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Which grandfather of an heir to the throne of Sicily was an Emperor of Germany whose reign ended the period of instability that began with the death of a previous emperor in 1125? | During the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henry IV (r. 1084–1105) ... | Frederick I Barbarossa | advqa_16500 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Early Gothic churches had sculpture outside and? | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | inside | advqa_16501 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who, of the artists whose death years are mentioned in the passage, did not live to see the 1450s? | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | Jan van Eyck | advqa_16502 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Giovvanni Pisano could create what kind of art? | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | sculpture | advqa_16503 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Weyden did? | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | painting | advqa_16504 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who, of the artists whose death years are mentioned in the passage, died sometime after the 1450s? | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | Rogier van der Weyden | advqa_16505 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Eyck was? | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | Netherlandish | advqa_16506 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who died in the 41st year of the 15th century? | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | Jan van Eyck | advqa_16507 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The person who died in 1464 did what? | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | painting | advqa_16508 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Weyden was? | The large external sculptural schemes of Early Gothic churches gave way to more sculpture inside the building, as tombs became more elaborate and other features such as pulpits were sometimes lavishly carved, as in the Pulpit by Giovanni Pisano in Sant'Andrea. Painted or carved wooden relief altarpieces became common, ... | Netherlandish | advqa_16509 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How did leadership contribute to the problems? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | emperors coming to the throne only to be rapidly replaced by new usurpers | advqa_16510 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How did the Roman Empire evolve in the first two hundred years of the millenium? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent | advqa_16511 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the first group mentioned? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | The Roman Empire | advqa_16512 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the second time period mentioned? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | 3rd century | advqa_16513 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the last branch of the military mentioned? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | army | advqa_16514 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the first issue bringing down the empire mentioned? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | Economic issues | advqa_16515 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Why was Rome less stable after the second century? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | Economic issues | advqa_16516 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How did the military put pressure on the coffers? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | The need for revenue led to increased taxes and a decline in numbers of the curial, or landowning, class, and decreasing numbers of them willing to shoulder the burdens of holding office in their native towns | advqa_16517 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What did the Roman empire hire due to increased taxes? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | tax-collectors | advqa_16518 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What happened by the fourth century? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable | advqa_16519 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the last group mentioned? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | tax-payers | advqa_16520 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who was mad about the increase in taxes? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | civilians | advqa_16521 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was a key cause of the financial ruin? | The Roman Empire reached its greatest territorial extent during the 2nd century AD; the following two centuries witnessed the slow decline of Roman control over its outlying territories. Economic issues, including inflation, and external pressure on the frontiers combined to make the 3rd century politically unstable, w... | Military expenses | advqa_16522 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
In what sectors could only men serve? | Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ... | military or government | advqa_16523 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was another duty of women when crops became mature? | Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ... | help with field-work | advqa_16524 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What church role was only for men? | Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ... | priests | advqa_16525 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What could women become if they wanted to serve God? | Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ... | nuns | advqa_16526 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What religious positions were available to women in the Middle Ages? | Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ... | nuns | advqa_16527 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How could women earn additional money in the Middle Ages? | Women in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically inclined tasks. Peasant ... | by spinning or brewing at home | advqa_16528 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
A building material is? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | stone | advqa_16529 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a transept? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | the "arms" of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave | advqa_16530 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What type of architecture did not get built often during the 6th century? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | the basilica form of architecture | advqa_16531 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Arms can be called? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | transept | advqa_16532 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
A basilica is what in nature? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | religious | advqa_16533 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When was the last century where many smaller stone buildings were built? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | 7th | advqa_16534 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What were constructed in high amounts during the time spanning the 4th to 8th century? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | many smaller ones | advqa_16535 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is one distinguishing component of the form of architecture the Carolingian Empire revived in the 8th century? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | the use of a transept | advqa_16536 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was typically used in building basilicas? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | stone | advqa_16537 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What three features of religious archiecture are mentioned in the paragraph? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | transept, or the "arms" of a cross-shaped building that are perpendicular to the long nave. Other new features of religious architecture include the crossing tower and a monumental entrance to the church, usually at the west end of the building | advqa_16538 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What property of early basilicas shows a directional aspect of worship? | Few large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One feature of the basilic... | monumental entrance to the church, usually at the west end of the building | advqa_16539 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
With what event did the Investiture Controversy end? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | Concordat of Worms | advqa_16540 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which happened later, the papacy of Gregory VII, or the Concordat of Worms? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | the Concordat of Worms | advqa_16541 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which happened later, the late 11th century, or the Concordat of Worms? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | the Concordat of Worms | advqa_16542 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the Investiture Controversy responsible for? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | a dispute that turned into a battle over the ideas of investiture, clerical marriage, and simony | advqa_16543 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Monastic reform changed the church and caused what? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | Investiture Controversy | advqa_16544 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What divine calling did the emperor believe that he had? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | protection of the Church | advqa_16545 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What additional issues beyond who was responsible for putting the clergy into office were raised in the debate between the emperor and the pope? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | investiture, clerical marriage, and simony | advqa_16546 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What clergyman fought for the Church's independence? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | Pope Gregory VII | advqa_16547 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which happened later, the papacy of Leo IX, or the Concordat of Worms? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | the Concordat of Worms | advqa_16548 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which happened later, the papacy of Gregory VII, or the year 1122? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | 1122 | advqa_16549 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which happened earlier, the clash of an emperor with Gregory, or the year 1049? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | 1049 | advqa_16550 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What did Gregory VII and Henry IV start? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | initially clashed over episcopal appointments | advqa_16551 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What did the dispute between Gregory VII and Henry IV lead to? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | Concordat of Worms | advqa_16552 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What did the Investiture Controversy start? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | clerical independence | advqa_16553 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which Pope had the shortest term in office? | Monastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII (pope 1073–85) and ... | Pope Leo IX | advqa_16554 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When did the first Crusade end? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | 1099 | advqa_16555 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was to be had in the conflict? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem | advqa_16556 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who sparked the war? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | Pope Urban II | advqa_16557 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was a consequence of the conflict? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | One feature of the crusades was the pogroms against local Jews | advqa_16558 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What happened after the First Crusade? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | Jewish communities in Cologne, Mainz, and Worms were destroyed | advqa_16559 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What happened in the first war? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | when the Jewish communities in Cologne, Mainz, and Worms were destroyed, and other communities in cities between the rivers Seine and Rhine suffered destruction | advqa_16560 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was a drawback of the war? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | pogroms against local Jews | advqa_16561 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who was the defenders in the war? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | Muslim | advqa_16562 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who sought control of the land? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | Pope Urban II | advqa_16563 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where were the pogroms especially fierce during this time? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | Cologne, Mainz, and Worms | advqa_16564 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who did the Crusaders come before? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | Templars and Hospitallers | advqa_16565 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was the goal of the war? | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | seize Jerusalem | advqa_16566 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What nation found for control of the land | The crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban promised indulgence ... | the Byzantine | advqa_16567 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which area was conquered second, Syria or Persia? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Persia | advqa_16568 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the first area mentioned? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Eastern Empire | advqa_16569 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the first ethnicity mentioned? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Arab | advqa_16570 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the last type of land formation mentioned? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | peninsula | advqa_16571 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What system of thought that worshipped Allah ended up dominating the cape known as the Muslim Iberia? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Islamic forces | advqa_16572 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What underwent major alterations in the Byzantine lands and the land now known as Iran? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Religious beliefs | advqa_16573 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
In what period did the system of faith that worships Allah begin to form? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | the lifetime of Muhammad | advqa_16574 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the second area mentioned? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Persia | advqa_16575 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
what is the last area mentioned? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Al-Andalus | advqa_16576 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What system of thought was the credo that follows the Jewish man known as the Messiah facing off against in the rush to gain adherents? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Zoroastrianism | advqa_16577 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which area was conquered after 635, Syria or Egypt? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Egypt | advqa_16578 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What credo was one official in the Middle East known to have joined in the time of religious change in the Byzantine area and the area now known as Iran? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Judaism | advqa_16579 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which area was conquered before 640, Syria or Egypt? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Syria | advqa_16580 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which area was conquered before 700, Persia or the Iberian Peninsula? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Persia | advqa_16581 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which area was conquered before 700, Egypt or the Iberian Peninsula? | Religious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking converts, especially ... | Egypt | advqa_16582 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What part of the plant does a stripper remove? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | the entire boll | advqa_16583 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What plant structure does cotton grow inside? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | the boll | advqa_16584 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Why do you need to chemically defoliate the cotton plant? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | the plant will continue to grow | advqa_16585 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which way of harvesting is better if you want to keep the plant intact? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | picker | advqa_16586 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
At what chronological frequency does cotton grow? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | perennial | advqa_16587 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a way to keep the plant from growing without using chemicals? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | freezing | advqa_16588 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following causes defoliation: windy weather, a freeze or the tropics? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | a freeze | advqa_16589 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When is it better to use a stripper? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | where it is too windy | advqa_16590 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What kind of machine is better if you don't care about the state that the plant is left in? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | stripper | advqa_16591 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What natural condition might lead to a farmer choosing to use a stripper rather than a picker? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | windy | advqa_16592 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is not part of a plant: a boll or a stripper? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | stripper | advqa_16593 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which of the following is a machine: a perennial crop, a cotton plant or a cotton stripper? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | stripper | advqa_16594 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What can happen to cotton when the temperature drops below 32 F? | Most cotton in the United States, Europe and Australia is harvested mechanically, either by a cotton picker, a machine that removes the cotton from the boll without damaging the cotton plant, or by a cotton stripper, which strips the entire boll off the plant. Cotton strippers are used in regions where it is too windy ... | natural defoliation | advqa_16595 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Cotton production could be done by hand or what methods? | Cotton remained a key crop in the Southern economy after emancipation and the end of the Civil War in 1865. Across the South, sharecropping evolved, in which landless black and white farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the land and bore the production costs them... | mechanical | advqa_16596 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What happened after the Civil War? | Cotton remained a key crop in the Southern economy after emancipation and the end of the Civil War in 1865. Across the South, sharecropping evolved, in which landless black and white farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the land and bore the production costs them... | sharecropping evolved | advqa_16597 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Anyone of any race could do? | Cotton remained a key crop in the Southern economy after emancipation and the end of the Civil War in 1865. Across the South, sharecropping evolved, in which landless black and white farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the land and bore the production costs them... | sharecropping | advqa_16598 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was a defining event in the South? | Cotton remained a key crop in the Southern economy after emancipation and the end of the Civil War in 1865. Across the South, sharecropping evolved, in which landless black and white farmers worked land owned by others in return for a share of the profits. Some farmers rented the land and bore the production costs them... | the Civil War | advqa_16599 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
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