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56ddef259a695914005b96e5 | Dutch_Republic | During the Republic, any person who wished to hold public office had to conform to the Reformed Church and take an oath to this effect. The extent to which different religions or denominations were persecuted depended much on the time period and regional or city leaders. In the beginning, this was especially focused on... | What was one reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
568
],
"text": [
"personal freedom of religion"
]
} | What was [MASK] reason for the large amounts of immigration of religious refugees from other parts of [MASK]? | [
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0.203770920634... | In 2011, a report by the International Energy Agency found that solar energy technologies such as photovoltaics, solar hot water and concentrated solar power could provide a third of the world’s energy by 2060 if politicians commit to limiting climate change. The energy from the sun could play a key role in de-carboniz... | Protestants also took the initiative in advocating for religious freedom. Freedom of conscience had high priority on the theological, philosophical, and political agendas since Luther refused to recant his beliefs before the Diet of the Holy Roman Empire at Worms (1521). In his view, faith was a free work of the Holy S... | Roman Catholicism was the sole established religion in the Holy Roman Empire until the Reformation changed this drastically. In 1517, Martin Luther challenged the Catholic Church as he saw it as a corruption of Christian faith. Through this, he altered the course of European and world history and established Protestant... | personal freedom of religion | 10,161 |
56ddf1189a695914005b96fc | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | What was the main subject of controversy that arose within the Reformed Church during the beginning of the Republic? | {
"answer_start": [
111
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"text": [
"predestination"
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} | What was the main subject of controversy that arose within [MASK] during the beginning of the Republic? | [
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0.36842420... | The Trans-Alaska Pipeline can transport and pump up to 2.1 million barrels (330,000 m3) of crude oil per day, more than any other crude oil pipeline in the United States. Additionally, substantial coal deposits are found in Alaska's bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite coal basins. The United States Geological Surve... | They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation... | Luther made his pronouncements from Wartburg in the context of rapid developments at Wittenberg, of which he was kept fully informed. Andreas Karlstadt, supported by the ex-Augustinian Gabriel Zwilling, embarked on a radical programme of reform there in June 1521, exceeding anything envisaged by Luther. The reforms pro... | predestination | 10,162 |
56ddf1189a695914005b96fd | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what? | {
"answer_start": [
152
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"text": [
"the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants"
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} | The controversy surrounding the subject of predestination is known as what? | [
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0.4436928331851... | In 2012, Abigail Fisher, an undergraduate student at Louisiana State University, and Rachel Multer Michalewicz, a law student at Southern Methodist University, filed a lawsuit to challenge the University of Texas admissions policy, asserting it had a "race-conscious policy" that "violated their civil and constitutional... | They formed, and identified with various religious groups advocating greater purity of worship and doctrine, as well as personal and group piety. Puritans adopted a Reformed theology, but they also took note of radical criticisms of Zwingli in Zurich and Calvin in Geneva. In church polity, some advocated for separation... | There has recently been an effort to reevaluate the influence of the Bible on Western constitutional law. In the Old Testament, there was some language in Deuteronomy imposing restrictions on the Jewish king, regarding such things as how many wives he could have, and how many horses he could own for his personal use. A... | the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants | 10,163 |
56ddf1189a695914005b96fe | Dutch_Republic | In the first years of the Republic, controversy arose within the Reformed Church, mainly around the subject of predestination. This has become known as the struggle between Arminianism and Gomarism, or between Remonstrants and Contra-Remonstrants. In 1618 the Synod of Dort tackled this issue, which led to the banning o... | What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in 1618? | {
"answer_start": [
256
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"text": [
"the Synod of Dort"
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} | What led to the banning of the Remonstrant faith in [MASK]? | [
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56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4b | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance? | {
"answer_start": [
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"in the 18th century"
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} | When did the active persecution of religious services become more of a restricted tolerance? | [
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56ddf23e66d3e219004dae4c | Dutch_Republic | Beginning in the 18th century, the situation changed from more or less active persecution of religious services to a state of restricted toleration of other religions, as long as their services took place secretly in private churches. | Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule? | {
"answer_start": [
168
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"text": [
"as long as their services took place secretly in private churches"
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} | Religious services for other religions were tolerated as long as they adhered to what rule? | [
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56ddd7499a695914005b9606 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in li... | What language does the word "symbiosis" come from? | {
"answer_start": [
16
],
"text": [
"Greek"
]
} | What language does the word "symbiosis" come from? | [
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0.11516351997... | Another family of bowlback mandolins came from Milan and Lombardy. These mandolins are closer to the mandolino or mandore than other modern mandolins. They are shorter and wider than the standard Neapolitan mandolin, with a shallow back. The instruments have 6 strings, 3 wire treble-strings and 3 gut or wire-wrapped-si... | Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", ... | In 1964, the biologists Paul Ehrlich and Holm pointed out cases where two or more clines are distributed discordantly—for example, melanin is distributed in a decreasing pattern from the equator north and south; frequencies for the haplotype for beta-S hemoglobin, on the other hand, radiate out of specific geographical... | Greek | 10,167 |
56ddd7499a695914005b9607 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in li... | What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to? | {
"answer_start": [
318
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"text": [
"lichens"
]
} | What type of organism did [MASK] apply the term" symbiosis" to? | [
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0.22914829850... | The United Methodist Church (UMC) is a mainline Protestant Methodist denomination. In the 19th century its main predecessor was a leader in Evangelicalism. Founded in 1968 by the union of the Methodist Church (USA) and the Evangelical United Brethren Church, the UMC traces its roots back to the revival movement of John... | Kinship can refer both to the study of the patterns of social relationships in one or more human cultures, or it can refer to the patterns of social relationships themselves. Over its history, anthropology has developed a number of related concepts and terms, such as "descent", "descent groups", "lineages", "affines", ... | Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archae... | lichens | 10,168 |
56ddd7499a695914005b9608 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in li... | What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary? | {
"answer_start": [
340
],
"text": [
"German"
]
} | What nationality was [MASK]? | [
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56ddd9109a695914005b9617 | Symbiosis | The definition of symbiosis has varied among scientists. Some believe symbiosis should only refer to persistent mutualisms, while others believe it should apply to any type of persistent biological interaction (in other words mutualistic, commensalistic, or parasitic). After 130 years of debate, current biology and eco... | How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis? | {
"answer_start": [
276
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"text": [
"130 years"
]
} | How long did it take for scientists to stop using the narrow definition of symbiosis? | [
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0.241628259... | Israel is widely believed to possess nuclear weapons as well as chemical and biological weapons of mass destruction. Israel has not signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and maintains a policy of deliberate ambiguity toward its nuclear capabilities. The Israeli Navy's Dolphin submarines are beli... | Certain bacteria form close spatial associations that are essential for their survival. One such mutualistic association, called interspecies hydrogen transfer, occurs between clusters of anaerobic bacteria that consume organic acids, such as butyric acid or propionic acid, and produce hydrogen, and methanogenic Archae... | Some historians and researchers argue that the emotional and affectionate activities associated with sexual-orientation terms such as "gay" and "heterosexual" change significantly over time and across cultural boundaries. For example, in many English-speaking nations, it is assumed that same-sex kissing, particularly b... | 130 years | 10,170 |
56ddda2d66d3e219004dad29 | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where two organisms can't survive without each other? | {
"answer_start": [
33
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"text": [
"obligate"
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} | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where [MASK] organisms ca n't survive without each other? | [
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56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2a | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone? | {
"answer_start": [
230
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"text": [
"facultative"
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} | What is the type of symbiotic relationship where the symbionts can live together but can also survive alone? | [
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56ddda2d66d3e219004dad2b | Symbiosis | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | What is an example of an obligate relationship? | {
"answer_start": [
133
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"text": [
"lichens"
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} | What is an example of an obligate relationship? | [
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56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4d | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | What is an example of ectosymbiosis? | {
"answer_start": [
114
],
"text": [
"mistletoe"
]
} | What is an example of ectosymbiosis? | [
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0.004475414287... | After the collapse of the talks and a controversial visit by Likud leader Ariel Sharon to the Temple Mount, the Second Intifada began. Some commentators contend that the uprising was pre-planned by Yasser Arafat due to the collapse of peace talks. Sharon became prime minister in a 2001 special election. During his tenu... | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | Communication is observed within the plant organism, i.e. within plant cells and between plant cells, between plants of the same or related species, and between plants and non-plant organisms, especially in the root zone. Plant roots communicate with rhizome bacteria, fungi, and insects within the soil. These interacti... | mistletoe | 10,174 |
56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4e | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined? | {
"answer_start": [
473
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"text": [
"disjunctive symbiosis"
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} | What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined? | [
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56ddde2d66d3e219004dad4f | Symbiosis | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner? | {
"answer_start": [
171
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"endosymbiosis"
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} | What is it called when [MASK] symbiont lives within its partner? | [
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56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a0 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to? | {
"answer_start": [
488
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"insects"
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} | What do bacterial endosymbionts give necessary nutrition to? | [
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56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a1 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots? | {
"answer_start": [
310
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"Frankia"
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} | What is the name of a bacteria inside of tree roots? | [
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56de0eadcffd8e1900b4b5a2 | Symbiosis | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | What endosymbionts live in coral? | {
"answer_start": [
372
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"text": [
"algae"
]
} | What endosymbionts live in coral? | [
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56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a6 | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales? | {
"answer_start": [
313
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"text": [
"barnacles"
]
} | What organisms are described as living on the surface of whales? | [
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56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a7 | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | Name a parasitic ectosymbiont. | {
"answer_start": [
271
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"text": [
"lice"
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} | Name a parasitic ectosymbiont. | [
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56de1024cffd8e1900b4b5a8 | Symbiosis | Ectosymbiosis, also referred to as exosymbiosis, is any symbiotic relationship in which the symbiont lives on the body surface of the host, including the inner surface of the digestive tract or the ducts of exocrine glands. Examples of this include ectoparasites such as lice, commensal ectosymbionts such as the barnacl... | What is another name for ectosymbiosis? | {
"answer_start": [
35
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"text": [
"exosymbiosis"
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} | What is another name for ectosymbiosis? | [
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56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ac | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both... | What is another term for mutualism? | {
"answer_start": [
13
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"text": [
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} | What is another term for mutualism? | [
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56de1133cffd8e1900b4b5ad | Symbiosis | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both... | Of what duration are symbiotic relationships? | {
"answer_start": [
154
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"text": [
"lifelong"
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} | Of what duration are symbiotic relationships? | [
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56de22074396321400ee25d1 | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines? | {
"answer_start": [
38
],
"text": [
"mutualistic"
]
} | What type of relationship do herbivores have with the bacteria in their intestines? | [
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56de22074396321400ee25d2 | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | What do coral and algae produce together? | {
"answer_start": [
258
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"text": [
"Coral reefs"
]
} | What do coral and algae produce together? | [
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56de22074396321400ee25d3 | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems? | {
"answer_start": [
455
],
"text": [
"fix carbon from the air"
]
} | How do plants contribute to terrestrial ecosystems? | [
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56de22074396321400ee25d4 | Symbiosis | A large percentage of herbivores have mutualistic gut flora that help them digest plant matter, which is more difficult to digest than animal prey. This gut flora is made up of cellulose-digesting protozoans or bacteria living in the herbivores' intestines. Coral reefs are the result of mutualisms between coral organis... | What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth? | {
"answer_start": [
484
],
"text": [
"mycorrhyzal"
]
} | What type of fungus draws liquid and minerals out of the earth? | [
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56de22b84396321400ee25d9 | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on th... | What lives with Ritteri sea anemones? | {
"answer_start": [
63
],
"text": [
"ocellaris clownfish"
]
} | What lives with Ritteri sea anemones? | [
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56de22b84396321400ee25da | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on th... | What prevents the clownfish from being stung? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"A special mucus"
]
} | What prevents the clownfish from being stung? | [
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0.03660526871681... | Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During th... | Ctenophores used to be regarded as "dead ends" in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals. It is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remai... | Almost all ctenophores are predators – there are no vegetarians and only one genus that is partly parasitic. If food is plentiful, they can eat 10 times their own weight per day. While Beroe preys mainly on other ctenophores, other surface-water species prey on zooplankton (planktonic animals) ranging in size from the ... | A special mucus | 10,190 |
56de22b84396321400ee25db | Symbiosis | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on th... | What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have? | {
"answer_start": [
14
],
"text": [
"mutual symbiosis"
]
} | What type of relationship do the clownfish and anemone have? | [
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56de23fe4396321400ee25e5 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp... | What species does this shrimp have a relationship with? | {
"answer_start": [
21
],
"text": [
"the goby fish"
]
} | What species does this shrimp have a relationship with? | [
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56de23fe4396321400ee25e8 | Symbiosis | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp... | What part of the fish is used to signal danger? | {
"answer_start": [
326
],
"text": [
"its tail"
]
} | What part of the fish is used to signal danger? | [
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56de24804396321400ee25f9 | Symbiosis | Another non-obligate symbiosis is known from encrusting bryozoans and hermit crabs that live in a close relationship. The bryozoan colony (Acanthodesia commensale) develops a cirumrotatory growth and offers the crab (Pseudopagurus granulimanus) a helicospiral-tubular extension of its living chamber that initially was s... | What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs? | {
"answer_start": [
8
],
"text": [
"non-obligate"
]
} | What type of symbiosis seen between bryozoans and hermit crabs? | [
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0.00907543301... | "Funday Night at the Movies" was replaced in 2008 by "Essentials Jr.", a youth-oriented version of its weekly series The Essentials (originally hosted by actors Abigail Breslin and Chris O'Donnell, then by John Lithgow from 2009 to 2011, and then by Bill Hader starting with the 2011 season), which included such family-... | Most species are hermaphrodites—a single animal can produce both eggs and sperm, meaning it can fertilize its own egg, not needing a mate. Some are simultaneous hermaphrodites, which can produce both eggs and sperm at the same time. Others are sequential hermaphrodites, in which the eggs and sperm mature at different t... | Unlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely... | non-obligate | 10,194 |
56de25ab4396321400ee2609 | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, w... | When were the worms found? | {
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"the late 1980s"
]
} | When were the worms found? | [
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56de25ab4396321400ee260a | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, w... | What does the bacteria give the worm? | {
"answer_start": [
251
],
"text": [
"nutrition"
]
} | What does the bacteria give the worm? | [
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... | The same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia "large earthenware jar" and rajola "tile", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli "oil" and oliva "olive", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. However, the Arabic element in Spani... | Ctenophores used to be regarded as "dead ends" in marine food chains because it was thought their low ratio of organic matter to salt and water made them a poor diet for other animals. It is also often difficult to identify the remains of ctenophores in the guts of possible predators, although the combs sometimes remai... | An example of mutual symbiosis is the relationship between the ocellaris clownfish that dwell among the tentacles of Ritteri sea anemones. The territorial fish protects the anemone from anemone-eating fish, and in turn the stinging tentacles of the anemone protect the clownfish from its predators. A special mucus on th... | nutrition | 10,196 |
56de25ab4396321400ee260b | Symbiosis | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, w... | What land is near the worms' first known location? | {
"answer_start": [
429
],
"text": [
"the Galapagos Islands"
]
} | What land is near the worms ' [MASK] known location? | [
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56de27b94396321400ee2611 | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing popu... | What is given to the host cell? | {
"answer_start": [
62
],
"text": [
"nutrients"
]
} | What is given to the host cell? | [
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0.3250408768... | White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and becaus... | Unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example. Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, m... | Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of t... | nutrients | 10,198 |
56de27b94396321400ee2612 | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing popu... | What does the host make that affect its genes? | {
"answer_start": [
206
],
"text": [
"specialized cells"
]
} | What does the host make that affect its genes? | [
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0.38061180710... | Hellenistic art saw a turn from the idealistic, perfected, calm and composed figures of classical Greek art to a style dominated by realism and the depiction of emotion (pathos) and character (ethos). The motif of deceptively realistic naturalism in art (aletheia) is reflected in stories such as that of the painter Zeu... | Unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example. Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, m... | Unlike in multicellular organisms, increases in cell size (cell growth) and reproduction by cell division are tightly linked in unicellular organisms. Bacteria grow to a fixed size and then reproduce through binary fission, a form of asexual reproduction. Under optimal conditions, bacteria can grow and divide extremely... | specialized cells | 10,199 |
56de27b94396321400ee2613 | Symbiosis | During mutualistic symbioses, the host cell lacks some of the nutrients, which are provided by the endosymbiont. As a result, the host favors endosymbiont's growth processes within itself by producing some specialized cells. These cells affect the genetic composition of the host in order to regulate the increasing popu... | In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations? | {
"answer_start": [
422
],
"text": [
"vertical transmission"
]
} | In what manner are the described genetic alternations given to future generations? | [
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0.22000317275... | C trigraphs were created to solve this problem for ANSI C, although their late introduction and inconsistent implementation in compilers limited their use. Many programmers kept their computers on US-ASCII, so plain-text in Swedish, German etc. (for example, in e-mail or Usenet) contained "{, }" and similar variants in... | Unlike in higher animals, where parthenogenesis is rare, asexual reproduction may occur in plants by several different mechanisms. The formation of stem tubers in potato is one example. Particularly in arctic or alpine habitats, where opportunities for fertilisation of flowers by animals are rare, plantlets or bulbs, m... | Alleles at a locus may be dominant or recessive; dominant alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotypes when paired with any other allele for the same trait, whereas recessive alleles give rise to their corresponding phenotype only when paired with another copy of the same allele. For example, if the allele speci... | vertical transmission | 10,200 |
56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fc | Symbiosis | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcr... | What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"drastic reduction in its genome size"
]
} | What is the main alteration in an endosymbiont when it adapts to a host? | [
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0.328114718198... | Many Latin American migrants have been mestizo, Amerindian, or other mixed race. Multiracial Latinos have limited media appearance; critics have accused the U.S. Hispanic media of overlooking the brown-skinned indigenous and multiracial Hispanic and black Hispanic populations by over-representation of blond and blue/gr... | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus... | Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or from exposure to... | drastic reduction in its genome size | 10,201 |
56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fd | Symbiosis | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcr... | What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype? | {
"answer_start": [
1182
],
"text": [
"Muller's ratchet phenomenon"
]
} | What is the term that describes the way the endosymbiont can't go back to its original phenotype? | [
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0.36468812823295... | Although initially the Germans were welcomed by most Estonians as liberators from the USSR and its oppressions, and hopes were raised for the restoration of the country's independence, it was soon realised that the Nazis were but another occupying power. The Germans used Estonia's resources for their war effort; for th... | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus... | Unlike animals, plants lack phagocytic cells, but many plant immune responses involve systemic chemical signals that are sent through a plant. Individual plant cells respond to molecules associated with pathogens known as Pathogen-associated molecular patterns or PAMPs. When a part of a plant becomes infected, the plan... | Muller's ratchet phenomenon | 10,202 |
56de2af0cffd8e1900b4b5fe | Symbiosis | Adaptation of the endosymbiont to the host's lifestyle leads to many changes in the endosymbiont–the foremost being drastic reduction in its genome size. This is due to many genes being lost during the process of metabolism, and DNA repair and recombination. While important genes participating in the DNA to RNA transcr... | What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations? | {
"answer_start": [
1420
],
"text": [
"lack of selection mechanisms"
]
} | What does the article say could be the reason for the buildup of harmful mutations? | [
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0.367118686437... | Reform of the liturgy had been a part of the liturgical movements in the 20th century mainly in France, and Germany which were officially recognized by Pius XII in his encyclical Mediator Dei. During the pontificate of Pius XII, the Vatican eased regulations on the use of Latin in Roman Catholic liturgies, permitting s... | One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus... | Reverse migration, where the genetic programming of young birds fails to work properly, can lead to rarities turning up as vagrants thousands of kilometres out of range. | lack of selection mechanisms | 10,203 |
56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60c | Symbiosis | Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table". | What language do the roots of "commensal" come from? | {
"answer_start": [
254
],
"text": [
"Latin"
]
} | What language do the roots of "commensal" come from? | [
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56de2bedcffd8e1900b4b60d | Symbiosis | Commensalism describes a relationship between two living organisms where one benefits and the other is not significantly harmed or helped. It is derived from the English word commensal used of human social interaction. The word derives from the medieval Latin word, formed from com- and mensa, meaning "sharing a table". | What type of symbiotic relationship helps one organism and doesn't have a major affect on the other? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Commensalism"
]
} | What type of symbiotic relationship helps [MASK] organism and does n't have a major affect on the other? | [
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56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61e | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders ... | What is the term for a relationship where one organism provides a dwelling for the other? | {
"answer_start": [
108
],
"text": [
"inquilinism"
]
} | What is the term for a relationship where [MASK] organism provides a dwelling for the other? | [
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0.000049381... | The Cork School of Music and the Crawford College of Art and Design provide a throughput of new blood, as do the active theatre components of several courses at University College Cork (UCC). Highlights include: Corcadorca Theatre Company, of which Cillian Murphy was a troupe member prior to Hollywood fame; the Institu... | A further example is the goby fish, which sometimes lives together with a shrimp. The shrimp digs and cleans up a burrow in the sand in which both the shrimp and the goby fish live. The shrimp is almost blind, leaving it vulnerable to predators when outside its burrow. In case of danger the goby fish touches the shrimp... | One of the most spectacular examples of obligate mutualism is between the siboglinid tube worms and symbiotic bacteria that live at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The worm has no digestive tract and is wholly reliant on its internal symbionts for nutrition. The bacteria oxidize either hydrogen sulfide or methane, w... | inquilinism | 10,206 |
56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b61f | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders ... | What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants? | {
"answer_start": [
208
],
"text": [
"metabiosis"
]
} | What type of relationship is it when arachnids attach webs to dead plants? | [
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56de2cf1cffd8e1900b4b620 | Symbiosis | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders ... | In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another? | {
"answer_start": [
83
],
"text": [
"phoresy"
]
} | In what type of relationship does an organism travel by means of another? | [
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56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b630 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasi... | Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"A parasitic relationship"
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} | Antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis are alternate names for what? | [
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56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b631 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasi... | What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host? | {
"answer_start": [
331
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"necrotrophic"
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} | What is it called when organisms are lethal to their host? | [
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56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b632 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasi... | What is it called when parasites need their host to live? | {
"answer_start": [
386
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"text": [
"biotrophic"
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} | What is it called when parasites need their host to live? | [
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0.007940244860... | The most commonly given starting point for the Middle Ages is 476, first used by Bruni.[A] For Europe as a whole, 1500 is often considered to be the end of the Middle Ages, but there is no universally agreed upon end date. Depending on the context, events such as Christopher Columbus's first voyage to the Americas in 1... | If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic cause for a known m... | Resistance to infection (immunity) may be acquired following a disease, by asymptomatic carriage of the pathogen, by harboring an organism with a similar structure (crossreacting), or by vaccination. Knowledge of the protective antigens and specific acquired host immune factors is more complete for primary pathogens th... | biotrophic | 10,211 |
56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b633 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasi... | What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage? | {
"answer_start": [
540
],
"text": [
"as many as half"
]
} | What proportion of animals go through a parasitic stage? | [
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56de2e63cffd8e1900b4b634 | Symbiosis | A parasitic relationship is one in which one member of the association benefits while the other is harmed. This is also known as antagonistic or antipathetic symbiosis. Parasitic symbioses take many forms, from endoparasites that live within the host's body to ectoparasites that live on its surface. In addition, parasi... | Name a biotrophic organism. | {
"answer_start": [
801
],
"text": [
"a tick"
]
} | Name a biotrophic organism. | [
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0.088908582... | With the death of Zhengde and ascension of Jiajing, the politics at court shifted in favor of the Neo-Confucian establishment which not only rejected the Portuguese embassy of Fernão Pires de Andrade (d. 1523), but had a predisposed animosity towards Tibetan Buddhism and lamas. Evelyn S. Rawski, a professor in the Depa... | If bacteria form a parasitic association with other organisms, they are classed as pathogens. Pathogenic bacteria are a major cause of human death and disease and cause infections such as tetanus, typhoid fever, diphtheria, syphilis, cholera, foodborne illness, leprosy and tuberculosis. A pathogenic cause for a known m... | Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants. Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such ins... | a tick | 10,213 |
56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71e | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which one organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Amensalism"
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} | What is the name for the kind of symbiosis in which [MASK] organism is seriously harmed and there is no affect on the other? | [
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56de418fcffd8e1900b4b71f | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What kinds of amensalism are there? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"competition and antibiosis"
]
} | What kinds of amensalism are there? | [
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56de418fcffd8e1900b4b720 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it? | {
"answer_start": [
302
],
"text": [
"competition"
]
} | When a large tree takes the resources a young tree needs, what type of amensalism is it? | [
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56de418fcffd8e1900b4b721 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is the type of relationship that exists where one species is inhibited or completely obliterated and one is unaffected. This type of symbiosis is relatively uncommon in rudimentary reference texts, but is omnipresent in the natural world.[citation needed] There are two types of amensalism, competition and an... | What does the black walnut give out that kills plants? | {
"answer_start": [
1155
],
"text": [
"juglone"
]
} | What does the black walnut give out that kills plants? | [
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56de42a94396321400ee2730 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with? | {
"answer_start": [
472
],
"text": [
"weevils"
]
} | What organisms is the ibex in an amensalistic relationship with? | [
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56de42a94396321400ee2731 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What does the Spanish ibex eat? | {
"answer_start": [
535
],
"text": [
"shrub"
]
} | What does the [MASK] ibex eat? | [
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56de42a94396321400ee2732 | Symbiosis | Amensalism is an interaction where an organism inflicts harm to another organism without any costs or benefits received by the other. A clear case of amensalism is where sheep or cattle trample grass. Whilst the presence of the grass causes negligible detrimental effects to the animal's hoof, the grass suffers from bei... | What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Amensalism"
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} | What type of relationship is it when large animals crush small plants? | [
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56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74b | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | What type of relationship harms both organisms? | {
"answer_start": [
0
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"text": [
"Synnecrosis"
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0.0256432257592678... | Cyclone Bebe in 1972 caused severe damage to Funafuti. Funafuti's Tepuka Vili Vili islet was devastated by Cyclone Meli in 1979, with all its vegetation and most of its sand swept away during the cyclone. Along with a tropical depression that affected the islands a few days later, Severe Tropical Cyclone Ofa had a majo... | Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in L... | Some symbiotic relationships are obligate, meaning that both symbionts entirely depend on each other for survival. For example, many lichens consist of fungal and photosynthetic symbionts that cannot live on their own. Others are facultative (optional): they can, but do not have to live with the other organism. | Synnecrosis | 10,221 |
56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74c | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis? | {
"answer_start": [
192
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"death"
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56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74d | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | How common is synnecrosis in the natural world? | {
"answer_start": [
264
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"uncommon"
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56de43f9cffd8e1900b4b74e | Symbiosis | Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationsh... | Why do bees sting even though it will kill them? | {
"answer_start": [
467
],
"text": [
"to protect the hive"
]
} | Why do bees sting even though it will kill them? | [
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0.04688962548... | Northwestern fields 19 intercollegiate athletic teams (8 men's and 11 women's) in addition to numerous club sports. The women's lacrosse team won five consecutive NCAA national championships between 2005 and 2009, went undefeated in 2005 and 2009, added more NCAA championships in 2011 and 2012, giving them 7 NCAA champ... | Another defense that often uses color or shape to deceive potential enemies is mimicry. A number of longhorn beetles (family Cerambycidae) bear a striking resemblance to wasps, which helps them avoid predation even though the beetles are in fact harmless. Batesian and Müllerian mimicry complexes are commonly found in L... | Endosymbiosis is any symbiotic relationship in which one symbiont lives within the tissues of the other, either within the cells or extracellularly. Examples include diverse microbiomes, rhizobia, nitrogen-fixing bacteria that live in root nodules on legume roots; actinomycete nitrogen-fixing bacteria called Frankia, w... | to protect the hive | 10,224 |
56de4520cffd8e1900b4b759 | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, an... | What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria? | {
"answer_start": [
277
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"text": [
"the evolution of all eukaryotes"
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} | What far-reaching result do scientists think has come about from symbiosis with bacteria? | [
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56de4520cffd8e1900b4b75a | Symbiosis | While historically, symbiosis has received less attention than other interactions such as predation or competition, it is increasingly recognized as an important selective force behind evolution, with many species having a long history of interdependent co-evolution. In fact, the evolution of all eukaryotes (plants, an... | What are eukaryotes? | {
"answer_start": [
310
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"text": [
"plants, animals, fungi, and protists"
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} | What are eukaryotes? | [
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56de4796cffd8e1900b4b777 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among ... | What does Margulis think is the main driver of evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
56
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"symbiosis"
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} | What does [MASK] think is the main driver of evolution? | [
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56de4796cffd8e1900b4b779 | Symbiosis | The biologist Lynn Margulis, famous for her work on endosymbiosis, contends that symbiosis is a major driving force behind evolution. She considers Darwin's notion of evolution, driven by competition, to be incomplete and claims that evolution is strongly based on co-operation, interaction, and mutual dependence among ... | Who agrees with Margulis' cooperative view of evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
357
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"text": [
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]
} | Who agrees with [MASK] ' cooperative view of evolution? | [
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56de49434396321400ee2774 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators? | {
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56de49434396321400ee2775 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple? | {
"answer_start": [
559
],
"text": [
"nectar and large sticky pollen"
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} | What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple? | [
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0.24690762... | Morning (2008) looked at high school biology textbooks during the 1952-2002 period and initially found a similar pattern with only 35% directly discussing race in the 1983–92 period from initially 92% doing so. However, this has increased somewhat after this to 43%. More indirect and brief discussions of race in the co... | Commensal relationships may involve one organism using another for transportation (phoresy) or for housing (inquilinism), or it may also involve one organism using something another created, after its death (metabiosis). Examples of metabiosis are hermit crabs using gastropod shells to protect their bodies and spiders ... | Plant responses to climate and other environmental changes can inform our understanding of how these changes affect ecosystem function and productivity. For example, plant phenology can be a useful proxy for temperature in historical climatology, and the biological impact of climate change and global warming. Palynolog... | nectar and large sticky pollen | 10,230 |
56de49434396321400ee2776 | Symbiosis | Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants ... | What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect? | {
"answer_start": [
753
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"text": [
"dependent"
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} | What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect? | [
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56dde02666d3e219004dad6b | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces armées canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of ... | What is the French name of the Canadian Armed Forces? | {
"answer_start": [
40
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"text": [
"Forces armées canadiennes"
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} | What is the [MASK] name of [MASK]? | [
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56dde02666d3e219004dad6c | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces armées canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of ... | What law constitutes the CAF? | {
"answer_start": [
191
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"text": [
"the National Defence Act"
]
} | What law constitutes the [MASK]? | [
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56dde02666d3e219004dad6d | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces armées canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of ... | Who are the CAF supposed to protect? | {
"answer_start": [
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56dde02666d3e219004dad6e | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Canadian Armed Forces (CAF; French: Forces armées canadiennes, FAC), or Canadian Forces (CF) (French: les Forces canadiennes, FC), is the unified armed force of Canada, as constituted by the National Defence Act, which states: "The Canadian Forces are the armed forces of Her Majesty raised by Canada and consist of ... | What does CF stand for in this context? | {
"answer_start": [
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0.2463059... | The law of criminal procedure in the United States consists of a massive overlay of federal constitutional case law interwoven with the federal and state statutes that actually provide the foundation for the creation and operation of law enforcement agencies and prison systems as well as the proceedings in criminal tri... | Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Coopera... | Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the ca... | Forces canadiennes | 10,235 |
56dde0ea66d3e219004dad7e | Canadian_Armed_Forces | This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organ... | How many sub components are there? | {
"answer_start": [
244
],
"text": [
"four"
]
} | How many sub components are there? | [
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56dde0ea66d3e219004dad7f | Canadian_Armed_Forces | This unified institution consists of sea, land, and air elements referred to as the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN), Canadian Army, and Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). Personnel may belong to either the Regular Force or the Reserve Force, which has four sub-components: the Primary Reserve, Supplementary Reserve, Cadet Organ... | What act defines the CAF? | {
"answer_start": [
398
],
"text": [
"the National Defence Act"
]
} | What act defines the [MASK]? | [
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56dde17c9a695914005b9640 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. | Who currently is the Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"Queen Elizabeth II"
]
} | Who currently is the Commander- in- Chief of [MASK]? | [
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56dde17c9a695914005b9641 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. | Who represents Queen Elizabeth II? | {
"answer_start": [
128
],
"text": [
"the Governor General of Canada"
]
} | Who represents Queen [MASK]? | [
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56dde17c9a695914005b9642 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. | Who leads the CAF? | {
"answer_start": [
196
],
"text": [
"the Chief of the Defence Staff"
]
} | Who leads the [MASK]? | [
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56dde17c9a695914005b9643 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | The Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces is the reigning Canadian monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who is represented by the Governor General of Canada. The Canadian Armed Forces is led by the Chief of the Defence Staff, who is advised and assisted by the Armed Forces Council. | Who advises the Chief of the Defence? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"the Armed Forces Council."
]
} | Who advises the Chief of the Defence? | [
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56dde22166d3e219004dad91 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. | What war were the CAF involved in? | {
"answer_start": [
11
],
"text": [
"Cold War"
]
} | What war were the [MASK] involved in? | [
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56dde22166d3e219004dad92 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. | What was the goal of the CAF during the cold war? | {
"answer_start": [
86
],
"text": [
"the security of Europe"
]
} | What was the goal of the [MASK] during [MASK]? | [
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56dde22166d3e219004dad93 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. | What military thread did the CAF protect against in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
124
],
"text": [
"the Soviet military threat"
]
} | What military thread did the [MASK] protect against in [MASK]? | [
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56dde22166d3e219004dad94 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. | Apprimately since what year was the CAF stationed in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
226
],
"text": [
"the early 1950s"
]
} | Apprimately since what year was the [MASK] stationed in [MASK]? | [
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56dde22166d3e219004dad95 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | During the Cold War, a principal focus of Canadian defence policy was contributing to the security of Europe in the face of the Soviet military threat. Toward that end, Canadian ground and air forces were based in Europe from the early 1950s until the early 1990s. | What year did the CAF leave Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
248
],
"text": [
"the early 1990s"
]
} | What year did the [MASK] leave [MASK]? | [
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56dde2f49a695914005b9656 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002. | What Treaty is the CAF part of? | {
"answer_start": [
43
],
"text": [
"the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)"
]
} | What Treaty is the [MASK] part of? | [
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56dde2f49a695914005b9657 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002. | What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in? | {
"answer_start": [
201
],
"text": [
"international security operations"
]
} | What type of operation is [MASK] involved in? | [
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56dde2f49a695914005b9658 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002. | What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years? | {
"answer_start": [
289
],
"text": [
"Afghanistan"
]
} | What country has [MASK] worked in [MASK]? | [
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56dde2f49a695914005b9659 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002. | What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start? | {
"answer_start": [
307
],
"text": [
"2002"
]
} | What year did the [MASK] Military operation in [MASK] start? | [
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56dde2f49a695914005b965a | Canadian_Armed_Forces | However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002. | Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set? | {
"answer_start": [
126
],
"text": [
"out of area"
]
} | Where is the current focus of [MASK] set? | [
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0.0702538862824... | Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. ... | The responsibility for military command remained with the British Crown-in-Council, with a commander-in-chief for North America stationed at Halifax until the final withdrawal of British Army and Royal Navy units from that city in 1906. Thereafter, the Royal Canadian Navy was formed, and, with the advent of military av... | In 2008 the Government of Canada made efforts, through the Canada First Defence Strategy, to modernize the Canadian Armed Forces, through the purchase of new equipment, improved training and readiness, as well as the establishment of the Canadian Special Operations Regiment. More funds were also put towards recruitment... | out of area | 10,251 |
56dde39c66d3e219004dad9f | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the ca... | What is Canada's defense policy based on? | {
"answer_start": [
46
],
"text": [
"Canada First Defence Strategy"
]
} | What is [MASK] 's defense policy based on? | [
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56dde39c66d3e219004dada0 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the ca... | When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced? | {
"answer_start": [
91
],
"text": [
"2008"
]
} | When was the Canada First Defence Strategy introduced? | [
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56dde39c66d3e219004dada1 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the ca... | How many missions are carried out internally in Canada? | {
"answer_start": [
187
],
"text": [
"six core missions"
]
} | How many missions are carried out internally in [MASK]? | [
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56dde39c66d3e219004dada2 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Canadian defence policy today is based on the Canada First Defence Strategy, introduced in 2008. Based on that strategy, the Canadian military is oriented and being equipped to carry out six core missions within Canada, in North America and globally. Specifically, the Canadian Armed Forces are tasked with having the ca... | What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover? | {
"answer_start": [
223
],
"text": [
"North America"
]
} | What other location does the Canada First Defence Strategy Cover? | [
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56dde48b9a695914005b966c | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Coopera... | What other priority do the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute too? | {
"answer_start": [
109
],
"text": [
"conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy"
]
} | What other priority do [MASK] also contribute too? | [
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56dde48b9a695914005b966d | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Coopera... | What is an example of another activity that the CAF performs? | {
"answer_start": [
192
],
"text": [
"deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés"
]
} | What is an example of another activity that the [MASK] performs? | [
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-0.269601613283... | In the groups Z/nZ introduced above, the element 1 is primitive, so these groups are cyclic. Indeed, each element is expressible as a sum all of whose terms are 1. Any cyclic group with n elements is isomorphic to this group. A second example for cyclic groups is the group of n-th complex roots of unity, given by compl... | The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CA... | Canada also permits a variety of charities (including public and private foundations). Charitable status is granted by the Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) upon application by a nonprofit; charities are allowed to issue income tax receipts to donors, must spend a certain percentage of their assets (including cash, investmen... | deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés | 10,257 |
56dde48b9a695914005b966e | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Coopera... | What other air force does the CAF cooperate with? | {
"answer_start": [
331
],
"text": [
"the American Air Forces"
]
} | What other air force does the [MASK] cooperate with? | [
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56dde48b9a695914005b966f | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Coopera... | What is one of the activities the CAF works on with other countries? | {
"answer_start": [
383
],
"text": [
"military training"
]
} | What is [MASK] of the activities the [MASK] works on with other countries? | [
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-0.10986132919... | In June 1963, President Kennedy continued his policy of affirmative action by issuing another mandate, Executive Order 11114. The order supplemented to his previous 1961 executive order declaring it was the "policy of the United States to encourage by affirmative action the elimination of discrimination in employment".... | The Constitution of Canada gives the federal government exclusive responsibility for national defence, and expenditures are thus outlined in the federal budget. For the 2008–2009 fiscal year, the amount allocated for defence spending was CAD$18.9 billion. This regular funding was augmented in 2005 with an additional CA... | On October 3, 2010, Public Safety Canada unveiled Canada’s Cyber Security Strategy, following a Speech from the Throne commitment to boost the security of Canadian cyberspace. The aim of the strategy is to strengthen Canada’s "cyber systems and critical infrastructure sectors, support economic growth and protect Canadi... | military training | 10,259 |
56dde48b9a695914005b9670 | Canadian_Armed_Forces | Consistent with the missions and priorities outlined above, the Canadian Armed Forces also contribute to the conduct of Canadian defence diplomacy through a range of activities, including the deployment of Canadian Defence Attachés, participation in bilateral and multilateral military forums (e.g. the System of Coopera... | What diplomatic effort does the CAF perform as part of it's duties? | {
"answer_start": [
446
],
"text": [
"relationship-building efforts"
]
} | What diplomatic effort does the [MASK] perform as part of it 's duties? | [
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