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What is it called to group comics based on how they are formatted? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | grammars | advqa_11600 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the view of the study? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination | advqa_11601 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the difference between how france and american view comic theory? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | panel-to-panel transitions | advqa_11602 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The region of France would classify mangas under which term? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | les littératures dessinées | advqa_11603 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which individual studied the aspects of comics during the seventies that is referred to as now as "closure"? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle | advqa_11604 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the third change? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | By the 1990s, theorists such as Benoît Peeters and Thierry Groensteen turned attention to artists' poïetic creative choices | advqa_11605 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When was the study of the mind introduced? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | the mid-2000s | advqa_11606 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The creator of Gipsy and a writer from Belgium that held a relativistic view when describing comics was? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | Thierry Smolderen | advqa_11607 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the second change? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | In 1987, Henri Vanlier introduced the term multicadre, or "multiframe", to refer to the comics a page as a semantic unit | advqa_11608 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which comic theorist began studying comics after the start of the 21st century? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | Neil Cohn | advqa_11609 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What early comic creator analyzed the comics he made? | European comics studies began with Töpffer's theories of his own work in the 1840s, which emphasized panel transitions and the visual–verbal combination. No further progress was made until the 1970s. Pierre Fresnault-Deruelle then took a semiotics approach to the study of comics, analyzing text–image relations, page-le... | Töpffer | advqa_11610 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a variation of the word? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor | advqa_11611 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How would you ask for comics in France? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | bandes dessinées | advqa_11612 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What makes something fun a mess? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | Cross-cultural study of comics | advqa_11613 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a different term in the east? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | manga | advqa_11614 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What word is used when something is suggested by given factors, but not expressly stated? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | imply | advqa_11615 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How are drawn strips and manga different? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics | advqa_11616 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What makes the cross-cultural study of comics difficult? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages | advqa_11617 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What does the closeness of drawn images, as used in the term bandes dessinées, indicate? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | the exclusion of even photographic comics | advqa_11618 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How does manga and bandes dessinees show the problem with the word comic? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages | advqa_11619 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the term used for a picture, description, or imitation of a person in which certain striking characteristics are exaggerated in order to create a comic or grotesque effect. | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | caricature | advqa_11620 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What word in the Japanese language indicate a similar idea to the French phrase bandes dessinées? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | manga | advqa_11621 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Is the Japanese or French word for comics more broad in what it includes? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | Japanese | advqa_11622 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a struggle in this study? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages | advqa_11623 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What doesn't have pictures? | Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic ... | bandes dessinées ("drawn strip" | advqa_11624 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was sparked from these changes? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | the Golden Age of Comic Books | advqa_11625 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Of Mutt and Jeff and Superman, which one came out later? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | Superman | advqa_11626 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
In 1938, what was the main focus of comic books? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | superhero | advqa_11627 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which is not a last name, Fisher or Humour? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | Humour | advqa_11628 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Between the end and the beginning, where did Superman fit into the golden Age of Comic Books? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | beginning | advqa_11629 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How did this change toward the middle of the century? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | by the end of the decade, original content began to dominate | advqa_11630 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How did the newspapers change? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century | advqa_11631 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Of Action Comics' hero and Bud Fisher's characters, whose came out first? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | Bud Fisher's | advqa_11632 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the difference between earlier strips and these strips? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | Shorter, black-and-white | advqa_11633 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who was the first comic hero? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | Superman | advqa_11634 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which is not a superhero, Superman or Golden? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | Golden | advqa_11635 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is another name for the "funnies" section? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | comic | advqa_11636 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What metal is used in the nickname of 1938? | Shorter, black-and-white daily strips began to appear early in the 20th century, and became established in newspapers after the success in 1907 of Bud Fisher's Mutt and Jeff. Humour strips predominated at first, and in the 1920s and 1930s strips with continuing stories in genres such as adventure and drama also became ... | Golden | advqa_11637 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What language is mentioned other than French and English? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | Japanese | advqa_11638 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the third type of writing mentioned? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | periodicals | advqa_11639 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where was the comics first used? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | early American newspaper comic strips | advqa_11640 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What does the word comic derived from? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | non-humorous works | advqa_11641 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
If batman comic books are not funny, why are they not classified as something else? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages | advqa_11642 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What does the article say that comics are? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | periodicals | advqa_11643 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What language that is not European is mentioned in the article? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | Japanese | advqa_11644 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the first alternative writing that is is mentiond? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | regular books | advqa_11645 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What feature do comics have, other than humorous? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | non-humorous | advqa_11646 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What are French non-humorous books know as? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | Franco-Belgian comics | advqa_11647 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What term are comic books known for in terms of humorous or non-humorous? | The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, bu... | not humorous | advqa_11648 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is been discussed? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | storyboards and wordless novels | advqa_11649 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Stories without words are also considered as what? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | comics | advqa_11650 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What are usually found in comics? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | images | advqa_11651 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
narratives are best displayed through?? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | Wordless novels | advqa_11652 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What are used as guides for film production? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | storyboards | advqa_11653 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What type of movies usually use image sequences as guides? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | animation | advqa_11654 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What genre are wordless novels? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | narrative | advqa_11655 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What are sequences of images used in movie production know as? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | storyboards | advqa_11656 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What do storyboards and wordless novels contain in common? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | images | advqa_11657 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
which comic delivery is rarely visual? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | storyboards | advqa_11658 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
wordless novels are also? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | books | advqa_11659 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How are wordless novels different from the traditional books? | Some consider storyboards and wordless novels to be comics. Film studios, especially in animation, often use sequences of images as guides for film sequences. These storyboards are not intended as an end product and are rarely seen by the public. Wordless novels are books which use sequences of captionless images to de... | captionless | advqa_11660 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What helped bolster the industry? | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick... | the comic strip Sazae-san | advqa_11661 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What began happening after the the popularization of comics after WWII? | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick... | Genres and audiences diversified | advqa_11662 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What would be the best way to read the bulk of a series? | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick... | tankōbon-format books | advqa_11663 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was done to sell comics to other countries? | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick... | translations | advqa_11664 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What form of media enjoys popularity in at least one Asian country? | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick... | comics | advqa_11665 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is done before comic stories are put into tankoban-format books? | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick... | serialized in magazines | advqa_11666 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a possible reason that characters have taken more and more non traditional attributes? | The modern era of comics in Japan began after World War II, propelled by the success of the serialized comics of the prolific Osamu Tezuka and the comic strip Sazae-san. Genres and audiences diversified over the following decades. Stories are usually first serialized in magazines which are often hundreds of pages thick... | translations became extremely popular in foreign markets | advqa_11667 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What needs to be done before the final step? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population | advqa_11668 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the FDA checking for? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | being both safe and effective | advqa_11669 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How are the drugs tested? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials | advqa_11670 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the final step? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | The FDA review the data and if the product is seen as having a positive benefit-risk assessment, approval to market the product in the US is granted | advqa_11671 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How do the trials occur? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | Following IND approval, three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted | advqa_11672 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What does the FDA oversee? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | new pharmaceutical products | advqa_11673 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Why does this process need to be completed before going to market? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective | advqa_11674 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What must be done before phases start? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials | advqa_11675 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where does the FDA have jurisdiction? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | In the United States | advqa_11676 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When can new drugs be approved? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | Following the successful completion of phase III testing | advqa_11677 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How does the FDA ensure the public's safety? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials | advqa_11678 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the last stage in getting FDA approval? | In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approva... | New Drug Application is submitted to the FDA | advqa_11679 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What's the disease mentioned that a vaccine was created for | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | rabies | advqa_11680 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the first vaccine | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | rabies | advqa_11681 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which vaccination did Maurice Hilleman work on first, Japanese encephelitis or meningitis? | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | Japanese encephelitis | advqa_11682 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which vaccination was developed second, rabies or diphtheria? | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | diphtheria | advqa_11683 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What could rabid animals have benefited from? | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | rabies vaccine | advqa_11684 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the second vaccine produced | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | diphtheria | advqa_11685 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When was the second vaccine mentioned created | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | 1914 | advqa_11686 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Once they discontinued using antitoxin from an animal, what was the new alternative? | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | a safer vaccine could be produced by treating diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde | advqa_11687 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which happened first, 15520 deaths from diphtheria in the US or the first diphtheria vaccine was made? | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | first diphtheria vaccines | advqa_11688 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What entity could have helped with a disease with red dots that children often get? | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | Squibb Pharmaceuticals | advqa_11689 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who was Hilleman employed by later, Squibb Pharmaceuticals or Merck? | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | Merck | advqa_11690 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which diphtheria vaccination formula was safer, the mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin or treating diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde? | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | formaldehyde | advqa_11691 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How was poison somewhat beneficial during this time? | Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first r... | first diphtheria vaccines were produced | advqa_11692 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is a benefit granted by the Orphan Drug Act: patents, fee waivers, or medical research? | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | fee waivers | advqa_11693 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the most common method for any type of manufacturer to gain market exclusivity? | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | patents | advqa_11694 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the standard threshhold for being subject to the Orphan Drug Act? | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | 200,000 patients | advqa_11695 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
In what way is developing drugs to treat orphan diseases disadvantageous? | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | financially | advqa_11696 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What does the Orphan Drug Act encourage companies to do for rare diseases? | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | medical research and development | advqa_11697 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What factor for orphan diseases changes depending on certain circumstances? | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | larger populations | advqa_11698 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What guidelines make an disease considered rare? | There are special rules for certain rare diseases ("orphan diseases") in several major drug regulatory territories. For example, diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients in the United States, or larger populations in certain circumstances are subject to the Orphan Drug Act. Because medical research and developme... | diseases involving fewer than 200,000 patients | advqa_11699 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
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