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How long did the revolution of the Americas last? | The decolonization of the Americas was the process by which the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule. Decolonization began with a series of revolutions in the late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries. The Spanish American wars of independence were the numerous wars against Spanish rul... | late 18th and early-to-mid-19th centuries | advqa_17600 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What much was surpassed in the 20th century? | Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services c... | a factor of five | advqa_17601 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What advantage did the 20th century lack? | Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services c... | Industrial Revolution | advqa_17602 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What was an was an advantage in the 20th century regarding products? | Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services c... | available | advqa_17603 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
kant refuted | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism | advqa_17604 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What might Kant believe to be the necessary component of idealism? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | the spontaneity of thought | advqa_17605 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What does Kant say about inferring 'I' as an object from "the spontaneity of thought"? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | that it is not possible | advqa_17606 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who might be a big influence on Kant's idea of idealism? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | Locke, Berkeley and Hume | advqa_17607 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who might have promoted the transcendental idealism? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | Kant | advqa_17608 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Kant's concepts were separated from whose idea other than Descartes' in the 2nd edition? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | Berkeley's | advqa_17609 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who criticizes Descartes? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | Kant | advqa_17610 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What cogito ergo sum mean? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | possible to infer the 'I' as an object | advqa_17611 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What did Hume study? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | idealism | advqa_17612 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the title of people Kant drew concepts from? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | philosophers | advqa_17613 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who might be the author of the 2nd edition? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | Kant | advqa_17614 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What did Decartes say? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | cogito ergo sum | advqa_17615 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
kants trancendental ideas differ from | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | previous varieties | advqa_17616 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where can you find Paralogisms of Pure Reason? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | Refutation of Idealism | advqa_17617 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What did Kant study? | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | transcendental idealism | advqa_17618 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
according to Descartes it is possible to infer the self as an object | The 2nd edition (1787) contained a Refutation of Idealism to distinguish his transcendental idealism from Descartes's Sceptical Idealism and Berkeley's anti-realist strain of Subjective Idealism. The section Paralogisms of Pure Reason is an implicit critique of Descartes' idealism. Kant says that it is not possible to ... | from "the spontaneity of thought | advqa_17619 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How does idealism operate against physicalist and dualist theories? | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit | advqa_17620 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is one of the main things that idealism claims? | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | all entities are composed of mind or spirit | advqa_17621 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What overall thing is idealism concerned with? | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | society | advqa_17622 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What do I need to know about idealism to understand it? | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing | advqa_17623 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What does the philosophy say about what is real? | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | immaterial | advqa_17624 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the main point of the passage? | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind | advqa_17625 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What does the philosophy of idealism analyze? | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | human ideas | advqa_17626 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the epistemological approach to idealism? | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing | advqa_17627 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How does idealism reject physicalist and dualist theories? | In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense... | idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed | advqa_17628 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
__ was very converned about animal welfare. | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | Schopenhauer | advqa_17629 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Schopenhauer was a? | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | modern philosophers | advqa_17630 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who believed in the soul first? | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | the East | advqa_17631 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Plotinus's job was? | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | philosophers | advqa_17632 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who adopted a new idea? | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | Western philosophy | advqa_17633 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
__ was porn in Gdansk. | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | Schopenhauer | advqa_17634 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
__ was a virulent misogynist. | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | Schopenhauer | advqa_17635 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a new idea? | With the neoplatonist Plotinus, wrote Nathaniel Alfred Boll; "there even appears, probably for the first time in Western philosophy, idealism that had long been current in the East even at that time, for it taught... that the soul has made the world by stepping from eternity into time...". Similarly, in regard to passa... | whether we know external objects | advqa_17636 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What cukture dervied the term vacuum | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | Latin | advqa_17637 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
An imperfect vaccum might be created in a what? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | laboratory | advqa_17638 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Who might be interested in the definition of a vacuum? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | Physicists | advqa_17639 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How does an imperfect vacuum differ from true vacuum? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure | advqa_17640 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is another word for vacuum? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | free space | advqa_17641 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the opposite of full of matter? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | vacant | advqa_17642 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the word derived from? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | vacuus | advqa_17643 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What roots can vacuum be dervied from? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | vacuus for "vacant" or "void | advqa_17644 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a secondary term for physicists? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | free space | advqa_17645 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How does Vacuo differ from Vacuus | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum | advqa_17646 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How is a vacuum different from air? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | void of matter | advqa_17647 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the Latin term? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | vacuus | advqa_17648 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
A partial vacuum, as opposed to a true vacuum, is created by the presence of just a tiny bit of? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | matter | advqa_17649 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What prevents a given region from being a true vacuum? | Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply ca... | matter | advqa_17650 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How are cold cathode gauges different from hot cathode gauges in terms of resulting electrons? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | electrons are produced in a discharge created by a high voltage electrical discharge | advqa_17651 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The current strength depends indirectly on the amount of what? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | gas molecules | advqa_17652 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What affects current in hot cathode gauges? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | the number of ions, which depends on the pressure in the gauge | advqa_17653 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the source of ions that are collected at the negative electrode in an ion gauge? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | gas molecules | advqa_17654 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What causes the ionized gas to move and create a current? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | a negative electrode | advqa_17655 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What can be used to make sure the readouts from an ion gauge are as close to correct as possible? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | mass spectrometer | advqa_17656 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What ultimately is determined by the pressure in a hot cathode iron gauge? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | current | advqa_17657 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Hot cathode gauges can measure vacuum pressures of what? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | 10−3 torr to 10−10 torr | advqa_17658 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is the lowest accuracy of an ion gauge, including both hot and cold types? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | 10−2 | advqa_17659 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Cold cathode ion gauge gets its name from what? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | electrons are produced in a discharge created by a high voltage electrical discharge | advqa_17660 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Hot cathode and cold cathode ion gauges are the same except for how they each do what? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | produces an electron beam | advqa_17661 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What kind of Ion gauges can one find? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | two types: hot cathode and cold cathode | advqa_17662 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is created in the hot cathode Ion gauge? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | an electron beam | advqa_17663 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How are gas molecules ionized in hot cathode gauges? | Ion gauges are used in ultrahigh vacuum. They come in two types: hot cathode and cold cathode. In the hot cathode version an electrically heated filament produces an electron beam. The electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them. The resulting ions are collected at a negative electrode. The ... | electrons travel through the gauge and ionize gas molecules around them | advqa_17664 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What are some applications no longer used to drive accessories on automobiles? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps | advqa_17665 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Does a vacuum servo blow particles into the atmosphere? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | did not | advqa_17666 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What can help assist cars in stopping suddenly? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | brakes | advqa_17667 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
When it rains what helps assist the automobile mechanism that assists with this problem? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | vacuum-driven windscreen wipers | advqa_17668 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which part of an internal combustion engine like the ones found in vehicles produces vacuum? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | Manifold | advqa_17669 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How were automobile components powered before the advent of modern electrical systems? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | vacuum-driven | advqa_17670 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
For what purpose are Attitude Indicators and Heading Indicators used? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | as protection against loss of all (electrically powered) instruments | advqa_17671 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What kind of application is the vacuum servo? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | Manifold vacuum | advqa_17672 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What material was once moved by the assistance of vacuum power in an automobile? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | fuel | advqa_17673 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Airplanes have how many forms of suction? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | two readily available sources of vacuum | advqa_17674 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Why was there originally a need for vacuum powered instuments on an aircraft? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | since early aircraft often did not have electrical systems | advqa_17675 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What powers the flippers that clean automobile windows? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | vacuum-powered | advqa_17676 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What source of power was used in aircraft instrumentation in the early days of aviation? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | vacuum | advqa_17677 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What kind of transportation are Attitude Indicator (AI)s and Heading Indicatior (HI)s used in? | Manifold vacuum can be used to drive accessories on automobiles. The best-known application is the vacuum servo, used to provide power assistance for the brakes. Obsolete applications include vacuum-driven windscreen wipers and Autovac fuel pumps. Some aircraft instruments (Attitude Indicator (AI) and the Heading Indic... | aircraft | advqa_17678 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which word can mean the solution to the equations of the theory? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | state | advqa_17679 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
The lowest energy state of a volume of space is mathematically know as what? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | the ground state of the Hilbert space | advqa_17680 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
In which field is the lowest possible energy state defined as also having no photons? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | quantum electrodynamics | advqa_17681 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What makes a QED vacuum impossible to realize in the real world? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | blackbody photons | advqa_17682 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What needs to be eliminated along with matter in order to achieve a QED vacuum? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | photons | advqa_17683 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Blackbody photons make it impossible to achieve what? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | QED vacuum | advqa_17684 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What type of particle is NOT made of matter? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | blackbody photons | advqa_17685 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Is the ground state of the Hilbert space a QED vaccum or QCD vacuum? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | QED | advqa_17686 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
QED stands for what? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | quantum electrodynamics | advqa_17687 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Which field does not define a vacuum as also free of all photons? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | quantum chromodynamics | advqa_17688 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
A QED vacuum is a theoretical Hilbert space defined in what quantum mechanics theory? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | quantum electrodynamics | advqa_17689 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
In what way is it not possible to create a QED vacuum? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | experimentally | advqa_17690 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What pervasive material makes experimental QED vacuums impossible? | In quantum mechanics and quantum field theory, the vacuum is defined as the state (that is, the solution to the equations of the theory) with the lowest possible energy (the ground state of the Hilbert space). In quantum electrodynamics this vacuum is referred to as 'QED vacuum' to distinguish it from the vacuum of qua... | blackbody photons | advqa_17691 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Why is the density and vapor pressure of mercury important? | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | ends are exposed to different pressures | advqa_17692 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How is the tube manipulated to give results? | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | one side of which is connected to the region of interest | advqa_17693 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What occurs when the liquid ceases going up or down? | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | equilibrium | advqa_17694 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What is a secondary difference between the McCleod and hydrostatic gauges? | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | Simple hydrostatic gauges can measure pressures ranging from 1 torr (100 Pa) to above atmospheric | advqa_17695 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
WHat is measured in Torrs? | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | Simple hydrostatic gauges | advqa_17696 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
How would a McLeaod gague be used? | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | Other vacuum gauges can measure lower pressures, but only indirectly by measurement of other pressure-controlled properties. These indirect measurements must be calibrated | advqa_17697 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
What be subject ot dofferent levels of pressure? | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube whose ends are exposed to different pressures. The column will rise or fall until its weight is in equilibrium with the pressure differential between the two ends of the tube. The simplest design is a closed-end U... | Hydrostatic gauges (such as the mercury column manometer) consist of a vertical column of liquid in a tube | advqa_17698 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
Where do we find fine energy? | QED vacuum has interesting and complex properties. In QED vacuum, the electric and magnetic fields have zero average values, but their variances are not zero. As a result, QED vacuum contains vacuum fluctuations (virtual particles that hop into and out of existence), and a finite energy called vacuum energy. Vacuum flu... | QED vacuum | advqa_17699 | adversarial_qa | expert | adversarial_reading_comprehension | null | [] | {} |
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