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56ddc68966d3e219004dace5 | Wayback_Machine | Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pag... | Who did Netbula believe was the entity that should be responsible for the availability of its snapshots? | {
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138
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56ddc68966d3e219004dace6 | Wayback_Machine | Netbula objected to the motion on the ground that defendants were asking to alter Netbula's web site and that they should have subpoenaed Internet Archive for the pages directly. An employee of Internet Archive filed a sworn statement supporting Chordiant's motion, however, stating that it could not produce the web pag... | Which party did Internet Archive side with? | {
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246
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56ddc6e266d3e219004daceb | Wayback_Machine | Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought. | Which judge presided over the Netbula v. Chordiant case? | {
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56ddc6e266d3e219004dacec | Wayback_Machine | Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought. | In what jurisdiction was the Netbula v. Chordiant case tried? | {
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0.3346292674541... | According to most scholars, the ancient Land of Punt and its inhabitants formed part of the ethnogenesis of the Somali people. The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. The pyramidal structures, temples and ancient... | In April 2009, the United States Supreme Court agreed to hear a suit over reverse discrimination brought by 20 white and Hispanic firefighters against the city. The suit involved the 2003 promotion test for the New Haven Fire Department. After the tests were scored, no blacks scored high enough to qualify for considera... | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | Northern District of California, San Jose Division | 10,064 |
56ddc6e266d3e219004daced | Wayback_Machine | Magistrate Judge Howard Lloyd in the Northern District of California, San Jose Division, rejected Netbula's arguments and ordered them to disable the robots.txt blockage temporarily in order to allow Chordiant to retrieve the archived pages that they sought. | Which party won its argument regarding Netbula's robots.txt file? | {
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56ddc9d49a695914005b95cd | Wayback_Machine | In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and Ech... | What does Telewizja Polska operate? | {
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301
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0.19880351424217224... | Houston has mild winters in contrast to most areas of the United States. In January, the normal mean temperature at Intercontinental Airport is 53.1 °F (11.7 °C), while that station has an average of 13 days with a low at or below freezing. Snowfall is rare. Recent snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24,... | United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal ... | On February 11, 2004, Comcast announced a $54 billion bid for The Walt Disney Company, as well as taking on $12 billion of Disney's debt. The deal would have made Comcast the largest media conglomerate in the world. However, after rejection by Disney and uncertain response from investors, the bid was abandoned in April... | TVP Polonia | 10,066 |
56ddc9d49a695914005b95ce | Wayback_Machine | In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and Ech... | What is EchoStar's platform? | {
"answer_start": [
335
],
"text": [
"the Dish Network"
]
} | What is [MASK] 's platform? | [
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56ddc9d49a695914005b95cf | Wayback_Machine | In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and Ech... | Which judge denied Telewizja Polska's attempt to block the use of Internet Archive contents as evidence? | {
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645
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"text": [
"Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys"
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} | Which judge denied [MASK] attempt to block the use of [MASK] contents as evidence? | [
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0.2478114664... | The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. Avienus's Ora maritima, that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) and from Pytheas's On the Ocean (... | United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal ... | The United States Supreme Court in Penry v. Lynaugh and the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit in Bigby v. Dretke have been clear in their decisions that jury instructions in death penalty cases that do not ask about mitigating factors regarding the defendant's mental health violate the defendant's Ei... | Magistrate Judge Arlander Keys | 10,068 |
56ddc9d49a695914005b95d0 | Wayback_Machine | In an October 2004 case, Telewizja Polska USA, Inc. v. Echostar Satellite, No. 02 C 3293, 65 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 673 (N.D. Ill. Oct. 15, 2004), a litigant attempted to use the Wayback Machine archives as a source of admissible evidence, perhaps for the first time. Telewizja Polska is the provider of TVP Polonia and Ech... | Which judge overturned Keys' ruling? | {
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816
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"text": [
"district Court Judge Ronald Guzman"
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} | Which judge overturned [MASK] ' ruling? | [
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0.30522841215... | While equal temperament became gradually accepted as the dominant musical temperament during the 18th century, different historical temperaments are often used for music from earlier periods. For instance, music of the English Renaissance is often performed in meantone temperament. | United States v. LaMacchia 871 F.Supp. 535 (1994) was a case decided by the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts which ruled that, under the copyright and cybercrime laws effective at the time, committing copyright infringement for non-commercial motives could not be prosecuted under criminal ... | In Miranda the court created safeguards against self-incriminating statements made after an arrest. The court held that "The prosecution may not use statements, whether exculpatory or inculpatory, stemming from questioning initiated by law enforcement officers after a person has been taken into custody or otherwise dep... | district Court Judge Ronald Guzman | 10,069 |
56ddca9d9a695914005b95d7 | Wayback_Machine | Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determin... | When are Internet Archive timestamps useful for patent offices? | {
"answer_start": [
375
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"text": [
"in examining a patent application"
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} | When are [MASK] timestamps useful for patent offices? | [
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56ddca9d9a695914005b95d8 | Wayback_Machine | Provided some additional requirements are met (e.g. providing an authoritative statement of the archivist), the United States patent office and the European Patent Office will accept date stamps from the Internet Archive as evidence of when a given Web page was accessible to the public. These dates are used to determin... | What is an example of a condition that must be met for the Internet Archive data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the US and Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
65
],
"text": [
"authoritative statement of the archivist"
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} | What is an example of a condition that must be met for the [MASK] data to be considered acceptable for submission to patent offices in the [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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0.203612014651298... | University of Massachusetts Amherst researchers estimated that from 1970 to 1996, capital flight from 30 Sub-Saharan countries totaled $187bn, exceeding those nations' external debts. (The results, expressed in retarded or suppressed development, have been modeled in theory by economist Mancur Olson.) In the case of Af... | In May 2008, the National Archives announced a five-year agreement to digitize selected records including the complete U.S. Federal Census Collection, 1790–1930, passenger lists from 1820–1960 and WWI and WWII draft registration cards. The partnership agreement allows for exclusive use of the digitized records by Ances... | The terminology can also be confusing because a treaty may and usually is named something other than a treaty, such as a convention, protocol, or simply agreement. Conversely some legal documents such as the Treaty of Waitangi are internationally considered to be documents under domestic law. | authoritative statement of the archivist | 10,071 |
56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf7 | Wayback_Machine | There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports,... | What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website? | {
"answer_start": [
10
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"text": [
"technical"
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} | What kind of limitations exist in keeping copies of a website? | [
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0.1772820800542... | Bushi interests were diverse, cutting across old power structures to form new associations in the tenth century. Mutual interests, family connections, and kinship were consolidated in military groups that became part of family administration. In time, large regional military families formed around members of the court ... | Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmar... | The growth of the Internet, and particularly distributed search engines like Kazaa and Gnutella, have represented a challenge for copyright policy. The Recording Industry Association of America, in particular, has been on the front lines of the fight against copyright infringement, which the industry calls "piracy". Th... | technical | 10,072 |
56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf8 | Wayback_Machine | There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports,... | The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence? | {
"answer_start": [
330
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"underlying links"
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} | The omission of what element in screenshots can make them unreliable as evidence? | [
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56ddcf4166d3e219004dacf9 | Wayback_Machine | There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports,... | What elements of webpages are not used by Wayback Machine? | {
"answer_start": [
464
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"text": [
"forms"
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} | What elements of webpages are not used by [MASK]? | [
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56ddcf4166d3e219004dacfa | Wayback_Machine | There are technical limitations to archiving a web site, and as a consequence, it is possible for opposing parties in litigation to misuse the results provided by web site archives. This problem can be exacerbated by the practice of submitting screen shots of web pages in complaints, answers, or expert witness reports,... | What kind of sites contain information that the Wayback Machine does not record? | {
"answer_start": [
528
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"text": [
"e-commerce"
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} | What kind of sites contain information that [MASK] does not record? | [
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0.208775311708450... | Alcatel-Lucent has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, Alcatel sued Microsoft for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 ... | Most web browsers can display a list of web pages that the user has bookmarked so that the user can quickly return to them. Bookmarks are also called "Favorites" in Internet Explorer. In addition, all major web browsers have some form of built-in web feed aggregator. In Firefox, web feeds are formatted as "live bookmar... | Relying exclusively on unedited machine translation, however, ignores the fact that communication in human language is context-embedded and that it takes a person to comprehend the context of the original text with a reasonable degree of probability. It is certainly true that even purely human-generated translations ar... | e-commerce | 10,075 |
56ddd0509a695914005b95ec | Wayback_Machine | In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FA... | What kinds of laws could the Wayback Machine be viewed as breaking in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
64
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"text": [
"copyright laws"
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} | What kinds of laws could [MASK] be viewed as breaking in [MASK]? | [
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56ddd0509a695914005b95ed | Wayback_Machine | In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FA... | What would the Internet Archive have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on Wayback Machine? | {
"answer_start": [
193
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"text": [
"delete pages from its system"
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} | What would [MASK] have to do if requested by someone whose content is available on [MASK]? | [
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56ddd0509a695914005b95ee | Wayback_Machine | In Europe the Wayback Machine could be interpreted as violating copyright laws. Only the content creator can decide where their content is published or duplicated, so the Archive would have to delete pages from its system upon request of the creator. The exclusion policies for the Wayback Machine may be found in the FA... | In what part of the website are Wayback Machine's rules regarding removing content? | {
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318
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56ddd22366d3e219004dacff | Wayback_Machine | In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners d... | Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of the Internet Archive in 2002? | {
"answer_start": [
79
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"Scientology"
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} | Web pages that contained content critical of what religous movement were taken off of [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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56ddd22366d3e219004dad00 | Wayback_Machine | In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners d... | Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of Scientology removed from the Internet Archive? | {
"answer_start": [
184
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"text": [
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} | Who was mistakenly credited for having the sites with criticism of [MASK] removed from [MASK]? | [
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56ddd22366d3e219004dad01 | Wayback_Machine | In late 2002, the Internet Archive removed various sites that were critical of Scientology from the Wayback Machine. An error message stated that this was in response to a "request by the site owner." Later, it was clarified that lawyers from the Church of Scientology had demanded the removal and that the site owners d... | Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down? | {
"answer_start": [
247
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"text": [
"Church of Scientology"
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} | Who was the actual party that requested the critical sites be taken down? | [
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56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0d | Wayback_Machine | In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then ... | Which law firm leveraged Wayback Machine to protect their client in 2003? | {
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9
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} | Which law firm leveraged [MASK] to protect their client in [MASK]? | [
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56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0e | Wayback_Machine | In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then ... | Which company filed suit against Harding, Earley, Follmer & Frailey's client? | {
"answer_start": [
293
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"text": [
"Healthcare Advocates"
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} | Which company filed suit against [MASK] client? | [
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56ddd58e66d3e219004dad0f | Wayback_Machine | In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then ... | Who did Healthcare advocates change their case to include as a defendant? | {
"answer_start": [
359
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56ddd58e66d3e219004dad10 | Wayback_Machine | In 2003, Harding Earley Follmer & Frailey defended a client from a trademark dispute using the Archive's Wayback Machine. The attorneys were able to demonstrate that the claims made by the plaintiff were invalid, based on the content of their web site from several years prior. The plaintiff, Healthcare Advocates, then ... | What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse Internet Archive of having broken? | {
"answer_start": [
454
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"text": [
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} | What laws did Healthcare Advocates accuse [MASK] of having broken? | [
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56ddd60966d3e219004dad15 | Wayback_Machine | Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the ... | What kind of protocol is the Robots Exclusion Standard? | {
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63
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56ddd60966d3e219004dad16 | Wayback_Machine | Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the ... | What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by the Robots Exclusion Standard? | {
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0
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} | What file is utilized to exercise the rights promoted by [MASK]? | [
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56ddd60966d3e219004dad17 | Wayback_Machine | Robots.txt is used as part of the Robots Exclusion Standard, a voluntary protocol the Internet Archive respects that disallows bots from indexing certain pages delineated by its creator as off-limits. As a result, the Internet Archive has rendered unavailable a number of web sites that now are inaccessible through the ... | If a site prevents Internet Archive from recording it, what file is still saved? | {
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0
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} | If a site prevents [MASK] from recording it, what file is still saved? | [
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56ddd65866d3e219004dad1b | Wayback_Machine | The Internet Archive states, however, "Sometimes a website owner will contact us directly and ask us to stop crawling or archiving a site. We comply with these requests." In addition, the web site says: "The Internet Archive is not interested in preserving or offering access to Web sites or other Internet documents of ... | Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive? | {
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4
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} | Who asserts that they will respond to direct contacts requesting material be removed from the archive? | [
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56ddd8849a695914005b960c | Wayback_Machine | In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, s... | Who sued Internet Archive in 2005? | {
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27
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} | Who sued [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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56ddd8849a695914005b960d | Wayback_Machine | In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, s... | What was the URL owned by Suzanne Shell? | {
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56ddd8849a695914005b960f | Wayback_Machine | In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, s... | In what jurisdiction were Internet Archive's counterclaims filed? | {
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56ddd8849a695914005b9610 | Wayback_Machine | In December 2005, activist Suzanne Shell filed suit demanding Internet Archive pay her US $100,000 for archiving her web site profane-justice.org between 1999 and 2004. Internet Archive filed a declaratory judgment action in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California on January 20, 2006, s... | In what jurisdiction where counterclaims nullified by the court? | {
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56ddd98d9a695914005b961a | Wayback_Machine | On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable c... | When did Suzanne Shell's suit against Internet Archive come to an end? | {
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56ddd98d9a695914005b961b | Wayback_Machine | On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable c... | Who stated that they had no wish to violate individuals' copyrights? | {
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56ddd98d9a695914005b961c | Wayback_Machine | On April 25, 2007, Internet Archive and Suzanne Shell jointly announced the settlement of their lawsuit. The Internet Archive said it "...has no interest in including materials in the Wayback Machine of persons who do not wish to have their Web content archived. We recognize that Ms. Shell has a valid and enforceable c... | Who stated that they did not want to cause damage to the Internet Archive? | {
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56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad24 | Wayback_Machine | In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada. | What was the first method used by the actor in trying to get his images taken down? | {
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56ddd9ea66d3e219004dad25 | Wayback_Machine | In 2013–14 a pornographic actor was trying to remove archived images of himself, first by sending multiple DMCA requests to the Archive and then in the Federal Court of Canada. | What legal system did the actor use after filing DMCA petitions? | {
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} | What legal system did the actor use after filing [MASK] petitions? | [
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56ddd7179a695914005b9600 | Dutch_Republic | The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands s... | What are some other names the Dutch Republic is known by? | {
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56ddd7179a695914005b9601 | Dutch_Republic | The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands s... | The Dutch Republic was a republic of Europe during what time? | {
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279
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56ddd7179a695914005b9602 | Dutch_Republic | The Dutch Republic, also known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Nederlanden), Republic of the United Netherlands or Republic of the Seven United Provinces (Republiek der Zeven Verenigde Provinciën), was a republic in Europe existing from 1581, when part of the Netherlands s... | What republics did the Dutch Republic come before? | {
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376
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56ddd84066d3e219004dad1f | Dutch_Republic | Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was un... | The Low Countries were made up of which present day countries? | {
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85
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56ddd84066d3e219004dad20 | Dutch_Republic | Until the 16th century, the Low Countries – corresponding roughly to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg – consisted of a number of duchies, counties, and Prince-bishoprics, almost all of which were under the supremacy of the Holy Roman Empire, with the exception of the county of Flanders, which was un... | Which counties in the Low Countries were not ruled by the Holy Roman Empire? | {
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298
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56dddab666d3e219004dad2f | Dutch_Republic | Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Neth... | The majority of the Low Countries were ruled by which houses? | {
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53
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"text": [
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56dddab666d3e219004dad30 | Dutch_Republic | Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Neth... | Who issued the Pragmatic Sanction? | {
"answer_start": [
123
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"text": [
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56dddab666d3e219004dad31 | Dutch_Republic | Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Neth... | In what year did the Netherlands rise up against Philip II? | {
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56dddab666d3e219004dad32 | Dutch_Republic | Most of the Low Countries had come under the rule of the House of Burgundy and subsequently the House of Habsburg. In 1549 Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issued the Pragmatic Sanction, which further unified the Seventeen Provinces under his rule. Charles was succeeded by his son, King Philip II of Spain. In 1568 the Neth... | Why did the people of the Netherlands rise up against Philip II? | {
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395
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} | Why did the people of the [MASK] rise up against [MASK]? | [
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56dddb4466d3e219004dad37 | Dutch_Republic | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed? | {
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56dddb4466d3e219004dad38 | Dutch_Republic | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | Who signed the Union of Utrecht? | {
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56dddb4466d3e219004dad39 | Dutch_Republic | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called? | {
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} | What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from [MASK] called? | [
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56dddb4466d3e219004dad3a | Dutch_Republic | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed? | {
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56dddb4466d3e219004dad3b | Dutch_Republic | In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II. | What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht? | {
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116
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"to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army"
]
} | What was the purpose of [MASK]? | [
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56dddd6766d3e219004dad41 | Dutch_Republic | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, ... | In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them? | {
"answer_start": [
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"1582"
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} | In what year did the United Provinces invite [MASK], Duke of Anjou to lead them? | [
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56dddd6766d3e219004dad42 | Dutch_Republic | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, ... | In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands? | {
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56dddd6766d3e219004dad43 | Dutch_Republic | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, ... | When was William of Orange assassinated? | {
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"10 July 1584"
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} | When was [MASK] assassinated? | [
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56dddd6766d3e219004dad44 | Dutch_Republic | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, ... | Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England? | {
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253
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56dddd6766d3e219004dad45 | Dutch_Republic | In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, ... | In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy? | {
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56ddde4d66d3e219004dad53 | Dutch_Republic | The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and re... | What events created the Batavian Republic? | {
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56ddde4d66d3e219004dad54 | Dutch_Republic | The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and re... | The republican forces fled to which country? | {
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56ddde4d66d3e219004dad55 | Dutch_Republic | The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and re... | The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic? | {
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} | [MASK] replaced which republic? | [
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0.01094347... | Paper made from mechanical pulp contains significant amounts of lignin, a major component in wood. In the presence of light and oxygen, lignin reacts to give yellow materials, which is why newsprint and other mechanical paper yellows with age. Paper made from bleached kraft or sulfite pulps does not contain significant... | In Dutch itself, Diets went out of common use - although Platdiets is still used for the transitional Limburgish-Ripuarian dialects in the north-east of Belgium. Nederlands, the official Dutch word for "Dutch", did not become firmly established until the 19th century. This designation had been in use as far back as the... | The Napoleonic Wars were therefore ones in which Britain invested large amounts of capital and resources to win. French ports were blockaded by the Royal Navy, which won a decisive victory over a Franco-Spanish fleet at Trafalgar in 1805. Overseas colonies were attacked and occupied, including those of the Netherlands,... | the Batavian Republic | 10,120 |
56dddf3066d3e219004dad59 | Dutch_Republic | The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands... | In what year did the Netherlands gain independence from France? | {
"answer_start": [
53
],
"text": [
"1813"
]
} | In what year did the [MASK] gain independence from [MASK]? | [
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0.... | The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus ... | Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion ... | The brief peace in Europe allowed Napoleon to focus on the French colonies abroad. Saint-Domingue had managed to acquire a high level of political autonomy during the Revolutionary Wars, with Toussaint Louverture installing himself as de facto dictator by 1801. Napoleon saw his chance to recuperate the formerly wealthy... | 1813 | 10,121 |
56dddf3066d3e219004dad5a | Dutch_Republic | The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands... | What names were used in the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814? | {
"answer_start": [
103
],
"text": [
"\"United Provinces of the Netherlands\" and \"United Netherlands\""
]
} | What names were used in [MASK]? | [
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0.13943213224... | Sonam Gyatso, after being granted the grandiose title by Altan Khan, departed for Tibet. Before he left, he sent a letter and gifts to the Ming Chinese official Zhang Juzheng (1525–1582), which arrived on March 12, 1579. Sometime in August or September of that year, Sonam Gyatso's representative stationed with Altan Kh... | Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion ... | In the Southern Netherlands (now Belgium and Luxembourg) developments were different. Under Spanish, then Austrian, and then French rule standardisation of Dutch language came to a standstill. The state, law, and increasingly education used French, yet more than half the Belgian population were speaking a Dutch dialect... | "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" | 10,122 |
56dddf3066d3e219004dad5b | Dutch_Republic | The Netherlands regained independence from France in 1813. In the Anglo-Dutch Treaty of 1814 the names "United Provinces of the Netherlands" and "United Netherlands" were used. In 1815 it was rejoined with the Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège (the "Southern provinces") to become the Kingdom of the Netherlands... | The Kingdom of the Netherlands was formed by which countries? | {
"answer_start": [
210
],
"text": [
"Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège"
]
} | [MASK] was formed by which countries? | [
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0.205014854... | In April 1758, the British concluded the Anglo-Prussian Convention with Frederick in which they committed to pay him an annual subsidy of £670,000. Britain also dispatched 9,000 troops to reinforce Ferdinand's Hanoverian army, the first British troop commitment on the continent and a reversal in the policy of Pitt. Fer... | Peace between England and the Netherlands in 1688 meant that the two countries entered the Nine Years' War as allies, but the conflict—waged in Europe and overseas between France, Spain and the Anglo-Dutch alliance—left the English a stronger colonial power than the Dutch, who were forced to devote a larger proportion ... | The Dutch Republic formally made claim to Saint Helena in 1633, although there is no evidence that they ever occupied, colonised or fortified it. By 1651, the Dutch had mainly abandoned the island in favour of their colony at the Cape of Good Hope. | Austrian Netherlands, Luxembourg and Liège | 10,123 |
56dddfe89a695914005b9632 | Dutch_Republic | During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. | The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time? | {
"answer_start": [
7
],
"text": [
"the Dutch Golden Age"
]
} | [MASK] dominated world trade during what time? | [
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0.35706794... | The classification of birds is a contentious issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's Phylogeny and Classification of Birds (1990) is a landmark work on the classification of birds, although it is frequently debated and constantly revised. Most evidence seems to suggest the assignment of orders is accurate, but scientists disagree... | Unlike other European nations, the Dutch chose not to follow a policy of language expansion amongst the indigenous peoples of their colonies. In the last quarter of the 19th century, however, a local elite gained proficiency in Dutch so as to meet the needs of expanding bureaucracy and business. Nevertheless, the Dutch... | At this time, Britain and France became bitter rivals. Frequent skirmishes between them took place for control of colonial possessions. In 1742, fearing the monetary consequences of a war, the British government agreed to extend the deadline for the licensed exclusive trade by the company in India until 1783, in return... | the Dutch Golden Age | 10,124 |
56dddfe89a695914005b9633 | Dutch_Republic | During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world. | What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century? | {
"answer_start": [
219
],
"text": [
"The County of Holland"
]
} | What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during [MASK]? | [
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56dde17c66d3e219004dad85 | Dutch_Republic | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the wo... | When was the stock exchange founded in the Netherlands? | {
"answer_start": [
218
],
"text": [
"1602"
]
} | When was [MASK] founded in the [MASK]? | [
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56dde17c66d3e219004dad86 | Dutch_Republic | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the wo... | Which city in the Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange? | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"Rotterdam"
]
} | Which city in the [MASK] has the oldest stock exchange? | [
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56dde17c66d3e219004dad87 | Dutch_Republic | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the wo... | The Dutch East-India Company inhabited how many cities? | {
"answer_start": [
403
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"text": [
"six"
]
} | [MASK] inhabited how many cities? | [
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56dde17c66d3e219004dad88 | Dutch_Republic | The free trade spirit of the time received a strong augmentation through the development of a modern, effective stock market in the Low Countries. The Netherlands has the oldest stock exchange in the world, founded in 1602 by the Dutch East India Company. While Rotterdam has the oldest bourse in the Netherlands, the wo... | Which city did the Dutch East-India Company decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in one city? | {
"answer_start": [
506
],
"text": [
"Amsterdam"
]
} | Which city did [MASK] decide to reside in after a court decided they could legally only operate in [MASK] city? | [
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56dde2609a695914005b964a | Dutch_Republic | Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific. | The Dutch had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time? | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"1590–1712"
]
} | The [MASK] had one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world during what time? | [
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56dde2609a695914005b964b | Dutch_Republic | Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific. | The Dutch operated a slave trade from which locations? | {
"answer_start": [
266
],
"text": [
"Africa and the Pacific"
]
} | The [MASK] operated a slave trade from which locations? | [
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0.1683052033... | An earthquake emergency relief team of 184 people (consisting of 12 people from the State Seismological Bureau, 150 from the Beijing Military Area Command, and 22 from the Armed Police General Hospital) left Beijing from Nanyuan Airport late May 12 in two military transport planes to travel to Wenchuan County. | The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied w... | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradual... | Africa and the Pacific | 10,131 |
56dde2609a695914005b964c | Dutch_Republic | Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific. | What was one of the conquests of the Dutch Navy? | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient"
]
} | What was [MASK] of the conquests of [MASK]? | [
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56dde4699a695914005b9666 | Dutch_Republic | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste... | The Dutch Republic consisted of how many provinces? | {
"answer_start": [
36
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"text": [
"seven"
]
} | [MASK] consisted of how many provinces? | [
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0.0458749458... | Since 1066, when Harold Godwinson and William the Conqueror were crowned, the coronations of English and British monarchs have been held there. There have been at least 16 royal weddings at the abbey since 1100. Two were of reigning monarchs (Henry I and Richard II), although, before 1919, there had been none for some ... | The transition from independence to a relatively minor part of a larger union was not easily accepted. To quell uprisings Charles V was struggling to exert his power over the citizens of the city, who had struggled to gain a certain level of independence from the bishops and were not willing to cede this to their new l... | During the 12th century, the institutions of central government, which had hitherto accompanied the royal English court as it moved around the country, grew in size and sophistication and became increasingly fixed in one place. In most cases this was Westminster, although the royal treasury, having been moved from Winc... | seven | 10,133 |
56dde4699a695914005b9667 | Dutch_Republic | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste... | Who were the Generality Lands governed by? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government"
]
} | Who were the Generality Lands governed by? | [
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56dde4699a695914005b9668 | Dutch_Republic | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste... | The States General was made up of what? | {
"answer_start": [
325
],
"text": [
"representatives of each of the seven provinces"
]
} | The States General was made up of what? | [
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56dde54066d3e219004dadb3 | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) w... | What was the 8th province of the Dutch Republic? | {
"answer_start": [
39
],
"text": [
"the County of Drenthe"
]
} | What was the [MASK] province of [MASK]? | [
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56dde54066d3e219004dadb4 | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) w... | Why was the County of Drenthe denied representation by the States General? | {
"answer_start": [
66
],
"text": [
"this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes"
]
} | Why was [MASK] denied representation by [MASK]? | [
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56dde54066d3e219004dadb5 | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) w... | The main executive official of the Provincial States was called what? | {
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325
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"raadspensionaris"
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} | The main executive official of [MASK] was called what? | [
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56dde54066d3e219004dadb6 | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) w... | Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris? | {
"answer_start": [
360
],
"text": [
"the stadtholder"
]
} | Who had more power during times of war than the raadspensionaris? | [
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56dde54066d3e219004dadb7 | Dutch_Republic | In fact, there was an eighth province, the County of Drenthe, but this area was so poor it was exempt from paying federal taxes and as a consequence was denied representation in the States General. Each province was governed by the Provincial States, the main executive official (though not the official head of state) w... | Who commanded the army? | {
"answer_start": [
360
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"text": [
"the stadtholder"
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} | Who commanded the army? | [
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56dde72f66d3e219004dadbd | Dutch_Republic | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadthol... | Who appointed the stadtholders? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"the states of each province"
]
} | Who appointed the stadtholders? | [
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56dde72f66d3e219004dadbe | Dutch_Republic | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadthol... | Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces? | {
"answer_start": [
122
],
"text": [
"the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent"
]
} | Who were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces? | [
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56dde72f66d3e219004dadbf | Dutch_Republic | In theory, the stadtholders were freely appointed by and subordinate to the states of each province. However, in practice the princes of Orange of the House of Orange-Nassau, beginning with William the Silent, were always chosen as stadtholders of most of the provinces. Zeeland and usually Utrecht had the same stadthol... | Which states had the same stadtholder as Holland? | {
"answer_start": [
271
],
"text": [
"Zeeland and usually Utrecht"
]
} | Which states had the same stadtholder as [MASK]? | [
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56dde7cc66d3e219004dadcd | Dutch_Republic | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of Orange? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Orangists"
]
} | What group of people supported the stadtholders, particularly the princes of [MASK]? | [
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0.00633411575... | Throughout the history of education the most common form of school discipline was corporal punishment. While a child was in school, a teacher was expected to act as a substitute parent, with all the normal forms of parental discipline open to them. | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment amon... | Orangists | 10,144 |
56dde7cc66d3e219004dadce | Dutch_Republic | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a republican structure? | {
"answer_start": [
138
],
"text": [
"Republicans"
]
} | Who wanted to replace the stadtholders with a [MASK] structure? | [
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56dde8ce66d3e219004dadd9 | Dutch_Republic | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre ... | Several border territories were designated to the United Provinces after what? | {
"answer_start": [
6
],
"text": [
"the Peace of Westphalia"
]
} | Several border territories were designated to [MASK] after what? | [
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56dde8ce66d3e219004dadda | Dutch_Republic | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre ... | The border territories assigned to the United Provinces were known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
107
],
"text": [
"federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden)"
]
} | The border territories assigned to [MASK] were known as what? | [
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56dde8ce66d3e219004daddb | Dutch_Republic | After the Peace of Westphalia, several border territories were assigned to the United Provinces. They were federally-governed Generality Lands (Generaliteitslanden). They were Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre ... | What were the names of the border territories assigned to the United Provinces? | {
"answer_start": [
176
],
"text": [
"Staats-Brabant (present North Brabant), Staats-Vlaanderen (present Zeeuws-Vlaanderen), Staats-Limburg (around Maastricht) and Staats-Oppergelre (around Venlo, after 1715)"
]
} | What were the names of the border territories assigned to [MASK]? | [
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56dde98866d3e219004daded | Dutch_Republic | The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland. | Who was in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC)? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The States General of the United Provinces"
]
} | Who was in control of [MASK]( [MASK]) and [MASK]( [MASK])? | [
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56dde98866d3e219004dadee | Dutch_Republic | The States General of the United Provinces were in control of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and the Dutch West India Company (WIC), but some shipping expeditions were initiated by some of the provinces, mostly Holland and/or Zeeland. | Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces? | {
"answer_start": [
215
],
"text": [
"Holland and/or Zeeland"
]
} | Some shipping expeditions were mostly initiated by which provinces? | [
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56ddecfe66d3e219004dae17 | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; disco... | Who was influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The framers of the US Constitution"
]
} | Who was influenced by [MASK]? | [
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-0.1529766... | Domestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has power... | Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state – these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment - Th... | This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against Franc... | The framers of the US Constitution | 10,151 |
56ddecfe66d3e219004dae18 | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; disco... | Who described the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." | {
"answer_start": [
137
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"text": [
"James Madison"
]
} | Who described the [MASK] confederacy as exhibiting" Imbecility in the government; discord among the provinces; foreign influence and indignities; a precarious existence in peace, and peculiar calamities from war." | [
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0.239019945263862... | Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about si... | Democracy, social-contract theory, separation of powers, religious freedom, separation of church and state – these achievements of the Reformation and early Protestantism were elaborated on and popularized by Enlightenment thinkers. Some of the philosophers of the English, Scottish, German, and Swiss Enlightenment - Th... | This is held to be the first explanation of the modern concept of totalitarian state. Burke regarded the war with France as ideological, against an "armed doctrine". He wished that France would not be partitioned due to the effect this would have on the balance of power in Europe, and that the war was not against Franc... | James Madison | 10,152 |
56ddecfe66d3e219004dae19 | Dutch_Republic | The framers of the US Constitution were influenced by the Constitution of the Republic of the United Provinces, as Federalist No. 20, by James Madison, shows. Such influence appears, however, to have been of a negative nature, as Madison describes the Dutch confederacy as exhibiting "Imbecility in the government; disco... | The American Declaration of Independence is similar to what? | {
"answer_start": [
519
],
"text": [
"the Act of Abjuration, essentially the declaration of independence of the United Provinces"
]
} | [MASK] is similar to what? | [
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56ddee0866d3e219004dae1d | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | What granted Holland and Zeeland the right to accept only one religion? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579"
]
} | What granted [MASK] and [MASK] the right to accept only [MASK] religion? | [
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0.06205346062... | In the early 1970s (1973, to be particular) when the military junta took over power in Uruguay, art suffered in Montevideo. The art studios went into protest mode, with Rimer Cardillo, one of the country's leading artists, making the National Institute of Fine Arts, Montevideo a "hotbed of resistance". This resulted in... | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste... | There was a constant power struggle between the Orangists, who supported the stadtholders and specifically the princes of Orange, and the Republicans, who supported the States General and hoped to replace the semi-hereditary nature of the stadtholdership with a true republican structure. | the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579 | 10,154 |
56ddee0866d3e219004dae1e | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | What did the Union state that every person should be free to choose? | {
"answer_start": [
298
],
"text": [
"personal religion"
]
} | What did the [MASK] state that every person should be free to choose? | [
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56ddee0866d3e219004dae1f | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite Protestants and Catholics in the new union? | {
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"William of Orange"
]
} | Who was a strong supporter of freedom of religion and wanted to unite [MASK] and [MASK] in the new union? | [
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0.2134... | The simplest valve gears give events of fixed length during the engine cycle and often make the engine rotate in only one direction. Most however have a reversing mechanism which additionally can provide means for saving steam as speed and momentum are gained by gradually "shortening the cutoff" or rather, shortening t... | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste... | In England, Presbyterianism was established in secret in 1592. Thomas Cartwright is thought to be the first Presbyterian in England. Cartwright's controversial lectures at Cambridge University condemning the episcopal hierarchy of the Elizabethan Church led to his deprivation of his post by Archbishop John Whitgift and... | William of Orange | 10,156 |
56ddee0866d3e219004dae20 | Dutch_Republic | In the Union of Utrecht of 20 January 1579, Holland and Zeeland were granted the right to accept only one religion (in practice, Calvinism). Every other province had the freedom to regulate the religious question as it wished, although the Union stated every person should be free in the choice of personal religion and ... | What was forbidden in all provinces? | {
"answer_start": [
586
],
"text": [
"Catholic services"
]
} | What was forbidden in all provinces? | [
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0.05406562611460686... | The unusually high concentration of oxygen gas on Earth is the result of the oxygen cycle. This biogeochemical cycle describes the movement of oxygen within and between its three main reservoirs on Earth: the atmosphere, the biosphere, and the lithosphere. The main driving factor of the oxygen cycle is photosynthesis, ... | The republic was a confederation of seven provinces, which had their own governments and were very independent, and a number of so-called Generality Lands. The latter were governed directly by the States General (Staten-Generaal in Dutch), the federal government. The States General were seated in The Hague and consiste... | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | Catholic services | 10,157 |
56ddef259a695914005b96e2 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"the Reformed Church"
]
} | What did any person who wanted to hold public office need to conform to during the Republic? | [
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56ddef259a695914005b96e3 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"the time period and regional or city leaders"
]
} | The degree to which different religions were persecuted depended on what? | [
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0.252584785223007... | Doctor Who is a British science-fiction television programme produced by the BBC since 1963. The programme depicts the adventures of the Doctor, a Time Lord—a space and time-travelling humanoid alien. He explores the universe in his TARDIS, a sentient time-travelling space ship. Its exterior appears as a blue British p... | Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy S... | Religious law centered on the ritualised system of honours and sacrifice that brought divine blessings, according to the principle do ut des ("I give, that you might give"). Proper, respectful religio brought social harmony and prosperity. Religious neglect was a form of atheism: impure sacrifice and incorrect ritual w... | the time period and regional or city leaders | 10,159 |
56ddef259a695914005b96e4 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to Catholic services during 17th-century Leiden? | {
"answer_start": [
457
],
"text": [
"fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city"
]
} | What was the punishment for people who opened their homes to [MASK] services during [MASK] [MASK]? | [
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0.3441550433... | Aposematism, where organisms are brightly colored as a warning to predators, is the antithesis of camouflage. Some organisms pose a threat to their predators—for example they may be poisonous, or able to harm them physically. Aposematic coloring involves bright, easily recognizable and unique colors and patterns. For e... | Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy S... | Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestant... | fined 200 guilders (a year's wage for a skilled tradesman) and banned from the city | 10,160 |
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