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56e4731e8c00841900fbaf94 | Architecture | For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. | To be true architecture in Ruskin's opinion what should be done to a structure? | {
"answer_start": [
143
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"text": [
"it is in some way \"adorned\""
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} | To be true architecture in [MASK] 's opinion what should be done to a structure? | [
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0.04604919627308845... | Western Europe's largest Jewish community, and the third-largest Jewish community in the world, can be found in France, home to between 483,000 and 500,000 Jews, the majority of whom are immigrants or refugees from North African Arab countries such as Algeria, Morocco, and Tunisia (or their descendants). The United Kin... | Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. | Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. | it is in some way "adorned" | 10,862 |
56e4731e8c00841900fbaf95 | Architecture | For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. | What features at minimum did Ruskin insist on for a building to be considered functional? | {
"answer_start": [
250
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"text": [
"string courses or rustication"
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} | What features at minimum did [MASK] insist on for a building to be considered functional? | [
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56de2db3cffd8e1900b4b62e | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | What century was the architect Le Corbusier in? | {
"answer_start": [
89
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"20th-century"
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} | What century was the architect [MASK] in? | [
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0.13299448788... | Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate description of the electron angul... | In France, simultaneously, the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been, notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates. Viollet-... | Architects such as Frank Lloyd Wright developed Organic architecture, in which the form was defined by its environment and purpose, with an aim to promote harmony between human habitation and the natural world with prime examples being Robie House and Fallingwater. | 20th-century | 10,864 |
56e4744d39bdeb140034793a | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? | {
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112
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"text": [
"Le Corbusier"
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} | Who wrote on the topic of architectural ideals contrasted with simple construction? | [
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-0.15760380029678... | Orthodox Judaism holds that the words of the Torah, including both the Written Law (Pentateuch) and those parts of the Oral Law which are "halacha leMoshe m'Sinai", were dictated by God to Moses essentially as they exist today. The laws contained in the Written Torah were given along with detailed explanations as how t... | In France, simultaneously, the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been, notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates. Viollet-... | The 19th-century English art critic, John Ruskin, in his Seven Lamps of Architecture, published 1849, was much narrower in his view of what constituted architecture. Architecture was the "art which so disposes and adorns the edifices raised by men ... that the sight of them" contributes "to his mental health, power, an... | Le Corbusier | 10,865 |
56e4744d39bdeb140034793b | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | What was Le Corbusier 's profession? | {
"answer_start": [
368
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"text": [
"Architect"
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} | What was [MASK] profession? | [
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56e4744d39bdeb140034793c | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | When did Le Corbusier live and write? | {
"answer_start": [
89
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"20th-century"
]
} | When did [MASK] live and write? | [
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56e4744d39bdeb140034793d | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | What part of him did Le Corbusier say proper architecture touched? | {
"answer_start": [
296
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"text": [
"heart"
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} | What part of him did [MASK] say proper architecture touched? | [
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56e4744d39bdeb140034793e | Architecture | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | What state of emotion did Le Corbusier say architecture put him in? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"I am happy"
]
} | What state of emotion did [MASK] say architecture put him in? | [
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0.03132304921746... | Inscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories. | In France, simultaneously, the towering figure of the Gothic Revival was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc, who outdid historical Gothic constructions to create a Gothic as it ought to have been, notably at the fortified city of Carcassonne in the south of France and in some richly fortified keeps for industrial magnates. Viollet-... | According to Vitruvius, the architect should strive to fulfill each of these three attributes as well as possible. Leon Battista Alberti, who elaborates on the ideas of Vitruvius in his treatise, De Re Aedificatoria, saw beauty primarily as a matter of proportion, although ornament also played a part. For Alberti, the ... | I am happy | 10,869 |
56de2e2d4396321400ee2644 | Architecture | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, percepti... | What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"? | {
"answer_start": [
245
],
"text": [
"Function"
]
} | What term replaced [MASK] ' term" utility"? | [
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0.209990441... | The best-known medieval Chinese name for Tibet is Tubo (Chinese: 吐蕃 also written as 土蕃 or 土番; pinyin: Tǔbō or Tǔfān). This name first appears in Chinese characters as 土番 in the 7th century (Li Tai) and as 吐蕃 in the 10th-century (Old Book of Tang describing 608–609 emissaries from Tibetan King Namri Songtsen to Emperor ... | A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, ... | But in the mid-18th century, during the French Enlightenment, a more ideological use of the term had come into use. In 1765, the author of an anonymous article in a French Enlightenment periodical spoke of "The general love of humanity ... a virtue hitherto quite nameless among us, and which we will venture to call 'hu... | Function | 10,870 |
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf99 | Architecture | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, percepti... | In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional? | {
"answer_start": [
380
],
"text": [
"aesthetic, psychological and cultural"
]
} | In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional? | [
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56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9a | Architecture | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, percepti... | Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace? | {
"answer_start": [
222
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"text": [
"Vitruvius"
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} | Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace? | [
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0.0333942... | Many sensor systems rely on light as the signal source. LEDs are often ideal as a light source due to the requirements of the sensors. LEDs are used as motion sensors, for example in optical computer mice. The Nintendo Wii's sensor bar uses infrared LEDs. Pulse oximeters use them for measuring oxygen saturation. Some f... | A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, ... | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | Vitruvius | 10,872 |
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9b | Architecture | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, percepti... | What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function? | {
"answer_start": [
287
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"text": [
"all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building"
]
} | What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function? | [
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0.18126688897609... | The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence F... | A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, ... | Perhaps foremost among what Whitehead considered faulty metaphysical assumptions was the Cartesian idea that reality is fundamentally constructed of bits of matter that exist totally independently of one another, which he rejected in favor of an event-based or "process" ontology in which events are primary and are fund... | all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building | 10,873 |
56e4756e8c00841900fbaf9c | Architecture | While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, percepti... | What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns? | {
"answer_start": [
119
],
"text": [
"both popularity and skepticism"
]
} | What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns? | [
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0.0118175195530... | The three marks of existence may reflect Upanishadic or other influences. K.R. Norman supposes that the these terms were already in use at the Buddha's time, and were familiair to his hearers. | A number of novel ideas about religion developed with the Enlightenment, including Deism and talk of atheism. Deism, according to Thomas Paine, is the simple belief in God the Creator, with no reference to the Bible or any other miraculous source. Instead, the Deist relies solely on personal reason to guide his creed, ... | During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and ear... | both popularity and skepticism | 10,874 |
56de2f73cffd8e1900b4b63c | Architecture | Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. | What are some philosophies that modern architects use? | {
"answer_start": [
104
],
"text": [
"rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology."
]
} | What are some philosophies that modern architects use? | [
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56e478328c00841900fbafa7 | Architecture | Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. | Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what? | {
"answer_start": [
10
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"text": [
"philosophies"
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} | Rationalism and empiricism are examples of what? | [
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56e478328c00841900fbafa9 | Architecture | Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. | Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence? | {
"answer_start": [
66
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"their approach to building design"
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} | Aside from the architects what did the philosophies influence? | [
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... | Eisenhower told District of Columbia officials to make Washington a model for the rest of the country in integrating black and white public school children. He proposed to Congress the Civil Rights Act of 1957 and of 1960 and signed those acts into law. The 1957 act for the first time established a permanent civil righ... | Many early 19th-century neoclassical architects were influenced by the drawings and projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicolas Ledoux. The many graphite drawings of Boullée and his students depict spare geometrical architecture that emulates the eternality of the universe. There are links between Boullée's id... | Even non-theist views about gods vary. Some non-theists avoid the concept of God, whilst accepting that it is significant to many; other non-theists understand God as a symbol of human values and aspirations. The nineteenth-century English atheist Charles Bradlaugh declared that he refused to say "There is no God", bec... | their approach to building design | 10,877 |
56e478328c00841900fbafaa | Architecture | Among the philosophies that have influenced modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, poststructuralism, and phenomenology. | Which philosophy followed structuralism? | {
"answer_start": [
144
],
"text": [
"poststructuralism"
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} | Which philosophy followed structuralism? | [
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56de308f4396321400ee266e | Architecture | In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the producti... | When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used? | {
"answer_start": [
7
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"text": [
"late 20th century"
]
} | When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used? | [
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56e4793839bdeb140034794e | Architecture | In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the producti... | What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century? | {
"answer_start": [
135
],
"text": [
"sustainability"
]
} | What novel concept was introduced at [MASK]? | [
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56e4793839bdeb140034794f | Architecture | In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the producti... | To what should a building be friendly? | {
"answer_start": [
271
],
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"environment"
]
} | To what should a building be friendly? | [
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56e4793839bdeb1400347950 | Architecture | In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the producti... | What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly? | {
"answer_start": [
450
],
"text": [
"non-sustainable power sources"
]
} | What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly? | [
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56de3176cffd8e1900b4b654 | Architecture | Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given... | What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done? | {
"answer_start": [
58
],
"text": [
"shelter, security, worship"
]
} | What dynamic needs were the reason for building to be done? | [
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56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb0 | Architecture | Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given... | Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures? | {
"answer_start": [
187
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"text": [
"knowledge"
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} | Oral traditions allowed what to become formalized in human cultures? | [
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56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb1 | Architecture | Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given... | What was building considered? | {
"answer_start": [
275
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"text": [
"a craft"
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} | What was building considered? | [
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0.084693163633... | In the Eastern Empire the slow infiltration of the Balkans by the Slavs added a further difficulty for Justinian's successors. It began gradually, but by the late 540s Slavic tribes were in Thrace and Illyrium, and had defeated an imperial army near Adrianople in 551. In the 560s the Avars began to expand from their ba... | The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, ... | The modern trend in design is toward integration of previously separated specialties, especially among large firms. In the past, architects, interior designers, engineers, developers, construction managers, and general contractors were more likely to be entirely separate companies, even in the larger firms. Presently, ... | a craft | 10,885 |
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb2 | Architecture | Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given... | What was the most valued type of building craft called? | {
"answer_start": [
289
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"text": [
"architecture"
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} | What was the most valued type of building craft called? | [
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0.1529029160737991... | Most definitions of sexual orientation include a psychological component, such as the direction of an individual's erotic desires, or a behavioral component, which focuses on the sex of the individual's sexual partner/s. Some people prefer simply to follow an individual's self-definition or identity. Scientific and pro... | Construction is the process of constructing a building or infrastructure. Construction differs from manufacturing in that manufacturing typically involves mass production of similar items without a designated purchaser, while construction typically takes place on location for a known client. Construction as an industry... | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | architecture | 10,886 |
56e47ebb8c00841900fbafb3 | Architecture | Building first evolved out of the dynamics between needs (shelter, security, worship, etc.) and means (available building materials and attendant skills). As human cultures developed and knowledge began to be formalized through oral traditions and practices, building became a craft, and "architecture" is the name given... | Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building? | {
"answer_start": [
113
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"building materials"
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} | Aside from skills, what is required in order to have the means for building? | [
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56de326dcffd8e1900b4b65e | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacul... | What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world? | {
"answer_start": [
312
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"text": [
"vernacular buildings"
]
} | What type of buildings are are built mostly through out the world? | [
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56de326dcffd8e1900b4b660 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacul... | Why did the economy begin to expand? | {
"answer_start": [
449
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"text": [
"a surplus in production"
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} | Why did the economy begin to expand? | [
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56e47fc539bdeb1400347954 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacul... | Through what process is it thought that the first architectural achievements were made? | {
"answer_start": [
80
],
"text": [
"trial and error"
]
} | Through what process is it thought that the [MASK] architectural achievements were made? | [
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56e47fc539bdeb1400347955 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacul... | What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet? | {
"answer_start": [
227
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"text": [
"vernacular"
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} | What is a popular type of architecture that still exists around the planet? | [
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56e47fc539bdeb1400347956 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacul... | In what environment were many of the first human settlements? | {
"answer_start": [
435
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"text": [
"rural"
]
} | In what environment were many of the [MASK] human settlements? | [
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56e47fc539bdeb1400347957 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacul... | What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements? | {
"answer_start": [
514
],
"text": [
"urbanization"
]
} | What sort of an effect did a growing economy have on human settlements? | [
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0.2903875410... | The anti-bullying It Gets Better Project expanded from a single YouTube video directed to discouraged or suicidal LGBT teens, that within two months drew video responses from hundreds including U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President Biden, White House staff, and several cabinet secretaries. Similarly, in response ... | While many secular buildings exist from the Late Middle Ages, it is in the buildings of cathedrals and great churches that Gothic architecture displays its pertinent structures and characteristics to the fullest advantage. A Gothic cathedral or abbey was, prior to the 20th century, generally the landmark building in it... | Not all of these cultural elements characteristic of the Neolithic appeared everywhere in the same order: the earliest farming societies in the Near East did not use pottery. In other parts of the world, such as Africa, South Asia and Southeast Asia, independent domestication events led to their own regionally distinct... | urbanization | 10,893 |
56e47fc539bdeb1400347958 | Architecture | It is widely assumed that architectural success was the product of a process of trial and error, with progressively less trial and more replication as the results of the process proved increasingly satisfactory. What is termed vernacular architecture continues to be produced in many parts of the world. Indeed, vernacul... | At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand? | {
"answer_start": [
581
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"text": [
"rapidly"
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} | At what speed did urban settlements sometimes expand? | [
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56de3b6e4396321400ee26b4 | Architecture | In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or th... | What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Egypt and Mesopotamia"
]
} | What civilizations used the divine and supernatural in their architecture? | [
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56e481598c00841900fbafc3 | Architecture | In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or th... | What are two examples of past civilizations? | {
"answer_start": [
48
],
"text": [
"Egypt and Mesopotamia"
]
} | What are [MASK] examples of past civilizations? | [
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56e481598c00841900fbafc4 | Architecture | In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or th... | To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
136
],
"text": [
"the divine and the supernatural"
]
} | To what did these civilizations have ties that to were shown off by their architecture? | [
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0.17024414241... | LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyoncé experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing ... | Encompasses both secular and religious styles, the design and style made by Muslims and their construction of buildings and structures in Islamic culture included the architectural types: the Mosque, the Tomb, the Palace and the Fort. Perhaps the most important expression of Islamic art is architecture, particularly th... | In the Pre-Modern era, many people's sense of self and purpose was often expressed via a faith in some form of deity, be that in a single God or in many gods. Pre-modern cultures have not been thought of creating a sense of distinct individuality, though. Religious officials, who often held positions of power, were the... | the divine and the supernatural | 10,897 |
56e481598c00841900fbafc5 | Architecture | In many ancient civilizations, such as those of Egypt and Mesopotamia, architecture and urbanism reflected the constant engagement with the divine and the supernatural, and many ancient cultures resorted to monumentality in architecture to represent symbolically the political power of the ruler, the ruling elite, or th... | What does architectural monumentality often represent? | {
"answer_start": [
267
],
"text": [
"political power"
]
} | What does architectural monumentality often represent? | [
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56de3d0b4396321400ee26c6 | Architecture | Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | Name one Asian architectural writer. | {
"answer_start": [
49
],
"text": [
"Kao Gong Ji"
]
} | Name [MASK] [MASK] architectural writer. | [
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56e4839b39bdeb1400347968 | Architecture | Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | What country produced the Kao Gong Ji? | {
"answer_start": [
64
],
"text": [
"China"
]
} | What country produced [MASK]? | [
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0.3412947356700... | Prevenient grace, or the grace that "goes before" us, is given to all people. It is that power which enables us to love and motivates us to seek a relationship with God through Jesus Christ. This grace is the present work of God to turn us from our sin-corrupted human will to the loving will of the Father. In this work... | During the period of Late Mahayana Buddhism, four major types of thought developed: Madhyamaka, Yogacara, Tathagatagarbha, and Buddhist Logic as the last and most recent. In India, the two main philosophical schools of the Mahayana were the Madhyamaka and the later Yogacara. According to Dan Lusthaus, Madhyamaka and Yo... | Two major extant branches of Buddhism are generally recognized by scholars: Theravada ("The School of the Elders") and Mahayana ("The Great Vehicle"). Vajrayana, a body of teachings attributed to Indian siddhas, may be viewed as a third branch or merely a part of Mahayana. Theravada has a widespread following in Sri La... | China | 10,900 |
56e4839b39bdeb1400347969 | Architecture | Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | When was the Kao Gong Ji written? | {
"answer_start": [
79
],
"text": [
"7th–5th centuries BCE"
]
} | When was [MASK] written? | [
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56e4839b39bdeb140034796a | Architecture | Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | What architectural writing came from Sri Lanka? | {
"answer_start": [
143
],
"text": [
"Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra"
]
} | What architectural writing came from [MASK]? | [
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56e4839b39bdeb140034796b | Architecture | Early Asian writings on architecture include the Kao Gong Ji of China from the 7th–5th centuries BCE; the Shilpa Shastras of ancient India and Manjusri Vasthu Vidya Sastra of Sri Lanka. | India produced which early architectural text? | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"Shilpa Shastras"
]
} | [MASK] produced which early architectural text? | [
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56de3d844396321400ee26d0 | Architecture | The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is g... | What religion led to architectural changes in many Asian countries? | {
"answer_start": [
458
],
"text": [
"pantheistic religion"
]
} | What religion led to architectural changes in many [MASK] countries? | [
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0.1529295593500... | Yugoslavia organized the Yugoslav People's Army (Jugoslavenska narodna armija, or JNA) from the Partisan movement and became the fourth strongest army in Europe at the time. The State Security Administration (Uprava državne bezbednosti/sigurnosti/varnosti, UDBA) was also formed as the new secret police, along with a se... | During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain.... | With the division of the Roman Empire, the Western Roman Empire lost contact with much of its past. In the Middle East, Greek philosophy was able to find some support under the newly created Arab Empire. With the spread of Islam in the 7th and 8th centuries, a period of Muslim scholarship, known as the Islamic Golden A... | pantheistic religion | 10,904 |
56de3d844396321400ee26d1 | Architecture | The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is g... | Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity? | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"Buddhist architecture"
]
} | Which cultures architecture showed a lot of diversity? | [
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56e4849a8c00841900fbafd3 | Architecture | The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is g... | When did Hindu temple architecture begin being produced? | {
"answer_start": [
299
],
"text": [
"3rd century BCE"
]
} | When did [MASK] temple architecture begin being produced? | [
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0.16123571991920... | The analog information encoded on LaserDiscs does not include any form of built-in checksum or error correction. Because of this, slight dust and scratches on the disc surface can result in read-errors which cause various video quality problems: glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions. I... | During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain.... | The Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surrou... | 3rd century BCE | 10,906 |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd4 | Architecture | The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is g... | What does Hindu temple architecture try to express? | {
"answer_start": [
400
],
"text": [
"the macrocosm and the microcosm"
]
} | What does [MASK] temple architecture try to express? | [
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56e4849a8c00841900fbafd5 | Architecture | The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is g... | What is the source of the concepts in Hindu temple architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
353
],
"text": [
"the Shastras"
]
} | What is the source of the concepts in [MASK] temple architecture? | [
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0.1266552954912185... | In August 2013, a launching ceremony for Japan's largest military ship since World War II was held in Yokohama. The 820-foot-long (250 m), 19,500-ton flattop Izumo was deployed in March 2015. The ship is able to carry up to 14 helicopters; however, only seven ASW helicopters and two SAR helicopters were planned for the... | During the time between 800 and 200 BCE the Shramana-movement formed, from which originated Jainism and Buddhism. In the same period the first Upanishads were written. After 500 BCE, the so-called "Second urbanization" started, with new urban settlements arising at the Ganges plain, especially the Central Ganges plain.... | Classical India refers to the period when much of the Indian subcontinent was reunited under the Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE). This period has been called the Golden Age of India and was marked by extensive achievements in science, technology, engineering, art, dialectic, literature, logic, mathematics, astronomy, reli... | the Shastras | 10,908 |
56e4849a8c00841900fbafd6 | Architecture | The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is g... | What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences | {
"answer_start": [
174
],
"text": [
"Buddhist"
]
} | What type of architectural is especially known for its regional differences | [
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56e4849a8c00841900fbafd7 | Architecture | The architecture of different parts of Asia developed along different lines from that of Europe; Buddhist, Hindu and Sikh architecture each having different characteristics. Buddhist architecture, in particular, showed great regional diversity. Hindu temple architecture, which developed around the 3rd century BCE, is g... | What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in Asia? | {
"answer_start": [
458
],
"text": [
"pantheistic religion"
]
} | What kind of religious theology affected landscape related architecture in [MASK]? | [
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56de3de54396321400ee26d5 | Architecture | Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The wide... | What cultures architecture inspired Islamic architecture to use pointed arch's? | {
"answer_start": [
376
],
"text": [
"European architecture"
]
} | What cultures architecture inspired [MASK] architecture to use pointed arch 's? | [
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0.1184575632214... | Feynman attended Far Rockaway High School, a school in Far Rockaway, Queens also attended by fellow Nobel laureates Burton Richter and Baruch Samuel Blumberg. Upon starting high school, Feynman was quickly promoted into a higher math class. An unspecified school-administered IQ test estimated his IQ at 123—high, but "m... | Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, ... | Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic ra... | European architecture | 10,911 |
56e485f58c00841900fbafdd | Architecture | Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The wide... | When was Islamic architecture first seen? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"7th century CE"
]
} | When was [MASK] architecture first seen? | [
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0.146150454... | Astronomy: The first textual mention of astronomical concepts comes from the Vedas, religious literature of India. According to Sarma (2008): "One finds in the Rigveda intelligent speculations about the genesis of the universe from nonexistence, the configuration of the universe, the spherical self-supporting earth, an... | Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, ... | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | 7th century CE | 10,912 |
56e485f58c00841900fbafde | Architecture | Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The wide... | In addition to forms from the ancient Middle East, what other place's forms had an effect on Islamic architecture? | {
"answer_start": [
117
],
"text": [
"Byzantium"
]
} | In addition to forms from the ancient [MASK], what other place 's forms had an effect on [MASK] architecture? | [
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0.13947729766... | The topic of language for writers from Dalmatia and Dubrovnik prior to the 19th century made a distinction only between speakers of Italian or Slavic, since those were the two main groups that inhabited Dalmatian city-states at that time. Whether someone spoke Croatian or Serbian was not an important distinction then, ... | Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, ... | At the beginning of the Caliphate or Islamic Empire, the reliance on courts initially confined sponsorship and scholarly activities to major centres. Within several centuries, the development of Muslim educational institutions such as the madrasah and masjid eventually introduced such activities to provincial towns and... | Byzantium | 10,913 |
56e485f58c00841900fbafdf | Architecture | Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The wide... | What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill? | {
"answer_start": [
169
],
"text": [
"religious and social needs"
]
} | What other parts of the society's needs did architecture fill? | [
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56e485f58c00841900fbafe0 | Architecture | Islamic architecture began in the 7th century CE, incorporating architectural forms from the ancient Middle East and Byzantium, but also developing features to suit the religious and social needs of the society. Examples can be found throughout the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and the Indian Sub-continent. The wide... | What kind of arch design from Islamic architecture affected European architects? | {
"answer_start": [
346
],
"text": [
"pointed arch"
]
} | What kind of arch design from [MASK] architecture affected [MASK] architects? | [
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0.0832986012101... | Despite its domestic focus, the FBI also maintains a significant international footprint, operating 60 Legal Attache (LEGAT) offices and 15 sub-offices in U.S. embassies and consulates across the globe. These overseas offices exist primarily for the purpose of coordination with foreign security services and do not usua... | Early Islamic philosophy and Islamic metaphysics, imbued as it is with Islamic theology, distinguishes more clearly than Aristotelianism between essence and existence. Whereas existence is the domain of the contingent and the accidental, essence endures within a being beyond the accidental. The philosophy of Ibn Sīnā, ... | In England, the period of Norman architecture immediately succeeds that of the Anglo-Saxon and precedes the Early Gothic. In southern Italy, the Normans incorporated elements of Islamic, Lombard, and Byzantine building techniques into their own, initiating a unique style known as Norman-Arab architecture within the Kin... | pointed arch | 10,915 |
56de3f07cffd8e1900b4b702 | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | What type of buildings were took the most effort to build? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"abbeys and cathedrals."
]
} | What type of buildings were took the most effort to build? | [
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56e4878a39bdeb1400347978 | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | What were the most important buildings of the time? | {
"answer_start": [
59
],
"text": [
"abbeys and cathedrals"
]
} | What were the most important buildings of the time? | [
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0.038217578083... | Although the Israelites were divided into Twelve Tribes, the Jews (being one offshoot of the Israelites, another being the Samaritans) are traditionally said to descend mostly from the Israelite tribes of Judah (from where the Jews derive their ethnonym) and Benjamin, and partially from the tribe of Levi, who had toget... | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pom... | abbeys and cathedrals | 10,917 |
56e4878a39bdeb1400347979 | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | What two groups spread knowledge of architecture in Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
131
],
"text": [
"clerics and tradesmen"
]
} | What [MASK] groups spread knowledge of architecture in [MASK]? | [
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0.082201220095157... | The Heptanesean kantádhes (καντάδες 'serenades'; sing.: καντάδα) became the forerunners of the Greek modern song, influencing its development to a considerable degree. For the first part of the next century, several Greek composers continued to borrow elements from the Heptanesean style. The most successful songs durin... | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pom... | clerics and tradesmen | 10,918 |
56e4878a39bdeb140034797a | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | What style is Gothic? | {
"answer_start": [
217
],
"text": [
"pan-European"
]
} | What style is [MASK]? | [
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56e4878a39bdeb140034797b | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | What is another pan-European style? | {
"answer_start": [
237
],
"text": [
"Romanesque"
]
} | What is another [MASK] style? | [
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0.00557583... | On May 9, 2011, Shriver and Schwarzenegger ended their relationship after 25 years of marriage, with Shriver moving out of the couple's Brentwood mansion. On May 16, 2011, the Los Angeles Times revealed that Schwarzenegger had fathered a son more than fourteen years earlier with an employee in their household, Mildred ... | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | From about 1800 a fresh influx of Greek architectural examples, seen through the medium of etchings and engravings, gave a new impetus to neoclassicism, the Greek Revival. There was little to no direct knowledge of Greek civilization before the middle of the 18th century in Western Europe, when an expedition funded by ... | Romanesque | 10,920 |
56e4878a39bdeb140034797c | Architecture | The major architectural undertakings were the buildings of abbeys and cathedrals. From about 900 CE onwards, the movements of both clerics and tradesmen carried architectural knowledge across Europe, resulting in the pan-European styles Romanesque and Gothic. | When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"900 CE onwards"
]
} | When did the clerics and tradesmen start spreading architectural information? | [
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0.026156827807... | The culture of Somalia is an amalgamation of traditions developed independently and through interaction with neighbouring and far away civilizations, such as other parts of Northeast Africa, the Arabian Peninsula, India and Southeast Asia. | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | The greatest number of surviving Gothic buildings are churches. These range from tiny chapels to large cathedrals, and although many have been extended and altered in different styles, a large number remain either substantially intact or sympathetically restored, demonstrating the form, character and decoration of Goth... | 900 CE onwards | 10,921 |
56de3fd84396321400ee2702 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | When was Renaissance Humanism developed? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"1400"
]
} | When was Renaissance Humanism developed? | [
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56e48c5d39bdeb1400347982 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | When did the Classical learning revival begin? | {
"answer_start": [
34
],
"text": [
"1400 onwards"
]
} | When did the Classical learning revival begin? | [
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0.052411366... | Liberia scored a 3.3 on a scale from 10 (highly clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) on the 2010 Corruption Perceptions Index. This gave it a ranking 87th of 178 countries worldwide and 11th of 47 in Sub-Saharan Africa. This score represented a significant improvement since 2007, when the country scored 2.1 and ranked 150th of... | In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass ... | Renaissance humanism took a close study of the Latin and Greek classical texts, and was antagonistic to the values of scholasticism with its emphasis on the accumulated commentaries; and humanists were involved in the sciences, philosophies, arts and poetry of classical antiquity. They self-consciously imitated classic... | 1400 onwards | 10,923 |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347983 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | What continent did this revival take place on? | {
"answer_start": [
15
],
"text": [
"Europe"
]
} | What continent did this revival take place on? | [
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56e48c5d39bdeb1400347984 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | What was the name for the time period? | {
"answer_start": [
3
],
"text": [
"Renaissance"
]
} | What was the name for the time period? | [
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56e48c5d39bdeb1400347985 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize? | {
"answer_start": [
182
],
"text": [
"role of the individual"
]
} | What did Renaissance Humanism emphasize? | [
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0.167277589440... | At the same time, the political party reached its modern form, with a membership disciplined through the use of a party whip and the implementation of efficient structures of control. The Home Rule League Party, campaigning for Home Rule for Ireland in the British Parliament was fundamentally changed by the great Irish... | In the early 20th century, the writings of Albert Richardson were responsible for a re-awakening of interest in pure neoclassical design. Vincent Harris (compare Harris's colonnaded and domed interior of Manchester Central Reference Library to the colonnaded and domed interior by John Carr and R R Duke), Bradshaw Gass ... | During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and ... | role of the individual | 10,926 |
56e48c5d39bdeb1400347986 | Architecture | In Renaissance Europe, from about 1400 onwards, there was a revival of Classical learning accompanied by the development of Renaissance Humanism which placed greater emphasis on the role of the individual in society than had been the case during the Medieval period. Buildings were ascribed to specific architects – Brun... | What three vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time? | {
"answer_start": [
447
],
"text": [
"artist, architect and engineer"
]
} | What [MASK] vocations were not really considered separate from each other at that time? | [
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56e461c28c00841900fbaf69 | Architecture | Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved.... | What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic"
]
} | What sort of considerations does architectural design take into account? | [
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56e461c28c00841900fbaf6a | Architecture | Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved.... | In architecture what aspects are planned and designed? | {
"answer_start": [
51
],
"text": [
"form, space and ambience"
]
} | In architecture what aspects are planned and designed? | [
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56e461c28c00841900fbaf6b | Architecture | Architecture has to do with planning and designing form, space and ambience to reflect functional, technical, social, environmental and aesthetic considerations. It requires the creative manipulation and coordination of materials and technology, and of light and shadow. Often, conflicting requirements must be resolved.... | Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve? | {
"answer_start": [
371
],
"text": [
"pragmatic aspects"
]
} | Aside from planning and design what other types of aspects does architecture involve? | [
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56e476b139bdeb1400347944 | Architecture | Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote s... | Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function? | {
"answer_start": [
0
],
"text": [
"Nunzia Rondanini"
]
} | Who said that architecture was able extend beyond function? | [
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56e476b139bdeb1400347945 | Architecture | Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote s... | In what way did Nunzia Rondanini believe architecture moved past mere functionality? | {
"answer_start": [
26
],
"text": [
"Through its aesthetic dimension"
]
} | In what way did [MASK] believe architecture moved past mere functionality? | [
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56e476b139bdeb1400347946 | Architecture | Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote s... | What could, in Rondanini's opinion, architecture "stimulate and influence"? | {
"answer_start": [
249
],
"text": [
"social life"
]
} | What could, in [MASK] 's opinion, architecture" stimulate and influence"? | [
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0.2240559756755... | Generally, post-punk music is defined as music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s, although many groups now categorized as post-punk were initially subsumed under the broad umbrella of punk or new wave music, only becoming differentiated as the terms came to signify more narrow styles.... | As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere tradition... | By the mid 18th century, the movement broadened to incorporate a greater range of Classical influences, including those from Ancient Greece. The shift to neoclassical architecture is conventionally dated to the 1750s. It first gained influence in England and France; in England, Sir William Hamilton's excavations at Pom... | social life | 10,933 |
56e476b139bdeb1400347947 | Architecture | Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote s... | What shouldn't architecture be assumed to promote, according to Rondanini? | {
"answer_start": [
319
],
"text": [
"social development"
]
} | What should n't architecture be assumed to promote, according to [MASK]? | [
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0.27135667204856... | The effects of some types of mold on infection had been noticed many times over the course of history (see: History of penicillin). In 1928, Alexander Fleming noticed the same effect in a Petri dish, where a number of disease-causing bacteria were killed by a fungus of the genus Penicillium. Fleming postulated that the... | As of the first decade of the 21st century, contemporary neoclassical architecture is usually classed under the umbrella term of New Classical Architecture. Sometimes it is also referred to as Neo-Historicism/Revivalism, Traditionalism or simply neoclassical architecture like the historical style. For sincere tradition... | For Ruskin, the aesthetic was of overriding significance. His work goes on to state that a building is not truly a work of architecture unless it is in some way "adorned". For Ruskin, a well-constructed, well-proportioned, functional building needed string courses or rustication, at the very least. | social development | 10,934 |
56e476b139bdeb1400347948 | Architecture | Nunzia Rondanini stated, "Through its aesthetic dimension architecture goes beyond the functional aspects that it has in common with other human sciences. Through its own particular way of expressing values, architecture can stimulate and influence social life without presuming that, in and of itself, it will promote s... | What does architecture share with other sciences? | {
"answer_start": [
87
],
"text": [
"functional aspects"
]
} | What does architecture share with other sciences? | [
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56e477998c00841900fbafa1 | Architecture | To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality". | What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to? | {
"answer_start": [
56
],
"text": [
"art for art's sake"
]
} | What is a reactionary thing to limit formalism's meaning to? | [
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56e477998c00841900fbafa2 | Architecture | To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality". | What sort of quest lacks purpose? | {
"answer_start": [
129
],
"text": [
"quest for perfection or originality"
]
} | What sort of quest lacks purpose? | [
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0.02490086108446... | Ancient rock paintings in Somalia which date back to 5000 years have been found in the northern part of the country, depicting early life in the territory. The most famous of these is the Laas Geel complex, which contains some of the earliest known rock art on the African continent and features many elaborate pastorali... | The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy,... | On the assumption that intellectual property rights are actual rights Stallman argues that this claim does not live to the historical intentions behind these laws, which in the case of copyright served as a censorship system, and later on, a regulatory model for the printing press that may have benefited authors incide... | quest for perfection or originality | 10,937 |
56e477998c00841900fbafa3 | Architecture | To restrict the meaning of (architectural) formalism to art for art's sake is not only reactionary; it can also be a purposeless quest for perfection or originality which degrades form into a mere instrumentality". | What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest? | {
"answer_start": [
180
],
"text": [
"form"
]
} | What ends up being reduced in quality by this quest? | [
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0.1896104365587... | By the 1950s the success of digital electronic computers had spelled the end for most analog computing machines, but analog computers remain in use in some specialized applications such as education (control systems) and aircraft (slide rule). | The term heresy is also used as an ideological pigeonhole for contemporary writers because, by definition, heresy depends on contrasts with an established orthodoxy. For example, the tongue-in-cheek contemporary usage of heresy, such as to categorize a "Wall Street heresy" a "Democratic heresy" or a "Republican heresy,... | Some theories of civil disobedience hold that civil disobedience is only justified against governmental entities. Brownlee argues that disobedience in opposition to the decisions of non-governmental agencies such as trade unions, banks, and private universities can be justified if it reflects "a larger challenge to the... | form | 10,938 |
56e482018c00841900fbafc9 | Architecture | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge? | {
"answer_start": [
106
],
"text": [
"civic ideals"
]
} | From what ideals did Classical architecture emerge? | [
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56e482018c00841900fbafcb | Architecture | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | These civic ideas allowed what to come into being? | {
"answer_start": [
163
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"text": [
"new building types"
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} | These civic ideas allowed what to come into being? | [
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56e482018c00841900fbafcc | Architecture | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | What ideals were Greek and Roman Classical architecture not based on? | {
"answer_start": [
131
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"religious or empirical ones"
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56e482018c00841900fbafcd | Architecture | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | What owes its development to the Classical orders? | {
"answer_start": [
191
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"text": [
"Architectural \"style\""
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56e4831739bdeb140034795e | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are reli... | When were architectural writings first made? | {
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56e4831739bdeb140034795f | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are reli... | Aside from general advice what did the texts contain? | {
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"specific formal prescriptions"
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56e4831739bdeb1400347960 | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are reli... | What is another term for specific formal prescriptions? | {
"answer_start": [
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"canons"
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} | What is another term for specific formal prescriptions? | [
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56e4831739bdeb1400347961 | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are reli... | When did Vitruvius write his canons? | {
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} | When did [MASK] write his canons? | [
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56e4831739bdeb1400347962 | Architecture | Texts on architecture have been written since ancient time. These texts provided both general advice and specific formal prescriptions or canons. Some examples of canons are found in the writings of the 1st-century BCE Roman Architect Vitruvius. Some of the most important early examples of canonic architecture are reli... | What is a significant early architectural canonical type? | {
"answer_start": [
316
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"religious"
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} | What is a significant early architectural canonical type? | [
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56e486e739bdeb1400347970 | Architecture | In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporar... | What organizations were created by Medieval craftsmen? | {
"answer_start": [
38
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"text": [
"guilds"
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56e486e739bdeb1400347971 | Architecture | In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporar... | What records of the guilds are still in existence? | {
"answer_start": [
99
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"text": [
"written contracts"
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} | What records of the guilds are still in existence? | [
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56e486e739bdeb1400347972 | Architecture | In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporar... | What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with? | {
"answer_start": [
160
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"text": [
"ecclesiastical buildings"
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} | What was the main thing the contracts were had to do with? | [
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56e486e739bdeb1400347973 | Architecture | In Europe during the Medieval period, guilds were formed by craftsmen to organise their trades and written contracts have survived, particularly in relation to ecclesiastical buildings. The role of architect was usually one with that of master mason, or Magister lathomorum as they are sometimes described in contemporar... | What is another term for master mason? | {
"answer_start": [
254
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"text": [
"Magister lathomorum"
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} | What is another term for master mason? | [
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56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe6 | Architecture | A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the genera... | What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on? | {
"answer_start": [
127
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"text": [
"proportions and structure"
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} | What aspects of buildings did science and engineering have an effect on? | [
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56e48d5b8c00841900fbafe7 | Architecture | A revival of the Classical style in architecture was accompanied by a burgeoning of science and engineering which affected the proportions and structure of buildings. At this stage, it was still possible for an artist to design a bridge as the level of structural calculations involved was within the scope of the genera... | Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time? | {
"answer_start": [
314
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"generalist"
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} | Who still could handle the structural calculations for designing at that time? | [
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56e48e3239bdeb140034798c | Architecture | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gent... | What two fields began to grow apart? | {
"answer_start": [
95
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"text": [
"architecture and engineering"
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} | What [MASK] fields began to grow apart? | [
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56e48e3239bdeb140034798d | Architecture | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gent... | What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics? | {
"answer_start": [
246
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"text": [
"technical aspects of building design"
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} | What did architects often neglect in their pursuit of aesthetics? | [
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0.04666778445... | Boston is the largest broadcasting market in New England, with the radio market being the 11th largest in the United States. Several major AM stations include talk radio WRKO, sports/talk station WEEI, and CBS Radio WBZ. WBZ (AM) broadcasts a news radio format. A variety of commercial FM radio formats serve the area, a... | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | Vernacular architecture became increasingly ornamental. House builders could use current architectural design in their work by combining features found in pattern books and architectural journals. | technical aspects of building design | 10,955 |
56e48e3239bdeb140034798e | Architecture | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gent... | What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy? | {
"answer_start": [
315
],
"text": [
"\"gentleman architect\""
]
} | What was a term for an architect who catered to the wealthy? | [
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0.144234269857... | Acid house arose from Chicago artists' experiments with the squelchy Roland TB-303 bass synthesizer, and the style's origins on vinyl is generally cited as Phuture's "Acid Tracks" (1987). Phuture, a group founded by Nathan "DJ Pierre" Jones, Earl "Spanky" Smith Jr., and Herbert "Herb J" Jackson, is credited with having... | On the difference between the ideals of architecture and mere construction, the renowned 20th-century architect Le Corbusier wrote: "You employ stone, wood, and concrete, and with these materials you build houses and palaces: that is construction. Ingenuity is at work. But suddenly you touch my heart, you do me good. I... | The architecture and urbanism of the Classical civilizations such as the Greek and the Roman evolved from civic ideals rather than religious or empirical ones and new building types emerged. Architectural "style" developed in the form of the Classical orders. | "gentleman architect" | 10,956 |
56e48e3239bdeb140034798f | Architecture | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gent... | What did 19th century formal architectural training neglect? | {
"answer_start": [
760
],
"text": [
"context and feasibility"
]
} | What did [MASK] formal architectural training neglect? | [
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56e48e3239bdeb1400347990 | Architecture | With the emerging knowledge in scientific fields and the rise of new materials and technology, architecture and engineering began to separate, and the architect began to concentrate on aesthetics and the humanist aspects, often at the expense of technical aspects of building design. There was also the rise of the "gent... | Where did most architects learn their trade? | {
"answer_start": [
840
],
"text": [
"in the offices of other architects"
]
} | Where did most architects learn their trade? | [
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56e48edf39bdeb1400347996 | Architecture | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | What started with the Industrial Revolution? | {
"answer_start": [
60
],
"text": [
"mass production and consumption"
]
} | What started with [MASK]? | [
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56e48edf39bdeb1400347997 | Architecture | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy? | {
"answer_start": [
147
],
"text": [
"ornamented products"
]
} | What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy? | [
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0.24883224070... | The inverted repeat regions are highly conserved among land plants, and accumulate few mutations. Similar inverted repeats exist in the genomes of cyanobacteria and the other two chloroplast lineages (glaucophyta and rhodophyceæ), suggesting that they predate the chloroplast, though some chloroplast DNAs have since los... | A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popul... | With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, Britain surged ahead of its European rivals. Demand for Indian commodities was boosted by the need to sustain the troops and the economy during the war, and by the increased availability of raw materials and efficient methods of production. As home to the revolution, Britai... | ornamented products | 10,960 |
56e48edf39bdeb1400347998 | Architecture | Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production. | As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class? | {
"answer_start": [
93
],
"text": [
"Aesthetics"
]
} | As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class? | [
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0.3718240261077881... | Several performing arts groups and facilities are on the University of Michigan's campus, as are museums dedicated to art, archaeology, and natural history and sciences. Founded in 1879, the University Musical Society is an independent performing arts organization that presents over 60 events each year, bringing intern... | A second neoclassic wave, more severe, more studied and more consciously archaeological, is associated with the height of the Napoleonic Empire. In France, the first phase of neoclassicism was expressed in the "Louis XVI style", and the second in the styles called "Directoire" or Empire. The Rococo style remained popul... | One of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a "realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture," in the late 17th century and 18th century. Elements of th... | Aesthetics | 10,961 |
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