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56de494dcffd8e1900b4b797 | Human_Development_Index | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" gro... | What is Gabon's ranking? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"119th"
]
} | What is [MASK] 's ranking? | [
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-0.0726994... | On January 25, 1918 the third meeting of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets renamed the unrecognized state the Soviet Russian Republic. The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was signed on March 3, 1918, giving away much of the land of the former Russian Empire to Germany in exchange for peace during the rest of World War I. On ... | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalit... | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | 119th | 11,069 |
56de494dcffd8e1900b4b798 | Human_Development_Index | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" gro... | What is South Africa's ranking? | {
"answer_start": [
207
],
"text": [
"121st"
]
} | What is [MASK] ranking? | [
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0.06429773569107056,
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0.11588484048843384,
-0.099068... | Many Pygmies belong from birth to Bantus in a relationship many refer to as slavery. The Congolese Human Rights Observatory says that the Pygmies are treated as property the same way "pets" are. On December 30, 2010, the Congolese parliament adopted a law for the promotion and protection of the rights of indigenous peo... | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalit... | Some countries were not included for various reasons, mainly the unavailability of certain crucial data. The following United Nations Member States were not included in the 2010 report. Cuba lodged a formal protest at its lack of inclusion. The UNDP explained that Cuba had been excluded due to the lack of an "internati... | 121st | 11,070 |
56de494dcffd8e1900b4b799 | Human_Development_Index | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" gro... | What are the two highest ranking Sub-Saharan countries? | {
"answer_start": [
162
],
"text": [
"Gabon and South Africa"
]
} | What are the [MASK] highest ranking [MASK] [MASK] countries? | [
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0.0252087581902... | The A38 dual-carriageway runs from east to west across the north of the city. Within the city it is designated as 'The Parkway' and represents the boundary between the urban parts of the city and the generally more recent suburban areas. Heading east, it connects Plymouth to the M5 motorway about 40 miles (65 km) away ... | In recent years the characteristic that has strongly correlated with health in developed countries is income inequality. Creating an index of "Health and Social Problems" from nine factors, authors Richard Wilkinson and Kate Pickett found health and social problems "more common in countries with bigger income inequalit... | Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumptio... | Gabon and South Africa | 11,071 |
56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b5 | Human_Development_Index | A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian... | What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country? | {
"answer_start": [
9
],
"text": [
"0.8"
]
} | What number indicates the minimum score for a country to be considered a "high development" country? | [
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0.03320926800370... | Stage 1 is the first, or introductory stage of the bill, where the minister or member in charge of the bill will formally introduce it to Parliament together with its accompanying documents – Explanatory Notes, a Policy Memorandum setting out the policy underlying the bill, and a Financial Memorandum setting out the co... | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | The United Nations designates Tuvalu as a least developed country (LDC) because of its limited potential for economic development, absence of exploitable resources and its small size and vulnerability to external economic and environmental shocks. Tuvalu participates in the Enhanced Integrated Framework for Trade-Relat... | 0.8 | 11,072 |
56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b7 | Human_Development_Index | A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian... | Which South American country was included among the seven promoted countries? | {
"answer_start": [
448
],
"text": [
"Brazil"
]
} | Which [MASK] country was included among the [MASK] promoted countries? | [
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0.018935078755... | In the 1950 parliamentary elections, the Wafd Party of el-Nahhas gained a victory—mostly due to the absence of the Muslim Brotherhood, which boycotted the elections—and was perceived as a threat by the Free Officers as the Wafd had campaigned on demands similar to their own. Accusations of corruption against Wafd polit... | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | The report showed a small increase in world HDI in comparison with last year's report. This rise was fueled by a general improvement in the developing world, especially of the least developed countries group. This marked improvement at the bottom was offset with a decrease in HDI of high income countries. | Brazil | 11,073 |
56de4a81cffd8e1900b4b7b8 | Human_Development_Index | A HDI of 0.8 or more is considered to represent "high development". This includes all developed countries, such as those in North America, Western Europe, Oceania, and Eastern Asia, as well as some developing countries in Eastern Europe, Central and South America, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean, and the oil-rich Arabian... | What is the largest country that was included among the seven promoted countries? | {
"answer_start": [
474
],
"text": [
"Russia"
]
} | What is the largest country that was included among the [MASK] promoted countries? | [
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0.1031672358512878... | At Princeton, the physicist Robert R. Wilson encouraged Feynman to participate in the Manhattan Project—the wartime U.S. Army project at Los Alamos developing the atomic bomb. Feynman said he was persuaded to join this effort to build it before Nazi Germany developed their own bomb. He was assigned to Hans Bethe's theo... | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | A new index was released on December 18, 2008. This so-called "statistical update" covered the period up to 2006 and was published without an accompanying Human Development Report. The update is relevant due to newly released estimates of purchasing power parities (PPP), implying substantial adjustments for many countr... | Russia | 11,074 |
56de4adf4396321400ee278c | Human_Development_Index | On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study. | If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"red arrows"
]
} | If there is a decrease in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present? | [
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-0.0493291... | To create green sparks, fireworks use barium salts, such as barium chlorate, barium nitrate crystals, or barium chloride, also used for green fireplace logs. Copper salts typically burn blue, but cupric chloride (also known as "campfire blue") can also produce green flames. Green pyrotechnic flares can use a mix ratio ... | Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in n... | A HDI below 0.5 is considered to represent "low development". All 22 countries in that category are located in Africa. The highest-scoring Sub-Saharan countries, Gabon and South Africa, are ranked 119th and 121st, respectively. Nine countries departed from this category this year and joined the "medium development" gro... | red arrows | 11,075 |
56de4adf4396321400ee278d | Human_Development_Index | On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study. | If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present? | {
"answer_start": [
24
],
"text": [
"green arrows"
]
} | If there is an increase in a country's ranking, which indicator will be present? | [
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-0.0361929... | The army has relied heavily on tents to provide the various facilities needed while on deployment. The most common tent uses for the military are as temporary barracks (sleeping quarters), DFAC buildings (dining facilities), forward operating bases (FOBs), after action review (AAR), tactical operations center (TOC), mo... | Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in n... | On November 3, 2008, the European Commission at Brussels predicted for 2009 an extremely weak growth of GDP, by 0.1%, for the countries of the Eurozone (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium etc.) and even negative number for the UK (−1.0%), Ireland and Spain. On November 6, the IMF at Washington, D.C., launched numbers pred... | green arrows | 11,076 |
56de4adf4396321400ee278e | Human_Development_Index | On the following table, green arrows () represent an increase in ranking over the previous study, while red arrows () represent a decrease in ranking. They are followed by the number of spaces they moved. Blue dashes () represent a nation that did not move in the rankings since the previous study. | If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present? | {
"answer_start": [
205
],
"text": [
"Blue dash"
]
} | If a country's ranking does not change, which indicator will be present? | [
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-0.072806142... | A major concern of Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) and of the philosophy of Spirit that he lays out in his Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences (1817–1830) is the interrelation between individual humans, which he conceives in terms of "mutual recognition." However, what Climacus means by the aforementioned... | Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in n... | Changing clocks and DST rules has a direct economic cost, entailing extra work to support remote meetings, computer applications and the like. For example, a 2007 North American rule change cost an estimated $500 million to $1 billion, and Utah State University economist William F. Shughart II has estimated the lost op... | Blue dash | 11,077 |
56de4b6dcffd8e1900b4b7c5 | Human_Development_Index | The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. | Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"Norway"
]
} | Which country has been ranked highest the most number of times? | [
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0.03772513568401... | Possible improvements include clarification of clinical trial regulations by FDA. Furthermore, appropriate economic incentives could persuade pharmaceutical companies to invest in this endeavor. Antibiotic Development to Advance Patient Treatment (ADAPT) Act aims to fast track the drug development to combat the growing... | Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns. For example, growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero in 2009, and Kenya may achieve only 3–4% growth in 2009, down from 7% in 2007. According to the research by the Overseas Development... | The Brookings Institution reported in June 2009 that U.S. consumption accounted for more than a third of the growth in global consumption between 2000 and 2007. "The US economy has been spending too much and borrowing too much for years and the rest of the world depended on the U.S. consumer as a source of global deman... | Norway | 11,078 |
56de4b6dcffd8e1900b4b7c9 | Human_Development_Index | The list below displays the top-ranked country from each year of the Human Development Index. Norway has been ranked the highest twelve times, Canada eight times, followed by Japan which has been ranked highest three times. Iceland has been ranked highest twice. | Which country has received the top rank twice? | {
"answer_start": [
224
],
"text": [
"Iceland"
]
} | Which country has received the top rank twice? | [
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0.2092141509056... | Obesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage, as a result of h... | Some developing countries that had seen strong economic growth saw significant slowdowns. For example, growth forecasts in Cambodia show a fall from more than 10% in 2007 to close to zero in 2009, and Kenya may achieve only 3–4% growth in 2009, down from 7% in 2007. According to the research by the Overseas Development... | The World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report currently ranks Switzerland's economy as the most competitive in the world, while ranked by the European Union as Europe's most innovative country. For much of the 20th century, Switzerland was the wealthiest country in Europe by a considerable margin (by GDP – p... | Iceland | 11,079 |
56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d5 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilizatio... | The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what? | {
"answer_start": [
347
],
"text": [
"national performance and ranking"
]
} | The HDI has been criticized for focusing exclusively on what? | [
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56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d6 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilizatio... | Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards Western or towards Eastern models of development? | {
"answer_start": [
146
],
"text": [
"Western"
]
} | Has the HDI been criticized for being biased towards [MASK] or towards [MASK] models of development? | [
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0.30833193659... | These styles generally have either two f-shaped soundholes like a violin (F-5 and A-5), or an oval sound hole (F-4 and A-4 and lower models) directly under the strings. Much variation exists between makers working from these archetypes, and other variants have become increasingly common. Generally, in the United States... | Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumptio... | The 2009 Human Development Report by UNDP was released on October 5, 2009, and covers the period up to 2007. It was titled "Overcoming barriers: Human mobility and development". The top countries by HDI were grouped in a new category called "very high human development". The report refers to these countries as develope... | Western | 11,081 |
56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d7 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilizatio... | The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development? | {
"answer_start": [
421
],
"text": [
"global"
]
} | The HDI has been criticized for lack of what type of perspective on development? | [
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56de4c68cffd8e1900b4b7d9 | Human_Development_Index | The Human Development Index has been criticized on a number of grounds including alleged ideological biases towards egalitarianism and so-called "Western models of development", failure to include any ecological considerations, lack of consideration of technological development or contributions to the human civilizatio... | Critics of the HDI cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism? | {
"answer_start": [
116
],
"text": [
"egalitarianism"
]
} | Critics of the [MASK] cite its focus on which: egalitarianism or authoritarianism? | [
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0.184632256... | On Saturday, July 23, 1989, much of America learned of the AFL for an unintended reason, when the Pittsburgh Gladiators' head coach, Joe Haering, made football history by punching commissioner Jim Foster during a game with the Chicago Bruisers. The national media ran with the story, including a photo in USA Today. The ... | Effects of inequality researchers have found include higher rates of health and social problems, and lower rates of social goods, a lower level of economic utility in society from resources devoted on high-end consumption, and even a lower level of economic growth when human capital is neglected for high-end consumptio... | In a factor analysis of the latest wave of World Values Survey data, Arno Tausch (Corvinus University of Budapest) found that Protestantism emerges to be very close to combining religion and the traditions of liberalism. The Global Value Development Index, calculated by Tausch, relies on the World Values Survey dimensi... | egalitarianism | 11,083 |
56de4ded4396321400ee27c3 | Human_Development_Index | Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresh... | How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"three"
]
} | How many economists were cited as pointing out data errors in the HDI? | [
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56de4ded4396321400ee27c5 | Human_Development_Index | Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresh... | In what year did the UNDP respond to the criticism of its report? | {
"answer_start": [
940
],
"text": [
"2010"
]
} | In what year did the [MASK] respond to the criticism of its report? | [
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56de4ded4396321400ee27c6 | Human_Development_Index | Economists Hendrik Wolff, Howard Chong and Maximilian Auffhammer discuss the HDI from the perspective of data error in the underlying health, education and income statistics used to construct the HDI. They identified three sources of data error which are due to (i) data updating, (ii) formula revisions and (iii) thresh... | Which magazine publication carried a statement from the Human Development Report Office in January, 2011? | {
"answer_start": [
1096
],
"text": [
"The Economist"
]
} | Which magazine publication carried a statement from [MASK] in [MASK]? | [
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56de4ea54396321400ee27ce | Human_Development_Index | The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countr... | How many countries were included in the 2009 HDI? | {
"answer_start": [
255
],
"text": [
"182"
]
} | How many countries were included in the [MASK] HDI? | [
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0.05709518492... | Wieman's words proved prophetic. Though Process and Reality has been called "arguably the most impressive single metaphysical text of the twentieth century," it has been little-read and little-understood, partly because it demands – as Isabelle Stengers puts it – "that its readers accept the adventure of the questions ... | Advanced economies led global economic growth prior to the financial crisis with "emerging" and "developing" economies lagging behind. The crisis completely overturned this relationship. The International Monetary Fund found that "advanced" economies accounted for only 31% of global GDP while emerging and developing ec... | Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this popul... | 182 | 11,087 |
56de4ea54396321400ee27cf | Human_Development_Index | The HDI has extended its geographical coverage: David Hastings, of the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, published a report geographically extending the HDI to 230+ economies, whereas the UNDP HDI for 2009 enumerates 182 economies and coverage for the 2010 HDI dropped to 169 countr... | How many countries were included in the 2010 HDI? | {
"answer_start": [
310
],
"text": [
"169"
]
} | How many countries were included in the [MASK] HDI? | [
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56de31d34396321400ee2676 | Southern_Europe | Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of ... | What is another term for southern Europe | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"Mediterranean Europe"
]
} | What is another term for southern [MASK] | [
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56de31d34396321400ee2677 | Southern_Europe | Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of ... | What is the name for the stretch of land on which Spain and Portugal are located? | {
"answer_start": [
102
],
"text": [
"Iberian peninsula"
]
} | What is the name for the stretch of land on which [MASK] and [MASK] are located? | [
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56de31d34396321400ee2678 | Southern_Europe | Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of ... | What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
233
],
"text": [
"Balkan countries"
]
} | What nations are sometimes included in the scope of southern [MASK]? | [
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56de31d34396321400ee2679 | Southern_Europe | Some definitions of southern Europe, also known as Mediterranean Europe, include the countries of the Iberian peninsula (Spain and Portugal), the Italian peninsula, southern France and Greece. Other definitions sometimes include the Balkan countries of southeast Europe, which are geographically in the southern part of ... | What area of France is considered a part of Mediterranean Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
165
],
"text": [
"southern France"
]
} | What area of [MASK] is considered a part of [MASK]? | [
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56de3455cffd8e1900b4b674 | Southern_Europe | Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography, climate, and flora. | What are three characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
71
],
"text": [
"political, economic, and cultural attributes"
]
} | What are [MASK] characteristics that can be employed to characterize southern [MASK]? | [
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56de3455cffd8e1900b4b675 | Southern_Europe | Different methods can be used to define southern Europe, including its political, economic, and cultural attributes. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features — its geography, climate, and flora. | What are three aspects of the environment of southern Europe that can be used to distinguish the region? | {
"answer_start": [
183
],
"text": [
"geography, climate, and flora"
]
} | What are [MASK] aspects of the environment of southern [MASK] that can be used to distinguish the region? | [
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56de350b4396321400ee269a | Southern_Europe | Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as we... | What kind of climate is exemplary of southern Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"The Mediterranean climate"
]
} | What kind of climate is exemplary of southern [MASK]? | [
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56de350b4396321400ee269b | Southern_Europe | Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as we... | Which parts of Turkey are characterized by a Mediterranean climate? | {
"answer_start": [
268
],
"text": [
"Western and Southern coastal regions"
]
} | Which parts of [MASK] are characterized by a [MASK] climate? | [
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56de350b4396321400ee269c | Southern_Europe | Southern Europe's most emblematic climate is that of the Mediterranean climate, which has become a typically known characteristic of the area. The Mediterranean climate covers much of Portugal, Spain, Southeast France, Italy, Croatia, Albania, Montenegro, Greece, the Western and Southern coastal regions of Turkey as we... | What are two broad categories of similarity among countries which have a Mediterranean climate? | {
"answer_start": [
406
],
"text": [
"vegetations and landscapes"
]
} | What are [MASK] broad categories of similarity among countries which have a [MASK] climate? | [
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0.20031765103... | Mutualism or interspecies reciprocal altruism is a relationship between individuals of different species where both individuals benefit. In general, only lifelong interactions involving close physical and biochemical contact can properly be considered symbiotic. Mutualistic relationships may be either obligate for both... | Southern Italy was also part of the Norman kingdom but great mosaics did not survive in this area except the fine mosaic pavement of the Otranto Cathedral from 1166, with mosaics tied into a tree of life, mostly still preserved. The scenes depict biblical characters, warrior kings, medieval beasts, allegories of the mo... | The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding... | vegetations and landscapes | 11,097 |
56de35834396321400ee26a2 | Southern_Europe | Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. | Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
101
],
"text": [
"mountain ranges of Spain and Italy"
]
} | Where do colder areas occur within southern [MASK]? | [
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56de35834396321400ee26a3 | Southern_Europe | Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. | Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
155
],
"text": [
"north coast of Spain"
]
} | Where are more moist areas found in southern [MASK]? | [
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56de35834396321400ee26a4 | Southern_Europe | Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. | What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain? | {
"answer_start": [
197
],
"text": [
"Atlantic climate"
]
} | What term can be used to describe the wet area of [MASK]? | [
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56de368d4396321400ee26a8 | Southern_Europe | Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, m... | What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
72
],
"text": [
"phytochoria"
]
} | What is a word that can be used to describe the plant life of southern [MASK]? | [
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56de368d4396321400ee26a9 | Southern_Europe | Southern Europe's flora is that of the Mediterranean Region, one of the phytochoria recognized by Armen Takhtajan. The Mediterranean and Submediterranean climate regions in Europe are found in much of Southern Europe, mainly in Southern Portugal, most of Spain, the southern coast of France, Italy, the Croatian coast, m... | Who coined the term phytochoria? | {
"answer_start": [
98
],
"text": [
"Armen Takhtajan"
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} | Who coined the term phytochoria? | [
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56de3741cffd8e1900b4b67e | Southern_Europe | The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. | What era started when Ancient Greek cities became self-governing entities? | {
"answer_start": [
20
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"text": [
"classical antiquity"
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} | What era started when [MASK] cities became self- governing entities? | [
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56de3741cffd8e1900b4b67f | Southern_Europe | The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. | What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece? | {
"answer_start": [
67
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"text": [
"city-states"
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} | What was the name of the different governments forming in Ancient Greece? | [
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56de3741cffd8e1900b4b680 | Southern_Europe | The period known as classical antiquity began with the rise of the city-states of Ancient Greece. Greek influence reached its zenith under the expansive empire of Alexander the Great, spreading throughout Asia. | Who was responsible for the bringing Greek culture as far as Asia? | {
"answer_start": [
163
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"text": [
"Alexander the Great"
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} | Who was responsible for the bringing [MASK] culture as far as [MASK]? | [
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56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b684 | Southern_Europe | The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks o... | Where was the headquarters of the Western Roman Empire? | {
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"Rome"
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} | Where was the headquarters of [MASK]? | [
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56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b685 | Southern_Europe | The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks o... | Where was the headquarters of the Eastern Roman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
291
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"text": [
"Constantinople"
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} | Where was the headquarters of [MASK]? | [
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56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b686 | Southern_Europe | The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks o... | Which tribes brought down the Western Roman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
326
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"text": [
"Germanic"
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} | Which tribes brought down [MASK]? | [
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56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b687 | Southern_Europe | The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks o... | What year is considered the transition between the classical period and the Middle Ages? | {
"answer_start": [
409
],
"text": [
"AD 476"
]
} | What year is considered the transition between [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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56de37c0cffd8e1900b4b688 | Southern_Europe | The Roman Empire came to dominate the entire Mediterranean basin in a vast empire based on Roman law and Roman legions. It promoted trade, tolerance, and Greek culture. By 300 AD the Roman Empire was divided into the Western Roman Empire based in Rome, and the Eastern Roman Empire based in Constantinople. The attacks o... | By what year was the Roman Empire split into two sections? | {
"answer_start": [
172
],
"text": [
"300 AD"
]
} | By what year was [MASK] split into [MASK] sections? | [
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56de3937cffd8e1900b4b692 | Southern_Europe | During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. | What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars? | {
"answer_start": [
107
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"text": [
"the Byzantine Empire"
]
} | What is [MASK] in [MASK] called by contemporary scholars? | [
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56de3937cffd8e1900b4b693 | Southern_Europe | During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. | Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
148
],
"text": [
"Germanic peoples"
]
} | Who took over the remains of [MASK]? | [
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56de3937cffd8e1900b4b694 | Southern_Europe | During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own. | What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire? | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"kingdoms and empires of their own"
]
} | What did [MASK] people create in place of the Western Roman Empire? | [
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56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69c | Southern_Europe | The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Eur... | What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of Christianity? | {
"answer_start": [
20
],
"text": [
"the Crusades"
]
} | What is the name of the period of armed incursions undertaken in the name of [MASK]? | [
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56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69d | Southern_Europe | The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Eur... | When did Crusaders invade Constantinople? | {
"answer_start": [
357
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"text": [
"1204"
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} | When did [MASK] invade [MASK]? | [
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56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69e | Southern_Europe | The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Eur... | Which two cities benefited greatly from the activities of Crusaders? | {
"answer_start": [
619
],
"text": [
"Genoa and Venice"
]
} | Which [MASK] cities benefited greatly from the activities of [MASK]? | [
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56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b69f | Southern_Europe | The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Eur... | What was the name of another activity like the Crusades occuring on the Iberian peninsula? | {
"answer_start": [
669
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"text": [
"The Reconquista"
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} | What was the name of another activity like the [MASK] occuring on the [MASK] peninsula? | [
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56de3a30cffd8e1900b4b6a0 | Southern_Europe | The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Eur... | What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople? | {
"answer_start": [
387
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"text": [
"the Byzantine Empire"
]
} | What empire was destroyed by the Sack of Constantinople? | [
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56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6ae | Southern_Europe | The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, t... | What era was characterized by turmoil in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
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"The Late Middle Ages"
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} | What era was characterized by turmoil in [MASK]? | [
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56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6af | Southern_Europe | The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, t... | What disease plagued Europe during the Late Middle Ages? | {
"answer_start": [
87
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"text": [
"the Black Death"
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} | What disease plagued [MASK] during [MASK]? | [
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56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6b0 | Southern_Europe | The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, t... | Which new regime appeared in the Balkan region during the Late Middle Ages? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"the Ottoman Empire"
]
} | Which new regime appeared in the [MASK] region during [MASK]? | [
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56de3aeccffd8e1900b4b6b1 | Southern_Europe | The Late Middle Ages represented a period of upheaval in Europe. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. Dynastic struggles and wars of conquest kept many of the states of Europe at war for much of the period. In the Balkans, t... | When did the Ottoman Empire conquer Constantinople? | {
"answer_start": [
472
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"text": [
"1453"
]
} | When did [MASK] conquer [MASK]? | [
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56de3ba64396321400ee26b8 | Southern_Europe | Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. | When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance? | {
"answer_start": [
25
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"text": [
"14th century"
]
} | When was the start of the period known as the Renaissance? | [
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56de3ba64396321400ee26b9 | Southern_Europe | Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. | In what city did the Renaissance begin? | {
"answer_start": [
41
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"text": [
"Florence"
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} | In what city did the Renaissance begin? | [
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56de3ba64396321400ee26ba | Southern_Europe | Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. | What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance? | {
"answer_start": [
193
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"text": [
"science and theology"
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} | What areas of knowledge were subject to much debate during the Renaissance? | [
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56de3ba64396321400ee26bb | Southern_Europe | Beginning roughly in the 14th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. | The encounter with Arabic knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations? | {
"answer_start": [
289
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"text": [
"Greek and Roman"
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} | The encounter with [MASK] knowledge put Renaissance thinkers back in touch with the teachings of which ancient civilizations? | [
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56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b765 | Southern_Europe | The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its heg... | Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista? | {
"answer_start": [
19
],
"text": [
"Portugal and Spain"
]
} | Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the [MASK]? | [
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56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b766 | Southern_Europe | The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its heg... | When did religious conflict end in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
249
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"text": [
"1648"
]
} | When did religious conflict end in [MASK]? | [
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56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b767 | Southern_Europe | The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its heg... | Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed? | {
"answer_start": [
459
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"text": [
"Spain and France"
]
} | Between which [MASK] nations was [MASK] signed? | [
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0.10265... | For more than 40 years, Paul Ekman has supported the view that emotions are discrete, measurable, and physiologically distinct. Ekman's most influential work revolved around the finding that certain emotions appeared to be universally recognized, even in cultures that were preliterate and could not have learned associa... | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is s... | Between 1590–1712 the Dutch also possessed one of the strongest and fastest navies in the world, allowing for their varied conquests including breaking the Portuguese sphere of influence on the Indian Ocean and in the Orient, as well as a lucrative slave trade from Africa and the Pacific. | Spain and France | 11,129 |
56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b768 | Southern_Europe | The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its heg... | Which scientist developed a means of viewing space? | {
"answer_start": [
764
],
"text": [
"Galileo Galilei"
]
} | Which scientist developed a means of viewing space? | [
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0.1342221349477... | John Evans, for whom Evanston is named, bought 379 acres (153 ha) of land along Lake Michigan in 1853, and Philo Judson developed plans for what would become the city of Evanston, Illinois. The first building, Old College, opened on November 5, 1855. To raise funds for its construction, Northwestern sold $100 "perpetua... | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is s... | The period known as the Crusades, a series of religiously motivated military expeditions originally intended to bring the Levant back into Christian rule, began. Several Crusader states were founded in the eastern Mediterranean. These were all short-lived. The Crusaders would have a profound impact on many parts of Eur... | Galileo Galilei | 11,130 |
56de45f5cffd8e1900b4b769 | Southern_Europe | The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its heg... | Who was responsible for creating the first radio? | {
"answer_start": [
945
],
"text": [
"Guglielmo Marconi"
]
} | Who was responsible for creating the [MASK] radio? | [
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56de48464396321400ee2764 | Southern_Europe | European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. | What resulted from Europe's exploration of the New World? | {
"answer_start": [
35
],
"text": [
"the rise of colonial empires"
]
} | What resulted from [MASK] 's exploration of [MASK]? | [
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56de48464396321400ee2765 | Southern_Europe | European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. | What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies? | {
"answer_start": [
75
],
"text": [
"the Columbian Exchange"
]
} | What institution of mercantilism was established with New World colonies? | [
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56de48464396321400ee2766 | Southern_Europe | European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. | What replaced agriculture as the focus of European economy with the establishment of overseas colonies? | {
"answer_start": [
233
],
"text": [
"manufacturing"
]
} | What replaced agriculture as the focus of [MASK] economy with the establishment of overseas colonies? | [
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56de48464396321400ee2767 | Southern_Europe | European overseas expansion led to the rise of colonial empires, producing the Columbian Exchange. The combination of resource inflows from the New World and the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain, allowed a new economy based on manufacturing instead of subsistence agriculture. | Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing? | {
"answer_start": [
158
],
"text": [
"the Industrial Revolution of Great Britain"
]
} | Aside from the activities of colonies, what other event fostered the transition from agriculture to manufacturing? | [
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56de498bcffd8e1900b4b79f | Southern_Europe | The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is kno... | When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments? | {
"answer_start": [
11
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"text": [
"between 1815 and 1871"
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} | When were there many struggles for independence or overthrowing prevailing governments? | [
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56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a0 | Southern_Europe | The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is kno... | From whom did Balkan states start retaking their independence? | {
"answer_start": [
150
],
"text": [
"the Ottoman Empire"
]
} | From whom did [MASK] states start retaking their independence? | [
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56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a1 | Southern_Europe | The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is kno... | In what year was Rome conquered? | {
"answer_start": [
228
],
"text": [
"1870"
]
} | In what year was [MASK] conquered? | [
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56de498bcffd8e1900b4b7a2 | Southern_Europe | The period between 1815 and 1871 saw a large number of revolutionary attempts and independence wars. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Italy unified into a nation state. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Rivalry in a scramble for empires spread in what is kno... | What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands? | {
"answer_start": [
326
],
"text": [
"The Age of Empire"
]
} | What phrase is used to describe the period marked by competition for extant lands? | [
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56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7ad | Southern_Europe | The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles. | In what year did World War I begin? | {
"answer_start": [
31
],
"text": [
"1914"
]
} | In what year did [MASK] begin? | [
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56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7af | Southern_Europe | The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles. | When did a victor emerge in World War I? | {
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"1918"
]
} | When did a victor emerge in [MASK]? | [
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56de4a06cffd8e1900b4b7b0 | Southern_Europe | The outbreak of World War I in 1914 was precipitated by the rise of nationalism in Southeastern Europe as the Great Powers took up sides. The Allies defeated the Central Powers in 1918. During the Paris Peace Conference the Big Four imposed their terms in a series of treaties, especially the Treaty of Versailles. | At what event did the major Allied powers assert their conditions at the end of the war? | {
"answer_start": [
193
],
"text": [
"the Paris Peace Conference"
]
} | At what event did the major [MASK] powers assert their conditions at the end of the war? | [
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56de4d554396321400ee27b5 | Southern_Europe | The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Unio... | Which group took control in 1933? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"The Nazi regime"
]
} | Which group took control in [MASK]? | [
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56de4d554396321400ee27b6 | Southern_Europe | The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Unio... | Who led the Nazis? | {
"answer_start": [
22
],
"text": [
"Adolf Hitler"
]
} | Who led the [MASK]? | [
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56de4d554396321400ee27b7 | Southern_Europe | The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Unio... | Which country did Hitler align Germany with? | {
"answer_start": [
85
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"text": [
"Italy"
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} | Which country did [MASK] align [MASK] with? | [
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56de4d554396321400ee27b8 | Southern_Europe | The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Unio... | Who was the leader of Italy when World War II started? | {
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73
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"Mussolini"
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56de4d554396321400ee27b9 | Southern_Europe | The Nazi regime under Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933, and along with Mussolini's Italy sought to gain control of the continent by the Second World War. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The countries in Southeastern Europe were dominated by the Soviet Unio... | What was the military partnership between countries aligned with the Soviet Union called? | {
"answer_start": [
593
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"the Warsaw Pact"
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} | What was the military partnership between countries aligned with [MASK] called? | [
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56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f1 | Southern_Europe | Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet econo... | What does EU stand for? | {
"answer_start": [
93
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"European Union"
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} | What does [MASK] stand for? | [
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56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f2 | Southern_Europe | Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet econo... | What was the European Union tasked with managing? | {
"answer_start": [
239
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"text": [
"market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism"
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} | What was [MASK] tasked with managing? | [
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56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f3 | Southern_Europe | Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet econo... | When did communism fall in allies of the Soviet Union? | {
"answer_start": [
418
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"text": [
"1989"
]
} | When did communism fall in allies of [MASK]? | [
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56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f4 | Southern_Europe | Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet econo... | When did the USSR dissolve? | {
"answer_start": [
474
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"text": [
"1991"
]
} | When did the [MASK] dissolve? | [
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56de4fd0cffd8e1900b4b7f5 | Southern_Europe | Italy became a major industrialized country again, due to its post-war economic miracle. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with taxation, health and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. The Soviet econo... | In what year was Croatia admitted to the European Union? | {
"answer_start": [
712
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"text": [
"2013"
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} | In what year was [MASK] admitted to [MASK]? | [
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56de50ed4396321400ee27e3 | Southern_Europe | The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50... | What is the most common group of languages spoken in Mediterranean Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
70
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"text": [
"Romance languages"
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} | What is the most common group of languages spoken in [MASK]? | [
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56de50ed4396321400ee27e4 | Southern_Europe | The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50... | What are the three main areas of southern Europe where Italian speakers can be found? | {
"answer_start": [
339
],
"text": [
"Italy, San Marino, and the Vatican"
]
} | What are the [MASK] main areas of southern [MASK] where [MASK] speakers can be found? | [
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56de50ed4396321400ee27e5 | Southern_Europe | The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50... | Where can people who speak Catalan be found? | {
"answer_start": [
613
],
"text": [
"eastern Spain"
]
} | Where can people who speak [MASK] be found? | [
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56de50ed4396321400ee27e6 | Southern_Europe | The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50... | What language is spoken in northwest Spain? | {
"answer_start": [
632
],
"text": [
"Galician"
]
} | What language is spoken in northwest [MASK]? | [
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56de50ed4396321400ee27e7 | Southern_Europe | The most widely spoken family of languages in southern Europe are the Romance languages, the heirs of Latin, which have spread from the Italian peninsula, and are emblematic of Southwestern Europe. (See the Latin Arch.) By far the most common romance languages in Southern Europe are: Italian, which is spoken by over 50... | How many people in Spain and Gibraltar are Spanish speakers? | {
"answer_start": [
407
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"text": [
"over 40 million"
]
} | How many people in [MASK] and [MASK] are [MASK] speakers? | [
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China: In China, the torch was first welcomed by Politburo Standing Committee member Zhou Yongkang and State Councilor Liu Yandong. It was subsequently passed onto CPC General Secretary Hu Jintao. A call to boycott French hypermart Carrefour from May 1 began spreading through mobile text messaging and online chat roo... | The predominant religion is southern Europe is Christianity. Christianity spread throughout Southern Europe during the Roman Empire, and Christianity was adopted as the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year 380 AD. Due to the historical break of the Christian Church into the western half based in Rome and t... | Italy is home to a vast array of native regional minority languages, most of which are Romance-based and have their own local variants. These regional languages are often referred to colloquially or in non-linguistic circles as Italian "dialects," or dialetti (standard Italian for "dialects"). However, the majority of ... | over 40 million | 11,157 |
56de515e4396321400ee27f3 | Southern_Europe | The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties. | What is another term for Greek? | {
"answer_start": [
4
],
"text": [
"Hellenic"
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} | What is another term for [MASK]? | [
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56de515e4396321400ee27f4 | Southern_Europe | The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties. | Outside of Greece itself, in what other nation is Greek a major language? | {
"answer_start": [
94
],
"text": [
"Cyprus"
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} | Outside of [MASK] itself, in what other nation is [MASK] a major language? | [
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2O)6]2+ is the predominant species. The volatili... | Greek citizens who are Roman Catholic are estimated to be at around 50,000 with the Roman Catholic immigrant community in the country approximately 200,000. Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers. Protestants, including Greek Evangelical Church and Free Evangelical Churches, stand at about 30,000. Assemblies of... | Most Greeks are Christians, belonging to the Greek Orthodox Church. During the first centuries after Jesus Christ, the New Testament was originally written in Koine Greek, which remains the liturgical language of the Greek Orthodox Church, and most of the early Christians and Church Fathers were Greek-speaking. There a... | Cyprus | 11,159 |
56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b7ff | Southern_Europe | Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia. | What language is used in Macedonia? | {
"answer_start": [
273
],
"text": [
"Macedonian"
]
} | What language is used in [MASK]? | [
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-0.248819634318... | The fifty American states are separate sovereigns, with their own state constitutions, state governments, and state courts. All states have a legislative branch which enacts state statutes, an executive branch that promulgates state regulations pursuant to statutory authorization, and a judicial branch that applies, in... | In Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sandžak, but the "official recognition" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the el... | There is a sizeable Greek minority of about 105,000 (disputed, sources claim higher) people, in Albania. The Greek minority of Turkey, which numbered upwards of 200,000 people after the 1923 exchange, has now dwindled to a few thousand, after the 1955 Constantinople Pogrom and other state sponsored violence and discrim... | Macedonian | 11,160 |
56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b800 | Southern_Europe | Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia. | What do people speak in Bulgaria? | {
"answer_start": [
134
],
"text": [
"Bulgarian"
]
} | What do people speak in [MASK]? | [
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-0.185174509882... | The World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) recognizes that conflicts may exist between the respect for and implementation of current intellectual property systems and other human rights. In 2001 the UN Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights issued a document called "Human rights and intellectual pro... | In Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sandžak, but the "official recognition" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the el... | Today the boundaries of the Ukrainian language to the Russian language are still not drawn clearly, with an intermediate dialect between them, called Surzhyk, developing in Ukraine. | Bulgarian | 11,161 |
56de51f9cffd8e1900b4b802 | Southern_Europe | Several South Slavic languages are spoken by millions of people in Southern Europe. Serbian is spoken in Serbia, Bosnia, and Croatia; Bulgarian is spoken in Bulgaria; Croatian is spoken in Croatia and Bosnia; Bosnian is spoken in Bosnia; Slovene is spoken in Slovenia; and Macedonian is spoken in Macedonia. | Slovene is a major language in what country? | {
"answer_start": [
259
],
"text": [
"Slovenia"
]
} | [MASK] is a major language in what country? | [
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-0.1271867752075... | This shift has already commenced in some countries; for instance, pharmacists in Australia receive remuneration from the Australian Government for conducting comprehensive Home Medicines Reviews. In Canada, pharmacists in certain provinces have limited prescribing rights (as in Alberta and British Columbia) or are remu... | In Serbia, the Serbian language is the official one, while both Serbian and Croatian are official in the province of Vojvodina. A large Bosniak minority is present in the southwest region of Sandžak, but the "official recognition" of Bosnian language is moot. Bosnian is an optional course in 1st and 2nd grade of the el... | The Hellenic languages or Greek language are widely spoken in Greece and in the Greek part of Cyprus. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European counties. | Slovenia | 11,162 |
56de53534396321400ee2807 | Southern_Europe | English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). | What is considered a de facto second language in Mediterranean Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"English"
]
} | What is considered a de facto [MASK] language in [MASK]? | [
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... | While forming an integral part of the Christian calendar, particularly in Catholic regions, many Carnival traditions resemble those antedating Christianity. Italian Carnival is sometimes thought to be derived from the ancient Roman festivals of Saturnalia and Bacchanalia. The Saturnalia, in turn, may be based on the Gr... | The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the ca... | The other usage refers to a language that is socially subordinated to a regional or national standard language, often historically cognate or related to the standard language, but not actually derived from it. In this sense, unlike in the first usage, the standard language would not itself be considered a "dialect," as... | English | 11,163 |
56de53534396321400ee2809 | Southern_Europe | English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). | Besides English, what other language is spoken in Gibraltar? | {
"answer_start": [
181
],
"text": [
"Spanish"
]
} | Besides [MASK], what other language is spoken in [MASK]? | [
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-0.2099795639514... | The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing ch... | The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the ca... | Literary Catalan allows the use of words from different dialects, except those of very restricted use. However, from the 19th century onwards, there is a tendency of favoring words of Northern dialects in detriment of others, even though nowadays there is a greater freedom of choice. | Spanish | 11,164 |
56de53534396321400ee280a | Southern_Europe | English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. As a primary language, however, English has only a small presence in Southern Europe, only in Gibraltar (alongside Spanish) and Malta (secondary to Maltese). | Besides English, what other language is spoken in Malta? | {
"answer_start": [
214
],
"text": [
"Maltese"
]
} | Besides [MASK], what other language is spoken in [MASK]? | [
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-0.2099795639514... | The British government was close to bankruptcy, and Britain now faced the delicate task of pacifying its new French-Canadian subjects as well as the many American Indian tribes who had supported France. George III's Proclamation of 1763, which forbade white settlement beyond the crest of the Appalachians, was intended ... | The status of "language" is not solely determined by linguistic criteria, but it is also the result of a historical and political development. Romansh came to be a written language, and therefore it is recognized as a language, even though it is very close to the Lombardic alpine dialects. An opposite example is the ca... | Catalan is split in two major dialectal blocks: Eastern Catalan, and Western Catalan. The main difference lies in the treatment of unstressed a and e; which have merged to /ə/ in Eastern dialects, but which remain distinct as /a/ and /e/ in Western dialects. There are a few other differences in pronunciation, verbal mo... | Maltese | 11,165 |
56de560a4396321400ee281d | Southern_Europe | There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France. | What language can be found used in Kosovo and Albania? | {
"answer_start": [
55
],
"text": [
"Albanian"
]
} | What language can be found used in [MASK] and [MASK]? | [
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-0.213412761688232... | To relieve pressure from the expected German attack into Alsace-Lorraine, Napoleon III and the French high command planned a seaborne invasion of northern Germany as soon as war began. The French expected the invasion to divert German troops and to encourage Denmark to join in the war, with its 50,000-strong army and t... | Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are t... | Italy is home to a vast array of native regional minority languages, most of which are Romance-based and have their own local variants. These regional languages are often referred to colloquially or in non-linguistic circles as Italian "dialects," or dialetti (standard Italian for "dialects"). However, the majority of ... | Albanian | 11,166 |
56de560a4396321400ee281e | Southern_Europe | There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France. | What type of language is Maltese? | {
"answer_start": [
140
],
"text": [
"Semitic"
]
} | What type of language is [MASK]? | [
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-0.12553665041923... | In 1066, Duke William II of Normandy conquered England killing King Harold II at the Battle of Hastings. The invading Normans and their descendants replaced the Anglo-Saxons as the ruling class of England. The nobility of England were part of a single Normans culture and many had lands on both sides of the channel. Ear... | Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are t... | The ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal. | Semitic | 11,167 |
56de560a4396321400ee281f | Southern_Europe | There are other language groupings in Southern Europe. Albanian is spoken in Albania, Kosovo, Macedoonia, and parts of Greece. Maltese is a Semitic language that is the official language of Malta. The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France. | Where is Basque Country located? | {
"answer_start": [
262
],
"text": [
"northern Spain and southwestern France"
]
} | Where is [MASK] located? | [
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0.0027760881... | The name Anabaptist, meaning "one who baptizes again", was given them by their persecutors in reference to the practice of re-baptizing converts who already had been baptized as infants. Anabaptists required that baptismal candidates be able to make their own confessions of faith and so rejected baptism of infants. The... | Catalan dialects are relatively uniform, and are mutually intelligible. They are divided into two blocks, Eastern and Western, differing mostly in pronunciation. The terms "Catalan" and "Valencian" (respectively used in Catalonia and the Valencian Community) are two different varieties of the same language. There are t... | During much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important differences in their sound sys... | northern Spain and southwestern France | 11,168 |
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