subject of prior complaints:
(A) If the complaint concerns a decisional document that was the subject of a prior complaint in which action was completed, the complainant will be informed of the substance and disposition of the prior complaint, and will be further informed that no additional action will be taken unless the complainant within 30 days demonstrates that the prior disposition did not produce a decisional document that comports with the requirements of paragraph (d)(1)(i)(A) of this section.
(B) If the complaint concerns a decisional document that is the subject of a pending complaint, the complainant will be informed that he or she will be provided with the results of the pending complaint.
(C) These limitations do not apply to the initial complaint submitted on or after the effective date of the amendments to this section by an applicant with respect to his or her own decisional document.
(2) Duties of the administrative director. The administrative director shall take the following actions:
(i) Acknowledge receipt of the complaint;
(ii) Assign a docket number and note the date of receipt; and
(iii) Forward the complaint to the Military Department concerned, except that the case may be forwarded directly to the DASD (MP&FM) when the administrative director makes an initial determination that corrective action is not required.
(3) Administrative processing. The following guidance applies to administrative processing of complaints:
(i) Complaints normally shall be processed on a first-in/first-out basis, subject to the availability of records, pending discharge review actions, and the following priorities:
(A) The first priority category consists of cases in which (1) there is a pending discharge review and the complainant is the applicant; and (2) the complainant sets forth the relevance of the complaint to the complainant's pending discharge review application.
(B) The second priority category consists of requests for correction of the decisional document in the complainant's own discharge review case.
(C) The third priority category consists of complaints submitted by former members of the Armed Forces (or their counsel) who state that the complaint is submitted to assist the former member's submission of an application for review.
(D) The fourth priority category consists of other complaints in which the complainant demonstrates that correction of the decisional document will substantially enhance the ability of applicants to present a significant issue to the DRBs.
(E) The fifth priority category consists of all other cases.
(ii) Complainants who request consideration in a priority category shall set forth in the complaint the facts that give rise to the claim of placement in the requested category. If the complaint is relevent to a pending discharge review in which the complainant is applicant or counsel, the scheduled date of the review should be specified.
(iii) The administrative director is responsible for monitoring compliance with the following processing goals:
(A) The administrative director normally shall forward correspondence to the Military Department concerned within 3 days after the date of receipt specified in the docket number. Correspondence forwarded directly to the DASD(MP&FM) under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section, normally shall be transmitted within 7 days after the date of receipt.
(B) The Military Department normally shall request the necessary records within 5 working days after the date of receipt from the administrative director. The Military Department normally shall complete action under paragraph (d)(4) of this section within 45 days after receipt of all necessary records. If action by the Military Department is required under paragraph (d)(9) of this section, normally it shall be completed within 45 days after action is taken by the DASD(MP&FM).
(C) The JSRA normally shall complete action under paragraph (d)(7) of this section at the first monthly meeting held during any period commencing 10 days after the administrative director receives the action of the Military Department under paragraph (d)(5) of this section.
(D) The DASD(MP&FM) normally shall complete action under paragraph (d)(8) of this section within 30 days after action is taken by the JSRA under paragraph (d)(7) of this section or by the administrative director under paragraph (d)(2)(iii) of this section.
(E) If action is not completed within the overall processing goals specified in this paragraph, the complainant shall be notified of the reason for the delay by the administrative director and shall be provided with an approximate date for completion of the action.
(iv) If the complaints are submitted in any 30 day period with respect to more than 50 decisional documents, the administrative director shall adjust the processing goals in light of the number of complaints and discharge review applications pending before the DRBs.
(v) At the end of each month, the administrative director shall send each Military Department a list of complaints, if any, in which action has not been completed within 60 days of the docket date. The Military Department shall inform the administrative director of the status of each case.
(4) Review of complaints by the Military Departments. The Military Department shall review the complaint under the following guidance:
(i) Rejection of complaint. If the Military Department determines that all the allegations contained in the complaint are not specific or have no merit, it shall address the allegations using the format at attachment 1 (Review of Complaint).
(ii) Partial agreement. If the Military Department determines that some of the allegations contained in the complaint are not specific or have no merit and that some of the allegations contained in the complaint have merit, it shall address the allegations using the format at attachment 1 and its DRB shall take appropriate corrective action in accordance with paragraph (d)(4)(v) of this section.
(iii) Full agreement. If the Military Department determines that all of the allegations contained in the complaint have merit, its DRB shall take appropriate corrective action in accordance with paragraph (d)(4)(v) of this section.
(iv) Other defects. If, during the course of its review, the Military Department notes any other defects in the decisional document or index entries (under the applicable requirements of the Urban Law case or under this part) the DRB shall take appropriate corrective action under paragraph (d)(4)(v) of this section. This does not establish a requirement for the Military Department to review a complaint for any purpose other than to determine whether the allegations contained in the complaint are specific and have merit; rather, it simply provides a format for the Military Department to address other defects noted during the course of processing the complaint.
(v) Appropriate corrective action. The following procedures govern appropriate corrective action:
(A) If a complaint concerns the decisional document in the complainant's own discharge review case, appropriate corrective action consists of amending the decisional document or providing the complainant with an opportunity for a new discharge review. An amended decisional document will be provided if the applicant requests that form of corrective action.
(B) If a complaint concerns a decisional document involving an initial record review under the Special Discharge Review Program or the Pub. L. 95-126 rereview program, appropriate corrective action consists of (1) amending the decisional document; or (2) notifying the applicant and counsel, if any, of the opportunity to obtain a priority review using the letter providing at attachment 6. When the DRB takes corrective action under this provision by amending a decisional document, it shall notify the applicant and counsel, if any, of the opportunity to request a de novo review under the Special Discharge Review Program or under Pub. L. 95-126 rereview program, as appropriate.
(C) When corrective action is taken with respect to a decisional document in cases prepared under Pub. L. 95-126 the DRB must address issues previously raised by the DRB or the applicant during review of the same case during the SDRP only insofar as required by the following guidance:
(1) When the DRB bases its decision upon issues previously considered during the SDRP, the new decisional document under Pub. L. 95-126 must address those issues;
(2) If, during consideration of the case under Pub. L. 95-126 the applicant presents issues previously considered during the SDRP, the new decisional document must address those issues; and
(3) If a decisional document concerning an initial record review under Pub. L. 95-126 is otherwise defective and corrective action is taken after a request by the applicant for a priority review in response to the letter at attachment 6, the new decisional document shall address all issues previously raised by the applicant during the SDRP.
(D) Except for cases falling under paragraph (d)(4)(v)(B) of this section, if a complaint concerns a decisional document in which the applicant received an Honorable Discharge and the full relief requested, if any, with respect to the reason for discharge, appropriate corrective action consists of amending the decisional document.
(E) In all other cases, appropriate corrective action consists of amending the decisional document or providing the applicant with the opportunity for a new review, except that an amended decisional document will be provided when the complainant expressly requests that form of corrective action.
(vi) Amended decisional documents. One that reflects a determination by a DRB panel (or the SRA) as to what the DRB panel (or SRA) that prepared the defective decisional document would have entered on the decisional document to support its decision in this case.
(A) The action of the amending authority does not necessarily reflect substantive agreement with the decision of the original DRB panel (or SRA) on the merits of the case.
(B) A corrected decisional document created by amending a decisional document in response to a complaint will be based upon the complete record before the DRB (or the SRA) at the time of the original defective statement was issued, including, if available, a transcript, tape recording, videotape or other record of a hearing, if any. The new decisional document will be indexed under categories relevant to the new statements.
(C) When an amended decisional document is required under paragraphs (d)(4)(v)(A) and (d)(4)(v)(D) of this section and the necessary records cannot be located, a notation to that effect will be made on the decisional document, and the applicant and counsel, if any, will be afforded an opportunity for a new review, and the complainant will be informed of the action.
(D) When an amended decisional document is requested under paragraph (d)(4)(v)(C) and the necessary records cannot be located, a notation to that effect will be made on the decisional document, and the complainant will be informed that the situation precludes further action.
(vii) Time limit for requesting a new review. An applicant who is afforded an opportunity to request a new review may do so within 45 days.
(viii) Interim notification. When the Military Department determines that some or all of the allegations contained in the complaint are not specific or have no merit but its DRB takes corrective action under paragraph (d)(4)(ii) or (d)(4)(iv) of this section, the DRB's notification to the applicant and counsel, if any, and to the complainant, if other than the applicant or counsel, should include the following or similar wording: “This is in partial response to (your)/(a) complaint to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics) dated ________ concerning ________ Discharge Review Board decisional document ________. A final response to (your)/(the) complaint, which has been returned to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics) for further review, will be provided to you in the near future.”
(ix) Final notification. When the Discharge Review Board takes corrective action under paragraphs (d)(4)(iii) and (d)(9) of this section ________ its notification to the applicant and counsel, if any, and to the complainant, if other than the applicant or counsel, should include the following or similar wording: “This is in response to (your)/(a) complaint to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics) dated ________ concerning ________ Discharge Review Board decisional document ________.
(5) Transmittal to the administrative director. The Military Department shall return the complaint to the administrative Director with a copy of the decisional document and, when applicable, any of the following documents:
(i) The “Review of Complaint.”
(ii) A copy of the amendment to the decisional document and the accompanying transmittal letter or letters to the applicant and counsel, if any, and to the complainant, if other than the applicant or counsel.
(iii) A copy of the notification to the applicant and counsel, if any, of the opportunity to request a new review, and a copy of the notification to the complainant, if other than the applicant or counsel, that the applicant has been authorized a new review.
(6) Review by the administrative director. The administrative director shall review the complaint and accompanying documents to ensure the following:
(i) If the Military Department determined that any of the allegations contained in the complaint are not specific or have no merit, the JSRA shall review the complaint and accompanying documents. The JSRA shall address the allegations using the format at attachment 2 (Review of and Recommended Action on Complaint) and shall note any other defects in the decisional document or index entries not previously noted by the Military Department. This does not establish a requirement for the JSRA to review such complaints for any purpose other than to address the allegations contained in the complaint; rather, it simply provides a format for the JSRA to address other defects noted in the course of processing the complaint.
(ii) If the Military Department determined that all of the allegations contained in the complaint have merit and its DRB amended the decisional document, the amended decisional document shall be subject to review by the JSRA on a sample basis each quarter using the format at attachment 3 (Review of any Recommendation on Amended Decisional Document).
(iii) If the Military Department determined that all of the allegations contained in the complaint have merit and its DRB notified the applicant and counsel, if any, of the opportunity to request a new review, review of such corrective action is not required.
(7) Review by the JSRA. The JSRA shall meet for the purpose of conducting the reviews required in paragraphs (d)(6)(i), (d)(6)(ii), and (d)(9)(iii)(A) of this section. The Administrative director shall call meetings once a month, if necessary, or more frequently depending upon the number of matters before the JSRA. Matters before the JSRA shall be presented to the members by the recorder. Each member shall have one vote in determining matters before the JSRA, a majority vote of the members determining all matters. Determinations of the JSRA shall be reported to the DASD(MP&FM) as JSRA recommendations using the prescribed format. If a JSRA recommendation is not unanimous, the minority member may prepare a separate recommendation for consideration by the DASD(MP&FM) using the same format. Alternatively, the minority member may indicate “dissent” next to his signature on the JSRA recommendation.
(8) Review by the DASD(MP&FM). The DASD(MP&FM) shall review all recommendations of the JSRA and the administrative director as follows:
(i) The DASD(MP&FM) shall review complaints using the format at Attachment 4 (Review of and Action on Complaint). The DASD(MP&FM) is the final authority in determining whether the allegations contained in a complaint are specific and have merit. If the DASD(MP&FM) determines that no further action by the Military Department is warranted, the complainant and the Military Department shall be so informed. If the DASD(MP&FM) determines that further action by the Military Department is required, the Military Department shall be directed to ensure that appropriate corrective action is taken by its DRB and the complainant shall be provided an appropriate interim response.
(ii) The DASD(MP&FM) shall review amended decisional documents using the format at attachment 5 (Review of and Action on Amended Decisional Document). The DASD(MP&FM) is the final authority in determining whether an amended decisional document complies with applicable requirements of the Urban Law case and, when applicable, this Directive. If the DASD(MP&FM) determines that no further corrective action by the Military Department is warranted, the Military Department shall be so informed. If the DASD(MP&FM) determines that further corrective action by the Military Department is required, the Military Department shall be directed to ensure that appropriate corrective action is taken by its DRB.
(iii) It is noted that any violation of applicable requirements of the Urban Law case is also a violation of this part. However, certain requirements under this part are not requirements under the Urban Law case. If the allegations contained in a complaint are determined to have merit or if an amended decisional document is determined to be defective on the basis of one of these additional requirements under this part the DASD(MP&FM) determination shall reflect this fact.
(9) Further action by the Military Department. (i) With respect to a determination by the DASD (MP&FM) that further action by the Military Department is required, its DRB shall take appropriate corrective action in accordance with paragraph (d)(4) of this section.
(ii) The Military Department shall provide the administrative director with the following documents when relevant to corrective action taken in accordance with paragraph (d)(4) of this section:
(A) A copy of the amendment to the decisional document and the accompanying transmittal letter or letters to the applicant and counsel, if any, and to the complainant, if other than the applicant or counsel.
(B) A copy of the notification to the applicant and counsel, if any, of the opportunity to request a new review, and a copy of the notification to the complainant, if other than the applicant or counsel, that the applicant has been authorized a new review.
(iii) The administrative director shall review the documents relevant to corrective action taken in accordance with paragraph (d)(4) of this section, and ensure the following:
(A) If the DRB amended the decisional document, the amended decisional document shall be subject to review by the JSRA on a sample basis each quarter using the format at attachment 3 (Review of and Recommended Action on Amended Decisional Document).
(B) If the DRB notified the applicant and counsel, if any, of the opportunity to request a new review, review of such corrective action is not required.
(10) Documents required by the JSRA or DASD (MP&FM). Upon request, the Military Department shall provide the administrative director with other documents required by the JSRA or the DASD (MP&FM) in the conduct of their reviews.
(e) Responses to inquiries. The following procedures shall be used in processing inquiries:
(1) The administrative director shall assign a docket number to the inquiry.
(2) The administrative director shall forward the inquiry to the Military Department concerned.
(3) The Military Department shall prepare a response to the inquiry and provide the administrative director with a copy of the response.
(4) The Military Department's response shall include the following or similar wording: “This is in response to your inquiry to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics) dated ________ concerning ________.
(f) Indexing. The DRB concerned shall reindex all amended decisional documents and shall provide copies of the amendments to the decisional documents to the Armed Forces Discharge Review/Correction Board Reading Room.
(g) Disposition of documents. The administrative director is responsible for the disposition of all Military Department, DRB, JSRA, and DASD (MP&FM) documents relevant to processing complaints and inquiries.
(h) Referral by the General Counsel, Department of Defense. The Stipulation of Dismissal permits Urban Law plaintiffs to submit complaints to the General Counsel, DoD, for comment. The General Counsel, DoD, may refer such complaints to the Military Department concerned or to the JSRA for initial comment.
(i) Decisional document and index entry principles. The DASD (MP&FM) shall identify significant principles concerning the preparation of decisional documents and index entries as derived from decisions under this section and other opinions of the Office of General Counsel, DoD. This review shall be completed not later than October 1 and April 1 of each year, or more frequently if deemed appropriate by the DASD (MP&FM). The significant principles identified in the review shall be coordinated as proposed as amendments to the sections of this part.
(j) Implementation of amendments. The following governs the processing of any correspondence that is docketed prior to the effective date of amendments to this section except as otherwise provided in such amendments:
(1) Any further action on the correspondence shall be taken in accordance with the amendments; and
(2) No revision of any action taken prior to the effective date of such amendments is required.
Attachment 1—Review of Complaint
Military Department:
Decisional Document Number:
Name of Complainant:
Date of this Review:
1. Specific allegation(s) noted:
2. With respect in support of the conclusion, enter the following information:
a. Conclusion whether corrective action is required.
b. Reasons in support of the conclusion, including findings of fact upon which the conclusion is based.
3. Other defects noted in the decisional document or index entries:
(Authentication)
Attachment 2—Joint Service Review Activity
Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics)
Review by the Joint Service Review Activity
1. The Military Department's “Review of Complaint” is attached as enclosure 1.
2. Specific Allegations: See part 1 of Military Department's “Review of Complaint” (enclosure 1).
3. Specific allegation(s) not noted by the Military Department:
4. With respect to each allegation, enter the following information:
a. Conclusion as to whether corrective action is required.
b. Reasons in support of the conclusion, including findings of fact upon which conclusion is based.
Note. If JSRA agrees with the Military Departments, the JSRA may respond by entering a statement of adoption.
5. Other defects in the decisional document or index entries not noted by the Military Departments:
6. Recommendation:
[ ] The complainant and the Military Department should be informed that no further action on the complaint is warranted.
[ ] The Military Department should be directed to take corrective action consistent with the above comments.
Army Member, JSRA
Air Force Member, JSRA
Navy Member, JSRA
Recorder, JSRA
Review of Amended Decisional Document (Quarterly Review)
[ ] The amended decisional document complies with the requirements of the Stipulation of Dismissal and, when applicable, DoD Directive 1332.28. The Military Department should be informed that no further corrective action is warranted.
[ ] The amended decisional document does not comply with the Stipulation of Dismissal or DoD Directive 1332.28 as noted herein. The Military Department should be directed to ensure that corrective action consistent with the defects noted is taken by its Discharge Review Board.
☐ ☐ ☐ 1. Date of discharge 1. DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.1.; Stipulation (Jan. 31, 1977) para. 5.A.(1)(d)(i) (reference (1)).
☐ ☐ ☐ a. Date of discharge
☐ ☐ ☐ b. Character of discharge
☐ ☐ ☐ c. Reason for discharge
☐ ☐ ☐ d. Specific regulatory authority under which discharge was issued
☐ ☐ ☐ 2. Service data. (This requirement applies only in conjunction with Military Department Implementation of General Counsel, DoD, letter dated July 20, 1977, or to discharge reviews conducted on or after March 29, 1978.) 2. DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.1.; Annex B, (June ____, 1982) para. 2-2 (reference (1)).
☐ ☐ ☐ a. Date of enlistment
☐ ☐ ☐ b. Period of enlistment
☐ ☐ ☐ c. Age at enlistment
☐ ☐ ☐ d. Length of service
☐ ☐ ☐ e. Periods of unauthorized absence*
☐ ☐ ☐ f. Conduct and efficiency ratings (numerical and narrative)*
☐ ☐ ☐ g. Highest rank achieved
☐ ☐ ☐ h. Awards and decorations*
☐ ☐ ☐ i. Educational level
☐ ☐ ☐ j. Aptitude test scores
☐ ☐ ☐ k. Art. 15s (including nature and date of offense or punishment)*
☐ ☐ ☐ l. Convictions by court-martial*
☐ ☐ ☐ m. Prior military service and type of discharge(s) received*
☐ ☐ ☐ 3. Reference to materials presented by applicant. (This requirement applies only to discharge reviews conducted on or after March 29, 1978.) 3. DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.2.; H.3.
☐ ☐ ☐ a. Written brief*
☐ ☐ ☐ b. Documentary evidence*
☐ ☐ ☐ c. Testimony*
☐ ☐ ☐ 4. Items submitted as issues. (See issues worksheet) 4. DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.6.
☐ ☐ ☐ 5. Conclusions. The decisional document must indicate clearly the DRB's conclusion concerning: 5. Dod Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.5.; Stipulation (Jan. 31, 1977), paragraph 5.A.(1)(d)(iv) (reference (1)).
☐ ☐ ☐ a. Determination of whether a discharge upgraded under SDRP would have been upgraded under DoD Directive 1332.28. (This applies only to mandatory reviews under P.L. 95-126 or Special Discharge Review Program (SDRP)
☐ ☐ ☐ b. Character of discharge, when applicable1
☐ ☐ ☐ c. Reason for discharge, when applicable2
☐ ☐ ☐ 6. Reasons for conclusions. The decisional document must list and discuss the items submitted as issues by the applicant; and list and discuss the decisional issues providing the basis for the DRB's conclusion concerning: 6. DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.7., H.8.; Stipulation (Jan. 31, 1977) para. 5.A.(1)(d)(v) (reference (1)).
☐ ☐ ☐ a. Whether a discharge upgraded under the SDRP would have been upgraded under DoD Directive 1332.28. (This applies only to mandatory rereviews under P.L. 95-126 or SDRP reviews.)
☐ ☐ ☐ b. Character of discharge, where applicable1
☐ ☐ ☐ c. Reason for discharge, where applicable2
☐ ☐ ☐ 7. Advisory opinions* 7. DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.12., Stipulation (Jan. 31, 1977) para. 5.A.(1)(f) (reference (1)).
☐ ☐ ☐ 8. Recommendation of DRB President 8. DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.12., Stipulation (Jan. 31, 1977) para. 5.A.(1)(g) (reference (1)).
☐ ☐ ☐ 9. A record of voting 9. DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.13., Stipulation (Jan. 31, 1977) para. 5.A.(3) (reference (1)).
☐ ☐ ☐ 10. Indexing of decisional document 10. DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.14., Stipulation (Jan. 31, 1977) para. 5.A.(5)(a) (reference (1)).
☐ ☐ ☐ 11. Authentication of decisional document. (This requirement applies only to discharge reviews conducted on or after March 29, 1978.) 11. DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection H.15.
☐ ☐ ☐ 12. Other 12. As appropriate.
Explanation of items marked “No.”
Yes: The decisional document meets the requirements of the Stipulation of Dismissal and, when applicable, DoD Directive 1332.28.
No: The decisional document does not meet the requirements of the Stipulation of Dismissal or DoD Directive 1332.28.
NA: Not applicable.
*Items marked by an asterisk do not necessarily pertain to each review. If the decisional document contains no reference to such an item, NA shall be indicated. When there is a specific complaint with respect to an item, the underlying discharge review record shall be examined to address the complaint.
1In this instance “when applicable” means all reviews except:
a. Mandatory rereviews under P.L. 95-126 or SDRP reviews.
b. Reviews in which the applicant requested only a change in the reason for discharge and the DRB did not raise the character of discharge as a decisional issue.
2In this instance “when applicable” means all reviews in which:
a. The applicant requested a change in the reason for discharge.
b. The DRB raised the reason for discharge as a decisional issue.
c. A change in the reason for discharge is a necessary component of a change in the character of discharge.
Attachment 4—Issues Worksheets1
Addressed
Corrective action required
A. Decisional issues providing a basis for the conclusion regarding a change in the character of or reason for discharge. (DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection D.2):
1. ☐ ☐ ☐
B. Items submitted as issues by the applicant that are not identified as decisional issues. (DoD Directive 1332.28, enclosure 3, subsection D.3):
C. Remarks:
1This review may be made based upon the decisional document without reference to the underlying discharge review record except as follows: if there is an allegation that a specific contention made by the applicant to the DRB was not addressed by the DRB. In such a case, the complaint review process shall involve a review of all the evidence that was before the DRB, including the testimony and written submissions of the applicant, to determine whether the contention was made, and if so, whether it was addressed adequately with respect to the Stipulation of Dismissal and, when applicable, DoD Directive 1332.28.
This review may be based upon the decisional document without reference to the regulation governing the discharge in question except as follows: if there is a specific complaint that the DRB failed to address a specific factor required by applicable regulations to be considered for determination of the character of and reason for the discharge in question [where such factors are a basis for denial of any of the relief requested by the applicant]. (The material in brackets pertains only to discharge reviews conducted on or before March 28, 1978.)
Attachment 5—Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs, and Logistics)
Review of Complaint (DASD(MP&FM))
1. Each allegation is addressed as follows:
a. Allegation.
b. Conclusion whether corrective action is required.
c. Reasons in support of the conclusion, including findngs of fact upon which the conclusion is based.
Note: If the DASD(MP&FM) agrees with the JSRA, he may respond by entering a statement of adoption.
3. Determinations:
[ ] No further action on the complaint is warranted.
[ ] Corrective action consistent with the above comments is required.
Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense
(Military Personnel & Force Management)
Review of Amended Decisional Document (DASD (MP&FM))
[ ] The amended decisional document complies with the requirements of the Stipulation of Dismissal and, when applicable, DoD Directive 1332.28. No further corrective action is warranted.
[ ] The amended decisional document does not comply with the Stipulation of Dismissal or DoD Directive 1332.28 as noted herein. Further corrective action is required consistent with the defects noted in the attachment.
Dear ______:
It has been determined that the decisional document issued in your case by the (Army) (Navy) (Air Force) Discharge Review Board during the (Special Discharge Review Program) (rereview program under Pub. L. No. 95-126) should be reissued to improve the clarity of the statement of findings, conclusions, and reasons for the decision in your case.
In order to obtain a new decisional document you may elect one of the following options to receive a new review under the (Special Discharge Review Program) (rereview program mandated by Pub. L. No. 95-126):
1. You may request a new review, including a personal appearance hearing if you so desire, by responding on or before the suspense date noted at the top of this letter. Taking this action will provide you with a priority review before all other classes of cases.
2. You may request correction of the original decisional document issued to you by responding on or before the suspense date noted at the top of this letter. After you receive a corrected decisional document, you will be entitled to request a new review, including a personal appearance hearing if you so desire. If you request correction of the original decisional document, you will not receive priority processing in terms of correcting your decisional document or providing you with a new review; instead, your case will be handled in accordance with standard processing procedures, which may mean a delay of several months or more.
If you do not respond by the suspense date noted at the top of this letter, no action will be taken. If you subsequently submit a complaint about this decisional document, it will be processed in accordance with standard procedures.
To ensure prompt and accurate processing of your request, please fill out the form below, cut it off at the dotted line, and return it to the Discharge Review Board of the Military Department in which you served at the address listed at the top of this letter.
Check only one:
[ ] I request a new review of my case on a priority basis. I am requesting this priority review rather than requesting correction of the decisional document previously issued to me. I have enclosed DD Form 293 as an application for my new review.
[ ] I request correction of the decisional document previously issued to me. I understand that this does not entitle me to priority action in correcting my decisional document. I also understand that I will be able to obtain a further review of my case upon my request after receiving the corrected decisional document, but that such a review will not be held on a priority basis.
Printed Name and Address
[47 FR 37785, Aug. 26, 1982, as amended at 48 FR 9856, Mar. 9, 1983]
(a) Semiannual reports will be submitted by the 20th of April and October for the preceding 6-month reporting period (October 1 through March 31 and April 1 through September 30).
(b) The reporting period will be inclusive from the first through the last days of each reporting period.
(c) The report will contain four parts:
(1) Part 1. Regular Cases.
(2) Part 2. Reconsideration of President Ford's Memorandum of January 19, 1977, and Special Discharge Review Program Cases.
(3) Part 3. Cases Heard under Pub. L. 95-126 by waiver of 10 U.S.C. 1553, with regard to the statute of limitations.
(4) Part 4. Total Cases Heard.
Semiannual DRB Report—RCS DD-M(SA) 1489; Summary of Statistics for Discharge Review Board (FY )
[Sample format]
Name of board
Nonpersonal appearance
Number approved
Percent approved
Identify numbers separately for traveling panels, regional panels, or hearing examiners, as appropriate.
Use of additional footnotes to clarify or amplify the statistics being reported is encouraged.
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Theory of Basic Human Values
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Theory of Basic Human Values Graphic[1]
The Theory of Basic Human values, developed by Shalom H. Schwartz, is a theory in the field of intercultural research. The author considers the theory as an essential extension of previous approaches to comparative intercultural research theories,[2] such as the Hofstede's cultural dimensions theory, and has been extensively applied in cross-cultural studies of individual values.[3] The Theory of Basic Human Values tries to measure Universal Values that are recognised throughout all major cultures. Schwartz’s theory identifies ten such motivationally distinct values and further describes the dynamic relations amongst them. To better graphically portray these relationships, the theory arranges the ten values in a circular structure.
In the 2012 article, Schwartz and colleagues presented a refined set of 19 basic individual values that serve as "guiding principles in the life of a person or group".[4]
1 Motivational types of values
1.1 Openness to change
1.2 Self-enhancement
1.3 Conservation
1.4 Self-transcendence
2 The structure of value relations
3 Measurement methods
3.1 Schwartz Value Survey
4 Limitations
5 Practical applications
Motivational types of values[edit]
The Theory of Basic Human Values recognize ten universal values, which can be organised in four higher-order groups. Each of the ten universal values has a central goal that is the underlying motivator.[1][2]
Openness to change[edit]
Self-Direction Independent thought and action—choosing, creating, exploring.
Stimulation Excitement, novelty and challenge in life.
Self-enhancement[edit]
Hedonism Pleasure or sensuous gratification for oneself.
Achievement Personal success through demonstrating competence according to social standards.
Power Social status and prestige, control or dominance over people and resources.
Conservation[edit]
Security Safety, harmony, and stability of society, of relationships, and of self.
Conformity Restraint of actions, inclinations, and impulses likely to upset or harm others and violate social expectations or norms.
Tradition Respect, commitment, and acceptance of the customs and ideas that one's culture or religion provides.
Self-transcendence[edit]
Benevolence Preserving and enhancing the welfare of those with whom one is in frequent personal contact (the ‘in-group’).
Universalism Understanding, appreciation, tolerance, and protection for the welfare of all people and for nature.
Other[edit]
Spirituality was considered as an additional eleventh value, however, it was found that it did not exist in all cultures.
The structure of value relations[edit]
In addition to identifying the ten basic values, the theory also explains how these ten values are interconnected and influence each other, since the pursuit of any of the values results in either an accordance with one another (conformity and security) or a conflict with at least one other value (benevolence and power). Tradition and conformity share particularly similar motivational goals and consequently are consolidated in the same wedge. Values can lightly or more strongly oppose each other, which has led to the organisation of the values in a circular structure along two bipolar dimensions. The first dimension is openness to change versus conservation, which contrasts independence and obedience. The second bipolar dimension is self-enhancement versus self-transcendence and is concerned on the one side with the interests of one-self and on the other side of the welfare of others.[1]
Although the theory distinguishes ten values, the borders between the motivators are artificial and one value flows into the next, which can be seen by the following shared motivational emphases:
Power and Achievement—social superiority and esteem;
Achievement and Hedonism—self-centred satisfaction;
Hedonism and Stimulation—a desire for affectively pleasant arousal;
Stimulation and Self-direction—intrinsic interest in novelty and mastery;
Self-direction and Universalism—reliance upon one's own judgement and comfort with the diversity of existence;
Universalism and Benevolence—enhancement of others and transcendence of selfish interests;
Benevolence and Tradition—devotion to one's in-group;
Benevolence and Conformity—normative behaviour that promotes close relationships;
Conformity and Tradition—subordination of self in favour of socially imposed expectations;
Tradition and Security—preserving existing social arrangements that give certainty to life;
Conformity and Security—protection of order and harmony in relations;
Security and Power—avoiding or overcoming threats by controlling relationships and resources.
Furthermore, people are still able to follow opposing values through acting differently in different settings or at different times. The structure of Schwartz's 10-value type model (see graph above) has been supported across over 80 countries,[1][5][6] gender,[7] various methods such as importance ratings of values (using the surveys listed below), direct similarity judgment tasks, pile sorting, and spatial arrangement,[8] and even for how the values of other people, such as family members, are perceived.[9][10]
Measurement methods[edit]
Several models have been developed to measure the basic values to ensure that the values theory is valid independent of the methodology employed. The main differentiator between the Schwartz Value Survey and the Portrait Values Questionnaire is that the former is explicit, while the latter is implicit.
Schwartz Value Survey[edit]
The Schwartz Value Survey (SVS) reports values of participants explicitly, by asking them to conduct a self-assessment. The survey entails 57 questions with two lists of value items. The first list consist of 30 nouns, while the second list contains 26 or 27 items in an adjective form. Each item is followed by a brief description for clarification. Out of the 57 questions 45 are used to compute the 10 different value types, of which the number of items to measure a certain value varies according to the conceptual breath. The remaining 12 items are used to allow better standardisation in calculation of an individual’s value. The importance of each of value item is measured on a nonsymmetrical scale in order to encourage the respondents to think about each of the questions.
7 (supreme importance)
6 (very important)
5, 4 (unlabelled)
3 (important)
0 (not important)
−1 (opposed to my values)
The survey has been conducted so far on more than 60,000 individuals in 64 nations.[11]
The Portrait Values Questionnaire (PVQ) has been developed as an alternative to the SVS. The PVQ has been created primarily for children from 11–14, however, also has shown to produce coherent results when given to adults. In comparison to the SVS the PVQ relies on indirect reporting. Hereby, the respondent is asked to compare himself/herself (gender-matched) with short verbal portraits of 40 different people. After each portrait the responded has to state how similar he or she is to the portrait person ranging from “very much like me” to “not like me at all”. This way of research allows to how the individual actually acts rather than research what values are important to an individual. Similar to the SVS the portraits for each value varies according to the conceptual breath.
Limitations[edit]
One of the main limitations of this theory lies in the methodology of the research. The SVS is quite difficult to answer, because respondents have to first read the set of 30 value items and give one value the highest as well as the lowest ranking (0 or -1, depending on whether an item is opposed to their values). Hence, completing one questionnaire takes approximately 12 minutes resulting in a significant amount of only half-filled in forms.[12] Furthermore, many respondents have a tendency to give the majority of the values a high score, resulting in a skewed responses to the upper end.[13] However, this issue can be mitigated by providing respondents with an additional filter to evaluate the items they marked with high scores. When administering the Schwartz Value Survey in a coaching setting, respondents are coached to distinguish between a "must-have" value and a "meaningful" value. A "must-have" value is a value you have acted on or thought about in the previous 24 hours (this value item would receive a score of 6 or 7 on the Schwartz scale). A "meaningful" value is something you have acted on or thought about recently, but not in the previous 24 hours (this value item would receive a score of 5 or less).[14]
Another methodological limitations are the resulting ordinal, ipsatised scores that limit the type of useful analyses researchers can perform.[15]
Practical applications[edit]
Recent studies advocate that values can influence the audience’s reaction to advertising appeals.[16] Moreover, in the case that a choice and a value are intervened, people tend to pick the choice that aligns more with their own values. Therefore, models such as the Theory of Basic Human Values could be seen as increasingly important for international marketing campaigns, as they can help to understand values and how values vary between cultures. This becomes especially true as it has been shown that values are one of the most powerful explanations of consumer behaviour.[17] Understanding the different values and underlying defining goals can also help organisations to better motivate staff in an increasingly international workforce and create an according organizational structure.
Recently,[when?] Schwartz's work—and that of Geert Hofstede—has been applied to economics research. Specifically, the performance of the economies as it relates to entrepreneurship and business (firm) creation. This has significant implications to economic growth and might help explain why some countries are lagging behind others when labor, natural resources, and governing institutions are equal. This is a relatively new field of study in economics, however the recent empirical results suggest that culture plays a significant role in the success of entrepreneurial efforts across countries—even ones with largely similar governmental structures. Francisco Liñán and José Fernandez-Serrano found that these cultural attributes accounted for 60% of the difference in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) variance per capita in countries within the European Union (EU).[18]
Rokeach Value Survey
Inglehart–Welzel cultural map of the world
^ a b c d Schwartz, Shalom H. (1992), "Universals in the Content and Structure of Values: Theoretical Advances and Empirical Tests in 20 Countries", Advances in Experimental Social Psychology Volume 25, Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25, Elsevier, pp. 1–65, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.220.3674, doi:10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60281-6, ISBN 9780120152254
^ a b Schwartz, Shalom H. (2012). "An Overview of the Schwartz Theory of Basic Values". Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. 2 (1). doi:10.9707/2307-0919.1116.
^ Berry, John; Janek, Pandey; Poortinga, Ype (1997). Handbook of cross-cultural psychology (2nd ed.). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. p. 77. ISBN 9780205160747.
^ Schwartz, Shalom H.; Cieciuch, Jan; Vecchione, Michele; et al. (October 2012). "Refining the theory of basic individual values" (PDF). Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 103 (4): 663–688. doi:10.1037/a0029393. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 22823292.
^ Bilsky, Wolfgang; Janik, Michael; Schwartz, Shalom H. (20 July 2010). "The Structural Organization of Human Values-Evidence from Three Rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS)". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 42 (5): 759–776. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.1013.6256. doi:10.1177/0022022110362757. ISSN 0022-0221.
^ Schwartz, Shalom H.; Sagiv, Lilach (1 January 1995). "Identifying Culture-Specifics in the Content and Structure of Values". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 26 (1): 92–116. doi:10.1177/0022022195261007. ISSN 0022-0221.
^ Struch, Naomi; Schwartz, Shalom H.; van der Kloot, Willem A. (1 January 2002). "Meanings of Basic Values for Women and Men: A Cross-Cultural Analysis". Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin. 28 (1): 16–28. doi:10.1177/0146167202281002. ISSN 0146-1672.
^ Coelho, Gabriel Lins de Holanda; Hanel, Paul H.P.; Johansen, Mark K.; Maio, Gregory R. (30 August 2018). "Mapping the Structure of Human Values through Conceptual Representations". European Journal of Personality. 33: 34–51. doi:10.1002/per.2170. ISSN 0890-2070.
^ Skimina, Ewa; Cieciuch, Jan (2015). "Value structure and priorities: Other-report account". Current Issues in Personality Psychology. 6 (3): 252–259. doi:10.5114/cipp.2018.72259. ISSN 2353-4192.
^ Hanel, Paul H. P.; Wolfradt, Uwe; Lins de Holanda Coelho, Gabriel; et al. (13 April 2018). "The Perception of Family, City, and Country Values Is Often Biased". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 49 (5): 831–850. doi:10.1177/0022022118767574. ISSN 0022-0221.
^ Fischer, Ronald; Schwartz, Shalom H. (2011). "Whence Differences in Value Priorities? : Individual, Cultural, or Artifactual Sources". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 42 (7): 1127–1145. doi:10.1177/0022022110381429.
^ Lindeman, Marjaana; Verkasalo, Markku (2005). "Measuring Values With the Short Schwartz's Value Survey". Journal of Personality Assessment. 85 (2): 170–178. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa8502_09. PMID 16171417.
^ Hood, Jacqueline (2003). "The Relationship of Leadership Style and CEO Values to Ethical Practices in Organizations". Journal of Business Ethics. 43 (4): 263–273. doi:10.1023/A:1023085713600.
^ Morris, Jacob J. (2 October 2018). Personal Values Assessment: Explore the 57 Values Fundamental to Human Motivation. Independently published. p. 8. ISBN 978-1791346959.
^ Lee, Julie A.; Soutar, Geoffrey N.; Louviere, Jordan J. (2005). "An Alternative Approach to Measuring Schwartz's Values: The Best-Worst Scaling Approach". Journal of Personality Assessment. 90 (4): 335–347. doi:10.1080/00223890802107925. PMID 18584442.
^ Piirto, Jane (2005). "I Live in My Own Bubble: The Values of Talented Adolescents". The Journal of Secondary Gifted Education: 106–118.
^ Beatty, Sharon E. (2005). "Alternative Measurement Approaches to Consumer Values: The List of Values and the Rokeach Value Survey". Psychology and Marketing: 181–200.
^ Liñán, Francisco (2014). "National culture, entrepreneurship and economic development: different patterns across the European Union". Small Business Economics. 42 (4): 685–701. doi:10.1007/s11187-013-9520-x.
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NRC: An exercise that could fracture India's socio-political fabric
Major-General Jacob Tharakan Chacko October 04, 2018 02:17 PM IST
The updated draft list leaves out about 40 lakh individuals claiming to be citizens.
Some prominent citizens and their kin, too, have found themselves excluded.
The National Register of Citizens (NRC) update in Assam has been occupying centre space in the recent political and apolitical discourses. The NRC update in Assam was originally conceived to identify, detain, and expel people found to be 'illegal immigrants.'
The Assam Accord of August 15, 1985, that ended a widespread six-year agitation, provided the verification programme political as well as local acceptance. The updated draft list, published on July 30, 2018 leaves out about 40 lakh individuals claiming to be citizens and currently residing in Assam.
Some prominent citizens and their kin, too, have found themselves excluded. Assurances by the government of adequate redressal and remedies notwithstanding, various political parties were quick to level allegations of vested interest and political mining against the Centre.
Emotional criticism and allegations apart, the process has been chugging along steadily under the mindful eyes of the honourable Supreme Court of India. Encouraged by the prospects of political mileage that it could elicit, the idea of extending the NRC exercise across the country is slowly gaining traction.
But the statements of senior functionaries of both the Government of India and the ruling party are testimony to the fact that the NRC update will not actually achieve the stated goals.
On the other hand, it may end up only in disenfranchising a set of people including some genuine Indian citizens. That is where an apolitical activity actually threatens to become political in execution; the prime reason against which all parties in the opposition have raised their voice.
Assam has been struggling with the issue of illegal immigrants even before independence. In the beginning, it was an issue of survival and sustenance of the natives, their livelihood, culture and traditions threatened by the swarming mass of illegal migrants and refugees. As time passed, threat to national security from illegal, radical and inimical immigrants grew.
Action plan lacking
The NRC update would have ideally served the purpose if there was a definite action plan to deport those individuals declared illegal immigrants. When no country, including Bangladesh, has agreed to accept a population declared illegal by India, we would have no option but to hold them in geographically demarcated areas or detention centres, in pursuance of its original objective.
With repeated assurances coming from the highest governmental offices as well as the President of the ruling party that such people have nothing to fear, it clearly relegates the NRC update to an exercise aimed at trimming electoral rolls. Merely identifying someone as a foreigner with the sole intent of disenfranchising him or her does not serve the purpose for which the update was initiated at the first place. Social, cultural and economic aspects that were the root causes of the Assam agitation thus remains unaddressed.
Illegal immigration can be a problem to any country and India is no exception. Immigration policies cannot be discriminatory. By no means, it is advocated that illegal immigrants be allowed in the country. While Hindu illegal immigrants are said to be acceptable and would be considered for citizenship, Muslim illegal immigrants would effectively be disenfranchised and denied citizenship. Thus, religion-based exclusion seems to be the driving force.
There is also a growing chorus among the self-proclaimed nationalists to extend the NRC update across the country under a 'One India' vision. The political double standards of this proposal become evident, especially in the light of the fact that the ruling party has been in coalition in J&K where 'One India' vision doesn't apply. While such a proposal may be appeasing to ultra-nationalists, it may eventually end up fracturing the socio-political fabric of a peaceful country.
(Jacob Tharakan Chacko is a retired major-general with 36 years of experience at various managerial and directional posts. He is a recipient of the Sena Medal. He may be reached at: jacobtharakanchacko@gmail.com)
Indian citizenship
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You are here: HomeScheduleIl TrovatoreJordanka Milkova
Jordanka Milkova
Bulgarian-Swiss mezzo-soprano Jordanka Milkova studied in her home town Sofia. She was a member of the Swiss Opera Studio at the Bern School of Arts, as well as ensemble member in Pforzheim and Nürnberg. International engagements have taken her to (amongst others) Essen, Basel, Luxembourg, Ferrara, Modena, St. Petersburg, Halle, Augsburg, Freiburg, Gelsenkirchen, Lübeck, Bern and Metz. She has been a regular guest at the Savonlinna Festival in Finland, where she made her debut as Ortrud in "Lohengrin", a role which she also sang at the Hong Kong Arts Festival. In 2017, she sang Maddalena ("Rigoletto") at the St. Margarethen Festival. Her repertoire includes Carmen, Dalila ("Samson et Dalila"), Eboli ("Don Carlo"), Amneris ("Aida"), Ulrica ("Un ballo in maschera"), Marfa ("Chowanschtschina"), Clytemnestra ("Elektra"), Ježibaba and Foreign Princess ("Rusalka"), Nicklausse ("The Tales of Hoffmann"), Composer ("Ariadne auf Naxos"), Ascanio ("Ascanio in Alba"), Annio ("La Clemenza di Tito"), Hänsel ("Hänsel und Gretel") and many more. Jordanka Milkova made her role and house debut in Wiesbaden as Venus in "Tannhäuser" during the 2017/18 season. This season, she returns to Wiesbaden in the same role.
Azucena in »Il Trovatore«
Su, 05.04.2020 Il Trovatore
Grosses Haus19:30
Fr, 12.06.2020 Il Trovatore
We, 24.06.2020 Il Trovatore
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There is (there's) vs.There are
What are the roots of the creeping usage of "there's" for both singular and plural predicates? (This seems to be more common in spoken English.) I have 2 theories. Perhaps it is because spoken communication our society is becoming less formal by the day. Or perhaps it is a reflection of speakers of other languages having increasing contact with native English speakers. I am aware of German "es gibt" and Spanish "hay" constructions. Please comment.
3/06/14 I ran a couple of Google Ngrams and was surprised to find a greater rise in the use of "there's" in English fiction than in general English language books, since the turn of the century. This would seem to support my contention that informality is behind the shift.
etymology usage verb-agreement there-is
pinguina
pinguinapinguina
There doesn't need to be any number agreement for the existential construction. In German, for instance, one says Es gibt 'It gives', and the noun that follows is either singular or plural without needing agreement. That's the reason it's disposable. The reason it's spreading is that it's a contraction, which makes it easier and popular, and there's no good contraction for there are. You can write there're, but how do you pronounce it? Contractions are created by speech, and only reluctantly used in writing. One hears There's some people here and everybody understands. That's all. – John Lawler Feb 22 '14 at 22:27
There's may also have influence from dialects that use is and was for plural nouns (they is, you was, &c.). Also, I cannot speak for everyone, but I pronounce there're as something like there-urr. – Anonym Feb 23 '14 at 3:10
Dunno the reason, but I have the same impression, both from hearing people around me (in the States) and from watching TV (in the States). (FWIW, I also sense that saying less instead of fewer for countable things is on the rise. And yes, I know that such a use of less also has a long history.) – Drew May 15 '14 at 2:32
Related: Is “there're” (similar to “there's”) a correct contraction? and marked as its duplicates, Using “there're” to abbreviate “there are” and “There is” vs. “there are” when contracted among others. – choster Oct 28 '14 at 22:43
The contraction "there're" does get used but it seems entirely dependent on regional dialects and it isn't so much a strict contraction as the "e" and "a" can sound merged together when a fluent speaker is speaking quickly. Locally, I hear what would be more accurately be transcribed as "ther're".
I am a little hesitant to accept your premise that "there's" is becoming more common than "there're". Even if it was true, I suspect it would be regional.
But, as John Lawler notes in the comments:
There doesn't need to be any number agreement for the existential construction. In German, for instance, one says Es gibt 'It gives', and the noun that follows is either singular or plural without needing agreement. That's the reason it's disposable. The reason it's spreading is that it's a contraction, which makes it easier and popular, and there's no good contraction for there are. You can write there're, but how do you pronounce it? Contractions are created by speech, and only reluctantly used in writing. One hears There's some people here and everybody understands. That's all.
Some dialects have little troubling pronouncing "there're" and the rest would fully understand "There's some people here."
MrHenMrHen
I don't know how hard this is for other people to pronounce, but as a BrE speaker, I pronounce there're like ðɛːrə but with a very short schwa. – Lordology Nov 2 '19 at 19:27
I am now 75. For first 60 years of my life, EDUCATED people said there re when speaking of more than one item. There re was pronounced the SAME as the word there. Uneducated people said there's when referring to plural items. This has now changed and virtually everyone says there's which is incorrect. Frankly, I find this changed circumstance infuriating.
Welcome to EL&U. Please note that this is a Q&A site, not a discussion forum; detailed explanations, with suitable references, are preferred to personal anecdotes or opinions. I encourage you to take the site tour and visit the help center for guidance. – choster Oct 29 '14 at 0:29
And that's why we love English! It's always changing, it never fossilizes. Remember Latin? :) – Mari-Lou A Oct 29 '14 at 9:08
I didn't notice this until one day when Sarah Michelle Gellar (playing Buffy Summer, of course) said, very slowly and clearly "There's" with some plural predicate I can't remember. At the time, I thought it was some affectation of the 'Buffyverse,' but once my ears were opened, as it were, I realized that was, and had been used all the time, I just hadn't noticed. And I don't approve.
Already, although more rarely, it's turned into "There is several things...", negating the notion, which I've heard put forward, that this is a case of verb-object agreement following 'different rules for contractions. And the contagion creeps: I've heard "Here's" and "Where's," and their uncontracted equivalents used with plural predicates, not only on American television but on the BBC as well. And when you hear some Oxford professor on the History Channel, holding forth on matters of culture, say, in his plummiest accent, "There's several examples in Shakespeare of....", it's time to cry "Hold!"
The idea that is a 'new rule' that everybody must follow in order to be speaking correct English is, so to speak, crap. The fact that some grammarians accept it in informal speech doesn't make "there are" or "there're" (which I pronounce as "therror") incorrect. And 'Es gibt' is an idiom, and uses a transitive verb with a singular subject: 'es'. Do we not say 'The situation provides several benefits'? Would anyone say that's incorrect because the subject and the object don't agree in number? That rule doesn't even exist!
Let the people who smugly insist that 'between you and I' and 'I feel badly about that' are correct because they've become fashionable among the middle-class types go on saying 'there's several things'. I'm going to keep on screaming 'There are, you idiot!' at my TV set whenever I hear it, and correcting myself every time I catch myself using it.
I do, however, reserve the right to say "It don't make me no nevermind." I'm a Southerner.
R. FenimoreR. Fenimore
It's a colloquialism, and a verbal usage. It's not considered Standard English.
So saying it is fine, but writing it in an essay, report, or speech is not.
DES-COADES-COA
Please take a moment to find upvoted answers to see the type of answer this site is looking for. We also provide help on answering questions. Answers should ideally include some sort of independent corroboration, correctly referenced. – Andrew Leach♦ Jul 26 '14 at 8:31
With respect, I see nothing wrong in my comment. It is a colloqualism and verbal speech, as it's normal to use things verbally informally, even if it's not Standard English. – DES-COA Aug 27 '16 at 10:52
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Special Issue of Journal of Business Venturing, call for papers: RATIONALITY IN THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROCESS
1. Special Issue of Journal of Business Venturing, call for papers: RATIONALITY IN THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROCESS
Posted on behalf of Robert Baron, Lakshmi Balachandra, Melissa Cardon, Jeff Pollack, Matt Rutherford, and Enrica Ruggs:
Special Issue of Journal of Business Venturing
RATIONALITY IN THE ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROCESS: IS BEING RATIONAL ACTUALLY RATIONAL?
Submission Deadline: December 1, 2020
Lakshmi Balachandra, Babson College
Robert Baron, Oklahoma State University
Melissa Cardon, University of Tennessee
Jeff Pollack, North Carolina State University
Enrica Ruggs, University of Memphis
Matt Rutherford, Oklahoma State University
In this special issue, we aim to tackle the provocative topic of entrepreneurial rationality and explore what it is, what it does, where it comes from, who has it, how and why it works, and the contextual factors that influence when it does and doesn't work. We also examine whether cognitive shortcuts that are often considered non-rational enable entrepreneurs to make improved decisions or whether, and when, such cognitive shortcuts result in less effective decisions (Busenitz & Barney, 1997; Manimala, 1992; Shepherd, Williams, & Patzelt, 2015). We also seek insights on how new methods of research such as neuroscience, biology, or virtual reality simulators enable a deeper examination of questions around entrepreneurial rationality and irrationality. In pursuing such questions, we hope to address unanswered questions regarding how entrepreneurs should make decisions along with our more commonly considered questions of how they currently do make decisions which impact how they behave or act.
Concerning entrepreneurs' decision-making, Shepherd et al. (2015) noted that "...we are far from having a comprehensive and coherent story of this phenomenon. Instead, the field has become increasingly fragmented and diverse" (p. 38). On one hand, we have the notion that entrepreneurs should make decisions using rationality, defined as a "...normative basis for deciding and acting" (Miller, 2007, p. 67). On the other hand, we have the notion that due to uncertainty and ambiguity inherent in entrepreneurship, biases and heuristics represent a necessary "...systematic deviation from rationality or norms in judgment and decision making" (Zhang & Cueto, 2017, p. 419). In summary of the related literature, Zhang and Cueto (2017, p. 442) note that we find "...definitional disagreements, equivocal relationships, and overdue connections to advancements in other relevant research streams." Concerning rationality specifically, Miller (2007, p. 68) notes that empirical approaches are needed, because conceptual arguments alone cannot provide adequate answers.
In line with these sentiments, and despite recent advances in the management and psychology literature (e.g., Artinger, Petersen, Gigerenzer, & Weibler, 2015; Gigerenzer & Gaissmaier, 2011), the state of affairs in this area of entrepreneurship research-specifically surrounding entrepreneurs' rationality in the entrepreneurship process-is a quagmire of mixed empirical findings and non-conclusive conceptual musings. We believe a seismic shift in extant approaches to research in this area is needed to move this research forward. Herein lies the motivation, and necessity, for this special issue.
What We Know and What We Do Not Yet Know
What we know about rationality in the entrepreneurship process, to date, has primarily explored rationality in the decision-making processes of entrepreneurs, and the actions of different types of investors (e.g. angels, VCs, crowdfunders). Regarding the first topic, decision-making processes (Miller, 2007; Zhang & Cueto, 2017), research reveals that entrepreneurs may engage in irrational actions for a variety of reasons such as too much confidence or too much optimism, uncertainty, similarity biases, and escalation of commitment. Here, some research contends that biases and heuristics are necessary in order to navigate the entrepreneurship process, whereas in some cases entrepreneurs and stakeholders with such biases and heuristics make errors (Busenitz & Barney, 1997; Holcomb, Ireland, Holmes, & Hitt, 2009; Manimala, 1992; Shepherd, Williams, & Patzelt, 2015), thus suggesting that rationality would be preferred.
Regarding the second topic, actions of different types of investors (e.g. angels, VCs, crowdfunders), the literature is expanding quickly (e.g., Balachandra, Briggs, Eddleston, & Brush, 2017; Brush, Greene, Balachandra, & Davis, 2018). Here, sources of biased decisions include gender (e.g., Kanze, Huang, Conley, & Higgins, 2018; Malmström, Voitkane, Johansson, & Wincent, 2018), gender stereotypes (e.g., Johnson, Stevenson, & Letwin, 2018), passionate displays or perceptions (e.g., Mitteness, Cardon, & Sudek, 2013), individuals' attractiveness (e.g., Baron, Markman, & Bollinger, 2006; Brooks, Huang, Kearney, & Murray, 2014), trustworthiness (e.g. Maxwell & Levesque, 2014), and weight (e.g., Pollack, Burnette, & Hoyt, 2015). This body of work is large and growing, and it shows that investors use non-rational decision criteria. Yet, we do not know whether this is how they should be making decisions; we have little evidence concerning the utility of such non-rational decision factors in terms of how well investments made based on such factors pay off for the investors or the entrepreneurs receiving them. Perhaps the context of investor decision-making is one in which rationality is less optimal than what would otherwise be considered "biases" in decision-making, though we have little evidence to evaluate the efficacy of rational versus non-rational decision criteria of investors.
In sum, despite the work in these two main areas, described above, what we do not yet know far outweighs what we do know about rationality in the entrepreneurship process. Specifically, what is it about the entrepreneurial context and process that lends itself to different standards of rationality in behaviors and actions related to, potentially, different outcomes other than success? For example, the notion of "fail fast" and "fail quickly" would certainly not be considered rational in a large, established organizations. But, in the nascent entrepreneurship context, this may indeed be rational advice to give aspiring entrepreneurs (e.g., Khanna, Guler, & Nerkar, 2016). What are or should the standards for rationality be in the context of entrepreneurial behaviors and actions, where there is a prevalence of risk, uncertainty, and ambiguity (e.g. McMullen & Shepherd, 2006; Heath & Tversky, 1991)? Are there different norms for what would be considered rational in different entrepreneurial environments or for different types of situations? We don't have answers to such questions, yet given the importance of the variety of decisions about behaviors and actions entrepreneurs make on a regular basis, this is a problematic void in our literature.
Given the state of the literature, there are numerous areas where insights are needed. First, we have little knowledge of how entrepreneurs should make decisions regarding behavior and actions. While Shepherd et al. (2015) provided insights into how entrepreneurs do make decisions, we need more normative assessments that can tell us when and why rational decisions are needed and when a "systematic deviation from rationality or norms in judgment and decision making" is needed. One of the only examples is Kanze et al. (2018), who found support for the premise that entrepreneurs can use certain tactics to decrease the gender disadvantage in funding (i.e., responding to prevention-focused questions with promotion-focused answers). In sum, there is a need for more work to (a) explore what level of rationality is appropriate for different entrepreneurial behaviors and actions and/or contexts, (b) explore ways for entrepreneurs and key stakeholders to act more rationally based on those standards, and (c) bridge the gap between science and practice to enable entrepreneurs to learn of, and use, such insights (e.g., Banks et al., 2016).
Second, we need more process-oriented research that can better capture the need for rationality versus cognitive shortcuts across the entrepreneurial life-span (e.g., McMullen & Dimov, 2013). Put differently, we need focused inquiry across the processes of identifying, exploring, and implementing opportunities that can illuminate the rationality (or not) of being rational at different stages or with different opportunities.
Potential Research Questions This Special Issue Could Address
We seek exemplary research that showcases unique empirical strategies and novel data sources. We also seek research that develops provocative theoretical and philosophical contributions and/or integrates findings and theories across multiple disciplines and perspectives. Some possible broad research questions that might be addressed by contributions in this special issue include:
• What is entrepreneurial rationality, and what can it do to help (or hurt) entrepreneurs? Can rationality be developed and how can we assess it in individuals or teams? How and when is it appropriate (and optimal) to act rationally versus not in the entrepreneurship process?
• How does uncertainty differ from ambiguity, and what are the implications for entrepreneurs' rationality (e.g., Heath & Tversky, 1991; McMullen & Shepherd, 2006)?
• How can extant perspectives regarding the entrepreneurship process be revised to account for advances in the decision-making and entrepreneurship cognition literatures (Baron, 1998)? What do we now know about different cultures and institutions that can inform our thinking about universal norms of rationality (and irrationality) in the entrepreneurship process (Busenitz & Lau, 1996; Klyver & Foley, 2012; Thornton, Ribeiro-Soriano, & Urbano, 2011)?
• How can entrepreneurship researchers leverage the vast literature on judgments and decision-making to examine which biases and heuristics are more applicable in the new venture creation process (e.g., Gigerenzer & Brighton, 2009; Gigerenzer, 2008), and specifically for different aspects of venture creation or creation of different types of ventures (e.g., Brown, Packard, & Bylund, 2018)?
• What are the philosophical approaches (and implications) to exploring rationality in the entrepreneurship process, including topics such as opportunities (e.g., Ramoglou & Tsang, 2016; Davidsson, 2017; Ramoglou & Tsang, 2017) institutions and uncertainty (e.g., Bylund & McCaffrey, 2017), as well as entrepreneurial action (e.g., Hunt & Lerner, 2018).
• Can technological solutions (e.g., virtual reality, computer-mediated decision-making, rubrics) improve the rationality of entrepreneurs' decisions? And, relatedly, building on the work of Kanze et al. (2018), what other tactics can individuals use to optimize decisions and behaviors throughout the entrepreneurship process?
• Are there any objective norms (or situations) in the domain of entrepreneurship that would indicate that individuals (or teams) should make one decision versus another decision given a set of circumstances? Are there situations that are universally rational in that one decision is "right" or "correct"?
• How can research reconcile the conflicting effects of preparation and planning on entrepreneurs' decisions (Shepherd et al., 2015, p. 25)? Should they plan before taking action (which some research supports) or should they avoid planning to mitigate slower actions? And, are some types of planning more effective at guiding rational behaviors and actions relative to others (that are less rational) in terms of achieving different outcomes?
• Can research inform entrepreneurs as to how, optimally, to approach decision-making? How can research empirically examine conceptual frameworks for entrepreneurs' decisions? For example, can we provide evidence-based, prescriptive ideas that inform entrepreneurs when to use rational versus intuitive versus action-oriented decision-making approaches (e.g., Mintzberg & Westley, 2001; Pina e Cunha, 2007)? Are decisions based on "impulse-driven, non-deliberative logics" less optimal (Lerner, Hunt, & Dimov, 2018)? Which biases and heuristics work and which don't (e.g., Artinger et al., 2015; Brandstätter, Gigerenzer, & Hertwig, 2006; Burmeister & Schade, 2007; Gigerenzer & Goldstein, 1996; Goldstein & Gigerenzer, 2002; McCarthy, Schoorman, & Cooper, 1993), and under what conditions, or for what outcomes?
• Are different levels of utility maximization versus cognitive short-cuts appropriate at different stages of the entrepreneurial or venture life-span? Do entrepreneurs with more experience or more successful prior ventures use different levels of rationality versus heuristics? How do their behaviors, actions, and associated decision-making processes impact desired outcomes?
• From a meso perspective, how do different groups (e.g., investors, entrepreneurs) make decisions, and take actions, in the entrepreneurship process? Is there an "optimal" process that can enable groups to view a set of decisions and possible actions objectively? And, relatedly, is "objectivity" the goal? Is the entrepreneurship process best viewed from an objective lens? What are the situations and scenarios in which biases and cognitive shortcuts help individuals (e.g., investors, entrepreneurs, and other stakeholders) optimize behaviors and decisions and actions throughout the entrepreneurship process?
• Implicit versus explicit bias is a needed area of inquiry. For example, what are the implicit biases that affect the entrepreneurship process (e.g., Chassot, Klöckner, & Wüstenhagen, 2015)? There are multiple neuroscientific approaches which could reveal nuanced insights that we have missed so far (Marini et al., 2016; Meadors & Murray, 2014; Nosek, Hawkins, & Frazier, 2011). Overall, what current approaches to detect implicit versus explicit biases can be leveraged to add insight to the rationality (or irrationality) of the entrepreneurship process?
• What are the best practices, both quantitative and qualitative, that can be applied to study rationality in the entrepreneurship context (e.g., Anderson, Wennberg, & McMullen, 2019; Kraus, Ribeiro-Soriano, & Schüssler, 2018; Täuscher, 2018)? Relatedly, how does our approach to entrepreneurship research, as academics, introduce irrationality and/or bias into the methods and results of our work (e.g., O'Boyle, Rutherford, & Banks, 2014)? Multiple methodologies can likely provide needed insights into this area of research. In line with current best practices, we suggest an open science (OSF; Anderson et al., 2019) approach to developing submissions using these, and other, methods:
- Prospective meta-analyses that can provide a critical mass of empirical findings to aggregate
- Randomized clinical trials that can look at ventures with a known outcome (e.g., exit, IPO, acquisition, etc.) and determine what information (low, high) relates to more accurate decisions
- Longitudinal field experiments that influence the decision-making of entrepreneurs relative to a control condition
- fMRI studies that explore which areas of the brain are affected or used when presented with certain information about entrepreneurial ventures
- Qualitative Case Analysis (QCA) and similarly nuanced and rigorous qualitative methods to extract the successful modes of operation the lead to successful ventures.
Submission Process and Deadlines
· Papers will be reviewed according to the JBV double-blind review process.
· The deadline for submission is December 1, 2020.
· Manuscripts should be submitted through the JBV online submission process: www.journals.elsevier.com/journal-of-business-venturing
· Our intention is to host a Professional Development Workshop (PDW) at the Annual Meetings of the Academy of Management on this topic in 2020 in Vancouver, BC, Canada.
· We will host a special issue mini-conference at the Poole College of Management at North Carolina State University (Raleigh, NC) in April 2021. Authors of all R&R papers will be invited to present their revised manuscript to attendees. Invitation and/or attendance for this mini-conference does not guarantee publication (nor does lack of attendance preclude publication. For questions, please email any of the guest editors.
JBV SI- Rationality CFP.pdf 154K 1 version
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Evan Sparks
Writer | Speaker | Communicator
Would-Be NYC Mayor Would Gut Central Park
This is why we can’t have nice things, New Yorkers might have muttered when they heard the news: Bill de Blasio, a shoo-in to be elected mayor next month, supports a plan to gut one of New York City’s most successful policy innovations of the past three decades.
That innovation is Central Park, the crown jewel of America’s urban parks. De Blasio made headlines when it was revealed that he supports a plan to redistribute money from Central Park’s operating budget to other, smaller parks throughout the city.
That may sound innocuous, but take a closer look. It would be one thing if de Blasio was proposing to move money around within the city’s $380 million parks and recreation budget. Instead, de Blasio has endorsed a plan to raid the assets of the private nonprofit group that runs Central Park.
The New York state senate bill proposed by Brooklyn senator Daniel Squadron would create a new “Neighborhood Parks Alliance” to redirect money to city parks considered neglected. The money would come from management conservancies like the Central Park Conservancy, Brooklyn’s Prospect Park Alliance, the Battery Conservancy at Manhattan’s southern tip, and the High Line. According to the proposal, private conservancies with operating budgets over $5 million would be required to surrender 20 percent of their operating budgets to the Neighborhood Parks Alliance.
“I think we have to share the wealth a little bit here,” de Blasio said in an interview over the summer. Such a plan to raid the coffers of private, not-for-profit groups would likely not pass constitutional muster, but if it did, the result would be dreadful for all parks—and philanthropy—in New York City.
A Track Record of Success
Founded in 1980 by the odd-couple duo of conservative stockbroker Dick Gilder and left-wing hedge fund manager George Soros, the Central Park Conservancy took on the Augean task of reversing decades of physical neglect and social decay. Central Park in the 1970s was, like much in America’s urban cores, in decline. Its emerald lawns had been pounded to dirt, and changes in policing gave the homeless and gang members run of the park. The city’s fiscal crisis—remember “Ford to City: Drop Dead”?—left few funds for maintenance, and the unionized staff that remained was crippled by complex work rules.
The insight from Gilder and Soros was that all the money in Manhattan wouldn’t make a difference if the management didn’t change. In the words of Elizabeth Barlow Rogers, the young landscape designer they hired to run the conservancy, “You don’t throw money at the problem. You throw management.”
The conservancy began slowly, building relationships with the New York parks department and funding targeted projects to demonstrate—to donors and to the public—its ability to get things done. As the conservancy moved bit by bit—rebuilding Belvedere Castle, re-sodding the Sheep Meadow, cleaning up Harlem Meer—the conservancy generated confidence in its ability to turn around problems.
The conservancy was awarded a long-term contract by the city to manage the park in 1998; it was renewed in 1996. The city pays a management fee to the conservancy and provides public safety, but it recoups much of this expense in concessions like ice cream sales and boat rentals. The conservancy raises the large majority of its $58.3 million budget and employs 90 percent of the park’s staff.
The result has been a largely transformed Central Park that serves as a playground for all kinds of New Yorkers and visitors—40 million per year, more than triple the number 30 years ago. The history shows that the Central Park Conservancy was a leading indicator of New York’s 1990s resurgence as a safe and vibrant city.
Model of Innovation
The Central Park Conservancy inspired park-lovers across New York and the country. There are today dozens of major urban parks that are under private conservancy management, including New York’s High Line and Prospect Park, St. Louis’ Forest Park, Atlanta’s Piedmont Park, Memphis’ Shelby Farms, and whole networks of parks in Louisville, Buffalo, and Pittsburgh.
The conservancy model works especially well for large, complex urban parks with multiple uses and extensive programming. A two-acre neighborhood park with a playground and picnic area, or a lightly used wilderness area on the edge of town, has relatively straightforward management needs. Big center-city parks with historic landmarks, complex landscaping, athletic facilities, water features, performance venues, zoos, food and beverage services, and other interactive features require specialized management and funding.
Across the country, cities have found that conservancies also work well for generating the funds and interest to build new parks from scratch and for turning around city-managed parks that have fallen into decay or neglect.
The conservancy model has supported a renaissance of creative urban green space, from a new park on decking over a Dallas freeway to filling in a drainage basin in Houston to reclaiming an abandoned railway in Manhattan. Economic development often follows. Donors have responded enthusiastically to these creative ideas, and in New York, that philanthropic money has become a target for de Blasio.
Turning Off the Spigot
“So for anyone who wants to donate to Central Park, they’re still going to be helping Central Park; most of the money is still going to benefit Central Park,” de Blasio said in the aforementioned interview. “But some of that has to be moved to where the need is greatest, in neighborhood parks that, right now, are really suffering.”
Sadly for de Blasio (and New York), this plan isn’t likely to work. Central Park is uniquely positioned to attract donors because it serves so many people from so many walks of life. Many of the hedge-fund titans who donate to the conservancy played in the park as working-class kids. They want to give to a particular park.
The parks bill is a tacit 20 percent tax on all gifts to New York’s big park conservancies. Donors are wise enough to recognize the ploy for what it is and to direct their tax-exempt philanthropy to organizations that can use all of a gift. The parks bill is also an assault on the principle of philanthropic freedom—the liberty that all Americans have always enjoyed to choose the objects of their private giving. By endorsing this plan, de Blasio is substituting his policy preferences for the charitable choices of thousands.
Finally, the bill is likely to hurt parks across the five boroughs. If you’ve run a business or a nonprofit, ask yourself: could you manage with a 20 percent across-the-board cut to your budget? I’m not sure even the Central Park Conservancy could; certainly smaller conservancies over the threshold—such as the Battery Conservancy or the Prospect Park Alliance—could be in grave financial danger.
Moreover, the parks bill would likely cut off future conservancy efforts—after all, what donor will take a risk on a big project that could be vacuumed up by the New York City government? The Central Park Conservancy proved the success of the model, which continues to spread to smaller parks across the city. Why would de Blasio want to stymie the private wealth already spreading–voluntarily–to parks across his city?
New York is ground zero for a huge and successful policy experiment: vibrant parks run by conservancies. By commandeering donors’ funds and constricting existing conservancies, New York would walk away from one of its signature successes. That would hurt New Yorkers—and all Americans—who cherish parks.
A version of this article was originally published in The Weekly Standard.
Evan Sparks October 30, 2013 October 31, 2013 Conservation, Philanthropy, Politics
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Evan Sparks is vice president for publications at the American Bankers Association, editor-in-chief of the ABA Banking Journal, and a freelance writer and speaker in Washington, D.C.
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Sarah Stone’s view from Canada
Sarah Stone is a Canadian post-partum nurse who takes care of mothers in the hospital after delivery. She’s also a mother and long time activist for ONE.org.
Sarah stopped by EMC’s offices recently to talk about the maternal health differences and similarities she sees between the U.S. and Canada.
Every Mother Counts: Sarah, you’re involved in maternal health in several ways. Tell me a little about who you are and what you do.
Sarah: I work as a nurse in hospital-based postpartum care. I’m also a mother with three teenage daughters and I’ve been a ONE activist for ten years. As you know, ONE is an international advocacy organization that’s working to end extreme poverty and preventable disease, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Conditions and programs that impact women and mothers are a big part of ONE’s focus.
EMC: What is maternal healthcare like within Canada’s universal healthcare system?
Sarah: Essentially all women have access to healthcare in Canada whether they’re Canadian or not. We have a lot of immigrants and new Canadians who are waiting for immigrant status. They have access too. Most women see their family doctor during their pregnancy up until about 27 weeks when they transition to an obstetrician. That’s because up until that point prenatal care is fairly routine and, as specialists, obstetricians have high patient volumes.
EMC: Do many women see midwives for maternal healthcare?
Sarah: Many patients see midwives throughout their pregnancies. Everything is essentially covered including ultrasounds, routine prenatal tests, and genetic screenings. Whether you deliver at hospital or home (about 2% of births occur at home), have an un-medicated birth or an epidural, there’s no cost for women. It’s all covered except for any medications and prescriptions, which may be required after delivery. They’re very well integrated into our health systems and hospitals and many women want midwifery care. Even women who want epidurals and hospital deliveries are opting for midwives because they want that one-on-one, TLC care and they want that midwife to come to their home after they deliver.
EMC: A midwife comes to your home after you deliver?
Sarah: Yeah, that’s how it works here. With hospital deliveries a midwife goes to the home after they’re discharged to make sure mother and baby are doing well and then weekly for up to a month. If they have any problems with breastfeeding or other issues, they’re seen more frequently and then transferred back to their family doctor at a month.
EMC: What other support services do Canadian moms receive?
Sarah: We have a substantial social services network. If a mom can’t afford medications or other resources like diapers, we have social workers on our interdisciplinary team to help them. There’s limited, subsidized day care assistance for low-income mothers too. Breastfeeding is well promoted here in Canada and we have certified lactation consultants available while moms are in hospital and after discharge. If Moms choose to formula feed we support that informed decision. I know that in the US, maternity leave benefits are very short and I suppose that’s why fewer mothers breastfeed.
EMC: We have the Family and Medical Leave Act that allows employees take 12 weeks off after a birth but nothing on a federal level guarantees pay.
Sarah: Wow… the U.S. isn’t really promoting breastfeeding if they don’t provide paid maternity leave. Canadian moms get a full year through employment insurance benefits. It only pays 55% of your paycheck, but some employers top off benefits to cover up to 92%. It’s mindboggling that the richest country in the world has such poor maternal support and healthcare access. The U.S. is our closest partner but it never ceases to amaze me how different it is.
EMC: What other differences do you see?
Sarah: I find the influence that politics and religion have on women’s healthcare in the U.S. fairly shocking. I know reproductive rights and birth control access are hot button issues in the U.S. I’m guessing that the fact that American women have to pay for prenatal care, hospital stay, postpartum care and daycare impacts many women’s decisions about whether or not to become mothers. As a person of Christian faith, I would be identified differently in America. The term “Christian” is so loaded in the U.S. It means something entirely different up here. Many of the people I associate with in the Christian community are absolutely not against birth control and health care, but it appears that in the U.S., it’s contentious. I wonder if Christian and other faith communities could be part of the solution there. Faith communities have always been out in front in terms of poverty and humanitarian issues and essentially, that’s what this issue is all about.
EMC: What are some of the universal issues you think need to be addressed in terms of motherhood?
Sarah: As much as we focus on and advocate for women and mothers in the developing world, we face similar issues in the developed world in terms of isolation, poverty and lack of access to healthcare, even in Canada. There are a lot of mental health issues that we never address either. Of course, men are also part of this conversation because often, they’re the decision makers. But, I feel a strong pull to reinforce our global sisterhood and be part of a global community to build each other up.
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Adam Bolden
Adam Bolden began his career in finance on Wall Street and eventually left the Bank for the fashion industry in 2006. He joined Como Fred David, a leading Montreal-based private label and branded clothing company and served as the Vice President of Sales for 5 years. He then went on to serve as the Director for One World Apparel where he managed over $40 million sales across North America. In 2013, after re-locating to Los Angeles, he co-founded Blend Management, a management consulting company, that advised brands on their production, sourcing, distribution and organizational structure.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/adambolden/
Sourcing, Production, Sales, Biz development. Outside of being CEO of Swet Tailor, I also am a partner in Blend Management, where I help fashion brands with sourcing, production, merchandising, sales and business organization.
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Disney confirms Harrison Ford will return to Indiana Jones 5
Harrison Ford will return as Indiana Jones one more time with Steven Spielberg in the director’s chair.
Steven Spielberg admits there is no replacement for Harrison Ford
Steven Spielberg has admitted that he feels there is no one who can replace Harrison Ford as Indiana Jones.
Jurassic World is doing the impossible at the box office
Steven Spielberg’s “Jurassic World” has just overtaken “Fast & Furious 7” to reach a staggering global box office total that makes several sequels inevitable.
Steven Spielberg responsible for killing real dinosaur picture goes viral
An elaborate ‘hoax’ set up by Jay Branscomb has made thousands of people think Steven Spielberg actually killed a wild animal, even though it is in fact a sick triceratops dummy from ‘Jurassic Park’.
Steven Spielberg : Best director to shoot next Bond - Poll
In a poll conducted by Take2 Publishing earlier this month on the subject of film fantasy projects, Spielberg’s Bond film gained 21% of the votes, handily beating out the next highest vote getter “Christopher Nolan directing a Charlie Kaufman script” at 13.5%.
Film Industry is definitely not heading for implosion
Steven Spielberg and George lucas didn’t predict the demise of the film industry, but just to be sure, here’s what’s really happening, and here’s why the film industry is here to stay.
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Pharmacovigilance Department
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Home Our Awards Farmak was awarded with responsible business certificate from UN Global Compact Network Green Business Ukraine
Farmak was awarded with responsible business certificate from UN Global Compact Network Green Business Ukraine
The Company was awarded for the projects aimed at raising the environmental awareness of the society and implementing the latest technologies and innovative approaches. The major projects are: “Eco-School”, “Farmak: Run For Your Health”, etc.
The purpose of the Eco-School project is to unite and create a community of young environmental activists, promote environmentally friendly lifestyle among young people and raise awareness of resource and energy saving. In 2018, the pilot project “Eco-School” was successfully implemented in Shostka. In 2019, Farmak expanded the Eco-School project and involved 10 schools in Kyiv. From the beginning of this academic year, the All-Ukrainian National Environmental Platform Eco-School was launched at Farmak at ecoschool.com.ua
“Farmak: Run For Your Health!” has been held by Farmak for three consecutive years to promote a healthy lifestyle. More than 3,000 Shostka residents and guests have joined the event during this period. This year, the event was expanded. A new distance was created to promote sports among the youth. It’s a 500 m race for participants under 12.
Farmak as the leader of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market and the company that is committed to the European values in its business becomes an example in adhering to the principles of sustainable development in our country. Farmak has become the first pharmaceutical company to join the UN Global Compact Network Ukraine. To facilitate the people to be healthy, we make the treatment with modern and effective medicinal products possible. Every year, we manufacture over 20 new modern medicinal products, and roughly 150 medicinal products are under development. We understand that health is a fundamental value. And health primarily involves prevention and clean and safe environment. Implementing these projects, we want to show that everyone may make a conscious choice whether to take care for the environment and keep a healthy lifestyle, and it is affordable”, said Olena Zubarieva, Head of Corporate Communication and Sustainable Development Department at JSC “Farmak”.
Back to the Awards
Even more awards
Eco-School became a finalist of the Partnership for Sus...
Farmak was granted a finalist award by the UN Global Compact Network for the Eco-School project The Partnership for Sustainability Award 2019 is an international competition of partnership projects held among different organizations to achieve sustainable development goals, which is initiated by the UN Global Compact Local Network in Ukraine. Eco-School by F...
Farmak is the best pharmaceutical company in Ukraine
According to the results of the 20th contest of professionals in the pharmaceutical industry of Ukraine “Panacea”. Farmak was announced as a winner nominated as “The Company of the Year” during the awards ceremony of the 20th competition of professionals in the pharmaceutical industry of Ukraine “Panacea 2019” which was held on September 18. “The […]
“Farmak Life”, Farmak JSC’s new corporate newspaper, wa...
Awarding of the corporate media of Ukraine was held on 5 November in Kyiv. Farmak JSC received as much as 4 awards in different categories. The award ceremony was held by the Association of Corporate Media. Overall, 119 works from various domestic and foreign companies took part in the competition.
All content is available under license Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license, unless otherwise noted
Copyright © 2018 FARMAK. All Rights Reserved.
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Tag: newsfeed
Fla. Supreme Court decision could end PBC school board’s fight to block a charter school
Renaissance Charter in Royal Palm Beach is one of six Charter Schools USA schools in Palm Beach County. (File photo)
The Florida Supreme Court handed a legal victory Tuesday to a charter school company battling the Palm Beach County School Board for the right to open a school west of Delray Beach.
In a decision announced today, justices refused to hear the school board’s appeal of the case, letting stand a lower court decision that affirmed the state government’s power to overrule school boards regarding whether charter schools can open.
The decision could force the school board to allow the company, Charter Schools USA, and an affiliated non-profit to open the school after nearly three years of legal battles. The company operates six other schools in Palm Beach County under the Renaissance name.
The legal tangle started in December 2014, when the school board unexpectedly overruled school district officials and voted to reject the company’s application to open a new school west of Delray Beach.
School district officials said the school met all of their criteria, but board members declared that the school should not be allowed to open because it was not “innovative.”
The non-profit that applied to open the school, Florida Charter Education Foundation, appealed to the state Board of Education, which overruled the county school board.
The school board sued, arguing that under Florida’s constitution only school boards can decide which charter schools open in their jurisdiction.
In January, the appeals court called that argument “meritless.”
The school board appealed once again, this time to the state Supreme Court. On Tuesday, the court denied the request for an appeal.
Florida Charter Education Foundation, which applied to open the school on Charter Schools USA’s behalf. said that it was “obviously pleased” by the Supreme Court’s decision, calling the school board’s appeals an attempt to “limit parental choice in education.”
“Finally Palm Beach County taxpayer dollars can go toward educating students instead of financing frivolous lawsuits,” said Rod Jurado, the non-profit’s chairman. “We look forward to putting this behind us so that we can work positively with the school board toward doing what is best for students.”
Before the school can open, the non-profit will have to resubmit its appeal to the state.
In January, the appeals court court ordered that a state charter school appeal commission review the case again and send the state Board of Education a “fact-based justification” to consider.
The state board is not required to follow the appeal commission recommendation.
In a statement, the school district conceded that the charter school company could now move forward with a new request for the state Board of Education to overturn the school board’s decision.
“The Florida Supreme Court had the discretion either to take the case or not,” the district said. “The court did not explain its reasoning for declining to take the case.”
Author Andrew MarraPosted on September 19, 2017 September 19, 2017 Categories UncategorizedTags bnblogs, news, newsfeedLeave a comment on Fla. Supreme Court decision could end PBC school board’s fight to block a charter school
Bak Middle School cancels classes after power outage
Bak Middle School of the Arts in West Palm Beach (File photo).
Bak Middle School of the Arts canceled classes and sent students home this morning after power went out at the West Palm Beach school.
A school district spokeswoman confirmed that a power outage was reported at the school around 7:15 a.m. The school has a backup generator but it does not operate the air-conditioner.
The school canceled classes around 11:30 a.m., officials said.
Bak MSOA will dismiss early today due to power outage. Buses have arrived on campus and regular dismissal procedures are underway.
— PBCSD (@pbcsd) September 19, 2017
A teacher at the school told The Palm Beach Post that the school operated all morning on the backup generator, which powered lights throughout the building.
“It really wasn’t a big deal until it started getting hot in the classrooms,” the teacher said.
The shortened day comes as classes resumed this week in the county’s public schools after a 7-day layoff due to Hurricane Irma.
Check back for updates to this developing story.
Author Andrew MarraPosted on September 19, 2017 September 19, 2017 Categories UncategorizedTags bnblogs, news, newsfeedLeave a comment on Bak Middle School cancels classes after power outage
PBC clears path to free school meals through Oct. 20 in Irma’s wake
File photo behind the scenes at a Palm Beach County school cafeteria. (Bruce R. Bennett/The Palm Beach Post)
In the wake of Hurricane Irma, the school district has the go ahead to offer free meals to all students from today through Friday, Oct. 20, Palm Beach County school officials announced Monday.
“Breakfast is always free in Palm Beach County, and for the next month, the District is pleased to be able to provide lunch meals at no cost as well,” according to the notice posted on the district’s website.
The permission comes in the form of a waiver granted because of the storm’s impact across the state. The meals still come under the National School Lunch Program, which means students have to select a complete meal – not pick from an a la carte menu – in order to qualify. Snack items are still available at regular prices.
Author Staff WriterPosted on September 18, 2017 Categories calendar, Student healthTags bnblogs, Education, mobilepb, news, newsfeedLeave a comment on PBC clears path to free school meals through Oct. 20 in Irma’s wake
Palm Beach County school bus driver fired after 5 crashes in 1 year
File photo (Lannis Waters / The Palm Beach Post)
A Palm Beach County school bus driver has been fired after officials said he was involved in five bus crashes in less than a year.
The county school board voted today to fire driver Craig Freeman, 59. He will have an opportunity to appeal the termination.
In a termination letter, school district officials say that Freeman was involved in five bus crashes, the most recent one on June 1.
The letter does not give details about the crashes or whether anyone was injured. A school district spokeswoman said she did not have further information about the incidents.
After the various crashes, Freeman’s total “driver safety points” exceeded the maximum permitted within a 3-year period under school district rules, prompting his termination. Records show he was hired by the school district in September 2015.
In an interview, Freeman characterized the spate of crashes as an unlucky run. He said only one of the accidents was his fault, and that some were “minor stuff” in which his bus’s side-view mirror was struck during turns.
“I’ve been driving buses since the ’70s,” he said, “and basically I just had some bad luck and that’s what it boiled down to.”
Author Andrew MarraPosted on September 6, 2017 September 6, 2017 Categories UncategorizedTags bnblogs, news, newsfeedLeave a comment on Palm Beach County school bus driver fired after 5 crashes in 1 year
Avossa blasts Trump’s immigration move as contrary to American Dream
Robert Avossa, Superintendent of the School District of Palm Beach County, speaks to members of the media about the bus situation in a press conference Wednesday, August 19, 2015. (Bruce R. Bennett / The Palm Beach Post)
Palm Beach County Schools Superintendent Robert Avossa blasted President Trump’s decision today to end protections for younger immigrants residing illegally in the U.S. as “contrary to what many refer to as the American Dream.”
In a statement this afternoon, Avossa promised that the county’s public schools would continue to educate all students regardless of their immigration status as required by state and federal law.
The county’s schools, he said, will continue to be “a safe place for all children.”
“I don’t want our immigrant students in Palm Beach County to be deterred by today’s announcement,” Avossa wrote. “My message to you is this – your hard work and determination are important now more than ever. Your future is bright.”
U.S. Attorney General Jeff Sessions today announced that the Trump administration would begin rolling back a federal program created by former President Obama that allowed young, longtime immigrants living in the country illegally to work and reside without fear of deportation.
Here is Avossa’s entire statement:
The Administration’s decision today is contrary to what many refer to as the American Dream. We will continue to advocate for the children whose voices will be silenced by this decision.
Many of the impacted children from today’s announcement have known no other home but these United States. They are children who, just five years ago, were provided assurances from this great Nation that they were free and safe to live and dream alongside their peers. They are children who were told and believed that they could be anything they wanted to be, if they just worked and studied hard. They are children who are caught in the crosshairs of contentious politics, who may wake up afraid tomorrow in a home where they once felt safe.
We must all call on lawmakers to set aside their differences and keep the dreams alive for our children.
I don’t want our immigrant students in Palm Beach County to be deterred by today’s announcement. My message to you is this – your hard work and determination are important now more than ever. Your future is bright.
Our Constitution guarantees all children, regardless of immigration status, equal access to public education. Despite today’s announcement, students who were not born in the United States are entitled to attend public school.
The Palm Beach County School District is committed to ensuring all of our students are valued and supported regardless of their immigration status or national origin. We value and celebrate the incredibly diverse, multicultural character of our student body, and I believe we are stronger for it.
Schools in Palm Beach County do not, cannot, and will not ask students or their parents for information about their immigration status. The Florida Department of Education prohibits Florida’s public schools from inquiring about student and family immigration status or requiring students to obtain a Federal Social Security number.
Our schools are a safe place for all children to learn and grow and I expect all of our students to come to school, all day, every day.
Our doors are open to every child, not only because it is right, but because it is the law.
Author Andrew MarraPosted on September 5, 2017 September 5, 2017 Categories UncategorizedTags bnblogs, news, newsfeedLeave a comment on Avossa blasts Trump’s immigration move as contrary to American Dream
Hurricane Irma: PBC public schools will close Thursday and Friday
UPDATE: Palm Beach County’s public schools will close Thursday and Friday as the region braces for Hurricane Irma.
The county school district announced the closures this afternoon, shortly the public school districts in Miami-Dade and Broward counties made similar announcements.
The closures affect the county school district’s more than 180 school campuses from Jupiter to Boca Raton.
In a message on Twitter, the school district said that the closures were done “to allow PBC families to prepare” for the approaching Category 5 storm.
“While landfall is not expected until Sunday, we have a responsibility to ensure our personnel have ample time to prepare before tropical force winds arrive in the area,” Schools Superintendent Robert Avossa said in a statement.
All of the district schools’ aftercare programs will be in operation until 6 p.m. Wednesday, but sports events and school meetings scheduled for Wednesday afternoon will be cancelled.
In a news conference this afternoon, Avossa said that the school district is readying 15 school campuses for use as hurricane shelters, which together can house up to 50,000 people. County emergency managers decide when to open shelters, but Avossa said they should be ready to house people as early as Wednesday evening.
A fleet of school buses will also be at the ready for evacuations in the Glades region if water levels in Lake Okeechobee threaten the integrity of the dike.
While the county is not expected to feel any effects from Irma before Friday, Avossa said that it was critical to give families and the school district’s more than 22,000 employees time to prepare.
“I have an obligation to make sure those teacher sand staff have time to prepare their families,” he said.
Avossa said he believed the recent devastation in Houston from Hurricane Harvey helped to raise awareness of a hurricane’s risks.
“People are paying a lot more attention than we have in the past,” he said. “Harvey, I think, helped people pay attention earlier instead of later.”
Check back for details to this breaking story.
All @pbcsd schools will be closed Thurs., 9/7, and Fri., 9/8, to allow PBC families to prepare for #HurricaneIrma: https://t.co/FCHIXamkxj pic.twitter.com/yZETFwuFJ0
— PBCSD (@pbcsd) September 5, 2017
ORIGINAL STORY: Palm Beach County School District Officials are watching the hurricane forecast closely but have not yet made the call regarding if and when schools would close. An announcement regarding closures is expected at 4 p.m. today.
Shortly after 3 p.m., Miami-Dade Public Schools Superintendent Alberto M. Carvalho announced that school district is closing schools Thursday ahead of Hurricane Irma in an abundance of caution.
The Palm Beach County district works closely with the county’s emergency managers in making that call, spokeswoman Kathy Burstein said. Those emergency managers, including representatives from various emergency services, are due to talk to state officials in a conference call at 11:15 a.m. Tuesday.
“As Hurricane Irma moves through the Atlantic Ocean, School District of Palm Beach County leaders are closely monitoring the storm and its track.
“Any time severe weather affects Palm Beach County, the District works with emergency management officials, including the National Weather Service, to determine how school operations will be affected. Our top priority is to ensure the safety of our students, employees, volunteers and visitors.” – PBCSD statement regarding Hurricane Irma
Read full statement here.
When that call is made the information will be posted on the district’s website and phone calls home to parents. The message will also go out on social media. Follow the district on Twitter at @pbcsd and find it on Facebook at www.facebook.com/pbcsd.
Check back with ExtraCredit for more details as they become available.
Follow Kimberly Miller on Twitter for the forecast at @KMillerWeather.
Get the latest forecast details on Hurricane Irma here.
Author Sonja IsgerPosted on September 5, 2017 September 5, 2017 Categories UncategorizedTags bnblogs, Education, news, newsfeed, storm 2017Leave a comment on Hurricane Irma: PBC public schools will close Thursday and Friday
Don’t spend that $10 million just yet, PBC schools warn charter schools
File art
A new law requires Palm Beach County’s public school system to share an extra $10 million with charter schools this year, but school district leaders are telling those schools not to make any spending plans just yet.
In a letter dated Aug. 25, the school district warns the county’s 48 charter schools to “refrain from pledging any and all future revenues” from the new spigot of cash that state lawmakers opened this spring.
The reason: The county’s school board and 10 others plan to sue to overturn the new state law, which for the first time requires school districts to give charters a share of the money they raise from property taxes for construction and maintenance.
The school district’s letter says that the requirement to share the money was part of House Bill 7069, a sweeping education bill passed earlier this year, and that the school board is challenging the law on constitutional grounds.
RELATED: Gov. Scott just signed HB 7069. Here’s what it does.
“If the school board’s challenge is successful, these provisions will be struck down,” Mike Burke, the school district’s chief financial officer, wrote. “Therefore the purpose of this notice is to advise you and all relevant parties to refrain from pledging any and all future revenue(s) derived from (the property tax dollars).”
Palm Beach County School District Chief Financial Officer Mike Burke. (Palm Beach Post file photo.)
Burke asked charter school leaders to sign a form acknowledging the warning and promising to alert the school district if they do intend to make plans to spend the new money.
“I agree to notify the School Board of Palm Beach County of any intent to pledge future revenue(s) derived from the discretionary capital outlay millage funds referenced under HB 7069,” the form states.
In an interview, Burke said that school district leaders “felt like we needed to put the charter schools on notice.”
“This law was just put into in place, and it is going to be challenged,” he said.
Burke said the letter was simply an effort to warn charter schools that the money they’re expecting to receive this year could be in legal jeopardy. State law requires the school district to send the money to the charters in February.
Burke said the district intends to comply with the requirement to pay out the $10 million unless a court orders it not to.
He said he was unsure whether the charters could face any repercussions from the school district for making plans to use the prospective cash to, for instance, take out loans or sign building leases.
RELATED: PBC school board joins suit over charter-friendly education law
Charters are privately operated, but school districts distribute their state money, monitor their performance and have authority to close them if they violate rules or perform poorly.
The notice has raised the ire of some charter school leaders, who say the district is trying to pressure the independently run schools to disavow any plans for spending their own money.
“It’s a little bit of bullying by the Palm Beach County School District,” said Ralph Arza, a lobbyist for the Florida Charter School Alliance. “You’re essentially saying: That money that is coming to you – we want you to commit to not using it.”
Last month the county school board voted to join several other Florida school boards in a lawsuit about 7069.
School district leaders argue that HB 7069 illegally restricts school boards’ sovereignty and improperly gives charters a portion of property tax proceeds. They allege the measure also violates a requirement that legislative bills focus on a single subject.
Charter school advocates have condemned the plans for legal action, saying that charters are entitled to a portion of the school board’s construction money since they educate public school students as well.
Arza said that the school district’s request that charter schools sign the form “puts principals in a tough spot.”
“The district is the charter authorizer,” Arza said. “They have some level of authority over you, and they’re the ones calling around saying ‘Why haven’t you returned this?’”
Author Andrew MarraPosted on September 1, 2017 September 1, 2017 Categories UncategorizedTags bnblogs, news, newsfeedLeave a comment on Don’t spend that $10 million just yet, PBC schools warn charter schools
PBC charter schools lose students for first time more than a decade
Schools Superintendent Robert Avossa greets students at Washington Elementary School (Photo courtesy of Palm Beach County School District)
Palm Beach County school enrollment has hit a record 193,973, according to the year’s first head count. But for the first time in at least a decade, none of that growth happened in charter schools, where instead enrollment fell by 939 students.
Even so, with an overall enrollment of 19,803, charter schools can still claim as they first did three years ago that one in 10 of the county’s students is on their rolls.
Taken on Monday, Aug. 28, the eleventh day count is an in-house enrollment check used to fine tune teacher staffing. An official count for budget purposes is taken statewide in October.
Schools in direct competition with neighboring charters have worked to make themselves more attractive to families in recent years. Some have added programs in robotics, medicine, and the environment.
This year, one elementary has begun to stretch into the middle grades to reclaim lost enrollment.
But more than half of that drop in charter enrollment, 497 students, can be attributed to four closings: Belle Glade Excel, Boca Raton Charter, Learning Path Academy and Riviera Beach Maritime Academy.
Belle Glade Excel and Learning Path Academy tanked after repeated failed grades from the state. Riviera Beach Maritime was pushed into limbo when the landlord, the city of Riviera Beach, ended the school’s lease.
Meanwhile, the beleaguered Eagle Arts Academy of Wellington saw its rolls drop by 346 students, leaving its total enrollment at 431.
Jim Pegg, director of the school district’s charter school office, said that charter school growth has been “relatively flat for a few years” but that the drop was nonetheless noteworthy.
“These are always parental decisions,” he said. “The parents are making decisions to remain within the district schools.”
Enrollment also fell at the district’s virtual schools, alternative schools and in pre-kindergarten programs.
This year’s overall growth at the district’s 165 elementary, middle and high schools as well as its alternative and charter schools is less than half what it was last year, when nearly 2,900 more students poured in through the classroom doors.
Still, it’s enough to fill 32 of those schools to capacity or beyond, including 10 of 23 high schools.
What schools are most crowded? Have the most students?
Forest Hill High School remains the most crowded school in the district with 2,463 students on a campus built for 1,837. Thanks to a boundary change that siphoned dozens of students out of the school, its rolls grew by only a dozen in August.
Even though John I. Leonard High welcomed 16 fewer students this fall, it is still home to the most students, with an enrollment of 3,591.
Among high schools, Palm Beach Lakes saw the biggest jump in enrollment with 268 additional students – some of those coming from boundary changes at Forest Hill High.
Relief for crowded high schools is, for now, years down the road. The district has two high schools planned in the next 10 years, one off Lyons Road near Lake Worth Road and another west of Royal Palm Beach. A third high school, a West Boynton Beach High, could be in the mix if developer GL Homes gets its wish to build homes in that region of the county.
The district’s largest middle school, Palm Springs Middle, grew by 115 students to an enrollment of 1,636. Wellington Landings Middle saw the most growth among middle schools with 139 additional students.
At elementary school level, Timber Trace in Palm Beach Gardens and Citrus Cove in Boynton Beach gained the most students, with 123 and 111 additions respectively.
After years of crowding, Calusa Elementary in Boca Raton, saw relief courtesy of a cascade of boundary changes in the region that dropped enrollment by 117 students.
Freedom Shores Elementary in Boynton Beach saw an enrollment drop of 109 students.
As for charter schools, after several years of sharp growth, Pegg said a slowdown was inevitable. There’s a natural limit, he said, to the number of parents interested in enrolling children in charters, and this year’s decrease is an indication that the county has reached it.
“There is, for lack of a better term, a cap,” he said. “If you look over the last three years it’s been relatively flat. This year we’re looking at a drop”
Still, he said the overall quality of the county’s charter schools is rising as more low-performing charter schools are forced to close. This summer, two small F-rated charters shut their doors.
The overall quality of the charters will increase, he said, “the more we close the lower functioning charter schools.”
Author Staff WriterPosted on August 31, 2017 August 31, 2017 Categories Back to schoolTags bnblogs, Education, mobilepb, news, newsfeedLeave a comment on PBC charter schools lose students for first time more than a decade
This Palm Beach Gardens school used ‘Toys for Tots’ gifts as test prizes
Grove Park Elementary spent $14,000 on a 3-hour field trip to a Miami zoo, used school funds to buy Saks Fifth Avenue sandals for an assistant principal, and held donated Christmas toys for use as rewards for students with high test scores, a school board investigation found.
Principal JoAnne Rogers did not violate any policies last year when her Palm Beach Gardens school failed to distribute toys from the Toys for Tots charity the week before Christmas, deciding to instead hand them out later in the year to students who made “academic gains during testing” or other achievements, investigators concluded.
But the move violated the Marine Toys for Tots Foundation’s wish that they be given to needy children as Christmas gifts, the school board’s inspector general concluded.
Principal JoAnne Rogers
“Clearly the program desires for children to receive toys during the Christmas season and unrelated to the child’s ‘academic gains during testing’ or the child’s ‘academic performance achievements,’” Inspector General Lung Chiu wrote.
Rogers told investigators that she was out of town when the toys were delivered to the school and that her assistant principal did not have time to distribute them to the most needy children on campus on the last day of classes before Christmas. She added that the charity did not deliver enough toys for every child at the school.
Instead, Rogers wrote to investigators, the toys were held and “distributed at times during the year for academic recognition.”
She did not tell investigators how many children received toys or how the recipients were selected. She did not respond to a request for comment from The Palm Beach Post.
In an interview Tuesday, Palm Beach County Schools Superintendent Robert Avossa defended the school’s decision, saying that Toys for Tots dropped off the toys unannounced on Dec. 22, the last school day before Christmas.
“They didn’t know that on the last day before children left they were going to show up with a truck full of toys,” Avossa said. “You can’t stop everything and sort out toys.”
He said that Rogers and her staff “made the right decision and should not have distributed those toys.”
Efforts to reach a local representative for the Toys for Tots program were unsuccessful. On its website, the Toys for Tots’ Palm Beach County campaign said that it delivered toys directly to schools last year in an effort to reach more needy children.
“We will be conducting our campaign the same way for 2017 as we were able to directly impact far more children than we ever could have imagined,” the organization wrote.
Grove Park Elementary, located on Military Trail south of Northlake Boulevard, was an F school when Rogers was assigned to take it over last year. Under Rogers, its grade rose this year to a C. About 90 percent of its 530 students last year qualified for federal lunch subsidies.
Investigators said that Rogers violated school district policies by buying a $185 pair of sandals for Assistant Principal Marzella Mitchell in September, then using $100 in school funds to compensate herself for the purchase.
When questioned by investigators, Rogers initially denied that she had purchased shoes for Mitchell, records show. But investigators discovered a form Rogers had filled out to compensate herself after purchasing the sandals at Saks Fifth Avenue in Palm Beach Gardens.
Rogers later admitted to the purchase, arguing that the gift was an “academic recognition in nature” for Mitchell’s hard work at the school.
The purchase failed to meet school district standards for documenting school expenditures and violated a district rule against purchasing gifts for adults worth more than $100, the investigation concluded.
School district spokeswoman Kathy Burstein defended the purchase in an email Tuesday as permissible under school district rules.
“She bought the shoes with her own money and sought partial reimbursement, as allowed by policy,” Burstein wrote.
Toward the end of the school year, Rogers arranged for the school to spend $14,400 for a school-wide field trip to Zoo Miami, an excursion planned for 536 students and 79 chaperones.
Records show that Rogers spent $9,600 to hire 12 charter buses and an additional $4,837 on admission costs for the May 15 trip.
Students were scheduled to spend 3 hours and 15 minutes at the zoo, including a 30-minute lunch break. An additional three hours were scheduled to be spent in transit.
The zoo, located southwest of Miami, is 99 miles from Grove Park’s campus. The Palm Beach Zoo, by comparison, is 11 miles from the campus.
Burstein said that field trips to the Miami destination are common in public schools throughout the county and that the Miami zoo has attractions that can’t be found in the smaller Palm Beach Zoo.
“The two zoos provide entirely different experiences and have different animals — elephants, lions, giraffes, etc., that you can’t see at the Palm Beach Zoo,” Burstein wrote. “Why should students at a (low-income) school be denied this opportunity?”
Chiu concluded that the trip “was appropriately documented and approved by required district officials.”
As a result of his findings, Chiu recommended that Rogers receive online training regarding the proper use of school funds.
Author Andrew MarraPosted on August 29, 2017 August 29, 2017 Categories UncategorizedTags bnblogs, news, newsfeedLeave a comment on This Palm Beach Gardens school used ‘Toys for Tots’ gifts as test prizes
Palm Beach County’s highest-rated public schools, ranked
Suncoast Community High School is one of Palm Beach County’s top-rated public schools (File photo)
More than 70 of Palm Beach County’s public schools earned A grades from the state this year. But sharing the same letter grade doesn’t mean those schools performed equally well under Florida’s school-grading formula.
The state’s A-rating is a pretty broad category. So broad, in fact, that nearly 30 percent of Florida public schools earned A grades this year.
So we’ve assembled a ranking of Palm Beach County’s 20 top-performing schools under the state’s grading formula. These schools comprise roughly the top 10 percent of the 207 county public schools that received school grades this year.
Of the top 20 schools, two are charter schools: Western Academy and Somerset Academy Boca Middle School. The other 18 are schools operated by the Palm Beach County School District.
Morikami Park Elementary School
Not surprisingly, the five top-ranked schools are application-only campuses, meaning every student has to apply to attend and is selected if they meet certain criteria.
Also not surprising: The 20 highest-rated schools tended to be schools with relatively few poor and minority students. The inherent advantages of having student bodies that are predominantly middle or upper class are well-established, since those students tend on average to face fewer systemic barriers to learning.
The state’s much-criticized grading formula tries to offset these advantages somewhat by giving schools credit not just for how many students pass state exams but also how many made substantial improvements from one year to another.
Even so, schools still are mostly judged by how many students pass the exams. That gives a major edge to schools with fewer disadvantaged children. (Read the state’s detailed explanation of its school-grading formula.)
One caveat: On this list we’ve included elementary, middle and high schools along with K-8 schools, even though different schools are graded on slightly different criteria. (You can see the grade of every Florida public school here.)
We’ve ranked the schools by the percentage of total possible points that each school earned under the state’s grading system, which controls for the fact that some schools can earn more points than others. So here it is:
Palm Beach County’s highest-rated public schools
And here is a static image of the list…
Author Andrew MarraPosted on August 24, 2017 August 24, 2017 Categories UncategorizedTags bnblogs, news, newsfeedLeave a comment on Palm Beach County’s highest-rated public schools, ranked
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Health, India, NSSO, Stories
More people are Hospitalized today than 20 years ago
By Rakesh Dubbudu on April 15, 2016
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The 71st survey report of the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) on Health in India reveals that more people are hospitalized today than 20 years ago. The survey also reveals that more women reported ailments than men. Private health care providers were the preferred choice for both the rural and urban population.
The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) recently released the 71st round report on ‘Health in India’. The report is based on surveys done between January and June of 2014. According to this latest report, about 4.4% of urban population was hospitalized (excluding childbirth) any time during a reference period of 365 days while only 2% urban population was hospitalized according to the 52nd NSSO survey conducted in 1995-96. In the rural areas, 3.5% was hospitalized while this was only 1.3% in 1995-96.
More Urban people reported ailments than Rural
The survey also reports about the Proportion of Ailing Persons (PAP). This is based on self reported illness than any medical examination. The survey notes that this could be an under-estimate of the illness-status of the patients, particularly latent diseases that have not presented with clear symptoms. 8.9% of the rural population reported any ailment in a reference period of 15 days while 11.8% urban population reported an ailment. While there was not much of a difference in the PAP who reported short duration ailment between rural and urban, the difference was evident in the chronic ailments. 6.7% of the urban population reported a chronic ailment as compared to only 4% of the rural population.
More Women reported an ailment than Men
There was considerable difference in the percentage of men and women who reported an ailment during the survey. In the rural areas, 8% of the male population reported an ailment while 9.9% of the female population reported an ailment. This difference was even starker in the urban areas where 10.1 of the male population and 13.5% of the female population reported an ailment.
Kerala reported the highest PAP
Of the various states covered in this survey, Kerala reported the highest PAP with 31% rural and 30.6% urban population reporting ailments. It has to be noted that the PAP observed in the survey do not reveal the difference in the actual health status but, they confirm the widely held view that self-perceived illness reporting is highly influenced by the literacy rate, cultural context, general health awareness, and access to health care in those states. This could be the reason why Kerala reported the highest PAP while states like Assam, Bihar & Chhattisgarh reported very low PAP.
More than 50% did not take medical advice because of financial constraints
Financial constraint was the most cited reason in this round of the survey for treatment without medical advice. 57.4% of the rural population and 68.3% of the urban population cited this reason. The next most important reason cited was ‘no medical facility available in neighbourhood’ in the rural areas and ‘others’ in the urban areas. Both lack of proper medical facilities in the rural areas and financial constraints remain important reasons for not taking medical advice.
Private is the preferred choice as the healthcare provider
In both rural and urban areas, private health care providers were the preferred choice for a majority of the population. 28.3% of the rural population depended on the public health care providers were the remaining on private providers. In the urban areas, only 21.2% depended on the public health care provider. In both rural and urban areas, Private Doctors/Clinics was the preferred choice for half of the population.
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Box Office Results for February 22, 2013
This weekend, with Hollywood busy preparing for the Academy Awards, studios dumped out new releases, which not surprisingly, led to a soft session at North American multiplexes allowing former chart-topper Identity Thief to reclaim the number one spot.
Universal and Relativity’s hit comedy declined by a reasonable 40% from the Friday-to-Sunday portion of last weekend’s Presidents’ Day frame and grossed an estimated $14.1M leading all films. After 17 days, the Jason Bateman–Melissa McCarthy pic has now collected $93.7M and will hit the $100M mark next weekend – a big achievement for an original R-rated comedy.
Dwayne Johnson got his busy 2013 started with a decent opening for his action offering Snitch, which bowed in second place to an estimated $13M from 2,511 theaters for a good $5,177 average for Summit, Exclusive, and Participant. The PG-13 film about a father becoming an informant in order to save his son played more to older men as studio research showed that 53% of the audience was male and 57% was over 30. Reviews were mixed and the CinemaScore grade was a mediocre B. Johnson will reappear in the top ten monthly with G.I. Joe: Retaliation opening March 29, Pain & Gain on April 26, and Fast & Furious 6 debuting May 24, Memorial Day.
The Weinstein Co. enjoyed a terrific hold for its 3D animated offering Escape from Planet Earth, which slipped only 31% to an estimated $11M in its second weekend. With no competition at all for kids, and with many schools closed last week for breaks, the PG-rated comedy adventure has banked a solid $35.1M in ten days and will continue to face no competitors over the coming weeks. In fact, the next film aimed at kids isn’t slated until March 22 when 20th Century Fox rolls our the first DreamWorks Animation film as part of their new distribution deal, The Croods.
The critically-panned romance Safe Haven fell 51% to an estimated $10.6M taking fourth place while the action sequel A Good Day to Die Hard tumbled 60% to an estimated $10M in fifth. Relativity has taken in $48.1M in 11 days for its love story while 20th Century Fox’s more expensive franchise film has banked $51.8M over the same number of days. International results were strong for Bruce Willis with $35.7M from 67 markets for an overseas total of $133.1M (led by Japan’s $13.3M) and a global gross of $184.8M – 72% from offshore audiences.
Supernatural horror thriller Dark Skies had a soft debut in sixth with an estimated $8.9M from 2,313 locations for a weak $3,826 average. Earning dull reviews from critics, the PG-13 fright flick was also rejected by paying consumers receiving a disappointing C grade from CinemaScore. Competition was light, but the target audience had little interest in this Dimension, Alliance, and IM Global release.
The top grossing Best Picture contender this weekend was once again Silver Lining Playbook, which eased a scant 3% to an estimated $6.1M upping its cume to $107.5M for the Weinstein Co. That’s a healthy $71.7M more than the $35.7M it had in the bank when it earned its nominations last month. Zombie romance Warm Bodies followed with an estimated $4.8M, off 46%, for a $58.2M for Summit.
Dropping 44% was Steven Soderbergh’s Side Effects with an estimated $3.5M followed closely by the teen flop Beautiful Creatures with $3.4M, down a troubling 55%. Totals are $25.3M for Open Road and Endgame and $16.4M for Warner Bros. and Alcon.
Most Best Picture contenders continued to rake in last-minute ticket sales from interested movie fans before Hollywood’s big night. Front-runner Argo dipped 10% to an estimated $2M for $129.8M to date. That is an exceptional hold given that the Ben Affleck-directed film just hit multiple home entertainment platforms this past week. Life of Pi eased just 1% to an estimated $1.6M for $113.5M domestic and a towering $584.5M worldwide. Lincoln took in an estimated $1.5M, down just 9%, for cumes of $178.6M from North America and $245.1M worldwide.
Some nominees suffered larger drops. Zero Dark Thirty fell 25% to an estimated $2.3M giving Columbia and Annapurna $91.6M to date while the musical Les Misérables dropped 24% to an estimated $657,000 with $146.6M thus far for Working Title and Relativity. Declining by 32% was Quentin Tarantino’s Django Unchained with an estimated $1M and $158.8M overall for the Weinstein Co. and Columbia.
Sony Classics added some screens to the run of Amour, which surged 16% to an estimated $816,000 for a total of $5.2M. Together, the nine Best Picture nominees have now grossed a stellar $942.8M domestically with seven of those titles surpassing $90M each. Worldwide, the nine films have been thriving this awards season collecting over $2B.
The top ten films grossed an estimated $85.3M, which was down 21% from last year when Relativity Media and Bandito Brothers’ Act of Valor climbed into the number one spot with $24.5M; and down 8% from 2011 when New Line Cinema’s Hall Pass debutd in the top spot with $13.5M.
February 22, 2013 to February 24, 2013 Top Ten
1. Identity Thief
Universal Pictures (NBCUniversal) and Relativity Media (Relativity)
2. Snitch
a Summit release (Lions Gate Entertainment)
Exclusive Media and Participant Media
3. Escape from Planet Earth
The Weinstein Company (Weinstein Co.)
4. Safe Haven
Relativity Media (Relativity)
5. A Good Day to Die Hard
20th Century Fox (Fox Entertainment Group)
6. Dark Skies
Dimension Films (Weinstein Co.), Alliance Films (Entertainment One), and IM Global (Reliance Entertainment)
7. Silver Linings Playbook
8. Warm Bodies
Summit Entertainment (Lions Gate Entertainment)
9. Side Effects
an Open Road release (AMC Entertainment and Regal Entertainment Group)
10. Beautiful Creatures
a Warner Bros. release (Warner Bros. Entertainment)
1. Act of Valor
a Relativity release (Relativity)
2. Good Deeds
Lionsgate (Lions Gate Entertainment) and Tyler Perry Studios
3. Journey 2: The Mysterious Island
New Line Cinema (Warner Bros. Entertainment) and Walden Media
4. Safe House
5. The Vow
Screen Gems (Sony Pictures Entertainment) and Spyglass Entertainment
6. Ghost Rider: Spirit of Vengeance
Columbia Pictures (Sony Pictures Entertainment), Hyde Park Entertainment, and Marvel Studios (Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures)
7. This Means War
8. Wanderlust
9. Gone
Lakeshore Entertainment and Sidney Kimmel Entertainment
10. The Secret World of Arrietty
a Walt Disney release (Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures)
1. Hall Pass
New Line Cinema (Warner Bros. Entertainment)
2. Gnomeo & Juliet
a Touchstone release (Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures)
3. Unknown
Dark Castle Entertainment (Silver Pictures)
4. Just Go With It
Columbia Pictures (Sony Pictures Entertainment)
5. I Am Number Four
DreamWorks Pictures (DreamWorks SKG) and Reliance Entertainment
6. Justin Bieber: Never Say Never
Insurge Pictures (Paramount Motion Pictures Group)
7. The King’s Speech
a Weinstein Co. release (Weinstein Co.)
8. Big Mommas Like Father, Like Son
a 20th Century Fox release (Fox Entertainment Group)
New Regency Pictures (Regency Enterprises)
9. Drive Angry
a Summit release
Nu Image (Millennium Entertainment)
10. The Roommate
Screen Gems (Sony Pictures Entertainment)
~ by Matt Whitfield on March 1, 2013.
Tags: &, 2013, 20th, 22, 6, A, Act, Alcon, alliance, Amour, Animation, Annapurna, Argo, Bandito, Bateman, Beautiful, Bodies, Box, Bros., Brothers, Bruce, Century, cinema, CinemaScore, Classics, Co., Columbia, Company, Creatures, Croods, Dark, Day, Die, Dimension, Django, Dreamworks, Dwayne, Earth, effects, Endgame, Entertainment, Escape, Exclusive, Fast, February, Films, for, Fox, From, Furious, G.I., Gain, Global, Good, Hall, Hard, Haven, header, Identity, IM, Jason, Joe, Johnson, Les, Life, Lincoln, Line, Linings, McCarthy, Media, Melissa, Miserables, New, of, Office, one, Open, Pain, Participant, Pass, Pi, Pictures, planet, Playbook, poster, quentin, Relativity, Results, Retaliation, Road, Safe, sheet, Side, Silver, SKG, Skies, Snitch, Soderbergh, Sony, Steven, Summit, tarantino, the, Thief, Thirty, Title, to, Unchained, Universal, Valor, Warm, Warner, Weinstein, Willis, Working, Zero
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Continuing the Conversation with. . . Marisa Vitali, actor/screenwriter/producer
May 13, 2015 by drfrances Leave a Comment
SOHO INTERNATIONAL FILM FESTIVAL WINNER
In 2013, Marisa Vitali, Alysia Reiner and I sat down to talk about GRACE, the movie: its message, its momentum and its moving evolutionary progress. To bring you all up to date on GRACE, the movie, now with a SOHO International Film Festival premiere, Marisa and I talked about the inspirational arc of this project.
Here are some clips from our conversation:
Fran: Oh my goodness. It’s been quite a while since our last interview. And it looks like you’re on fast forward here and I’m so excited about GRACE being at the Soho International Film Festival. So, how did it get there? What happened?
Marisa: I’m really excited, too; actually, it’s like a week away, at this point. Just through the festival submission process. Soho was on my list of festivals that I wanted to submit to right here in NYC and just patiently waited to hear back.
Fran: When did you hear?
M: I think it was probably about the second week in March which is awesome because most festivals you hear back from like 3 weeks before the festival. So, I feel that I’ve had enough time to prepare for the festival and the festival run. So I’m really excited about that.
F: And this is the first time you’re doing…
M: Yes, this is the first time GRACE is coming out into the world. Yes. It’s her premier; we’ll be screening here in New York and really I’m just kind of over the moon about it. I can’t believe it’s happening. It’s surreal.
F: And it is happening! And now that it’s happening, how about some updates? How has this process given you clarity in terms of your objective?
M: I realize more and more that this film is not my film in the fact that I realize it’s so much bigger than me. And, yes, I’ve taken all the actions I could possibly take in having her come out into the world, to tell this story, and show up for her. But at the end of the day, it’s totally in God’s hands, you know, and I really, really truly believe that. And I feel that as I’ve gone on this journey since we last spoke I see that and believe that, and have trust in that more and more.
F: And in terms of your original intent of this movie, about this movie being about a movie about hope and about celebration. Could you talk a little bit about that?
M: I really feel that there is a billion dollar industry built around the problem of addiction and I really want to be part of the solution. And in talking with a lot of people it’s always kind of brought up about addiction and the problem and I really want to change that and talk about the solution. I feel that in being in the hope and being GRACE, a story of recovery, it kind of allows us to settle into that conversation.
F: What is it about film, as a genre, that can affect change and achieve that objective?
M: I think there is something to be said about sitting in a dark room filled with people you know and people you don’t know, and it being comforting in a way. But, at the same time having your own experience watching a story unfold and that it’s safe to be able to kind of go on this journey and to find identification with these characters and kind of see how you really feel about addiction, and recovery, and like what you question, and what you think about it. And the fact that you are in this dark room with all of these people, it’s safe to explore your own feelings about that.
F: How is GRACE your way to measure success by taking positive action?
M: It’s so interesting that you say that because going into the last week before the festival is really what I’ve been sitting with is this idea of celebration. I have really truly come to understand that every tear, every joy, every defeat, every victory in my life has been leading me to this one point. Of GRACE. And so, with that thought that I’ve been sitting with is just kind of being open to that kind of experience. And really celebrating that life which has led me to this point.
F: People have watched your film. How do you know GRACE has already been a success by taking positive action?
M: Well, I can share one story in the fact that there was a young man that had seen the film and it was in a business situation so he had seen the film and I was speaking with someone else, and there was no comment, no feedback given about the film and then when the other person was no longer present this person began to share with me his own journey of sobriety and how only his family knows about it and how professionally he hasn’t come out and shared it with anyone. I just thought that was so beautiful that here is this stranger that I’m somewhat working with who felt comfortable enough to share his own experience and his own journey and how he was moved by GRACE and that in itself touched me so much. I felt that by sharing GRACE with him that he had an opportunity to kind of come out and share his experience. Intellectually, you know that will happen that’s what you desire to happen when you’re creating something, but not until you’re actually in that moment with that person and just sharing that unspoken bond does it really have a whole effect kind of thing. And it was just so beautiful. We kind of just stood in silence and we both shared a tear and a hug and it was like I didn’t even need to know all the details of his story. We just both knew. I think that is the beauty of recovery and being on the other side of all of this and what I shared with this young man is that bringing compassion to this disease and allowing ourselves to feel that much more comfortable talking about it, expressing our feelings about it. I think that’s really beautiful.
F: And you’re really beautiful. See you on the red carpet!
http://www.grace-the-movie.com/
http://www.grace-the-movie.com/trailer
Filed Under: Featured News, First Online with Fran, Interviews Tagged With: Actor, Addiction, Alcoholism, Americans for the Arts, Art Advocacy, Art Education, Art in Education, Arts in Our Schools Month, Film Production, GRACE, Maris Vitali, Soho International Film Festival
Making a Difference Through the Arts: Tara Handron, Actor/Playwright
January 28, 2014 by drfrances Leave a Comment
How are the arts re-igniting your community and sparking innovation and creativity in your local schools?
Because of how I am using my art form (writing and performance around substance abuse, alcoholism and other disorders), I am seeing the arts take a powerful role in educating young people about all the potential harms and dangers of addictive behavior that often begin in middle school and high school. With my play, Drunk with Hope in Chicago, and its research as well as the work I do with the Student Assistance Professionals at Caron Treatment Centers in the DC area, the arts are not only enhancing education around topics that can be either boring or taboo but more importantly the arts are making them more impactful. When I portray a young woman who has been sexually assaulted while intoxicated that can have more of an impact on a young person than simply reading facts and statistics. And with programs like this, more teens are starting their own socially aware performance groups. Using the arts to educate not only transforms how we learn tough or academic topics but also inspires students to be creative in other areas of their lives. Creativity breeds more creativity! For clips of the show and more information go to: http://www.tarahandron.com
Filed Under: Arts Advocacy Tagged With: Alcoholics Anonymous, Alcoholism, Caron Treatment Centers, Drama Therapy, Drunk With Hope in Chicago, One Woman Plays, Playwrights, Substance Abuse, Tara Handron
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← I Am Number Four
The Best of the Decade pt. 2: Indies and Non-Superheroes →
Posted by Bubbawheat
It’s a new decade, so of course it’s time to look back at the previous decade and rank stuff. So here I am joining in by ranking the top movies that I cover here over the past ten years. And since I’m a big believer that comic book movies aren’t a genre, I’ve split the decade into six different categories and I’ll be sharing two top ten lists each week over the next three weeks. The two lists that I’m sharing today are both animation, but because of their massive output and similar quality across the board, DC Animation is given their own separate category. As for the other list, there is a mix of bigger budget theatrically released animated superhero movies as well as lower budget comic book movies. Enough chit chat, onto the lists!
DC Animation has had a pretty huge decade. Out of all of the categories, either this one or the indie films would have the most total films. They typically come out with at least 3 a year just from their DC Animated Universe series which is the PG thru R rated animation based on different comic book runs. But they also have several other more kid-friendly series which have anywhere between 2-4 releases a year as well, from their LEGO animated movies to the DC Superhero Girls, and the short lived DC Unlimited. There was a total of 60 films this past decade from DC Animation including a few theatrical releases. This also started a connected universe starting with Justice League: War where the animated movies had an actual shared continuity rather than each movie standing alone, although they did still continue the stand-alone trend. But here’s what I consider the ten best out of those 60 films.
10: Teen Titans: The Judas Contract
This was part of their connected timeline and followed Teen Titans vs the Justice League where they took on one of the most well known Teen Titans story lines involving Terra. It was effective at introducing a new character and made a nice contrast from the extreme jokey nature of Teen Titans Go! while still having a balance of superheroics alongside non-action character moments that show the Titans being teens.
9: Constantine: City of Demons
This was one of the darkest DC Animated movies and one of the few that were rated R after the Killing Joke. This brought back Matt Ryan after his beloved but unsuccessful live action Constantine series and was initially a webseries on CW Seed before being turned into a full length movie. It felt less episodic than the Vixen movie and it had some great character beats for Constantine as a character, plus plenty of dark and gory moments with some of the demonic battles.
8: Teen Titans Go! to the Movies
This was one of the few theatrical releases from DC Animation aside from a handful done through Fathom Events, but love it or hate it, Teen Titans Go! is a very popular property. It takes superheroes in a very different direction with a high farce that some people find off-putting but I absolutely love. It’s different and it’s hilarious, and both this movie and the next one on the list made me laugh more than just about any other movie I watched this year.
7: Teen Titans Go! vs Teen Titans
This was the home video release follow up to the theatrical movie even though it didn’t really have anything whatsoever to do with anything that happened in the movie. This is basically a multiverse version of the Teen Titans that takes all the different actual versions of the Teen Titans including the older more serious series, the version from the other DC Animated Universe, as well as original versions that are inspired by things like the Superfriends and actual comic Titans. Like the theatrical release, it’s hilarious and not very serious, but it pulls together so many meta jokes that I fell in love with it.
6: Batman: Return of the Caped Crusaders
This was the first of the two movies that brought back Adam West and Burt Ward to reprise the style of the 60’s Batman TV show. It amped up the comedy that was always a part of the original series and made it feel modern and retro all at the same time. It had several mentions of more modern era Batmen and played around with the overall concept in a great way. It never wasted any time and brought back a lot of the fun elements of the past in a new way. I was also able to watch this in theaters through the Fathom Events program despite the fact that there was only one other couple in the theater at the time, I still had a blast.
5: Justice League: Flashpoint Paradox
After watching this movie the first time, it became my favorite DC Animated movie. It was one of several that pushed the limit of what they could do with a PG-13 rating and also did some very interesting things with the multiverse concept. Looking at this list in general, there’s several movies with the multiverse concept and I’m just a sucker for it in nearly every concept. This is the dark universe that must be prevented, and it ends with a surprisingly touching moment with Batman. On top of that, it’s actually a Flash-centric movie in a world where nearly everything has to be Batman.
4: Batman: Under the Red Hood
This was one of the first DC Animated movies that I ever saw and it’s still one of my absolute favorites. It was also one of the first that really started to take them towards a darker path to telling more adult stories rather than just animation for children and families. It took the death of Jason Todd and brought him back in an interesting way. It was also one of the earlier animated movies that really questioned Batman’s code of honor about not killing criminals and how that affects future victims of those criminals versus what’s right and wrong from an ethical point of view.
3: The LEGO Batman Movie
This is the second theatrical feature on this list and it’s one of the more radical choices. Coming off of the success of the LEGO Movie that featured Batman as a minor character, he was given his own spin-off movie that took a similar sense of humor present in Teen Titans Go! and took it into the LEGO dimension. Nothing is serious, everything is meta, and it takes a completely nonsensical look at everything that seemingly makes Batman who he is, from constantly wearing black, to being overly dour, serious, and rich, and even makes some stops along his long and storied past incarnations.
2: Batman: The Dark Knight Returns
Alongside the Killing Joke, this was one of the quintessential Batman comic book runs that is widely talked about among comic book lists. It was one that was an inspiration to Tim Burton and it became DC Animations first two-part animated movies where they released the first part, then the second part a few months later. Although considering how short most DC Animated movies are at less than an hour and a half, the two parts combined are less than three hours long and should easily be viewed as a single story. The animation and voice work are great and the battle between Batman and Superman is arguably better than the one that takes place in the live action Batman v Superman.
1: The Death of Superman
This was the other DC Animated movie that I saw in theaters as a double feature with Reign of the Supermen. But unlike the Dark Knight Returns parts 1 & 2, these two films felt more like a part one and part two rather than two halves of the same story. They’re connected but still separate, and this is one of several versions of the Death of Superman story after the very first DC Animated movie as well as the more recent live action BvS. This is the best of all three of them and really captured the character moments and the relationship between Lois and Clark better than all three of them.
Of course, DC Animation isn’t the only animation game out there and there have been plenty of other animated movies both theatrical and independent that have come out on home video over the past ten years. This list includes both the superhero releases as well as animated movies based on comic books or graphic novels without any basis in superheroes whatsoever. It’s been a pretty good decade all things considered on this front.
10: Ethel & Ernest
This is probably the most low key movie on this list as a tale that’s basically a slice of life following the lives of a lower middle class couple living through World War II and the years that follow. It came from the author possibly most well known for the children’s book the Snowman and is has a beautiful art style that captures the small town in England and the simple lives of this couple who meet, fall in love, have a child, and grow old together.
9: Captain Underpants: His First Epic Movie
This is another movie that reminds me quite a bit of the Teen Titans Go! sense of humor that’s very meta, but also very childish at times. A couple kids hypnotize their principal into thinking that he’s a superhero wearing a pair of tighty-whiteys until he actually does become a superhero. There’s plenty of references to the fact that it’s a movie and the two kids are basically narrating the story themselves, but the humor makes me laugh more often than not and that’s an important qualifier for me.
8: Mutafukaz
This is one of a couple more bizarre entries on this list and the creation of the movie is also rather odd. It’s a French comic that’s made into a film by a Japanese animation studio about aliens living in a Hispanic community inspired by LA. There are several eccentric and weird looking characters living in a generally normal society that doesn’t question the fact that one of them is completely pitch black with a round head and his friend literally has a flaming skull for a head. It starts off as normal as it could be with those two characters and things get weirder with alien hybrids, cockroach pets, Shakespeare quoting gang members, and a secret society of Luchadors promised to protect the world. But somehow, it all manages to work together.
7: Steven Universe: The Movie
Even though I haven’t caught up with the most recent episodes, Steven Universe is a show that I initially started watching just because I had no idea what was going on, and while it took me a couple dozen episodes to start to figure things out, I unknowingly became completely sucked into this world of gem aliens, gender non-conformity, and solving problems with communication and friendship rather than violence. There’s action and humor, but really important messages about acceptance that never feel like they’re being presented as educational messages.
6: Bird Boy: The Forgotten Children
This is a more abstract animated movie that has more bizarre elements than Mutafukas. There are plenty of adult themes and extremely dark imagery centered around simple and childlike animals. There’s even a robotic alarm clock that seems like it’s overly chipper all the way until it gets destroyed. There’s drug and war imagery throughout mixed with other inanimate objects that are alive with no explanations. But the animation throughout is evocative and captivating.
5: Big Hero 6
Oddly enough this was a popular Disney Marvel animated movie that was hugely successful, spawned a Disney Channel animated series, but afterwards seemed to completely disappear without any sequel or anything else. While it was loosely based on a Marvel comic, most of the characters were changed enough to be practically original including everyone’s favorite character Baymax. It was such a great concept for a character to have this robot who just wants to help people, and his programming gets changed to help people by becoming more of a fighting robot but it still goes back to its original settings by the end. It’s cute, it’s funny, and it’s wholesome without being overly sappy.
4: Incredibles II
I can’t believe it took so long for a sequel to the first Incredibles movie. It was such a breath of fresh air when it came out and it still holds up as a great film. The sequel did have its share of problems, especially the fact that in a way, it revisited a lot of the elements of the first movie all over again. But Brad Bird was able to bring the characters back and make them feel like they had never left. There’s great action, some fun new characters, and even with the revisit, it still hits home as long as you let it.
3: Megamind
This was another film that reminds me a bit of Big Hero 6 in the way that it came, it was successful, then it completely disappeared off the face of the map in favor of Despicable Me and its Minions. This was a great send up of superhero movies that really turned things on its head in a good way by making fun of the back and forth between stereotypical superheroes and supervillains while still playing around with the idea that you can shape your own destiny. There are some great concepts, great characters, Will Farrell, Tina Fey, and Brad Pitt are all excellent as the voice cast and it’s even a little prescient with the guy who becomes the true villain being what would pretty much be called an incel today.
2: Wrinkles
I absolutely love the distribution company GKIDS, they have not steered me wrong and when I found out that this animated movie was based on a graphic novel and released by GKIDS, I had to watch it. It’s a very poignant movie about an elderly man named Emilio going into a nursing home because he’s in the middle stages of Alzheimer’s, the point where he’s forgetting important things enough that it’s affecting his life in a negative way. He makes friends with a jovial elderly con artist and their friendship eventually becomes something extremely heartwarming as they become closer while Emilio’s Alzheimer’s becomes worse.
1: Spider-Man: Into the Spider-Verse
This film was such a pleasant surprise. Spider-Man has always been great as animation as there are things that Spider-Man is able to do that regular people just can’t. And it’s taken three reboots before finally getting to the Miles Morales Spider-Man and he absolutely deserves his time in front of the screen. And once again, there’s the multiverse concept that I love that also brings out Spider-Gwen and in a way brings back the Spider-Man from the Raimi Spider-Man films with Peter B Parker. The animation style is something that we’ve never seen before, the multiverse concept is done fantastically and hilariously when you have Spider-Man Noir and Spider-Ham, and everything about Miles Morales is just fantastic. I’m so glad that they have a sequel in the works because I wouldn’t want this to become another Big Hero 6 or Megamind.
And there we have it, I imagine my list probably looks much different than yours, and I still have four more lists to go to finish up my look back at the superhero and comic book films of the past decade. I’d love to hear your thoughts on this list or any future lists. Until next time, this has been Bubbawheat for Flights, Tights, and Movie Nights.
About Bubbawheat
I'm a comic book movie enthusiast who has watched and reviewed over 400 superhero and comic book movies in the past seven years, my goal is to continue to find and watch and review every superhero movie ever made.
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Posted on January 12, 2020, in DC, Lists and tagged animation, DC, decade, film, list, movies. Bookmark the permalink. 1 Comment.
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Hadrian, Roman engineering, Roman Temples, Rome
Guest post: How Hadrian helped rebuild the Pantheon
May 16, 2019 followinghadrian
Learn about how Hadrian created the Pantheon as we know it today from the ruins of previous temples built by Marcus Agrippa and Domitian. A guest post by Context Travel Tours.
Hadrian – the great unifier of the Roman Empire, the admirer of Athens, the architect, the poet, the visionary. As one of Rome’s most successful emperors, and one of the “five good emperors”, his accomplishments stretched to the furthest extremes of the Empire, and his name became associated with some of the most momentous building projects in the history of man.
Hadrian, of course, was responsible for the eponymous wall which marked the northern limits of Britannia. His love for Ancient Greece saw him rebuild and regenerate huge portions of Athens, he constructed the vast Temple of Venus and Roma, and he built what is still today, the largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world. The Pantheon, a structure that has been in almost continuous use for the last 2000 years.
View of the Pantheon facade, piazza and fountain.
The Site of the Pantheon
While Hadrian is credited with the iconic structure that stands today, he did not claim it as one of his works, choosing not to add his name to the building and to keep the inscription of Marcus Agrippa who first developed the site. The temple built by Agrippa was part of a larger complex, and it was thought to have been confined to his private residence. The original building burned down in a fire in around AD 80 but was restored by emperor Domitian. Sadly, this incarnation of the Pantheon was also destroyed by fire around AD 110.
Inscription fronting the portico of the Pantheon: M·AGRIPPA·L·F·COS·TERTIVM·FECIT.
Hadrian’s Unique Vision
After the second fire, Hadrian set about restoring the Pantheon according to his own unique vision. That vision was underpinned by hundreds of years of Roman technology, and the great leaps forward made by architects of the time ensured that the Pantheon would look like no other building that preceded it. The development of new materials allowed the 43.3-meter dome to sit atop a brick and concrete structure with an almost impossible weightlessness, and when combined with the original marble columns sourced from Upper Egypt by Marcus Agrippa, the Pantheon as we know it today began to take shape.
The Pantheon’s porch was built in the traditional, Greek style of architecture, with columns holding up an entablature. Sixteen, monolithic columns form the monument’s portico. The shafts are made of Egyptian granite, while the capitals and bases were carved from white Greek marble.
The two main structures of the Pantheon may well have been constructed some 100 years apart, however, Hadrian’s idea was to combine what was left of the original rectangular building with a new and much more spectacular domed rotunda. By combining the old with the new, Hadrian created an architectural archetype that retained its classical dimensions for something that would truly stand the test of time. At the very top of the dome, a large hole (the oculus) was left open to provide light, and during certain times of the year, Hadrian himself would have been bathed in glowing light when sunlight struck the metal grille above the doorway at the entrance as he held court.
Dome and oculus.
However, this was not the only heavenly touch added by the great emperor, and it is thought that this building was the first in human history where the interior was deliberately designed to outshine the exterior. Featuring seven alcoves set into the six-meter thick walls, the internal decoration is crafted from various colors of marble, with friezes representing the world of the Gods, all lighted further with five rings of 28 coffers that would most likely have been covered in bronze.
Interior view of the Pantheon.
Perhaps most fittingly, the influence that Pantheon has had on the architecture of the past 2000 years cannot be understated. The Hagia Sophia and the Suleymaniye Mosque, both of which are in Istanbul, have directly referenced Hadrian’s vision, while the dome of the Basilica of St Peter in Rome, which was partly designed by Michelangelo, is also heavily influenced by the Pantheon’s dome.
To learn more about the Pantheon and Hadrian’s influence on its creation, then there’s no substitute for visiting the Eternal City yourself. Guided tours with historical experts offer the ideal way to learn about the Roman’s how they shaped not only Italy, but the whole world as we know it today. You can also discover the rich history of the Pantheon and enter the world of Hadrian’s Rome through the many documentaries available online.
Tagged Hadrian, Italy, Pantheon, Roman Architecture, Roman Temple, Rome
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5 thoughts on “Guest post: How Hadrian helped rebuild the Pantheon”
Reblogged this on Ritaroberts's Blog.
Bob Atchison says:
Are there any plans to restore the attic story and remove the heavy 18th century stucco additions?
His accomplishments stretched to the furthest extremes of the Empire, and his name became associated with some of the most momentous building projects in the history of man.
Tyffany says:
http://tyffanydevoll.weebly.com/blog
I am so inspired by Rome and its architecture. Architecture is one of the most beautiful forms of art and it can show the world as it was when it was. It is almost a way to freeze time and remember the world in a new light.
writingroma says:
Nice post. I thought you might like this. https://writingroma.wordpress.com/2019/10/16/bonus-vernonlee-the-spirit-of-rome-describing-the-pantheon-from-sopraminerva/
Leave a Reply to Tyffany Cancel reply
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Turtle Bay: Did The World Just Legitimize The Assad Regime It Spent Years Discrediting? Did The World Just Legitimize The Assad ...
Did The World Just Legitimize The Assad Regime It Spent Years Discrediting?
For nearly two years, the United States and its key allies have been challenging the Syrian government’s claim to legitimacy. Some countries have recognized the Syrian opposition as the country’s legitimate government. Others have offered the rebels arms, military training, and advice. But in the real world, possession of territory counts for a lot. The ...
By Colum Lynch
| September 11, 2013, 12:57 AM
Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images
For nearly two years, the United States and its key allies have been challenging the Syrian government’s claim to legitimacy. Some countries have recognized the Syrian opposition as the country’s legitimate government. Others have offered the rebels arms, military training, and advice.
But in the real world, possession of territory counts for a lot.
The United Nations, for one, must rely on the Syrian government to gain access for humanitarian aid workers seeking to relieve hungry Syrian civilians, and cooperate with Syrian authorities to ensure the protection of U.N. chemical weapons inspectors in Damascus or U.N. peacekeepers in the Golan Heights.
And today, as the U.N. Security Council gets ready to debate the establishment of a new U.N.-authorized chemical weapons monitoring regime in Syria, it is counting on the Syrian government to form a new partnership to achieve that goal. "We have been delegitimizing the Syrian regime and suddenly by virtue of this initiative the Assad regime is now a partner of the international community," said a senior Arab diplomat. "Of course it’s a good thing that these weapons and stockpiles be kept under safe control, but are we not inadvertently undoing what we have been trying to do for two years?"
Najib Ghadbian, the U.S. spokesman for the opposition Syrian National Coalition, is worried that the new inspection initiative, which was first proposed by Russia, Syria’s most powerful ally, will shift the international community’s focus away from holding the Bashar al-Assad regime accountable for mass murder — and toward maintaining the security of its chemical weapons stockpile.
"The concern we have is whether Assad is allowed to stay because he is willing to give up his weapons of mass destruction," he said in an interview on Tuesday. "I think this was tried before with a person called [Libyan dictator Muammar] Qaddafi. It didn’t turn out so well."
U.N. Security Council diplomats say they have no intention of letting Assad off the hook. A French-written draft U.N. Security Council resolution under discussion at the United Nations Tuesday threatens the use of force against Assad’s government if it fails to comply with the council’s demands: surrender control of Syria’s chemical weapons program and allow the destruction of the toxic arsenal. The draft resolution also calls for an International Criminal Court investigation into crimes in Syria, including the alleged Aug. 21 chemical weapons attack that killed large numbers of civilians in the suburbs of Damascus.
But the prospects of securing the passage of a resolution that would hold Syrian officials to account for their crimes is uncertain at best.
A day after President Obama expressed hope of a "breakthrough" on Syria’s chemical weapons, Britain, France, and United States clashed on Tuesday with Russia over the terms of a plan that would place Syria’s chemical weapons under international supervision and require Syria to join the international Chemical Weapons Convention.
Russian Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov dubbed a U.S.-backed French initiative threatening possible military action against Syria "unacceptable." The plan to monitor Syria’s chemical weapons "can work only if we hear that the American side and all those who support the United States in this sense reject the use of force," Russian President Vladimir Putin said in a television address.
The Russian stance left in disarray Western plans to establish a legally binding inspection regime, backed by the threat of force. The move also raised questions about whether a diplomatic breakthrough welcomed by President Obama is still in reach. Yet Security Council diplomats said that Russia’s abrupt decision on Tuesday to drop its demand for an emergency session of the U.N. Security Council suggested there was still hope of diplomatic progress.
In an effort to overcome Russian opposition, U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry plans to travel to Geneva to meet on Thursday with Lavrov. American, British, and French diplomats, meanwhile, pressed ahead here at the United Nations with efforts to refine the French U.N. Security Council resolution condemning the Syrian government and placing Syria’s chemical weapons program "under international control" in preparation for their destruction.
If they succeed in gaining passage of their resolution, they will give the United Nations a new reason to do business with President Assad. The senior Arab diplomat said, "This all reminds me of Iraq, when Kofi Annan said he has a partner in Saddam Hussein," who then spent years in a cat-and-mouse game with U.N. weapons inspectors. "Do we know we have a partner in Bashar al-Assad?"
Follow me on Twitter @columlynch
Colum Lynch is a senior staff writer at Foreign Policy. Twitter: @columlynch
Tags: Arab World, Middle East, Syria
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Eshiels’s Woodland community asset transfer set for success
Rural Economy Secretary today ( Wednesday 30 Oct) visited Eshiels Community Woodland – acquired earlier this year by Peebles Community Trust (PCT) – to learn first-hand of the benefits that community ownership looks set to bring.
Formerly managed by Forestry and Land Scotland’s (FLS) predecessor, Forest Enterprise Scotland, the 7 hectare site near Peebles was sold under the Community Asset Transfer Scheme, which presents communities with the opportunity to take full responsibility for land to deliver greater community benefit.
The Trust’s plans for the woodland include enhancing the landscape, improving biodiversity and public access to woodland, developing small scale woodfuel supply to local businesses and offering education and training opportunities. They also intend to safeguard an important cycle route alongside the River Tweed in an environmentally sensitive area.
Touring the site with PCT members, Mr Ewing said;
“Enhancing Scotland's system of land ownership and land use, balancing public and private interests while ensuring that our land contributes to a fairer and more just society, is a top priority for the Scottish Government.
“The FLS Community Asset Transfer Scheme is a prime example of how communities can be empowered by taking over publicly-owned land or buildings that they feel they can make better use of for local people.
“The case that PCT put forward for community ownership very clearly indicated a high level of focus and commitment within the community and a robust plan for the future management of the site.
“Sustainable productive management of the woodland will generate income for community benefit but over and above this, they will also use the site for a range of activities focussed on education, training, learning and outdoor activities.
“I wish them every success and hope that their experience will inspire other communities to consider taking a closer look at the opportunities for community asset transfer near them.”
The Eshiels Community Woodland sale, which was completed in January of this year with funding from the Scottish Land Fund, is one of 7 successfully completed asset transfers, with many more in the pipeline.
The wooded land lies between the River Tweed, which is designated an SAC and SSSI, and the Sustrans Tweed Valley Railway Path which runs for 1km within its northern boundary following the route of a disused railway line.
Lawrie Hayworth, Chair of the Peebles Community Trust, said;
“From the very early stages of this process, we have had a vision of a place that would become a focal point for our community.
“We aim to encourage local people and visitors of all ages, abilities and interests – to come along and get involved. This is an amazing opportunity to strengthen community cohesion and to promote sustainable living, learn new skills and develop new business connections.”
Further information about the FLS Community Asset Transfer Scheme and how to apply is available online.
Forestry and Land Scotland (FLS) manages forests and land owned by Scottish Minsters in a way that supports and enables economically sustainable forestry; conserves and enhances the environment; delivers benefits for people and nature; and supports Scottish Ministers in their role as leaders of Sustainable Forest Management and Sustainable Development through their stewardship of Scotland's national forests and land.
PCT was established in August 2012 as a not-for-profit company limited by guarantee and takes the form of a Development Trust. Its aim is to generate revenue through grants and commercial projects, and to use these revenues to fund community projects and develop community assets.
forestryandland.gov.scot | www.twitter.com/ForestryLS
Media enquiries to Paul Munro, Media Manager, Forestry and Land Scotland Media Office 0131 370 5059 or This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.
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30th September 2015 / Liv Little
Interview with Poppy Ajudha
gal-demMusic
Poppy Ajudha is a 20-year-old South London girl making her mark on the neo-soul scene of British music. We spoke to her about Brainchild festival, her favourite artists and how it all got started. Here is her latest track: ‘David’s Song’.
gal-dem: We saw you were playing at Brainchild festival earlier this summer. What was the vibe there like, being completely surrounded by other emerging artists?
Poppy Ajudha: Brainchild was really nice, not so much because everyone there is an emerging artist but more because they’re all friends and it’s so nice to be supported by and support friends when they’re performing and creating. It’s also cool to be somewhere so relaxed where you can jam whenever you want or jump up on someone’s set (like I did with SumoChiefs for an impromptu performance of our song, ‘Running Away’).
So you started out as a songwriter before stepping out to perform your own music. What provoked this transition into the limelight?
I started out just writing poetry and then, at around 13, I taught myself to play the guitar so that I could compose my own songs. From then on, I’ve always been writing and performing.
Can you tell us a bit about ‘Running Away’ and the creative process that entailed?
I originally wrote [‘Running Away’] as a slow sad love song on guitar, coyly showed it to Joe and Jack (keys and bass) one evening… who made it more upbeat and lively, which then became this made garage tune with Olly on drums, Oscar on guitar and production by Maxwell Owin.
It seems like there’s a lot going on at the moment in the UK hip-hop/soul and jazz scene. We’ve got SumoChiefs, Ego Ella May, Tom Misch, Kojey Radical, Jay Prince and The Age of L.U.N.A to name a few. Would you say that it’s time for the US to start looking to us for inspiration?
It’s great that sick music is coming from the UK and that artists are keeping Hip Hop and Jazz current and are being influenced by genres that I think some of the best music comes from, but I don’t really have that UK vs US attitude… Good music comes from everywhere, I don’t think you can enclose creativity in borders.
Can you reveal a little bit of what it was like working with the mysterious VI?
It was good fun, we work really well together. When recording that tune he was always really enthusiastic about the way I sung things melodically so it was easy to create the song.
What can we expect from you as we draw closer to the end of the year? Tell us a bit about your up-and-coming EP.
I’m working on a lot of music at the moment, a few more releases and music videos, then an EP most likely next year.
Is there one artist you are in love with at the moment? Someone/a group who you think everyone needs to watch out for?
I mostly listen to older music… Motown, Jazz, Hip Hop and find it harder to really relate to a lot of new music. Having said that, I love Izzy Bizu’s voice, James Massiah’s spoken word, and other artists like Michael Kiwanuka, Hiatus Kaiyote and Jungle.
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OneFamily Foundation
by wptest
Can’t find what you’re looking for
February 2, 2015 in
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OneFamily Foundation Limited, registered number 09176069, is registered in England and Wales at 16-17 West Street, Brighton, BN1 2RL, United Kingdom. OneFamily Foundation is not authorised or regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority or the Prudential Regulation Authority.
OneFamily is a trading name of Family Assurance Friendly Society Limited, (incorporated under the Friendly Societies Act 1992, Reg. No. 939F). Registered in England & Wales at 16-17 West Street, Brighton, BN1 2RL, United Kingdom. Family Assurance Friendly Society Limited is authorised by the Prudential Regulation Authority and regulated by the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) and the Prudential Regulation Authority. Family Assurance Friendly Society Limited's Financial Services Register number is 110067. You can check this on the Financial Services Register at www.fca.org.uk/firms/systems-reporting/register or by contacting the FCA on 0800 111 6768.
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About me (Gary L. Herstein, Ph.D.) / Contact form
Furious Vexation (general questions here)
With regard to Comments and Spam
THE QUANTUM of EXPLANATION
~ Science, logic, and ethics, from a Whiteheadian Pragmatist perspective (go figure)
The Nature of Scientific Controversies
Posted by Gary Herstein in Climate Change, Creationism, Logic, Philosophy of Logic, Philosophy of Science
Climate change Denial, creationism, Logic, Science
The title of this post is, among other things, a play on Kuhn’s classic The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The purpose of this post is to set out a collection of “quick and dirty” rules of thumb for non-specialists to be able to determine when a putative “controversy” (as reported in the press) is a genuine scientific controversy. Quick and dirty rules of thumb are the best that anyone can ever hope to achieve on this matter, because the determination of genuine versus specious controversy is inherently qualitative and deeply sensitive to context. Nevertheless, a very solid set of evaluative tools can be quickly assembled and mastered with relative ease by anyone prepared to apply logic to facts. This post is something of a “part 2” to my earlier, What is Science?
This topic is related to what is known as the “demarcation problem of science”: namely, how does one demarcate REAL science from mere pseudo-science? The two most important attempts to answer this question came from a mostly logical perspective, on the one hand, and an almost exclusively sociological perspective on the other. The formal/logical approach is due to the philosopher Karl Popper. It was Popper’s argument that what made a scientific claim genuinely scientific was that the claim could be tested, and that it was logically possible that the claim might be shown to be false, a criterion known as “falsifiability.” What this means is that scientific theories are never really shown to be “true;” rather they are shown to be robust because they’ve survived multiple serious attempts to falsify them. When the attempt to prove a theory false fails, that does not show the theory to be true, only to be strong enough to stand up to all the tests that have so far been thrown at it. What makes this a logical rule is that it corresponds to the rule in formal logic of modus tollendo tollens. What this rule says is that, when presented with a generic argument (which one takes to be true) of the form, “If P then Q,” and it is shown that the conclusion “Q” is false, then one has also demonstrated (again, assuming the overall implication is true) that the premise “P” must also be false. So if one has a scientific theory “P” that says “Q” must follow from “P,” yet one can test and see that “Q” simply isn’t there, then the original scientific theory “P” has been falsified.
Popper’s argument runs into serious difficulties with both the history of scientific practice, and the contemporary (and largely universal) use of statistical methods. Per this latter, Popper’s falsifiability criterion is an “all or nothing” standard, but statistical methods deal with clouds of “more or less” where strict falsifiability does not work, and “unstrict” falsifiability is not clearly defined. With regard to the history and practice of science, Popper’s “all or nothing” approach again fails rather completely. Many times in the history of science, ideas that initially failed (often rather catastrophically) Popper’s criterion eventually were developed into the kind of robust scientific theory that could not only stand up to attempts at falsification, they did so in a manner that was significantly better than those theories that had previously been the dominant paradigms. This is the point of Kuhn’s above mentioned book. Such newly found, and gradually developed, success can lead to the kind of tectonic shift in scientific thinking that Kuhn called a “scientific revolution.” However, it is not the presence or absence of “paradigm shifts” (another Kuhnian term) or “revolutions” that makes a practice scientific, according to Kuhn. Rather, it is what he referred to as “normal science,” a process of meticulous and very detail oriented “puzzle solving” that comprises the daily practice of science. It is only after this puzzle solving routine runs up against a “Popperian wall” (my term) of repeatedly falsified expectations – puzzles that ought to be solvable, but cannot be with the available “standard” approaches – that a crisis can emerge which might lead to a scientific revolution, a change in the basic approach to puzzle solving required by the failure of the previously held model or paradigm.
Kuhn’s thesis suffered from its own drawbacks, not least of which was that, in its original formulation, it seemed to deny the existence of an objective world. Kuhn himself spent the remainder of his career scrambling to back away from this claim. But this is sufficient to give us our first two rough-and-ready clues:
While we must not ever lose sight of the history and sociology of science, we must also remain cognizant of the necessity of falsifiability of theories, in both the large vision and small details. This latter is an imperfectly realized ideal, but it must be an ideal that we attempt to realize.
What are some other rules of thumb we can bring to bear? Well, probably the most important one is this: If you, as a non-expert in the field, have heard of the “controversy,” then it almost certainly is NOT any sort of controversy at all. Real scientific controversies are fought out in the peer-reviewed literature, and such fights never rise to the level of popular consciousness. This latter is because the technical expertise needed to grasp even the superficial details of such arguments is significant, and well beyond that which one will find in popular understandings. So when a supposedly “scientific” controversy comes to be fought in the popular presses, this is because one group (invariably, a vanishingly small minority) altogether lacks the logic, principles, evidence, and facts needed to argue the issue out amongst the scientific community. When the supposed controversy is brought to the public eye, it is only because ideologues with an agenda want to force a conclusion, through “popular” misconceptions, that cannot be supported by reason. Reality is not a democracy, you do not get to vote on the facts; meanwhile, exhortations to “teach the controversy” are red herring distractions to pretend that ignorant opinions have the same standing as informed conclusions.
But while reality is not a democracy, there are substantial reasons to attend to the consensus of experts. These people are very few in number, but will be the ones who’ve invested such a great deal of time and effort into the subject at hand that they have earned the right to have their voices attended to. This is part of the sociological aspect of science that Kuhn drew our attention to. This circle of expertise is not closed against the world in the way that, say, religious belief can be, because the Popperian standard of falsifiability must be allowed to wiggle its way in. So while, like all the other rules, this one is “-of-thumb” only (which is to say that, yes, the scientific consensus can be wrong at various times), for any but those with established expertise in a subject, that consensus is pretty nearly a knock-down argument against any counter-claims one might come across, most especially if those counter-claims appear anywhere in the popular press.
With these ideas under our belts, we can see right away that Global Warming denialism and “Intelligent” Design/Creationism is the sort of pseudo-scientific twaddle that can be legitimately dismissed out of hand. The same is true of anti-vaccination obscenities, and numerous other fatuous claims to be found in the popular media. This trash is, as noted, hyped in the popular media, while the real science has conclusively rejected it. Such pseudo-scientific nonsense abandons any pretense of falsifiability, has been roundly rejected by the actual practice of science, has nothing to offer in the way of the ongoing puzzle-solving work of normal science, and has thus abandoned science altogether in order to man the barricades of a whipped-up popular outrage that has no clue what it is singing songs about. (Cue Les Miserables here.)
In the not too distant future, I hope to share an example of what may, in fact, be a legitimate scientific controversy.
7 thoughts on “The Nature of Scientific Controversies”
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Ben Alford said:
You may mention the work of these folks elsewhere, but ideas proffered by Helen Longino, Paul Feyerabend and Naomi Oreskes are germane to the matters you speak of above. The first two, you might not find terribly palatable, but they are extremely influential philosophers/historians/sociologists of science with lots of interesting things to say. Oreskes, however, would be right up your alley. She’s written a fantastic book called ‘Merchants of Doubt’, which reveals the startling parallels between contemporary climate change denial and the efforts of Big Tobacco to undermine the science connecting smoking with serious health problems a number of decades ago.
Gary Herstein said:
I’ve read a bit of Feyerabend — I do think he’s a little to far off the beam, but I respect him as a thinker and at least occasionally find his polemics refreshing. (I’m also inclined to give him serious cred for the respect that Imre Lakatos gave him, even as Lakatos absolutely disagreed with him on every single point.)
I agree with you about Oreskes — her work studying the history of climate (and other science) denial is hands down some of the best stuff out there.
I’m embarrassed to admit that I’m not familiar with Longino at all. But I’ll see what I can dig up (I still have alumni access to the research library at SIUC.) Thanks for bringing her to my attention!
I’m generally in agreement with what you say. One thing I see left out though–it could be inferred, perhaps, by the cite of Kuhn–is when a particular research community in science is systematically dysfunctional. A small-scale example of this: when I worked in ophthalmology research, the money and presence of people from the pharmaceutical and medical device industries influenced what were seen as worthy avenues of pursuit even among researchers who meant and intended to be objective. It may be that relative truth wins out in the end, but I also suspect it can take a long time to pop that bubble.
That might even be a topic for its own post, on forms of dysfunctional community. The medical communities have long been known to be unduly influenced by the staggering volumes of money brought to bear upon it by the pharmaceutical and insurance industries, plus the expense and difficulty of repeating experiments. In the case of gravitational cosmology, the institutional standards that must be passed before a grad student can become a functioning scientist goes a long way to enforce acceptance of the model-centric orthodoxy and its standard model. (Although, the fact that peer-reviewed research challenging that orthodoxy is published on a regular and increasing basis shows that such acceptance is not mandatory.) The laughable attempts by denialists to accuse climate scientists of being motivated by money is a different type of situation, given that the money is overwhelmingly on the side of the fossil fuel industries. The recent revelations about Dr. Soon is an example of this. And the interesting thing here is not so much that soon took money from the fossil fuel industries; it isn’t even that he lined his own pocket with some of that money (although his doing so is profoundly ethically compromising.) The real issue is that Soon failed to report these financial supports and sources of influence in the publications he presented as genuine research. (Per Soon: http://www.nytimes.com/2015/02/22/us/ties-to-corporate-cash-for-climate-change-researcher-Wei-Hock-Soon.html?_r=2)
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September 15, 2008 by Paul Smith Jr
“National defense is one of the cardinal duties of a statesman.” —John Adams
“Charlie Gibson got it wrong. There is no single meaning of the Bush doctrine. In fact, there have been four distinct meanings, each one succeeding another over the eight years of this administration—and the one Charlie Gibson cited is not the one in common usage today. It is utterly different. He asked Palin, ‘Do you agree with the Bush doctrine?’ She responded, quite sensibly to a question that is ambiguous, ‘In what respect, Charlie?’ Sensing his ‘gotcha’ moment, Gibson refused to tell her. After making her fish for the answer, Gibson grudgingly explained to the moose-hunting rube that the Bush doctrine ‘is that we have the right of anticipatory self-defense.’ Wrong. I know something about the subject because… I was the first to use the term. In the cover essay of the June 4, 2001, issue of the Weekly Standard entitled, ‘The Bush Doctrine: ABM, Kyoto, and the New American Unilateralism,’ I suggested that the Bush administration policies of unilaterally withdrawing from the ABM treaty and rejecting the Kyoto protocol, together with others, amounted to a radical change in foreign policy that should be called the Bush doctrine. Then came 9/11, and that notion was immediately superseded by the advent of the war on terror. In his address to the joint session of Congress nine days after 9/11, President Bush declared: ‘Either you are with us or you are with the terrorists. From this day forward any nation that continues to harbor or support terrorism will be regarded by the United States as a hostile regime.’ This ‘with us or against us’ policy regarding terror… became the essence of the Bush doctrine. Until Iraq. A year later, when the Iraq war was looming, Bush offered his major justification by enunciating a doctrine of preemptive war. This is the one Charlie Gibson thinks is the Bush doctrine. It’s not. It’s the third in a series and was superseded by the fourth and current definition of the Bush doctrine, the most sweeping formulation of the Bush approach to foreign policy and the one that most clearly and distinctively defines the Bush years: the idea that the fundamental mission of American foreign policy is to spread democracy throughout the world… Yes, Sarah Palin didn’t know what it is. But neither does Charlie Gibson. And at least she didn’t pretend to know—while he looked down his nose and over his glasses with weary disdain, sighing and ‘sounding like an impatient teacher,’ as the [New York] Times noted. In doing so, he captured perfectly the establishment snobbery and intellectual condescension that has characterized the chattering classes’ reaction to the mother of five who presumes to play on their stage.” —Charles Krauthammer
“Only once in modern times has a vice presidential candidate swung an election. Lyndon Johnson brought Texas and Alabama to John F. Kennedy in 1960, states that otherwise would have been suspicious of a Catholic liberal from New England. I think Sarah Palin will be the second. She has changed the nature of this race in ways ominous for Mr. Obama. First, this race is no longer between a candidate who advocates change and the status quo, as Democrats would like to frame it. It’s between two different visions of change, and between a ticket that’s actually delivered reform, and a ticket that just talks about it.” —Jack Kelly
“Ultimately, the choice before the American people is the choice between two visions: on the one hand, the policies of limited government, economic growth, a strong defense, and a firm foreign policy; and on the other hand, policies of tax and spend, economic stagnation, international weakness and accommodation, and always, always, from them, ‘Blame America first.’ It’s the choice between the policies of liberalism or the policies of America’s political mainstream.” —Ronald Reagan
“One of the greater ironies of our time is that the post-convention bounce—and it may be more than a mere bounce—is a gift from the correspondents, pundits and other howling bloviators who set upon Sarah Palin’s 17-year-old daughter, snarling, snapping and scrapping like a pack of ravenous wolves. You can read and hear them now consoling each other with speculations that the National Enquirer, once the scourge of ‘respectable’ journalism, will turn up something from the garbage cans of Wasilla and the trash bins of Juneau and Anchorage. Barack Obama accuses John McCain of not ‘getting it.’ Sarah Palin says it’s Sen. Obama who doesn’t ‘get it.’ They’re all wrong. It’s the bloggers, the reporters, the pundits and the rest of the far-flung media that doesn’t ‘get it.’ It’s not the media’s fault. There is no media conspiracy, vast or otherwise. The average reporter, correspondent, columnist, pundit or editor couldn’t conspire with the entire Harvard Law School faculty to change the oil in his wife’s car. It’s worse than a conspiracy. It’s a consensus. The newsrooms of the agenda-setting newspapers, the television networks and the newsmagazines have become strongholds of the elites that Barack Obama, he of Harvard Law, insists he is not one of. The young men and women in the newsrooms of flyover country emulate the elites and sometimes dream of one day being one of them.” —Wesley Pruden
“Democratic presidential candidate Barack Obama has a great twofer pitch: ‘green jobs.’… Governments create no wealth. They only move it around while taking a cut for their trouble. So any jobs created over here come at the expense of jobs that would have been created over there… One reason decentralized markets are preferable to government central planning is that human beings are fallible. Mistakes are inevitable. Some investments will be errors. Mistakes in the market tend to be on a comparatively small scale. If one company invests in plug-in hybrids and it goes bust, only a relatively few people suffer. The assets of the bankrupt firm pass into more capable hands. But decisions by government, especially the federal government, affect all of us. When government makes a mistake, the bureaucracy can’t go bankrupt. Instead, it will use its failure to justify increased appropriations in the next budget. If ‘green jobs’ make so much sense, the market will create them. They will be created by private entrepreneurs and venture capitalists who are eager to profit from winning investments. The best ideas will rise to the top, and green energy will gradually replace coal and oil. If politicians were serious about creating jobs and cleaner technologies, they would step aside and let the free market go to work.” —John Stossel
“I favor the policy of economy, not because I wish to save money, but because I wish to save people. The men and women of this country who toil are the ones who bear the cost of the Government. Every dollar that we carelessly waste means that their life will be so much the more meager. Every dollar that we prudently save means that their life will be so much the more abundant. Economy is idealism in its most practical form.” —Calvin Coolidge
“On Sept. 8, Fox News broadcast an interview between Obama and Bill O’Reilly that focused on taxation and the economy. Obama repeated his pledge to cut taxes for 95 percent of Americans, while raising taxes on the tiny fraction who earn more than $250,000… His tax proposal, he explained, was a matter of civility: ‘If I am sitting pretty and you’ve got a waitress who is making minimum wage plus tips, and I can afford it and she can’t, what’s the big deal for me to say, I’m going to pay a little bit more? That’s neighborliness.’ If that is Obama’s rationale for making the tax code even more steeply progressive than it already is, it’s no wonder voters are having second thoughts about his economic aptitude. ‘Neighborliness.’ Perhaps that word has a nonstandard meaning to someone whose home adjoined the property of convicted swindler Tony Rezko, but extracting money by force from someone who earned it in order to give it to someone who didn’t is not usually spoken of as neighborly. If Citizen Obama, ‘sitting pretty,’ reaches into his own pocket and helps out the waitress with a large tip, he has shown a neighborly spirit. But there is nothing neighborly about using the tax code to compel someone else to pay the waitress that tip. Taxation is not generosity, it is confiscation at gunpoint. Does Obama not understand the difference? Perhaps he doesn’t. Eager though he may be to compel ‘neighborliness’ in others, he has not been nearly so avid about demonstrating it himself. Barack and Michelle Obama’s tax returns show that from 2000 through 2004, when their adjusted gross income averaged nearly a quarter of a million dollars a year, their annual charitable donations amounted to just $2,154—less than nine-tenths of 1 percent. Not until he entered the US Senate in 2005 and began to be spoken of as a presidential possibility did the Obamas’ ‘neighborliness’ become more evident. (In 2005-2007, they gave 5.5 percent of their income to charity.)” —Jeff Jacoby
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frankhowsonblog
ONCE I WAS A CHILD
Posted by frankhowson
And the world was beautiful
And frightening
Loving and cruel
And complex
Much bigger than me
I looked up to everyone
Seeking guidance
Some grownups didn’t like children
You could tell by how they looked at you
Perhaps they didn’t like fellow grownups either
But I didn’t know that
I was just a child
I liked to play with little soldier figures
That I collected until I had my own army
Then I started collecting an army for them to fight
They like to hook boys on war as soon as possible
My army won every battle
But none of them got really hurt
They just pretended to be to satisfy my scenario
That’s a grownup word for story
Grownups like to show off
I also liked to listen to the radio
My mum said I could identify every singer
Just from hearing a few bars of their voices
My dad worked every week day
And sometimes he took me with him
I was made a fuss of by his workmates
Because I was a child
Sometimes my mum worked at night
I didn’t like that
I would sit on my dad’s knee
Listening to the radio
Eagerly awaiting her return
I wished that we had a TV set
And then one day Steele’s department store
Delivered one by accident
We never told them
And they never came back
My parents thought it was luck
I knew it was magic
And my wish had come true
But what did I know?
I was a child
Sometimes my much older sisters were nice to me
Most times they weren’t
I grew to accept that
I must have done something wrong to them
And they were paying me back
Or else they knew I was worthless
I should’ve thanked them for bringing this to my attention
But I was just a child
I liked watching things on TV
In those days shows always had a happy ending
And the cast would smile as the credits rolled
Sometimes they’d wave at me while they smiled
And I waved back
Before they faded out
I wished that I could be on TV
And then I was
My parents called it luck
But I knew it was magic
My wish had come true
One day my mum took me to see a pantomime
At the Tivoli Theatre
It looked magical to me
And everyone seemed to be having fun
I wished I could be up there on the stage
And one day I was
But I knew much more
You see, I was a child
And for a time my wishes came true
Then I grew up
And I wished I hadn’t
But as much as I wished
And I couldn’t go back
Ever again
Then my dad went to heaven
He said he’d had enough
So I got married
Because that’s what grownups do
When you replace grownups
And take on responsibilities
And it all begins again
And I got to learn grownup secrets
There are not always
And that wishes rarely come true and it’s more to do with luck
The older you get
The more selective you become about what you wish for
One day my wife took me to dinner
And told me a happy occasion was coming
And soon we had a child of our own
I always knelt so as to not look down on him
No matter what he asked
I always smiled and gave him
And what wisdom I had
I tried to make him feel he was worth
Then one day it was all taken away
But that’s a long story
I guess I’d forgotten in my joy
To say thank you
To the one who grants the wishes
Or luck
And he can be a hard God at times
My mother didn’t want to leave me
So she hung on a long time
But finally she got so tired
She had to go
Sometimes people ask me what I want
And I answer that I want what I had
When there were heroes
Before the press tore them down
Back when my family and I gathered around
Our hot TV
And watched our favourites
And laughed as one
Cried as one
And cheered as one
When I was a child
And the world was new
When wishes came true
If you were lucky
Stayed true
But now I’ve been cast as the kindly old man
And seek signs of affection
In the eyes
Of those I pass in the street
As I did when I was a child
But people’s eyes are cold these days
And they don’t see others
For they are only looking inward
I also smile at children
Remembering when I was one
But they confirm that I am now invisible
For they’ve been taught to ignore strangers
I’m no longer in the club
Expelled for growing too tall
Too grey
Even though my heart remains young
And open
And child-like
The deserted alleyways of night
Are the only friends one can confide in
Walk it away
Around the next corner there is no light
And you can lose yourself
Quite easily
Sometimes I am seen
Looking lost
Searching for my youth
In the recycling bins
Trying to find one little toy soldier
Who might stand up for me
Take my side
Fight the good fight
And guide me
(C) Frank Howson 2019
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Tagged 9/11, Abuse, Acting, Action, Action Movies, Actor, Angels, anger, Animals, Art, Arts, Baseball, Beach, Birds, Bob Dylan, Book, Boxing, Business, Cafe, Casino, Cats, Cheating, Childhood, Children, Childrens, Christianity, Christmas, Cigarettes, Circus, Clowns, Cocaine, Coffee, Concert, Congress, Creative, Crime, Critics, Dance, Dancing, Death, Director, Dogs, Dreams, Drugs, Easter, Elvis, failures, Fame, Families, Family, Fantasy, Fathers, Fiction, Fiction Writing, Fighting, Film, Film Festival, France, Freedom of Speech, French language, Games, Gandhi, Gangsters, Genocide, Germany, Giving, God, Happy, Health, Heroes, Hollywood, Home, Homeless, Homeward Bound, Hong Kong, Human, Humanity, Humor, Husband, Ireland, Jealousy, Jerusalem, Jesus, Jewish, Journalists, Jury, Justice, Kids, Las Vegas, Lessons, Letting Go, Life, Life and Times, Literature, London, Lonely, Los Angeles, Loss, Love, Lovers, Magic, Married, Media, Memories, mistakes, Morality, Mother, Movie Industry, Movie Stars, Movies, Music, Musical, Mystery, Nature, New Orleans, New York, Night, Nightclubs, O, Observation, Observations, P, Painting, Paris, Performance, Personal Stories, Pets, Poem, Poet, Poetry, Political, Politics, Pregnancy, Press, Production, Prose, Psychology, Public, Recreation, relationship, Relationships, Religion, Reporting, Romance, Romans, Roots, School, Secrets, Sexual, Sherlock Holmes, Shopping, Social Commentary, Social Sciences, Song, Sons, Sports, Stage, Stars, Stories, Story, Strangers, Sun, Sydney, Terrorism, Thanks, The Beach Boys, The Kinks, Theater, Theatre, Thought, Truth, Twin Peaks, United States, Vegas, Video Games, Vietnam, Virginia, War, Wife, Wine, Wonder, Writer, Writing, You, Youth, Zoo
WHO SAW HIM LAST?
These were the shoes he wore. Notice the soles are thin. He’d walked many miles in these trying to get ahead.
This was his favourite jacket. He felt wealthy when he wore it. Even though it had holes in the pockets.
This is the shirt he called his lucky one. He always wore it to important meetings and although nothing ever came of them he felt this shirt would bring him luck. Someday.
These were his favourite pants – he’d been married in them. Twice.
This was the hat he wore everyday. It shielded his head from the rain and the wind and the sun. And if he pulled the brim down, from everyone.
This is the map he lost just before he lost his way.
These are the tears he cried when he had nowhere to go.
This is the heart you broke and you didn’t even know.
These are your letters he kept when he believed in you.
This is the photo of his mother who thought he was precious.
Where are the friends he helped instead of helping himself?
This is his favourite song that he played every night.
This is the movie he said changed his life.
These are the books he loved now all packed away.
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THE MISTS OF DAWN
Down here on this barren battleground
We have been issued no orders
We don’t even know who we are fighting anymore
Yesterday the fog was so thick
We mistakenly shot our own leader
And laid him to rest ‘neath a tree
Perhaps we should withdraw
Which is not a surrender
We mustn’t surrender
For there is too much to lose
But we’ve forgotten what
Send word back
That we have not thrown down our weapons
But we need back up
It seems we have gone weeks without sleep
As we sit in the dark every night
Waiting for the enemy to attack
But they never come
This is a very sophisticated strategy
That we have not been briefed on
For our leader is dead
And his family have not received word
For they will only grieve
And too many tears have been shed
Too many hearts broken
Too many roads taken
Too many widows haunting us
In the mists of dawn
But we are holding our position
And ready for action
Eager to do him proud
To fight to the last man
We have burnt our white flags
So we wouldn’t be tempted
Our enemy has a lot to answer for
We just haven’t been informed of what
But we’ve been told to hate them
I wonder if they’re scared like us?
I wonder if they sleep?
I wonder if they just want to go home
Like we do?
I wonder if they’re still there?
Perhaps the war is over
I wonder who won?
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FRANK HOWSON interviewed by ROBERT CHUTER
It is Sunday. A sweltering day in St. Kilda. I am seated under a shaded canopy in pink paradise – “Good Love” on Acland Street. I’m chatting over tea and banana bread with the imitable Frank Howson – Screenwriter, Producer, Theatre Director, Film Director, Artist, Performer, Poet and list goes on. I first met Frank way back in 2007 in a fleeting hallway passing during his rehearsals for the short play “The Replacement Son” he was directing for Short and Sweet. I recognised his name.
Frank’s colourful life has had more dips and turns than Luna Park’s Scenic Railway – so my chat with him was highly energetic and elaborate to say the least. I suggested that we visit one of his old haunts, his childhood home in the adjourning street – 51 Fawkner Street – to trigger some memories. So as we strolled down the street, accompanied by our ever reliable photographer, our conversation back to those years and onwards. “When I was a small boy, I began to dream. These dreams weren’t like normal ones in my sleep, these were my awake hours. Some of these dreams were bigger than me,” he said, adding, “And a few would turn out to be so big they would eventually run me down. In some of them I was Davy Crockett, and others Peter Pan, Robin Hood and Zorro. All you had to do was find a park bench, close your eyes and lift your head until you felt the warm rays of the sun, and let your mind go off to exotic locations. I dreamed that I was bigger than my dad in height, temperament and wealth, and I lived to achieve all that only to discover how meaningless it all was.”
As our photographer snapped photos of Frank in front of the house, I was thinking to myself, “I wonder how he is really feeling about being here again?” He didn’t give much away, but a smile and no revealing emotions except for a few tales of yesteryear, “Living in Fawkner Street back then, the neighbours were just ordinary battlers, sly grog salesmen, gangsters,” he remembered. In that street Public Enemy Number 1 – nicknamed The Beast (Norm Bradshaw) for good reason lived there when he was not on the run. “Next door to us lived the Aussie equivalent to Bonnie Parker, the gangster’s moll, pretty (but deadly) Dulcie Markham (known as “The Angel of Death” reported The Truth). One bullet came through our wall,” said Frank with delight. But to be expected Pretty Dulcie got a bullet right in the thigh. “There’s bloody blood everywhere, Bastards!” She spurted to The Truth reporter. Apparently another altercation left Pretty Dulcie with a broken leg and her hoodlum ex-boxer boyfriend Gavin Walsh was shot dead during the six o’clock swill at the Barkly Hotel.
Henry (Jack) Howson, Frank’s dad, was in charge of the O’Donnell Gardens for thirty or so years and was promoted to overseer of the entire St. Kilda Foreshore not long before his death. His tiny office was under the biggest dip in Luna Park’s Scenic Railway. His mum, Pearl, worked across the road “in the best lolly shop in the world” – Candy Corner. Young Frank spent his years hiding in the O’Donnell Garden’s Sherwood Forest, climbing trees to attack Santa Ana’s soldiers at the Alamo, and re-enacting every John Wayne movie. At the sweet age of seven he started his life in show business as a singer, tap dancer and actor. His first public appearance was at the St. Kilda Town Hall performing a rendition of “Give My Regards To Broadway.”
“When I was at school I just couldn’t concentrate on anything. I was hopeless.” His introduction to books was by his old Irish grandmother who would sit him on her sturdy lap and read aloud “Noddy in Toyland.” Later, the first book he actually managed to finish all by himself was ironically “Little Women” then came, of course, Enid Blyton’s Famous Five, The Secret Seven and then graduated to Biggles. In his later teens it was “The Great Gatsby,” Dickens, Hemingway, Steinbeck, Huxley, Wilde and many others. After leaving Christian Brothers College in 1967 his first job was office boy at Radio 3UZ. Soon he was promoted to panel operator and worked on “Radio Auditions,” Johnny McMahon’s extraordinarily long-lived talent show in which participants were awarded up to three “gongs” – if it rained and there weren’t enough acts for the program, Frank was called upon to perform under made-up names. When he was invited to perform on a TV talent show pilot by (the late) Jimmy Hannan and told to come up with a mad act he became known as “Magical Frank” – a singing and tap dancing magician who’s tricks all went wrong. Eventually he acquired a record deal and produced and performed on his first Top 40 hit “Seventeen Ain’t Young.” This was followed by other singles “This Night” and “The Heart Is A Lonely Hunter.”
Before turning twenty-one, Frank had already appeared in over twenty-one major productions. Two highlights during this prolific period were notable Australian productions of “Oliver” in 1966 at Her Majesty’s Theatre with a young John Diedrich, Toni Lamond and the (late) Terry McDermott; then the legendary original production of “Jesus Christ Superstar” at the Palais Theatre with Marcia Hines, Robin Ramsay, Reg Livermore, Stevie Wright, John Paul Young and (the late) Jon English.
Standing around, we talked a little about his film career. The photographer kept snapping away with me avoiding getting in the way. Apparently, during its heyday, Boulevard Films was one of Australia’s most successful film production companies. Numerous people became resentful of the company’s success and worked against it unfortunately. Left to its own devices, the company became undone by the relentless pressure and enormous responsibility to keep bettering the last film and raising the bar amidst disappearing money. In 1997, after a very prolonged falling out with his business partner, Frank dissolved the company in order to extricate himself from the situation.
The company’s films included; “Boulevard of Broken Dreams” which starred John Waters and Kim Gyngell and was nominated for 7 AFI Awards including “Best Film” and won 2 – Waters for Best Actor, and Gyngell for Best Supporting Actor. Others films followed, including the AFI nominated “Heaven Tonight” that was Guy Pearce’s debut as a movie actor and sold to the giant American Broadcasting Corporation; the AFI nominated “What The Moon Saw” which became the first Australian film sold to Miramax; “Hunting” screenplay and direction by Frank and starring American actor John Savage, Kerry Armstrong (nominated for an AFI as Best Actress, and Guy Pearce, sold to Paramount Pictures; “Beyond My Reach” starring David Roberts, American actress Terri Garber (whom Howson would later marry), and Alan Fletcher, sold to Warners; and “Flynn” starring Guy Pearce, Claudia Karvan, internationally acclaimed stage & movie actor Steven Berkoff, and John Brumpton in his first screen role. The film depicted the early life of Errol Flynn, and was directed and co-written by Howson. In 1989, he was awarded the Producer of the Year Award from Film Victoria, and since then has received several Hall of Fame awards and Lifetime Achievement Awards at numerous international film festivals.
Frank relocated to Los Angeles where there the experience he received working with and for such talents as Martin Landau, Mark Rydell, Helen Mirren, Sharon Stone, Amy Ephron, Arthur Hiller, Michael Richards, William Friedkin, Ryan O’Neal, Eric Idle, Joe Eszterhas, Jackie Chan, Patricia Clarkson, Heath Ledger, Jacqueline Bissett, Whoopi Goldberg, Sylvester Stallone, Bernard Fowler, and many others elevated him to a whole new level. He was commissioned to write several screenplays, and script doctor some script written by others. His beloved screenplay on the tragic life of the Australian boxer Les Darcy entitled “Winter In America” was put on hold by Heath Ledger for three years as he desperately wanted to play the lead. It has not, to this time, been made, but was described by the Age as “the best unproduced screenplay in Australia.” Between 1998 and 2001, Frank served on the board of the L. A branch of the Starlight Children’s Foundation.
Returning home to St. Kilda after nine years of a self-imposed exile from his homeland he arrived back to no job offers, a tattered reputation, and found no opportunities whatsoever at his feet. So, he began again.
Ever restless Frank began writing his own songs which were ultimately performed and/or recorded by Little River Band. Richie Havens, Eric Idle, Stephen Cummings, Marc Jordan. Bernard Fowler, Judith Durham, Keith Potger, Andre Rieu and many others. In September 2005, Frank was approached by a producer to direct the Melbourne premiere of Caryl Churchill’s play “A Number” at fortyfivedownstairs and received the best reviews of his career. He was back. Shortly after, he ghost wrote Rhonda Burchmore’s best selling memoir, “Legs 11” and then Rhonda toured with her hit one woman show “Cry Me A River – The World of Julie London” that was specially written for her by Frank. He then wrote and directed two sell-out seasons of “Genesis To Broadway” at Chapel Off Chapel, and was asked to direct the two music videos to celebrate The Seekers 50th. Anniversary. One of the clips opened their show on their international farewell tour and was screened at their Royal Albert Hall performances. And this isn’t even a quarter of his astounding creative accomplishments. So, there were so many questions I wanted to ask, so I did:
Q) Why do you do the work that you do, Frank?
A) “Because it’s the only thing I ever wanted to do, and the only thing it seems I was any good at. It can be a very hard, very lonely life. But if there is a higher power it is no doubt purposely conceived to be that way. Almost like God removes all happy distractions from our life so that we are forced to save the very best of us for the page, or the stage. Or as Dylan said, “Blood On The Tracks.” Looking back on Fawkner Street, I think all that young boy ever wanted was to have a happy family where no one fought and had terrible degrading arguments, and have a nice little house, and be friends with all the neighbours and know that he was safe and that tomorrow would be just like today. And to wake and find that the woman he loved still loved him. But none of that was to be. Well, not in any lasting sense. So he just keeps writing and occasionally directing and hoping that somehow that will get him home. Wherever that is.”
Q) Which people inspired you to work in showbiz?
A) “The biggest and most influence on me getting into showbiz was the movie “Yankee Doodle Dandy” starring James Cagney. I was only seven, but that movie showed me a whole new world to the one I was born into. My dad was the loveliest man in the world – up to ten drinks! After that he would wander the house looking for something to blame. I guess, for the emptiness within himself. So, there were most nights some horrible ego destroying verbal abuse that effected and infected those of us who lived at 51 Fawkner Street. When I saw “Yankee Doodle Dandy” its influence on me was profound. I saw that you can invent a new world through creativity. The movie’s depiction of showbiz was, of course, highly romanticised but very intoxicating to a boy from St. Kilda whose whole world at that time was Fawkner Street, the O’Donnell Gardens, Luna Park and the occasional trip to the city with my mum to patiently watch her shop at Myer. That movie told me there was a place for those who didn’t fit in. The camaraderie, the risk taking, the loyalty of a long business partnership between two men where the only contract had been a handshake, the opening nights of triumph. Yep, it hooked me on its bullshit and although it wasn’t all champers I have lived to experience some amazing things, and people. At a cost. Along that hard long and winding road of showbiz I have seen the very best and the very worst of human nature. And thus it gave me much to write about.”
Q) What happened after “Boulevard of Broken Dreams”?
A) “After that, I made so many films, it almost killed me. You know the old saying, “Be careful what you wish for?” Well, my business partner and I had spent five years trying to get into the film industry and knocked on every door there was and got most of them slammed in our faces. The industry at that time didn’t want any new blood competing with them. It was virtually a closed shop with the same old guys getting all the grants and making the same old types of Australian movie. But Peter and I were the two most determined bastards and finally by sheer youthful energy, determination and perseverance we gate crashed the party and they hated us for it. After “Boulevard of Broken Dreams” there was “What The Moon Saw,” “Heaven Tonight,” “Hunting,” “Beyond My Reach,” “Flynn,” “The Final Stage,” “A Slow Night At The Kuwaiti Cafe,” “The Intruder,” “Crime Time,” “Blue Roses,” “Guy Pearce – The Music Videos,” “The Making of Heaven Tonight,” “The Making of Hunting,” “The Making of Flynn,” and “A Thin Life.” Five of those films were made in virtually a year. When the stage & screenwriter Patrick Edgeworth read about my schedule he told his wife, “That man will either be dead or insane within a year.” I’m still here, so I guess I’m the latter.”
Q) Do you think you might have been a casualty of the tall poppy syndrome, Frank?
A) “I think there was a great love of our films by the Australian public but the fat cats in the industry and their associates, especially in Sydney, influenced or pressured local critics to be so much harsher on our films than any other homemade films (and let’s face it, some of these other films by approved producers who were in the clique were appalling but received good reviews.) When I returned home from living in Los Angeles for 9 years, I was out somewhere and a young filmmaker came up to me and told me how much he’d been influenced by my movies and believed there had been a government conspiracy to destroy Boulevard Films. I laughed as I’d never thought in those terms, but after considering the question, I answered that, “I don’t think there was an official focussed conspiracy to destroy us. But the industry did nothing to help us. Perhaps that was the conspiracy.” And if so, they should hang their heads in shame. These films I made were all sold to Miramax, Paramount, Warners, Disney, etc., at a time when you couldn’t give Australian films away on the international market. Some of those films also played at every major film festival in the world, except Melbourne. Everywhere except the place where they was made. They also garnered rave reviews overseas and awards, but were savaged by most local reviewers. When one of them received a scathing review in The Australian, I wrote to the critic Evan Williams and asked him why there were so many inaccuracies and misquotes of dialogue in his review, to which he replied, and I still have the letter, that he’d been unwell that day at the press screening so had to leave 10 minutes into the film but asked a colleague some days later how it ended. Based upon that he wrote a horrible review that no doubt turned potential customers away from a local film that went on to be lauded and praised overseas. Alan Finney of Village Roadshow also stated to witnesses that he hated all my films. This was before the first five were even finished and no one had seen them yet. So, he had a negative opinion sight unseen. But those idiots are all gone now and their power diminished to nothing and yet my films continue to be re-released on DVD worldwide. So I guess I win. I sometimes think I get more respect in L.A or London than I do in my own country. David Mann of 3AW asked me recently if I’d been honoured by my country yet. Again, I laughed. No. Just bloodied, humiliated, spat on and shunned. They even came at me with a trumped up charge that because a film of mine had changed from the original synopsis to the final cut that it was somehow a different movie and I’d somehow done something illegal. It was like a Franz Kafka absurdist nightmare I had to live through and the pressure of defending myself against this insanity took a huge emotional toll on my last marriage and ruined it. I had to try and explain to public servants that Art is an ever evolving process. I also named over 1000 Hollywood films that started as one thing and ended up quite different from the original concept. This is the same government that were later happy to steal my original idea and concept of “G’Day L.A” which went on to become the most successful promotion in the history of Australia. The “Honourable” John Olsen, the then Australian Consulate in Los Angeles, whom I presented my idea to, later received the highest award the Australian Government can bestow on one of its citizens for this superb idea of “his.” But you know something? It’s made me all the tougher. And that’s why I’m still here. They have, in fact, empowered me.”
Q) What do you think have been some of the negatives in your work?
A) “Probably revealing too much of myself in it. It’s amazing but even though you come up with what you think is a piece of fiction from your mind, you look back later and realise it was in some ways autobiographical, sometimes in a symbolised way, but there it was. And there it is. I can look at some of these films now and tell you exactly what I was going through at the time. They are almost like a diary to me. The spookiest thing is that some proved to be a premonition of what was to come. But apart from that, my work has supplied me no negatives, in fact it has been my friend, my family, my saviour, and my way out of the darkness and confusion. It has been the various people my work has attracted into my life that has on occasion been a severe negative. Perhaps because they were attracted by the wrong thing. The idea of a quick buck, rape what they couldn’t understand, and depart leaving others to clean up the mess. Light attracts darkness unfortunately.”
Q) What’s been the positives in your work?
A) “Finding myself. Realising I was at last good at something and could relax all those inner fears that I was the idiot my school teachers thought I was. Because I was a ‘change of life’ baby I was a big surprise to everyone, my mum considered me a miracle and that everything I did was genius. On the other hand my sisters were so angered by my intrusion into their lives they didn’t speak to my mother and father for a year! As there was a twelve year gap between me and my youngest sister, and I was the only boy, the chill and resentment still continues to this day and will never end. So, in effect, I was given a good grounding to become level-headed about myself. Everything I did my sisters considered crap, and everything I did my mother thought was genius. The genius thing was a very heavy burden for a young boy from St. Kilda to carry on his shoulders. Looking back now I realised I strived so hard to live up to her exulted view of me and not let her down, that I denied myself a normal youth. It’s interesting to note that when my mother died, so did a lot of my ambition. I guess in my mind I had no one to impress anymore. So I relaxed and went about becoming a human being.”
Q) Whats been your favourite achievements up to this point?
A) “The only reason I became a producer, a job I in fact hate doing, was to protect the integrity of my work. I’d had a very bad experience, or introduction to movie making, with a film called “Backstage” starring the late American singer Laura Branigan. I co-wrote the script with Jonathan Hardy and it was sold to a large production company. They tampered with my original vision so much that I walked off the movie before a single frame was shot. I was embarrassed to have any part of it. Hardy sold out and compromised but not me. My instincts were right and it was, in my opinion, one of the worst films ever made. Becoming a producer wasn’t some lust for power by me, I just wanted to ensure that anything that had my name on it contained some resemblance to what I had written. The latest thing I have written, the big budget theatre musical “Dream Lover” which tells the Bobby Darin story and starred David Campbell, I think is my proudest moment. Simon Phillips, the director, and I worked so closely and so well on two workshops and then an intense rehearsal period that it became the dream working relationship we always hope for. We’d only had to see something being acted out and we’d exchange a look and I’d know what he was thinking and visa versa. And of course the topping on the cake is that the people responded. We were a smash in Sydney and then broke the all-time historic attendance record at the State Theatre in Melbourne. It had taken years of frustration waiting for the production to happen, but when Darin’s son, Dodd, flew into Sydney with his wife to see it, he walked up to me afterwards, with tears in his eyes, to hug me and said, “You got every detail right. All my life I’ve wanted a legacy for my father and you’ve written it.” And I replied, “What you’ve just said to me was worth the whole 9 years.”
Q) What are you currently working on?
A) “After “Dream Lover” I took 12 months off to travel and not think about anything. And it’s hard for me to not think about things and new ideas, but I did. I shut it off. And just roamed around and took in new experiences. I also didn’t want to make the mistake that many do after a huge hit by quickly cashing in with a new show. I wanted to make sure that whatever I did next was as high a standard as “Dream Lover” had been. So, now I’m back at it full steam and I have another theatrical work ready. This one is even more emotionally moving. It’s about those last, very sad and revealing years in the life of Elvis Presley. It is a piece of pure theatre. Not one of those lookalike, soundalike shows. This script goes deep, way deep, into Elvis’ soul. We have already had one workshop on it and The Seekers’ Bruce Woodley attended and afterward said to me, “I teared up about six times and for the first time I felt I really knew him.” Aleks Vass, owner of The Alex Theatre, was there and publicly stated that what he saw was “musical theatre genius.” I loved Elvis so much that I have really worked hard to get it right and cut to the very heart, soul and mind of the man in those final confusing years. I think it will be a very cathartic night in the theatre for all those who loved him and it will explain a lot about what happened.”
Q) If you couldn’t do this anymore, what career path do you think you would have followed, Frank?
A) “Well I’ve had two very successful art exhibitions at Fad Gallery over the past two years, and I must admit that painting seems to relax my restless mind. I find peace and comfort in it. I guess I’d be a painter. The only two school subjects I was any good at was English and Art. So there you have it. If it wasn’t for those two things I’d be fucked. Of course I would love to do another film, but even given my stellar track record, no one asks me, so I guess I’m still blacklisted from that old brigade closed shop. And they’re the reason the Australian film industry has been woeful for so long, because those old power brokers never encouraged new blood. They never encouraged anything other than more money into their bank accounts and now live in mansions in Tuscany. In a perfect world though, I guess I’d have a very happy life writing a book a year and having a couple of art exhibitions of my paintings and sketches. I wouldn’t have to deal with business partners who take care of the business so well there’s no money left, financiers, horrendous deadlines, producers and actors asking me, “What does this mean?””
Q) Tell me a funny story or joke that involves your work or life?
A) “I remember when I was seventeen and I’d recorded a single called “Seventeen Ain’t Young” and the record company (without asking my permission) credited me on the label as Frankie Howson. I don’t remember anyone before then ever calling me “Frankie” but there you have it. Anyway, a few months had passed since that record slipped out of the charts and I was on a tram one day, when a girl walked up to me and asked. “Didn’t you used to be Frankie Howson?” That’s how tough this life in showbiz can be. A few months can go by and you’re a has been. Yes. I used to be Frankie Howson.”
Undoubtedly, Frank Howson is one of St. Kilda’s most precious icons. He is blessed that creativity has been his life. His lifelong and prolific contribution to the arts and our entertainment is simply phenomenal. The fact that he and his work has been underrated, undervalued, belittled and ignored is also phenomenal. It is truly shameful, truly disgraceful and most of all – embarrassing. When I thanked Frank for his time and bid him farewell he certainly left me with an indelible Mark. On the journey home I thought to myself, this man’s dazzling talent is only outshone by his humanity and accomplishment. Thank heavens, we have him.
(C) Robert Chuter.
Posted in Action, Alamo, Amy Winehouse, Animals, Art, Arts, Australia, Australia Day, Battle, Beach, Beggars, Berlin, Blue Eyes, Boats, Bobby Darin, Boston Red Soxx, Brian Wilson, Cafe, Calvary, Casino, Cats, Charles Dickens, Chelsea Hotel, Children, Chinatown, Chlldhood, Christmas, Cigarettes, Citizen Kane, City, Civil War, Classics, Clinton, Coffee, Cole Porter, Cowboys, Creative, Crime, Critics, Damage, Dance, Dancing, Davy Crockett, Directing, Dogs, Dream, Dreamers, Electric, Elvis, Erotica, Eve of Destruction, Expensive Winos, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Family Tree, Fathers, Fear, Fight Game, Fighter, Film Business, Film Directing, Film Festivals, Film Frstivals, Folk Heroes, Folm, France, Francis Church, Frank Howson, Freedom of Speech, Gangsters, Gary Cooper, Glory, God, Gore Vidal, Hank Williams, Hemingway, Heroes, History, Hollywood, Holocaust, Homeless, Hong Kong, Houdini, Humanity, Humor, Hunter Thompson, Husband, Infidel, Interrogation, Ireland, Irish, Irish Ditty, It's A Wonderful Life, Jack The Ripper, Jail, James Stewart, Jerusalem, Jessica, Jesus, Jewish, John Lennon, Johnny Cash, Johnny Depp, Keith Richards, KGB, Las Vegas, Life, Lincoln, London, Lonely, Los Angeles, Love, Lovers, Luna Park, Lynard Skynard, Mardi Gra, Marilyn Monroe, Marlon Brando, Marriage, Married, Media, Merlot, Mothers, Movie Stars, Movies, Music Business, Nazis, Ned Kelly, New York, Night, Night Club, Nightclubs, Obervations, Old Men, Opinion, Our Times, P.F. Sloan, Paris, Pick-Up Artist, Playboy, Poem, Poet, Poetry, Political, Politics, Press, Prisoner, Prose, Recordings, Records, Regret, Robin Williams, Romance, Roy Orbison, Satan, School, School Years, Sensual, Seven Deadly Sins, Sherman Oaks, Sin City, Social Comment, Sons, Spirit of Christmas, St. KIlda, Stage, Stage Craft, Stars, Strangers, Street People, Stripped, Sway, Terri Garber, Terrorism, The Boxer, The Eagles, The Happy Prince, The Law, The Ring, The Sea, The Yankees, Theater, Theatre, Tinsel Town, Trump, Uncategorized, Valentine, Valentino, Vegas, Verse, Victims of War, Villains, War, Weapons, Westerns, Wife, Wine, Writer, Writing, Yes Virginia, Youth, Zoo
Tagged 9/11, Abuse, Acting, Action, Action Movies, Actor, Actors & Actresses, American Civil War, Angels, anger, Animals, Art, Arts, Baseball, Beach, Behind The Scenes, Bias, Birds, Blacklist, Bob Dylan, Book, Boxing, Business, Cafe, Casino, Cats, Cheating, Childhood, Children, Childrens, Christianity, Christmas, Cigarettes, Circus, Clowns, Cocaine, Coffee, Concert, Congress, Creative, Creative Process, Crime, Critics, Dance, Dancing, Death, Directing, Director, Dogs, Dreams, Drugs, Easter, Elvis, failures, Fairness, Fame, Families, Family, Family Tree, Fantasy, Fathers, Fiction, Fiction Writing, Fighting, Film, Film Festival, Forgiveness, France, Freedom of Speech, French language, Games, Gandhi, Gangsters, Genocide, Germany, Giving, God, Grateful Dead, Happy, Health, Hemingway, Heroes, Hobos, Hollywood, Holocaust, Home, Homeless, Homeward Bound, Hong Kong, Human, Humanity, Humor, Husband, Idols, Ireland, Irish, Jealousy, Jerusalem, Jesus, Jewish, Johnny Cash, Journalists, Judge, Jury, Justice, Kids, Kings, Lamborghini, Las Vegas, Legal, Legend, Lessons, Letting Go, Life, Life and Times, Literature, London, Lonely, Los Angeles, Loss, Love, Lovers, Magic, Married, Media, Memories, Merlot, mistakes, Monogamy, Morality, Mother, Movie Industry, Movie Stars, Movies, Music, Musical, Mystery, Nature, Nazis, New Orleans, New York, Night, Night Club, Nightclubs, O, Observation, Observations, Old Men, Outsiders, P, Painting, Paris, Performance, Persecution, Personal Stories, Pets, Poem, Poet, Poetry, Political, Politics, ppp, Pregnancy, Press, Prison, Production, Prose, Psychology, Public, Recreation, Regret, regrets, relationship, Relationships, Religion, Reporting, Romance, Romans, Roots, Santa Claus, School, School Days, Secrets, Sensual, Sexual, Sherlock Holmes, Shopping, Sin City, Social Commentary, Social Sciences, Song, Sons, Sports, Stage, Stars, Stories, Story, Strangers, Sun, Sydney, Taco Bell, Terrorism, Thanks, The, The Beach Boys, The Eagles, The Kinks, Theater, Theatre, Thought, Truth, Twin Peaks, United States, Vegas, Video Games, Vietnam, Virginia, War, Wife, William Shakespeare, Wine, Wonder, Writer, Writing, You, You are, Youth, Zoo
THE YOUNG BOY CALLED ME OLD MAN
The boy called me old man but I pitied him and his youthful arrogance, for I knew the pain that waited ahead for him. Life humbles us all. Even the ones who think they are Superman in those summer days of our lives. There will be plenty of time for him to look back at how much he squandered his power on those who let him down. Like an incessant drum beat that slowly fades and diminishes altogether till there is only the relief of silence that comes to those old enough to appreciate it. Some will rage against the unfairness of the inevitable but will fall where they stand as young men step over their bodies in their excitement to enter the ring.
When we are young we dream of running away with the circus. When we are old the circus runs away from us. But by then we can see through the grandeur to the sweat, fear and blood of the performance. And the toll it takes from us all.
It is unjust that we amass some experience and wisdom that gets us nowhere but a park bench in the sun. For no one is interested in listening to what we know because they’re too busy rushing around making all the same mistakes we did. And good advice is only met with resentment from the young, like telling someone how a book ends and spoiling it for them.
Some young men have so many women they don’t know what to do with them. Eventually the women realise this and leave for greener pastures and something more substantial than big talk. Or a big car. For they were never really interested in the car.
Time is a serial killer that picks its targets indescriminantly but will eventually come knocking for us all in the dead of night.
Even for those who were once arrogant young things who thought they knew it all
Posted in 9/11, Action, Aged, Alamo, Art, Arts, Australia, Australia Day, Battle, Beach, Beggars, Berlin, Bias, Birthday, Blue Eyes, Cafe, Calvary, Cats, Children, Chinatown, Chlldhood, Cigarettes, Circus, City, Civil War, Clark Gable, Classics, Clinton, Coffee, Cowboys, Creative, Crime, Critics, Damage, Dance, Dancing, Davy Crockett, Directing, Dogs, Dream, Dreamers, Easter, Electric, Erotica, Errol Flynn, Eve of Destruction, Fame, Family, Family Tree, Fathers, Fear, Fiction, Fighter, Film Business, Film Directing, Folm, Francis Church, Frank Capra, Frank Howson, Freedom of Speech, Germany, Glory, God, Gratefiul Dead, Greville Street, Hank Williams, Heroes, History, Hollywood, Holocaust, Homeless, Hong Kong, Houdini, Humanity, Humor, Husband, Infidel, Interrogation, Ireland, Irish Ditty, It's A Wonderful Life, Jail, James Stewart, Jerusalem, Jessica, Jesus, Jewish, John Lennon, Johnny Cash, Johnny Depp, Life, Lincoln, London, Lonely, Los Angeles, Love, Lovers, Mardi Gra, Marlon Brando, Married, Merlot, Movie Stars, Muhammad Ali, Music Business, Nazis, New Orleans, New York, Night, Night Club, Nightclubs, Obervations, Old Men, Opinion, Orson Welles, Oscar Wilde, Our Times, Paris, Pick-Up Artist, Poet, Political, Politics, Press, Prisoner, Prose, Records, Roy Orbison, Satan, Secret Agent Man, Seven Deadly Sins, Sexual, Sherlock Holmes, Sons, St. KIlda, Stage Craft, Stars, Strangers, Terrorism, The Beach Boys, The Blues, The Happy Prince, The Sea, The Yankees, Theatre, Trump, Ulysses Grant, Uncategorized, Vegas, Verse, Villains, Warren Zevon, Werewolves, Werewolves of London, Westerns, Wife, Wine, Writer, Writing, Yes Virginia, Youth, Zoo
Tagged 9/11, Abuse, Acting, Action, Action Movies, Actor, Angels, anger, Animals, Art, Arts, Baseball, Beach, Behind The Scenes, Birds, Bob Dylan, Book, Boxing, Business, Cafe, Casino, Cats, Cheating, Childhood, Children, Childrens, Christianity, Christmas, Circus, Clowns, Cocaine, Coffee, Concert, Congress, Creative, Crime, Critics, Dance, Dancing, Death, Director, Dogs, Dreams, Drugs, Easter, Elvis, failures, Fame, Families, Family, Fantasy, Fathers, Fiction, Fiction Writing, Fighting, Film, Film Festival, France, Freedom of Speech, French language, Games, Gandhi, Gangsters, Genocide, Germany, Giving, God, Happy, Health, Heroes, Hollywood, Home, Homeless, Homeward Bound, Hong Kong, Human, Humanity, Humor, Husband, Ireland, Jealousy, Jerusalem, Jesus, Jewish, Journalists, Jury, Justice, Kids, Kings, Las Vegas, Legal, Lessons, Letting Go, Life, Life and Times, Literature, London, Lonely, Los Angeles, Loss, Love, Lovers, Magic, Married, Media, Memories, mistakes, Morality, Mother, Movie Industry, Movie Stars, Movies, Music, Musical, Mystery, Nature, Nazis, New Orleans, New York, Night, Nightclubs, O, Observation, Observations, P, Painting, Paris, Performance, Personal Stories, Pets, Poem, Poet, Poetry, Political, Politics, Pregnancy, Press, Production, Prose, Psychology, Public, Recreation, relationship, Relationships, Religion, Reporting, Romance, Romans, Roots, Santa Claus, School, Sexual, Sherlock Holmes, Shopping, Sin City, Social Commentary, Social Sciences, Song, Sons, Sports, Stage, Stars, Stories, Story, Strangers, Sun, Sydney, Terrorism, Thanks, The Beach Boys, The Kinks, Theater, Theatre, Thought, Truth, Twin Peaks, United States, Vegas, Video Games, Vietnam, Virginia, War, Wife, Wine, Wonder, Writer, Writing, You, Youth, Zoo
EXCEPT YOU LOVE ME
I’ve been holding out
Thinking you’d let go
But your shadow tails me
To faraway parts of my heart
I’ve stopped waiting for our Messiah’s return
And watch the football
And all the moves you make
In your quest to break me with jealousy
Trouble is I don’t get jealous
But it’s cool
I ain’t complainin’
The crops look good
And it’s rainin’
Nothing to fear
Unless it floods
I watched another cowboy movie
But it came out all wrong
The good guys got away with murder
Then the credits rolled and they played a song
And I got to wondering
Just who the savages were
History is rewritten by liars
Then exaggerated by Hollywood hacks
And given awards
For burying the facts
Me? I don’t know nothin’
Posted in 9/11, Action, Action Movies, Aged, Alamo, Amy Winehouse, Animals, Art, Arts, Australia, Australia Day, Babe Ruth, Baseball, Beach, Beggars, Bias, Birthday, Blue Eyes, Boats, Cafe, Calvary, Cary Grant, Cats, Charles Dickens, Chelsea Hotel, Children, Chinatown, Chlldhood, Chopper Read, Circus, City, Civil War, Clinton, Cowboys, Creative, Crime, Critics, Damage, Dance, Dancing, Davy Crockett, Directing, Dogs, Dream, Dreamers, Easter, Errol Flynn, Fame, Family, Family Tree, Fathers, Fear, Fiction, Fight Game, Fighter, Film Business, Film Directing, Film Festivals, Folk Heroes, France, Francis Church, Frank Capra, Frank Howson, Freedom of Speech, Gangsters, Gary Cooper, Glory, God, Heroes, History, Hollywood, Holocaust, Homeless, Hong Kong, Hong Kong Lover, Houdini, Humor, Infidel, It's A Wonderful Life, Jack The Ripper, James Dean, James Stewart, Jerusalem, Jesus, John Lennon, Johnny Depp, Keith Richards, Las Vegas, Life, Lincoln, London, Lonely, Los Angeles, Love, Lovers, Luna Park, Lynard Skynard, Mardi Gra, Marilyn Monroe, Marriage, Married, Media, Mothers, Movies, Muhammad Ali, Music Business, Nazis, Ned Kelly, Night, Night Club, Nightclubs, Obervations, Old Men, Opinion, Orson Welles, Oscar Wilde, Our Times, P.F. Sloan, Poem, Poet, Poetry, Political, Politics, Press, Prisoner, Prose, Recordings, Records, Regret, Romance, School, School Years, Secret Agent Man, Self Destruction, Sherlock Holmes, Sherman Oaks, Social Comment, Sons, Spirit of Christmas, St. KIlda, Stage Craft, Strangers, Street People, Stripped, Sway, The Beach Boys, The Blues, The Happy Prince, The Law, The Sea, The Sultan of Swat, Theater, Theatre, Ther Beach Boys, Trump, Twin Peaks, Ulysses Grant, Uncategorized, Valentine, Vegas, Verse, Victims of War, War, Warren Zevon, Weapons, Werewolves, Werewolves of London, Westerns, What's Exactly The Matter With Me?, Wife, Wine, Writer, Writing, Yes Virginia, Youth, Zoo
Tagged 9/11, Abuse, Action, anger, Animals, Art, Arts, Book, Boxing, Business, Casino, Cats, Cheating, Childrens, Christianity, Christmas, Clowns, Coffee, Concert, Congress, Creative, Crime, Dance, Dancing, Death, Dogs, Dreams, Drugs, Family, Fantasy, Fathers, Fiction, Fiction Writing, Film, Film Festival, France, Freedom of Speech, Games, Genocide, Germany, God, Happy, Health, Hollywood, Home, Homeless, Hong Kong, Human, Humanity, Humor, Husband, Ireland, Jesus, Jury, Justice, Kids, Las Vegas, Legal, Life, Life and Times, Literature, London, Lonely, Love, Magic, Media, Memories, Mother, Movies, Music, Musical, Mystery, New Orleans, New York, Night, O, Observation, Observations, P, Painting, Paris, Performance, Pets, Poem, Poet, Poetry, Political, Politics, Pregnancy, Press, Production, Prose, Psychology, Public, relationship, Relationships, Religion, Romance, School, Shopping, Social Commentary, Sons, Sports, Stories, Story, Strangers, Sun, Sydney, Terrorism, Thanks, Theater, Theatre, Thought, Truth, United States, Vegas, Video Games, Vietnam, Virginia, War, Wife, Wine, Wonder, Writer, Writing, Zoo
WHERE DID WE LEAVE THE STORY?
Oh, that’s right, you left me
Were we out of our minds
To ever think we’d be free?
What’s the name of that street?
No, wait, it’ll come to me
Did we throw away our good fortune
Whilst searching for destiny?
“I knew a man who went to sea
And left the shore behind him
I knew that man for he was me
And now I cannot find him”
You once sang me that song
On our way to the gym
I think it’s about a legless man
And how it was he could still swim
Where did we leave the glory
We’d fought so hard to win?
Perhaps God was insulted
And deemed it a sin
What is that condition
When we’re too scared to win?
But perhaps we can’t blame it on theories
The truth is we’re made of tin
Where did we leave those tablets
That got us through the night?
Who said we had a chance
And that we were in the right?
You know me so you know
When I glow in the light
I don’t give up till I’ve given my all
Although this time I just might
Why did you leave our story
Just when things had worked out?
Were you afraid to express
All of the things that you felt?
Well it snowed this Christmas
Alone I watched it melt
Then I toasted us with aged whiskey
Although our drink is stout
Posted in 9/11, Action, Action Movies, Aged, Animals, Art, Arts, Australia, Australia Day, Battle, Beach, Beggars, Berlin, Bias, Blue Eyes, Boats, Brian Wilson, Cafe, Calvary, Casino, Children, Chinatown, Chlldhood, Chopper Read, Christmas, Cigarettes, Circus, Civil War, Clark Gable, Classics, Clinton, Creative, Crime, Critics, Damage, Dance, Dancing, Directing, Dogs, Dream, Dreamers, Easter, Fame, Family, Family Tree, Fathers, Fear, Fight Game, Fighter, Film Business, Film Directing, Film Festivals, Folk Heroes, France, Frank Capra, Frank Howson, Freedom of Speech, Glory, God, Heroes, History, Hollywood, Houdini, Humanity, Humor, Husband, Infidel, Ireland, It's A Wonderful Life, Jessica, Jesus, Jewish, Las Vegas, Life, Lincoln, London, Lonely, Los Angeles, Love, Lovers, Mardi Gra, Marriage, Married, Media, Mothers, Movie Stars, Movies, Ned Kelly, New Orleans, Night, Night Club, Nightclubs, Obervations, Old Men, Opinion, Our Times, Poem, Poet, Poetry, Political, Politics, Press, Prisoner, Prose, Recordings, Records, Regret, Roy Orbison, School, School Years, Secret Agent Man, Self Destruction, Sensual, Sexual, Sherlock Holmes, Sherman Oaks, Social Comment, Sons, Spirit of Christmas, St. KIlda, Stage, Stage Craft, Strangers, Street People, Stripped, Sway, Terri Garber, The Beach Boys, The Blues, The Eagles, The Sea, The Sultan of Swat, The Yankees, Theater, Theatre, Tinsel Town, Tony Curtis, Trump, Twin Peaks, Uncategorized, Valentine, Valentino, Vegas, Verse, Victims of War, Villains, War, Warren Zevon, Werewolves of London, Westerns, What's Exactly The Matter With Me?, Wife, Wine, Writer, Writing, Yes Virginia, Youth, Zoo
Tagged 9/11, Abuse, Acting, Action, Action Movies, Actor, Actors & Actresses, American Civil War, Angels, anger, Animals, Art, Arts, Baseball, Battle, Beach, Behind The Scenes, Betrayal, Bias, Birds, Blacklist, Bob Dylan, Bobby Darin, Book, Boxing, Business, Cafe, Casino, Cats, Cheating, Childhood, Children, Childrens, Christianity, Christmas, Cigarettes, Circus, Clowns, Cocaine, Coffee, Cole Porter, Concert, Congress, Creative, Creative Process, Crime, Critics, Dance, Dancing, Death, Directing, Director, Dogs, Dreams, Drugs, Easter, Elvis, failures, Fairness, Fame, Families, Family, Family Tree, Fantasy, Fathers, Fiction, Fiction Writing, Fighting, Film, Film Festival, Forgiveness, France, Freedom of Speech, French language, Games, Gandhi, Gangsters, Genocide, Germany, Giving, God, Grateful Dead, Happy, Health, Heaven, Hemingway, Heroes, Hollywood, Holocaust, Home, Homeless, Homeward Bound, Hong Kong, Human, Humanity, Humor, Husband, Idols, Ireland, Irish, Jealousy, Jerusalem, Jesus, Jewish, Johnny Cash, Journalists, Jury, Justice, Kids, Kings, Lamborghini, Las Vegas, Legal, Legend, Lessons, Letting Go, lierature, Life, Life and Times, Literature, London, Lonely, Los Angeles, Loss, Love, Lovers, Magic, Married, Media, Memories, Merlot, mistakes, Monogamy, Morality, Mother, Movie Industry, Movie Stars, Movies, Music, Musical, Mystery, Nature, Nazis, New Orleans, New York, Night, Night Club, Nightclubs, O, Observation, Observations, Old Men, Oscar Wilde, Outsiders, P, Painting, Paris, Performance, Persecution, Personal Stories, Pets, Poem, Poet, Poetry, Political, Politics, ppp, Pregnancy, Press, Prison, Production, Prohibition, Prose, Psychology, Public, Recreation, Regret, regrets, relationship, Relationships, Religion, Religion and Spirituality, Reporting, Romance, Romans, Roots, Santa Claus, School, School Days, Secrets, Sensual, Sexual, Sherlock Holmes, Shopping, Sin City, Social Commentary, Social Sciences, Song, Sons, Sports, Stage, Stars, Stories, Story, Strangers, Sun, Sydney, Taco Bell, Terrorism, Thanks, The, The Beach Boys, The Eagles, The Game, The Kinks, Theater, Theatre, Thought, Truth, Twin Peaks, United States, Valentine, Vegas, Video Games, Vietnam, Villain, Virginia, War, Wife, William Shakespeare, Wine, Wonder, Writer, Writing, You, You are, Youth, Zoo
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mailinfo@fried-law.com
Employment Law News
Our Legal
Representing Employees
David J. Fried & Associates represents employees pursuing various claims, including “whistleblower” claims, FMLA leave requests, disability leave and accommodation requests, claims of all types of discrimination in employment, housing, public accommodation and education. We also negotiate favorable terms of separation for managers and executives, severance packages, employment contracts; non-competition and confidentiality agreements. We practice before the Massachusetts Commission Against Discrimination; state and federal court; and before state and federal agencies such as the Merit System Control Board.
Compliance Work
Nearly all employers want to obey the law and treat their employees fairly, in the interest of a good working environment, productivity and the bottom line. Too often they find themselves embroiled in unnecessary, expensive and painful disputes that take time and attention away from their real business. David J. Fried & Associates can help your small business prevent disputes before they happen and manage them when they do. We make sure that you the employer understand your obligations and responsibilities and have good policies in place. We do compliance audits, prepare Employee Handbooks and other essential policies, and train supervisors and managers. We provide step-by-step advice for managing and, if necessary, disciplining employees fairly and without incurring liability.
Higher Education – Disciplinary Matters
When undergraduates and graduate students are charged with offenses under the academic code of their school, they often find it a disorienting and frightening experience. Often colleges and universities fail to observe the procedures set forth in their own rules or to abide by elementary concepts of due process and fundamental fairness. Students are not properly informed of the charges against them or given an adequate chance to respond. Matters drag on, and students do not know when to expect a resolution. Penalties may be capricious or out of proportion to the offense. With legal representation, students can insist on their right to fair and transparent proceedings and can present their case properly. We have had great success in negotiating better outcomes, including the dropping of charges and the restoration to their studies of students who have been unfairly dismissed. When necessary we have litigated academic discipline cases in state and federal court.
Criminal and Civil Appeals
We have a long and successful record in both civil and criminal appeals. Having originally defended many criminal appeals for the Brooklyn District Attorney, David Fried has been appointed by the Committee for Public Counsel Services to appeal numerous convictions.
David J. Fried & Associates handles most cases for an hourly fee. On rare occasions, contingency arrangements can be negotiated. We require a moderate retainer as an advance payment for time and costs. Retainers are deposited in our Client Trust Fund, are kept separate from operating funds, and are billed against each month. David J. Fried & Associates offers a discounted first consultation.
Mr. Fried graduated from Cornell University, and received his J.D. from Harvard Law School. He began his career as a litigator in private practice specializing in property issues, including landlord-tenant conflicts, condominium conversions, zoning and eminent domain. Mr. Fried served for eight years as Deputy Counsel to Charles J. Hynes, District Attorney of Kings County (Brooklyn), working in public administration, discrimination law, and labor law in a union and civil service environment.
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In this issue, you will read about a determined cosmetology student who turned a dream into reality through the Center, a devoted music teacher who had an idea to foster music learning for the young teens who play at the Center’s Mass every Sunday, a new volunteer who is inspired by the Center and the community it serves, energetic students and staff at the Center who worked hard on a successful fundraiser, and the forward-looking staff at the Center sharing their goals and dreams for 2018. The connection to all of these is the Center. Each story is different yet very much the same. Each individual has been helped, lifted up, or inspired by their connection to the Center, through the great, life-changing work it does educating and empowering all.
One final thought and a challenge for 2018…without your generous support our work and the work of the Center can’t continue, so please consider a donation, understanding that no gift is too small, and your generosity is greatly appreciated. What else can you do? We need to grow the number of people who know about and support the Center. Share this newsletter, visit our web site, like us on Facebook, share our Facebook posts, and tell your friends about us. Thank you, and here’s to a great 2018 working together!
Mark Overley
Marching Into 2018 with Goals and Plans for the Future
The Center rang in 2018 with exciting plans for the future. Every department and employee has goals, and all are marching into the year with their eyes on the horizon. Here are some of their dreams:
“I plan to recruit 160 men to learn about gender-based violence.” —Marvin Cajina, Gender-Based Violence Prevention Psychologist
“I plan to improve our accounting processes.” —Gleris Ruiz, Center Accountant
“I want to see my students constantly progressing, which is the greatest satisfaction for a teacher.” —Daysi Álvarez, Sewing Teacher
“I plan to keep all of our scholarship students excelling in school.” —Gretchen Martínez, Scholarship Program Coordinator
“I want to take a class to learn more about customer service, in order to better myself and my work performance.” —Lizeth Velasquez, Receptionist
“We will bring about Art and Culture’s New Dawn.” —Claudia Mercado and Mora Garcia, Manager and Coordinator of the Arts and Culture department, respectively.
Thank you Friends of Batahola for helping to make so many of our dreams at the Center come true. Your support keeps us optimistic and looking ahead to a brighter future!
Claudia Mercado (front row, far left) and Mora Garcia (back row, second left) are working to take the Art and Culture program at the Center to even greater heights in 2018.
Daysi Álvarez, Salom Rueda, Daisy Osorio, and Maria Antonia Centeno, teachers at the Center, encourage prospective students to register for 2018 classes.
Our Devoted Nineth Takes Young Musicians under her Wing
The guitar and marimba group visit the National Plaza, after participating in a guitar workshop at the National Palace in Managua.
This is a beautiful story on so many levels, as it truly reflects the spirit of dedication and selflessness that is so alive at the Center. It’s about a devoted music teacher who offers extra classes to young teens at no cost. And, it’s about faith-filled young teens who are on the Mass team at the Center. In return for their dedication, they receive even more than they give. And all of it circles back to Fr. Ángel, one of the Center’s co-founders, now deceased.
The story begins with music teacher Nineth Larios. “I came to the Center when I was seven. By the time I was 10, I already knew how to play five instruments,” Nineth said, recalling her early days at the Center and Father Ángel's generosity with his knowledge as her music teacher. Last year, seeing former students whose dedication and excitement about music reminded her of her young self, she decided to replicate Father Ángel’s spirit for them.
“These are the students who come to every Mass to play music,” Nineth explained, “They all want to keep learning, and I want to incentivize them to stay on our Mass team.”
Nineth gathered together the young adolescents last February and began a guitar and marimba group, offering extra classes free of cost. A year later, they now not only play at all of the Masses, but at cultural events all around Managua. Each student can play at least two instruments with the goal to learn five. The goal is both individual and collective: If one student knows more than another, he or she teaches the student that needs help.
“For me, the more instruments a child learns, the better. They have so much energy, and I’d much prefer that they invest that energy here, safely, at the Center,” Nineth said.
You can watch the group’s performances on YouTube.
Nineth Larios and the student guitar and marimba group.
Student Success Story: Fatima del Socorro Gonzalez Castillo
Fatima (far right) and her peers participate at the Center’s vocational fair.
When anyone in the Batahola Norte neighborhood needs a haircut or color, they know who to call: Fatima! Fatima’s home business began with a dream that started at the Center. She didn’t have many options available to her, having only finished elementary school. But when a friend who was studying basic adult education at the Center told her about its programs, Fatima decided to investigate.
After being approved for a scholarship, Fatima enrolled in a cosmetology class. She wanted a skill that would lead to a job where she could be her own boss, have a flexible schedule so she could care for her son, and earn an income. The class schedule was perfect. She could drop off her son at the school next door to the Center, attend class, and finish on time to pick him up.
“I’m grateful for the Center’s mission,” Fatima said, “I saw that it supported women who were mothers and women who maybe had never had a chance to finish their studies. The Center helps women continue moving forward with their lives.”
Students and Staff Organize Annual Fundraiser
The New Dawn dance group strikes a pose after finishing its performance at the fundraiser.
By Kelsey Overley, FOB Volunteer
The entire Center came together recently to put on its annual Kermes Fair fundraiser, netting an impressive $1,650! Many of the Center’s cooking students worked hard to prepare 17 delicious dishes and drinks. The cosmetology students used their skills to straighten, cut, and curl hair. The natural medicine students gave massages and sold homemade oils, creams, and incense.
This year, the fair also included music and a danceathon organized by the Center’s dance instructor, Karla Zamora, who led participants in the Zumba, Salsa and other fun dances.
An estimated 1,600 people attended the fundraiser. Proceeds will be used to fund projects for students at the Center.
Beloved music teacher, Nineth Larios, serves up tacos with a smile during the fundraiser.
Young dance students perform Son de Toro with pride at the fundraiser.
A local band donated its talent to help raise money.
Newest FOB Volunteer
Hello! My name is Teresa Fuller, and I will be volunteering at the Center for a year. I’m with the Mennonite Central Committee SALT program, an organization that sends young people around the world for a year of service and learning. I’m from Vancouver, Canada, and was recently graduated from college with a BA in Justice Studies. I started my work at the Center volunteering in the library, helping children with reading and playing educational games.
I’m so thankful for the opportunity to get to know this amazing Center! Being here makes me feel hopeful for the surrounding community and for the difference the staff is making in the lives of everyone who comes in contact with the Center.
If you’d like to contribute to the ongoing mission of the Center, please make a donation today by clicking on the Donate Now button above. Our students need your support. Thank you!
Friends of Batahola is a registered 501(c)(3) not-for-profit organization. 97% of all donations go directly to the work of the Center.
Online Extras: Friends of Batahola: James Johnson and Judy Doyle
of Strings ‘n Things in Cincinnati
James Johnson and Judy Doyle are business partners at Strings ‘n Things in Cincinnati, Ohio. In the late 1990’s, Sr. Margie Navarro, co-founder of the Center, was back in the States and came into their store looking for guitar strings for the students’ instruments at the Center. Sr. Margie’s brother was James’s and Judy’s landlord!
James and Judy were new business owners back then, but they accommodated Sr. Margie's request. That transaction began their relationship with the Center, one that continues to this day. Since then, Strings ‘n Things has donated instrument cases, bows, strings, bridges, music books, and badly needed instrument parts of all kinds for the maintenance and repair of students’ instruments. They have also repaired donated broken instruments so that Friends of Batahola could take them to the Center in good shape and ready for the students to play.
James and Judy are passionate about music and believe strongly in the value of music education, so they are delighted to donate their time, talent, and treasure to the Center’s music arts program.
Explaining that research suggests students who learn to play instruments also often excel in math and science studies, Judy said, “We believe that music education is important for children’s development, that it enhances their lives, and helps the brain make connections that allow them to do better academically. We want the children (at the Center) to have the same opportunities that our children have here.”
James said that he lived in Mexico City for a time and has “always appreciated the people in Central America. Judy and I know the culture and how little they have and how hard they work. Continuing to enrich their lives is important.”
Thank you James and Judy for being such a long-time and important “Friend” to the Center’s music program. We admire your passion for music education and sharing that passion with our students!
Online Extras: We Are Grateful to Our Many Friends of Batahola Volunteers
Six Friends of Batahola volunteers who reunited to celebrate Amanda Otero’s wedding: Christine Ruppert, Laura Hopps, Amanda Otero (the bride), Greta Tom, Sam Estes, and Andrea Kraybill.
Beginning in 2007, the Friends of Batahola were blessed with volunteers to the Center from various missionary groups. It is hard to overstate the value of their work in furthering the mission of the Cultural Center of Batahola Norte. We are truly and forever grateful for the service and dedication of these intelligent, impressive, and inspiring young women, and gentleman, who each took time to serve others far away from home in another country and culture, including Christine Ruppert, Laura Hopps, Amanda Otero, Greta Tom, Sam Estes, Andrea Kraybill, Erka Coe, Kelsey Schrock, and Clare Morrison.
We are blessed to have two Friends of Batahola volunteers currently working at the Center: Kelsey Overley and Teresa Fuller. Welcome to the Friends of Batahola volunteer family!
Online Extras: Students and Chaperones Share Insights
after Visiting the Center
Last summer, students from Archbishop McNicholas, Batavia, and Turpin high schools, and their chaperones, visited the Center to immerse themselves in Nicaraguan culture and to meet students at the Center. Afterwards, they were asked to share their experiences, insights, and thoughts about the trip. Below are a few of their heartfelt comments:
Sammi Painter, Batavia High School, Immaculate Heart of Mary Parishioner
“…When I think about my trip, I think of two quotes. One is, “Life is not measured by your breaths but the moments that take your breath away,” because that is what this trip is: breathtaking. Another quote is, “Where there is death, there is love.” I picked this quote because even in a country of sorrow and death, there is so much love. The people I’ve met on this amazing journey have not only strengthened my love for Christ but also for myself. These children, adults, and teenagers love you before they even know you. Everyone gives everything they have here and expect absolutely nothing in return. My life has been changed because of this trip.
Zach Ritzenthaler, Turpin High School, Immaculate Heart of Mary Parishioner
The day before going to Nicaragua, I really didn’t want to go. There was only one other person going who wasn’t from McNick. I got off the second flight too exhausted to practice my four years of Spanish with customs, still not understanding why I signed up for the trip. I didn’t know why, but the Lord did. He set me up with new friends from both McNick and Nicaragua. He let me open up and enjoy an experience that is truly once in a lifetime. I can’t remember the last time I made friends so easily, but it happened here. I can’t remember the last time I felt so free and open-minded, but here I did. I honestly can’t remember the last time I cried, but here I really did. The big question in life is always, “What am I here on Earth to do? Why am I here?” That was my question in the beginning, and the Lord responded with a new answer every day. There wasn’t one thing that we did that didn’t have a sign, a message, something from Christ. I really didn’t want to go to Nicaragua the day before, but now I never want to leave.
Sherry Ritzenthaler, Immaculate Heart of Mary Parishioner and Chaperone
Sue Keefe starts off the initial meeting of our pre-Nicaragua trip with, “We are not building houses, we are building relationships.” Nothing could be closer to the truth than these words. From Cultural Center to the Fabretto Center in Ocotal, and even walking down the streets of town, the beauty of the people and the warmth is unprecedented. In the spirit of these people, the face of Christ was witnessed time and time again. I go home from this beautiful country a person whose faith has grown and will be forever changed.
Lauren Alvarez, Archbishop McNicholas High School Graduate
The previous day, before going on this immersion trip, I anticipated that we would be warmly welcomed. I did not anticipate, however, how much of an understatement that would be. I can proudly say that Nicaragua quickly started to feel like a second home to me. It’s a place filled with warm, humble, and welcoming people. It’s a beautiful culture and country. I am myself 110% of the time I am here, because they allow and encourage me to be. The barriers of language and culture were definitely there, but they didn’t let that stop us from forming a true, genuine connection. I saw the face of Christ within each person I met every day.
Nicaragua inspired me to stop every once and a while to look around at my surroundings. It’s all about the journey, not the destination, after all. The culture inspired me to never stop learning, especially Spanish. The people inspired me to completely open up my heart, to accept, welcome, and connect with people. Life is meant to be lived, not to hate, so why not learn to love everyone you meet? My heart is full of peace and love, because Nicaragua taught me how to love, welcome, and connect with everyone.
Lauren Steinkuhl, Archbishop McNicholas High School, Immaculate Heart of Mary Parishioner
I had never traveled internationally before, so this was entirely new to me. Before I left I was nervous, but the people of the Batahola Center quickly put me at ease with the warm welcome they gave us. Throughout the trip I was constantly amazed at the hospitality and optimism of the Nicaraguan people. After this trip, I feel a connection with this wonderful country and its people.
Vanessa Bayless, Archbishop McNicholas High School Graduate, Immaculate Heart of Mary Parishioner
Nicaragua, I can already tell, will be and already is more than a fond memory. As I am writing this I have had little time to process what I have been experiencing. However, I already know I have learned so much about another culture, new people, my peers/travel mates, and myself. It is up to me and all those of this trip to bring home and share the part of our souls that have been changed. This gift given to our hearts from the Nicaraguans is not meant to be private but must be shared and cultivated in order to make a change.
Ed Bayliss, Immaculate Heart of Mary Parishioner and Chaperone
The Journey to Justice immersion trip was at times the most uplifting and humbling week I’ve experienced. The areas we visited, the city scape in Managua and the farmland countryside of Ocotal, leave me with a view of the land and people as one of “harsh beauty,” lush mountains, sweet fresh fruits, and homemade lunches prepared for us by strangers. This was offset by seeing economic, geopolitical, and generational induced poverty. One host family has a fancy home no bigger than 500–600 square feet, another family’s home has a broken down car in the room where they eat meals. The traveler’s lifeline is his water bottle for pure water and bug spray to fight the ever-present insects. Often it is said of the people around the world that have little: They are poor but happy. We spent a week in community with people that are poor and happy. They are happy because they are blessed with a multigenerational family that lives together, because they have a deep commitment to each other and to God, and because they feel the blessings of charity and help from twinning relationships.
Nicaragua and this journey immersion trip is not for everyone. It is not a hotel vacation with a swimming pool and hot showers. It is a great opportunity for our own personal journeys. How can we be Jesus to others at home or abroad? How can one be the source of beauty to people living simple, sometimes stark, harsh lives? The reflection and courage to act on these questions is for everyone. We have different gifts and service; we are all one body in Christ.
Scott Hickman, Archbishop McNicholas High School
Overall, Nicaragua has been an experience of love and community that I have never seen in my life at home. The people here are filled with love and the desire to make you feel welcomed and a part of their family. Everyone, from adults to children, was nothing but kind to me and the rest of the group. Not only were they loving, but they had a such a large amount of gratitude. One of the members in my lunch group gave our host Doña a toy car, and it meant the world to her. The Nicaragua immersion trip completely changes a person’s view on their life and the amazing things that life has to offer.
Amy Powell, Archbishop McNicholas High School Graduate
Before going on this trip, I thought that the lesson I would get from it would be how thankful I should be for the things that I have. While this was one of the things that I learned, it is just a very small part of the whole message. What really spoke to me was how any person can connect to any other person no matter their race, religion, culture, or even their language. On this trip, we all made deep, personal connections to the people of this country, all in a matter of days. I also learned so many amazing values from the people here, such as joy. Many Nicaraguans have pretty harsh lives, but what I realized about the people here is that they don’t let it get them down. They laugh, they dance, they sing, they play, and they thank God every day for the things He’s given them. The way that they live life is something that all of us can learn from.
Online Extras: Shop Amazon Smile and Donate to the Center
Now you can support the work of the Cultural Center of Batahola Norte through the Amazon Smile program. All you have to do is nominate Friends of Batahola as your chosen charity, and Amazon will donate 0.5% of every qualifying purchase you make on its site to us. There’s no extra expense to you and a small but significant contribution to us. Follow the three easy steps below:
Go to https://smile.amazon.com (or Google Amazon Smile) and sign in using your Amazon account.
Type Friends of Batahola in the charitable organization search box.
From now on, do your shopping on Amazon as you normally do – just remember to use the Amazon Smile address instead of the usual Amazon address. You may find it useful to add https://smile.amazon.com as a bookmark/favorite in your browser so you remember to use this address.
Online Extras: 7 Ways You Can Help the Center
Together, we’re transforming students’ lives at the Center through education…the most powerful force for positive change. You can help be the change by making a donation…no amount is too small. Click the Donate Now button above on the menu bar, and get started as a Friend of Batahola!
$10 Provides weekly tutoring for students to get help with homework and learn good study habits from older students.
$30 Gives two grade school students notebooks, pens, and other school supplies needed for one month.
$55 Covers the cost of one session of games and projects for 30 families, fostering healthy parent-child relationships and encouraging child development.
$80 Provides staff and supplies for 150 young children to develop a love of reading and learning. Eager readers are tomorrow’s leaders!
$100 Buys 15 books for the Center’s travelling library which visits local schools.
$200 Subsidizes art classes for children, making the study of art more accessible.
$500 Repairs or replaces 75 damaged books and buys supplies to keep the Center’s library up to date and well maintained.
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← Archived 2012-2013 topics: Manus Masked-owl (Tyto manusi): uplist to Endangered?
Archived 2012-2013 topics: White-winged Flufftail (Sarothrura ayresi): uplist to Critically Endangered? →
Archived 2014 discussion: Maroon-faced Parakeet (Pyrrhura leucotis) is being split: list P. leucotis as Vulnerable and P. emma as Near Threatened or Least Concern?
Posted on April 4, 2013 by Andy Symes (BirdLife)
The initial deadline for comments on this topic is 28 April 2014, and therefore later than for most other topics currently under discussion.
This is part of a consultation on the Red List implications of extensive changes to BirdLife’s taxonomy for non-passerines
Lynx Edicions and BirdLife International will soon publish the HBW-BirdLife Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World, building off the Handbook of the Birds of the World series, and BirdLife’s annually updated taxonomic checklist.
The new Checklist will form the taxonomic basis of BirdLife’s assessments of the status of the world’s birds for the IUCN Red List. The taxonomic changes that will appear in volume 1 of the checklist (for non-passerines) will begin to be incorporated into the 2014 Red List update, with the remainder, and those for passerines (which will appear in volume 2 of the checklist), to be incorporated into subsequent Red List updates.
Maroon-faced Parakeet Pyrrhura leucotis is being split into P. leucotis and P. emma, following the application of criteria set out by Tobias et al. (2010).
Prior to this taxonomic change, P. leucotis (BirdLife species factsheet) was listed as Near Threatened under criterion C2a(i), on the basis that it was thought to have a moderately small population (approaching as few as 10,000 mature individuals; the majority of these likely to be in the Venezuelan population), with habitat loss and degradation driving moderately rapid declines (approaching 30% over 18 years [estimate of three generations]).
P. leucotis (as defined following the taxonomic change) is restricted to south-eastern Brazil, from southern Bahia to Espírito Santo, including south-eastern Minas Gerais, and formerly to São Paulo, where it inhabits the interior and edges of forest, clearings and other modified habitats such as naturally shaded cacao plantations and urban parks and gardens, to 600 m (del Hoyo et al. 1997, Juniper and Parr 1998, Forshaw 2006, 2010).
This species is described as generally scarce, and has been extirpated from the south of its range (Forshaw 2006, 2010). It is said to be in decline owing to extensive forest clearance; it now mainly persists and is locally fairly common in a few protected but widely scattered relict populations (del Hoyo et al. 1997, Juniper and Parr 1998, Forshaw 2006). Most of the original forest cover in the species’s range was cleared over a century ago, but remnant patches (e.g. where left to shade understorey plantations) are being rapidly cleared (del Hoyo et al. 1997).
This species could qualify as Vulnerable under criterion C2a(i), if it is thought to have a small population, including fewer than 10,000 mature individuals, with each subpopulation thought to number fewer than 1,000 mature individuals, inferred to be in continuing decline owing to on-going habitat loss. It should be assessed under criterion C2a(ii) if it is known or suspected that each local population exchanges more than one individual per year with other local populations (thus forming a single subpopulation under the IUCN definition). An estimated or suspected population trend of 30-49% over 18 years would likely qualify the species as Vulnerable under criterion A, with a decline of at least 50% over 18 years probably warranting Endangered status.
P. emma (incorporating auricularis) is endemic to the northern highlands of Venezuela, from Yacacuy and Carabobo to Miranda and disjunctly from Anzoátegui to Sucre and northern Monagas, inhabiting humid and wet forests and forest edges, at 250-1,700 m (del Hoyo et al. 1997, Juniper and Parr 1998, Hilty 2003, Forshaw 2006). It has been described as locally fairly common, with a ‘substantial’ population in Guatopo National Park, Miranda (Juniper and Parr 1998, Hilty 2003).
This species was listed as Data Deficient by Rodríguez and Rojas-Suárez (2008). It has been said that auricularis is suffering habitat loss (del Hoyo et al. 1997), although there is no indication that the overall rate of decline in P. emma approaches 30% over 18 years. Given its perceived abundance and distribution, the species may number more than 10,000 mature individuals. On this basis, it may be appropriate to list it as Near Threatened under criterion C2 or as being of Least Concern (not approaching the thresholds for Vulnerable under any of the IUCN criteria).
Comments are invited on these suggested categories and further information is requested.
del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A. and Sargatal, J. (1997) Handbook of the birds of the world, Vol 4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos. Barcelona, Spain: Lynx Edicions.
Forshaw, J. M. (2006) Parrots of the World. Princeton, NJ and Oxford, UK: Princeton University Press.
Forshaw, J. M. (2010) Parrots of the World. London, UK: Christopher Helm (Helm Field Guides).
Hilty, S. L. (2003) Birds of Venezuela. London, UK: A & C Black.
Juniper, T. and Parr, M. (1998) Parrots: a guide to the parrots of the world. Robertsbridge, UK: Pica Press.
Rodríguez, J.P. and Rojas-Suárez, F. (eds.) (2008) Libro Rojo de la Fauna Venezolana. Third edition. Caracas, Venezuela: Provita and Shell Venezuela.
Tobias, J. A., Seddon, N., Spottiswoode, C. N., Pilgrim, J. D., Fishpool, L. D. C. and Collar, N. J. (2010) Quantitative criteria for species delimitation. Ibis 152: 724–746.
This entry was posted in Americas, Archive, Parrots, South America and tagged Maroon-faced Parakeet. Bookmark the permalink.
3 Responses to Archived 2014 discussion: Maroon-faced Parakeet (Pyrrhura leucotis) is being split: list P. leucotis as Vulnerable and P. emma as Near Threatened or Least Concern?
Joe Taylor says:
The following comments were received from Chris Sharpe on 27 March 2014:
First of all, I fully support the split of emma from leucotis. In fact, I can barely remember the time when I regarded them as conspecific – and I’m hardly an early adopter when it comes to splits. However, emma and auricularis are another matter and only weakly differentiated.
As for conservation status, I feel I am on less certain ground. I have the feeling that hindsight will show that we have been significantly overestimating the abundance of most Neotropical raptors and psittacids: all the actual counts that I am aware of reveal strikingly lower numbers than the regular sightings of these highly mobile and visible species would suggest. Although “fairly common”, the population of this species could conceivably be less than 10,000 mature individuals.
On the positive side, P. emma has a larger range than most of its sister taxa and most of it is in well-established protected areas, mostly IUCN cat. II national parks such as Yurubí, San Esteban, Henri Pittier, Macarao, El Avila, Guatopo, El Guácharo and Península de Paria or IUCN cat. III nature monuments like Pico Codazzi. Although the Venezuelan parks system has deteriorated markedly under the current government and some of these areas are affected by invasion and deforestation, their long-term future is fairly secure. So habitat loss is probably not a major issue here. Besides, these parakeets will happily eat maize and guavas in agricultural land in forest mosaics, and I have regularly had them feeding in my urban gardens (in all five houses in which I lived). With the weakening of the legal system and government institutions, illegal wildlife trade has undoubtedly increased in Venezuela and I have frequently seen these species in cages along the roadside. The impact of this is hard to quantify, but I doubt whether it is a major concern for this species yet, as it is for, say, Amazona barbadensis.
So, all in all, there might be a case for considering this species NT C1, but there is not enough hard data yet to really support that.
Based on available information, our preliminary proposals for the 2014 Red List would be to treat:
P. leucotis as Near Threatened, approaching the thresholds for classification as Vulnerable under criterion A2cd+3cd+4cd
P. emma as Least Concern.
There is now a period for further comments until the final deadline of 14 May, after which recommended categorisations will be put forward to IUCN.
Recommended categorisations to be put forward to IUCN
Following further review, there have been no changes to our preliminary proposals for the 2014 Red List status of these species.
The final categorisations will be published in mid-2014, following further checking of information relevant to the assessments by BirdLife and IUCN.
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Elza Bouhassira
In late April 2018, Washington State Ferries (WSF), the operator of the largest fleet of ferries in the United States, announced plans to convert the three largest boats in its fleet to electric power. WSF uses 18 million gallons of diesel fuel each year, more than any other consumer in Washington state. Consequently, it is also the largest producer of greenhouse gases in the state’s transportation system, generating 73 percent of annual emissions.
Washington is the second most glaciated state in the US. One of the most common routes taken by the three ferries to be converted is between Seattle and Bainbridge Island, with the snowy peaks of Mount Baker and Mount Rainier visible to passengers on the route. Washington also has glaciers in the Olympic Mountains and the North Cascades.
Sunrise this morning was glorious! Mount Baker and the Ferry boat glistening in the morning light made for a frozen yet wonderful start to my morning. #Seattle #Sunrise #MountBaker pic.twitter.com/ACopcEkfhc
— Sigma Sreedharan (@sigmas) December 6, 2018
WSF plans to swap two of four diesel engines in its Jumbo Mark II ferries for battery packs, which will power the motors needed for propulsion. The changes to the first boat will be largely funded with money from a federal settlement with Volkswagen as a result of its 2015 violation of the Clean Air Act.
Assistant Secretary Amy Scarton and Director of Vessel Engineering and Maintenance Matt von Ruden with one of the batteries that will be used.
Source: WSF
The three Jumbo Mark II ferries, Puyallup, Tacoma, and Wenatchee, were chosen to be the first converted because they are the largest boats in the fleet and are responsible for 26 percent of WSF’s fuel consumption. The vessels each have a carrying capacity of 202 cars and 1,800 passengers. They are due for 20-year propulsion system replacements so the changes can be made with few impacts on ferry service. Additionally, the ferries are relatively young and can be used for another 30-40 years. The list goes on, including benefits like reducing engine noise to decrease disruptions to marine life, increasing engine reliability, and decreasing ferry operation costs.
We're another step closer to converting our three largest Jumbo Mark II vessels from diesel to hybrid electric propulsion! Funding details👉https://t.co/KveAw74vbN #Tacoma #Wenatchee #Puyallup pic.twitter.com/MAp3ZiVu36
— Washington State Ferries (@wsferries) October 22, 2019
Washington State Department of Transportation officials estimate that converting all three ferries will be equivalent to taking more than 10,000 cars off the road.
Until WSF can have charging infrastructure installed, the two remaining diesel engines will charge the batteries. The hybrid system will still reduce emissions. Ian Sterling, a spokesperson for the state ferries, told the Daily Herald that “It will take a long time to be all-electric, but that’s ultimately where we want to be.” Once charging stations are operational, charging times will only take about twenty minutes.
All of these benefits come with a learning curve; the batteries will need to be replaced every four to five years and crews will need to master the new technology. Nevertheless, WSF aims to have 22 of 26 vessels in its fleet operating as plug-in hybrids by 2040.
The largest ferry system in the U.S. is preparing to go electric! The Washington State Ferries’ green makeover is expected to eliminate up to 30 tons of smog-producing CO2 pollution per engine, per year. 🙌 https://t.co/0nTIV6yrBd
— NRDC 🌎 (@NRDC) January 3, 2019
Tags: electric power, ferry, mount baker, Seattle, transportation, Washington state
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Grand Park
The Park for Everyone
Contact / Rental Info
2018 Big L.A. Portrait Gallery
For the second year, Grand Park transforms into a nighttime art gallery featuring photography by L.A.-based artists projected to 100 feet wide by 100 feet high on the south wall of the historic L.A. County Hall of Records. Built by famed architect Richard Neutra, one of his few high-rises, this iconic modernist building serves as the perfect canvas for larger-than-life artwork. Featured images will tell stories and share visions of L.A.’s future as envisioned by some of the county’s best photographers. Park-goers can enjoy the exhibit over a picnic, view the gallery during their nighttime commute or take in the images during a stroll through the park.
Featured artists:
Aly Aliano
Real Mother
Real Mother is a personal project I began when my twins, Hallie and Ellison, were 9 years old. I married their father when they were five. I was instantly a parent at age 26. I did everything I thought a parent did: dentist appointments, parent-teacher conferences, playdates, sleep-overs, etc. People would ask, “Aren’t you going to have children?” Implying that as a stepmom, I was not a “real mother.”
I began photographing any mother who would allow me into their world and share their story. With Real Mother I attempt to raise questions such as, “What makes a mother? I seek to understand my own experience as a mom and my own legal emancipation from my mother at 19. I hope that all mothers will have the support of their employer, family, healthcare, accessible education for every child, and paid family leave. My intention is that this project raises awareness and understanding around the many forms a “Real Mother” can take.
Emily Shur started Nature Calls in 2009 when she first noticed strange looking trees here and there. Little by little, these poor excuses for foliage were slowly infiltrating her day-to-day scenery, until she ultimately found out they were disguised cell phone towers.
Emily set out to create a document of these objects within the genre of classic landscape photography. Her intention was to photograph through the eyes of an explorer. She imagined Edward Curtis roaming the American West armed with nothing but a camera and a tripod. So, that is what she did…except she roamed in a Prius. During the documentation process, it became clear that she was also documenting technology, and how it changes our lives and now has begun to change our landscapes.
Gizelle Hernandez
Underrepresented Glamour
The following subjects are all people of color who work in LA’s creative industry.
As a fellow person of color, I find it important to highlight, connect and collaborate with other like-minded creatives.
Their concern for inclusion and culture have drawn me to them and their individuality and vibrancy are at the root of these photographs. Each artist has a strong sense of who they are and where they come from, and I was inspired to create environmental portraits based on their bold sense of self and style.
Gregg Segal
When I was growing up, 1 in 40 kids were obese. Today, it’s 10 in 40. For the first time in many generations, life expectancy is declining. Unfortunately, we have outsourced making our own food, this essential part of our lives, the connective tissue of families and culture. There’s an old adage: “The hand that stirs the pot rules the world.”Well, the hand stirring the pot is more interested in profit than in our health. It’s time we take back food by stirring our own pots and demanding healthier options.
In shooting Daily Bread, I ask kids to journal everything they ate for week and at the end of the week, I shot a portrait of them with their food arranged around them. I started shooting in my backyard in Altadena and expanded to include kids from other LA neighborhoods, and the whole world.
The Young Visionaries of Los Angeles
One of the most defining aspects of movements like March for Our Lives is the unbreakable passion and resolve today’s youth have in facilitating change that will build a better future for us all. In his series, The Young Visionaries of Los Angeles, Peters photographs 4 young leaders in the Los Angeles area that are working hard to administer a brighter tomorrow.
The Concrete River
The concrete River, a.k.a. The Los Angeles River, follows roughly 48 miles, weaving through the urban sprawl and diverse neighborhoods of LA.
The images featured are from a stretch known as the Glendale Narrows, located in Northeast LA. It runs through Atwater Village, the edge of Elysian Park and Glendale. Like most sections of the river, it allows you to escape the city without leaving your neighborhood; simply hop a fence and walk down the concrete embankment.
Daring to Claim the Sky
Compton Jr. Posse is an organization that was created to provide a year-round after school program for inner-city youth using equestrian activities to inspire young people to reach personal, academic and career goals. This was a powerful alternative to the equally powerful lure of gang and drug lifestyles. Under the leadership of founder Mayisha Akbar, the Compton Jr. Posse has given inner city kids hope for over 29 years by teaming them with horses. Many of the students go on to earn scholarships to colleges and universities.
Philip Cheung
Predictive Policing in L.A.
The future of surveillance has arrived on our city streets. L.A. has a new observer, the all-seeing, never forgetting eye of the LAPD—who attempt to use the past to predict the future. Backed up by new data technology and an internal culture of organized tracking, the LAPD now uses predictive policing to identify where potential criminal activity might happen, and, troublingly, who might commit these crimes. The LAPD keeps their methods and algorithms close to their collective vests, but in an attempt to record this invisible web of surveillance, photographer Philip Cheung photographed neighborhoods in South LA where predictive policing programs are known to be in effect.
Ryan Schude
Them & Theirs
Them & Theirs is an ongoing portrait project about people and their vehicles. Starting in 2001, I found subjects by placing notes on parked cars I found interesting and wanted to know about the people who drove them. Collaborating with the owners, we would find a location, props, and wardrobe that told a story about the relationship between them and their preferred mode of transportation.
Sam Comen
Newest Americans
Los Angeles is a city of immigrants. And just as the dreams of past generations of immigrants built the Los Angeles of today, so too will the dreams of today’s immigrants shape the future of our city. Through interviews and photos, Newest Americans explores the dreams and stories of 28 immigrants who came here from all over the globe in search of a better tomorrow.
The full exhibit is on display at The California Museum in Sacramento. Photographs by Sam Comen and reporting by Michael Estrin.
Spencer Lowell
Future of LA Technology
Los Angeles perpetually exists in the future. As a city that constantly reinvents itself, it’s fitting that it would be a hotbed of invention. From drilling and refining oil at the turn of the 20th century, to discovering the Big Bang in the 20s at Mt. Wilson, to developing robots to send to Mars at the turn of the 21st century at JPL in Pasadena, LA is more than sunshine and traffic.
Walter Thompson-Hernandez
Blaxicans of L.A.
This series of photos presents people in Los Angeles who identify as “Blaxicans.” As the city of Los Angeles and the United States continue to become increasingly multiracial, multiethnic, and multilingual, this series highlights the experiences of Blaxicans throughout Los Angeles as ways to think about the future.
Music playlist by: SeanO
Sean Osborn has been behind turntables since 2006. He cut his teeth at the Scratch DJ Academy and then honed his skills as the resident DJ at The Whisky A Go-Go.
After spending some time throwing one off parties and doing guest DJ sets at various clubs around the country, Sean soon found himself the co-host and producer of Soundwaves Radio, which airs 2-4am early Saturday mornings on 90.7FM KPFK Los Angeles.
His other radio show, The Treehouse, can be heard every third Monday of the month from 4-6pm (PST) on dublab.com.
He is the co-producer for the monthly soul showcase Devil’s Pie at Lock and Key and can also be seen each and every Friday night at The Shortstop in Echo Park for DOIT as well as Saturday night at The Perch in downtown Los Angeles.
This entry was posted in Uncategorized on June 4, 2018 by grandpark.
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11:00 am LUNCH À LA PARK Food Trucks @ Grand Park
LUNCH À LA PARK Food Trucks @ Grand Park
Part of Grand Park’s noontime LUNCH À LA PARK programs, take a break with rotating food trucks in the park. Every TUES, WED and THURS from 11am-2pm, come into the sunshine and enjoy[...]
12:15 pm LUNCH A LA PARK Yoga reTREAT @ Grand Park's Community Terrace (between Hill and Broadway)
LUNCH A LA PARK Yoga reTREAT @ Grand Park's Community Terrace (between Hill and Broadway)
Wednesdays and Fridays 12:15 pm – 1:00 pm alert: for JUN 26 + 28, yoga location is the Community Terrace Lawn, between Hill and Broadway. Grand Park’s popular yoga sessions return, giving participants the opportunity[...]
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← A PASCHAL CIRCUS COMES THROUGH LIKE THE GOTHIC MONSTERS PERCHED ON NOTRE DAME
Read me May….. But answer the same. →
My class got cancelled today so I’m spending valuable afternoon time (eye roll) hanging out at work and using the computer to try to book the last couple days of The Plurals tour. I can’t wait to go on tour again. The last couple tours The Plurals did were with other bands (Cartridge Family in the summer and Cheap Girls in the fall) so we’re anxious to get on the road for a solo tour again. Touring with other bands is a lot of fun, particularly in the downtime before and after shows, but it’s a lot harder to make an impression on people when you’re part of a “package” and neither band ends up moving as much merch as they would solo. This tour should be good though. The last few times we’ve gone out for a week+ we’ve done half of it on the east coast and half of it in the midwest, but this time we’re focusing entirely on the east coast. We’ll be making our first appearances in New York City and New England and there’s people in all of the towns that want us to come play. We are, of course, most excited about returning to Trenton, NJ. Our band-brothers The Rape Babies broke up in the fall and 3/4 of them have reformed as Too Much Too Fast Too Soon and I’m so excited to hear the new band and get to see all of our friends. This will be the first time we’ve played out there with the new record out as well, which is exciting to deliver new material to people that want it!
New material… man, we’ve got it in spades. We recorded a show in December that we’re set to put out really soon. We played a lot of old stuff and some unreleased stuff, and the recording (by our old friend and confidant Tony Rodebaugh) sounds awesome. We’re not making a big deal out of this recording, it’s just a fun little document of us playing a strange set for a group of people, and pretty much it’s just going to be one more thing that we’ll have to sell at shows. I know there are a few nostalgic Plurals fans out there that are still into Shark Sandwich and Stickball, so at the very least they should enjoy some new versions of those “classics.”
We’re finishing Whatevers Forever leftovers with Eric Merckling, and we’ll put those out probably in the summer. We have so much material that we’re considering recording some more stuff for these projected EPs, if nothing else than to keep some material fresh. We’re a prolific songwriting band, and since we took our time trying to make Whatevers Forever as good as we could (which I think we did) we racked up almost a whole album’s worth of new songs in the time it took us to put the record out. In Ryan Horky’s year-end 2008 “best of” list (at www.myspace.com/unclesamsrecordemporium) he said about us “Like Husker Du, by the time they drop a new record, they’re already playing the new stuff live and I’m more excited to hear the NEXT record than what I have in my hand”. This is, in some ways, true about how the band feels. There are some nights where we want to just play all of the new stuff, screw the record, and sometimes we do play sets that are 80% unreleased material, which is fun but at the same time we don’t want to neglect the record that we’re really proud of. (As I’m typing this, I realize I haven’t talked about the latest idea with Nich yet, so, Nich, if you read this before I talk to you about it, uh… sorry? Oh yeah, and you owe me $40 for electric/ water, but I was thinking we could just take it out of my share of the heat bill… ttyl brah!). At our last recording session Eric suggested we do two EPs, and spin them as Whatevers Forever companion pieces, be it with an alternate version of an album song or similar artwork or something, and put some of these new songs on them as well. I’ve wanted to record at Broadside Productions in Kalamazoo for a long time now, and if we went in there with some of these new songs that we have tight as a live band, I think we could get some really cool recordings. Then, if we want to do more “produced” versions of these songs we could re-record them with Eric for the next album. I did set a Black Flag circa 1984 goal in my head to try to put 4 things out in 12 months. I think we might.
Uh… a guy named Kevin gave a little review of Whatevers Forever on his blog… Check it out here… it’s about halfway down the page. Thanks Kevin! There should be a couple more of these bloggy/ziney reviews of the record soon.
Cheap Girls are recording some of their record in the GTG House studio. It’s cool having those guys around. They’re doing a lot of cool things these days and I’m happy to be a part of it.
The Break-Ups have a show at State Grounds in Hastings tomorrow (Feb 20) that should be a good time. State Grounds is one of my favorite places to play, and I’ve played it with The Break-Ups probably a dozen times, The Plurals 3 or 4 times, and one of my rare-as-hell solo acoustic sets was there too. I love Bob, the owner. It’s a good place. The show is free, and all ages are welcome. Our good friend, sometimes roommate, and maybe GTG member (I always forget to ask her, although I’ve meant to many times) Jessi Spreitzer opens the show.
Damn, no replies on my latest round of booking requests yet. Can anyone get The Plurals some shows in up state New York on March 12 and/ or 13?
tommyplural
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Ab-Soul Says Black Hippy Album Will "Never" Happen
by StevenHorowitz
There has been a lot of talk from the TDE camp about the possibility of a Black Hippy album, but one of its members insists that the LP will never come together. During an interview with HHW, Ab-Soul said that listeners shouldn’t expect an album from the quartet, but it was unclear if he was merely being facetious.
“No, never, ever!” he said when asked about the possibility of a Black Hippy release. “Fa real, seriously.”
Ab-Soul said that he may be featured on Kendrick Lamar’s upcoming album good kid, m.A.A.d city, but that he hadn’t heard his collaboration “PARTYNAUSEOUS” with Lady Gaga. In the meantime, Soul plans on hitting the road to keep his momentum going.
“I’m doing another day at Rock the Bells but I’m going down to Dallas early next month to do a run in the South,” he said. “I don’t know, stay tuned. They keep me posted as I go, I just rap. Or make music, or whatever.”
RELATED: ScHoolboy Q Says A Black Hippy Album Will Drop Once It’s A “Classic”
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Mostrando las entradas de marzo 15, 2009
De Historiador marzo 15, 2009
Between 1620 and 1630 there were isolated settlers along the whole New England coast. White, a minister from Dorchester, England, founded a colony near Cape Ann, which removed to Salem in 1626. The Plymouth Company granted them a patent, which Endicott, in charge of more emigrants, brought over in 1628. It gave title to all land between the Merrimac and Charles Rivers, also to all within three miles beyond each.
These men formed the nucleus of the colony to which in 1629 Charles I. granted a royal charter, styling the proprietors "the Governor and Company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England." Boston was made the capital. Soon more emigrants came, and Charlestown was settled.
It was a momentous step when the government of this colony was transferred to New England. Winthrop was chosen Governor, others of the Company elected to minor offices, and they, with no fewer than one thousand new colonists, sailed for this side the Atlantic. In Massachusetts, therefore, a trading c…
1612, pilgrims
The Pilgrims who settled New England were Independents, peculiar in their ecclesiastical tenet that the single congregation of godly persons, however few or humble, regularly organized for Christ's work, is of right, by divine appointment, the highest ecclesiastical authority on earth. A church of this order existed in London by 1568; another, possibly more than one, the "Brownists," by 1580. Barrowe and Greenwood began a third in 1588, which, its founders being executed, went exiled to Amsterdam in 1593, subsequently uniting with the Presbyterians there. These churches, though independent, were not strictly democratic, like those next to be named.
Soon after 1600 John Smyth gathered a church at Gainsborough in Lincolnshire, England, which persecution likewise drove to Amsterdam.
Here Smyth seceded and founded a Baptist church, which, returning to London in 1611 or 1612, became the first church of its kind known to have existed in England. From Smyth's church at Gain…
Yeardley was succeeded by Harvey, who rendered himself unpopular by defending in all land disputes the claims arising under royal grant against those based upon occupancy. Difficulties of this sort pervaded all colonial history.
In 1639 Wyatt held the office, succeeded in 1642 by Berkeley, during whose administration the colony attained its highest prosperity. Virginians now possessed constitutional rights and privileges in even a higher degree than Englishmen in the northern colonies. The colonists were most loyal to the king, and were let alone. They were also attached to the Church of England, ever manifesting toward those of a different faith the spirit of intolerance characteristic of the age.
During the civil war in England, Virginia, of course, sided with the king. When Cromwell had assumed the reins of government he sent an expedition to require the submission of the colony. An agreement was made by which the authority of Parliament was acknowledged, while the colo…
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Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1944, General, Volume I
500.CC/6–1244
Memorandum of Conversation, by the Secretary of State 87
[Washington,] June 12, 1944.
The British Ambassador called at his request. He said he desired to take up the matter of the proposed conversations in July between the four large nations on the postwar security proposal. (I may say here that in this conversation I failed to understand clearly what the British Ambassador meant in certain important respects. I thereupon reopened this conversation over the telephone on the morning of June thirteenth when the British Ambassador fully clarified what he said he had in mind to say in the conversation on June twelfth. I am, therefore, combining the two conversations and eliminating some of my misunderstandings in connection with the conversation of June twelfth.) The Ambassador said that it was felt that Sir Alexander Cadogan would come to represent the British Government, and he then proceeded to indicate rather definitely that he, the Ambassador, would remain here to cooperate in the conversations. I understood him to say that he would serve as a representative of Eden in addition to Cadogan. He inquired if I thought he could be of use. I promptly said that, of course, he was always of great use in anything with which he is connected. The Ambassador said that his situation [Page 642]would depend on Eden’s final word and by that he meant on any possible change of mind on Eden’s part.
I informed the Ambassador that we had heard nothing from the Russians but had instructed our Ambassador to remind them about making a reply to our invitation.88 He was pleased with this. I then said that we have heard nothing from the British about sitting in with us and China and that it would be most calamitous if this project should fail.89 He felt that his Government would be agreeable and said he would bring the matter up further with them at once and advise me.90 The Ambassador agreed that we could not exchange documents with the British until we had heard from the Russians.
C[ordell] H[ull]
Copy transmitted to London in instruction 4221, June 22, not printed.↩
Telegram 1469, June 10, noon, to Moscow, not printed. Mr. Harriman responded in telegram 2115, June 13, 7 p.m., that he had discussed with Foreign Minister Molotov the question of a reply to the Secretary’s invitation to confer on a world security organization, and Mr. Molotov had indicated that the Soviet Government was actively working on the matter and would make a reply to the invitation in the very near future (500.CC/69a; 67).↩
Perhaps Mr. Hull had not yet seen a Foreign Office reply which Under Secretary Stettinius had sent to him on June 5 (supra).↩
No record of a further communication on this subject found in Department files.↩
Participation by the United States in the work of the European Advisory Commission: (Documents 1-256)
Consideration of the application of “unconditional surrender” terms to Germany; unofficial peace feelers from Germany (Documents 257-339)
Application of the principle of unconditional surrender to Bulgaria, Hungary, and Rumania (Documents 340-375)
Preliminaries to the establishment of an international organization for the maintenance of international peace and security: (Documents 376-510)
I. Arrangements for exploratory discussions on world security organization (Documents 376-418)
Interest of the United States in the reaction of non-participating Governments to the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals (Documents 511-526)
Attitude of the United States regarding the eligibility of the Vatican for membership in the proposed international organization (Documents 527-532)
Participation of United States in the Conference of Allied Ministers of Education, London, April 5–29, 1944, and the proposed establishment of a United Nations organization for educational and cultural reconstruction (Documents 533-548)
Governmental assistance to persons forced to emigrate for political or racial reasons (Documents 549-724)
Emergency measure for the welfare and repatriation of American citizens in enemy, former enemy, and enemy-occupied countries (Documents 725-765)
Allied declarations and warnings regarding Nazi atrocities (Documents 766-815)
Discussions regarding procedures and scope of the United Nations Commission for the Investigation of War Crimes (Documents 816-914)
Representations to neutral governments against the granting of asylum to persons guilty of war crimes (Documents 915-973)
Successful Anglo-American effort to effect Soviet participation in the work of the London Political Warfare Coordinating Committee (Documents 974-987)
Establishment of the State-War-Navy Coordinating Committee (Documents 988-990)
Policy of the United States with respect to diplomatic and consular property of enemy governments and the property of enemy diplomatic and consular personnel in liberated areas (Documents 991-1013)
Policy and attitude of the Department of State with regard to censorship (Documents 1014-1028)
Appendix: Reorganization of the Department of State
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20 Best Music Videos of 2018
PopCrush Staff
Visions of sugar plums? Nah — how about feasting your eyes on visions of Beyonce and Jay Z going apes---, or the ladies of Little Mix going straight-up gangsta in the back of a police van?
While it’s tempting to spend the next few weeks playing Love, Actually on loop or tagging along with Charlie Brown to the forest of aluminum Christmas trees, we’d be remiss to forget that the pop world has been offering visuals that make It’s a Wonderful Life seem like a monotone snooze. With music videos like the trippy “Till It’s Over” by Anderson .Paak and “What Is Love?” by Twice, some of your favorite recording artists have put forth footage in 2018 with which even The Santa Clause can’t compete.
So no, don’t deny yourself tape of a crackling fire or Elf running wild in New York City, but remember that there’s plenty more to check out. Take a look at PopCrush’s favorite music videos of 2018 below, and tell us what you couldn’t stop watching this year.
"Loyal to Me," Nina Nesbitt
Perhaps no music video this year better captures the duality of a woman’s resilience than Nina Nesbitt’s “Loyal to Me,” the Scottish musician’s tinkling ‘90s R&B-inspired kiss-off to cheatin’, lyin’, schemin’ boys everywhere. Inspired by ballet and awash in faded, muted pinks, nude tones and pastels, the Debbie Scanlan-directed visual proves the power of femininity, as well as the delicate dichotomy between vulnerability and toughness. As Nesbitt fiercely stomps around in dainty pointe shoes with her girlfriends, brushing away her heartache in the process, she makes a strong case for sisterhood and solidarity. “If he never calls when he says he will / If he always tells you to keep it chill / If you see him out with another girl / Baby, then you know he was never real,” she lists off her own set of rules. Chicks before… well, you know. (Erica Russell)
"thank u, next," Ariana Grande
Arguably one of most anticipated and massive music video releases of the year (millions of record-breaking Vevo views don't lie), Ariana Grande bounced back from her shocking (was it though?) called-off engagement from Pete Davidson with the breakup anthem to end all breakup anthems... and an epic music video to match. Featuring star-studded cameos from everyone from Kris Jenner (in the role she was BORN to play) to Troye Sivan, the colorful clipped tapped into our collective nostalgia for our fave early 2000s rom-coms: Mean Girls, Legally Blonde, 13 Going on 30 and Bring It On. Like the beloved films it references, "thank u, next" will undoubtedly sit as one of pop's most memorable and ambitious visuals in years to come. (Erica Russell)
"APES---," The Carters
Beyoncé and Jay-Z shooting the lead video off their surprise joint album Everything Is Love at the Louvre wasn’t just a flex. Jay and Bey (and a cast of dancers and extras) standing, performing and dancing among some of the world’s priceless, most famous works of art was an intentional alignment: Black modern artists (who are arguably two of the biggest names in the world), who make Black art, posed in front of classic European art like “The Mona Lisa” and “The Coronation of Napoleon”? The dichotomy is clear. Today, Black artists are the ones shifting culture and making art that defines it. “APES--T” represents that. (Mark Sundstrom)
"Whack World," Tierra Whack
There’s not much conventional about breakout rapper-singer Tierra Whack or her Whack World album, a 2018 standout. Each of the 15 songs on the project are exactly one minute long, allowing listeners to fall into a vibe just long enough before it switches up, leaving us wanting more. Instead of picking one track for a music video, Tierra teamed up with directors Thibaut Duverneix and Mathieu Léger to craft a cohesive short film containing all 15 tracks, each with their own scene. The “Whack World” scenes couldn’t be more different in content, but visually, it’s a cohesive, cinematic work that’s hard to take your eyes off. (Mark Sundstrom)
"Woman Like Me," Little Mix
It’s funny — the only criticism Little Mix seemed to encounter before winning the 2011 season of X Factor was that they may have been too sweet to hack it along music’s cutthroat frontlines. But, seven years and five albums later, they’ve mastered the role of fearless warriors, and not just because they’re dressed like them. “Woman Like Me,” the lead off of LM5, is defiant, resolute and figured out — and the visuals follow suit. Between scenes that find the ladies in the back of a police van, exacting choreography while balancing books on their heads and ruining a dignified tea party, Perrie, Jesy, Leigh Anne and Jade take tropes of era-spanning women in entertainment and turn them on their heads, challenging without concern: “Can you handle a woman like me?” These days, it’s unlikely. (Matt Donnelly)
"Til It's Over," Anderson .Paak
Take director Spike Jonze, throw FKA twigs into a technicolor funhouse and you’ve got the trippy-but-pleasing video for “Til It’s Over, .Paak’s first release since Yes Lawd! with Knxwledge in 2016. The clip, which first finds twigs resigned to the dullness of a commuter’s late-afternoon subway ride, becomes something else entirely when she finally arrives home, fixes herself a drink and suddenly enjoys the powers of telekinetic dance. Each move twigs makes defies the laws of space and time, and by manipulating images like her flat’s patterned chair and collection of Polaroid pictures, she paints a dreamscape that’d rival Alice’s trip down the rabbit hole. And hey, the song’s really good too! (Matt Donnelly)
"What Is Love?," TWICE
TWICE hold the ultimate movie marathon in the music video for their peppy comeback track “What Is Love?,” which draws inspiration from multiple iconic films, with the members portraying different characters. Nayeon gets a royal makeover as Princess Mia of The Princess Diaries, Dahyun puts headphones on Mina in a nod to La Boum, and Tzuyu and Jeongyeon peer at each other through an aquarium straight out of Baz Luhrmann’s Romeo + Juliet. Intermixed between each film is the song’s saccharine choreography, which the members perform in both everyday wear and elegant gowns. With over 224 million views and counting, “What Is Love?” is an amazing homage to classic film and how we all learn about love through watching movies. (Emlyn Travis)
"Jealousy," Monsta X
Sometimes the perfect music video is one that highlights a group’s killer choreography. Monsta X’s “Jealousy” primarily takes place in an abandoned warehouse as the members effortlessly dance in perfect synchronicity to the track’s R&B and future pop melody. The song’s meaning centers on the feelings of anger and jealousy that stem from when other people interact with your crush. Its corresponding choreography directly plays off that theme; in one scene, Wonho holds onto Shownu’s shoulder and leers into the camera as he possessively asks, “Why are you talking about Shownu again?” Moments later, he and Hyungwon glare at each other before breaking into the chorus’ explosive choreography. “Jealousy” is a knockout music video that proves Monsta X is a group that cannot be overlooked. (Emlyn Travis)
"What I Need," Hayley Kiyoko feat. Kehlani
#20GayTeen was a major movement in 2018, and it was all thanks to Hayley Kiyoko, who coined the term at the top of the year. That said, her collab with Kehlani, “What I Need," puts the spotlight on a story that many don’t get to tell. In the video, Kehlani plays a girl whose family doesn’t accept her sexuality, so she and Hayley run away in the hopes to make a better life together. While the storyline might feel familiar, hardly do we get the chance to see two young women in love play out on the screen, so Hayley’s video, which she directed, is powerful for those images alone. (Emily Tan)
"Youth," Shawn Mendes feat. Khalid
With the release of his third album and his numerous sold-out shows, Shawn Mendes has had a great 2018. With that success, he wanted to use his platform to empower young people around the world, resulting in his team-up with Khalid, “Youth" — a sweeping pop track poised to inspire young people and encourage them to never stop moving forward and making a difference. The song’s video reinforces that message by showcasing some of today’s young artists, activists and trailblazers. The near-eight-minute video proves that the future can look brighter thanks to the next generation. (Emily Tan)
"Heart to Break," Kim Petras
Kim Petras is a literal pop princess in her adorable video for "Heart to Break," a contagious, upbeat electro-pop bop. In the color-drenched clip, Kim plays a Disney-esque social media maiden trapped up high in a crystal tower, a prisoner of her own fragile heart. (Seriously, she's even bubble wrapped the entire palace.) Alongside her loyal animal (erm, insect) companion, the German bubblegum pop star dances the heartache away and finds her Prince Charming in the very end. (Erica Russell)
"Sanctify," Years & Years
Take the fantasy of Star Wars, cross it with the sinister slickness of Kill Bill and add a dash of end-of-the-world wariness and you’ve got the the synthpop trio’s oddest and most arresting video to date. The first single off forthcoming album Palo Alto, “Sanctify”-the-video is as deliciously sinister as its audio inspiration, and finds frontman Olly Alexander — shackled by a 14-carat dog collar — dancing to spare his life. The HD futurescape spills over with the trappings of luxury and the starkness of scarcity alike, while Alexander moves with a striking animal instinct you haven’t seen since Beyonce’s “Déjà Vu.” (Matt Donnelly)
"Make Me Feel," Janelle Monae
The ‘80s-centric, Prince-channelling visuals for one of Janelle’s best Dirty Computer offerings, "Make Me Feel" is a joyful embrace of bisexuality from an artist who has long struggled to claim her queerness in public — and one that makes for an unabashedly fun, color-saturated watch. (Also: Bisexual lighting galore!) (Dana Getz)
"God's Plan," Drake
The budget for Drake’s “God’s Plan” music video was nearly $1 million. He chose to give it all away in a series of surprise donations around Miami, including paying for college scholarships and donating to women’s shelters and firehouses... And that’s pretty much the whole video directed by Karena Evans: Drake giving away cash and occasionally partying with students at the University of Miami. Sometimes an artist’s video makes a statement, sometimes it just does a whole lot of good. This one’s the latter, and it’s refreshing to see. (Bobby Olivier)
"Fake Love," BTS
It’s safe to say BTS is the biggest music group in the world right now. When the superstar South Korean septet released the visuals for “Fake Love” in May, it helped solidify that notion. The emotionally charged, artful, metaphorical video amassed millions and millions of views in its first 24 hours, making it the biggest YouTube debut of 2018 and third biggest debut of all time. (Katrina Nattress)
"This Is America," Childish Gambino
Since making the world fall in love with him on Community, Donald Glover has proven he’s so much more than a quirky nerd by evolving into one of the most heralded artists of recent years. From spearheading his own television show, Atlanta, to successfully crafting one of the best albums of 2016, Awaken, My Love, under his music moniker Childish Gambino, Glover has some big shoes to fill: his own. In May, the actor/writer/musician made his hosting debut on Saturday Night Live, where he performed as the musical guest. While the show aired, he uploaded a video for a new song, “This Is America,” that racked up millions of views within a matter of hours. The video, which juxtaposes the extreme racism and gun violence that plagues this country with the distractions fed to the general population on a daily basis, set the web ablaze. (Katrina Nattress)
"PYNK," Janelle Monae
Janelle Monae delivers one of the most potent feminist messages of 2018 with her luscious video for "Pynk," a joyful celebration of black women in particular, femme-identifying people in general, and safe spaces for women everywhere. The empowering clip—which is bathed in all manner of pink hues and feminist manifestos, including a neon sign that reads "P---y Power"—finds the singer and her Dirty Computer-era muse and ally, Tessa Thompson, finding nirvana in a literal desert oasis. At the Pynk Rest-Inn, Janelle and her girl gang are able to express their femininity, their sexuality and their innate power freely and lovingly, while intoxicating visuals (including a now-famous pair of frilly couture "vagina pants") serve as an unforgettable ode to girlhood. (Erica Russell)
"Nice for What," Drake
Olivia Wilde, Rashida Jones, Tracee Ellis-Ross, Tiffany Haddish and Letitia Wright all appear in Drake’s cameo-laden “Nice For What” video. Directed by Karena Evans, the visual would be a relatively standard and moody hip-hop spot, but by the end of the song you’re barely even looking for Drake as you wonder which random actress or otherwise non-musician is about to fill the screen. Someday this will be a killer trivia question: name all fifteen famous ladies who appear in “Nice For What.” (Bobby Olivier)
"My! My! My!," Troye Sivan
Funnily enough, Sivan’s first black-and-white video is his most rainbow-painted proclamation of queerdom yet. The first project from forthcoming sophomore album Bloom, “My My My!" finds the Aussie act letting go of misgivings, doing away with apprehensions and rejecting shirts that button up all the way as he marches along power lines and inside empty warehouses with the conviction of an unlikely America’s Next Top Model finalist. Not since Britney’s “I’m a Slave 4 U” has a hybrid dancefloor/bathhouse yielded something quite so sexy — finally, Sivan has learned to let loose, and not a moment too soon. (Matt Donnelly)
"No Tears Left to Cry," Ariana Grande
After a terrorist attack at Ariana Grande’s concert in Manchester, England claimed the lives of 22 fans and left hundreds more injured a year ago, the pop star took some much needed time off to reflect and regroup. Her first single after the gruesome incident was the introspective “No Tears Left to Cry,” accompanied by a beautiful, symbolic music video featuring impossible stairways, infinite landscapes and ethereal archways inspired by the artwork of M.C. Escher. Though the harrowing event will always be a part of the singer's narrative, these stunning visuals are only the first step in the healing process. (Katrina Nattress)
Source: 20 Best Music Videos of 2018
Filed Under: Ariana Grande, Beyonce, BTS, Drake, Hayley Kiyoko, Janelle Monae, Jay-Z, Kim Petras, Little Mix, Monsta X, Nina Nesbitt, Troye Sivan, Twice
Categories: Lists, Music News, News
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John Cena Explains Why He’s Changed His Mind About Having Kids (VIDEO)
Dana Getz
For as long as John Cena has been in the public eye, he's been adamant that he never wants to have children. It was a point of contention throughout he and ex-fiancé Nikki Bella's six year relationship and, ultimately, the reason for their breakup just weeks before their scheduled May wedding: Bella had her heart set on being a parent, and in the end, felt she couldn't sacrifice that dream for Cena.
But in the wake of their split, the Blockers star had an apparent change of heart, telling the Today show, "I love her. I want to be with her. I want to make her my wife. I want to be the father of her children. I just want us to work.”
And now, several weeks later, Cena has finally opened up about what changed his mind.
“I would love to be a dad,” he told TMZ in a recent interview. “I realize very much that I have been steadfast in saying that I don’t want children. But I’m a little bit older now, a bit wiser. At age 18, we say things different at age 25, at 35. I would love it only because I dedicated my life to my work and now I’m realizing that there is life and life exists and it’s beautiful and I think part of that is being a parent, so we’ll see.”
His comments come after reports that he and Bella have rekindled their relationship, but he stopped short of confirming the news, saying only they were "best friends" and talk to each other "all the time."
John Cena and Nikki Bella through the years
Source: John Cena Explains Why He’s Changed His Mind About Having Kids (VIDEO)
Filed Under: John Cena
Categories: Celebrity News, News
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HEA NEWSLETTER
Please enjoy Chapter One of Love & Order in my Holidays in Hallbrook series as my way of saying “Thanks” for checking me out.
Each story in the Hallbrook series is heartwarming, fun, sweet, and happily-ever-after romance. They are a great way to enjoy romance celebrating holidays all year long. Remember, the greatest compliment and you can give an author if you love their writing, is to take the time to post a review on Amazon/Bookbub.
C H A P T E R O N E
Garrett clicked the buckle of his harness into place and pulled tightly on the ends of the straps. “Ready for takeoff.” He gave the helicopter pilot a thumbs-up in case he couldn’t hear him over the low hum of the spinning blades and the motor propelling them. Normally, he would just take his own plane for such a short flight, but he wasn’t in the right frame of mind to be piloting anything, making this chartered flight an easy decision.
The pilot went through a series of checks with the control tower, and it wasn’t long before the whirring sound increased and the helicopter began to vibrate with the increased power, blocking out any chance of regular conversation. The huge metal bird lifted off from a private section of the airfield. The ground below faded away until New York City became an aerial view of rooftops and skyscrapers all blended together. Garrett let out a deep breath.
The flight from La Guardia to Glen Haven, New Hampshire, the closest private airport with a helipad to Hallbrook, was ninety minutes by helicopter and then a fifteen-minute drive north to the town where he’d spent most of his childhood. It was a trip he would always regret not making more often. The news of his mother’s death had come as a shock, and now, days later, the ache he felt had deepened, spurred on by guilt. He hadn’t even known she was having heart troubles, but then according to Charlie, her friend and solicitor, she hadn’t either. Her heart attack had taken everyone by surprise. It was hard to believe she was gone.
He tamped down on the emotions trying to emerge, finding it easier to focus on what needed to be done. Once he settled his mother’s estate, there would be no reason to return to his hometown, a place he’d left long ago and only manage to visit once or twice a year, much to his mother’s consternation. Work had been his priority for as long as he could remember, and the corporate law offices of Bradley & West were proof of the success he and his best friend and partner, Jim, had achieved as a result of their dedication.
But being rated as the top law firm in Manhattan and in the top twenty nationwide didn’t do a thing to ease the pain of knowing his mother was gone forever, especially since he’d disappointed her by canceling his visit this past summer. The Baden-Hamilton merger had derailed, and the multimillion-dollar deal was his baby, and therefore his responsibility to save. And then one thing after another had popped up, and before he knew it, September was fast rolling in. But for his mother, there would be no September.
Angelica, his sister, had been notified of their mother’s passing through official Naval communication, but as a U.S. Naval officer on a submarine somewhere in the Pacific, there was no telling when she’d be home. Charlie was taking care of their mother’s arrangements per her wishes, and a woman by the name of April St. James was taking care of the house. Charlie had insisted Garrett arrive as soon as possible to deal with some legal issues. Garrett had cleared his schedule, making sure he could be at the celebration of life to honor his mother on Saturday and could stick around for the reading of her will on Monday.
Luckily, his partner would be able to help Garrett with his caseload while he was out of town. Garrett wasn’t sure where to begin with his mother’s estate. Until he talked to the solicitor and his sister, his hands were tied. He’d have to close up the house until he could sell it. Neither he nor his sister were in a position to live in or manage a country estate. Finding a buyer would be the easy part, selling it… not so much.
The place was filled with mixed memories for him and his sister, mostly because it had been the start of their new life without their father after a bitter divorce. His mother had poured her heart into the place after purchasing it, her love of the land filling her with the determination to make a success of the place. Garrett’s love, however, was for the city. His sister’s love of the sea drove her career in the Navy. They’d been three completely different people on different courses in life.
In no time at all, the pilot landed the chopper in Glen Haven, the closest town to Hallbrook that had a private airstrip. Garrett removed his seatbelt, pushed open the heavy door, and waved his thanks to the pilot. He crouched low as he jogged out from under the air current of the blades and made his way to the waiting limousine.
“Good afternoon, Mr. Bradley. Sorry to hear about your mother. Sarah was a fine lady.” George Bowman owned the limousine service, and he still operated some of the bookings for select customers. He was used to Garrett coming and going, although the visits had been few and far between the past few years.
“Thank you. It came as quite a shock.” His mother had been an integral part of putting Hallbrook on the map. She’d not only managed to raise him and Angelica on her own, but she’d found the time to create a niche for the small town by attracting tourists to the area in search of artisan crafts made by the locals. She’d given up everything for him and his sister, including her marriage and home. And in return, he’d been a horrible son, making business more important than visiting her more often.
“If you’ll drop me at the house, that would be great. It sounds as though I’ve got a lot to do.” Garrett’s guilt factor ramped up another notch.
“Ain’t that the truth.” The man shook his head, putting the car in drive and raising the privacy window. But not before Garrett caught the odd expression peering back at him through the rearview mirror.
Garrett made a mental note of their progress as they got closer to the house.
They passed by several farms, including the largest dairy farm in the state. Old man Peterson’s place. His mother used to treat him to the delicious hand-made ice cream for excellent grades as a reward. His reward, of course, had been getting into Yale and eventually out of Hallbrook.
It wasn’t that he hadn’t appreciated the town, but he’d loved the action of the city. It was the land of opportunity, a place where you could make your mark, other than by winning first prize for the fattest cow at the 4-H fair.
He spotted his old high school, Turlington High. The place where he’d gotten into his first fight with a bully, protecting a girl. They’d dated on and off the first couple of years of high school, but then her interest had turned more toward the high school quarterback and less on the geeky guy who’d preferred to study.
George turned right onto East Main Street as he made his way through town. The closer they got to the center of Hallbrook, the bigger the houses got. Many of the stately Victorian and Colonial homes had been restored to their former glory by the families who’d inherited them. The place hadn’t changed much in the twenty-five years since they’d first moved there, other than the slow growth and addition of businesses and a few more homes. He spotted Sally’s Diner and smiled, remembering the place fondly. For Garrett, the diner was where he had his first date, his first kiss, and the best peach pie in the county.
When they’d moved here, he’d been bored out of his eight-year-old mind and hated the hard-labor and dirty chores that had come with living in the country and his mother owning farmland. He’d dreamed of escaping back to the city. It had driven him to study harder to make that happen. His success as an attorney was proof of the determination, but each time he returned to Hallbrook, he felt a tug in the region of the heart.
They reached the outskirts of town, passing Angie’s corner grocery and gas that had long since closed the gas pumps, the place now a convenience store for many of the locals. Fresh fruits and vegetables were readily available from farms nearby, but the store was filled with a hodgepodge of other endless items crammed into the place.
George slowed, turning right at his mother’s driveway, passing under the stone archway and through the wrought iron gates. The dirt road had been recently recoated with a fresh load of gravel. He spotted the two-story white house seconds before he noticed an unfamiliar dark-blue sedan parked out front. It was an older car that had seen better days, and one Garrett assumed belonged to the woman staying here and taking care of things until he arrived.
George slid the dividing window down. “Here you are, sir. Hope things go well for you.”
“Thanks. Don’t bother to get out. I can handle everything.” He grabbed his travel bag off the seat in front of him, looped his briefcase over his shoulder, and slid out of the car. He stopped to glance around and took a deep breath, inhaling the fresh country air and the scent of blossoming roses. There was no shortage of rose bushes strategically placed all around the house, another of his mother’s passions.
The sun would be setting soon, and the front porch looked inviting as a viewing place for a glorious sunset. His mother had loved the orange-red colors that illuminated the sky with the setting sun, and she’d tried to capture the elusive perfect picture on her favorite camera so many times he’d lost count. Tonight, in honor of his mother, he’d do the same. Sunsets like this didn’t happen in New York City, at least not with rolling farmland as far as the eye could see. His sunsets came complete with skyscrapers, and he’d be back to those in four days. Four short days to take care of business. It was all the time he could afford to be away from the office.
Garrett approached the house, climbing the three wooden steps that led to the front door. He wasn’t sure whether to knock to announce his presence or to simply use his house key. The last thing he wanted to do was scare the poor girl watching over the place. Maybe a combination of both was in order.
Knock. Knock. Knock.
He tried the door handle and discovered it unlocked. Garrett started to push the door open, but it slammed shut, a loud bark coming from inside. He took a step back, unsure of what to do. He wasn’t a fan of dogs, not by any means. The dog’s bark was deep. Big-dog deep. Garrett swallowed hard, his hand automatically going to the scars on his arm, a reminder of a run-in with a not-so-nice canine.
He heard voices on the other side of the door but couldn’t make out what the words over the barking dog. The decision was made for him when the door started to open, and he came face-to-face with three young kids. The boy, who appeared to be the oldest of the three, had a hold on the dog’s collar, keeping the huge brown and white Saint Bernard barely in check as danced, trying to break free from the restraint, slobber dripping to the ground.
“Hi, I’m Garrett Bradley. This is my mother’s house. Are you all here with April St. James?” He addressed the boy, thinking he was the best option for reasonable answers.
“Yup. She’s cooking dinner. Do you need to talk to her?” The young boy stood straight and tall, answering his question as if he were in charge.
“Yes, that would be perfect.” It would be a whole lot better than trying to talk to three kids, something he had zero experience doing as an adult. He was quite surprised Ms. St. James had brought her children and an oversized beast of a dog with her while she watched the house. It was a little unorthodox.
“Melanie, go get her. I’ve got to hold the dog ’cause you’re too puny to handle him.” The boy spoke to the oldest of the two girls who couldn’t be much more than seven or eight.
“Am not. You get her.” Garrett couldn’t believe this. He shook his head, trying to figure out what to do.
“Hey there, kids. Why are you hanging half in and half out the front door? This isn’t a barn. Shut the door and come back inside.” A feminine voice called out from somewhere behind the children.
“There’s a man here to see you.” The older girl spoke up.
“A man? Oh, good heavens, let him in. It must be Mr. Bradley.” The woman’s voice was soft and yet persuasive.
“That’s what he said. But the dog won’t budge,” the boy spoke up, trying to pull the dog back.
“Come on, Rufus.” The brunette came to his rescue, all barely-over-five feet of her. She wasn’t much of match for the hairy beast, but she did manage to wrestle him back from the door enough for Garrett to step into the foyer.
“Sorry about that.” She beamed at him, her eyes a striking shade of sapphire. She kept hold of the dog, much to his relief.
He nodded. “Thanks. I’m Garrett—”
“Bradley. Yes, we’ve been expecting you. I’m so sorry about your mother.” She glanced at the kids and winced. “Kids, why don’t you head into the kitchen, and I’ll be right in. I need to talk to Mr. Bradley alone for a second.”
The older boy shrugged and left; the others close on his heels. Apparently, they didn’t care who Garrett was.
“Sorry, I don’t like to talk about your mother in front of them. They loved her like a grandmother, and it’s been so upsetting to them. I’m sure you understand.”
“I do. It’s been a shock for everyone, I imagine. I appreciate you stepping in to help keep the house in order and taking care of her horses.” April shot him an odd look, one that disappeared just as quickly as it happened. It was the same look he’d seen on George’s face.
She extended her hand, “April St. James. It’s nice to meet you, although the circumstances could have been better.”
He shook hands with her, holding on a tiny bit longer than necessary. The strength of her grip took him by surprise. So did the warmth. “Garrett Bradley.”
“I know you just got here, and I hate to do this, but I’ve gotten behind at work and need to head to the office. I need to run.”
“I’ll be fine. I’ll make arrangements for everything before I leave so you won’t need to worry about a thing.” Garrett hoped it would be as easy as he made it sound.
April shrugged as she bit her lower lip, her head tilted to one side. “I hope you enjoy spaghetti because I made a huge pot of it. I thought it would be easier than you needing to find something to cook soon as you got here tonight.”
She pulled the dog toward the front room. “Stay, boy.” April closed the door behind her, locking him in the room. “If he isn’t put up, he thinks he’s one of the family and should be able to eat at the table accordingly.” She laughed. “I don’t usually him let back out until after dinner.”
“Sounds like a handful. Looks like a handful. Must be a handful.” Garrett forced a smile. April was insane to add a giant dog to her already chaotic mix of responsibility. He followed her down the hall and into the kitchen, the aroma of tomatoes and garlic greeting him. His stomach rumbled. He hadn’t had a thing to eat since this morning on his way to the office.
“You have no idea.” She grinned. “But you’ll get a chance to find out.” Her soft laughter was like music.
Garrett frowned, unsure of what she meant. He was almost afraid to ask, but he sure hoped his mother hadn’t taken in a dog—especially not one the size of Godzilla. He wouldn’t have a clue what to do with it, especially considering his dislike of dogs. He may not have visited his mother often, but they talked at least once every two weeks, and not once had she mentioned getting a dog.
“Let me introduce you to the kids properly. This is Bryan, and he’s nine.” She tapped the top of his head and then moved on down the row of children, almost like a game of duck-duck-goose. “This is Melanie, and she’s seven. And this is Sandy, and she’s three. Sandy doesn’t talk much, but the doctors say she’ll be fine in no time. They’ve all had a lot to deal with over the past few months, and her way of dealing with the emotions has been silence.”
“I’ll take your word for it.” It sounded as though the kids had gone through more trauma than a child should have to deal with, and it made him wonder about their story. When he was Bryan’s age, the trauma of his parents splitting up had been monumental, especially given the divorce was his fault.
April lifted the lid off the first pot. “Just stir this occasionally until you’re ready to eat. The noodles get dropped in the sauce, stir them frequently, and they’ll be ready in ten minutes if you prefer them al dente, otherwise, let them cook a minute or two longer. Easy enough, right?” April looked at him with confidence in her eyes, a confidence he didn’t deserve.
“Smells awesome. Looks as though you made enough to feed an army.”
“That’ll last you a day, tops, but I’m sure your mother’s friends will be stopping by with lots of food to help out. Here’s my card if you need anything. You can call, and I’ll help any way I can. I know this is going to be a tough transition for you —” she reached out to touch his arm, “—but you’ll be fine. I’m sure of it.”
“Thanks. I appreciate that. And don’t worry, I’ll be okay. I’ve handled this sort of thing before.”
“If you say so.” April crossed the kitchen to where a wheeled suitcase was parked in the corner. She pulled up the handle and started toward the front door. Garrett and the kids followed, Melanie stopping to let the dog out.
“Here, let me get this for you.” He picked it up and hauled it to her car. He would have expected a much bigger suitcase considering the kids.
“Thanks. Don’t forget, call me if you need me.” She leaned down and hugged each of the kids. “I’ll see you three soon, I promise. Be good for Mr. Bradley.”
April wasn’t making any sense. And why weren’t the kids getting in the car with her? And for that matter, why wasn’t she getting the dog? Something was seriously wrong with this picture.
She slid in the driver’s seat and started the car before manually rolling down her window. “Take care.” April waved, put the car in reverse and started to back up.
The motion of the vehicle snapped him out of his trance. “Wait. Where are you going? You can’t leave your kids here.” Normally calm under fire, Garrett couldn’t keep the panic out of his voice.
She stopped the car and leaned toward the window. “They’re not my kids, they’re yours.” April seemed confused. Which was far better than stupefied, and exactly how he felt. She had this all wrong.
“I don’t have any kids.” The children looked as though they were about to cry, and he felt awful, but he couldn’t let April drive off without them and the dog.
“Should have known he wouldn’t want us.” The boy grumbled in a low voice, grabbing his younger sister’s hand and taking off for the house. Melanie glanced at April and then glared at him before running to catch up with her brother and sister.
“What’s the meaning of this?” Garrett demanded an answer, his patience running out. He could handle a lot of things, but this wasn’t in his wheelhouse.
April got back out of the car and faced off with him. “Your mother adopted these children three months ago. Haven’t you talked to her solicitor yet? I would have thought—”
Garrett wince. Adopted. As in legally hers. Why would his mother adopt kids at this stage of her life? She hadn’t even consulted him about such an important issue. And she’d had three months to tell him.
You haven’t been home in over six months. “You thought wrong. What am I supposed to do with them? I don’t know the first thing about children. I have a job. An apartment in the city. What am I supposed to do?”
“Step up.” Her answer was short and to the point, the thin set of her lips driving the point home. She was serious. He swallowed hard and turned back to the house where three kids and the dog were waiting and watching.
“I’m sure Charlie will explain everything.” The compassion in her voice was genuine, making him feel slightly better.
“Our meeting isn’t until Monday, and the celebration of life is tomorrow. Don’t you think you could provide me with a few more details? You seem to know a thing or two about the situation.” He was desperate, and he couldn’t let her leave without a better understanding.
“The children lost their parents three months ago, and your mother didn’t want them to end up in the foster care system, so she adopted them with a promise to always do what was best for them. Their mother was a friend of hers from church. I was the assistant caseworker assigned to them, which is why I volunteered to stay with them until you arrived. They know me. They are sweet kids, and it’s been hard for them to lose their parents and now their grams.”
“Grams?” There was so much he needed to ask her, the meaning of Grams the least of them, but that’s what came out.
“It’s the name they called your mother, short for grandma.” April got back in her car. “I’m a sucker for these kids and will do anything I can to help, but right now, I’ve got to make sure I can keep my job. I’ve missed a lot of work and need to catch up on my caseload.”
“Fine. I’ll figure a way through this situation for the next few days until my sister can get leave and decide what she wants to do. Clearly, she’s the better option to handle this unexpected situation.” He didn’t feel as confident as he tried to sound. There were two problems. He didn’t know when his sister would be home, and he didn’t know a thing about taking care of kids, not even temporarily.
If you enjoyed this, please consider ordering the book. Available digitally and in print at Amazon and on Kindle Unlimited.
Love & Order – Amazon
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Double The Fun!
Holidays in Hallbrook – Love & Order Cover Reveal – Book One
July 19th Release!
***Second-Chance Romance***
ROMANCE IS MUSIC FOR THE HEART
Elsie Davis Author
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Immerse Yourself in Our Cultural Heritage
Visit these 6 amazing cultural attractions!
We are lucky to live in an area that is rich in cultural history. These featured museums and historic sites are some of the finest cultural attractions that you definitely need to visit.
MICHENER ART MUSEUM
Michener Art Museum was once a prison, now a world-class art museum. Housed on the site of what was once the Bucks County Jail, the Michener Art Museum is an American art institution dedicated to preserving, interpreting, and exhibiting the art and cultural heritage of the Delaware Valley region and beyond. Welcoming 135,000 visitors each year, the Michener showcases a world-class collection of Pennsylvania Impressionist paintings as well as many special and permanent exhibitions that include the work of historical and contemporary painters, sculptors, photographers, and furniture designers. Art transforms - we will show you how.
138 S. Pine Street, Doylestown, PA 18901 (map it)
www.michenerartmuseum.org
Lehigh University Art Galleries (LUAG) is the Teaching Museum at Lehigh University. LUAG maintains and develops the university's world-class art collection of over 15,000 objects and presents exhibitions featuring regional and international artists. LUAG refers to itself as a "Museum Without Walls", extending throughout three campuses in the form of galleries, classrooms, 50+ outdoor sculptures, and an open-storage facility. LUAG's mission is to inspire, develop, and promote visual literacy and cultural understanding through cross-disciplinary educational opportunities to benefit the community-at-large. All LUAG exhibitions and events are free and open to the public.
420 E Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, PA 18015 (map it)
www.luag.org
KEMERER MUSEUM OF DECORATIVE ARTS
The Kemerer Museum of Decorative Arts in historic Bethlehem, presents three centuries of style and design through period-interpretive rooms and galleries with changing exhibits. This distinctive museum was founded in 1954 through the bequest of Annie S. Kemerer, a renowned collector of decorative arts, and is the only museum dedicated to the Decorative Arts in Pennsylvania. The world-class Elizabeth Johnston Prime Dollhouse Collection, one of the largest antique dollhouse collections in the U.S., can be viewed on the Behind-the-Scenes Dollhouse Tour that takes visitors through the Collections Resource Center, an area not typically open to the public! Admission is free on Sundays from 1 to 4 pm. Families can enjoy a range of crafts and activities catered to many ages that introduce artistic skills used historically by the Moravians such as calligraphy, crossed letters, design your own hex sign, creating your own family tree or time capsule, and much more. Museum Storytime, featuring a book related to an artifact from the collection, will educate and captivate young listeners while the artifact scavenger hunt is a fun way to find and learn about historic pieces within the museum rooms.
427 North New Street, Bethlehem, PA 18018 (map it)
www.historicbethlehem.org
MORAVIAN MUSEUM OF BETHLEHEM
The Moravian Museum of Bethlehem, also known as the 1741 Gemeinhaus (or Community House), is a National Historic Landmark and believed to be the largest Colonial-period log structure in continuous use in the United States. It was the second building erected by the Moravian settlers, and is the oldest surviving building in Bethlehem. It is an excellent example of Colonial Germanic architecture that, for a few years, housed the entire Moravian community, approximately 80 people. During this time the structure provided home, church, classrooms, kitchens, workrooms and healthcare as the community was building their choir (residential) houses along Church Street. The Gemeinhaus remained the center gathering place for the Moravian settlers; the second story was the Saal, their earliest place of worship. Through the years following it was used as a residence for clergymen and their families and was the birthplace of Lewis David von Schweinitz, the Father of American Mycology (the study of fungi). At the Moravian museum, visitors can discover how the 18th century Moravian missionaries survived in the New World and grew their community. Come hear the remarkable stories behind Bethlehem's founders, including early Moravian medicinal practices, communal living, missionary work, and a progressive educational system.
66 West Church Street, Bethlehem, PA 18018 (map it)
MERCER MUSEUM
The Mercer Museum celebrates the legacy of Henry Chapman Mercer (1856-1930), American archaeologist, anthropologist, ceramicist and scholar. The Mercer Museum, one of Bucks County's premier tourist attractions, offers visitors a unique window into pre-Industrial America as seen through the implements used in everyday life. The Museum's collection includes more than 50,000 objects exhibiting the tools of more than 60 different crafts and trades, and provides one of the world's most comprehensive portraits of material culture in America. The Mercer Museum is located at 84 South Pine Street in Doylestown and is open 7 days a week. For schedule and admission information visit mercermuseum.org or call 215-345-0210.
84 South Pine Street, Doylestown, PA 18901 (map it)
www.mercermuseum.org
Fonthill Castle was the home and showplace of Henry Chapman Mercer (1856-1930), American archaeologist, anthropologist, ceramicist and scholar. Mercer completed Fonthill Castle in 1912 in Doylestown. The castle serves as an early example of poured-in-place concrete and features 44 rooms, over 200 windows, 18 fireplaces, 10 bathrooms and one powder room. Fonthill Castle's maze-like interior features built-in furniture and a myriad of decorative tile embellishments that Mercer made at the height of the Arts and Crafts movement. Fonthill Castle is located at 525 East Court Street in Doylestown, PA and is open for tours 7 days a week by reservation only. For more information, call 215-348-9461 or visit mercermuseum.org.
525 East Court Street, Doylestown, PA 18901 (map it)
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UNESCO » Culture » Intangible Heritage » Actors » Intergovernmental Committee » Decisions
14.COM - December 2019
13.COM - November 2018
2006 >>> 2016 sessions
13th session of the Intergovernmental Committee (Port Louis, 2018)
13.COM 2 Adoption of the agenda
13.COM 3 Observers
13.COM 4 Adoption of the summary records of the twelfth session of the Committee
13.COM 5 Report by the Secretariat on its activities
13.COM 6 Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund: voluntary supplementary contributions and other issues
13.COM 7.a Examination of the reports of States Parties on the implementation of the Convention and on the current status of elements inscribed on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
13.COM 7.b Examination of the reports of States Parties on the current status of elements inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding
13.COM 7.b.1 Examination of the reports of States Parties on the current status of elements inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding
13.COM 7.b.10 Examination of the reports of States Parties on the current status of elements inscribed on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding
13.COM 7.c Reports of States Parties on the use of International Assistance from the Intangible Cultural Heritage Fund
13.COM 8 Reform of the periodic reporting mechanism
13.COM 9 Issues concerning the follow-up of inscribed elements on the Lists of the Convention
13.COM 10 Report of the Evaluation Body on its work in 2018
13.COM 10.a.1 Examination of nominations for inscription on the List of Intangible Cultural Heritage in Need of Urgent Safeguarding
13.COM 10.b.1 Examination of nominations for inscription on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
13.COM 10.b.10 Examination of nominations for inscription on the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity
13.COM 10.c.2 Examination of proposals to the Register of Good Safeguarding Practices
13.COM 10.d Examination of requests for International Assistance
13.COM 11 Intangible cultural heritage in emergencies
13.COM 12 Multiple submissions of International Assistance requests
13.COM 13 Reflection on the participation of NGOs in the implementation of the Convention
13.COM 14 Establishment of the Evaluation Body for the 2019 cycle
13.COM 15 Number of files submitted for the 2018 and 2019 cycles and number of files that can be treated in the 2020 and 2021 cycles
13.COM 16 Report of the informal ad hoc open-ended working group
13.COM 17 Follow-up on the implementation of the relevant recommendations of the Open-Ended Working Group on the Governance, Procedures and Working Methods of the Governing Bodies of UNESCO
13.COM 18 Date and venue of the fourteenth session of the Committee
13.COM 19 Election of the members of the Bureau of the fourteenth session of the Committee
13.COM 20 Other business
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Drug Checking Technology Challenge
Home Challenge Process & Prizes Jury Finalists Contact Us
The application period is now closed.
Meet the finalists
Informing through innovation
We have launched a challenge to improve on drug checking technology to allow the community of people who use drugs and those who support them to make more informed decisions based on the composition of a drug and to reduce harm.
Drug checking allows people to make informed choices
Drug checking is a harm reduction measure where people have their drugs tested to find out what's in them, including if they contain toxic substances or potent drugs like fentanyl.
A pilot drug checking program conducted by Insite in Vancouver B.C. is using test strips and other technology to identify fentanyl in illegal drugs. The pilot study observed that when people knew their drugs contained fentanyl, they were 10 times more likely to reduce the dose. This could reduce their risk of an overdose.
Another study carried out by Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health also found that when people knew that their drugs contained fentanyl, they were more likely to change their behaviour.
An unpredictable illegal drug supply
Illegal drugs are unpredictable, with the dose, quality, and composition unknown and inconsistent between batches. Since 2016, fentanyl or fentanyl analogues are increasingly present in illegal drugs in Canada. From January to September 2017, 72% of apparent accidental opioid-related deaths involved fentanyl or fentanyl analogues, compared to 55% in 2016. Evidence suggests that people who use drugs often do not know whether or not fentanyl is present. It cannot be seen, smelled, or tasted.
Drug checking technologies come in different forms, with varying levels of reliability, and variable results that may require specialized training to interpret correctly.
What we hope to achieve with this challenge
We hope a technology challenge will encourage innovation that would allow people to more accurately determine the risks associated with drugs they consider taking, in order to provide them with the opportunity to make an informed decision about:
not consuming or reducing intended dosage of drugs
not using drugs alone
having naloxone on-hand
visiting supervised consumption or overdose prevention sites
Measures that reduce the negative effects of drugs and substances on individuals and communities, without requiring abstinence. Learn More →
Canada is in the midst of a crisis. The number of overdoses and deaths caused by opioids, including fentanyl, has risen sharply and continues to rise. In 2016, there were more than 2,800 suspected opioid-related deaths in Canada and in 2017, there were nearly 4,000 Canadian lives lost. Governments, non-government organizations, health and public safety professionals, and Canadians across the country have been responding to this crisis in an effort to save lives.
The Government of Canada is coordinating a whole-of-government approach that is grounded in compassion, collaboration, and evidence. Key actions include:
Streamlining the application process for supervised consumption sites
Making naloxone, a life-saving medication that can stop or reverse an opioid overdose, available without prescription
Supporting the Good Samaritan Drug Overdose Act that came into force on May 4, 2017, which provides some legal protection for individuals who seek emergency help during an overdose
For More Information on the Opioid Crisis
Opioids in Canada: Canadian Institute for Health Information (June 2018)
Get the facts on the opioid crisis in Canada
Opioids data, surveillance and research
Responding to Canada's opioid crisis
Canadian Drugs and Substances Strategy
Get help with problematic substance use
Are you or someone you care about struggling with problematic substance use? Help is available, whether you need it for yourself, a friend or a family member.
Open to any for-profit and not-for-profit organizations such as companies, industry associations, Indigenous organizations and research associations, as well as post-secondary institutions.
Challenge Launch: October 2nd, 2018
Application Deadline: February 1st, 2019
First Selection Phase - Semi-Finalists Announced: April 2019
Incubation Period: April to September 2019
Second Selection Phase - Finalists Announced: December 2019
Pilot-Phase: January to August 2020
Grand Prize Announced: October 2020
Up to 10 Semi-Finalists will receive an estimated prize of $25,000 to further develop their prototypes.
Up to 5 Semi-Finalists will receive an estimated prize of $100,000 to pilot their prototypes.
A grand prize winner will receive an estimated prize of $1,000,000 to further develop and build their product.
The application period is closed
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Portrait of former British Prime MinisterJames Callaghan while he looking at something with smiling face
SKU: SCAN-NOP-00545123
Portrait of former British Prime MinisterJames Callaghan while he looking at something with smiling face Leonard James Callaghan, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff, KG, PC (27 March 1912 – 26 March 2005), often known as Jim Callaghan, was the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1976 to 1979 and Leader of the Labour Party from 1976 to 1980. Callaghan is to date the only politician in history to have served in all four of the "Great Offices of State", having been Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1964 to 1967, Home Secretary from 1967 to 1970, and Foreign Secretary from 1974, until his appointment as Prime Minister in 1976. As Prime Minister, he had some successes, but was chiefly remembered for the "Winter of Discontent" in 1978-79, When his battle with trade unions led to massive strikes that seriously inconvenience the public in a very cold winter, Leading to his defeat in the polls by Margaret Thatcher. Historians Alan Sked and Chris Cook have summarized the general consensus of historians: If Wilson's record as prime minister was soon felt to have been one of failure, that sense of failure was powerfully reinforced by Callahan's term as premier. Labour, it seemed, was incapable of positive achievements. It was unable to control inflation, unable to control the unions, unable to solve the Irish problem, unable to solve the Rhodesian question, unable to secure its proposals for Welsh and Scottish devolution, unable to reach a popular modus vivendi with the Common Market, unable even to maintain itself in power until it could go to the country and the date of its own choosing. — Alan Sked and Chris Cook, Post-War Britain: A Political History (4th ed. 1993) p 324. As a new MP in 1945 he was on the left wing of the party; he steadily moved right but maintained his reputation as "The Keeper of the Cloth Cap" -- that is he was seen as dedicated to maintaining close ties between the Party and the trade unions. Callaghan's period as Chancellor of the Exchequer coincided with a turbulent period for the British economy, during which he had to wrestle with a balance of payments deficit and speculative attacks on the pound sterling (its exchange rate to other currencies was almost fixed by the Bretton Woods system). On 18 November 1967, the government devalued the pound sterling. Callaghan became Home Secretary. He used the British Army to support the police in Northern Ireland, after a request from the Northern Ireland Government. After Labour lost the 1970 election, Callaghan played a key role in the Shadow Cabinet. He became Foreign Secretary in 1974, taking responsibility for renegotiating the terms of Britain's membership of the European Economic Community, and supporting a "Yes" vote in the 1975 referendum to remain in the EEC. When Prime Minister Harold Wilson suddenly resigned in 1976, Callaghan defeated five other candidates to be elected as his replacement. Labour had already lost its small majority in the House of Commons by the time he became prime minister, and further by-elections and defections forced Callaghan to deal with minor parties such as the Liberal Party, particularly in the "Lib–Lab pact" from 1977 to 1978. Industrial disputes and widespread strikes in the 1978 "Winter of Discontent" made Callaghan's government unpopular, and the defeat of the referendum on devolution for Scotland led to the successful passage of a motion of no confidence on 28 March 1979. This was followed by a defeat in the ensuing general election. Callaghan remained Leader of the Labour Party until November 1980, to reform the process by which the party elected its leader, before returning to the backbenches where he remained until he was made a life peer as Baron Callaghan of Cardiff. - 1974
James Callaghan smiling at camera.
Leonard James Callaghan looking at someone. 1978.
Leonard James Callaghan photographed holding spade. 1963.
British politician, Leonard James Callaghan. 1961.
Leonard James Callaghan and Audrey Elizabeth Callaghan photographed together. 1978.
Leonard James Callaghan with Audrey Elizabeth Callaghan, smiling.
British politician, James Callaghan arriving with his wife Audrey. 1977.
Labour's "Shadow Cabinet," Leonard James Callaghan M.P.
Portrait of Leonard James Callaghan, PC, MP. 1972.
The signature of James Callaghan, M.P. 1963.
The British Prime Minister and leader of the Labour Party, James Callaghan. 1978.
Leonard James Callaghan and Harold Wilson smoking a pipe at press conference. 1974.
Audrey Elizabeth Callaghan and Leonard James Callaghan holding planting tools. 1976.
Leonard James Callaghan photographed at Transport House. 1979.
James Callaghan photographed standing by the door.
James Callaghan talking to the woman.
Close up of former British Prime Minister James Callaghan
James Callaghan and Balthazar Johannes Vorster having discussions on the future of southern Africa.
A side view vintage photo of a British Politician James Callaghan.
James Callaghan having a conversation.
Portrait of Jim Callaghan.
Portrait of James Callaghan.
A candid portrait of James Callaghan.
A humorous exchange between Dr. Henry Kissinger and James Callaghan.
Former British Prime Minister James Callaghan being photographed while he put his hand inside the blazer's pocket. 1977.
Close up of former British Prime Minister James Callaghan, while he looking towards the camera with smiling face
James Callaghan at the Western leaders' summit conference in London in May 1977.
Audrey Callaghan smiling, wife of British Prime Minister James Callaghan.
James Callaghan entering his official car outside Lancaster House in London.
Close-up portrait of James Callaghan.
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Posted in E.T. Intelligence, Space
WE MIGHT BE ALONE IN THE UNIVERSE: THE FERMI PARADOX AND THE ATTEMPTS TO EXPLAIN IT.
Jesus Padilla October 30, 2018 Leave a comment
“Two possibilities exist: either we are alone in the Universe or we are not. Both are equally terrifying.”
― Arthur C. Clarke
By Jesus Padilla
The Fermi paradox, is a term coined after physicist Enrico Fermi established the contradiction between the incipient evidence and the high probability estimations behind the existence of extraterrestrial life (or advanced extraterrestrial civilizations). The basic principles made by physicists Enrico Fermi and Michael H. Hart are the following:
There are billions of stars in our galaxy that are similar to the Sun, and many of these stars are billions of years older than the Solar system.
With high probability, some of these stars have a planet like ours, and if the Earth is common, some may have developed intelligent life at some extent.
Some of these civilizations may have developed interstellar travel, a step the Earth is way far to accomplish at big scale.
Even at the slow pace of currently envisioned interstellar travel, the Milky Way galaxy could be completely traversed in a few million years.
According to the previous points, there should be evidence now that the Earth has been visited by extraterrestrial beings. According to Fermi there was not formal science-based evidence of this, leading him to establish the question of “Where is everybody?”
There have been many attempts to explain the Fermi paradox, primarily either suggesting that intelligent extraterrestrial life is non existent, extremely rare or proposing reasons that such civilizations have not contacted or visited Earth.
Italian-born physicist Enrico Fermi explaining a problem in physics, circa 1950. Photo Credit: Encyclopaedia Britannica
The first principle of the Fermi paradox is a function of the scale where an estimation of 200–400 billion stars are in the Milky Way (2–4 × 1011) and 70 sextillion (7×1022) are in the observable universe. Even if intelligent life occurs on only a small percentage of planets around these stars, there might still be a great number of potential intelligent civilizations, and if the percentage were high enough it would produce a significant number of existing civilizations in the Milky Way. This assumes the mediocrity principle, by which the Earth is a typical or a “common” planet.
The second aspect of the paradox is based on probability: given intelligent life ability to overcome scarcity and its predetermined behavior to search for new environments, therefore is the possibility that at least some civilizations would be quite technologically advanced, seek for new resources in outer space and colonize their own or surrounding star systems.
The scary conclusion so far, is that apparently there is no conclusive or significant evidence on Earth (yet), or elsewhere in the known observable universe of other intelligent beings after 13.8 billion years of the universe history!, so there is a mismatch between the odds of their existence vs their non existence, at least in the same space-time of ours that demands specific answers, in consequence a big bunch of hypotheses have arisen. Some examples of possible explanations are that intelligent life is really rare, or maybe our assumptions about the general development or behavior of intelligent species are flawed, or more radically that our current scientific understanding of the nature of the universe itself is quite far to be completed or assimilated due to the intrinsic nature of the “human intelligence” that could be quite limited vs other E.T. living beings.
The Fermi Paradox remind me recent declarations made by Neil deGrasse Tyson (STARMUS Festival 2016) where as per their own words said the likelihood of an encounter are really, really low. In the case of the existence of “A sufficiently intelligent civilization would have positively no interest in us at all” stated. “In the same way as when you’re walking down a street and there’s a worm there.”. And even if you wanted to kill all the worms, he continued, you’d soon get bored and do something else. Maybe we will never get visited since as per Tyson´s declarations “our biggest protection against being killed by alien civilizations is their conclusion there’s no intelligent civilization on Earth” . “Suppose in fact intelligence has come to the galaxy. Who are we to then decide that we are intelligent? We define our intelligence. Of course we’re intelligent because we define it”.
Neil deGrasse Tyson and Jill Tarter at the STARMUS 2016 Festival, Canary Islands. Tenerife. Image Credit: Victor R. Ruiz Wikicommons.
Continuing with The Fermi paradox, it can be analyzed from two different perspectives. The first is asking what´s going on the neighborhood, “Why are no aliens or their artifacts found here on Earth, or in the Solar System?” If interstellar travel is possible, even the “slow” kind nearly within the reach of Earth technology, then it would only take from 5 million to 50 million years to colonize the galaxy. This is relatively brief on the space-time scale, let alone a cosmological one. Since there are many stars older than the Sun, and since intelligent life might have evolved earlier elsewhere, the question then becomes why the galaxy has not been colonized already. Even if colonization is impractical or undesirable to all alien civilizations, large-scale exploration of the galaxy could be possible by interstellar devices. These might leave detectable artifacts in the Solar System, such as old extraterrestrial devices or evidence of mining activity, but none of these have been observed.
The second perspective is asking the question around interstellar space (long distance related) as “Why we don´t see signs of intelligence elsewhere in the universe?” This version does not assume interstellar travel per se, but includes other galaxies or space bodies as well. For distant galaxies, travel times may well explain the lack of alien visitors to our neighborhood , but a sufficiently advanced civilization could potentially be observable over a significant fraction of the size of the observable universe. Even if such civilizations are scarce, the scale argument indicates they should exist somewhere at some point during the history of the universe, and since they could be detected from far away over a considerable period of time, many more potential sites for their origin are within range of our observation, but again there is no evidence yet. It is unknown whether the paradox is stronger for our galaxy or for the universe as a whole.
Hypothetical proposals to explain the paradox
1) Extraterrestrial life is really rare or could be non-existent.
There is a group of scientists which argue that intelligent extraterrestrial life is (nearly) impossible where the conditions needed for the evolution of life, or at least the evolution of biological complexity are rare or even unique to Earth. Under this principle, there is the called “rare Earth hypothesis”, a rejection of the mediocrity principle where life as we conceived it is “Earth exclusive” since it is really rare and unusual.
The Rare Earth hypothesis argues that the evolution of biological complexity requires a big bunch of fortuitous circumstances, such as a galactic habitable zone, a central star and planetary system having several “special conditions” such as the circumstellar habitable zone, a right sized terrestrial planet, the advantage of a giant guardian like Jupiter and a large natural satellite, conditions needed to ensure the planet has a magnetosphere and plate tectonics, the chemistry of the lithosphere, atmosphere, and oceans, the role of “evolutionary pumps” such as massive glaciation and rare bolide impacts, and whatever led to the appearance of the eukaryote cell, sexual reproduction and the Cambrian explosion. This explanation could open the argument that “this is something that happens all the time? or is one in a life event in the history of the universe?” Mind-blowing…
A diagram that shows the habitable zone limits around stars and its correlation by star type. Including Solar System planets (Venus, Earth, and Mars) and significant exoplanets such as TRAPPIST-1d, Kepler-186f and the nearest one Proxima Centauri b. Image Credit: Chester Harman.
2) No other intelligent species have arisen
It is possible that even if complex life is common, intelligence (and consequently civilizations) is not. While there are remote sensing techniques that could perhaps detect life-bearing planets without relying on the signs of technology, none of them has any ability to tell if any detected life is intelligent. This is sometimes referred to as the “algae vs. alumnae” problem. An experiment that might support the appearance of the essential elements to make life happen “everywhere” is the Miller–Urey experiment which was a chemical experiment that recreated the conditions thought at the time (1952) to be present on the early Earth, and tested the chemical origin of life under those conditions. The experiment supported the hypothesis that certain conditions on the primitive Earth favoured chemical reactions that synthesized more complex organic compounds from simpler inorganic precursors. Considered to be the classic experiment investigating abiogenesis. This experiment is not a direct indication that if life exists, therefore in consequence might be intelligent beings as a rule for the overcoming evolution of the developed species.
Stanley L. Miller, professor of chemistry at UC San Diego, circa 1981. Miller was the first to demonstrate that organic molecules necessary for life could be recreated in a laboratory flask. Photo credit: UCSD Publications Office
3) Intelligent alien species lack advanced technology
It may be that while alien species with intelligence exist, they are primitive or have not reached the level of technological advancement necessary to communicate. Along with non-intelligent life, such civilizations would be also very difficult for us to detect, short of a visit by a probe, a trip that would take hundreds of thousands of years with current technology. To skeptics, the fact that in the history of life on the Earth only one species has developed a civilization to the point of being capable of spaceflight and radio technology, lends more credence to the idea that technologically advanced civilizations are rare in the universe.
4) It is the nature of intelligent life to destroy itself
Establishes that technological civilizations may usually or invariably destroy themselves shortly after developing technology such as communication or aerospace devices. Reasons of annihilation could be attributed to several wars, accidental or on purpose environmental contamination, resource depletion, climate change or by designed artificial intelligence that turns against their creators. This general theme is explored both in fiction and in scientific hypothesizing. In 1966, Carl Sagan speculated that technological civilizations will either tend to destroy themselves within a century of developing interstellar communicative capability or master their self-destructive tendencies and survive for billion-year timescales.
Self-annihilation may also be viewed in terms of the second law of thermodynamics: Insofar as life is an ordered system that can sustain itself against the tendency to follow disorder or chaos, the “external transmission” or interstellar communicative phase may be the point at which the system becomes unstable and self-destructs in order to balance the universal entropy.
The mushroom cloud of the atomic bombing of the Japanese city of Nagasaki on August 9, 1945, rose some 11 mi (18 km) above the bomb’s hypocenter. Photo Credit: Wikipedia
5) It is the nature of intelligent life to destroy others
Another hypothesis is that an intelligent species beyond a certain point of technological capability will destroy other intelligent species as they appear. The idea that something, or someone might be destroying intelligent life in the universe has been explored in the scientific literature. A species might undertake such extermination driven by expansion purpose, paranoia in order to self-defense or triggered by aggression from the counter part.
British Astronomer Edward R. “Ted” Harrison. Photo Credit: American Astronomical Society.
In 1981, cosmologist Edward Harrison argued that such behavior would be an act of prudence: an intelligent species that has overcome its own self-destructive tendencies might view any other species bent on galactic expansion as a threat. It has also been suggested that a successful alien species would be a “super-predator”, such the humans. Another possibility invokes the “tragedy of the commons” and the anthropic principle: the first life-form to achieve interstellar travel will necessarily (even if unintentionally) prevent competitors arising, and humans simply happen to be first.
6) Periodic extinction by natural events
New life might commonly die out due to runaway heating or cooling on their fledgling planets. On Earth, there have been numerous major extinction events that destroyed the majority of complex species alive at the time; the extinction of the dinosaurs is the best known example.
Diagram that shows the “Chicxulub” meteorite impact crater in Yucatán, México. 65 million years ago this event marked the sudden extinction of the dinosaurs as well as the majority of life on Earth. Photo Credit: NASA.
These are thought to have been caused by events such as impact from a large meteorite, massive volcanic eruptions, or astronomical events such as gamma-ray bursts. It may be the case that such extinction events are common throughout the universe and periodically destroy intelligent life, or at least its civilizations, before the species is able to develop the technology to communicate with other intelligent species. Using extinct civilizations such as Easter Island as models, a study conducted in 2018 posited that climate change induced by “energy intensive” civilizations may prevent sustainability within such civilizations, thus explaining the paradoxical lack of evidence for intelligent extra-terrestrial life.
7) Inflation hypothesis and the youngness argument
Cosmologist Alan Guth proposed a multiverse solution to the Fermi paradox. This hypothesis uses the synchronous gauge probability distribution, with the result that young universes exceedingly outnumber older ones (by a factor of e for every second of age). Therefore, averaged over all universes, universes with civilizations will almost always have just one, the first to develop. However, Guth notes “Perhaps this argument explains why SETI has not found any signals from alien civilizations, but I find it more plausible that it is merely a symptom that the synchronous gauge probability distribution is not the right one.”
7) Intelligent civilizations are too far apart within space-time.
NASA’s conception of the Terrestrial Planet Finder. Image Credit: NASA
It may be that non-colonizing technologically capable alien civilizations exist, but that they are simply too far apart for meaningful two-way communication. If two civilizations are separated by several thousand light-years, it is possible that one or both cultures may become extinct before dialogue can be established. Human searches may be able to detect their existence, but communication will remain impossible because of large distances. It has been suggested that this problem might be mitigated somewhat if contact/communication is made through a Bracewell probe. In this case at least one partner in the exchange may obtain meaningful information. Alternatively, a civilization may simply broadcast its knowledge, and leave it to the receiver to make what they may of it. This is similar to the transmission of information from ancient civilizations to the present, and humanity has undertaken similar activities like the Arecibo message, which could transfer information about Earth’s intelligent species, even if it never yields a response or does not yield a response in time for humanity to receive it. It is also possible that archaeological evidence of past civilizations may be detected through deep space observations.
An attempt to make future contact with technological advanced civilizations through a probe (The Voyager): The Golden Disc. Image Credit: NASA/JPL
A related speculation by Sagan and Newman suggests that if other civilizations are out there transmitting and exploring, their signals and probes simply have not arrived yet. However, there is a position from those which support the paradox which establish that this is unlikely, since it requires that humanity presence in space-time must be in a very “special moment”, while the Milky Way is in transition from empty to full. This is a tiny fraction of the lifespan of a galaxy under ordinary assumptions and calculations resulting from them, so the likelihood that we are in the midst of this transition is considered low in the paradox.
8) Lack of resources to spread physically throughout the galaxy
Many speculations about the ability of an alien culture to colonize other star systems are based on the idea that interstellar travel is technologically possible. While the current understanding of physics rules out the possibility of faster-than-light travel, it appears that there are no major theoretical barriers to the construction of “slow” interstellar ships, even though the engineering required is considerably beyond our present capabilities. This idea underlies the concept of the Von Neumann and the Bracewell probe as a potential avenue to find extraterrestrial intelligence.
It is possible, however, that present scientific knowledge cannot properly gather and assess the feasibility and costs of such interstellar colonization. Theoretical barriers may not yet be understood, and the resources needed may be so great as to make it unlikely that any civilization could afford to attempt it, at least as per our current condition where we are putting more and more attention to save our planet instead of looking out there.
Even if interstellar travel and colonization are possible, they may be difficult, leading to a colonization model based on percolation theory. Colonization efforts may not occur as an unstoppable rush, but rather as an uneven tendency to “percolate” outwards, within an eventual slowing and termination of the effort given the enormous costs involved and the expectation that colonies will inevitably develop a culture and civilization of their own. Colonization may thus occur in “clusters,” with large areas remaining uncolonized at any one time.
If exploration, or backup from a native system disaster is the primary motive for expansion, then it is possible that mind uploading and similar technologies may reduce the desire to colonize by replacing physical travel with much less-expensive communication. Therefore, the first civilization may have physically explored or colonized the galaxy, but subsequent civilizations find it cheaper, faster, and easier to travel by contacting existing civilizations rather than physically exploring or traveling themselves. This leads to little or no physical travel at the current era, and only directed communications, which are hard to see except to the intended receiver.
9) Human beings have not existed long enough
Humanity’s ability to detect intelligent extraterrestrial life has existed for only a very brief period—from 1937 onwards, if the invention of the radio telescope is taken as the dividing line—and Homo sapiens is a geologically recent species. The whole period of modern human existence to date is a very brief period on a cosmological scale, and radio transmissions have only been propagated since 1895. Thus, it remains possible that human beings have neither existed long enough nor made themselves sufficiently detectable to be found by extraterrestrial intelligence.
The dawn of the “Radio Era”: Marconi’s first transmitter incorporating an antenna circa 1895. It consisted of an elevated copper sheet connected to a Righi spark gap powered by an induction coil with a telegraph key to switch it on and off to spell out text messages in Morse code. Photo Credit: americanradiohistory.com
10) We are not listening properly
There are some assumptions that underlie the SETI programs that may cause searchers to miss signals that are occurring. Extraterrestrials might, for example, transmit signals that have a very high or low data rate, or employ unconventional frequencies, which would make them hard to distinguish from background noise. Signals might be sent from non-main sequence star systems that we search with lower priority; current programs assume that most alien life will be orbiting Sun-like stars.
The Very Large Array in Socorro, New Mexico, an interferometric array formed of 27 parabolic dish telescopes. Image Credit: Hajor
The greatest challenge is the sheer size of the radio search needed to look for signals (effectively spanning the entire observable universe), the limited amount of resources committed to SETI, and the sensitivity of modern instruments. SETI estimates, for instance, that with a radio telescope as sensitive as the Arecibo Observatory, Earth’s television and radio broadcasts would only be detectable at distances up to 0.3 light-years, less than 1/10 the distance to the nearest star. A signal is much easier to detect if the signal energy is limited to either a narrow range of frequencies, or directed at a specific part of the sky. Such signals could be detected at ranges of hundreds to tens of thousands of light-years distance. However, this means that detectors must be listening to an appropriate range of frequencies, and be in that region of space to which the beam is being sent. Many SETI searches assume that extraterrestrial civilizations will be broadcasting a deliberate signal, like the Arecibo message, in order to be found.
Thus to detect alien civilizations through their radio emissions, Earth observers either need more sensitive instruments or must hope for fortunate circumstances: that the broadband radio emissions of alien radio technology are much stronger than our own; that one of SETI’s programs is listening to the correct frequencies from the right regions of space; or that aliens are deliberately sending focused transmissions in our general direction.
11) They tend to isolate themselves
It has been suggested that some advanced beings may divest themselves of physical form, create massive artificial virtual environments, transfer themselves into these environments through mind uploading, and exist totally within virtual worlds, ignoring the external physical universe.
It may also be that intelligent alien life develops an “increasing disinterest” in their outside world. Possibly any sufficiently advanced society will develop highly engaging media and entertainment well before the capacity for advanced space travel, and that the rate of appeal of these social contrivances is destined, because of their inherent reduced complexity, to overtake any desire for complex, expensive endeavors such as space exploration and communication. Once any sufficiently advanced civilization becomes able to master its environment, and most of its physical needs are met through technology, various “social and entertainment technologies”, including virtual reality, are postulated to become the primary drivers and motivations of that civilization.
12) They are too alien
Microwave window as seen by a ground-based system. From NASA report SP-419: SETI – the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. Image: SETI
Another possibility is that human theoreticians have underestimated how much alien life might differ from that on Earth. Aliens may be psychologically unwilling to attempt to communicate outside. Perhaps human mathematics is parochial to Earth and not shared by another kind of beings, though others argue this can only apply to abstract math since the math associated with physics must be similar (in results, if not in methods). Physiology might also cause a communication barrier. Carl Sagan speculated that an alien species might have a thought process orders of magnitude slower (or faster) than ours. A message broadcast by that species might well seem like random background noise to us, and therefore go undetected.
Another thought is that technological civilizations invariably experience a technological singularity and attain a post-biological character. Hypothetical civilizations of this sort may have advanced drastically enough to render communication impossible.
13) It is dangerous to communicate
An alien civilization might feel it is too dangerous to communicate, either for us or for them. After all, when very different civilizations have met on Earth, the results have often been disastrous for one side or the other, and the same may well apply to interstellar contact. Even contact at a safe distance could lead to infection by computer code or even ideas themselves. Perhaps prudent civilizations actively hide not only from Earth but from everyone, out of fear of other civilizations.
Stephen Hawking stated several times about the threats of contacting “on purpose” E.T. civilizations.
Perhaps the Fermi paradox itself—or the alien equivalent of it—is the reason for any civilization to avoid contact with other civilizations, even if no other obstacles existed. From any one civilization’s point of view, it would be unlikely for them to be the first ones to make first contact. Therefore, according to this reasoning, it is likely that previous civilizations faced fatal problems with first contact and doing so should be avoided. So perhaps every civilization keeps quiet because of the possibility that there is a real reason for others to do so. Liu Cixin’s novel The Dark Forest is based upon such a situation.
14) They are here unacknowledged
A significant fraction of the population believes that at least some UFOs (Unidentified Flying Objects) are spacecraft piloted by aliens. While most of these are unrecognized or mistaken interpretations of mundane phenomena, there are those that remain puzzling even after investigation. The consensus scientific view is that although they may be unexplained, they do not rise to the level of convincing evidence.
Extract from the news on the supposed UFO footage by George Adamski. c. 1952. Photo Credit: Burlington News.
Similarly, it is theoretically possible that SETI groups are not reporting positive detections, or governments have been blocking signals or suppressing publication. This response might be attributed to security or economic interests from the potential use of advanced extraterrestrial technology. It has been suggested that the detection of an extraterrestrial radio signal or technology could well be the most highly secret information that exists.Claims that this has already happened are common in the popular press, but the scientists involved report the opposite experience—the press becomes informed and interested in a potential detection even before a signal can be confirmed.
FOR ALL MANKIND: AN ALTERNATE STORY OF THE MOON LANDING WRITTEN BY DONALD B. MOORE
THE LAST WORDS OF A MAN WHO WARNED ABOUT IGNORANCE AND POWER, WORDS WHICH NOW ARE MORE RELEVANT THAN EVER: SAGAN’s LAST INTERVIEW WITH CHARLIE ROSE AIRED ON MAY 1996.
MAKING HISTORY: THE FIRST EVER PHOTO OF A BLACK HOLE FINALLY RELEASED.
THE UNFORGETTABLE POEM QUOTED BY MICHAEL CAINE ON THE INTERSTELLAR MOVIE: DYLAN THOMAS “DO NO GOT GENTLE INTO THAT GOOD NIGHT”
← WHERE MAGIC AND MAGNETISM COLLIDE: THE HISTORY OF MAGNETIC LEVITATION IN TRAINS.
THE NEXT BIG THING ON SKIN HEALING: THE e-bandage. →
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← Late Taliban leader’s regular trips to Iran helped US spies track him down
Relations between UK spy agencies “broke down” during war on terrorism →
Ex-Mossad chief calls on Israel to speak with Hamas
June 1, 2016 by Joseph Fitsanakis Leave a comment
A former director of Israel’s Mossad intelligence agency has called on the Israeli government to reach out to Hamas, arguing that the Palestinian group is now ready to accept a peace settlement. Efraim Halevy directed the Mossad, Israel’s primary external intelligence agency, for five years before retiring in 2002. He is best known for helping forge a historic peace treaty between Israel and Jordan in 1994, which made the Hashemite Kingdom the second Arab country, after Egypt, to sing a peace accord with the Jewish state.
Halevy was speaking last week at an annual conference hosted in New York by the Israel-based newspaper The Jerusalem Post. During a panel entitled “Does the World Have an Answer to Islamic Terror?”, Halevy said it was time for Israel to speak to Hamas about the possibility of a peace treaty. The former Mossad director said he knew that “senior figures in the United States” had already established contacts with the Palestinian militant group, which controls the Gaza Strip. He also said that he knew “with certainty” that the leadership of Hamas was prepared to consider some kind of a “temporary settlement” based on the promise of the establishment of a Palestinian state along the pre-1967 Six-Day War borders. “The leadership of Hamas knows that they have no chance of destroying Israel”, said Halevy, adding that “now is the time to talk to Hamas”. According to the retired spy, a temporary settlement between Israel and Hamas that seeks to establish a Palestinian state would amount to a start in negotiations for a recognition of the state of Israel by Hamas. Halevy criticized Israel for refusing to speak with Hamas, saying that “as long as Israel refuses to talk with Hamas, and in the absence of any other alternative, [Hamas] has no option but to do what it does now”.
Last week was not the first time that Halevy has called for Israel to negotiate with Hamas. In July 2014, he told the American television network CNN that there were numerous radical groups in the Gaza Strip that were more threatening to Israel’s security than Hamas, not to mention Sunni Islamist groups like the Islamic State, which posed a much more pertinent challenge to regional stability. Two years earlier, n 2012, Halevy had issued a public call for dialogue between Israel and Iran, saying that “the Iranians, in their heart of hearts, would like to get out of their conundrum”, referring to Tehran’s nuclear program.
► Author: Joseph Fitsanakis | Date: 01 June 2016 | Permalink
Filed under A specialized intelligence website written by experts Tagged with Efraim Halevy, Hamas, Israel, Mossad, News, Palestine
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Venezuelan ex-spy chief disappears as Spain seeks to extradite him to US
November 13, 2019 by Joseph Fitsanakis Leave a comment
The former director of Venezuela’s military spy agency, who is wanted in the United States for drug trafficking, reportedly disappeared in Spain as authorities there were attempting to extradite him to Washington. Hugo Carvajal is a retired general and former diplomat, who was a member of the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez’s inner circle. From 2004 to 2011, under Chávez’s tutelage, Carvajal headed the Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence (DGCIM).
In 2008 the US named Carvajal as a major facilitator of international drugs trafficking and imposed financial sanctions on his assets around the world. Washington accused Carvajal of assisting the paramilitary group known as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) transport drugs from Latin America to Mexico and from there to the US.
Things took an interesting turn, however, when in February of this year Carvajal posted a video on social media in which he denounced Chávez’s successor, President Nicolás Maduro, and sided with his arch-nemesis, Juan Guaido, the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela. In his video, Carvajal urged the Venezuelan armed forces to stop siding with Maduro and support Guaido as Venezuela’s acting president. Guaido is openly supported by the United States and dozens of other Western countries.
Soon after making his announcement, Carvajal fled to Spain, where he was arrested in April, after the US Department of Justice filed a formal request for the former spy chief’s extradition to America. But in September, Spain’s top criminal court ruled that Carvajal would not be extradited to the US. The former spy chief was released minutes after the court made its decision known.
Last Friday, however, the same court accepted an appeal by the Office of the Public Prosecutor and overturned its earlier decision. Shortly after the court’s decision, Spanish media reported that Carvajal had already been arrested and was due to be transported to the US in a matter of days. But three days later, the former spy chief posted a message on his personal Twitter account saying that neither he nor his lawyers had been approached by Spanish police. It appeared, then, that Carvajal had not been detained.
Spanish newspaper El Pais reported on Tuesday that Carvajal was nowhere to be found when Spanish police officers went to his residence in Madrid to arrest him. His whereabouts are currently unknown, said the paper. The US Department of Justice has not commented on the case.
► Author: Joseph Fitsanakis | Date: 13 November 2019 | Permalink
Filed under A specialized intelligence website written by experts Tagged with 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis, DGCIM (Venezuela), extraditions, Hugo Carvajal, narcotics trade, News, Spain, United States, Venezuela
Spanish court rejects US request to extradite Venezuelan ex-spy chief
September 19, 2019 by Joseph Fitsanakis Leave a comment
Spain has refused to extradite Venezuela’s former spy chief to the United States, where he is wanted for drug-running. The decision is also an intelligence setback for Washington, as the former spy, Hugo Carvajal, is reputed to possess a “treasure trove” of inside information on the Venezuelan government. Carvajal is a retired general, a former diplomat, and a member of the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez’s inner circle. From 2004 to 2011, under Chávez’s tutelage, Carvajal headed the Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence (DGCIM). In 2008 the US named Carvajal as a major facilitator of international drugs trafficking and imposed financial sanctions on his assets around the world. Washington accused Carvajal of assisting the paramilitary group known as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) transport drugs from Latin America to Mexico and from there to the US.
In 2014, the US government officially charged Carvajal with orchestrating a shipment of 1,200lbs of cocaine from Venezuela to Mexico. Washington also charged Carvajal with supplying FARC drug traffickers with Venezuelan passports bearing fake names, which they used to travel internationally to avoid detection. In February of this year, Carvajal publicly unexpectedly denounced Maduro and sided with his arch-nemesis, Juan Guaido, the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela. Carvajal urged the Venezuelan armed forces to stop siding with Maduro and support the US-backed Guaido as Venezuela’s acting president. In April of this year, Carvajal was arrested in Spain. Soon afterwards, the US Department of Justice filed a formal request for the former spy chief’s extradition to the US. An anonymous US official hinted at the time that Carvajal may have willingly given himself up to Spanish police to express his desire to cooperate with the US.
On Monday, however, Spain’s National Court (the country’s top criminal court) announced that Carvajal would not be extradited to the US. The former spy chief was released minutes after the court made its decision known. A court spokesman told reporters that a formal ruling and justification would be released “later”, but an official document has yet to be published. Carvajal’s lawyers told the court that the US request to have him extradited was politically motivated by the administration of US President Donald Trump. It is possible that the court may have sided with that view. There are also rumors that Carvajal may have agreed to cooperate with Spanish intelligence in return for receiving political asylum in Spain. The US Department of Justice has not commented on the case.
► Author: Joseph Fitsanakis | Date: 19 September 2019 | Permalink
Spain’s second largest bank under investigation in massive espionage scandal
July 31, 2019 by Ian Allen 1 Comment
Spain’s second largest bank has been placed under investigation in connection with a probe into an illegal network that spied on scores of politicians, business executives, journalists and judges for over 20 years. The investigation centers on José Manuel Villarejo (pictured), a 67-year-old former police chief, who remains in pre-trial custody following his arrest in November of 2017 for carrying out illegal wiretaps. State prosecutors accuse Villarejo of running an illicit information-collection enterprise that violated the privacy of hundreds of unsuspecting citizens. Villarejo’s victims were targeted by corporate competitors and individual wealthy clients. Many were eventually blackmailed by the recipients of the information that was collected by the former police chief and his network.
On Tuesday, Spain’s High Court, the Audiencia Nacional, placed the country’s second-largest bank, the BBVA, under formal investigation in connection with the Villarejo case. Audiencia Nacional Judge Manuel García-Castellón took the decision to investigate the BBVA after government prosecutors argued that the bank was one of Villarejo’s main clients, as shown in documents seized from the former police chief in 2017. According to the prosecution, the bank made illicit payments to a company called Cenyt, which was owned by Villarejo. The payments lasted for over 13 years, during which Villarejo earned close to €10 million ($11.1 million) from BBVA. In return, Villarejo and his employees carried out surveillance operations on behalf of the bank. One of the operations targeted Sacyr, a large Spanish-based construction company, which had tried to purchase BBVA in 2004 and 2005. Spanish government prosecutors now accuse BBVA of bribery, disclosure of sensitive information, and corrupt business practices.
In January of 2018 five active police officers and an employee of the Agencia Tributaria, Spain’s tax revenue service, testified in court about having worked for Villarejo’s network. They disclosed information about Operation KITCHEN, an espionage effort that targeted Luis Bárcenas, a senator and party treasurer of Spain’s conservative Partido Popular. The purpose of Operation KITCHEN was to wiretap Bárcenas’ communications without acquiring a court warrant, said the witnesses. Last year Bárcenas was jailed for 33 years for his role in the so-called Gürtel case, the largest corruption scandal in modern Spanish history, which brought down the conservative government of Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy in July of 2017. Villarejo’s trial continues.
► Author: Ian Allen | Date: 31 July 2019 | Permalink
Filed under A specialized intelligence website written by experts Tagged with Agencia Tributaria (Spain), BBVA (Spain), corruption, Gürtel case, José Manuel Villarejo, lawsuits, Spain, warrantless communications interception, wiretapping
Spain returns stolen material to North Korean embassy in Madrid, say sources
April 16, 2019 by Joseph Fitsanakis 1 Comment
Authorities in Spain have returned material that was stolen from the embassy of North Korea in Madrid by a group of raiders in February, according to a source that spoke to the Reuters news agency. The unprecedented attack took place in the afternoon of February 22 in a quiet neighborhood of northern Madrid, where the North Korean embassy is located. Ten assailants, all Asian-looking men, entered the three-story building from the main gate, brandishing guns, which were later found to be fake. They tied up and gagged the embassy’s staff and some visitors to the embassy. After several hours spent inside the buildings, the assailants abandoned the building in two embassy vehicles that were later found abandoned.
A few weeks following the raid, a North Korean dissident group calling itself Cheollima Civil Defense —also known as Free Joseon— claimed responsibility for the attack. Cheollima Civil Defense is North Korea’s first known active resistance group. Its members call for the overthrow of the Kim dynasty. Subsequent reports said that some of those who took part in the embassy raided fled to the United States and approached the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) with an offer to hand over computer hardware and telephones captured in the attack. On Tuesday, the Reuters news agency reported that the FBI “returned the material [to Spanish authorities] two weeks ago”, and that Spanish police handed it over to the North Koreans. Citing “a Spanish judicial source”, Reuters said that American authorities returned the material directly to the Spanish court that is investigating the raid.
According to the news agency, Spanish authorities returned the material to the North Korean embassy without reviewing its contents, thus complying with the norms of diplomatic protocol. Data and items belonging to foreign embassies are usually off-limits to the authorities of host nations. The report did not clarify whether the FBI returned all the material that was stolen by the raiders in February, nor did it state whether the FBI reviewed its contents prior to handing it over to the Spanish court.
► Author: Joseph Fitsanakis | Date: 17 April 2019 | Permalink
Filed under A specialized intelligence website written by experts Tagged with Cheollima Civil Defense, FBI, Free Joseon, Madrid (Spain), North Korea, North Korean embassy in Spain, Spain
Venezuelan ex-spy chief with ‘treasure trove of intel’ on Maduro arrested in Spain
April 15, 2019 by Joseph Fitsanakis Leave a comment
The former director of Venezuela’s military spy agency, who is wanted in the United States for facilitating international drug trafficking, has been arrested in Spain and may be extradited to Washington. Hugo Carvajal is a retired general and former diplomat, who was a member of the late Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez’s inner circle. From 2004 to 2011, under Chávez’s tutelage, Carvajal headed the Directorate General of Military Counterintelligence (DGCIM). But in 2008, the US named Carvajal as a major facilitator of international drugs trafficking and imposed financial sanctions on his assets around the world. Washington accused Carvajal of assisting the paramilitary group known as the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia (FARC) transport drugs from Latin America to Mexico and from there to the US.
In 2014, the US government officially charged Carvajal with orchestrating a shipment of 1,200lbs of cocaine from Venezuela to Mexico. Washington also charged Carvajal with supplying FARC drug traffickers with Venezuelan passports bearing fake names, which they used to travel internationally to avoid detection. In 2014, Carvajal was arrested by authorities in Aruba, a Dutch overseas territory in Latin America, where he was serving as Venezuela’s consul general. But, to Washington’s dismay, he was released after the Dutch government ruled that his diplomatic immunity gave him immunity from prosecution. Following his release, Carvajal returned to Venezuela, where he was given a hero’s welcome by Chávez’s successor, President Nicolás Maduro. It came as a shock, therefore, when in February of this year Carvajal posted a video on social media in which he denounced Maduro and sided with his arch-nemesis, Juan Guaido, the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela. Carvajal’s issued his video a few weeks after Guaido declared himself president of Venezuela, citing powers afforded to him by the country’s constitution. He has since been openly supported by the United States and dozens of other Western countries. In his video, Carvajal urged the Venezuelan armed forces to stop siding with Maduro and support Guaido as Venezuela’s acting president.
The BBC reported that, shortly after Carvajal’s arrest in Spain, the US Department of Justice filed a formal request for the former spy chief’s extradition to the US. But the Reuters news agency cited an unnamed US government official who said that Carvajal was in possession of a “treasure trove” of intelligence about Maduro’s administration. The US official hinted that Carvajal may have willingly given himself up to Spanish police to express his desire to cooperate with the US. He is scheduled to appear before Spain’s High Court on Saturday. The court has 24 hours following Carvajal’s arrest to rule whether he will be extradited or freed from detention.
Dissident group ‘approached the FBI’ after raid on North Korean embassy in Madrid
March 27, 2019 by Joseph Fitsanakis 5 Comments
Members of a self-styled dissident group that raided North Korea’s embassy in Madrid last month reportedly approached the authorities in the United States, offering to share material taken from the embassy. The attack took place in the afternoon of February 22 in a quiet neighborhood in northern Madrid, where the North Korean embassy is located. Ten assailants, all Southeast Asian-looking men, entered the three-story building from the main gate, brandishing guns, which were later found to be fake. They tied up and gagged the embassy’s staff, as well as three North Korean architects who were visiting the facility at the time. The assailants later abandoned the building in two embassy vehicles that were later found abandoned.
Initial reports alleging that Washington was involved in the raid were later found to be inaccurate, as an obscure North Korean dissident group, calling itself Cheollima Civil Defense —also known as Free Joseon— claimed responsibility for the attack. Cheollima Civil Defense is North Korea’s first known active resistance group in living memory, and has called for the overthrow of the Kim dynasty. But little is known about its members.
On Tuesday, however, Judge José de la Mata, of the Spanish High Court, told reporters that three members of the group had been identified by Spanish authorities. He named them as: Adrian Hong Chang, a Mexican national who is a resident of the United States; Sam Ryu, an American citizen; and Woo Ran Lee, a South Korean. Judge de la Mata said that all ten members of the group had managed to leave Spain in the hours following the attack on the North Korean embassy. Interestingly, however, Chang, who left Europe through Portugal, appeared in New York on February 27 and approached the local field office of the FBI. He allegedly met with FBI agents and described the raid on the North Korean embassy. He then offered to give the FBI some of the material that Cheollima Civil Defense stole from the embassy, including a mobile phone, USBs, laptops, as well as several hard drives.
It is not known whether the FBI accepted Chang’s offer. But, according to Judge de la Mata, Chang “handed over audiovisual material” to the FBI. When asked about Judge de la Mata’s statement, the FBI said it does not comment on investigations that are in progress. The US Department of State said that the American government “had nothing to do” with the attack on the North Korean embassy in February.
► Author: Joseph Fitsanakis | Date: 27 March 2019 | Permalink
Filed under A specialized intelligence website written by experts Tagged with Adrian Hong Chang, Cheollima Civil Defense, Free Joseon, Madrid (Spain), News, North Korea, North Korean embassy in Spain, Sam Ryu, Spain, Woo Ran Lee
Analysis: Who was behind the raid on the North Korean embassy in Madrid?
An obscure North Korean dissident group was most likely behind a violent raid on North Korea’s embassy in Madrid on February 22, which some reports have pinned on Western spy agencies, including the Central Intelligence Agency. The group, known as the Cheollima Civil Defense, is believed to be the first North Korean resistance organization to declare war on the government of Supreme Leader Kim Jong-un.
The attack took place at 3:00 in the afternoon local time in Aravaca, a leafy residential district of northern Madrid, where the embassy of North Korea is located. Ten assailants, all Southeast Asian-looking men, entered the three-story building from the main gate, brandishing guns, which were later found to be fake. They tied up and gagged the embassy’s staff, as well as three North Korean architects who were visiting the facility at the time. But one staff member hid at the embassy. She eventually managed to escape from a second-floor window and reach an adjacent building that houses a nursing home. Nursing home staff called the police, who arrived at the scene but had no jurisdiction to enter the embassy grounds, since the premises are technically North Korean soil. When police officers rang the embassy’s doorbell, an Asian-looking man appeared at the door and said in English that all was fine inside the embassy. But a few minutes later, two luxury cars belonging to the North Korean embassy sped away from the building with the ten assailants inside, including the man who had earlier appeared at the front door.
Once they entered the embassy, Spanish police found eight men and women tied up, with bags over their heads. Several had been severely beaten and at least two had to be hospitalized. The victims told police that the assailants were all Korean, spoke Korean fluently, and had kept them hostage for nearly four hours. But they refused to file formal police complaints. The two diplomatic cars were later found abandoned at a nearby street. No money was taken by the assailants, nor did they seem interested in valuables of any kind. But they reportedly took with them an unknown number of computer hard drives and cell phones belonging to the embassy staff. They also stole an unknown quantity of diplomatic documents, according to reports.
POSSIBLE FOREIGN CULPRITS
Within a few hours, Spanish police had reportedly ruled out the possibility that the assailants were common thieves, arguing that the attack had been meticulously planned and executed. Also, common thieves would have looked for valuables and would not have stayed inside the embassy for four hours. Within a week, several Spanish newspapers, including the highly respected Madrid daily El País and the Barcelona-based El Periodico, pinned the raid on Western intelligence services. They cited unnamed police sources who claimed that at least two of the assailants had been identified and found to have links with the CIA. The reports also cited claims by embassy employees that the attackers interrogated them extensively about Soh Yun-sok, North Korea’s former ambassador to Madrid. Soh became Pyongyang’s chief nuclear negotiator after he was expelled by the Spanish government in 2017 in protest against North Korea’s nuclear missile tests. Read more of this post
Filed under A specialized intelligence website written by experts Tagged with Analysis, Cheollima Civil Defense, CIA, Free Joseon, Joseph Fitsanakis, Madrid (Spain), Newstex, North Korea, North Korean embassy in Spain, So Yun-sok, Spain
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Posts Tagged ‘Ayatollah Khomenei’
Review: Foucault and the Iranian Revolution
Copyright, Truthout.org. Reprinted with permission. Originally published on Sept. 13th, 2016
Janet Afary and Kevin B. Anderson’s Foucault and the Iranian Revolution presents a fascinating historical account of the process whereby the despotic Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi was overthrown by the Iranian masses in 1978-79, only to yield a dictatorial Islamist regime led by reactionary clerics. The transition to the Islamic Republic, ruled over by Grand Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Mūsavi Khomeini, found the unlikely support of Michel Foucault, the French philosopher well-known for his anti-authoritarian critique of Western modernity, who expressed great enthusiasm for the Shi’ite Islamist elements of the Revolution in a number of public articles he wrote about the fall of the Shah, as based on the two visits he made to Iran in 1978.
Afary and Anderson observe that, while many progressives and leftists — both in Iran and elsewhere — favored the Revolution against the Shah but could not countenance the notion of an Islamic Republic replacing such despotism, Foucault was less critical toward Khomeini and the possibility of clerical rule. The authors argue that Foucault’s attitude in this sense — rather than signify some aberration or lapse in judgment — indeed follows from his post-structuralist political theorizing, which rejects the Enlightenment and despairs at the historical possibility of emancipation. As such, Foucault and the Iranian Revolution serves as an important warning for Western radicals and intellectuals vis-à-vis revolutionary movements, anti-imperialism and political authoritarianism in the rest of the world. Moreover, it raises questions about the liberatory potential of post-structuralism, detailing how that tendency’s preeminent spokesperson so clearly betrayed Iran’s workers, women, LGBTQ citizens, dissidents and religious and ethnic minorities by romanticizing what French leftist Maxime Rodinson refers to as “a type of archaic fascism.”
In their investigation of Foucault’s relationship with the Iranian Revolution, Afary and Anderson situate the philosopher’s writings within the context of the rejection of modernity he advances in works like Madness and Civilization (1961) and Discipline and Punish (1975). In this way, the authors hold that Foucault privileges pre-modernism, irrationalism and traditionalism — and therefore patriarchal domination. In fact, Foucault was not very attuned to feminist concerns, as is clearly seen in the October 1978 essay, “What Are the Iranians Dreaming About?” Here, the writer uncritically cites the vision of a future Iranian Islamic state in which there would supposedly not be any “inequality with respect to rights” between men and women, but “difference, since there is a natural difference.” Beyond this, in certain ways, the Grand Ayatollah Khomeini can be said to typify the “will to power” developed by Friedrich Nietzsche, the authoritarian irrationalist whose thought was central to Foucault’s worldview, as was that of Martin Heidegger, the Nazi-friendly phenomenologist whose concept of “being toward death” resonated with Foucault. The authors have a point, then, in observing that “Foucault’s affinity with the Iranian Islamists […] may also reveal some of the larger ramifications of his Nietzschean-Heideggerian discourse.”
Psychologically and philosophically, Foucault found the 1978 mass-demonstrations against the Shah that re-enacted the historical drama of the battle of Karbala (680 CE) and the martyrdom there of Hussein ibn Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad revered by Shi’ites, highly compelling. For Afary and Anderson, Foucault’s attraction to the Iranian Revolution can be explained by the common interests the philosopher shared with many of the insurgents in terms of traditionalism, anti-imperialism and death. During the Revolution, the mourning celebrations of Muharram and Ashura, which commemorate the death of Hussein ibn Ali, his family and followers at the hands of the Sunni Umayyad dynasty, saw Shi’ite Islam being interpreted to emphasize the righteousness of masses of people electing to give their lives for the cause of overthrowing the Shah. Indeed, the principal intellectual forerunner of the Iranian Revolution, Ali Shariati, stressed martyrdom as the defining element of Shi’ism: Alavid or “red Shi’ism” (that of Hussein ibn Ali) against Safavid (institutionalized) or “black Shi’ism.” Shariati’s view is that all generations are invited to give up their lives in the struggle if they cannot kill their oppressors.
While Shariati did not live to see the Revolution he inspired, the major uprisings of September 1978 followed his predictions, as scores of protesters were killed in the streets by the Shah’s security forces on “Black Friday” (September 8). Thereafter, general strikes were launched in various industries and the Shah’s end drew precipitously closer. Foucault was deeply struck by these mobilizations involving hundreds of thousands of people, seeing in them the total “other” of established Western society. Indeed, his enthusiasm for the advance of the Revolution through Islamist “political spirituality” led him to disregard the secularist and left-wing elements participating in the movement as less authentic than the expressly Shi’ite protestors, and in fact to declare that the collective political will of the Iranian people was entirely unified by political Islam and a generalized love for the exiled Ayatollah Khomeini.
In the aforementioned article regarding Iranian dreams, Foucault also embarrassingly reproduces a line from a cleric stipulating that Iran’s ethnic and religious minorities — Kurds, Jews, Baha’is, Zoroastrians — would be respected insofar as their lives did not “injure the majority.” This lapse, together with the anti-feminist sentiment Foucault reproduced in the same essay, led an Iranian woman named “Atoussa H.” to call him out publicly. In a letter to Le Nouvel Observateur published in November 1978, Foucault’s critic issued a warning about the philosopher’s romanticization of Islamism and the prospect of an Islamic State in Iran, noting that, “everywhere outside Iran, Islam serves as a cover for feudal or pseudo-revolutionary oppression.” Atoussa H. despaired at the prospect of having the reign of the bloody Shah merely yield to religious fanaticism. Foucault’s public reply to Atoussa H. was condescending and evasive — rather than respond to the woman’s concerns, Foucault accused her feminism of being Orientalist.
In his writings from late 1978, moreover, the intellectual provided significant ideological cover to Khomeinism, claiming the Shi’ite clergy to be non-hierarchical and reassuring his readers that “there will not be a Khomeini party” or a “Khomeini government.” Some months later, after the Shah’s abdication and the “victory” of the Revolution, Foucault announced that “religion’s role was [merely] to open the curtain,” and that now, “the mullahs will disperse.” Meanwhile, Rodinson publicly challenged Foucault’s delusions on Iran in Le Monde, arguing that the domination of the Revolution by clerical elements threatened to merely have one form of despotism be succeeded by another. In parallel, Iranian Marxists and the Fedayeen guerrillas made known their unease at the prospect of the same.
The oppressive nature of the clerical regime that Foucault had helped to legitimize became readily evident after February 1979. Upon his return from exile, Khomeini moved swiftly to overturn established laws protecting women’s rights, and on International Women’s Day, March 8, 1979, he announced that all Iranian women were obligated to wear the chador. Such actions led masses of women to mobilize on the very same day to denounce the incipient dictatorship, declaring ironically that, “In the Dawn of Freedom, We Have No Freedom.” Their courage as women rebelling against a new “revolutionary” order was hailed from afar by Simone de Beauvoir and Raya Dunayevskaya — but not by Foucault. Neither did the philosopher in question speak out after the new regime’s summary executions of political opponents and men accused of homosexuality became evident, to say nothing of the state’s attacks on the Kurds and Baha’is. Such silence led yet another critique of Foucault on Iran to be written, this time by Claudie and Jacques Broyelle. As they argue: “When one is an intellectual, when one works both on and with ‘ideas,’ when one has the freedom […] not to be a sycophantic writer, then one also has some obligations. The first one is to take responsibility for the ideas that one has defended when they are finally realized.”
Foucault’s public response to the Broyelles was as unsatisfying as his response to Atoussa H.: dismissive and opportunistic. While it is true that Foucault came in passing to acknowledge the chauvinistic and nationalistic aspects of the Iranian Revolution — and even questioned in the end whether it could be considered a Revolution, as it had installed a “bloody government of a fundamentalist clergy” — his stance toward Khomeini and the Islamic Republic was “fundamentally a stance of support,” as Afary and Anderson conclude. From June 1979, by which time the regressive nature of theocratic rule had become undeniable, to the time of his death in 1984, Foucault guarded silence on the question of Iran and the Revolution. Never did he recant his previous excitement about Shi’ite Islamism or plead forgiveness, much less express support for the Iranians who suffered so terribly under the very Islamic Republic for which he had served as an unwitting propagandist. On the contrary, Foucault in his writings on Iran advanced reactionary criticisms of human rights, democracy and feminism.
Post-Structuralism and Counterrevolution
The case of a renowned anti-authoritarian Western philosopher legitimizing the coming-to-power of a brutal theocratic ruling class in Iran raises a number of pressing questions. How could this have come to pass? In the first place, Afary and Anderson are right to observe that Foucault failed to grasp that “an anti-Western, religiously based system of power” could be as oppressive as fascism or Stalinism. His lapse in this sense owed in part to his ignorance and romanticization of political Islam in general and the thought of Ayatollah Khomeini in particular — for Khomeini in 1970 had already anticipated the despotism of the Islamic Republic with his text Velayat-e Faqih, which calls for clerical domination of the state. As has been mentioned above, as well, his attitude toward Iran was surely influenced by his affinities with traditionalist, non-Western elements.
In addition, nevertheless, Foucault’s unique philosophical proclivities likely played an important role. Post-structuralism rejects the “grand narratives” of socialism and historical progress, basing itself instead in the nihilist-irrationalist approach of Nietzsche, a thinker who argues in On the Genealogy of Morals that the French Revolution represented the victory of slave morality, ressentiment and the supposed power of “Judea” over Roman virility, centralism and imperialism. It is arguably Foucault’s pseudo-radical innovation of post-structuralism that set him apart from the rest of the global progressive movement on Iran; earlier that decade, in his debate with Noam Chomsky, the philosopher had already rejected anarcho-syndicalism. Moreover, according to Edward Said, he sided with Israel over the Palestinians, losing his close friend Gilles Deleuze in the process. In truth, one need only review Foucault’s shameful attitude toward a clerical-fascist regime that executed more than 20,000 citizens — many of them gay people and guerrillas — during the remainder of Khomeini’s lifetime to see the regressive qualities of his post-structuralism manifesting themselves clearly.
Beyond this, Afary and Anderson do recognize and commend Foucault’s activism and organizing in favor of prisoners, the Polish Solidarity Movement and the Vietnamese “boat people” fleeing Stalinist victory in Southeast Asia, but they argue that the Iranian Revolution formed a much more central commitment in the life of the philosopher. Foucault’s delusions regarding Iran mirror the serious errors expressed by several left-wing intellectuals in history — Albert Camus, for example, who rejected Algerian independence from the French Empire, or the numerous thinkers who lent their support to the Soviet Union and Maoist China — and they are well-critiqued by Dunayevskaya’s denunciation of observers of the Iranian Revolution who prioritized anti-imperialism over internal oppression. Such considerations remain very much germane today, particularly with regard to the catastrophe in Syria, where the Islamic Republic has played a most oppressive role together with Russia in propping up the fascistic Assad regime.
Tags:Alavid Shi'ism, Albert Camus, Algeria, Ali, Ali Shariati, anarcho-syndicalism, archaic fascism, Assad, Atoussa H., Ayatollah Khomenei, Baha'i, Bashar al-Assad, battle of Karbala, Black Friday, chador, China, Claudie Broyelle, death, democracy, Discipline and Punish, Edward Said, fascism, Fedayeen, feminism, Foucault, French Revolution, Friedrich Nietzsche, guerrillas, human rights, Hussein ibn Ali, International Women's Day, Iran, Iranian Revolution, Islam, Islamic Republic, Islamic State, Islamism, Israel, Jacques Broyelle, Janet Afary, Jews, Judaism, Karbala, Kevin B. Anderson, Khomeini, Kurds, LGBTQ, Madness and Civilization, Maoism, Martin Heidegger, Maxime Rodinson, Michel Foucault, Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Nietzsche, Noam Chomsky, Orientalism, Palestine, Palestinians, prisoners, Raya Dunayevskaya, Russia, Safavid Shi'ism, Shah, Simone de Beauvoir, solidarity, Soviet Union, Stalinism, Syria, theocracy, Umayyad, USSR, Velayat-e Faqih, Vietnamese boat people, Zionism, Zoroastrianism
Posted in 'development', anarchism, book reviews, displacement, imperialism, Iran, literature, reformism, requiems, Revolution, Syria, U.S., war | 1 Comment »
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Showing posts with label HCV tests. Show all posts
Roche's Novel Tests for the Management of Hepatitis C Virus Infection
By: PR Newswire
Jan. 5, 2012 01:01 AM
PLEASANTON, California, January 5, 2012 /PRNewswire/ --
- Tests change hepatitis C disease and patient management
Roche (SIX: RO, ROG; OTCQX: RHHBY) announced today that its novel, state of the art Hepatitis C virus (HCV) qualitative and quantitative tests received CE mark. The tests detect HCV RNA, which is a crucial marker in the management of hepatitis C infection. In the new era of antiviral HCV therapies, sensitive detection and measurement of HCV RNA play an important role in determining treatment duration and predicting treatment response.
"The two tests provide a holistic solution for the management of hepatitis C infection: from the confirmation of a hepatitis C infection to the prediction and assessment of treatment response," said Paul Brown, Ph.D., Head of Roche Molecular Diagnostics. "Considering the rapidly changing hepatitis C treatment environment, we are pleased to provide two medically relevant tests on one fully automated platform. This offers clinicians the tools to manage their patients effectively and laboratories the automation and flexibility to maximize their workflow efficiency."
COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HCV Qualitative Test, v2.0(1) is intended for the confirmation of HCV antibody positive specimens and COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HCV Quantitative Test, v2.0 is intended for viral load monitoring and the prediction of virological response to antiviral therapy. Both tests are standardized with the World Health Organization (WHO) International Standard and have a limit of detection and lower limit of quantitation of 15 IU/mL. These characteristics make them medically relevant diagnostic tools in the management of hepatitis C infection.
Roche also offers the COBAS TaqMan HIV-1 v2.0, HBV v2.0, and CMV(2) tests on the same fully automated COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan System.
About Hepatitis C
According to the World Health Organization, hepatitis C virus affects ~200 million people globally, around 170 million people are chronic carriers of hepatitis C virus and most do not know they are infected. About 65-75% of patients develop chronic HCV which can lead to cirrhosis, liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma.
About Roche
Headquartered in Basel, Switzerland, Roche is a leader in research-focused healthcare with combined strengths in pharmaceuticals and diagnostics. Roche is the world's largest biotech company with truly differentiated medicines in oncology, virology, inflammation, metabolism and CNS. Roche is also the world leader in in-vitro diagnostics, tissue-based cancer diagnostics and a pioneer in diabetes management. Roche's personalized healthcare strategy aims at providing medicines and diagnostic tools that enable tangible improvements in the health, quality of life and survival of patients. In 2010, Roche had over 80'000 employees worldwide and invested over 9 billion Swiss francs in R&D. The Group posted sales of 47.5 billion Swiss francs. Genentech, United States, is a wholly owned member of the Roche Group. Roche has a majority stake in Chugai Pharmaceutical, Japan. For more information: http://www.roche.com.
For inquiries, please call Corporate Communications at +1-925-730-8346.
All trademarks used or mentioned in this release are protected by law.
(1) The COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan HCV Qualitative and Quantitatives Tests, v2.0 are not available in the United States
(2) The COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan CMV Test is not available in the United States
Published Jan. 5, 2012— Reads 231
Copyright © 2012 SYS-CON Media, Inc. — All Rights Reserved.
Syndicated stories and blog feeds, all rights reserved by the author.
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Thursday, January 05, 2012 No comments: Links to this post
File Under HCV tests
New Rapid HIV, HCV Tests May Improve Point-of-Care Testing
From Medscape Medical News
Emma Hitt, PhD
August 19, 2011 (Atlanta, Georgia) — A new HIV rapid test platform, designed to deliver test results in 10 minutes, may also detect HIV earlier in the course of infection than currently available rapid tests, new research findings suggest.
The new rapid HIV test is based on the existing OraQuick HIV rapid test platform. Findings regarding the test were presented by Lisa A. Kurtz, a senior scientist at OraSure Technologies, Inc, in Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, during an oral session at the 2011 National HIV Prevention Conference (NHPC) here. Researchers are also working on developing an oral hepatitis C virus (HCV) test.
The currently approved OraQuick ADVANCE Rapid HIV-1/2 Antibody Test detects antibodies to HIV-1 and HIV-2 in 20 minutes. The new test is designed to deliver results in 10 minutes.
The researchers evaluated the new test in commercial seroconversion panels (n = 24) and a worldwide serologic panel representing diverse genotypes (n = 15). Sensitivity was evaluated by using 169 samples derived from patients infected with HIV-2. Specificity was evaluated in 300 plasma and 500 whole-blood specimens.
Results from the tests were compared with those from a third-generation enzyme immunoassay (EIA). The rapid HIV test detected seroconversion within an average of 1.13 days of third-generation EIA (24 panels), which detects seroconversion 15 days before the Western blot.
The prototype assay was 100% concordant when tested in 169 HIV-2 samples. In addition, the new test was also concordant with EIA when tested with 15 worldwide serologic panel specimens detecting all major genotypes.
The test was also 100% specific in both plasma (300/300) and whole-blood (500/500) specimens.
"We will need to establish performance in larger-scale clinical trials in order to support FDA approval," said Ron Ticho, senior vice president of corporate communications. "A key component of the regulatory approvals will also be obtaining a ‘CLIA [certificate of laboratory improvement amendment] waiver,’ which will allow the test to be used outside of laboratory settings, such as in doctor’s offices and clinics," he told Medscape Medical News.
According to Mr. Ticho, rapid tests provide actionable test results while the clinician still has access to the patient being tested. "This will improve linkage to care and prevents loss of patient follow-up."
Oral HCV Swab Test Under Evaluation
In another presentation at the same meeting, Jennifer Fuld, with the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, presented data on an oral swab rapid HCV antibody test developed by using the same OraQuick technology.
The finger stick version of the OraQuick HCV Rapid Antibody Test was approved on June 25, 2010, and is currently the only available HCV test that uses a finger stick. The current study evaluated the oral swab form of this test and found that overall, 97.5% of rapid test results matched those of the EIA. In 6 of the7 discordant pairs, the rapid test result agreed with the polymerase chain reaction result.
"From our experience in New York City, the rapid hepatitis C antibody test is ideal for high-risk community settings, and might make the difference for some patients between learning their status and not," said lead author Ann Drobnik, MPH, program collaboration and service integration analyst with the New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene.
"This is particularly true for those that have poor veins from injection drug use, or who have limited access to care and have difficultly attending multiple appointments and returning for their results," she told Medscape Medical News.
According to Ms. Drobnik, it is likely that the availability of the rapid test will increase the number of people willing to get tested for hepatitis C and the number of providers offering the test.
"It remains to be seen how rapid testing will impact testing services in practice and whether it results in many more people being tested, as the rapid HIV test did. The hepatitis C community is anticipating that testing will be more widely available and that many more people will learn their status," she said.
2011 National HIV Prevention Conference (NHPC): Abstracts 1351 and 1180. Presented August 16, 2011.
Emma Hitt is a freelance editor and writer for Medscape.Disclosure: Emma Hitt, PhD, has disclosed no relevant financial relationships.Dr. Hitt does not intend to discuss off-label uses of drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.Dr. Hitt does not intend to discuss investigational drugs, mechanical devices, biologics, or diagnostics not approved by the FDA for use in the United States.
http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/748323
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Saturday, August 20, 2011 No comments: Links to this post
File Under HCV tests, HIV
Checking up for Hep C and looking after yourself. Part 2
Uploaded by ididjaustralia on Jun 27, 2011
Hepatitis C Victoria (HCV):
http://www.hepcvic.org.au/
VAHS (Victorian Aboriginal Health Service):
Phone: 9419 3000 and 9403 3300
http://www.vahs.org.au/
VACCHO (Victorian Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organisation):
http://www.vaccho.com.au/
http://www.askhealth.org.au/
Wulumperi Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Sexual Health Unit:
www.mshc.org.au/indigenous
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Monday, June 27, 2011 No comments: Links to this post
File Under HCV tests, video
Hows It Done? Video Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
http://www.abnova.com ) -
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is a technique to amplify few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. There are three major steps (Denaturation, Annealing and Extension) in a PCR and repeat for 30 or 40 cycles.
More videos at Abnova http://www.abnova.com
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Tuesday, June 21, 2011 No comments: Links to this post
File Under HCV tests, viral load
Should Patients with Abnormal Liver Function Tests in Primary Care be Tested for Chronic Viral Hepatitis
David T Arnold; Louise M Bentham; Ruth P Jacob; Richard J Lilford; Alan J Girling
Posted: 04/15/2011; BMC Family Practice © BioMed Central, Ltd.
Of the 1,236 study patients with an abnormal LFT, 13 had chronic viral hepatitis (nine hepatitis B and four hepatitis C).
Background: Liver function tests (LFTs) are ordered in large numbers in primary care, and the Birmingham and Lambeth Liver Evaluation Testing Strategies (BALLETS) study was set up to assess their usefulness in patients with no pre-existing or self-evident liver disease. All patients were tested for chronic viral hepatitis thereby providing an opportunity to compare various strategies for detection of this serious treatable disease.
Methods: This study uses data from the BALLETS cohort to compare various testing strategies for viral hepatitis in patients who had received an abnormal LFT result. The aim was to inform a strategy for identification of patients with chronic viral hepatitis. We used a cost-minimisation analysis to define a base case and then calculated the incremental cost per case detected to inform a strategy that could guide testing for chronic viral hepatitis.
Results: Of the 1,236 study patients with an abnormal LFT, 13 had chronic viral hepatitis (nine hepatitis B and four hepatitis C). The strategy advocated by the current guidelines (repeating the LFT with a view to testing for specific disease if it remained abnormal) was less efficient (more expensive per case detected) than a simple policy of testing all patients for viral hepatitis without repeating LFTs. A more selective strategy of viral testing all patients for viral hepatitis if they were born in countries where viral hepatitis was prevalent provided high efficiency with little loss of sensitivity. A notably high alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level (greater than twice the upper limit of normal) on the initial ALT test had high predictive value, but was insensitive, missing half the cases of viral infection.
Conclusions: Based on this analysis and on widely accepted clinical principles, a "fast and frugal" heuristic was produced to guide general practitioners with respect to diagnosing cases of viral hepatitis in asymptomatic patients with abnormal LFTs. It recommends testing all patients where a clear clinical indication of infection is present (e.g. evidence of intravenous drug use), followed by testing all patients who originated from countries where viral hepatitis is prevalent, and finally testing those who have a notably raised ALT level (more than twice the upper limit of normal). Patients not picked up by this efficient algorithm had a risk of chronic viral hepatitis that is lower than the general population.
Summary of Main Findings
The BALLETS study is the first GP based study where the entire cohort was comprehensively tested for additional diseases (such as viral hepatitis) after an abnormal LFT, using the full analyte panel and normal reference ranges. We have shown that an abnormal LFT alone does not select out a population where the prevalence rate approaches a threshold which would justify viral screening. We have assessed the validity of the various strategies a GP could adopt, at least as far as viral hepatitis is concerned, when faced with an abnormal LFT of uncertain provenance. The intuitive response for a GP in such a situation would be to repeat the LFT, an approach advocated by current literature. This study shows that this may not be the optimal policy. This strategy is the most expensive, even more so than viral testing all patients, as the costs incurred include repeating the LFT as well as viral testing the majority. The study also shows that if ALT is notably raised (greater than twice the upper limit of normal), then the probability of chronic viral hepatitis is high (nearly 8%), but sensitivity is low. The strategy of testing all people from prevalent countries is the second most efficient, in terms of cost per case detected, and detects almost twice as many cases as the most efficient strategy - testing for viral infection when two conditions (birth in a prevalent country and an ALT greater than twice the upper limit of normal) are satisfied. The relative financial disadvantages of the strategy of repeating the LFT would be even greater if patient costs were included, as the extra visit would have to be factored in.
Previous Literature on LFTs and Liver Diseases
We conducted a literature review using the search strategy shown in Table 8, with the aim of retrieving papers that studied a cohort of patients with abnormal LFT results to provide evidence on the probability of various liver diseases (including chronic viral hepatitis) given abnormal test results. Any such studies would enable the precision of our observations to be strengthened. The search strategy returned 1,448 papers, including a previous review by Dufour et al. (2000).[29]
Only eight studies matched our requirement of following up patients with an abnormal LFT result. Two additional articles were selected from the references of relevant studies. As a result, to the best of our knowledge, there are only ten studies where a cohort of asymptomatic patients with abnormal LFTs were followed up (Table 9). However, one article was written in Korean (only the abstract was translated), so was excluded from our analysis.
Two of the remaining nine English language papers described record linkage studies. One such study was based on the Korean insurance database that was linked with death certificates.[30] This study reported that increased ALT, even within the upper end of the normal range, was associated with eventual death from liver disease. A study carried out in Scotland linked general practice and hospital databases.[31,32] However, this was a retrospective study so a full liver screen was not conducted and follow-up was for a median of four years only, whereas many diseases, including chronic viral hepatitis, have much longer prodromal periods.[33]
The other seven studies were prospective cohort studies, based on testing asymptomatic members of the general population. The famous Dionysos study based on three analytes from the LFT analyte panel[34] is included among these. In this study an impressive 6,917 citizens from two communities in northern Italy were screened. Although they tested all those who had an abnormal LFT (n = 1473) for viral hepatitis, for which they found a prevalence rate of 2.4%, they did not describe the pattern of LFT results in infected patients. Another Italian study by Pendino and colleagues (2005) screened 1,645 inhabitants from a town in southern Italy, with both a LFT (ALT, AST and GGT) and viral screen.[35] The prevalence of viral hepatitis is much higher in this region because of a significant immigrant population, and they performed a more extensive analysis on the impact of viral hepatitis on LFTs. Of the 319 (19.4%) individuals who received an abnormal LFT, nearly 18% were infected with viral hepatitis. However, the LFT missed 34 (40%) of the 92 cases of viral hepatitis present in the community. Perhaps the most comprehensive prospective analysis looking at the effect of viral hepatitis on the individual analytes was carried out on a population of Japanese office workers.[16] The study used data from compulsory health checks, which included an ALT, AST and GGT panel along with certain additional tests, such as a viral screen, that were added for study purposes. They found that ALT was the most sensitive of the three analytes used, detecting nearly half the cases of viral hepatitis, whilst being abnormal in 14% of the cohort (278 abnormal results in 1,973 participants). The remaining four prospectively designed studies were carried out in general practices and were therefore closer in population terms to the BALLETS cohort. However, three of these were restricted to patients with persistently abnormal LFTs over a six month period[36–38] and one of these did not include a test for viral hepatitis. The final prospective study by Whitehead (1999) was small and based on only one analyte.[39]
After this review of the literature we concluded that there has been no published study that fully investigated a cohort of patients in primary care with an abnormal LFT result (from the full LFT analyte panel).
Strengths and Limitations of the Study
The main strength lies in the unique nature of the BALLETS cohort, being the only prospective study that has looked at the consequences of an abnormal LFT from a full analyte panel in primary care. The main limitation of our study relates to the rather small number of cases of chronic viral hepatitis (n = 13) and hence wide confidence limits on the results. That said the results are plausible, in the sense that they are consistent with the pathophysiology of hepatitis and in line with what was found in non-practice settings (see literature review above). They are available for meta-analysis with potential future studies.
We deliberately selected multi-cultural inner city populations in order to provide a sizable sub-group of people from countries where chronic viral hepatitis is common, as a result of infection during infancy (hepatitis B),[40] and iatrogenic infection (hepatitis C).
Our study considers only one disease type, chronic viral hepatitis, while GP decision making must take into account other diseases, such as haemochromatosis, as well as other behavioural and social motivations for testing.[41,42] That said, our conclusion that repeating the LFT "offers more than it delivers," may well apply to diseases such as PBC and haemochromatosis.
Lastly we have presented an analysis for cost minimisation and incremental cost per case detected. This is not a full cost-effectiveness or decision analysis. Donnan et al. did attempt a decision analysis.[32] However this decision analysis was intended to find the most cost-effective strategy in the short term and used a limited time horizon of one year. LFTs are often ordered to prevent poor outcome in the long term, with many serious liver diseases, viral hepatitis included, manifesting over decades. Anxiety resulting from a false positive result was included in the model while long term health gains as a result of successful case finding and treatment were not captured.
Neither our decision analysis, nor that in Donnan's HTA report,[32] considered cost-effectiveness. We tackle this limitation by considering our results in the context of published cost-effectiveness analyses for screening for viral hepatitis (i.e. studies that found screening was cost-effective in populations with high prevalence rates e.g. migrants) and attempt to produce a "fast and frugal heuristic"[28] to guide practice.
Implications for Practice: A Fast & Frugal Heuristic
The intuitively appealing practice of repeating abnormal LFTs (strategy A) gets little support from our analysis. It is the most expensive option, both in absolute terms and in terms of cost per case detected, compared to all five alternative strategies (Table 7) - including that of simply testing everyone for viral infection.
The most important question a doctor can ask a patient with abnormal LFTs is their country of origin. This holds good whether the person settles in an area of high or low ethnic mix, since infections are acquired in infancy (hepatitis B), or as a result of sub-standard medical practices, such as needle sharing (hepatitis C). Once infected, people "take their risk with them" - less people will need to be tested in a low ethnic mix area, but those from prevalent countries still need testing. The strategy of testing people from prevalent countries promises good value for money. In this study, 11 of the 13 cases originated in medium or high risk countries. Thus the prevalence of chronic hepatitis viral infection (positive predictive value) among people with an abnormal LFT who were born in a prevalent country was 6.5% (11/170, 95% CI: 3.7%-11.2%, see table 5), while the prevalence among the home born population (of all ethnic groups) was less than 0.2% (2/1038, CI: 0.05%-0.7%). Our findings support viral testing only in the former group, consistent with the threshold prevalence for both HBV and HCV, of approximately 3% at which population screening becomes cost-effective.[21,43,44]
Four of the strategies, C, D, E and F, entail viral testing in a population where the rate of hepatitis exceeds the 3% threshold for which testing has proven cost-effective in screening programs (Table 5). The cost-effective threshold is probably a little lower in a diagnostic population than in a screening population (costs of inviting people to attend are lower and cases detected might be a slightly higher risk) but no other strategy yields a population with a hepatitis rate exceeding even 2%.
Strategy D (test immigrants from prevalent countries) has a better (lower) incremental cost-effective ratio than C and detects twice as many cases as E. However, the strategy F, testing immigrants from prevalent countries or any people with a very high ALT, is our preferred strategy, being both sensitive and efficient. We therefore recommend the "fast and frugal" heuristic described in Figure 3. This combines strategy F with normal judgement of clinical indications. For example a patient who is an intravenous drug user, or who has recently returned from a trip abroad where they had an attack of hepatitis, would be tested notwithstanding the result of the LFTs. Otherwise we recommend testing all patients with an abnormal LFT who were born in a country of intermediate or high prevalence and all patients for whom the ALT exceeds twice the limit of normal.
The probability of chronic viral hepatitis is low even when the ALT exceeds this limit and the patient does not originate from a medium or high-risk country (1.6%). Nevertheless we advocate testing in these patients for the following reasons:
1. It is hard to ignore a level this high, and the wide confidence levels from our data suggest the need for flexibility.[45]
2. The progression for undetected chronic viral hepatitis is worse for patients with ALT greater than twice the upper limit of normal, and this level has been used as a threshold for treatment in guidelines.
3. If chronic viral hepatitis is not present at this level a more in-depth search for other causes of hepato-cellular damage is indicated.
We draw the line on further viral testing after this algorithm has been followed, unless of course further clinical indicators emerge. The likelihood of a case of viral hepatitis being present following the exclusions in this algorithm is approximately 0.1% in our study. This is considerably below the UK population prevalence.
This analysis indicates that the strategy of repeating LFTs in asymptomatic patients, advocated by current guidelines, is less sensitive and far more expensive than viral testing those patients born in countries where viral hepatitis is prevalent. Despite few cases of viral hepatitis the data on costs of the various strategies is strong and the results of prevalence rates within the cohort are consistent with other literature. The finding that a notably raised ALT level was also effective at identifying infected patients inspired the construction of a "fast and frugal" heuristic that might aid GPs who are faced with abnormal LFTs in asymptomatic patients, with regards to viral hepatitis. Our proposal addresses the diagnostic problem by identifying a clear high-risk population originating in prevalent countries. The residual population who are not immigrants from such countries are at low risk. However, this should not override clinical judgement. Its overall cost in other settings will depend on the relative proportions of patients in these risk-strata, but our results suggest that the cost of automatic testing of high-risk individuals will be repaid in terms of additional cases detected.
Clearly the situation might change as vaccination catches on in developing countries and needle hygiene improves. The key points to emerge are that:
1) it is more efficient to determine country of origin with a view to viral testing, than to simply repeat the LFT;
2) it is more cost-effective to test the whole LFT positive population for viral hepatitis, than to repeat the LFT with a view to viral testing if it remains positive.
See Full Data Here
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Sunday, April 17, 2011 No comments: Links to this post
File Under HCV tests, liver function tests
Hepatitis C; Understanding the Basic Metabolic Profile (BMP)
Understanding the Basic Metabolic Profile (BMP)
The Basic Metabolic Profile (BMP) is a group of tests that examine blood chemistry, that is, the components of blood excluding red and white blood cells and platelets.
The tests which make up a BMP may vary slightly between labs or institutions, but generally they will provide the physician with information about serum electrolytes, blood sugar and kidney function.
The tests described in this article include:
Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)
Anion Gap
The normal range for serum sodium in the adult is 135 to 148 mEq/L.
Sodium (Na) aids in the regulation of the body's fluid balance, and along with potassium, maintains the electrical potential in the body that allows nerves to operate properly.
The fluids containing sodium are found almost entirely in extracellular (outside the cell) spaces, such as blood vessels. Sodium levels are maintained by the ingestion of sodium in food, and it is excreted through sweat, urine and feces.
Common causes of decreased serum sodium (hyponatremia) include:
Decreased sodium intake / increased sodium loss
Excess water ingestion
Administration of diuretics
Edema and/or ascites.
Common causes of increased sodium (hypernatremia) include:
Increased sodium intake / decreased sodium loss
Excessive free water loss, such as sweating, burns
Osmotic diuresis.
The normal range for serum potassium in the adult is 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L.
Potassium (K), as opposed to sodium, is found almost entirely inside the cells of the body. Proper levels of potassium are critical to the normal function of muscles, including the heart.
Abnormal levels of potassium can cause severe irregularities in the heart's rhythm and ability to contract. Potassium is ingested in the diet and is excreted in urine.
Common causes of decreased potassium (hypokalemia) include:
Diuretic use without potassium replacement
Administration of IV fluids without potassium
Alcoholic cirrhosis
Cushing's syndrome.
Common causes of increased potassium (hyperkalemia) include:
Kidney disease or failure
Rapid administration of IV fluids containing potassium
Burns and crushing injuries, trauma
Myocardial infarction (heart attack)
Addison's disease.
The normal range for serum chloride in the adult is 95 to 105 mEq/L.
Chloride (Cl) works with sodium to maintain the balance of fluids in the body, and aids in the regulation of the acid / base balance. It is an anion (negatively charged particle) found mainly in extracellular spaces.
Chloride abnormalities can cause increased nervous system irritability, exaggerated reflex responses, decreased respiration, weakness, stupor and coma.
Alterations in chloride levels are unusual, but are found in association with other electrolyte imbalances.
Common causes of deceased chloride (hypochloremia) include:
Vomiting, diarrhea, or gastrointestinal suctioning
Administration of IV fluids without electrolyte replacement.
Common causes in increased chloride (hyperchloriemia) include:
Acid/base imbalances
Administration of medications containing chloride.
The normal range for serum carbon dioxide in the adult is 23 to 30 mEq/L or 23 to 30 mmol/L.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) is an anion (negatively charged ion) that assists in acid / base balance and helps maintain the electrical neutrality of fluids both inside and outside cells.
In solution, carbon dioxide (CO2) combines with water (H2O) to form carbonic acid (H 2CO3). Higher levels of CO2 in the blood create an acidic condition (acidosis), and low levels create an alkaline condition (alkalosis).
Levels of CO2 are regulated by the kidneys and CO2 is expelled by the lungs during respiration.
Alterations in the concentration of this electrolyte do not occur in isolation; that is, abnormalities in CO2 are always related to a co-existing disease or condition.
Common causes of increased serum carbon dioxide (acidosis) include:
Diseases / conditions that decrease respiration
Uncontrolled diabetes
Kidney disease / failure
Certain medications and poisons.
Common causes of decreased serum carbon dioxide (alkalosis) include:
Diseases / conditions that increase respiration (hyperventilation)
Fluid losses from the GI tract (vomiting, suctioning)
Administration of steroids
Salicylate intoxication
Excessive administration of medications containing bicarbonate.
The normal range for serum calcium in the adult is 9 to 10.5 mg/dL, or 2.25 to 2.75 mmol/L.
Calcium (Ca) is found primarily in the body in the form of bones and teeth; however, about 10% is found in the blood, in the form of a cation (positively charged ion) that plays an important role in the function of nerves and coagulation of blood.
When levels of serum calcium are low, the body produces hormones that remove calcium from bone to supplement serum calcium.
Because serum calcium plays an important role in nerve function, alterations in calcium levels can cause serious symptoms. These include decreased or exaggerated muscle tone, abnormal reflexes, severe gastrointestinal problems, such as nausea, vomiting, cramping and constipation, and disorders of the central nervous system, like lethargy, depression, convulsions and coma.
In extreme cases, pathological bone fractures can occur as a result of prolonged calcium loss.
Common causes of decreased serum calcium (hypocalcemia) include:
Diseases of the small intestine, interfering with calcium absorption
Excessive protein intake
Administration of blood with citrate
Hypoparathyroidism.
Common causes of increased serum calcium (hypercalcemia) include:
Prolonged immobilization
Diseases involving the breakdown of bone
Excessive ingestion of vitamin D
Kidney diseases / failure.
The normal range for serum glucose in the adult is 70 to 110 mg/dL.
Glucose (Glu) is a form of sugar that circulates in the blood to provide metabolic fuel for all body processes. Carbohydrates and sugars are ingested through food, broken down and absorbed in the small intestine, and are stored in the liver in the form of glucose.
The most common cause of abnormal blood sugar levels is Diabetes Mellitus, a disease in which serum glucose is consistently elevated as a result of decreased or absent insulin production, insulin resistance, or both.
The physical consequences of persistently elevated serum glucose / diabetes are many, and affect almost every body system.
The symptoms of decreased levels of serum glucose (hypoglycemia) can include sweating, anxiety, rapid pulse, and headache. If serum glucose drops to below 50 mg/dL, the patient may have loss of consciousness, and perhaps convulsions.
Common causes of increased serum glucose (hyperglycemia) include:
Administration of certain steroids and hormones
Administration of total parenteral nutrition
Diseases of the pancreas.
Decreased serum glucose (hypoglycemia) is not common, but causes may include:
Administration of insulin or other hypoglycemic medication
Exposure to severe cold
Prolonged fever
Diseases of the pancreas
Decreases in pituitary or adrenocortical function.
Blood Urea Nitrogen
The normal range for blood urea nitrogen in the adult is 4 to 22 mg/dL.
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is a waste product of protein metabolism. It is produced by the liver and excreted in the urine.
Abnormal elevations of BUN are most commonly caused by diseases of the kidney, prostate, and urinary tract, and the patient may have symptoms characteristic of fluid overload: decreased urine output, weight gain, edema, and distended neck veins. The skin may be yellowed and easily bruised, and the patient's mental state may be affected.
Decreased BUN is uncommon, but common causes may include:
Liver failure, inhibiting protein metabolism
Negative nitrogen balance (when protein breakdown exceeds protein intake)
Prolonged IV therapy in patients receiving inadequate oral nutrition
Overhydration.
Common causes of increased blood urea nitrogen (azotemia) include:
Kidney diseases / failure
Diseases decreasing the ability to excrete urine
Increased protein metabolism
Breakdown of muscle tissue (starvation, anorexia nervosa)
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Administration of corticosteroids
Administration of tetracyclines
Dehydration.
The normal range for serum creatinine in the adult is 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL. The ideal BUN:creatinine ratio is 20:1.
Creatinine (Cr) is a nitrogen-based waste product that is produced as a result of protein metabolism in muscle tissue. Creatinine is produced at a very steady rate and is not subject to rapid fluctuations. It is excreted by the kidneys.
Creatinine and BUN both measure kidney function, but in slightly different ways. It is clinically useful to evaluate the ratio of BUN to creatinine when conducting a diagnostic assessment.
Dehydration and protein breakdown can cause elevation in BUN, but may affect serum creatinine only slightly or not at all. However, if both BUN and serum creatinine are elevated, this strongly suggests the presence of primary kidney disease.
Common causes of increased serum creatinine include:
Administration of diuretics, sulfonamides, chloramphenicol, ascorbic acid
Use of marijuana
Diet high in red meat.
Decreased serum creatinine is rare, but has been associated with muscular dystrophy.
The normal range for anion gap is 12 to 18 mmol/L; however, newer, more sensitive test equipment may have a reference range of -4 to 7 mmol/L.
The anion gap is a figure calculated by subtracting the number of anions (chloride and bicarbonate, the negatively charged electrolytes) from the cations (sodium and potassium, the positively charged electrolytes).
The remainder, the "gap," is composed of unmeasured electrolytes, organic ions, and plasma proteins.
An increased anion gap indicates that presence of an excess of the unmeasured anions which can occur when surplus hydrogen ions have been introduced into the body.
Surplus hydrogen ions can shift the pH (the measure of acid / base balance) of the body towards an acid state, or acidosis.
Common causes of an increased anion gap include condition or diseases that induce acidosis, such as:
Lactic acidosis
Kidney failure associated with increased BUN
Various drug or chemical toxicities.
Summary of Normal Ranges (Adult)
Sodium: 135 to 148 mEq/L
Potassium: 3.5 to 5.5 mEq/L
Chloride: 95 to 105 mEq/L
Carbon Dioxide: 23 to 30 mEq/L or 23 to 30 mmol/L
Calcium: 9 to 10.5 mg/dL, or 2.25 to 2.75 mmol/L
Glucose: 70 to 110 mg/dL
BUN: 4 to 22 mg/dL
Creatinine: 0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL
BUN / Creatinine ratio: 20:1
Anion Gap: 12 to 18 mmol/L (older equipment)
Anion Gap: -4 to 7 mmol/L (newer equipment)
McFarland M, Grant M. Nursing Implications of Laboratory Tests, 3rd ed. Delmar Publishers Inc
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Thursday, April 14, 2011 No comments: Links to this post
Research on Hepatitis C Virus Detailed by Scientists at OraSure Technologies, Inc.
NewsRx.com
New research, 'Evaluation of a new, rapid test for detecting HCV infection, suitable for use with blood or oral fluid,' is the subject of a report. "The availability of a highly accurate, rapid, point-of-care test for hepatitis C virus (HCV) may be useful in addressing the problem of under-diagnosis of HCV, by increasing opportunities for testing outside of traditional clinical settings. A new HCV rapid test device (OraQuick?? HCV Rapid Antibody Test), approved recently in Europe for use with venous blood, fingerstick blood, serum, plasma, or oral fluid was evaluated in a multi-center study and performance compared to established laboratory-based tests for detection of HCV," scientists writing in the Journal of Virological Methods report (see also Hepatitis C Virus).
"The HCV rapid test was evaluated in prospective testing of subjects with signs and/or symptoms of hepatitis, or who were at risk for hepatitis C using all 5 specimen types. Performance was assessed relative to HCV serostatus established by laboratory methods (EIA, RIBA and PCR) approved in Europe for diagnosis of hepatitis C infection. Sensitivity to antibody in early infection was also compared to EIA in 27 seroconversion panels. In addition, the reliability of the oral fluid sample for accurate detection of anti-HCV was assessed by studying the impact of various potentially interfering conditions of oral health, use of oral care products and consumption of food and drink. In this large study of at-risk and symptomatic persons, the overall specificities of the OraQuick?? HCV Rapid Antibody Test were equivalent (99.6-99.9%) for all 5 specimen types and the 95% CIs substantially overlapped. Overall sensitivities were virtually identical for venous blood, fingerstick blood, serum and plasma (99.7-99.9%). Observed sensitivity was slightly lower for oral fluid at 98.1% though the upper CI (99.0%) was equal to the lower CI for venous blood and fingerstick blood. Most of the HCV positive subjects which gave nonreactive results in oral fluid had serological and virological results consistent with resolved infection. Sensitivity for anti-HCV in early seroconversion was virtually identical between the HCV rapid test and EIA. Detection of anti-HCV in oral fluid appeared generally robust to conditions of oral health, consumption of food and drink and use of oral care products. The OraQuick?? HCV Rapid Antibody Test demonstrated clinical performance that was equivalent to current laboratory-based EIA," wrote S.R. Lee and colleagues, OraSure Technologies, Inc.
The researchers concluded: "This new, HCV rapid test appears suitable as an aid in the diagnosis of HCV infection and may increase testing opportunities due to its simplicity and flexibility to use multiple specimen types, including fingerstick blood and oral fluid."
Lee and colleagues published their study in the Journal of Virological Methods (Evaluation of a new, rapid test for detecting HCV infection, suitable for use with blood or oral fluid. Journal of Virological Methods, 2011;172(1-2):27-31).
Additional information can be obtained by contacting S.R. Lee, OraSure Technologies, Inc., 220 East First Street, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA.
Keywords: City:Bethlehem, State:PA, Country:United States, Antibodies, Blood Proteins, Digestive System Diseases, Flaviviridae Infections, Gastroenterology, Globulins, HCV, Hepatitis C Virus, Hepatitis Viruses, Hepatology, Human Hepatitis, Immunoglobulins, Immunology, Infectious Disease, Liver Diseases, RNA Viruses, Viral, Virology.
This article was prepared by Lab Business Week editors from staff and other reports. Copyright 2011, Lab Business Week via NewsRx.com.
To see more of the NewsRx.com, or to subscribe, go to http://www.newsrx.com
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Sunday, March 20, 2011 No comments: Links to this post
Hepatitis C: Viral Load Test
Viral load is the amount of virus present in the bloodstream. It is expressed as the amount of viral genetic material (RNA) per milliliter of blood. Viral load is not related to the amount of liver damage, or to how sick someone is.
Types of HCV Viral Load Tests
There are two categories of HCV viral load tests:
Qualitative viral load tests — These tests determine the presence of HCV RNA in the blood. This type of test is usually used to confirm chronic infection with HCV. If viral RNA is detected, a positive result is reported; if viral RNA is not detected, the test result is negative.
Quantitative viral load tests — These tests measure the amount of virus in one milliliter of blood. They are often used to assess whether or not treatment with interferon or interferon plus ribavirin is likely to be successful and, later, if treatment is working.
When you get back the result of your Hepatitis C RNA quantitative test, and when the lab was able to determine the amount of virus in your blood, then it is important to write down not only the number, but also in what units this number is given.
I) Volume
The volume of blood, that the number refers to, is usually one milliliter.
But some labs give the number for 20 microliters = 1/50 milliliter. So in these cases you have to multiply the result of the viral load by 50 to get the number for 1 milliliter.
II) Amount of Virus
Unfortunately, there are several ways to express the viral load. So, in order to be able to compare different results, you have to know how to convert these numbers to some standard format, which let’s say is just the plain number of viruses per milliliter, like 1.5 Million/ml, or 1,500,000/ml. (both of these numbers are the same).
a) Measure by weight
Sometimes, the lab reports the amount of genetic material found by its weight. 1 pg (pico-gram) of genetic material corresponds to about 1 million virus equivalents, so, if your lab result is given in picograms, just multiply the lab result by 1,000,000, and you have the number of viruses.
b) Measure by virus count
i) Plain numbers
Often the virus count is expressed as a plain number, like 1.73 million, or 1,730,000 or 1730000. Millions sometime are abbreviated by the prefix “M” (Mega). So when you see 1.73 Meq/ml, it means 1.73 Mega-equivalents/ml or again 1730000 equivalents/ml..
ii) Exponential format
Large numbers are often expressed in exponential form, that means a number, multiplied by 10 with an exponent. To convert this to normal numbers, append as many zeroes to a “1″ as the exponent says, and multiply this with the number. In some lab report, the viral load was “Hep C RNA Quant 17.3 x 10(exp) 5 equivalents/ml”. So, with 5 as exponent, you have to append 5 zeroes to a “1″, that gives 100000, and multiply this with the number 17.3, that gives 1730000 as the viral load. Normally this would be written 1.73×10(exp)6, or 1.73×106 , (which are again the same number).
17.3×105 = 1.73×106 = 1,730,000
iii) Logarthmic format
Now, recently some people express these numbers also in logarithmic form (logarithmic transformed number).
log(1730000)=6.24
6.24 is the logarithmic transformed number of the viral load of our above example. A result of 3.5 for a viral load, that someone reported, seems to be such a number (unless he forgot to write down a “10″ and an exponent). You need a calculator to convert this. You have to use the function 10x , where you have to replace x with the logarithmic number, in the above case 3.5. The result would be: 103.5 = 3162 virus equivalents per milliliter.
When you take the logarithmic number from the first example, 6.24, you have to calculate 106.24 = 1730000 , and here we have the original number of virus equivalents again. If you don’t have a calculator, you can estimate the order of magnitude of a viral load expressed as a logarithmic number. From the logarithmic number, you take the first digit (left of the point) and add 1 to this number. This gives you the number of digits that your viral load has (expressed as a plain number).
Example: Logarithmic number 6.24
Left of the point is “6″. 6+1 = 7
The number that gives the viral load is 7 digits long, that means it is between 1,000,000 and 9,999,999 (digit # 1 234 567)
The next digit (right of the point of the logarithmic number) shows whether you are high or low in the range.
In case you have a logarithmic number *and* a blood volume other than 1 ml, you have to convert the logarithmic number to a plain number *first*, and then correct it to correspond to 1 ml !
Therefore it is important to have a close look at your lab report and see in what units the result is given!
There is still no general agreement on what Viral Load is considered low and what is high in Hepatitis C. This interpretation makes sense for people not currently being treated – for someone who is 6 months into an INF + RIBA trial, even 200,000 could be considered a high titer.
(Numbers are Virus Equivalents per Milliliter)
below 200,000 very low (undetectable by *bDNA* test)
200,000 to 1,000,000 low
1,000,000 to 5,000,000 medium
5,000,000 to 25,000,000 high
above 25,000,000 very high
Once again, please note that this information is not written by an MD or medical expert. Nothing can (or should) take the place of appropriate medical care.
Posted at Avail Clinical On February 4th, 2011
http://www.availclinical.com/tag/hepatitis-c-treatment/
From HCV Advocate
HCV Viral Load Tests
Alan Franciscus, Editor-in-Chief
Liz Highleyman
Viral load tests are blood tests that measure HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA, or genetic material) in the blood. The presence of viral RNA indicates that the virus is actively replicating (reproducing and infecting new cells). A viral load test is usually first done after a person has tested positive for exposure to HCV based on an antibody test. A blood sample is taken and the amount of HCV RNA in a milliliter of blood is measured. Viral load tests confirm whether an individual is actively infected with HCV. Viral load test results were previously measured in number of copies, but are now typically reported in terms of International Units per milliliter (IU/mL).
There are currently three tests commonly used for HCV viral load testing:
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) — PCR tests detect HCV RNA in the blood, which indicates current active infection. This type of quantitative PCR test is very sensitive, and can measure as few as 50 IU/mL.
Branched-chain DNA (bDNA) — The bDNA method quantitative viral load testing is easier (and cheaper) to use for a large number of samples, but only measures viral loads greater than 500 IU/mL. This means that if a person has a viral load below 500 IU/mL, HCV could be present in the blood but not detected by the test.
Transcription-mediated amplification (TMA) — TMA technology allows for the amplification and detection of nucleic acids (components of genetic material) in the blood. This test can measure as few as 5-10 IU/mL. This newer test appears easier and cheaper to use, streamlining test processing and producing consistent, reliable, and more rapid results.
Interpreting Viral Load Test Results
HCV viral load is often reported as low or high.
Expressed as copies/mL:
·Low: less than 2 million copies
·High: more than 2 million copies
Expressed as International Units (IU/mL):
·Low:less than 800,000 IU/mL
·High:more than 800,000 IU/mL
If no HCV RNA is found by a test, a person’s viral load is said to be undetectable. Note that whether viral load is undetectable depends on which test is used. PCR and TMA tests can measure viral loads much lower than those a bDNA test can detect. Importantly, the blood of an individual with a very low viral load may still contain HCV even though the current tests cannot measure it; that is, the virus may not have been truly eradicated from the body.
Viral load test results can vary depending on how a blood sample is handled and stored. Furthermore, results may vary from lab to lab. For this reason, most experts recommend that people should get their viral load testing done by the same laboratory each time, so that results are more comparable.
Changes in viral load are sometimes expressed in terms of logs. A log change is a 10-fold increase or decrease. For example, a change from 1,000,000 IU/mL to 10,000 IU/mL is a 2-log decrease.
Converting copies per milliliter to Inter-national Units
There is no standard conversion formula for converting the amount of HCV RNA reported in copies per milliliter to the amount reported in International Units. The conversion factor ranges from about one to about five HCV RNA copies per IU. Usually the lab report will list the conversion from IU/mL to copies/mL.
See Table 1 for a conversion of common viral load tests from IUs to copies.
Table 1: Conversion Chart
Assay Conversion Factor Amplicor HCV Monitor v2.0
(manual procedure) 1 IU/mL = 0.9 copies/ml Cobas Amplicor HCV Monitor v2.0
(semi-automated procedure) 1 IU/mL = 2.7 copies/ml Versant HCV RNA 3.0 Quantitative Assay 1 IU/mL = 5.2 copies/ml LCx HCV RNA Quantitatiive Assay 1 IU/mL = 3.8 copies/ml SuperQuant 1 IU/mL = 3.4 copies/ml
Uses of Viral Load Test Results
Viral load test results have many uses, such as confirming active HCV infection, and predicting and measuring HCV treatment response before, during, and after therapy. Higher HCV viral loads may be associated with a greater risk of HCV transmission, particularly transmission from mothers to infants during pregnancy or birth. Viral load has not been correlated with the risk of sexual transmission. Furthermore, a correlation between HCV viral load and disease progression has not been shown.
Confirming active HCV infection — After a person has tested positive for HCV antibodies, an HCV viral load test is usually performed to confirm active HCV infection. This test is necessary because in up to 25% of people exposed to HCV, the virus can be cleared on its own.
Before treatment — Viral load measurement can help predict how well HCV treatment will work.
The lower the pre-treatment viral load, the more likely it is that a person will respond to current HCV therapies.
During treatment — A decrease in viral load while on therapy indicates that treatment is working. A treatment is said to produce a complete virological response if it reduces viral load to an undetectable level. After 12 weeks of antiviral treatment, a 2-log drop in viral load or elimination of detectable HCV is an indication that the medications are working. If a person does not achieve a 2-log drop in viral load or elimination of detectable HCV after 12 weeks, it is unlikely that he or she will be able to eradicate HCV from his or her body. Viral load tests during treatment can also detect viral breakthrough, or increases in viral load that occur after a previous undetectable test result.
After treatment — Viral load measurements can be used after cessation of therapy to monitor for relapse—that is, to see if the virus becomes detectable again after being undetectable when treatment was completed.
http://www.hcvadvocate.org/news/newsLetter/advocate1003.html#4
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Thursday, March 03, 2011 1 comment: Links to this post
Scripps Health ;IL28B Genetic Testing to Hepatitis C Patients Now Available
Scripps Pioneers Individualized Medicine by Offering Genetic Testing to Hepatitis C Patients
Individualized Therapies Now Available for Drug Treatment of Hepatitis C
"Later this year, a second test will be available that will accurately predict anemia in hepatitis C patients taking the pegylated interferon and ribavirin drug combination. Anemia is one of the most common side effects of the regimen. This will allow doctors to modify the therapy before starting the regimen to prevent patients from developing this problematic side effect."
SAN DIEGO, Feb. 25, 2011 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Scripps Health is one of the first health systems in the United States to offer genetic testing as part of its care for hepatitis C patients planning to undergo drug treatment.
The tests offer hope to the more than 4 million patients diagnosed annually in the U.S. with hepatitis C and could spare them from taking interferon, which is commonly prescribed. Interferon causes flu-like symptoms as a side effect and costs more than $50,000 annually. Instead, the genetic test determines whether patients have a common gene variant that predicts a favorable cure rate if they are treated with the drug combination therapy of pegylated interferon and ribavirin.
A manuscript describing this approach to treatment, authored by Paul J. Pockros, MD, clinical director of research at the Scripps Translational Science Institute, head of the Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and director of the Liver Disease Center at Scripps Clinic, will be published in the journal Drugs in March.
"This is a huge step forward in the movement toward individualized medicine," said Dr. Pockros, "As a physician, knowing what drug therapies will have benefit and which ones won't based on a patient's IL28B genotype is significant because we are able to be more targeted in our approach to treatment."
This is the first of numerous genetic tests that will accurately give doctors vastly improved data, leading to better prescription of drug treatments. Later this year, a second test will be available that will accurately predict anemia in hepatitis C patients taking the pegylated interferon and ribavirin drug combination. Anemia is one of the most common side effects of the regimen. This will allow doctors to modify the therapy before starting the regimen to prevent patients from developing this problematic side effect.
Genetic testing for hepatitis C patients carries significant implications for patient care, as there are more than 4 million infected people in the United States, most of them undiagnosed and untreated.
Scripps Clinic now routinely orders IL28B genotyping on all patients with Hepatitis C who are potential candidates for anti-viral therapy. If the patients have a favorable IL28B genotype and advanced fibrosis on liver biopsy, doctors can initiate therapy with the current standard of care. If patients have a less favorable genotype or they have mild fibrosis, doctors can recommend waiting for FDA approval of direct acting antiviral drugs to improve their chances of response.
Currently, LabCorps Diagnostics is performing the IL28B testing for Scripps patients, a procedure covered by most insurance plans. The results are transmitted to the treating physician in about one week and the treatment choice is tailored based on the patient's likelihood to have a favorable response.
The hepatitis C genetic testing is the latest example of Scripps' leadership in individualized medicine. Scripps doctors were the first to use genetic testing for cardiovascular patients planning to undergo elective stent procedures to determine if they have one or more of the common gene variants linked to an inability to metabolize the anti-clotting drug Plavix (clopidrogel). Plavix is the second-most commonly prescribed drug in the United States and is given to most patients after they receive coronary stents.
ABOUT SCRIPPS HEALTH
Founded in 1924 by philanthropist Ellen Browning Scripps, Scripps Health is a $2.3 billion nonprofit community health system based in San Diego, Calif. Scripps treats a half-million patients annually through the dedication of 2,500 affiliated physicians and 13,000 employees among its five acute-care hospital campuses, home health care services, and an ambulatory care network of physician offices and 22 outpatient centers and clinics. Scripps has been recognized by Thomson Reuters as one of the Top 10 health systems in the nation for quality care. Scripps is also at the forefront of clinical research, genomic medicine, wireless health and graduate medical education. With three highly respected graduate medical education programs, Scripps is a longstanding member of the Association of American Medical Colleges. More information can be found at www.scripps.org.
This information was brought to you by Cision http://www.cisionwire.com
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Friday, February 25, 2011 No comments: Links to this post
File Under anemia, HCV tests, IL28B
Summarize of the most common blood tests
Also See;Hey, I Have A Question About HCV Tests And My Liver
Blood tests help doctors review your chemical make-up
Published: Wednesday, February 09, 2011, 12:03 AM
Blood carries many secrets about our health. Pumped by the heart and circulated through your body, blood supplies tissues and organs with vital nutrients and oxygen and, at the same time, draws toxins and waste products for disposal.
By testing your blood, a doctor can review the chemical make-up of your system, evaluate how well your organs are working, diagnose diseases, learn whether you have risk factors for heart disease or monitor your response to medications.
Interestingly, although blood tests are an excellent diagnostic tool, many adults don’t understand why they are done. Among the respondents in a statewide poll conducted by the Pennsylvania Medical Society’s Institute for Good Medicine, nearly 60 percent of those who had blood work did not know what it was for.
To help demystify blood tests, we interviewed Dr. Kathryn M. Frantz of Susquehanna Internal Medicine Associates in Camp Hill and Judy Darr, PinnacleHealth’s laboratory administrative director, to summarize the most common blood tests, why they are given and what the results can prove.
Comprehensive Metabolic Panel (CMP)
This is the No. 1 test in reviewing the body’s chemistry, as well as the status of the kidneys and liver.
What does it measure?
BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine are waste products that are filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and are indicators of kidney function. Increased levels might point to a kidney problem. High creatinine might indicate the possible malfunction or failure of the kidneys.
Enzymes are found in the liver and other tissues. Bilirubin is a waste product of the liver. High levels of any of these indicate dysfunction, disease or inflammation.
Calcium guards against osteoporosis. Abnormal levels might be a sign of kidney problems, bone or thyroid disease, cancer, malnutrition or other disorders.
Glucose is the type of sugar your body uses for energy. Abnormal levels might indicate diabetes.
Electrolytes are the minerals that help maintain fluid levels and acid-base balance in the body. They include potassium, sodium, CO2 (bicarbonate and carbon dioxide) and chloride. Electrolyte imbalance can be present with a wide range of acute and chronic illnesses.
Why is it given?
It’s given to patients who take Lipitor or another medication that might affect the liver, or to patients who take medicines that might affect the kidneys, such as diuretics (commonly known as water pills), blood pressure pills or antidepressants. It’s often part of an overall physical check-up for adults who have not had recent blood work. According to Frantz, every one of the components revealed in the CMP relates to a medical issue. The Basic Metabolic Panel (BMP), is similar to the CMP, but does not include liver function results.
The CBC is a common test that gives your doctor a baseline measurement of the concentration of white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets in your blood. If the cell populations are within normal limits, you might not require another CBC until your health status changes or your doctor feels that it is necessary.
A CBC reveals the number of your cells, information on the distribution of white cells, the size of red cells and a statistical analysis of those cells.
Symptoms or medical problems such as fatigue, shortness of breath, belly pain, chest pain, arthritis or previous anemia often merit a CBC in order to give a proper diagnosis. Also, it’s given if you have other diseases such as malaria, leukemia, sickle cell anemia or are awaiting surgery. Significant increases in white blood cells might help confirm an infection. A decrease in the number of red blood cells (anemia) might indicate a problem or loss of these cells. A platelet count that is low or extremely high also can be a sign of a bone marrow disease such as leukemia. .
Lipid Screen or Lipid Panel
It screens the cholesterol levels in your body.
HDL — High-density lipoproteins or “good” cholesterol. It takes cholesterol away from cells and transports it to the liver for removal.
LDL — Low-density lipoproteins or “bad” cholesterol. It contains the greatest percentage of cholesterol and deposits it on artery walls.
Triglycerides — Fat in the blood responsible for providing energy to cells.
Patients at risk for coronary heart disease, hypertension or diabetes receive the test. Elevated cholesterol is associated with an increased risk of heart disease. Fasting is generally required for the test.
Routinely given to diabetics or those whose sugar is borderline. The test monitors the patient’s glucose control over time.
The test provides a picture of the average amount of glucose in the blood over the last few months, which helps the doctor and diabetic patient determine if the measures being taken to control this disease are working or need adjustment.
Diabetics need to keep their blood glucose levels close to normal, and this helps minimize the complications caused by chronically elevated levels. Fasting before the test is often required.
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Test
The TSH test is most often used as a screening test for fatigue, weight gain, weight loss, anxiety, severe diarrhea or constipation.
The test measures the levels of TSH, a hormone made and released by the pituitary gland. The pituitary can sense whether there is enough thyroid hormone in the bloodstream and releases TSH when it detects insufficient thyroid hormone.
It helps diagnose a thyroid condition, such as hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.
Prothrombin Time (P-TIME)
It’s a test that measures how quickly your blood clots.
Prothrombin is a protein produced by the liver that aids in your blood clotting. During this process, prothrombin turns into thrombin. The P-Time test measures the time it takes for this to occur.
It’s used to check for bleeding problems, especially if you are going to have surgery or are taking a blood-thinning medication. Patients taking these medicines might have the P-Time done frequently to monitor the medication’s effectiveness.
Visit PennLive
Dr. Jeff Hersh: Understanding blood tests
By Dr. Jeff Hersh.
GateHouse News Service
Posted Feb 08, 2011 @ 12:11 PM
Q: I had a routine blood test, and my doctor told me my white blood cell count was low. Should I be worried?
A: Several different types of white blood cells fight bacterial, fungal, viral and/or parasitic infections, as well as serving other functions. In adults, a white blood cell count less than 3,500 cells per microliter is considered low; the normal threshold in children varies with age.
White blood cells are made in the bone marrow and are released into the blood stream. They then circulate in the blood stream or take up residence in the vascular endothelium system or certain body tissues/organs. Old white blood cells are cleared from the blood stream by the spleen and liver.
The white blood cell count is measured by evaluating the concentration of white blood cells in the bloodstream. Falsely low measurements can occur due to clumping of the white blood cells or from other factors.
A truly low white blood cell count can be from a congenital cause or it can be acquired. There are many different congenital conditions that cause low white blood cell counts. An acquired low white blood cell count can be due to:
Decreased bone marrow production: This may be due to infections (viral infections are the most common cause), medication reactions (the second most common cause), certain congenital conditions, medication effects (such as from chemotherapy agents) or from cancer/infections/other conditions that infiltrate the bone marrow "crowding out' its ability to produce normal white blood cells. In addition, certain autoimmune conditions can affect the hormones that trigger white blood cell production, hence "turning off the switch" that tells the bone marrow to produce white blood cells. There are also many conditions that may directly affect the cells that make the white blood cells, causing ineffective production of normally functioning cells. High thyroid levels and/or certain vitamin or mineral deficiencies (such as B-12 or folate deficiencies) can cause inadequate white blood cell production as well.
Increased destruction of white blood cells in the bloodstream: This may be due to autoimmune conditions (possibly triggered by medication reactions) or many other conditions.
Increased clearance of white blood cells (even normally functioning ones): This may be due to an enlarged spleen (from whatever cause).
Using them up faster than they can be replaced: Overwhelming infections can do this.
Migration of the cells out of the bloodstream: In some conditions white blood cells can migrate to the vascular endothelium or other tissue pools/organs.
The type, risk and severity of any clinical problem from low white blood cells depends on the type of white blood cells that are affected and how severe the deficit is. Many of the conditions that cause a low white blood cell count are benign, causing minimal or no clinical problems. However, since white blood cells are one of the main ways the body fights infections, a low white blood cell count can lead to an increased risk of infection.
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) are the most common type of white blood cells and, hence, low white blood cells almost always implies a low PMN count. Since PMNs fight bacterial infections, overall this is the most common infection from low white blood cells.
Low white blood cell count is more common in African Americans; 5 percent to 10 percent of black Americans have low neutrophil counts, as opposed to less than 1 percent of white Americans. Thankfully, this is usually due to a benign inherited condition, so most of these patients do not have clinical problems.
In patients with a mildly decreased white blood cell count noted on a routine blood test who do not have a history of infections, other testing may not be required. However, in patients with a history of infections, or those with other concerning results of their blood test, other testing may be indicated.
For example, if transient neutropenia is suspected (a condition where a patient's PMNs drop for several days every few weeks, predisposing them to infection) blood tests to check their white blood cell count may be required several times per week for several weeks. If decreased cell production is suspected, a bone marrow biopsy may be required. If an autoimmune condition is suspected screening tests for a collagen vascular disease or other testing may be needed. If a chronic infection is suspected -- for example, HIV infection -- other tests may be indicated.
Many patients with low white blood cells do not require treatment. However, good dental care (since this can be a source of infection) and increased vigilance when they have a fever or appear ill is indicated.
Depending on the cause of the low white blood cells, some patients may benefit from antibiotics to minimize their risk of acquiring an infection. For example, certain HIV patients are put on specific types of antibiotics.
For some patients -- like those receiving chemotherapy for certain cancers -- medications that stimulate the bone marrow to increase production of white blood cells may be beneficial.
A low white blood cell count should trigger a discussion with your health care provider. He or she can evaluate your history and risk factors, as well as the other details of the test results, and determine what other testing and/or treatments may be required.
Jeff Hersh, Ph.D., M.D., F.A.A.P., F.A.C.P., F.A.A.E.P., can be reached at DrHersh@juno.com.
MetroWest (Mass.) Daily News
Copyright 2011 The Milford Daily News.
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Wednesday, February 09, 2011 No comments: Links to this post
Hepatitis C Treatment; What Do I Need To Know?
Road Less Traveled; By Lana Gramlich.
When telaprevir and boceprevir are ready to use for the treatment of HCV many people who are now being warehoused/waiting will be embarking on treatment for the first time. Deciding on treating HCV can be a difficult choice to make. This blog has put together a few facts on disease progression and tips to help navigate through that difficult process. "The information has been collected from the sources listed below." If this isn't your first time on treatment, a special word of encouragement goes out to everyone who is still on the front-line continuing to fight this disease; may these new drugs be the cure you have waited for and deserve.
Recommendations : Hepatitis C
Specific clinical recommendations for Hepatitis C :
Persons with HCV infection should be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B
Abstinence from alcohol is recommended for persons with chronic HCV infection
Persons with chronic HCV infection and cirrhosis should avoid hepatotoxic drugs
For persons with chronic HCV infection and cirrhosis, surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma should be considered.
Who Should Not Treat Hepatitis C ?
Contraindications To Treatment
2010 Guidelines:
Absolute contraindications to treatment of HCV infection include active alcohol or substance abuse, active autoimmune hepatitis or other condition known to be exacerbated by interferon and ribavirin, known hypersensitivity to medications used to treat HCV infection, and pregnancy or lack of compliance with adequate contraception.
Other absolute contraindications to treatment of HCV infection are severe concurrent cardiopulmonary disease; uncontrolled major depressive illness, psychosis, or bipolar disorder; and untreated hyperthyroidism. Relative contraindications to treatment of HCV infection include laboratory values suggesting decompensated cirrhosis, and baseline hematologic and biochemical indices.
For ribavirin only, renal failure is an absolute contraindication
Treatment with ribavirin should be avoided in patients with ischemic cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease and in patients with renal insufficiency.
Why Should I Treat HCV ?
Justification for Treatment
Treatment goals in patients with HCV infection are to delay or prevent progression of fibrosis and to prevent the development of cirrhosis.
Natural history studies indicate that 55% to 85% of individuals who develop acute hepatitis C will remain HCV-infected. Spontaneous resolution is more common among infected infants and young women than among persons who are older when they develop acute hepatitis.
Chronic HCVinfection has relevance for the infected persons as well as for their contacts: the former are at risk for progression to cirrhosis and/or HCC, the latter are at risk of acquiring the infection through exposure to the virus.
The risk of developing cirrhosis ranges from 5% to 25% over periods of 25 to 30 years.
Prospective studies of women and children infected at a young age and followed for 20 to 30 years report low rates of cirrhosis, 1% to 3%.
Retrospective studies of patients referred to tertiary care facilities document higher rates of cirrhosis, 20% to 25%, but this figure may be inflated by referral bias.
Progression to cirrhosis may be accelerated in persons who are of older age, who are obese, who are immunosuppressed (e.g.,HIV co-infected), and who consume more than 50g of alcohol per day, although the precise quantity of alcohol associated with fibrosis progression is unknown. Persons with HCV-related cirrhosis are at risk for the development of hepatic decompensation (30% over 10 years) as well as hepatocellular carcinoma (1% to 3% per year).
Identifying individuals at risk for developing progressive disease is difficult. Presently, the preferred approach is to assess the degree of fibrosis on liver biopsy, using avalidated staging system such as the Ishak, IASL, Metaviror Batts-Ludwig staging systems.
Persons with no or minimal fibrosis (Ishak stage 0-2; Metavir, IASL andBatts-Ludwig stage 0-1) have a low risk for liver-related complications and liver-related death (over the next 10 to 20 years). Infection with HCV can also cause extrahepatic diseases including mixed cryoglobulinemia, types II and III. Indeed, symptomatic cryoglobulinemia is an indication for HCV antiviral therapy regardless of the stage of liver disease.
However, the presence of bridging fibrosis (for example Metavir stage 3, ) is an important predictor of future progression to cirrhosis and therefore an indication for treatment.
The Biopsy
Examples Of Staging According To The Metavir Score;
What Does My METAVIR Score Mean?
The fibrosis is graded on a 5-point scale from 0 to 4.
The activity, which is the amount of inflammation (specifically, the intensity of necro-inflammatory lesions), is graded on a 4-point scale from A0 to A3.
Stages of fibrosis (F)
F0 = no fibrosis
F1 = portal fibrosis without septa
F2 = portal fibrosis with few septa
F3 = numerous septa without cirrhosis
F4 = cirrhosis
Activity score:
Amount of inflammation (A for activity)
A0 = no activity
A1 = mild activity
A2 = moderate activity
A3 = severe activity
Other scoring systems are available, such as the Knodell score (also called the histologic activity index, or HAI). However, the METAVIR score is simple to use and is popular in many clinics
Scoring system for chronic hepatitis C (the Metavir Score System).
*Note F1-F4 On Figure
Conversion ; FibroTest and fibrosis stages
Conversion between FibroTest and fibrosis stages using METAVIR, Knodell and Ishak fibrosis scoring systems (upper panel).
Conversion between ActiTest and activity grades using METAVIR, Knodell and Ishak necroinflammatory activity scoring systems (lower panel).
Hepatic Consequences
Individuals with CHC (Chronic Hepatitis C) are at increased risk of liver related morbidity and mortality.
HCV infection was associated with 27% of all US liver transplants performed in 2007, and US-based studies demonstrated that up to 51%–55% of HCC patients have anti-HCV antibodies. There is also a link between steatosis and liver fibrosis in HCV-infected patients, as well as a potential association between HCV infection and HCC or, as described more recently, of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC). In some ethnic groups such as Latinos the course of HCV infection is more aggressive, with a higher risk of cirrhosis than other ethnic groups. Furthermore, disease progression is more rapid in patients who are coinfected with HCV and HIV. Coinfected patients have approximately double the risk of cirrhosis or decompensation than those infected with HCV alone.
Fibrosis and Cirrhosis
Progressive hepatic fibrosis leading to cirrhosis is the major complication of chronic HCV infection and accounts for almost all HCV-related morbidity and mortality. Early studies suggested little, if any, fibrosis progression during the first decade of infection, followed by a slow, regular progression during the next 15 years, increasing to an intermediate rate during the subsequent decade.
In a German cohort study of 1833 women infected with HCV-contaminated immunoglobulin, 0.5% of patients developed cirrhosis after 25 years. Similarly, in a study of 376 HCV-infected women conducted by the Irish Hepatology Research Group, 51% of patients had fibrosis after 17 years, but only 2% had probable/definite cirrhosis. These estimates of cirrhosis rates are considerably lower than those from the US multicohort study and the widely cited US military study (approximately 35%). Fibrosis outcomes of 184 women from the same cohort were followed up for the subsequent 5 years; 49% showed no change in fibrosis, 24% showed regression, and 27% showed progression.
Recent data reinforce the potential for severe liver disease to develop in some patients. Among 485 plasma donors infected during the early 1970s, 34% had stage F3/F4 fibrosis (bridging fibrosis), cirrhosis, or HCC after 31 years; their 35-year cumulative survival was 84% versus 91%–95% for the general population. Similarly, a study of 300 black and white Americans with untreated HCV infection found that 29% of patients had stage F3/F4 fibrosis after 20 years, and 4.7% had confirmed cirrhosis. It should be noted, however, that these studies could have selected patients with severe disease.
The nonlinear progression of fibrosis was recently confirmed in a meta-analysis of 111 HCV studies. The mean annual stage-specific transition probabilities were for stage F0 to F1, for F1 to F2, 0.120 for F2 to F3, and 0.116 for F3 to F4. Although the estimated prevalence of cirrhosis was 16% after 20 years, there was wide variation between studies, suggesting that fibrosis is a highly unpredictable process.
Infection duration is a major risk factor for severe fibrosis, with the progression rate in a 50-year-old being almost 3 times that in a 20-year-old. Age at time of infection is also important. In a biopsy analysis of 247 treatment-naïve HCV patients, progression rates were 0.13, 0.14, 0.27, and 0.36 fibrosis units/year for patients aged ≤19, 20–24, 25–36, and >36 years at infection, respectively. Age >36 years (vs ≤36 years) at time of infection was independently associated with faster progression. Men infected before age 50 have been identified as comprising the majority of cases of cirrhosis today (73.6%), whereas men aged >50 years when infected have faster disease progression compared with other age groups.
Several other factors, including sex, baseline fibrosis, HCV genotype, HIV/HBV coinfection, and alcohol consumption, also influence fibrosis progression . Identifying these factors can be useful when determining prognosis and advising patients on minimizing liver damage. Indeed, a recent study suggested that HCV genotype 3 might pose a particularly high risk of progressive fibrosis.
Insulin resistance has been linked with fibrosis, and several studies have reported that this relationship remains significant, irrespective of HCV genotype.
In addition, serum aminotransferase level elevations and the degree of hepatocellular necrosis/inflammation on biopsy have been found to predict fibrosis progression. Genetic factors might also play a role in fibrosis progression. Recent data indicate that the cirrhosis risk score, which is based on the association of 7 host genes, might help to differentiate HCV patients at high versus low risk of progressing toward cirrhosis, including those with early or mild CHC. Steatosis has also been linked to fibrosis progression, as has regular cannabis use. There is evidence of an association between cigarette smoking and hepatitis fibrosis, but not all studies have verified such an association.
The greatest increase in US cancer deaths from 1995–2004 was in those caused by cancers of the liver and bile duct, of which HCC comprised about 76%. This might be attributed to the increasing incidence of HCV-related HCC because rates for HBVrelated and alcohol-related HCC have remained stable during recent years. The incidence of HCV-related HCC in the United States is projected to peak in 2019 at 14,000 cases/year. In a large US database, the proportion of HCV-related cases of HCC among HCC patients aged ≥65 years doubled from 11% in 1993–1996 to 21% in 1996–1999. During the past decade, the fastest increase in HCC incidence has affected Hispanics and whites. In multivariate analysis HCV infection was an independent predictor for the development of HCC.
Furthermore, maintenance therapy with peginterferon did not reduce the 5-year incidence of HCC in the HALT-C cohort.Comparisons of US and Japanese HCV strains suggest that the US HCV epidemic began about 2 to 3 decades after that in Japan. This has led to speculation that the burden of HCC in the United States might eventually equal that currently seen in Japan as HCV-infected individuals age and their infection duration increases. In Japan, HCV-related HCC accounts for 80% of all HCC cases, and the rate of HCC among HCV-infected men has risen from 17.4/100,000 in 1972–1976 (32,335 deaths) to 27.4/100,000 in 1992–1996 (109,365 deaths).
A recent Italian study of 214 HCV-infected patients with Child–Pugh class A cirrhosis showed that HCC developed at a rate of almost 4%/year. HCC was the first complication to occur in 55 (27%) patients; after 17 years, HCC had developed in 68 (32%) patients.
In another cohort of 416 patients with uncomplicated Child–Pugh class A HCV-related cirrhosis, the incidence of HCC was 13.4% at 5 years, and the 5-year HCC death rate was 15.3%, with the hazard rate of HCC tending to increase over time.
Several factors influence the risk of HCC in patients with HCV-related cirrhosis.
Generally, HCC risk is increased in patients aged >50 years or those infected when aged >50 years, patients with longer duration of infection, men, overweight or diabetic patients, and patients with advanced cirrhosis or elevated alpha-fetoprotein Other possible risk factors include the presence of steatosis, HCV genotype 1b, Asian/African American race and occult HBV infection. As for hepatic fibrosis, an association between cigarette smoking and HCV-related HCC has been suggested in some studies but not others. Chronic HCV-related inflammation might increase HCC risk by shifting hepatocytic transforming growth factor– beta signaling from tumor suppression to fibrogenesis.
HCC generally develops after cirrhosis is established, signifying the likely importance of long-standing necrosis and regeneration, an environment of extensive scarring, in its pathogenesis. HCV might influence hepatocarcinogenesis through the oncogenic effects of its core protein, which might augment oxidative stress. It might also alter the signaling cascade of mitogen-activated protein kinase and activating factor 1, thereby activating cellcycle control. Liver angiogenesis and the neovascular response, plus genomic changes that deregulate components of the Jak/STAT pathway in early carcinogenesis, might also promote HCV-related hepatocarcinogenesis. Additional mechanisms have also been proposed.
How Will I Know If Treatment Is Working ?
Your doctor will look at several kinds of lab results to keep track of your treatment response.
A viral load test or PCR will be used to see how much hepatitis C virus is in your blood, it's the most common way to evaluate hepatitis C treatment.
A PCR/viral load test will be given at baseline(start of treatment) , 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 36 weeks, 48 weeks, follow up at 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks and one year. (depending on treatment duration).
Response Guided Therapy
Treatment will be response guided which is done by viral load monitoring during treatment. This is intended to enable the physician to determine the duration of combination therapy based on a patients viral response. The quantitative HCV RNA level (viral load test) is used to assess response to therapy and as a guide to discontinue treatment.
A negative viral load test after "four weeks" of therapy is predictive of sustained virologic response. In contrast, failure to achieve a 100-fold reduction in viral load by week 12 of therapy has a strong negative predictive value for sustained virologic response and suggests that treatment is likely ineffective and should be stopped."
Changes in viral load are sometimes expressed in terms of logs: a 1-log change means a 10-fold increase or decrease; a 2-log change is a 100-fold increase or decrease.
What Is A 2 Log Drop?
Example: 2 log drop = 15,000,000 IU/Ml to 150,000 IU/mL; a viral load that starts at 15,000,000 IU/mL and does not decrease to 150,000 IU/mL or lower.
A "sustained virologic response" means that the virus remains undetectable 6 or more months after you complete treatment.
In SOC = pegylated interferon and ribavirin Laboratory evaluations to monitor during treatment
What Kind Of Doctor Should I See?
Before choosing a physician ask him/her how many patients they have treated with HCV and for how long. If possible go through a teaching hospital/university which is on the cutting edge of these therapies. You should use a Gastroenterologist or a Hepatologist. .
;What is a Gastroenterologist? .
A Gastroenterologist is a physician with dedicated training and unique experience in the management of diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and liver.
What Is A Hepatologist ?
A physician who successfully completes a hepatology fellowship is considered a hepatologist. Most hepatologists, although not all, are also gastroenterologists. These doctors have successfully completed both a hepatology and a gastroenterology fellowship. Occasionally, gastroenterologists who have not completed a fellowship in hepatology nonetheless focus their medical practice primarily on the diagnosis and treatment of people with liver disease. While these physicians do not have a separate diploma in the field of liver disease, they may also be considered hepatologists.
Read More Here; What Is A Hepatologist ? What Is A Gastroenterologist?
Liver Biopsy, Should I or Shouldn't I ?
According to the 2010 Guidelines: a liver biopsy should be considered in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection if the patient and health care provider wish information regarding fibrosis stage for prognostic purposes or to make a decision regarding treatment. Currently available noninvasive tests may be useful in defining the presence or absence of advanced fibrosis in persons with chronic hepatitis C infection, but should not replace the liver biopsy in routine clinical practice .
Also See: Liver Biopsy and Noninvasive Tests For Fibrosis
Noninvasive tests for liver disease, fibrosis, and cirrhosis: Is liver biopsy obsolete?
Tests before and during HCV therapy:
You will be asked to give a medical history and have a complete medical examination; including but not limited to an eye examination, an EKG (a tracing by machine that shows how well your
heart is working), and/or a cardiac stress test, if the provider thinks they are needed.
A pregnancy test for female patients
*Note; It is also recommended that men and women should not consider pregnancy for 6 months after discontinuation of the drug.
Thyroid function should be monitored every 12 weeks while on treatment.
Genotype test; Viral genotyping is used to determine the kind, or genotype, of the virus. There are 6 major types of HCV; the most common in the U.S. and difficult to treat is (genotype 1), genotypes 2 or 3 have a better response rate to HCV treatment. Genotyping is often ordered before treatment is started to give an idea of the likelihood of success and how long treatment may be needed.
PCR=Viral Load or Quantitative HCV tests measure the number of viral RNA particles in your blood. Viral load tests are often used before and during treatment to help determine response to treatment .
As mentioned above; A PCR (viral load test) is at baseline , 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks, 36 weeks, and 48 weeks. (depending on treatment duration).
The IL28B Gene
Updated; As reported On Feb 25 2011
.In the last two years there has been notable research on the IL28B gene in relation to treatment response. However at this time the protocol for pre-testing has not been established.
How is the IL28B gene related to Hepatitis C ?
Variations in the IL28B gene have recently been linked to better treatment response among people with chronic hepatitis C virus
From HCV Advocate : The gene is a variation of IL28B (interleukin 28B) which triggers our body to make more of a type of natural interferon called lambda interferon. This natural interferon has also been found to help naturally suppress the hepatitis C virus. In people who take interferon plus ribavirin therapy the presence of a certain variation of IL28B gives them a two-fold increased chance of achieving a sustained virological response (HCV RNA negative 24-weeks post treatment) compared to those who do not have this gene variation.
Additional Information; IL28B At HCV New Drug Research and Liver Health
IL28B Gene Patterns and Liver Transplant Outcomes in Hepatitis C Patients
Do IL28B Gene Variations Affect Liver Disease Progression in People with Hepatitis C ?
If You Have Cirrhosis And Achieve SVR
However, patients who achieve an SVR but who have cirrhosis are at risk for comlications including HCC and therefore should continue to be monitored periodically.
Also See; (See AASLD guidelines on Management ofHepatocellular Carcinoma).
There is no role for a post treatment liver biopsy among those who achieve an SVR.
After treatment is completed;
A PCR is given at 4 weeks, 12 weeks, 24 weeks and one year.
Consequently, telaprevir has been combined with pegylated-interferon and ribavirin in clinical trials. This triple combination is more effective but has a higher rate of adverse events (notably rash) than the standard of care, despite the shorter duration of therapy. In boceprevir anemia has been seen during clinical trials.
Addtional Information; For SOC
Hepatitis C Treatment Adverse Event Monitoring
Hepatitis C: White Blood Count During Therapy
Hepatitis C: Anemia And Other Side Effects During Treatment
Telaprevir and Boceprevir/Less Side Effects?
Needle Stick Risk; If a family member will be injecting the medication; Please use caution and replace the cap on the syringe as soon as you withdraw the needle.
Injection Guide
Dealing with Used Sharps Responsibly:
A Guide for Patients Improper disposal of needles and other medical sharps can cause needle-stick injuries, especially for garbage collectors. Please throw your used needles away safely. Needles, sharps or sharps containers should not be included in your household trash. Collection programs for these items are available in many locations throughout the country. You may also return the full sharps container to your physician.
Treating with telaprevir or boceprevir
Telaprevir and Boceprevir Understanding The Chance For A Cure
Tip From Dr. Pockros;
Hepatitis C New Drugs:Telaprevir,Boceprevir Potential for Misuse Is ‘Huge’
The designs of the phase III trials on which the Food and Drug Administration approval will be based, as well as the resulting treatment regimens, are fairly complex, said Dr. Pockros, "so there will be lots of opportunities to screw things up." For example, he hypothesized, "I am sure that some patients are going to be put on telaprevir for 44 weeks with a 4-week pegylated interferon/ribavirin lead-in [even though the lead-in strategy was evaluated for boceprevir, not telaprevir], and other patients might be put on boceprevir for 12 weeks with no lead-in." For optimal safety and efficacy, Dr. Pockros stressed, physicians must have a good understanding of the treatment regimens, particularly in special populations, and they must actively and frequently monitor for antiviral resistance.
Additionally, physicians should anticipate problems with adherence, which is already an issue for some patients on standard therapy, he said, noting that – despite the shorter treatment duration – adding a third drug with its own set of side effects to the mix may not be realistic for patients with a history of poor compliance. The objective for physicians should be "to keep our eyes on the ball," said Dr. Pockros. "Our primary goal moving forward with all of the new drugs is going to be eradicating the virus." Paul J. Pockros, M.D., is head of the division of gastroenterology/hepatology and director of the Liver Research Consortium at the Scripps Clinic in La Jolla, Calif. He disclosed relationships with Vertex and Tibotec, which are involved in the development of telaprevir, and Merck, which manufactures boceprevir.
Source;
http://digestive.niddk.nih.gov/ddiseases/pubs/chronichepc/
http://www.coloradoguidelines.org/guidelines/hepbc.asp ttp://www.aasld.org/practiceguidelines/Pages/NewUpdatedGuidelines.aspx
Posted by HCV New Drugs at Tuesday, January 25, 2011 No comments: Links to this post
File Under HCV tests, side effects, Starting HCV Treatment
Study: Unhealthy Alcohol Use After HCV Therapy
December 2019 Update -- AASLD has updated its Hepa...
Liver Cancer After Treatment For Hepatitis C
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A Career in Development Communications
Yamini Lohia
Yamini Lohia is a Communications Officer with the United Nations in New Delhi. She has worked for the Economist, Mint, Indian Express and Times of India. She is an alum of the University of Southern California.
1. You started your career as a journalist. What were you most interested in writing at the time?
I’ve always had an interest in international politics and foreign policy, so that was one of the first subject areas I delved into when I began my career. Over time, I became interested in other kinds of policy issues as well. Education and health, for instance, are so central to how we experience life, and social policy and the provisioning of services are the cornerstone of our compact with the state. I wanted to be a good citizen, and I think holding governments accountable is one of the most essential things you can do as a politically-aware person.
It wasn’t all matters of state though. One of my abiding passions is popular culture and how deeply it affects our lives, so I wrote a lot about Harry Potter and Manchester United, to name just two fandoms. I also tended to have a lot of opinions on the ways in which technology is constantly transforming how we act, think, argue and form relationships.
2. Why did you decide to leave the world of journalism and enter development communications?
While journalism was good to me, I wanted to experience communication from a different lens. I wanted to still create content and tell stories, but perhaps with the sort of longitudinal reportage that national media doesn’t always have the luxury of indulging in. Plus, it became increasingly clear to me over time that how development organizations are perceived by policymakers, civil society and the general public is essential to the success of their operations. And of course that perception is moulded in no small part by the communication strategies employed by them.
3. During your career, did you ever think that you weren’t making the impact you hoped for?
When you write for the editorial pages of a newspaper, your audience is extremely limited. That’s just a fact. Few people who pick up a newspaper read an editorial. And then the editorial pages of Indian newspapers are in general less influential than, say, the New York Times or the Guardian. So yes, I felt sometimes like I was writing in a vacuum, and that no one was bothered with what we were saying.
Then you’d meet someone who appreciated a particular editorial, or you would get traction on social media, or receive an email from a decision-maker. But really the thing to remind yourself when you felt demoralised is that your writing is important to someone, even if the bang wasn’t as loud as you’d like.
4. What is it like to work for the United Nations Development Programme in India?
When you work at a UN agency, you’re working with some of most passionate people around. They all have deep expertise and have worked quietly to deliver real change for decades. These are not people who seek the limelight; they really just believe in the work they’re doing, and it’s a privilege to be able to help make their work known a bit better. But everything you hear about the levels of bureaucracy involved is not, shall we say, terribly exaggerated.
5. What role has studying abroad played in your professional development?
Experiencing different pedagogies inculcates a certain amount of confidence, because you get the best of the more informal, didactic US-style classroom, and the lecture-heavy infodump that can characterise British and Indian classes. For me, it left me with very different questions to which I was then able to synthesise answers in ways that I couldn’t have without the benefit of the multicultural contexts in which these programmes were being conducted. I met people from around the world and various cultures, and that broadened my mind, opening it up to ideas that I might otherwise have resisted or worse, never even been exposed to.
6. Do you have any advice for young people who are interested in pursuing a career in Development Communications?
I think the most important piece of advice I can give is to not get disheartened and disillusioned. Change is slow and difficult to effect; it takes time and sustained effort. It’s important to recognise the boundaries within which you must operate, while not allowing setbacks to make you cynical about the importance of public service, or government, or development agencies.
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The Ten Best THE JEFFERSONS Episodes of Season Five
Posted on December 1, 2015 by upperco
Welcome to a new Sitcom Tuesday! Today, we’re continuing our coverage on the best episodes from The Jeffersons (1975-1985, CBS), the longest running spin-off from Norman Lear’s flagship series, All In The Family (1971-1979, CBS). I am happy to announce that the entire series has finally been released on DVD.
Dry cleaning mogul George Jefferson and his wife Louise continue to adjust to life in a posh — and almost exclusively white — high rise on the Upper East Side of Manhattan. The Jeffersons stars SHERMAN HEMSLEY as George Jefferson, ISABEL SANFORD as Louise “Wheezy” Jefferson, ROXIE ROKER as Helen Willis, FRANKLIN COVER as Tom Willis, PAUL BENEDICT as Harry Bentley, BERLINDA TOLBERT as Jenny Willis, JAY HAMMER as Allan Willis, and MARLA GIBBS as Florence Johnston.
Although I believe Season Five exists in the same realm of quality as Season Four, it must be noted that the stories are getting less grounded in reality, and the comedy is more repeatedly mined from easier, anticipated, places. Yet there’s a renewed sense of energy this season, which, due to the ratings decline (mostly due to poor scheduling, the show didn’t crack the top 30 in either this season or the fourth) necessitated a lot of bottle shows. That is, there are a high volume of episodes here that utilize only the core cast and take place on very few sets. (These are easier to produce, and are surely the mark of a show with a reduced budget.) But this can often be a benefit, for this design forces the scripts to rely on the characters and their relationships — no other pomp and circumstance. Thus, there are a lot of enjoyable episodes that, if not remarkable, are notable for the strong ensemble performances. (That is, strong stuff from the two primary couples. Everyone else is either absent, or minimally used.) As noted last week, Damon Evans has officially left the series, so Lionel Jefferson is nowhere to be found (and Jenny appears only once). Also, Mother Jefferson has passed away off screen.
In their stead is Jay Hammer as Allan Willis, Jenny’s white brother, who stays with the Jeffersons due to a fraught relationship with his own father. While Hammer is better than the actor who played the role in Season One, he adds nothing of note to the series — because the racially charged material, while appropriate to the premise, is no longer vital in the show’s weekly storytelling, meaning that he’s rarely afforded the opportunity to make a case for his inclusion. The character won’t make it past the season, but his presence is the year’s biggest misfire, which otherwise remains solidly enjoyable. As usual, I have picked ten episodes that I think exemplify this season’s strongest installments. For new fans, this list will give you a place to start. For seasoned fans, there might be a few surprises.
Here are my picks for the ten best episodes of Season Five. (They are in AIRING ORDER.) Note that every episode this season is directed by Jack Shea.
01) Episode 88: “Louise’s Painting” (Aired: 09/20/78)
Helen and Louise attend an art class where there’s a nude male model.
Written by Nancy Vince and Ted Dale
Season Five begins with much needed energy, as the ensemble cast sinks their collective teeth into a delightfully “sitcom” teleplay that has George (and Florence, in a seldom seen alliance between the two) outraged when Louise comes home from an art class with the sketch of a nude male model. The bulk of the story concerns the fallout from the Jeffersons’ argument, made worse when George accidentally destroys her work. However the most comedic part of the episode, and the reason it makes for the season’s most effortlessly funny offering, are the reactions — first Louise’s shock at seeing a naked man and then George’s delight at viewing a naked woman. It’s quite funny; an obvious series classic.
02) Episode 92: “George’s Dream” (Aired: 10/18/78)
George dreams about what life is like in 1996.
Written by Bob Baublitz
Is this a gimmicky episode? Yes, but I must admit that I am generally less bothered by the gimmicks trotted out for this show (in comparison to purely character-driven shows like The Bob Newhart Show or Taxi), for instead of symbolizing an inhibition of creativity, these installments often yield some of the show’s funniest material. This offering is a prime example, as George dreams the future, in which he’s dead and Louise is a widowed sugar mama. There’s lots of fine laughs, and though they’re crafted rather easily from the presupposed premise, comedy is comedy, and the scripts, at this point in the run, are generally strong enough to overcompensate for any potential lack of originality. Very good.
03) Episode 93: “George’s New Stockbroker” (Aired: 11/01/78)
George’s new stockbroker, a ventriloquist, spent time in a mental institution.
Story by Jim Rogers | Teleplay by Jim Rogers, Bryan Joseph, Jay Moriarty, and Mike Milligan
With the guest appearance of TV ventriloquist Willie Tyler (with his “friend” Leroy), this is another installment that seems built around a gimmick — that is, an easy and somewhat less thoughtful source of comedy. But Tyler is a funny performer, and his interactions with the core cast do indeed yield big laughs. Then, when the metaphorical bomb is dropped about his past tenure in a mental hospital, there’s a worry that the show is going to get heavy-handed. Fortunately ( and frankly surprisingly), it doesn’t, as George’s worthwhile reaction to learning this information becomes the source of most of the excursion’s laughs. And because it’s in character, this is a much stronger episode than it looks.
04) Episode 94: “Me And Billy Dee” (Aired: 11/04/78)
George tries to get Billy Dee Williams for a benefit, but may have to settle for lookalike.
Story by Jay Moriarty and Mike Milligan | Teleplay by Bryan Joseph
Yet another episode built around a gimmick, this installment remains viable for several reasons. First, as the first celebrity-oriented installment of the show (to which shows like even All In The Family were not immune), the installment has the feeling of taking part in a classic sitcom tradition, the kind dating back to Lucy and Jack Benny, during which stars informed the weekly premise. Thus, there’s a sense of — “okay, you’ve earned this one” — about the installment’s design, and although it’s not original, the guest is well suited to the story and the comedy. The second reason this episode earns distinction is Marla Gibbs, whose portrayal is seldom funnier. (Note that this episode aired in a special time.)
05) Episode 99: “George Finds A Father” (Aired: 12/20/78)
George learns that an old family friend was his late mother’s lover.
Story by Kurt Taylor and John Donley | Teleplay by Kurt Taylor, John Donley, Paul M. Belous, and Robert Wolterstorff
This Christmas themed installment is one of a few offerings in which there’s drama that I really appreciate, and it’s because the conflict is connected to George and his memories of his mother, a character who, before the actress’ untimely passing, was a pivotal part of the series. In other words, there’s a real weight to the proceedings — both for George and for the audience. As always, what makes the drama work is the comedy, which finds ways to coexist both in the premise and in the smart script these two writing pairs have crafted. It’s better than most holiday shows, and for its balance of light and dark (reminiscent of the glory days of All In The Family), this is a series classic, making you both laugh and think — effortlessly.
06) Episode 100: “Louise’s Sister” (Aired: 01/03/79)
George aims to reunite Louise with her sister, not knowing why they’re estranged.
Josephine Premice, a chanteuse with a unique line delivery, plays Louise’s estranged sister in this, another heavier episode, that aims to juxtapose comedy with its meatier and more emotional elements. It’s a fan favorite offering, and while I do agree it succeeds far more than it fails, it must be noted that the comedy does seem to take a back seat to the drama (which isn’t the case for the installment included directly above). Nevertheless, the quality of the scripting is superior and the installment remains unique for showing us new sides to the characters, particularly Louise, whose family we hear about much less often than George’s. So because it works for the characters, this is a very memorable outing.
07) Episode 101: “Louise’s Reunion” (Aired: 01/10/79)
George and Louise have a fight on the night of her high school reunion.
Written by Howard Albrecht and Sol Weinstein
Although this episode utilizes a big new set and plenty of guests, I tend to think of this installment as belonging to that group of quieter fifth season shows, for the comedy is based entirely on the relationship shared between George and Louise. The premise, which may remind some of a second season Maude episode, has a fight breaking out between George and Louise when the latter learns that she’ll only get George’s estate on the stipulation that she never re-marry. Naturally, both sides of the argument are motivated (and universally relatable) and the reunion angle, which complicates things by way of an old school crush, makes things deliciously fresh. A fun episode for the performances of the two primary leads.
08) Episode 102: “A Bedtime Story” (Aired: 01/24/79)
George seeks a cure for his recent impotence.
Written by Stephen Neigher
Stephen Neigher, contributor of only three scripts to the series (two of which are from this season, one of which is in the last) is not a big gag writer; instead, his scripts flow looser with less concrete structure and more of an emphasis on character exploration. Naturally, this is appreciated, for although the episodes generally aren’t among the most hilarious, they end up being great showcases for the characters, and like several in today’s post, are therefore distinctly enjoyable (especially at this time in the run). This one boasts a risqué premise and some unforgettable Hemsley moments. (Neigher’s other fifth season offering, “The Ones You Love,” is an honorable mention and was close to making the list.)
09) Episode 108: “Every Night Fever” (Aired: 03/28/79)
George catches disco fever and wants to boogie every night.
Written by Bryan Joseph
In contrast to the above, this is a very gag-heavy installment, seemingly built on a single comedic premise (and one can imagine it being pitched as such): “George Jefferson gets disco fever.” Okay, easy laughs ensue. And that’s pretty much all this episode is — an excuse to put George (and Louise, Tom, and Helen) in a situation and location where we wouldn’t ordinarily find them, thus evoking laughter from the sheer spectacle (and this is a huge sight gag reliant installment). Also, it’s a chance for Hemsley, who was actually a musical comedy performer on Broadway before taking on the role of George Jefferson, to strut his stuff and show off some of his impressive skills. But the laughs are so big and unforgettable, that this becomes another classic, overcoming its weak design and earning favor as the year’s best.
10) Episode 109: “Three Faces Of Florence” (Aired: 04/04/79)
Florence’s plan to attract men involves multiple personalities.
Story by Bernard Burnell Mack | Teleplay by Paul M. Belous and Robert Wolterstorff
An outing I use in evidence of the scripts’ growing trend towards broadness (a trap into which most long running shows fall), this one works because of the committed performance of the always hysterical Marla Gibbs, who’s singlehandedly responsible for many of The Jeffersons laughs, particularly in these middle seasons. In fact, she’s a consistent and reliable supplier of comedy (akin to Louie on Taxi or Carla on Cheers, both of whom, like Florence, serve to insult and antagonize the others). So the wilder story, which tries to entertain elements of farce, ends up being an excuse for the audience to enjoy the silliness that is Florence; and although logic isn’t as imperative to the story as I’d like, I appreciate Gibbs.
Other notable episodes that narrowly missed the list above include: “Florence Meets Mr. Right,” in which Florence becomes engaged to an overly religious man, “The Ones You Love,” in which George and Louise fight just before they’re to be interviewed by Black Life Magazine (easily the strongest of this trio, and very close to making the above list), and “Louise’s Convention,” in which Louise becomes suspicious when George isn’t upset when she has to go out of town for their anniversary.
*** The MVE Award for the Best Episode from Season Five of The Jeffersons goes to…..
“Every Night Fever”
Come back next Tuesday for the best from the sixth season! And tune in tomorrow for a new Wildcard Wednesday post!
Posted in Sitcoms | Tagged 1978, 1979, berlinda tolbert, best episodes, CBS, comedy, franklin cover, isabel sanford, jay hammer, marla gibbs, norman lear, NRW, paul benedict, roxie roker, season five, sherman hemsley, television, the jeffersons
4 thoughts on “The Ten Best THE JEFFERSONS Episodes of Season Five”
The Florence shows you mentioned are also my favorites from this season (“That woman is a saint – look who she married!”). I think “George’s Dream” is also the first and funniest of the silly daydream/costume episodes they would trot out every year. Did you like Sherman laughing at his own lines on top of the audience/laugh track?
They were on the cancellation bubble this year, aired against “Eight Is Enough” and then paired with “One Day at a Time” (time-slot hit that never stood on its own) against “Charlie’s Angels”.
upperco
Hi, Jake! Thanks for reading and commenting.
I typically do like when characters laugh at jokes (either their own or others’ ) because I think it’s very realistic. A lot of times, when I say something funny, I laugh afterwards. It wouldn’t be natural for characters in a sitcom not to recognize some of the hilarity in the world they inhabit. I didn’t particularly notice Hemsley doing it this season, but his swagger and bravado certainly is in rare form here, so I think George’s general amusement with himself is perfectly in keeping with his character.
Hi – just wanted to say I really enjoy your blog and look forward to your posts every Tuesday. You’ve covered a lot of my fave sitcoms so far. :-)
I happened to see “Louise’s Painting” on Antenna TV the other nite – it truly was an hysterical episode (love Florence’s reaction to the sketch)! Also, it was nice to see Louise as her feisty, no-nonsense self like in the show’s early years. It’s a shame that her character was watered down so much over time.
Hi, Mike! Thanks for reading and commenting.
The startling redesign of Louise’s character is the show’s biggest flaw, in my opinion. As the years progressed, she lost her sense of reason. She became an excitable, obnoxious presence — almost taking on George’s personality while he was neutered of all that initially made him such an interesting and flawed character. The change made no sense and seemed like a cheap way of getting Sanford, the Emmy winner, to do more regular shtick. But more on this in upcoming weeks! Stay tuned . . .
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Things I’ve Heard About Thin Women
Ragen Chastain
Filed to:Republished
I recently wrote a blog called 386,170 unhelpful things about the messages that I get from the world about my body. While I was researching it, some of the messages I heard were:
386,170 Unhelpful Things
I recently undertook a decidedly unscientific experiment to catalog a sample of what messages I get
"Fat isn't sexy, it's a fact."
"Men just don't want obese women"
"Everybody knows you can't be healthy and obese"
I don't know about you, but I don't enjoy getting those messages from society, it's frustrating and it hurts my feelings.
Today while perusing some "size positive" blogs I found the following comments:
"Stick women just aren't sexy, it's just gross."
"What man would want a twig anyway?"
"It's just impossible to be healthy when you are that thin, you have to be anorexic or a drug addict to look like that" "Real women are curvy and LOOK like women"
I absolutely understand why people in the size positive community say things like this. It's rare to see people on television and in commercials who look like us and that can be frustrating. We're getting hundreds of thousands of negative messages about our bodies every year and we are tired, angry, and hurt. People with no health credentials feel completely justified in making assumptions about our health. Doctors make the same mistaken assumptions. It's easy to transfer our frustration onto the people who represent "the other side". Sometimes you've just taken all you can stand and you feel like you have to lash out. I get it – I really do, I've been there. That being said:
Knock it off.
If we want people to treat us with respect when it comes to our bodies, we should probably take a pass on bashing other people about their bodies.
If we want people to take a good, hard look at their size prejudices, we should take a good, hard look at our own.
Health at Every Size means health at EVERY size. If we purport that some people are naturally larger, then it follows that some people are naturally smaller. It astounds me that someone who screams "IT'S NOT FAIR" when they are judged as unhealthy because of their size would turn around and do the same thing to someone else.
I want a world of body positivity. A world where everyone is treated with respect and dignity, where everyone knows that they are beautiful, and receives acknowledgment of that from society. Nobody should be treated the way that fat people are currently being treated in our culture. Nobody. So I want change, but not if it means treating thin people like fat people are treated now – that's too high a price to pay.
I believe that if you say that you want a size positive world, you have to mean size positive for everyone. That means not making judgments about others based on their size; sticking up for the model being called anorexic with the same fervor you would use to defend a fat women being called lazy; respecting other people's decisions when it comes to their bodies – even when you don't agree with them.
That's what it means to be the change you want to see in the world.
Trying to hurt someone else in the same way that you've been hurt never works. You can't improve your self-esteem by diminishing someone else's. In the end you won't feel better and now there are two people in pain.
If you want to lash out do something really radical, something that really takes courage: respect every body like it was your own.
This post originally appeared on Dances With Fat. Republished with permission.
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